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Mannus

Mannus, according to the Roman writer Tacitus, was a figure in the creation myths of the Germanic tribes. Tacitus is the only source of these myths. Tacitus wrote that Mannus was the son of Tuisto and the progenitor of the three Germanic tribes Ingaevones, Herminones and Istvaeones. In discussing the German tribes, Tacitus wrote: "In ancient lays, their only type of historical tradition, they celebrate Tuisto, a god brought forth from the earth. They attribute to him a son, Mannus, the source and founder of their people, and to Mannus three sons, from whose names those nearest the ocean are called Ingvaeones, those in the middle Herminones, and the rest Istvaeones. Some people, inasmuch as antiquity gives free rein to speculation, maintain that there were more sons born from the god and hence more tribal designations—Marsi, Gambrivii, Suebi, and Vandilii—and that those names are genuine and ancient."

Several authors consider the name Mannus in Tacitus's work to stem from an Indo-European root.

The Latinized name Mannus is evidently of some relation to Proto-Germanic mannaz, 'man'.

Mannus again became popular in literature in the 16th century, after works published by Annius de Viterbo and Johannes Aventinus purported to list him as a primeval king over Germany and Sarmatia.

In the 19th century, F. Nork wrote that the names of the three sons of Mannus can be extrapolated as Ingui, Irmin, and Istaev or Iscio. A few scholars like Ralph T. H. Griffith have expressed a connection between Mannus and the names of other ancient founder-kings, such as Minos of Greek mythology, and Manu of Hindu tradition.

Guido von List incorporated the myth of Mannus and his sons into his occult practice, which were later adopted into Nazi occult beliefs.

title: Mannus


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Gloria Grahame

Gloria Grahame Hallward (November 28, 1923 – October 5, 1981) was an American actress. She began her acting career in theatre, and in 1944 made her first film for MGM.

Despite a featured role in It's a Wonderful Life (1946), MGM did not believe she had the potential for major success, and sold her contract to RKO. Often cast in film noir projects, Grahame was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Crossfire (1947), and later won the award for her work in The Bad and the Beautiful (1952). After starring opposite Humphrey Bogart in In a Lonely Place (1950), she achieved her highest profile with Sudden Fear (1952), The Big Heat (1953), Human Desire (1954), and Oklahoma! (1955), but her film career began to wane soon afterwards.

Grahame returned to work on the stage, but continued to appear in films and television productions, usually in supporting roles.

In 1974, she was diagnosed with breast cancer. It went into remission less than a year later and Grahame returned to work. In 1980, the cancer returned, but Grahame refused to accept the diagnosis or seek treatment. Choosing instead to continue working, she traveled to the United Kingdom to appear in a play. Her health, however, declined rapidly. She returned to New York City, where she died in October 1981, aged 57.

Early life
Grahame was born in Los Angeles. She was raised a Methodist. Her English father, Reginald Michael Bloxam Hallward (known as Michael Hallward) was an architect and author; her Scottish mother, Jeanne McDougall, who used the stage name Jean Grahame, was a British stage actress and acting teacher. The couple had an elder daughter, Joy Hallward, an actress who married John Mitchum (the younger brother of actor Robert Mitchum). During Gloria's childhood and adolescence, her mother taught her acting. Grahame attended Hollywood High School before dropping out to pursue acting.

Career
An early stage appearance was in the long-running farce Good Night, Ladies at Chicago's Blackstone Theatre, starring Buddy Ebsen, which opened on April 12, 1942. Grahame made her Broadway debut on December 6, 1943 at the Royale Theatre as Florrie in Nunnally Johnson's The World's Full of Girls, which was adapted from Thomas Bell's 1943 novel Till I Come Back to You. She was signed to a contract with MGM Studios under her professional name after Louis B. Mayer saw her performance.

Another Broadway role was in April-May 1944's Highland Fling.

Grahame made her film debut in Blonde Fever (1944) and then achieved one of her most widely praised roles as the flirtatious Violet Bick, saved from disgrace by George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life (1946). MGM was not able to develop her potential as a star, and her contract was sold to RKO Studios in 1947.

She was often featured in film noir pictures as a tarnished beauty with an irresistible sexual allure. During this time, she made films for several Hollywood studios. She received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for Crossfire (1947).

Grahame starred with Humphrey Bogart in the film In a Lonely Place (1950) for Columbia Pictures, a performance for which she gained praise. Though today it is considered among her finest performances, it was not a box-office hit, and Howard Hughes, owner of RKO, admitted that he never saw it. When she asked to be lent out for roles in Born Yesterday (also 1950) and A Place in the Sun (1951), Hughes refused and instead made her perform a supporting role in Macao (1952).

Despite appearing for only a little over nine minutes on screen, she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in MGM's The Bad and the Beautiful (also 1952); she long held the record for the shortest performance on screen to win an acting Oscar until Beatrice Straight won for Network (1976) with a five-minute performance.

Her other memorable roles included the scheming Irene Neves in Sudden Fear (also 1952); mob moll Debby Marsh in Fritz Lang's The Big Heat (1953) in which, in a horrifying off-screen scene, she is scarred by hot coffee thrown in her face by Lee Marvin's character; and the femme fatale Vicki Buckley in Fritz Lang's Human Desire (1954). Grahame appeared as wealthy seductress Harriet Lang in Stanley Kramer's Not as a Stranger (1955) starring Olivia de Havilland, Robert Mitchum, and Frank Sinatra. Grahame also did her own stunts as Angel the Elephant Girl in Cecil B. DeMille's The Greatest Show on Earth, which won the Oscar for best film of 1952.

Grahame's career began to wane after her performance in the musical film Oklahoma! (1955). She, whom audiences were used to seeing as a film noir siren, was viewed by some critics to be miscast as an ignorant country lass in a wholesome musical, and the paralysis of her upper lip from plastic surgery altered her speech and appearance. Additionally, she was rumored to have been difficult on the set of Oklahoma!, upstaging some of the cast and alienating her co-stars. She began a slow return to the theatre, returning to films occasionally to play supporting roles, mostly in minor releases. She also guest-starred in television series, including the science-fiction series The Outer Limits. In the 1964 episode of that series titled "The Guests", Grahame plays a forgotten film star living in the past. She also appears in an episode of The Fugitive ("The Homecoming", 1964) and an episode of Burke's Law ("Who Killed The Rabbit's Husband", 1965). Grahame can be seen also in a 1970 episode of Mannix titled “Duet for Three” (Season 4 Episode 13) and in small roles in the miniseries Rich Man, Poor Man and Seventh Avenue.

The play The Time of Your Life was revived on March 17, 1972, at the Huntington Hartford Theater in Los Angeles with Grahame, Henry Fonda, Richard Dreyfuss, Lewis J. Stadlen, Ron Thompson, Jane Alexander, Richard X. Slattery, and Pepper Martin among the cast, and Edwin Sherin directing.

Personal life
Over time, Grahame became increasingly concerned with her physical appearance; she particularly felt her upper lip was too thin and had ridges that were too deep. She began stuffing cotton or tissues under it, which she felt gave her a sexier look. Several co-stars discovered this during kissing scenes. In the mid-1940s, Grahame began undergoing small cosmetic procedures on her lips and face. According to her niece, Vicky Mitchum, Grahame's obsession with vanity led her to undergo more cosmetic procedures that rendered her upper lip immobile because of nerve damage. Mitchum said, "Over the years, she [Grahame] carved herself up, trying to make herself into an image of beauty she felt should exist but didn't. Others saw her as a beautiful person, but she never did, and crazy things spread from that."

Grahame was a Democrat who supported Adlai Stevenson's campaign in the 1952 presidential election.

Relationships, marriages, and children
Grahame was married four times and had four children. Her first marriage was to actor Stanley Clements in August 1945. They divorced in June 1948. The day after her divorce from Clements was final, Grahame married director Nicholas Ray. They had a son, Timothy, in November 1948. After several separations and reconciliations, Grahame and Ray divorced in 1952. Grahame's third marriage was to writer and TV producer Cy Howard. They married in August 1954 and had a daughter, Marianna Paulette in 1956. Grahame filed for divorce from Howard in May 1957, citing mental cruelty. Their divorce was final as of November 1957.

Grahame's fourth and final marriage was to actor Anthony "Tony" Ray (b. 1937), the son of her second husband Nicholas Ray and his first wife Jean Evans, and Grahame’s former stepson. According to Nicholas Ray, he allegedly caught Grahame and a 13 year-old Tony in bed together, which effectively ended their marriage in 1950. However, Grahame's former partner and biographer, Peter Turner, disputed this, saying the story of Tony being underage when Grahame began a sexual relationship with him is "fiction." Grahame and Anthony Ray began dating in 1958 and married in Tijuana, Mexico, in May 1960. The couple had two children: Anthony, Jr. (born 1963) and James (born 1965).

