text:
Saint Petersburg State University

Saint Petersburg State University (SPBU; Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a public research university in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Russia. Founded in 1724 by a decree of Peter the Great, the university from the beginning has had a focus on fundamental research in science, engineering and humanities.

During the Soviet period, it was known as Leningrad State University (Ленинградский государственный университет). It was renamed after Andrei Zhdanov in 1948 and was officially called "Leningrad State University, named after A. A. Zhdanov and decorated with the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour." Zhdanov's was removed in 1989 and Leningrad in the name was officially replaced with Saint Petersburg in 1992.

It is made up of 24 specialized faculties (departments) and institutes, the Academic Gymnasium, the Medical College, the College of Physical Culture and Sports, Economics and Technology. The university has two primary campuses: one on Vasilievsky Island and the other one in Peterhof.

Admissions
Admission to Saint Petersburg State University is extremely competitive. Undergraduate admissions for domestic state funded students are decided through the Unified State Exam. The average Unified State Examination score of applicants to the university in 2023 was around 90 points (out of a possible 100). In the 2023 admission campaign, over 106,000 domestic students applied to the university for bachelor's and specialist programs, with only 4,617 being accepted. The same year, over 21,000 international students from 100 different countries applied to the university for state-funded scholarship programs, with only 1,000 being accepted, reflecting an overall acceptance rate of around 4% for both domestic students and international students studying on scholarships.

Rankings
In international rankings, the university was ranked 35th by The Three University Missions Ranking in 2022, 242nd by the QS World University Rankings in 2022, 652nd by U.S. News & World Report in 2023, 601-800th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and 301–400th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2021.

1724–1821

It is disputed by the university administration whether Saint Petersburg State University or Moscow State University is the oldest higher education institution in Russia. While the latter was established in 1755, the former, which has been in continuous operation since 1819, claims to be the successor of the university established along with the Academic Gymnasium and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences on 24 January 1724, by a decree of Peter the Great.

Between 1804 and 1819, Saint Petersburg University officially did not exist; the institution founded by Peter the Great, the Saint Petersburg Academy, had been disbanded, because the new 1803 charter of the Academy of Sciences stipulated that there should not be any educational institutions affiliated with it.

The Petersburg Pedagogical Institute, renamed the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1814, was established in 1804 and occupied a part of the Twelve Collegia building. On 8 February 1819 (O.S.), Alexander I of Russia reorganized the Main Pedagogical Institute into Saint Petersburg University, which at that time consisted of three faculties: Faculty of Philosophy and Law, Faculty of History and Philology and Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. The Main Pedagogical Institute (where Dmitri Mendeleev studied) was restored in 1828 as an educational institution independent of Saint Petersburg University, and trained teachers until it was finally closed in 1859.

1821–1917
In 1821, the university was renamed Saint Petersburg Imperial University. In 1823, most of the university moved from the Twelve Collegia to the southern part of the city. In 1824, a modified version of the charter of Moscow University was adopted as the first charter of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University. In 1829, there were 19 full professors and 169 full-time and part-time students at the university. In 1830, Tsar Nicholas returned the entire building of the Twelve Collegia to the university, and courses resumed there.

In 1835, a new Charter of the Imperial Universities of Russia was approved. It provided for the establishment of the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of History and Philology, and the Faculties of Physics and Mathematics, which were merged into the Faculty of Philosophy as the 1st and 2nd Departments, respectively.

In 1849, after the Spring of Nations, the Senate of the Russian Empire decreed the Rector should be appointed by the Minister of National Enlightenment rather than elected by the Assembly of the university. However, Pyotr Pletnyov was reappointed Rector and ultimately became the longest-serving rector of Saint Petersburg University (1840–61).

In 1855, Oriental studies were separated from the Faculty of History and Philology, and the fourth faculty, Faculty of Oriental Languages, was formally inaugurated on 27 August 1855.

In 1859–61, female part-time students could attend lectures in the university. In 1861, there were 1,270 full-time and 167 part-time students in the university, of them 498 were in the Faculty of Law, the largest subdivision. But this subdivision had the cameral studies department, where students learnt safety, occupational health and environmental engineering management and science, including chemistry, biology, agronomy along with law and philosophy. Many Russian, Georgian etc. managers, engineers and scientists studied at the Faculty of law therefore. During 1861–62, there was student unrest in the university, and it was temporarily closed twice during the year. The students were denied freedom of assembly and placed under police surveillance, and public lectures were forbidden. Many students were expelled. After the unrest, in 1865 only 524 students remained.

A decree of the Emperor Alexander II of Russia adopted on 18 February 1863, restored the right of the university assembly to elect the rector. It also formed the new faculty of the theory and history of art as part of the faculty of history and philology.

In March 1869, student unrest shook the university again, but on a smaller scale. By 1869, 2,588 students had graduated from the university.

In 1880, the Ministry of National Enlightenment forbade students to marry and married persons could not be admitted. In 1882, another student unrest took place in the university. In 1884, a new Charter of the Imperial Russian Universities was adopted, which granted the right to appoint the rector to the Minister of National Enlightenment again. On 1 March 1887 (O.S.), a group of the university students was arrested while planning an attempt on the life of Alexander III of Russia. As a result, new admission rules to gymnasiums and universities were approved by the Minister of National Enlightenment Ivan Delyanov in 1887, which barred persons of non-noble origin from admission to the university, unless they were extraordinarily talented.

By 1894, 9,212 students had graduated from the university. Among the scholars of the second half of the 19th century, affiliated with the university were mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev, physicist Heinrich Lenz, chemists Dmitri Mendeleev and Aleksandr Butlerov, embryologist Alexander Kovalevsky, physiologist Ivan Sechenov and pedologist Vasily Dokuchaev. On 24 March 1896 (O.S.), on the campus of the university, Alexander Popov publicly demonstrated transmission of radio waves for the first time in history.

As of 1 January 1900 (O.S.), there were 2,099 students enrolled in the Faculty of Law, 1,149 students in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, 212 students in the Faculty of Oriental Languages and 171 students in the Faculty of History and Philology. In 1902, the first student dining hall in Russia was opened in the university.

Since about 1897, regular strikes and student unrest shook the university and spread to other institutions of higher education across Russia. During the Revolution of 1905, the charter of the Russian universities was amended once more; the autonomy of the universities was partially restored and the right to elect the rector was returned to the academic board for the first time since 1884. In 1905–06, the university was temporarily closed due to student unrest. Its autonomy was revoked again in 1911. In the same year, the university was once again temporarily closed.

In 1914, with the start of the First World War, the university was renamed Petrograd Imperial University after its namesake city. During the War, the university was the center of mobilization of Russian intellectual resources and scholarship for the war effort. In 1915, a branch of the university was opened in Perm, which later became Perm State University.

1918–1939
The Assembly of Petrograd Imperial University openly welcomed the February Revolution of 1917, which put an end to the Russian monarchy, and the university came to be known as Petrograd University. However, after the October Revolution of 1917, the university's staff and administration were initially vocally opposed to the Bolshevik takeover of power and reluctant to cooperate with the Narkompros. Later in 1917–22, during the Russian Civil War, some of the staff suspected of counter-revolutionary sympathies suffered imprisonment (e.g., Lev Shcherba in 1919), execution, or exile abroad on the so-called Philosophers' ships in 1922 (e.g., Nikolai Lossky). Furthermore, the entire staff suffered from hunger and extreme poverty during those years.

In 1918, the university was renamed 1st Petrograd State University, and in 1919 the Narkompros merged it with the 2nd PSU (former Psychoneurological Institute) and 3rd PSU (former Bestuzhev Higher Courses for Women) into Petrograd State University. In 1919, the Faculty of Social Science was established by the Narkompros instead of the Faculty of History and Philology, Faculty of Oriental Languages and Faculty of Law. Nicholas Marr became the first Dean of the new faculty. Chemist Alexey Favorsky became the Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Rabfaks and free university courses were opened on the basis of the university to provide mass education.

In the fall of 1920, as observed by freshman student Alice Rosenbaum (Ayn Rand), enrollment was open and the majority of the students were anti-communist including, until removed, a few vocal opponents of the regime. Seeing they were educating "class enemies", a purge was conducted in 1922 based on the class background of the students, and all students, other than seniors, with a bourgeois background were expelled.

In 1924, the university was renamed Leningrad State University after its namesake city. In order to suppress intellectual opposition to Soviet power, a number of historians working in the university, including Sergey Platonov, Yevgeny Tarle, and Boris Grekov, were imprisoned in the so-called Academic Affair of 1929–30 on fabricated charges of participating in a counter-revolutionary conspiracy aimed at overthrowing the government. Some other members of the staff were repressed in 1937–38 during the Great Purge.

1940–1999
During the 1941–44 Siege of Leningrad in World War II, many students and staff died from starvation, in battles, or from repressions. The university evacuated to Saratov in 1942–44. A branch of the university was in Yelabuga during the war. In 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union awarded the university the Order of Lenin. In 1948, the Soviet Council of Ministers named the university after Andrei Zhdanov, a deceased Communist official. This decision was revoked in 1989 during Perestroika.