News of the marriage was kept private until 1962, when it was written about in the tabloids. The ensuing scandal damaged Grahame's reputation and affected her career. After learning of her marriage to Anthony Ray, Grahame's third husband, Cy Howard, attempted to gain sole custody of the couple's daughter, Marianna. Howard claimed Grahame was an unfit mother, and the two fought over custody of Marianna for years. The stress of the scandal, her waning career, and her custody battle with Howard took its toll on Grahame and she had a nervous breakdown. She later underwent electroconvulsive therapy in 1964. Despite the scandal, Grahame's marriage to Anthony Ray was the only one of four to last beyond four years, ending a few days short of their 14th anniversary in May 1974.

From 1979 to 1981, Grahame had a relationship with British actor Peter Turner. Turner authored a book about his time with Grahame called Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool, which was later turned into a movie of the same name.

According to Glenn Ford’s son Peter, Grahame had an affair with Ford during the filming of Human Desire in 1954.

Death
In March 1974, Grahame was diagnosed with breast cancer. She underwent radiation treatment, changed her diet, stopped smoking and drinking alcohol, and sought homeopathic remedies. In less than a year, the cancer went into remission but returned in 1980.

In autumn 1981, while performing at The Dukes in Lancaster, England, Grahame fell ill. She told her former lover, actor Peter Turner, and asked him not to contact doctors or her family (which he did anyway). According to his book Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool, his local family doctor told Grahame she had a cancerous tumor in her abdomen "the size of a football". Breast cancer is not mentioned in the book.

Turner informed Grahame's children of her illness, who brought her back to the US against her wishes and those of her doctor and Turner. She was immediately admitted to St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan on October 5, 1981, where she died a few hours later at age 57.

Grahame's remains were interred at Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery in Chatsworth, Los Angeles.

Legacy
For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Gloria Grahame has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6522 Hollywood Boulevard.

The motion picture Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool, based on Peter Turner's account of the final years of Grahame's life, was released in the United Kingdom on November 16, 2017, and in the United States on December 29, 2017. In the film, Grahame is portrayed by Annette Bening.

Grahame had kept an apartment at the Manhattan Plaza residential complex, and its community room, where her portrait hangs, is dedicated to her.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gloria Grahame


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Kapampangan language

Kapampangan, Capampáñgan, or Pampangan is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, where the Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon. The language is known honorifically as Amánung Sísuan ('breastfed, or nurtured, language').

Kapampangan is assigned the ISO 639-2 three-letter code pam, but not an ISO 639-1 two-letter code.

Classification
Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family. Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan. These languages share the same reflex of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R. Kapampangan mistakenly sounds like a distant Tagalog dialect at first sight to the unfamiliar, but both languages are distantly related, as Tagalog is a Central Philippine language.

History
Kapampangan is derived from the root word pampáng ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled by the Lakans.

A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period. Diego Bergaño wrote two 18th-century books about the language: Arte de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1729) and Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1732). Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; Anselmo Fajardo was noted for Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada, and playwright Juan Crisóstomo Soto wrote Alang Dios in 1901. "Crissotan" was written by Amado Yuzon, Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature, to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.

Geographic distribution
Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac (Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, San Jose, Gerona, La Paz, Victoria and Tarlac City). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan (Dinalupihan, Hermosa and Orani), Bulacan (Baliuag, San Miguel, San Ildefonso, Hagonoy, Plaridel, Pulilan and Calumpit), Nueva Ecija (Cabiao, San Antonio, San Isidro, Gapan and Cabanatuan) and Zambales (Olongapo City and Subic). In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in Cagayan de Oro, Davao City and South Cotabato, specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi. According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the eighth leading language spoken at home in the Philippines with only 639,687 households still speaking the language.

Phonology
Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.

Vowels
Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes:
 * , a close back unrounded vowel when unstressed; allophonic with, an open front unrounded vowel similar to English father when stressed
 * , an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English bed
 * , a close front unrounded vowel similar to English machine
 * , a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English forty
 * , a close back rounded vowel similar to English flute

There are four main diphthongs:, , , and. In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan), and  are reduced to  and  respectively.

Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions:
 * becomes in all unstressed positions.
 * Unstressed is usually pronounced, as in English bit and book respectively (except final syllables).
 * In final syllables can be pronounced, and  can be pronounced.
 * deni/reni ('these') can be pronounced / or /; seli ('bought') can be pronounced or ; kekami ('to us' [except you]) can be pronounced  or ; suerti can be pronounced  or, sisilim ('dusk') can be pronounced  or.
 * kanu ('he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly') can be pronounced or ; libru ('book') can be pronounced  or ; ninu ('who') can be pronounced  or ; kaku ('to me') can be pronounced  or, and kámaru ('cricket') can be pronounced  or.
 * Unstressed are usually pronounced, respectively (except final syllables).

Consonants
In the chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar to Ilocano, Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin.

 * tends to lenite to between vowels.
 * and are allophones in Kapampangan, and sometimes interchangeable; Nukarin la ring libru? can be Nukarin la ding libru? ('Where are the books?').
 * A glottal stop at the end of a word is often omitted in the middle of a sentence and, unlike in most languages of the Philippines, is conspicuously absent word-internally; hence, Batiáuan's dropping of semivowels from its very name.

Stress
Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples):
 * dápat ('should, ought to') → dapát ('deed, concern, business')
 * dapúg ('gather, burn trash') → dápug ('trash pile')

Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left:
 * ábe → abáyan ('company')
 * láso → lasáwan ('melt, digest')

Sound changes
In Kapampangan, the proto-Philippine schwa vowel merged to  in most dialects of Kapampangan; it is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine is tanam ('to plant') in Kapampangan, compared with Tagalog tanim, Cebuano tanom and Ilocano tanem ('grave').

Proto-Philippine merged with. The Kapampangan word for 'new' is bayu; it is bago in Tagalog, baro in Ilocano, and baru in Indonesian.

Grammar
Kapampangan is a VSO or Verb-Subject-Object language. However, the word order can be very flexible and change to VOS (Verb-Object-Subject) and SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an agglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example: anak ('child') to ának-ának ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example: kan ('food') to kanan ('to eat') to 'kakanan ('eating') to kakananan ('being eaten')).

Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example: Mikakapapagbabalabalangingiananangananan, 'a group of people having their noses bleed at the same time', Mikakapapagsisiluguranan, 'everyone loves each other', Makapagkapampangan, 'can speak Kapampangan', and Mengapangaibuganan, 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan.

Nouns
Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, but are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.

Unlike English and Spanish (which are nominative–accusative languages) and Inuit and Basque (which are ergative–absolutive languages), Kapampangan has Austronesian alignment (in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns.

Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common).

Examples:
 * Dintang ya ing lalaki. ('The man arrived.')
 * Ikit neng Juan i(y) Maria. ('Juan saw Maria.')
 * Munta ya i(y) Elena ampo i(y) Robertu king bale nang Miguel. ('Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house.')
 * Nukarin la ring libro? ('Where are the books?')
 * Ibiye ke ing susi kang Carmen. ('I will give the key to Carmen.')

Pronouns
Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.

Examples

 * Sinulat ku. ('I wrote.')
 * Silatanan ke. ('I wrote to him.')
 * Silatanan na ku ('He [or she] wrote me.')
 * Dintang ya ('He [or she] has arrived.') Note: Dintang ya 'He arrived (or arrives)'; Dintang ne 'He has arrived.'
 * Sabian me kaku ('Tell it to me.')
 * Ninu ia ing minaus keka? ('Who called you?')
 * Mamasa la ('They are reading.')
 * Mamangan la ring babi? ('Are the pigs eating?')

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify.

 * Ing bale ku; Ing kakung bale; Ing kanakung bale ('my house')

The dual pronoun ikata and the inclusive pronoun ikatamu refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first and third persons.

 * Ala katang nasi. ('We [dual] do not have rice.')
 * Ala tamung nasi. ('We [inclusive] do not have rice.')
 * Ala keng nasi., Ala kaming nasi. ('We [exclusive] do not have rice.')

Kapampangan differs from many Philippine languages in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is present.

 * Dintang ya i(y) Erning (not dintang i(y) Erning; 'Ernie arrived').
 * Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan (not mamasa ri Maria at Juan; 'Maria and Juan are reading').
 * Silatanan na kang José (not silatanan kang José; 'José wrote you').

Special forms
The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ati ('there is/are') and ala ('there is/are not').

 * Ati yu king Pampanga ('He is in Pampanga').
 * Ala lu ring doktor keni, Ala lu ding doktor keni ('The doctors are no longer here').

Both ati yu and ati ya are correct. The plural form ('they are') is atilu and atila. Both ala la and ala lu are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are ala ya and ala yu.

Pronoun combinations
Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or discourse marker:
 * Ikit da ka ('I saw you').
 * Silatanan na ku ('He wrote to me').

Pronouns also combine to form a portmanteau pronoun:
 * Ikit ke ('I saw her').
 * Dinan kong kwalta ('I will give them money').

Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the word naman:
 * Akakit me? ('Do you see him?')
 * Buri nya naman yan, buri ne murin yan ('He likes that, too').

In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in the absolutive case, and the row headings denote the ergative case.

Demonstrative pronouns
Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural.

The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses. Iti usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: iting musika ('this music'), iti ing gagawan mi ('this is what we do'). Ini is always concrete: ining libru ('this book'), ini ing asu nang Juan ('this is Juan's dog').

In their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; keti is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti, but will refer to their respective towns as keni; both mean 'here'.

The plural forms of a demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of iyan is den/ren; the plural of niyan is daren; the plural of kanyan is karen, and the plural of oian is oren. The existential form of ian is ken.

 * Nanu ini? ('What's this?')
 * Mangabanglu la rening sampaga, Mangabanglu la dening sampaga ('These flowers smell nice').
 * Ninu ia ing lalaking ita? ('Who is that man?')
 * Me keni, Ume ka keni ('Come here').
 * Ati ku keti, ati yu ku keni, atyu ku keni ('I am here').
 * Mangan la keta ('They will eat there').
 * Ninu ia ing anak a ian? ('Who is that child?')
 * Oita ya pala ing salamin mu! ('So that's where your glasses are!')
 * E ku pa menakit makanian/makanini ('I haven't seen one of these before').
 * Maniaman la ren/Maniaman la den ('Those are delicious').
 * Aini/Areni/Oreni la reng adwang regalo para keka ('Here are the two gifts for you').
 * Buri daka! ('I like you!')
 * Kaluguran daka! ('I love you!')
 * Mangan Tana! ('Let's eat!')
 * Edaka buring mawala! ('I don't want to lose you!')

Verbs
Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has Austronesian alignment, and the verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects.

The direct case morphemes in Kapampangan are ing (which marks singular subjects) and reng, for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with the ergative-case ning; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case -ng, which is cliticized onto the preceding word.

 DIR:direct case morpheme CT:cirumstantial trigger

S‹um›ulat yang poesia ing lalaki gamit pen king papil.

{} ya =ng {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

‹AT›will.write 3SG.DIR=ACC poem DIR boy OBL pen OBL paper

"The boy will write a poem with a pen on the paper."

I-sulat ne ning lalaki ing poesia king mestra.

{} na+ ya {} {} {} {} {} {}

PT-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR poem OBL teacher.F

"The boy will write the poem to the teacher" or "The poem will be written by the boy to the teacher."

Sulat-anan ne ning lalaki ing mestro.

{} na+ ya {} {} {} {}

will.write-GT 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR teacher.M

"The boy will write to the teacher" or "The teacher will be written to by the boy."

Pi-sulat-an neng poesia ning lalaki ing blackboard.

{} na+ ya =ng {} {} {} {} {}

LT-will.write-LT 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR blackboard

"The boy will write a poem on the blackboard" or "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."

Panyulat neng poesia ning lalaki ing pen.

paN-sulat na+ ya =ng {} {} {} {} {}

CT-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR pen

"The boy will write a poem with the pen" or "The pen will be written a poem with by the boy."

Pamasa nong libru ning babai reng anak.

paN-basa na+ la =ng {} {} {} {} {}

CT-will.read 3SG.ERG+3PL.DIR=ACC book ERG woman PL.DIR child

"The woman will read a book for the children" or "The children will be read a book by the woman."

Ambiguities and irregularities
Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs difficult because some verbs belong to unpredictable verb classes and some verb forms are ambiguous. The root word sulat ('write') exists in Tagalog and Kapampangan:
 * Susulat means 'is writing' in Kapampangan and 'will write' in Tagalog.
 * Sumulat means 'will write' in Kapampangan and 'wrote' in Tagalog. It is the infinitive in both languages.
 * Sinulat means 'wrote' in both languages. In Kapampangan it is in the actor focus (with long i: ) or object focus (with short i: ), and object focus only in Tagalog.

The object-focus suffix -an represents two focuses; the only difference is that one conjugation preserves -an in the completed aspect, and it is dropped in the other conjugation:
 * Bayaran ('to pay someone'): bayaran ('will pay someone'), babayaran ('is paying someone'), beyaran ('paid someone')
 * Bayaran ('to pay for something'): bayaran ('will pay for something'), babayaran ('is paying for something'), binayad ('paid for something')

Other Philippine languages have separate forms; Tagalog has -in and -an, Bikol and most of the Visayan languages have -on and -an, and Ilokano has -en and -an due to historical sound changes in the proto-Philippine /*e/.

A number of actor-focus verbs do not use the infix -um-, but are usually conjugated like other verbs which do (for example, gawa ('to do'), bulus ('to immerse'), terak ('to dance'), lukas ('to take off'), sindi ('to smoke'), saklu ('to fetch'), takbang ('to step') and tuki ('to accompany'). Many of these verbs undergo a change of vowel instead of taking the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (-um- verbs), this happens only to verbs with the vowel in the first syllable; lukas ('to take off') is conjugated lukas ('will take off'), lulukas ('is taking off'), and likas ('took off').

This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to becoming,  becomes  in certain cases (for example, dela ['brought something'], semal ['worked on something'] and seli ['bought']).

There is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes; magsalita may mean 'is speaking' or 'will speak', but there is an audible difference. means 'will speak' while means 'is speaking'.

Enclitics

 * warî: used optionally in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions
 * agyaman, man: even, even if, even though
 * nung: conditional particle expressing an unexpected event; if
 * kanu: reporting (hearsay) particle indicating that the information is second-hand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly
 * din, rin: inclusive particle which adds something to what was said before; also, too
 * iká: expresses hope or an unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspect); also used in conditional aspect
 * itá: expresses uncertainty or an unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems
 * mu: limiting particle; only, just
 * na, pa
 * na: now, already, yet, anymore
 * pa: still, else
 * namán: used in making contrasts and to soften requests and emphasis
 * nanu ita: expresses cause; because, because of
 * pin: used in affirmations or emphasis and to soften imperatives; indeed
 * palá: realization particle, indicating that the speaker has realized (or suddenly remembered) something
 * pu, opu: politeness particle

Examples:
 * Swerti kanu iti kanaku: 'I was told that it is lucky.'
 * Edukado ya rin ing nobyu mu, Edukado ya din ing nobyu mu: 'Your boyfriend is also educated.'

Existence and possession
To express existence (there is, there are) and possession (to have), the word atí is used:
 * Atí la namang konsyensya: They also have a conscience.

Negation
Kapampangan has two negation words: alí and alá. Alí negates verbs and equations, and means 'no' or 'not':
 * Alí ya sinali. ('He did not buy.')

Alá is the opposite of atí:
 * Alá na mo kanung lugud. ('They say that there is no more love.')

E is sometimes used instead of alí:
 * E ke seli. ('I did not buy it.')

Interrogative words
Komustá is used to ask how something is. Frequently used as a greeting ('How are you?'), it is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está?
 * Komustá na ka? ('How are you?')
 * Komustá ya ing pasyenti? ('How is the patient?')

Nanu means 'what': Nanu ya ing gagawan mu? ('What are you doing?')

Ninu means 'who':
 * Ninu la reng lalaki? or Ninu la deng lalaki? ('Who are those men?')
 * Ninu i(y) Jennifer? ('Who is Jennifer?')

Nukarin, meaning 'where', is used to ask about the location of an object and not used with verbs:
 * Nukarin ya ing drayber/mag-manewu? ('Where is the driver?' Drayber is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of English driver).
 * Nukarin ya i(y) Henry? ('Where is Henry?')

Obakit means 'why':
 * Obakit ati ka keni? ('Why are you here?')
 * Obakit ala ka king bale yu? ('Why are you not in your house?')

Kaninu means 'whose' or 'whom':
 * Kaninu me ibiye iyan? ('To whom will you give that?')
 * Kaninung kalikubak ini? ('Whose dandruff is this?')

Pilan means 'how many':
 * Pilan a kapaya? ('How many papayas?')
 * Pilan kayung magkaputul? ('How many children did your mother birth?')

Kapilan means 'when':
 * Kapilan ya ing pista? ('When is the fiesta?')
 * Kapilan kebaitan mu? ('When is your birthday?')