In 1949–50, several professors died in prison during the investigation of the Leningrad Affair fabricated by the central Soviet leadership, and the Minister of Education of the RSFSR, former rector Alexander Voznesensky, was executed.

In 1966, the Council of Ministers decided to build a suburban campus in Petrodvorets for most of the mathematics and natural science faculties. The relocation of the faculties was completed by the 1990s. In 1969, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union awarded the university the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. In 1991, the university was renamed back to Saint Petersburg State University after its namesake city. The university educated Russian presidents Vladimir Putin and Dimitry Medvedev, both of whom studied law at the university.

2000–present
Nikolay Kropachev (Кропачев Николай Михайлович), the rector of the Saint Petersburg State University has signed a letter of support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

In early 2022, the university expelled 13 students who had protested against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

In response to the Russian invasion, in March 2022 the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences and University of Bremen suspended their longstanding relationships with the university, Dartmouth College stopped running its Russian language study abroad program in the university, and CEMS - The Global Alliance in Management Education suspended its partnership with the Graduate School of Management in St Petersburg. In addition, the European Coimbra Group expelled the university, and the European University Association suspended the school. The Council on International Educational Exchange stopped its programs at the university, and relocated students to other non-Russian universities.

Governance

The university is a federal state institution of higher education managed by the government of the Russian Federation. It has 24 faculties and institutes which are further subdivided into departments, and other main structural subdivisions.

The superior body of self-government of the university is its Assembly, which elects the rector and the Academic Board of the university for a five-year term. The Assembly consists of the members of the Academic Board of the university and the staff delegated by the general assemblies of the main structural subdivisions according to quotas set by the Academic Board of the university. The general administration of the university is vested in the Academic Board, which consists of the rector, who presides over it, as well as the president of the university, vice rectors and representatives of the main structural subdivisions.

Likewise, the general administration of a faculty is vested in its respective academic board elected by the faculty assembly for five years. The procedure of election and department quotas are decided by the faculty-level academic board itself. The dean, who leads the faculty and presides over its academic board, is elected for five years by the faculty academic board.

Academic year
The academic year in St. Petersburg State University according to the Routine Regulations normally starts on 1 September. One lesson normally lasts an hour and a half (two academic hours). The academic year is divided into two semesters. The first semester (term) ends by late December, the second starts in mid-February and lasts until late May. Each term is followed by a series of preliminary tests (in the last week of December/May) and exams (in January/June).

Campuses

The university has two main campuses: on Vasilievsky Island in the historic city center and in Peterhof (formerly Petrodvorets), a southwestern suburb, which can be reached by railway from the city's Baltiysky Rail Terminal. The main building of the university, Twelve Collegia, is on Vasilievsky Island and includes the Library, the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Earth Sciences. The Faculty of Philology and the Faculty of Oriental Studies share the nearby 18th-century Petrine Baroque building on Universitetskaya Embankment of the Bolshaya Neva, designed by Domenico Trezzini and originally built as the Palace of Peter II of Russia. The New Gostiny Dvor designed by Giacomo Quarenghi and built in the 19th century in that part of the island is occupied by the Institute of History, Institute of Philosophy. The Faculty of Psychology is in front of it on Admiral Makarov Embankment of the Malaya Neva. The Graduate School of Management, School of Journalism and Mass Communications, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technologies, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Military Studies are on Vasilievsky Island, but farther to the west. Four other social science faculties are east of the city center on the southern bank of the Neva: the Faculty of Economics is not far from the Chernyshevskaya metro station, while the Faculty of Sociology, Faculty of Political Science and the School of International Relations occupy historical buildings of Smolny Convent.

The new suburban campus consists of the Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Control Processes, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, and Faculty of Physics, which are in modern buildings in Peterhof. Nearby the Peterhof campus there is a park area called Sergievka. In the Sergievka park there are buildings of the Faculty of Biology.

Faculties and Institutes
SPbSU is made up of 24 specialized faculties, which are:

 * Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Control Processes (*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Biology (*rus)
 * Institute of Chemistry
 * Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technology (*rus)
 * Faculty of Economics (*rus)
 * Institute of Earth Sciences (*rus)
 * Institute of History (*rus)
 * School of International Relations (*rus)
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences (*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics (*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Medicine (*rus)
 * Faculty of Oriental Studies (*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Arts(*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Philology (*rus | *eng)
 * Institute of Philosophy (*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Physics (*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Political Science (*rus) (*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Psychology (*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Sociology (*rus)
 * Graduate School of Management
 * Military Faculty (*rus)
 * School of Journalism and Mass Communications (*rus | *eng)
 * Faculty of Applied Communications
 * Faculty of Journalism

There is also a Department of Physical Culture and Sports. (*rus)

Politics

Saint Petersburg State University has a strong reputation in the field of politics, having educated:
 * Vladimir Putin - Second President of the Russian Federation (2000–2008, 2012-present); (2008–2012)
 * Dalia Grybauskaite - President of Lithuania 2009–19
 * Ion Inculeţ, President of the Moldavian Democratic Republic
 * Levon Ter-Petrosyan - First President of Armenia (1991–1998)
 * Gabriel Narutowicz - First President of Poland
 * Antanas Smetona - President of Lithuania (first term 1919-1920; second term 1926-1940)
 * Dmitry Medvedev - Third President of the Russian Federation (2008–2012)
 * Vladimir Lenin - First leader of the Soviet Union
 * Jazep Varonka - First Prime Minister of the Belarusian National Republic
 * Augustinas Voldemaras - Prime Minister of Lithuania
 * Boris Shturmer - Prime Minister, Russian Empire
 * Pyotr Stolypin - Prime Minister, Russian Empire
 * Alexander Kerensky, Second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government
 * Liudmyla Denisova - Minister of Social Policy of Ukraine
 * Ben-Zion Dinur - Minister of Education of Israel
 * Jean-Claude Gakosso - Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of the Congo
 * Vladimir Burtsev, Revolutionary activist, scholar, publisher and editor
 * Lyudmila Narusova - Russian Federation Senator
 * Mark Slonim - politician, literary critic, scholar, and translator
 * Anatoly Sobchak - Russian politician and a co-author of the Constitution of the Russian Federation
 * Ksenia Sobchak - Candidate for Russian presidency, public figure, TV anchor, journalist, socialite, and actress

Nobel laureates
Nine graduates of the university are Nobel Prize recipients: • Ilya Mechnikov - Russian-French, Physiology or Medicine in 1908

• Ivan Pavlov - physiologist, psychologist, and physician; Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1904

• Nikolay Semyonov - Chemistry in 1956

• Lev Landau - physicist; Nobel laureate in Physics in 1962

• Aleksandr Prokhorov - Australian-Soviet-Russian, Physics in 1964

• Wassily Leontief - Soviet-American economist; Nobel laureate in Economics in 1973

• Leonid Kantorovich - economist, Nobel laureate in Economics in 1975

• Joseph Brodsky - Russian-American, Literature in 1987

• Alexey Ekimov (Chemistry, 2023) Graduates Grigori Perelman and Stanislav Smirnov were awarded the Fields Medal.

Science and mathematics
• Dmitri Mendeleev - chemist; Creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements

• Alexander Barvinok - mathematician

• Raissa Berg - Russian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist

• Abram Besicovitch - Russian-British mathematician

• Lev M. Bregman - Soviet-Israeli mathematician

• Pafnuty Chebyshev - mathematician

• Yakov Eliashberg - Russian-American mathematician

• Vera Faddeeva - mathematician

• Vladimir Fock - physicist

• Sergey Fomin - Russian-American mathematician

• Leonid Frankfurt - Russian-Israeli physicist

• George Gamow - Soviet-American cosmologist

• Israel Gohberg - Soviet-Israeli mathematician

• Mikhail Gromov - Franco-Russian mathematician, Abel Prize winner

• Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim - Ukrainian botanist

• Georges Gurvitch - Russian-born French sociologist and jurist

• Solomon Herzenstein - zoologist

• Cecil Hoare FRS - British protozoologist and parasitologist

• Alexander Its - mathematician

• Ivan Ivanov - mathematician

• Dmitry Ivanovsky - biologist

• Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova - mathematician and control theorist

• Leo Klejn - archaeologist, anthropologist, and philologist.