Makananu means 'how':
 * Makananu iti gawan? ('How do you do this?')
 * Makananu maging produktibung miyembru na ning lipunan? ('How do you become a productive member of the society?')

Magkanu means 'how much':
 * Magkanu ya ing metung a tinape? ('How much is one bread?')
 * Magkanu la ring milktea, burger at fries? ('How much are the milktea, burger and fries?')

Nuanti means 'to what degree':
 * Nuanti ka kalagu? ('How beautiful are you?', literally 'To what degree are you beautiful?')
 * Nuanti karakal ya ing seli yu? ('How many did you buy?', literally 'To what amount did you buy?')

Isanu/Isnanu means 'which':
 * Isanu deti ya ing bisa ka? ('Which of these do you want?')
 * Isanu karela ya ing pilian mu? ('Who do you choose among them?')

Lexicon
Kapampangan borrowed many words from Chinese (particularly Cantonese and Hokkien), such as:
 * Ápû, '(paternal) grandmother', from 阿婆
 * Bápa, 'uncle', from 爸伯
 * Ditsí, '2nd eldest sister', from 二姊
 * Díko, '2nd eldest brother', from 二哥
 * Dízon, '2nd eldest grandson' (a surname), from 二孫
 * Gózun, '5th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 五孫
 * Lácson, '6th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 六孫
 * Pekson, '8th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 八孫
 * Impû, '(maternal) grandmother', from 外婆
 * Ingkung, '(maternal) grandfather', from 外公
 * Atsi, 'eldest sister', from 阿姐
 * Kóya, 'eldest brother', 哥仔
 * Sanko, '3rd eldest brother', from 三哥
 * Satsi, '4th eldest sister', from 三姊
 * Sámson, '3rd eldest grandson' (a surname), from 三孫
 * Sese, 'pet, to look after, thank you' (name), from 謝謝
 * Síson, '4th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 四孫
 * Sitson, '7th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 七孫
 * Susi, 'key', from 鎖匙
 * Sitsí, '4th eldest sister', from 四姊
 * Síko, '4th eldest brother', from 四哥
 * Tuázon, 'eldest grandson' (a surname), from 太孫
 * Pansit, 'noodles' (literally 'instant meal'), from 便食
 * Buisit, 'bad luck' (literally 'without clothes and food'), from 無衣食
 * Tiâ, 'tea', from 茶
 * Laggiû, 'name', from 你叫
 * Buan,'full, satisfied' (a surname), from 滿
 * Pétsai, 'Chinese lettuce', from 白菜
 * Gintu, 'Gold' (a surname), from 金條
 * Lumpiâ, 'spring roll', from 潤餅
 * Bátsuî, Kapampangan soup, from 肉水
 * Tawû, 'tofu' (a snack), from 豆花
 * Tóyû, 'soy sauce', from 豆油
 * Tansû, 'copper wire', from 銅索
 * Bakiâ, 'wooden clogs', from 木屐

Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words from Sanskrit. A few examples are:

 * Aláya, 'home', from the Sanskrit आलय alaya
 * Kalma, 'fate', from the Sanskrit कर्म karma
 * Damla, 'divine law', from the Sanskrit धर्म dharma
 * Mantála, 'magic formulas', from the Sanskrit मन्त्र mantra
 * Upáya, 'power', from the Sanskrit उपाय upaya
 * Siuálâ, 'voice', from the Sanskrit स्वर svara
 * Lúpa, 'face', from the Sanskrit रुपा rupa
 * Sabla, 'every', from the Sanskrit सर्व
 * Láwû, 'eclipse/dragon', from the Sanskrit राहु rahu
 * Galúrâ, 'giant eagle' (a surname, 'phoenix'), from the Sanskrit गरुड garuda
 * Láksina, 'south' (a surname), from the Sanskrit दक्षिण
 * Laksamana, 'admiral' (a surname), from the Sanskrit लक्ष्मण lakshmana
 * Pápâ 'demerit, bad karma' from the Sanskrit पाप
 * Palâ 'fruit, blessings' from the Sanskrit फल phala

The language has also absorbed many Spanish loanwords due to the 333 years of presence of the Spaniards in the Kapampangan speaking provinces. Hence, Spanish Days of the Week, Months, and Numbers are used in Kapampangan respectively. Many Spanish expressions, basic nouns, verbs, and phrases are also present in the Language. Such as, ("Kómusta?") from Spanish, "cómo estás" which means 'how are you?'. (this common expression can also be found in other Philippine Languages, such as Tagalog, Bisaya, Hiligaynon, etc. Other examples are:

 * Aparte, ' aside or apart', from Spanish ' Aparte'
 * Casafuego, 'matchstick', from Mexican Spanish "Casa fuego". ' Fósforro' which is also Spanish, is also commonly used by the Speakers.
 * Mariposa, 'butterfly', from Spanish 'Mariposa '
 * Primeru, 'first', from Spanish 'Primero '
 * Matsura, 'ugly', from Spanish 'Mala Hechura '
 * Domingu, 'sunday', from Spanish 'Domingo '
 * Filipinas, 'philippines', from Spanish 'Filipinas '

Orthography
Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written in old Kapampangan writing. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems: sulat Baculud, sulat Wawa and a hybrid of the two, Amung Samson.

The first system (sulat Baculud, also known as tutung Capampangan or tutung Kapampangan in the sulat Wawa system) is based on Spanish orthography, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme (depending on the vowel sound following the phoneme). ⟨C⟩ was used before, and  (ca, co and cu), and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels  and  (que, qui). The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the Kapampangan Pasion.

The second system, the Sulat Wawa, is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme. This orthography, based on the Abakada alphabet was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor.

The third system, Amung Samson hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of the sulat Baculud and sulat Wawa. This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (in sulat Baculud) and ⟨k⟩ (in sulat Wawa) by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (instead of [qu]⟩ and using ⟨c⟩ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (instead of ⟨k⟩). The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ (from Spanish), replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩.

Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. The sulat Wawa system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-based Filipino language (the national language) and its orthography. The sulat Wawa system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.

Prayers, words and sentences

 * Sign of the cross: Uli ning tanda ning Santa Cruz, karing masamá kekami, ikabus Mu kami, Ginu ming Dios. King lagyu ning +Ibpa, ampon ning Anak, ampon ning Espiritu Santo. Amen.
 * The Creed: Sasalpantaya ku king Dios, Ibpang mayupayang tutu, linalang king banwa't yatu. At kang Hesukristong Anak nang Bugtung a Ginu tamu. Pengagli Ya king upaya ning Banal a Espiritu, mibayit Ya kang Santa Mariang Birhen. Linasa Ya lalam nang upaya nang Poncio Pilato. Mipaku ya king krus, mete Ya't mikutkut. Tinipa Ya karing mete. King katlung aldo, sinubli yang mebie. Pepaitas Ya banua, makalukluk wanan ning Dios Ibpang mayupayang tutu. Ibat karin, magbalik Ya naman keti ban mukum karing mabie ampon mengamate. Sasalpantaya ku king Banal a Espiritu, ang Santa Iglesia Katolika, ang pamisamak ding Santos, ang pangapatauadda ring kasalanan, king pangasubli rang mie ring mete, at king bie alang angga. Amen.
 * The Lord's Prayer: Ibpa mi, a atiu banua. Misamban ya ing lagyu Mu. Datang kekami ing kayarian Mu. Mipamintuan ing lub Mu, keti sulip anti banua. Ing kakanan mi king aldo-aldo ibie Mu kekami king aldo ngeni. Ampon ipatawad Mo kekami ring sala mi Keka, anti ing pamamatauad mi karing mikasala kekami. E Mu ke ipaisaul king tuksu, nune ikabus Mu kami karing sablang marok. Amen.
 * Hail Mary: Bapu, Maria! Mitmu ka king grasya. Ing Ginung Dios atyu keka. Nuan ka karing sablang babayi, at nuan ya pa naman ing bunga ning atian mu, i(y) Jesús. Santa Maria, Indu ning Dios. Ipanalangin mu keng makasalanan, ngeni, ampon king oras ning kamatayan mi. Amen.
 * Gloria Patri: Ligaya king Ibpa, at ang Anak, at ang Espiritu Santo. Antimo ing sadya nang ligaya ibat king kamumulan, ngeni't kapilan man, mangga man king alang angga. Amen.
 * Salve Regina: Bapu Reyna, Indung Mamakalulu, bie ampon yumu, manga panaligan mi, Bapu Reyna, ikang ausan mi, ikeng pepalakuan a anak nang Eva; ikang pangisnawan ming malalam, daralung ke manga tatangis keni king karinan ning luwa. Ngamu na Reyna, Patulunan mi, balicdan mu kami karing mata mung mapamakalulu, ampon nung mapupus, pangalako mu queti sulip, pakit me kekami i(y) Hesus, a bungang masampat ning atian mu. O malugud! O mapamakalulu! O Santa Maria Birhen a mayumu! Ipanalangin mu kami, O Santang Indu ning Dios. Ba’keng sukat makinabang karing pengaku nang Hesukristong Ginu tamu.