• Wladimir Köppen - Russian-German geographer, meteorologist, climatologist and botanist

• Yuri Linnik - mathematician

• Mikhail Lomonosov - scientist, writer and polymath

• Aleksandr Lyapunov - mathematician, mechanician and physicist

• Victor Lyatkher, renewable energy engineer

• Andrey Markov - mathematician

• Boris Nikolsky - chemist

• Grigori Perelman - mathematician, Fields Medal winner (2006, declined), and only man to solve a Millennium Prize Problem (2010, prize declined)

• Konstantin Petrzhak - physicist

• Lev Pavlovich Rapoport - theoretical physicist

• Alexander Raikhel - Soviet-American entomologist

• Natasha Raikhel - Soviet-American plant cell biologist

• Vladimir Rokhlin - mathematician

• Nikolai Semenov - physicist and chemist

• Stanislav Smirnov - mathematician, Fields Medal winner (2010)

• Jacob Tamarkin - Russian-American mathematician

• Vladimir Vernadsky - mineralogist and geochemist

• Georgy Voronoy - mathematician

• Emil Wiesel - Russian-German artist; museum curator; full member of the Russian Imperial Academy of Arts (since 1914); organizer of international art exhibitions; councilor of Hermitage and Russian museum

• Sergei Winogradsky - microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist

• Yuri Yappa - theoretical physicist

• Victor Zalgaller - Russian-Israeli mathematician

Literature and the arts

 * Johann Admoni - composer, pianist, teacher, and public person
 * Alexander Blok - poet
 * Joseph Brodsky - Russian and American poet and essayist; Nobel Prize winner
 * Ilia Chavchavadze - Georgian writer, politician and public benefactor
 * Igor Chubais - philosopher, sociologist, and author
 * Solomon Dodashvili - Georgian philosopher, grammarian, belletrist
 * Ayn Rand - The Russian-born American novelist Ayn Rand attended the university from 1920 to 1924, graduating with honors in history.
 * Boris Grebenshchikov - Founder and lead singer of the band Aquarium
 * Yehuda L. Katzenelson - Writer and doctor
 * Alexander Kugel - Theatre critic and editor
 * Julian Henry Lowenfeld - American-Russian poet, playwright, trial lawyer, Composer, and translator
 * Salomon Mandelkern - Poet and author
 * Olga Ozarovskaya - Folklorist, storyteller, performer, writer, and an archivist of fairy tales
 * Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan - Indian historian
 * Nicholas Roerich - artist
 * Lyubov Speranskaya - Theater artist
 * Maximilian Steinberg - Composer of classical music
 * Igor Stravinsky - composer
 * Ivan Turgenev - writer

Other notable alumni include: Alexander Alekhine, fourth World Chess Champion and Grigory Levenfish, 2x Soviet chess champion, Gennadiy Shatkov,  Olympic champion in boxing, and Eduard Vinokurov,  Olympic and world champion sabre fencer. Joseph Shor, a student of the School of Mathematics and Mechanics, known as the main protege of Ostap Bender. Igor Artimovich, known for creating Festi. Yakov Rekhter, known for creating BGP. Nikolai Kondratiev, Soviet economist, known for the business cycle theory known as Kondratiev waves.

Pavel Durov, the Telegram founder, graduated from the department of philology while his brother, Nikolai Durov received his PhD from the department of mathematics. Kyrgyz sociologist Rakhat Achylova received her DPhil in 1988.

Rectors

 * 1819–1821 Mikhail Balugyansky
 * 1821–1825 Yevdokim Zyablovskiy (acting)
 * 1825–1836 Antoine Jeudy Dugour
 * 1836–1840 Ivan Shulgin
 * 1840–1861 Pyotr Pletnyov
 * 1861 Izmail Sreznevsky (acting)
 * 1861–1863 Aleksandr Voskresensky (acting)
 * 1863–1865 Heinrich Lenz
 * 1865–1867 Aleksandr Voskresensky
 * 1867–1873 Karl Kessler
 * 1873–1876 Pyotr Redkin
 * 1876–1883 Andrey Beketov
 * 1883 (1884)–1887 Ivan Andreevsky
 * 1887–1890 Mikhail Vladislavlev
 * 1890 Ivan Pomyalovsky (acting)
 * 1890–1897 Pyotr Nikitin
 * 1897–1899 Vasily Sergeevich
 * 1899–1903 Adolf Holmsten
 * 1903–1905 Aleksandr Zhdanov
 * 1905–1910 Ivan Borgman
 * 1910–1911 David Grimm
 * 1911–1918 Erwin Grimm
 * 1918–1919 Alexander Ivanov
 * 1919 Sergei Zhebelev (acting)
 * 1919–1922 Vladimir Shimkevich
 * 1922–1926 Nikolay Derzhavin
 * 1926–1927 Vsevolod Tomashevsky
 * 1927–1930 Mikhail Serebryakov
 * 1930–1932 Yury Nikich-Krilichevsky (director)
 * 1932–1933 Viktor Seryozhnikov (director)
 * 1933–1937 Mikhail Lazurkin (director)
 * 1937-1938 Boris Berezin (acting)
 * 1938–1939 Konstantin Lukashev (director)
 * 1939 Artemy Marchenko (acting)
 * 1939–1941 Pyotr Zolotukhin (director)
 * 1941–1948 Alexander Voznesensky
 * 1948–1950 Nikita Domnin
 * 1950 Mikhail Artamonov (acting)
 * 1950–1952 Alexey Ilyushin
 * 1952–1964 Aleksandr Aleksandrov
 * 1964–1970 Kirill Y. Kondratyev
 * 1970–1975 Gleb Makarov
 * 1975–1986 Valentin Aleskovsky
 * 1986–1993 Stanislav Merkuriev
 * 1993(1994)–2008 Lyudmila Verbitskaya
 * since 2008 Nikolai Kropachev

title: Saint Petersburg State University


text:
KLIA Transit

 { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoline", "ids": "Q6151888", "properties": { "stroke": "#139593", "stroke-width": 6 } } The  ERL KLIA Transit is a commuter rail service which serves as an airport rail link to the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) in Malaysia. It runs from KL Sentral, the main railway station of Kuala Lumpur to KLIA's Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. The line is one of the two services on the Express Rail Link (ERL) system, sharing the same tracks as the KLIA Ekspres. KLIA Transit stops at all stations along the line, whereas KLIA Ekspres runs an express, non-stop service between KL Sentral and the airport. The line is operated by Express Rail Link Sdn. Bhd. (ERL).

The line is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. It is numbered 7 and coloured teal on official transit maps.

Stations
There are six stations served by KLIA Transit. They are, from north to south:

At KL Sentral, the two platforms of the ERL are accessed from different parts of the station. The KLIA Ekspres side platforms are accessed from the KL City Air Terminal (KL CAT) while the KLIA Transit island platform is accessed from the main Transit Concourse at Level 1. At KLIA Terminal 1 and 2, both KLIA Ekspres and KLIA Transit use the same island platform, with each service serving only one side of the platform.

At KLIA Terminal 1 station, KLIA Transit uses the same platform for Terminal 2- or city-bound trains. Displays are installed at the platform to indicate the travelling direction of the approaching train.

History
KLIA Transit began operations on 20 June 2002. Since then there has only been one major accident.

Accidents
On 24 August 2010, Express Rail Link suffered their first reported accident in which 3 passengers were injured. Two ERL trains collided at Kuala Lumpur Sentral. One of the trains involved was about to depart at 9.45pm for Kuala Lumpur International Airport while the other train, which was empty, ran into it from behind.

Suspensions
On 4 April 2020, due to the Malaysian movement control order, which resulted in a significant reduction in ridership, all ERL rail services were temporarily suspended. Limited ERL services recommenced on 4 May 2020.

On 4 June 2021, due to the total lockdown phase of the Malaysian movement control order, all ERL rail services were temporarily suspended again. ERL services resumed on 10 September 2021.

Journey

 * Distance: 57 kilometres from KL Sentral to KLIA
 * Duration: 36 minutes
 * Train Frequency: Once every 15 minutes(peak hours), Once every half-hour(non-peak hours, weekends)
 * Departure Times:
 * KL Sentral
 * First train at 0533hrs
 * Last train at 0003hrs
 * KLIA
 * First train at 0552hrs
 * Last train at 0100hrs

Fares
Fares depend on the direct train service and the distance travelled. Seat reservation is not required. The KLIA Transit fares for KL Sentral-KLIA/KLIA Terminal 2 and KLIA/KLIA Terminal 2-KL Sentral are the same as KLIA Ekspres however both train service tickets are not interchangeable. There are 30% reduced fares for senior citizens & OKU card holders, though this reduction applies only to Malaysian citizens. Children below two years may travel for free.

Check-in facilities are not available at KLIA Transit stations. However, passengers holding KLIA Ekspres tickets are allowed to check-in luggage for several airlines at the KL CAT in KL Sentral.