Numbers:
 * One – isa (used when reciting numbers; métung used for counting)
 * Two – aduá
 * Three – atlú
 * Four – ápat
 * Five – limá
 * Six – ánam
 * Seven – pitú
 * Eight – ualú
 * Nine – s'yám
 * Ten – apúlu

Sentences:
 * My name is John. – Juan ya ing lagyu ku.
 * I am here! – Atyu ku keni! (Ati ku keni!)
 * Where are you? – Nukarin ka (kanyan)?
 * I love you. – Kaluguran daka.
 * What do you want? – Nanu ya ing buri mu?
 * Good morning! - Mayap a yabak (pu)!
 * Good afternoon! - Mayap a gatpanapun (pu)!
 * Good evening! - Mayap a bengi (pu)!
 * I will go home. – Muli ku.
 * They don't want to eat. – Ali la bisang mangan.
 * He bought rice. – Sinali yang nasi.
 * She likes that. – Buri ne ita.
 * May I go out? – Malyari ku waring lumwal?
 * I can't sleep. – Ali ku mipapatudtud.
 * We are afraid. – Tatakut kami.
 * My pet died yesterday. – Mete ya ing sese ku napun.
 * How old are you? – Pilan na kang banua?
 * How did you do that? – Makananu meng gewa ita?
 * How did you get here? – Katnamu ka miparas keni?
 * How big is it? – Makananu ya karagul? (Nu anti ya karagul?)
 * When will you be back? – Kapilan ka mibalik?

title: Kapampangan language


text:
Black-throated munia

The black-throated munia or  Jerdon's mannikin  (Lonchura kelaarti) is a small passerine bird. This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in the hills of southwest India, the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Sri Lanka.

Habitat
The black-throated munia is a small gregarious bird which feeds mainly on seeds. It frequents open hill woodland and cultivation. The nest is a large domed grass structure in a tree or creepers on a house into which 3-8 white eggs are laid in India, and usually five in Sri Lanka.

Characteristics
The black-throated munia is 12 cm in length with a long black tail. The adult of the southwest Indian population, L. k. jerdoni, has a stubby grey bill, dark brown upperparts with pale shaft streaks; a blackish face and bib; and pinkish brown underparts with scaly marking towards the vent. The Eastern Ghats form vernayi has paler pinkish underparts. The nominate form L. k. kelaarti of Sri Lanka has scaly patterning on the underparts and vent with the pale almost whitish shaft streaks contrasting on the darker back. The sexes are similar in all populations, but immatures lack the darker face and have more uniform underparts.

Commemoration
The binomial commemorates the zoologist Edward Frederick Kelaart and the name was given by Thomas C. Jerdon in 1863.

title: Black-throated munia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of municipalities of Sonora

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Son mex mpos, since moved to List of municipalities of Sonora.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

 * Delete. This is French, and it doesn't belong on the English version of Wikipedia. 66.245.107.192 00:17, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If it was in French, it should go to Pages needing translation. And it is not in French any more.Andris 04:55, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Fine and translated (from Spanish) now. - Hephaestos|§ 04:57, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Fine now. And, by the way, if material appears in a foreign language, it should be handled through Pages needing translation into English, not here. -- Jmabel 18:49, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Johannes.Richter

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Amber
I have moved Burnham Market more or less unchanged.
 * I have no strong feelings about the new title Amber in British place names - feel free to move it.
 * I do have a feeling the article verges into the area of original research. A few references and external links (other than to your own PDF) would reduce the risk of it being denounced as original research.
 * You need to add category/ies to the article and create links to it from other articles such as Cromer and Humber.

Also:
 * I do not believe any Burnhams have disappeared under the waves - have you any evidence?
 * Do you think that Burnham in a place name always indicates amber?

-- RHaworth 11:13, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)

Have a look at this page by David Fincham and search for Brancaster. -- RHaworth 17:47, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)

Thank you for the comments.

I have placed answers in the relevant discussion pages. I do not think the name Burnham itself justifies the amber trading thesis.

The Burnhams seem to be amber trading towns for the follwoing reasons:

 * the location of the Burnhams at Brancaster Bay between Cromer and the Humber mouth
 * the early density of at least five villages with an attribute "burn" in their names, indicating a wealthy area with richess by an unknown source.
 * the precise four locations of amber trading in Britain in the article: "Das Gold des Nordens", by Karl Jülicher, Periodical Pan, April 1982)
 * equivalent namegiving systems elsewhere, eg. in Germany (near Hamburg and at the Brennerpass)

Johannes.Richter 12:55, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Amber sources in Europe.jpg
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File:German Amber Roads.gif
The source you listed here for what is an academice paper you wrote seems to have become a dead link :( Sfan00 IMG (talk) 19:37, 19 May 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johannes.Richter


text:
Talk:Polytechnique Montréal

Old Image
Here's another image of the school.  -- TheMightyQuill 19:31, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Do you know the location of this building, and the year the photo was taken? Is it 'between 1909-1925' -- thus on St-Denis Street, or '1968' -- thus on Mt Royal?

Just a note that the massacre should have its own section heading within this article, in the rest of the country this is the only thing we know about this institution. It's truly unfortunate, but it's true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.180.218.83 (talk) 21:39, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polytechnique Montréal


text:
Talk:Golden Age of Freethought

2004
See also Talk:Robert G. Ingersoll

This page was created by someone moving the Sandbox here, thus creating an article with an enormous and irrelevant history. Recreated from scratch to drop all the old history. The author of the current page was User:Writer@Large, not Curps.

It should also be noted that this page has no incoming links. Curps 20:03, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

OK, that didn't work. This page still has all its old history, no doubt taking up an enormous amount of storage space. The true history of this page is no more than the last few revisions by Writer@Large. Curps 20:06, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Some admin has now truncated the history, thanks. Curps 06:42, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I was the one who erroneously copied the Sandbox here. It was unintentional, and I didn't mean to copy the entire history, etc., over. Hopefully, I've learned my lesson and I won't make the same mistake in the future. :) Writer@Large

 * Don't worry about it - it happens several times per month. The software really should have an option to allow us to "pin" a page so that no-one can move it, but it doesn't (yet).  Some folks make up a sandbox in their own userspace, edit the article there, and then move it to its proper place in the main encyclopedia namespace. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 13:03, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Origin of term ‘freethought’?
Can anyone date the first use of this term. Ted Porter almost suggests that Karl Pearson invented it – see p.109 of ISBN 0691114455) “Despite frequent appeals and invitations, he (KP) was too strong-willed and idiosyncratic to join anyone else’s movement. Instead he definied his own, which he called “freethought.” TPKP109
 * Johnbibby 14:50, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Removed Darwin
Darwin was influential on various skeptical types, and did not personally hold fully orthodox Christian views, but he did not speak out publicly on such subjects, so it's a little difficult to see how he can be grouped together with public advocates such as Ingersoll... AnonMoos (talk) 18:16, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Your interpretation of freethought is antiatheistic, archaic and agnostic
You speak emotionally and dialectically, you don't respect probability theory and mathematics.

You being agnostic you're open (but not certain) to the existence of God.

Most human invented gods, statistically are persons. Especially the god of the main religions.

Probabilistically, even if "god" existed wouldn't be a human or an extremely human (superhuman) bring in it's reflective nature. (superhumans are more than humans and not less, because humans created these mythical beings to satisfy their urges, even in an allegorical manner).

God being human in conduct is one option out of infinite others. One out of infinite makes zero.

Zero I repeat.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology
 * no intelligent person-god is needed, simple rules can do the job

Purpose and the Universe by Sean M. Carroll - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jar-Wzy1gsI
 * do we need a person-god (not personally known, but a pure person with urges)???