The following is the fare structure for a one-way trip since 14 April 2002 and additional station on May 2014 with the opening of KLIA Terminal 2:

The following is the fare structure for a one-way trip with effect from January 2016:

Frequent users have the options of buying weekly or monthly passes called "KLIA Transit Travel Card". The holders of these cards enjoy discounted fares as follows, as of May 2011:-

a) Card purchased for departure from Putrajaya station to the following arrival station:-
 * KL Sentral (Weekly card cost RM 75.00, and Monthly card cost RM 285.00)
 * Bandar Tasik Selatan (Weekly card cost RM 60.00, and Monthly card cost RM 160.00)
 * Salak Tinggi (Weekly card cost RM 30.00, and Monthly card cost RM 90.00)
 * KLIA (Weekly card cost RM 60.00, and Monthly card cost RM 185.00)

b) Card purchased for departure from KLIA station to the following arrival station:-
 * KL Sentral (Weekly card not available for sale, and Monthly card cost RM 300.00)
 * Bandar Tasik Selatan (Weekly card not available for sale, and Monthly card cost RM 250.00)
 * Putrajaya & Cyberjaya (Weekly card not available for sale, and Monthly card cost RM 185.00)
 * Salak Tinggi (Weekly card not available for sale, and Monthly card cost RM 130.00)

c) Card purchased for departure from Salak Tinggi station to the following arrival station:-
 * KL Sentral (Weekly card not available for sale, and Monthly card cost RM 285.00)
 * Bandar Tasik Selatan (Weekly card not available for sale, and Monthly card cost RM 250.00)
 * Note: Other arrival stations are not available for card purchase from this departure station

Connection to Subang Airport
The KLIA Transit (and KLIA Ekspres) interchanges with KTM's Skypark Link at KL Sentral, an airport-rail link serving the Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (Subang Airport). This allows for a rail connection between KLIA Terminal 1, Terminal 2 and Subang Airport.

Route maps

 * Route search - Interactive transport guide of Kuala Lumpur public transport system
 * Route Map from malaysiaexpat.com
 * Route Map from ktmb.com.my
 * Route Map from prasarana.com.my
 * Route Map from stesensentral.com

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: KLIA Transit


text:
Phil Ramone

Philip Rabinowitz (January 5, 1934 – March 30, 2013), better known as Phil Ramone, was a South African-born American recording engineer, record producer, violinist and composer, and co-founder of A & R recording studio. Its success led to expansion into several studios and a record production company. He was described by Billboard as "legendary", and the BBC as a "CD pioneer".

Early life
Ramone was born in South Africa and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. As a child in South Africa, Ramone was a musical prodigy, beginning to play the violin at age three and performing for Princess Elizabeth at age 10. In the late 1940s, he trained as a classical violinist at the Juilliard School, where one of his classmates was Phil Woods. Ramone opened his own recording studio before he was 20. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States on December 14, 1953.

A & R Recording
In 1959, Ramone co-founded an independent New York City recording studio, A & R Recording, with business partner Jack Arnold. In the studio he quickly gained a reputation as a good sound engineer and music producer, in particular for his use of innovative technology. Among the performers whose music Ramone produced are Burt Bacharach, the Band, Bono, Laura Branigan, Ray Charles, Karen Carpenter, Chicago, Peter Cincotti, Natalie Cole, Celine Dion, Bob Dylan, Sheena Easton, Melissa Errico, Gloria Estefan, Aretha Franklin, the Guess Who, Heatwave, Billie Hughes, Billy Joel, Debbie Gibson, Elton John, Quincy Jones, Patricia Kaas, B.B. King, Lazarus, Julian Lennon, Shelby Lynne, Madonna, Barry Manilow, Richard Marx, Paul McCartney, George Michael, Cyndi Lauper, Liza Minnelli, Anne Murray, Olivia Newton-John, Sinéad O'Connor, Fito Páez, Luciano Pavarotti (including the Pavarotti and Friends Charity Concerts in Modena, Italy), Peter, Paul and Mary, June Pointer, André Previn, Jennifer Rush, Diane Schuur, Jon Secada, Michael Sembello, Carly Simon, Paul Simon, Frank Sinatra, Phoebe Snow, Dusty Springfield, Rod Stewart, Barbra Streisand, James Taylor, Frankie Valli, Dionne Warwick, Stevie Wonder, and Nikki Yanofsky. He also is credited with having recorded Marilyn Monroe's version of "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" to John F. Kennedy.

In 1972, management of A & R included Robert Gerics (general manager and studio manager), Nick Diminno (studio manager), and Irving Joel (chief engineer). The studios were located at 799 7th Avenue and 322 West 48th Street.

Ramone's early work in producing and engineering was with jazz artists, working on John Coltrane records and acting as engineer for the Getz/Gilberto album in 1963, for which he won his first Grammy. He transitioned during the 1960s to working with folk-rock, pop-rock, and R&B acts such as Peter, Paul and Mary, James Taylor, Aretha Franklin, and Bob Dylan, first primarily as an engineer, and later as a producer. He won his first production Grammy for his work on 1975's Still Crazy After All These Years by Paul Simon. He produced Billy Joel's 1977 album The Stranger and began a fruitful collaboration with Joel producing a string of hit albums throughout the rest of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1993, he produced Duets, Frank Sinatra's comeback album, a commercial hit that peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Album Chart. During the rest of the 1990s, Ramone moved from production work to his primary role as an industry executive, serving as chairman of The Recording Academy, though he would still be involved in some studio work including several Broadway cast recordings, as well as helping produce, with Quincy Jones, the televised A Tribute to Brian Wilson in 2001.

Technical innovations
Ramone was a founding member of META (the Music & Engineering Technology Alliance).

October 1,, marked the anniversary of the world's first commercially marketed compact disc. On that date in 1982, CBS/Sony released a digital compact disc of Billy Joel's 52nd Street in Japan, alongside Sony's CD player CDP-101.

Ramone introduced optical surround sound for movies. His book, Making Records: The Scenes Behind the Music, written with Chuck Granata, was released on October 9, 2007. Also in October 2007, Ramone produced a limited engagement performance of Richard Vetere's Be My Love: The Mario Lanza Story. The play was directed by Charles Messina and co-produced by Sonny Grosso. It premiered at The Tilles Center in Greenvale, New York.

Other professional activities
In addition to producing music, Ramone had numerous concert, film, Broadway, and television productions to his credit that include A Star Is Born, Walkabout, August Rush, Beyond the Sea, Flashdance, Ghostbusters, Little Shop of Horrors, Midnight Cowboy, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Passion, Seussical, Simon and Garfunkel: The Concert In Central Park, Songwriters Hall of Fame Awards, The Score, VH1/BBC Party at the Palace: Queen’s Jubilee Concert and The Good Thief. A champion of music educational programs, Ramone served on the boards of the National Mentoring Partnership and Berklee College of Music.

Later work
On July 8, 2008, Columbia Records released The Stranger 30th Anniversary, which features interviews with Ramone. This box set includes a remastered version of the 1977 Billy Joel album The Stranger by Ramone. The following summer, Ramone produced Gershwin Across America, a tribute album to the music of George and Ira Gershwin. The album features Jewel, Jason Mraz, Darius Rucker, and Paul Simon. In 2011, Ramone worked with George Michael, during his 2011 Symphonica Tour. Also in 2011, Ramone produced the songs "You Were Meant for Me" and "I'm Coming Back" on Lalah Hathaway's album Where It All Begins. One of Ramone's final projects was as the producer of the rock band Chicago's 2011 holiday album, Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three.

Personal life
Ramone was married to Karen Ichiuji-Ramone, with whom he had one son. Ramone had two sons from a prior marriage.

Death
Ramone was hospitalized in late February 2013 with an aortic aneurysm, and died on March 30, 2013, from complications involving the surgery related to it, at New York Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan. He was aged 79.

Awards
Ramone was nominated for 34 Grammy awards, winning 14 including a Technical Grammy Award in 2005 for a lifetime of innovative contributions to the recording industry.
 * Grammys
 * 1965 – Best Engineered Recording (non classical), for Getz/Gilberto
 * 1970 – Best Musical Show Album for producing Promises, Promises
 * 1976 – Album of the Year for producing Still Crazy After All These Years
 * 1979 – Record of the Year for producing "Just the Way You Are"
 * 1980 – Album of the Year for producing 52nd Street
 * 1981 – Producer of the Year (non classical)
 * 1984 – Best Album Of Original Score Written For A Motion Picture Or A Television Special, for Flashdance
 * 1995 – Best Musical Show Album for producing Passion
 * 2003 – Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album, for producing "Playin' With My Friends: Bennett Sings The Blues"
 * 2005 – Album of the Year and Best Surround Sound Album for producing Genius Loves Company
 * 2006 – Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for producing The Art of Romance
 * 2007 – Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for producing Duets: An American Classic
 * 2012 – Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for producing Duets II

 * Other awards
 * Ramone also won an Emmy Award in 1973 as the sound mixer for "Duke Ellington...We Love You Madly", a tribute to Duke Ellington broadcast on CBS.
 * 1997 – American Eagle Award, National Music Council
 * Ramone was awarded a Fellowship by the Audio Engineering Society in 2007.

Ramone was awarded honorary degrees by:
 * Honorary degrees and collegiate appointments
 * Five Towns College
 * Berklee College of Music
 * Skidmore College

Ramone was a member of Berklee's board of trustees.

title: Phil Ramone


text:
Mark Lawrenson

Mark Thomas Lawrenson (born 2 June 1957) is a former professional footballer who played as a defender for Liverpool, among others, during the 1970s and 1980s. After a short career as a manager, he then became a radio, television and internet pundit for the BBC, TV3, BT Sport and Today FM, retiring at the end of the 2021–22 football season. Born and raised in England, Lawrenson qualified to play for the Republic of Ireland through his grandfather, Thomas Crotty, who was born in Waterford.

Preston and Brighton
Mark Lawrenson was born in Preston and attended St Teresa's Catholic Primary School in Penwortham and, later, Preston Catholic College, a Jesuit school. His father, Tom, had been a winger for Preston North End. He always wanted to be a footballer, although his mother, Theresa, wanted him to become a priest. He began his career, as a 17-year-old, with his hometown club, Preston North End in 1974 who were then managed by World Cup winner Bobby Charlton. Lawrenson was voted Preston's Player of the Year for the 1976–77 season.

After 73 league appearances for the Deepdale club he moved to Alan Mullery's Brighton & Hove Albion in the summer before the start of the 1977–78 season for £100,000. Ironically, the then Second Division side outbid First Division Liverpool who also showed interest in the 19-year-old Lawrenson. Lawrenson made his Brighton debut on 20 August 1977 in a 1–1 draw against Southampton at The Dell. He settled in at the Goldstone Ground and made 40 league appearances by the end of his first season of the club. He went on to make 152 league appearances by the end of the 1980–81 season. However the club entered a financial crisis in 1981 and Lawrenson was forced to leave the club to make funds available. A number of clubs were interested in signing Lawrenson after his resilient performances for both Preston and Brighton, but it was Liverpool manager Bob Paisley who secured his signature.

Liverpool
Liverpool offered a club transfer record of £900,000, and Lawrenson joined in the summer of 1981. He was to form a formidable central defensive partnership with Alan Hansen after Phil Thompson suffered an injury. He was also used occasionally at left-back. He made his first start for the team at left-back in a 1–0 league defeat at the hands of Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux on 29 August 1981. He scored his first goal a month later during the 7–0 European Cup 1st round 2nd leg trouncing of Finnish team Oulun Palloseura at Anfield on 30 September. Lawrenson came on for Ray Kennedy in the 64th minute scoring in the 72nd. Also coming off the bench to score his first goal for the club was Ian Rush.

In Lawrenson's first full season, 1981–82, Liverpool won the League championship and the League Cup, defeating Tottenham Hotspur in the final. The team retained both titles for the next two seasons (in the League Cup finals defeating Manchester United in 1983 and Everton in 1984), becoming the third club in history to win three league titles in a row. They also added the club's fourth European Cup in 1984, the last time Liverpool would win Europe's most prestigious club prize until 2005. Lawrenson dislocated his shoulder three weeks before the 1985 European Cup final, the Heysel Stadium Disaster. He started the game, which Liverpool lost 1–0 to Juventus, but was injured after a few minutes and had to be substituted.

Lawrenson earned a reputation as an accomplished player and in the 1985–1986 season he was an integral part of the Liverpool side who completed the third league championship and FA Cup double of the 20th century. They overtook derby rivals Everton to win the league by two points and later came from behind to defeat Everton 3–1 in the 1986 FA Cup final at Wembley. After 1986, Lawrenson's first team place came under threat from the younger Gary Gillespie. Lawrenson's partnership with team captain Hansen continued for one more season before he, already out through a minor injury, suffered Achilles tendon damage in 1988 which prematurely ended his career. He earned a fifth and final title medal when that season ended. His Liverpool career ended after 332 appearances and 18 goals in all competitions – one of which was the fifth goal in a 5–0 defeat of Merseyside rivals Everton on 6 November 1982, a game in which Ian Rush scored four of the five goals.

In 1989, Lawrenson spent one season with the Florida side Tampa Bay Rowdies in the American Soccer League.

Later career
After his time at Liverpool, he was appointed Oxford United manager in 1988. His time at the club was frustrating and he resigned after star striker Dean Saunders was sold by the board of directors without Lawrenson's approval. Over that winter, he made a brief playing comeback in the Football Conference, making two appearances for Barnet. Lawrenson also managed Peterborough United from 6 September 1989 until 9 November 1990.

Lawrenson returned to playing with non-league clubs Corby Town and Chesham United. His final season as a player was as part of the Chesham team that won the 1992-93 Isthmian League. The club was not promoted to the then Football Conference as this would have required ground improvements that could not be afforded, so he decided the time was right to retire from playing completely.

International career
After Preston coach (and former Irish international goalkeeper) Alan Kelly became aware of the young player's Irish connections (and informed Irish international manager Johnny Giles), Lawrenson's solid performances earned him a call-up to the Republic of Ireland national team. He won the first of 39 international caps at the age of 19, in a friendly with Poland on 24 April 1977 at Dalymount Park; the game ended 0–0. Ireland employed Lawrenson's versatility and burgeoning talent by playing him at fullback, in midfield, and occasionally in his favoured position at centre half.

Lawrenson played his first competitive match on 12 October 1977 against Bulgaria in a 1978 World Cup qualifier. This match also ended 0–0, at Lansdowne Road (now Aviva Stadium). Lawrenson scored his first of his five goals for Ireland against Cyprus in Nicosia on 26 March 1980 in a 1982 World Cup Qualifier. He scored his second goal for Ireland in the next competitive match as Ireland beat Netherlands 2–1 at Lansdowne Road in the same qualification campaign. This was also notable as it was Eoin Hand's first match as manager of Ireland. In between these two matches Mark Lawrenson renewed his Preston acquaintance with Alan Kelly Snr as Kelly managed Ireland in a caretaker capacity for a friendly against Switzerland.

Lawrenson scored two goals in Ireland's record victory – an 8–0 thrashing of Malta in a 1984 European Championship qualifier but the Irish goal that he is best remembered for is one against Scotland. It was Jack Charlton's first qualification campaign as Irish manager and Ireland were playing Scotland in Hampden Park in a 1988 Euro qualifier. A sixth-minute goal earned Ireland a precious away victory that went a very long way to helping Ireland to qualify for its first ever major football championship finals. Unfortunately for Lawrenson injury prevented him from making the Irish Euro 1988 squad for the finals.

Lawrenson played his last match for the Republic of Ireland against Israel on 10 November 1987. It was a friendly match at Dalymount Park and was also notable because David Kelly scored a hat trick on his international debut.

Media career
After retiring from international football Lawrenson wrote for the Irish Times, initially providing analysis for the 1990 World Cup. Lawrenson began his television career providing match analysis on HTV West's local football coverage, before working as a pundit for the BBC but then left briefly to become a coach specialising in defensive tactics for Kevin Keegan at Newcastle United where he admitted in 2017 "I did nothing. Absolutely nothing" However, the position was again short-lived and he returned to media work. He has since become established as a pundit, both on BBC television and radio, often finding himself sitting alongside his former defensive partner, Alan Hansen. Since the departure from the BBC of Trevor Brooking, he has been the main co-commentator on major national and international (FIFA) matches covered by the television network. He appears regularly on Football Focus and Match of the Day.

He is also often a co-commentator on BBC Radio Five Live, often working on the feature matches on Sunday afternoons. He previously worked as a pundit for Ireland's TV3 between 2001 and 2007 for mid-week Champions League games alongside Welsh national (FA) team manager and former Liverpool striker, John Toshack. When the Champions League returned to TV3 in 2010 he no longer provided punditry. He was replaced in that role by Tony Cascarino and Martin Keown, and moved into the commentary box alongside TV3 commentator Trevor Welch. He works for Irish radio station Today FM on Premiership Live with presenter Michael McMullan in talking about football related topics, predicting scores and stating facts. He also had a column on the BBC website where he gives his views and predictions on the Premier League's weekend fixtures. Lawrenson is one of a number of ex-Liverpool players who made up the BBC pundit team.

He also writes a regular Preston North End column for the University of Central Lancashire's Students' Union newspaper, Pluto, and a weekly column for the Liverpool Daily Post. He worked with Japanese entertainment company Konami, recording commentary samples for the Pro Evolution Soccer series, alongside ITV commentator Jon Champion, from Pro Evolution Soccer 2008 to Pro Evolution Soccer 2010. He was replaced by ITV pundit Jim Beglin for Pro Evolution Soccer 2011. In addition, Lawrenson has also featured alongside John Motson as a commentator in EA Sports' FIFA series from 99 through 2001 and on the Euro 2000 video game.

In 2002, Lawrenson made a bet on Football Focus that Bolton Wanderers would be relegated from the Premiership in the 2001–02 season. He lost the bet after Sam Allardyce's team stayed up, and shaved off his moustache as a result.

At the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the BBC received 172 complaints after Lawrenson said that Swiss striker Josip Drmić "should put a skirt on". The channel responded by stating "We acknowledge that the remark by commentator Mark Lawrenson about Switzerland's Josip Drmić was inappropriate and we apologise for any offence caused by it".