 * all possible topological algorithms exist and cause different universe, anything topologically solvable eternally exists, we live in one relative friendly universe (of medium density) due to the anthropic principle — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:2149:8212:1300:BC24:865B:2101:C910 (talk) 20:48, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Susan Jacoby
''"Author Susan Jacoby backs up these claims in her published work “Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism” and “The Age of American Unreason”." '' What claims? Why'backs up'? Notreallydavid (talk) 08:56, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I think this sentence is basically the source citation for everything that has come before it. Ashmoo (talk) 08:38, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Golden Age of Freethought


text:
User talk:Jholman

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Please claim your upload(s): File:Silverfish enhanced.jpg
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transferred to Commons. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 09:44, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Brothers, Oregon rocket launch.jpg
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

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This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transferred to Commons. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 13:31, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Jholman


text:
Eldgjá

Eldgjá (, "fire canyon") is a volcano and a canyon in Iceland. Eldgjá is part of the Katla volcano; it is a segment of a 40 km long chain of volcanic craters and fissure vents that extends northeast away from Katla volcano almost to the Vatnajökull ice cap. This fissure experienced a major eruption around 939 CE, which was the largest effusive eruption in recent history. It covered about 780 km2 of land with 18.6 km3 of lava from two major lava flows.

While Icelandic records about the effects of the eruption are sparse, paleoclimate proxies and historical records from China, Europe and the Islamic world describe widespread impacts on the Northern Hemisphere climate. The Eldgjá eruption produced a noticeable cooling of the climate, with resulting cold winters and food crises across Eurasia.

Geology
The interaction between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Iceland hotspot has given rise to the stack of volcanic rocks that forms Iceland. Volcanoes on Iceland occur in four volcanic zones; the North Volcanic Zone in northeastern Iceland, the East Volcanic Zone in the southeast, the West Volcanic Zone in the southwest and the Snæfellsnes Volcanic Zone in the west. The first three of these form an upside-down Y structure, with each volcanic zone consisting of volcanic and tectonic lineaments that extend from north-northeast to south-southwest. These lineaments are dotted with volcanic edifices; Eldgjá lies in the East Volcanic Zone where there are no large shield volcanoes but numerous long fissures, including Laki.

Glaciation has influenced volcanic activity on Iceland, and the occurrence of large eruptions—such as the 25 km3 Þjórsá Lava 8,600 years ago—in the early Holocene has been attributed to the unloading of the crust caused by the melting of Pleistocene ice. This process does not appear to have influenced the Eldgjá eruption. Eldgjá's eruption may have altered the shape of the Katla volcano and thus modified the behaviour of its glaciers. Glacial meltwater drains from Katla through several subglacial "tunnels", one of which coincides with the Eldgjá lineament, and geothermal activity on the lineament drives melting and the formation of cauldron-shaped depressions in the northeastern sector of the Myrdalsjökull Ice Cap. Moraines from the ice cap extend to the Eldgjá lineament.

The rocks erupted by Eldgjá are mainly alkali basalts, which have a uniform composition and contain phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, olivine, magnetite and plagioclase. There are also a small amount of tholeiitic rocks. The composition of Katla magmas shows evidence of long-term variations that appear to reflect a long-term cycle of its magmatic system. The Eldgjá eruption appears to be the beginning of one such cycle that continues to the present-day. There is evidence that eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull often precede eruptions at Katla, raising concerns after the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull that Katla may erupt again.

Geography and geomorphology
Eldgjá means "fire gorge" and is a reference to the fissure that makes up the volcano; the term is also used with other Icelandic volcanoes. It is situated between Landmannalaugar and Kirkjubæjarklaustur. The Ófærufoss waterfall, a tourist attraction, lies in the main Eldgjá fissure. There used to be an oft-photographed natural bridge at Ófærufoss, which collapsed during the early 1990s. The northern part of Eldgjá, including Ófærufoss, and surrounding areas, have been a part of Vatnajökull National Park since 2011; the entire Eldgjá is since 2010 part of the Katla Geopark. There are information centres and picnic places at Eldgjá.

It consists of a northeast-southwest trending graben with explosion craters, about 8.5 km long. It is 600 m wide, 150 m deep and part of a larger 40 km long chain of offset grabens. The canyon is subdivided into four segments from southwest to northeast. The northeasternmost segment is known as Kambagígar ); the name Eldgjá is usually only applied to the 8.5 km long segment in the middle of the chain, but the 939 eruption also involved other segments. The canyon extends between the Öldufellsjökull glacier of the Myrdalsjökull Ice Cap (the ice cap covers part of the fissure) in the southwest, stretches across mountainous terrain and almost reaches the Vatnajökull Ice Cap to the northeast at Stakafell  mountain. It is the longest volcanic fissure in Iceland.

Ground fractures, hornitos, normal faults, lava lakes, pyroclastic cones and spatter ramparts make up the Eldgjá lineament; the cones form alignments and have red-to-gray colours and consist of alternating layers of lava, scoria and spatter, with the scoria and spatter sometimes fused together until they resemble lava flows. There is evidence that the Eldgjá fissure existed before the 930s eruption. Ongoing activity of the fissure can be seen in the form of ground deformation.

The Eldgjá is part of the wider Katla volcano, which features a series of fissures, as well as a caldera covered by the Myrdalsjökull Ice Cap. To the northeast, the lineament runs 5 km away from and parallel to that of the 1783-1784 CE Laki eruption fissure, which is part of the Grimsvötn volcano. There are other volcanic centres in the area, some of which had large fissure-fed eruptions within historical memory.

10th century eruption
The Eldgjá eruption was the largest Holocene eruption of the Katla system, the largest effusive eruption on Earth during the last few millennia, and the only historical eruption of this volcano outside of its caldera. It involved a 75 km long area of the volcano, including both the central caldera and the Eldgjá lineament. During the course of the eruption, about 16 episodes of Plinian or subplinian eruptions took place, producing plumes with heights of 15 km. These episodes did not occur simultaneously across the entire length of the Eldgjá; rather the eruption commenced in the caldera and propagated northeastward. Intense lava fountaining, explosive eruptions and the effusion of lava took place.

The eruption has been linked to an episode of active continental rifting in the 930s, during which the injection of magma into dykes led to deformation of the ground surface and the evacuation of magmas from the Katla magmatic system. Part of this magma entered into the Katla magma chamber, triggering the release of silicic magmas that form part of the tephra and were at least for some time erupted simultaneously with basaltic magmas.

Dating
The Eldgjá eruption took place in the 930s, but its exact date had long been uncertain. Early research put its beginning during 934-938. Later research published in 2015 indicated that it began in 939 and likely ended in 940, but may have continued for several years more. Further confusion had been created because the Eldgjá eruption occurred only seven years before the Millennium Eruption of Paektu Mountain on the China–Korea border. Some climatic effects attributed to the Eldgjá eruption may actually have resulted from the Paektu eruption. That eruption, in 946 CE, may have produced only a small amount of sulfate aerosols, far less than Eldgjá. A tephra layer at Katla originally attributed to a 1000 CE eruption is now considered to be part of the Eldgjá eruption.

Products
The eruption produced two fields of (mostly pahoehoe) lava flows emanating from the southern and central sectors of the Eldgjá fracture. Flowing through lava tubes, the lava flows were channelled down river valleys and gorges and eventually reached the sea. They cover an area of 780 km2 and with a volume of 18.6 km3 constitute the largest lava flows of the last 1,100 years. The lavas buried traces of earlier eruptions and obstructed river valleys, forcing the rivers to change their course, and altered the terrain so that large parts of the plains east of Katla can no longer be reached by jökulhlaups (glacier meltwater flood) from the volcano. Rootless cones such as Álftaversgígar and Iceland's largest complex at Landbrotshólar  are linked to lava flows attributed to Eldgjá, although an older date for the latter lavas is possible. Later eruptions from Laki have buried many of the northeastern Eldgjá lava flows.

About 1.3 km3 dense rock equivalent of mostly basaltic ejecta became 4.5 km3 of tephra, which was emplaced mainly south and southeast from Eldgjá. The tephra was formed through alternating magmatic and phreatomagmatic processes, and is more complex than common Katla tephras. External water (such as from ice melt) did not play a major role in driving the explosivity of the eruption. Part of the eruption occurred underneath the Katla ice cap; this part also gave rise to the Kriki hyaloclastite on the eastern side of the ice cap, a product of an interaction between lava and ice. The Eldgjá eruption was accompanied by jökulhlaups from the northern, eastern and perhaps also southern part of Myrdalsjökull Ice Cap but the burial of its deposits by later glacier meltwater floods and lavas make it difficult to trace the precise extent of the flood.

Tephra and aerosol emissions
Both tephra layers and sulfate layers linked to the Eldgjá eruption occur in Greenland, where they have been recorded from ice cores in the form of layers where the ice contains more acids, salts and tiny glass shards. Tephra layers from the eruption have been used to date lake sediments and ice cores in the Northern Hemisphere, volcanic eruptions at Eyjafjallajökull and other Icelandic volcanoes, glacier advances on the island, and events in Viking Age Iceland.