At the end of the 2021-22 Premier League season, and after a 30-year stint with the BBC, during which he covered a total of six World Cups, Lawrenson was told by the football head his typical one-year contract would not be renewed. He subsequently claimed that the cause was ostensibly BBC's "woke culture",  and stated that a "very early woke moment" occurred twenty-five years previously, in the aftermath of Princess Diana's death, when, as he alleged, an editor told him, before he was to cover a game, to “not mention the wall” if describing free kicks.

Personal life
In 2003, Lawrenson was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from Myerscough College near Preston for his achievements in football.

In 2018, he was given the all-clear after having a cancerous growth removed from his face. He was made aware of the seriousness of the growth when a concerned viewer contacted the editor of Football Focus. Lawrenson later met the viewer, Dr Alan Brennan, on television.

International
International goals

Honours
Liverpool
 * Football League First Division: 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1987–88
 * FA Cup: 1985–86
 * League Cup: 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84
 * FA Charity Shield: 1982, 1986
 * Football League Super Cup: 1986
 * European Cup: 1983–84

title: Mark Lawrenson


text:
Dogtown and Z-Boys

Dogtown and Z-Boys is a 2001 documentary film produced by Agi Orsi and directed by Stacy Peralta. The documentary explores the pioneering of the Zephyr skateboard team in the 1970s (of which Peralta was a member) and the evolving sport of skateboarding. Using a mix of film of the Zephyr skateboard team (Z-Boys) shot in the 1970s by Craig Stecyk, along with contemporary interviews, the documentary tells the story of a group of teenage surfer/skateboarders and their influence on the history of skateboarding (and to a lesser extent surfing) culture.

Synopsis
Dogtown and Z-Boys, narrated by Sean Penn, begins with the history of skateboarding in Southern California and how it had been strongly influenced by the surf culture in the surrounding areas of Santa Monica and Venice, nicknamed Dogtown. Surf shop owners Jeff Ho, Skip Engblom, and Craig Stecyk established the Zephyr Skateboard Team with local teenagers from broken homes. The sport of skateboarding evolved as the Z-Boys continued to bring edgy moves influenced by surfing. During one of California's record-breaking droughts, local backyard pools were emptied and became hotspots for these young skateboarders looking for places to skateboard. The members of the Zephyr team gained notoriety and national attention when they competed in skateboard championships and started to receive media attention for their skills as young athletes. Testimonials and commentary provided by the members and founders of the Zephyr team combined with the rock-and-roll soundtrack and vintage footage all come together in this documentary about the history and lives of the original Z-Boys and skateboarding subculture of California.

Cast
The documentary includes footage, commentary, and interviews from eleven of the original members of the Z-Boys team, along with the team's co-founders, skateboarding champions, and other relevant skateboarding figures, journalists, and musicians from the era.

 * Sean Penn as the narrator
 * Jay Adams (Zephyr Skate Team member) as himself
 * Tony Alva (Zephyr Skate Team member) as himself
 * Stacy Peralta (Zephyr Skate Team member) as himself
 * Jeff Ament as himself
 * Steve Caballero as himself
 * Skip Engblom (Zephyr Co-Founder) as himself
 * Craig Stecyk (Zephyr Co-Founder) as himself
 * Tony Hawk as himself
 * Henry Rollins as himself
 * Tom Sims as himself
 * Peggy Oki (Zephyr Skate Team member) as herself
 * Jeff Ho (Zephyr Co-Founder) as himself

Production
The documentary features vintage video footage and photos of the Zephyr skateboard team from the 1970s, along with contemporary interviews from the original members of the Z-Boys group. The film combines the 8-mm and 16-mm vintage footage with modern editing and a soundtrack crafted from music of the 1970s era.

Dogtown and Z-Boys was directed by Stacy Peralta, an original member of the Zephyr team, and written by Peralta and Craig Stecyk, a leading surf and skateboard film producer and photojournalist.

The film operated on a budget of $400,000 financed by Vans, Inc. Stecyk and photojournalist Glen E. Friedman, were the film's co-writer and co-producer, respectively, Daniel Ostroff and Stephen Nemeth were also co-producers, and Debra MacCulloch and Christine Triano were associate producers involved with the film.

Reception
Dogtown and Z-Boys debuted at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival where it won two awards: the Audience Award and Directing Award. The film also won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary in 2001.

The film was well received by many critics, including reporter Steve McKee of The Wall Street Journal who stated that the documentary had opened with "boffo reviews" from around the country. The film received a rating of 92% on Rotten Tomatoes and a generally favorable rating of 76 on Metacritic. Stephen Holden of The New York Times said the film was a "giddy, thrilling, rock 'n' roll-saturated history of skateboarding in Southern California."

On the opening weekend of April 2002, Dogtown and Z-Boys made $103,355. By August 2002, the film had grossed $1,293,295 in the United States. According to Peralta in a 2004 interview, "Dogtown has sold over a million DVDs and more than 700,000 VHS."

Music
• Aerosmith – "Seasons of Wither"

• Aerosmith – "Toys in the Attic"

• Alice Cooper – "Billion Dollar Baby"

• Alice Cooper – "Generation Landslide"

• The Allman Brothers Band – "One Way Out"

• Black Sabbath – "Into the Void"

• Black Sabbath – "Paranoid"

• Blue Öyster Cult – "Godzilla"

• Buzzcocks – "Fast Cars"

• Buzzcocks – "Boredom"

• David Bowie – "Aladdin Sane"

• David Bowie – "Rebel Rebel"

• Devo – "Gut Feeling"

• Emilio Pericoli – "Volare"

• Fila Brazillia – "Subtle Body"

• Fila Brazillia – "Harmonicas are Shite"

• Herb Alpert – "A Taste of Honey"

• Herb Alpert – "Lollipops and Roses"

• James Gang – "Funk 49"

• Jan and Dean – "Sidewalk Surfing"

• The Jimi Hendrix Experience – "Ezy Ryder"

• The Jimi Hendrix Experience – "Foxy Lady"

• The Jimi Hendrix Experience – "Freedom"

• The Jimi Hendrix Experience – "Bold as Love"

• Joe Walsh – "Rocky Mountain Way"

• Led Zeppelin – "Achilles Last Stand"

• Led Zeppelin – "Hots On for Nowhere"

• The Lively Ones – "Surfrider"

• Massive Attack – "Exchange"

• Neil Young – "Old Man"

• Peter Frampton – "I'll Give You Money"

• Pink Floyd – "Us and Them"

• Robin Trower – "Hannah"

• Rod Stewart – "Maggie May"

• Sneaker Pimps – "6 Underground"

• The Stooges – "Gimme Danger"

• The Stooges – "I Wanna Be Your Dog"

• T. Rex – "Children of the Revolution"

• The Pretenders – "Bad Boys Get Spanked"

• Thin Lizzy – "Bad Reputation"

• Ted Nugent – "Cat Scratch Fever"

• Ted Nugent – "Wang Dang Sweet Poontang (Live)"

• Ted Nugent – "Motor City Madhouse"

• The Trammps – "Disco Inferno"

• ZZ Top – "La Grange"

title: Dogtown and Z-Boys


text:
County council

A county council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.

Ireland
The county councils created under British rule in 1899 continue to exist in Ireland, although they are now governed under legislation passed by the Oireachtas, with the principal act being the Local Government Act 2001.

1899–1922
The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 introduced county councils to Ireland, with a lower tier of governance of urban and rural districts. The administrative and financial business carried by county grand juries and county at large presentment sessions were transferred to the new councils. Principal among these duties were the maintenance of highways and bridges, the upkeep and inspection of lunatic asylums and the appointment of coroners. The new bodies also took over some duties from poor law boards of guardians in relation to diseases of cattle and from the justices of the peace to regulate explosives.

The Irish county councils differed in constitution from those in Great Britain. Most of the council was directly elected: each county was divided by the Local Government Board for Ireland into district electoral divisions, each returning a single councillor for a three-year term. In addition urban districts were to form electoral divisions: depending on population they could return multiple county councillors. The county councils were also to consist of "additional members":
 * The chairman of each rural district council in the county was to be an ex officio member. Where the chairman had already been elected to the council or was disqualified, the RDC was to appoint another member of their council to be an additional member.
 * The council could also co-opt one or two additional members for a three-year term.

The first county council elections were held on 6 April 1899, and the first business of their inaugural meetings being the appointment of additional members. The triennial elections were postponed in 1914 on the outbreak of World War I.

The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1919 introduced proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote to county councils, elected from multi-member electoral areas. Only one election was under the new system before independence, held in January 1920 (in urban areas) and on 2 June 1920 (in rural areas), during the Irish War of Independence.