Large volcanic eruptions can produce veils of aerosols in the atmosphere from sulfur dioxide, which reduce the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface and alter its climate. Eldgjá produced about $232,000,000 ton$ of sulfur dioxide, more than that of other well-known historical eruptions (such as Laki in 1783, Tambora in 1815 and Huaynaputina in 1600). The Eldgjá eruption is the largest volcanic atmospheric pollution event of the last several millennia and traces of platinum erupted by the volcano have been found across the Western Hemisphere, where they have been used to date archaeological sites.

"We looked at the sun, it did not have any strength, neither light nor heat. But we saw the sky and the colour [or ‘appearance’] of it changed, as though viscous. And others said that they saw the sun as though half"

The climate impact of the Eldgjá has been recorded in cave deposits, historical reports, ice cores, tree rings and other environmental records potentially as far south as Australia. Tree rings suggest a cooling of about 0.7 - 1.5 C-change in the Northern Hemisphere during 940 CE, most pronounced in Alaska, the Canadian Rocky Mountains, Central Asia, Central Europe and Scandinavia; in Canada and Central Asia it lasted until 941 CE. Volcanic aerosols often weaken the monsoons that feed the Nile River in Africa; during 939 the water levels of the river were unusually low. Conversely, increased flooding in Europe after the Eldgjá and other volcanic eruptions during the 10th century have been correlated to declines in Poland's Alnus trees.

"The sun was the colour of blood from the beginning of day to midday on the following day"

Human impacts
Even though Iceland was already settled at that time and the impacts of the eruption were severe, there are no contemporary historical records of the eruption. Anecdotal reports are recorded in the Book of Settlements, which was written about 200 years later. Events in the poem Völuspá may record the eruption or another eruption of Katla. According to the Book of Settlements, lava flows forced settlers east of Katla off their land; two settlements or farms belonging to at least two settlements in the Álftaver area southeast of Katla had to be abandoned due to damage from lava flows and sources of the 12th century define it a "wasteland". Tephra covered an area of about 20000 km2 on Iceland; of these, 600 km2 were covered with over 1 m of tephra and had to be abandoned, while 2600 km2 received a tephra cover exceeding 20 cm and suffered heavy damage as a result. The events and impact of the eruption may have stopped the settlement of the island and could have played a role in stimulating the Christianization of Iceland.

"The settler Molda-Gnúpur took possession of land in Álftaver district between the rivers Kúðafjót and Eyjará. At that time a large lake was there and good swan hunting. He sold part of his settlement to many newcomers. The area became populated before it was overrun by jarðeldur (an earth fire), then they fled west to Höfðabrekka and set up a camp at Tjaldavellir"

Unlike the local impacts on Iceland, the effects of the Eldgjá eruption on Europe appear in the historical record. Darkened skies were reported from Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain although the interpretation of contemporary reports as referencing atmospheric phenomena linked to the Eldgjá eruption is controversial. Reportedly, winters in Europe and China between 939-942 were severe, with the sea and canals freezing, while droughts occurred during the summer months. Food crises reported in China, the Maghreb, the Levant and Western Europe at that time have been linked to the Eldgjá eruption. More tentatively, the downfall of the Later Jin Dynasty and locust plagues in China, a decrease of human activity on Ireland and rebellions in Japan have been connected to the Eldgjá eruption.

Impacts of a repeat
Large fissure-fed effusive eruptions in Iceland reoccur every few centuries. The much smaller ($0.27 km3$) 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull caused worldwide disruptions of air travel, with economic losses of over $1 billion for airlines alone, because volcanic ash can interfere with the operation of airplane engines. Additional hazards of a widespread aerosol layer are its corrosive effects on equipment, decreased visibility leading to accidents on the sea, as well as health hazards resulting from the aerosols. The impact could extend to North Africa.

title: Eldgjá


text:
José Campeche

José Campeche y Jordán (December 23, 1751 – November 7, 1809), is the first known Puerto Rican visual artist and considered by art critics as one of the best rococo artists in the Americas. Campeche y Jordán loved to use colors that referenced the landscape of Puerto Rico, as well as the social and political crème de la crème of colonial Puerto Rico.

Early life
Campeche was born in San Juan, colonial Puerto Rico. His parents were Tomás Campeche (1701–1780) and María Jordán y Marqués. His father was a freed slave born in Puerto Rico and his mother was a native of the Canary Islands so he was considered to be mulato. His father was a gilder who restored and painted religious statues, and had an influence on the young Campeche's interest in the arts. Campeche was trained by Luis Paret y Alcázar, a Spanish court painter banished from Spain.

Paintings
Campeche distinguished himself with his paintings related to religious themes and of governors and other important figures. His most famous paintings and his best known portraits are of:
 * Juan Alejo de Arizmendi
 * Our Lady of Bethlehem
 * Portrait of Brigadier don Ramón de Castro y Gutiérrez
 * Portrait of Governor don Miguel de Ustariz
 * Saint John the Baptist
 * The Bishop of San Francisco de la Cuerda
 * The Rescue of Don Ramón Power y Giralt in honor of Ramón Power y Giralt
 * The Sacred Family
 * The Virgin of the Rosary
 * The Vision of Saint Anthony
 * Virgen de la Soledad de la Victoria
 * Doña María de los Dolores Gutiérrez del Mazo y Pérez, ca. 1796.

Importance
Not only did the Puerto Rican society of the time appreciate Campeche's personal and artistic merits but he is now considered to be amongst the most gifted rococo artists in the Americas. His works of art can be found in museums, churches and chapels, such as Capilla del Cristo in San Juan, and in private collections in Puerto Rico and Venezuela. Campeche died in the city of San Juan on November 7, 1809.

High-resolution images of works of art from Puerto Rico's museums are being digitized and made available online with the help of the institute, Google Arts & Culture, Lin Manuel Miranda and other stakeholders. 350 such works were available online by November 7, 2019, including many works by José Campeche.

Commemorations

 * There is a "José Campeche room" in the former Dominican Convent in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico, where some of his works can be seen. The building is currently being renovated and will be reinaugurated as the National Gallery of Puerto Rico.
 * Puerto Rico has various schools and avenues named after Campeche to honor his memory. The José Campeche High School is located in San Lorenzo.
 * Manuel Gregorio Tavárez composed a funeral march "Redención" in Campeche's honor.
 * Puerto Rican graphic artist Lorenzo Homar also created a work of art commemorating Campeche.
 * Campeche is buried in the San José Church in Old San Juan.

title: José Campeche


text:
Play-action pass

A play-action pass (also known as a play fake or simply "play-action") is an American football play. The play action starts with what appears to be a running play, but turns out to be a pass play; in this way, it can be considered the opposite of a draw play. Play-action passes are often used against defenses that are focused on stopping the run. By initially simulating a running play, the offense attempts to deceive the defense into acting on the fake run placing them out of position in their pass coverage, and giving receivers more time and room to be free to receive passes behind the linebackers.

Offensive action during a play-action pass

 * The quarterback takes the snap and drops back to hand off to the running back.
 * The running back gets ready to take the hand off.
 * The quarterback quickly pulls the ball back from the hand off position, trying to hide it from the defense. He then looks downfield for an open receiver.
 * The running back continues to move up field as if he has the ball in his hands.
 * The offensive line comes off the ball to run block, but then goes into pass protection.
 * The receivers "sell" the running play by appearing to block at first, then break off into their pass routes.

Use
Despite being one of the most effective kinds of plays, the play-action pass is not proportionately used. The belief is that a heavy running game must be maintained, but in fact even teams who heavily lean on passes have high success with the play-action.

title: Play-action pass


text:
Talk:Edwin H. Land

Old comments
As I recall, he was once in Guiness Book of World Records as the richest scientist in the world. Later, as the person who lost the most money in the preceding year (as a result of decline in stock prices following introduction of instant movie process). Anyone recall this? If true, it could be interesting addition to page.

Also, his nickname was "Din".

two chains — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.7.203.3 (talk) 18:51, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

The nickname came from his mispronunciation of his own name as a child. He insisted that people call him "Din", but many refused to, simply because they felt uncomfortable addressing someone so important and accomplished in such a familiar way.

The SX-70 was originally called the "Alladin" camera, but Land changed the name, because he didn't want the obvious play on words -- "a la Din".

I changed the description of his principal invention to recognize the facts that it wasn't the first system of instant photography (the daguerreotype was!), nor the only system (tintype, Ambrotype), and that there has been previous systems of in-camera processing, all of which were "wet". Land's genius lay in figuring out how to make it all work in way where the "mechanism" was invisible to the user.

WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 17:05, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

No citations?
It strikes me that there are a lot of statements in this article that need citations. I'll go through and tag them. --ChrisWinter 22:35, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikimyths?
After I saw the question of "what year?" for the Guinness cite, I checked through old editions of the Guinness book (pre-1980) and there was never a category for "richest scientist". I wouldn't have been surprised if the McWhorter brothers had set aside a category for "richest set of twins", but richest scientist? One person's suggestion that it might be interesting "if true" was picked up by someone who didn't worry about whether it was true.

What's scary is that if you google "richest scientist", you come up with 22 references, all of them to Edwin Land, all of them seem to be drawn straight from this article! It reminds me of Mencken's history of the bathtub. Maybe a new category can be established "Wikimythia" for urban legends that originated with Wiki? Mandsford 02:27, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * LOL - fabulous idea! Cgingold (talk) 02:30, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Article improvement
The centennial of Land's birth is May 2009. Many interesting people were born in 1909, but Land is among the most fascinating. His name appears in the most remarkable places. How can we improve this article in time for the anniversary? ·:· Will Beback ·:· 08:27, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

The article cites the SX70 as the first instant camera, and the result of Land's discussion with his daughter. That was a much later camera--I'll check on the model number of the first Land camera issued.

the passing of Steve Jobs
This is about the subject, not the article, so it's verboten. But it's difficult not to comment on the relative "merits" of these two men, especially as there was no widespread appreciation for Land when he passed on -- as opposed to the excessive and unwarranted praise lavished on Steve Jobs. (In case you're wondering -- I'm no fan of Bill Gates or Steve Ballmer.)

Land was a true genius. Until recently, only Edison exceeded him in the number of patents granted, and Land made two signficant contributions to technology -- inexpensive sheet polarizing material (which made possible the plethora of LCDs that surround us), and a simple "dry" system of instant photography. And though the SX-70 system was not wholly his invention, 40 years after its introduction, it remains one of the most-remarkable inventions ever, of any sort. For sheer techno-chutzpah, it is unlikely to ever be matched.

Steve Jobs invented nothing. The success of Apple was due to Jobs' recognition that how the public interacts with your company's products is more important than anything else. He wasn't a genius for knowing this; everyone who doesn't is fool for not recognizing it. Broadly speaking, he changed exactly nothing, because Apple produced very little that was original. The world is not significantly different in any way because of Steve Jobs.

In my view, his sole great contribution was the Apple ][ (of which he was not the principal designer). It was the first well-thought-out personal computer. In particular, it had a row of slots that let you plug in various first- and third-party boards to customize it -- to make it personal. The Macintosh was a major step backwards from that, a largely closed system that works against what makes personal computing personal. The move toward cloud computing will further move users away from "personal" computing.

I remain unimpressed with Steve Jobs and his "accomplishments". WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 19:37, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

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Film invention
This line, "She asked why she could not see the picture her father just took of her, within an hour, he already had the idea for the SX-70 Polaroid camera." is in error. Even the reference refers to the original Polaroid film and has nothing to do with the SX-70 192.225.121.100 (talk) 17:43, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edwin H. Land


text:
Talk:Robert G. Ingersoll

Untitled
''Below text moved from "Robert Green Ingersoll", since made into redirect to here. Any new info below should be incorporated into the existing article. -- Infrogmation 05:05, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), “the Great Agnostic,” was best known for both his supreme oration skills and his skepticism of religion and gods. A lawyer by trade, Ingersoll gained his fame touring America giving lectures that were, by all accounts, masterful in both content and delivery.

Ingersoll was born in Dresden, New York on 11 August, 1833. His father, John, was an itinerant Presbyterian Minister, and Ingersoll was raised with his father’s firey Presbyterian views. Later in life Ingersoll would recall his religious upbringing less than fondly. During these years Ingersoll received little formal schooling. He did much learning on his own, and later apprenticed himself to two Peroia, Illinois lawyers so that he could practice law.

Ingersoll spent a brief period in the Union Army during the early days of the American Civil War, as a Colonel. He was captured by the Confederacy and then released upon the condition that he not return to military service. Ingersoll complied, returning instead to a small but thriving legal practice he had founded with his brother, Ebon Clark, in Peoria.

Ingersoll’s reputation as a public speaker grew after his return to Peoria. He flirted briefly with a career in politics, holding a single political post as Attorney General of Illinois. His radical views on religion, slavery, woman’s suffrage, and other issues of the day, however, effectively prevented him from ever pursuing or holding higher offices. Instead he became a public speaker, using his skills with oration to earn a reputation and a fortune.

Many of Ingersoll’s speeches advocated for freethought and humanism, and often poked fun at religious belief. For this the press often attacked him, but neither his views nor the negative press could stop his rising popularity. At the height of Ingersoll’s fame, audiences would pay $1 or more to hear him speak—a giant sum for his day.

Ingersoll died of heart failure at age 65. Soon after his death, Clinton P. Farrell, a brother-in-law, collected copies of Ingersoll’s speeches for publication. The 12-volume “Dresden Editions” kept interest in Ingersoll’s ideas alive and preserved his speeches for future generations.

Wikiquote tag
I don't know my way around Wikiquote well enough to track down the quotations on this page and get them properly transferred, but the quotation-to-article coefficient seems untenably high.

Thanks, Johndodd 04:46, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Ingersoll's dealings with James Reavis
I noticed that the fact that Ingersoll represented James Reavis, an enterprising forger knwon as the "Baron of Arizona". Having recently performed a major expansion of the Reavis article, there are a few details I think should be mentioned. While it is true that Ingersoll was fooled by Reavis' forgeries, the claim that Reavis' forgeries were detected due to a watermark from a Wisconsin paper mill is a fiction created after Reavis was convicted of fraud and forgery (see James Reavis for supporting citations). It should also be noted that there is no evidence that Ingersoll, or any of the other influential lawyers, politicians, and business leaders whom Reavis fooled, ever traveled to the Mexican and Spanish archives holding the forged documents. He would instead have based his opinion upon photographic and certified copies provided to him by Reavis. By everything I have seen while working on the Reavis article, Ingersoll disassociated himself from Reavis as soon as he learned the truth.

I will leave it to others to determine if Ingersoll's association with Reavis should be mentioned in the article. The popular fiction about watermarks revealing the fraud has however been removed. --Allen3 talk 23:00, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

2013 Biography

 * would be a good resource for this article.

-- Javaweb (talk) 11:33, 10 January 2013 (UTC)Javaweb

Pronunciation
How ist the name Ingersoll pronounced? Can someone add IPA? --Neitram (talk) 09:18, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

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Dead link: http://www.robertgreeningersoll.org/
FWIW: The link http://www.robertgreeningersoll.org/ points to expired domain. I'm not a Wiki editing expert, so I'll leave any changes in more capable hands. BornRightTheFirstTime (talk) 01:26, 27 April 2018 (UTC)

Structure of article
It is a shame to see a man who has had such an influence on US thought have such a cobbled together article. Almost every paragraph is a single sentence and the text in general has a lack of any structure or narrative. Surely there are bios of him that could be used to synthesize a nicer history of his life and work. Ashmoo (talk) 08:26, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

Add something showing what influence he might have had on US thought. 2A00:23C3:E284:900:7520:A02C:72FA:FC97 (talk) 11:47, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Indeed.

 * This article is in need of reorganization and overhaul.
 * --CmdrDan (talk) 02:21, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

Whitman
How is his eulogy for Whitman consistent with his attitudes towards homosexuality? More info needed.2A00:23C3:E284:900:7520:A02C:72FA:FC97 (talk) 11:47, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

Daughter's name inconsistent
Daughter shown as both 	Eva Ingersoll Wakefield and Eva Ingersoll-Brown — Preceding unsigned comment added by Daksol (talk • contribs) 19:06, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Contemporary view of Ingersoll
Found in Chapter Seven of “A Strange Discovery” (1899) by Charles Romyn Dake; available from amazon and all over the Internet for free, such as the copy at gutenberg.com. It is an account of an Englishman, gone to the USA in 1877 to find the truth of Edgar Allen Poe’s ‘Narrative of A. Gordon Pym’. The story has a good deal about the USA of the time; Greenbackers, Prohibitionists, Samuel J. Tilden, the recently concluded Civil War, etc. Chapter Seven has an extended discussion of Ingersoll. A few things are changed, such as calling ‘Mistakes of Moses’ ‘Mistakes of the Gods’ instead, but it is him; even mentioning he was AG of his State at 33. The discussion, support and criticism of Ingersoll are all as they would have been at the time, and give real insight into the subject. Anyone wanting to improve the article should look there. 2A00:23C3:E284:900:7520:A02C:72FA:FC97 (talk) 12:10, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert G. Ingersoll