1922 to present
The Irish Free State inherited the local authorities created by the United Kingdom legislation. The first elections after independence were held on 23 June 1925, following amendments by the Local Government Act 1925. The act abolished rural district councils (except in County Dublin) and passed their powers to the county councils. At the following election all county councils were to be increased: the number of extra councillors was to be twice the number of abolished rural districts. The act set out the powers and duties of county councils and also gave the Minister for Local Government the power to dissolve councils if he was satisfied that "the duties of a local council are not being duly and effectually discharged". He could order new elections to be held, or transfer the power and properties of the council "to any body or persons or person he shall think fit". The power was widely used by ministers of all parties. For example, Kerry County Council was dissolved from 1930 to 1932, and from 1945 to 1948, with commissioners appointed to perform the council's function.

The number of county councils was increased from 27 to 29 in 1994 when County Dublin was split under the Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993 into three new counties: Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin.

In 2014, under the Local Government Reform Act 2014, the number of county councils was again reduced: a merger of North Tipperary and South Tipperary County Councils created a single Tipperary County Council; and the city and county councils of Limerick and Waterford were merged to create Limerick City and County Council and Waterford City and County Council.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, a county council is the legislative body of each county. Members of the councils are elected through local elections held every 4 years.

1950 to 1999
The Outline for Implementing Local Autonomy for Cities and Counties was promulgated in April 1950. County councils were established in 1951.

1999 to present
In 1999 the Local Government Act was enacted. As stipulated in the Act, duties of the county councils include approving the county budget, levying local taxes and enacting local ordinances.

United Kingdom
County councils were formed in the late 19th century. In the various constituent countries of the United Kingdom councils had different powers and different memberships. Following local government reforms in the 1970s, county councils no longer exist in Scotland or Northern Ireland. In England they generally form the top level in a two-tier system of administration; in Wales they are unitary authorities.

England
In England county councils were introduced in 1889, and reformed in 1974. Since the mid-1990s a series of local government reorganisations has reduced the number of county councils as unitary authorities have been established in a number of areas. County councils are very large employers with a great variety of functions including education (schools and youth services), social services, highways, fire and rescue services, libraries, waste disposal, consumer services and town and country planning. Until the 1990s they also ran colleges of further education and the careers services. That decade also saw the privatisation of some traditional services, such as highway maintenance, cleaning and school meals.

History
County councils were created by the Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 41), largely taking over the administrative functions of the unelected county courts of quarter sessions. County councils consisted of councillors, directly elected by the electorate; and county aldermen, chosen by the council itself. There was one county alderman for every three councillors (one for every six in the London County Council). The first elections to the councils were held at various dates in January 1889, and they served as "provisional" or shadow councils until 1 April, when they came into their powers. Elections of all councillors and half of the aldermen took place every three years thereafter. The areas over which the councils had authority were designated as administrative counties. The writ of the county councils did not extend everywhere: large towns and some historic counties corporate were constituted county boroughs by the same act. County borough councils were independent of the council for the county in which they were geographically situated, and exercised the functions of both county and district councils. The new system was a major modernisation, which reflected the increasing range of functions carried out by local government in late Victorian Britain. A major accretion of powers took place when education was added to county council responsibilities in 1902. County councils were responsible for more strategic services in a region, with (from 1894) smaller urban district councils and rural district councils responsible for other activities. The Local Government Act 1929 considerably increased the powers of county councils. Primarily, the Boards of Guardians were abolished: workhouses were taken over by the county councils as public assistance institutions, and county councils also assumed responsibility for former poor law infirmaries, and fever hospitals. County councils also took charge of highways in rural districts.

In 1965 there was a reduction in the number of county councils. The London Government Act 1963 abolished those of London and Middlesex and created the Greater London Council. Greater London was declared to be an "area" and not to lie in any county. In addition two pairs of administrative counties were merged to become Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely and Huntingdon and Peterborough under recommendations made by the Local Government Commission for England. The Local Government Act 1972 completely reorganised local authorities in England and Wales. County boroughs were abolished and the whole of England (apart from Greater London) was placed in a two-tier arrangement with county councils and district councils. In the six largest conurbations metropolitan county councils, with increased powers, were created. The post of county alderman was abolished, and the entire council was thereafter directly elected every four years. In 1986 the six metropolitan county councils were abolished, with their functions transferred to the metropolitan boroughs and joint boards. The Local Government Act 1992 established a new Local Government Commission whose remit was to conduct a review of the structure of local administration, and the introduction of unitary authorities where appropriate. Accordingly, the number of county councils was reduced: Avon, Berkshire, Cleveland, Hereford and Worcester and Humberside were abolished, while Worcestershire County Council was re-established. The reforms somewhat blurred the distinction between county and district council. The Isle of Wight county council became a unitary authority, renamed the "Isle of Wight Council". Conversely, two unitary district councils added the word "county" to their titles to become "Rutland County Council District Council" and "County of Herefordshire District Council".

21st-century reforms
A further wave of local government reform took place in April 2009 under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007. Following invitations from central government in 2007, a number of county councils and their associated districts examined ways in which local government provision could be rationalised, mainly in the form of abolishing the existing county and district councils and establishing one-tier authorities for all or parts of these existing counties. As a result, the status of some of these (mainly) more rural counties changed. Cornwall, Durham, Northumberland, Shropshire and Wiltshire became unitary authorities providing all services. Some of these councils have dropped the word "county" from their titles. Bedfordshire and Cheshire county councils were abolished with more than one unitary council established within the boundaries of the abolished council. Other county councils remained unchanged, particularly in the heavily populated parts of England such as the south-east. Further minor local government reforms took place in 2019–20, which led to Dorset and Buckinghamshire also becoming unitary authorities providing all services.

Northern Ireland
County councils existed in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 1973.

Following partition, six administrative counties remained within the United Kingdom as part of Northern Ireland. Local government came under the control of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, who quickly introduced the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1922, abolishing proportional representation. Electoral districts were redrawn, and a property qualification for voters (Plural voting) introduced, ensuring Unionist controlled councils in counties with Nationalist majorities. In 1968 Fermanagh County Council was reconstituted as a unitary authority. County councils were abolished under the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972 in 1973. The only local authorities since that date have been district councils.

Scotland
In Scotland county councils existed from 1890 to 1975. They were created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 and reconstituted forty years later by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929. County councils were abolished in 1975 when a system of large regional councils was introduced. Regions were themselves abolished in 1996 and replaced by the current unitary council areas.

History
In Scotland, control of county administration was in the hands of Commissioners of Supply. This was a body of the principal landowners liable to pay land tax, and was unelected. The first elections to Scottish county councils took place in February 1890. Only the councillors for the "landward" part of the county were elected however. The remainder of the council were co-opted by the town councils of the burghs in the county. Scottish county councils also differed from those in England and Wales as they were required to divide their county into districts. A district committee of the county councillors elected for the area were an independent local council for some administrative purposes.

In 1930 the Scottish county councils were completely reconstituted. Their powers were increased in small burghs. On the other hand, large burghs became independent of the county for most purposes. The district committees created in 1890 were abolished and replaced by district councils, partly consisting of county councillors and partly of directly elected district councillors. Two joint county councils were created, for Perthshire and Kinross-shire and Moray and Nairnshire. The county councils also gained the duties of the abolished education authorities.

Wales
Since 1996 Wales has been divided into unitary principal areas. Principal councils were designated by the legislation that created them as either "county councils" or "county borough councils". County and county borough councils have identical powers.

History
Prior to 1996 local government in Wales was similar to that in England. Thus the county councils introduced in 1889 were identical to their English counterparts. The Local Government Commission for Wales appointed under the Local Government Act 1958 recommended a reduction in the number of county councils in Wales and Monmouthshire from thirteen to seven, but reform did not take place until 1974.

From 1 April 1974 the number of counties and county councils was reduced to eight in number. Like the county councils introduced in England at the same time, the whole council was elected every four years. There was a slightly different division of powers between county and district councils, however. The county and district councils were abolished twenty-two years later, when the present system of principal areas was introduced.

United States
A county council is a type of local government that is responsible for providing services to a specific county or region. It is typically composed of elected officials who are responsible for making decisions about the county's budget, infrastructure, and services. County councils are responsible for providing services such as education, health care, public safety, transportation, and social services. They also have the power to levy taxes and fees to fund these services. County councils are typically responsible for maintaining roads, bridges, and other infrastructure within their county. They also have the power to pass laws and regulations that affect the county. County councils are typically responsible for providing services to their constituents, such as libraries, parks, and other recreational facilities. County councils are also responsible for providing services to the elderly, disabled, and other vulnerable populations. County councils are typically responsible for providing services to the environment, such as water and air quality, and for protecting natural resources. County councils are also responsible for providing services to businesses, such as economic development and job training.

Other countries
The term county council is sometimes used in English for regional municipal bodies in other countries.

 * County council (Norway) (fylkesting)
 * County Councils of Sweden (landsting)
 * County councils of Romania (consilii județene)

Both Swedish and Norwegian county councils are directly elected by their inhabitants as it is also the case in Romania during local elections. There are some differences between them in responsibilities.

title: County council


text:
User:DomCleal

My page... my corner of the wiki!

Pages to work on:
 * Bridport

title: User:DomCleal


text:
Talk:Bridport

WikiProject UK geography overhaul
There is some great information in this article but I think it may need a bit of an overhaul. The introduction section is far too large - much of it needs to be put into a 'history' section. The grammar could use some attention in a few places. If anyone reads this then feel free to comment! Sevengoods (talk) 22:00, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * To make my point - our introduction is longer than that of London! I'm going to take a better photo for the town too, the best view is from south steet looking towards the town hall IMO.--Sevengoods (talk) 11:14, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

OK I'm bringing this article in line with the UK geography WikiProject. If you wish to contibute please read WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements. As per the guidelines I've added the sections: I've completed the changes in multiple edits for the convenience of other editors.--Sevengoods (talk) 12:44, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Geography - combined suburbs and surrounding villages
 * Industry and Commerce (Economy was the alternative, but I&C seemed to fit better) - moved from intro
 * Education
 * Notable People - moved from introduction

Ian Ruby Stabbings
I propose removing the stabbing parts in November 2008 when it has been a year since Ruby was detained and two and abit years since the stabbings themselves. Other users have tried to remove it on many occasions and as it hangs over the town I can see why but we can’t add only pleasant info as that would be removing the truth..d1169254 (talk) 03:30, 4 May 2008 (BST) Can we end the revert war now? I'm guessing its the one person who wrote the entry vs. everyone else.--Sevengoods (talk) 01:13, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I strongly concur. I don't think the information has a place anywhere in the article, let alone the LEAD section. The lead section is designated as a summary of significant information. Whoever wants this in the article I suggest you peruse WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements and find a suitable place to put it. Just because an event makes the national news for two days, years ago, does not make it make it RELEVANT or SIGNIFICANT to the town it occurred in.
 * Yep, so if we set a date everyone should be happy and we can't be accused of censorship. d1169254 (talk) 20:04, 21 May 2008 (BST)
 * No time like the present, but I guess we could give it a week for anyone else to pipe up. 28th june?--Sevengoods (talk) 21:54, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I can't be arsed any more.. Its gone.. d1169254 (talk) 01:26, 25 May 2008 (BST)

References to entry on Bridport Dorset
Entry on Bridport Dorset has frequent references to Bettey often with a page number but no obvious bookname. Can you amplify this reference.86.130.178.159 (talk) 14:29, 10 April 2016 (UTC) G Allen86.130.178.159 (talk) 14:29, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Look under the 'References' section near the bottom of the page, then look under 'General references' near the bottom of that section. The book details are there. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 16:37, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

Updating the current Info box Image with a newer less pixelated version
There is a photo on the current info box on the Bridport Article, but I would like to change it to something newer and less pixelated.

 * I propose removing the current photo, seen left, with the photo seen right.
 * I have previously admitted to User:PaleCloudedWhite that my one, on the right was hazy in the thumbnail view, which I now take back.
 * The 'atmospheric conditions' of the image are not hazy, User:PaleCloudedWhite said it was hazy, and when compared to the current one, it is of much better quality and shows much more scope (view) of the town.
 * It was previously said by User:PaleCloudedWhite that my image was not a 'particularly good quality image' and when compared with the image right, I believe that my is much better and less pixelated.
 * When you look back at both revisions, I hope you'll see that my is more relevant and fitting to the article.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by MajesticEli (talk • contribs) 14:01, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
 * 1) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridport&oldid=733561885 (my edit)
 * 2) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridport&oldid=733398696 (Current)

 * I repeat what I have stated previously on my talk page, namely that your proposed new image is hazy and consequently less good than the existing image. Also the proposed image reduces all the buildings to such a small size that little is readily identifiable, except perhaps to natives of the town, whereas the existing image shows the main thoroughfare and the town hall, which is probably the most iconic building in the town. The problem of the hazy image and its small size of buildings is demonstrated more clearly when the images are viewed at the size they would appear in the infobox, rather than the enlarged images shown above. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 15:06, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

 * User:PaleCloudedWhite, Did you care to compare the two? I still believe that my is of better quality, not pixelated, newer and not 'hazy', it's of better quality. My image is not bad quality, it was just taken from a distance. The current image was taken technically right next to the town hall and still pixelated. I hope the image can change back to my one, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridport&oldid=733398032 (my edit)

 * Yes of course I compared the two - that was the basis for my comments. The issue of image quality is not just a question of how pixelated or not an image is - there are other factors such as composition, subject clarity, colour and contrast etc. In my view the original image is a better composition, shows the subject more clearly and draws the eye more readily because it contains greater contrast of light and shade which makes it stand off the page better. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 18:43, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

 * User:PaleCloudedWhite, First of all the clarity of my image is by far much better than the current one, second, about the current one, you say it has 'greater contrast of light and shade which makes it stand off the page better' ??? Look back at the two, I believe that my, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridport&oldid=733561885 stands off the page better because of it being panoramic it catches the eye more, it gives the viewer of the article more info about the towns surrounding and georgrapy, not just the Town Hall and West Street. There are plenty of over articles about towns that do the same I did with a panoramic image or at least a selection of images. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MajesticEli (talk • contribs) 20:39, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I have looked at both images and in commons. It is disappointing how few worthwhile images there are in commons. Neither IMHO of the two in question are ideal. geography.org.uk - 47461 has bunting, cars and street furniture distracting from the essentials and is a small file not capable of enlargement. Bridport in 2016.png looks hazy, not perhaps because the image is hazy or out of focus, but likely because it was taken at a time and on a day (last Saturday) when conditions were not ideal, or alternatively the levels are such that there is not enough contrast. It would benefit from cropping to remove some of the area on the left taken by a bush and if re-taken careful positioning to remove the nettle that crosses the buildings. A view of the town from a vantage point is useful. On balance the status quo anti should be kept until an improved version of the new image is available. It is nice to find someoneUser:MajesticEli who cares enough to go out and take good images.SovalValtos (talk) 22:32, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks User:SovalValtos for letting me know, I will try again sometime. I'm glad you agree the vantage point is useful, and I plan to take a photo like it in the future. Thanks User:PaleCloudedWhite for responding to my comments and engaging in this debate. I hope to work with both of you.

Panoramic image on the geography section
I just wanted to know what you thought about this, do you think it should be on the Bridport article, at the bottom of the geography section?
 * The image is below, below that is the full geography section with the panoramic image

Townscape

 * here is a link to a former revision page (taster) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridport&oldid=733720606 — Preceding unsigned comment added by MajesticEli (talk • contribs) 19:02, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

 * It's too large. Remember that images are supposed to illustrate and support the text, not dominate the page. I'm not wishing to discourage you from editing and adding pictures, but you seem to be approaching this the wrong way round: editors should ascertain what images an article needs and then seek out such images to add, whereas you seem to be trying to find ways to add your images to the article. Why not take pictures of some of the events in the town, as I suggested on my talk page? Or take a better picture of the arts centre? - the current one in the article is cut off at the bottom. Or even take an image of the bypass, the old railway line or the A35, to illustrate the transport section? PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 07:48, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

 * A general view of the town from a vantage point could be included in the Geography section, replacing the image of the Jurassic cliffs which are a bit off topic not being of Bridport or directly of the West Bay harbour part. A thumb nail, which could always be clicked on to enlarge, would be best. Let us see what other editors think in the next week or so, by which time User:MajesticEli you may have been able to take your planned better version on a less hazy day. Please sign your comments on talk pages with four tildes (~).SovalValtos (talk) 08:40, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes I am not averse to a panoramic shot in the geography section, but it needs to be clear at thumbnail size, or, if larger, to be of very good quality and ideally illustrate something specific in the text. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 08:47, 10 August 2016 (UTC)
 * One of the geographical features of the Bridport area is the preponderence of surrounding hills, almost all of them steep and often almost conical - due to the geology of Bridport Sands capped by Inferior Oolite. I probably have a source that mentions this and could use it to expand the text, which currently mentions the geology but doesn't connect that to the shape of the landforms. Having a picture which illustrates this well would be a good addition (I know that the panorama shown above also shows something of the hills, but as mentioned before it isn't the best image when at smaller size, and anyway I think an improved version could be supplied - perhaps having foreground which reveals the hills are all around the town, not just on one side?). PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 09:14, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Understand completely, I will get around to taking a better photo on a less hazy day and the crop it so it is the same width but different height or just have a better quality one as a thumbnail. I also have plans to go to West Bay or Dorchester in the coming days, so I do have plans to take some more pictures, such as the old railway line or the A35. I live in Bridport so taking a picture of the Arts Centre would be easier than the other options. MajesticEli (talk) 11:38, 10 August 2016 (UTC)	MajesticEli (talk) 12:39, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Bridport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070220131602/http://observer.guardian.co.uk:80/uk_news/story/0,,2015679,00.html to http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2015679,00.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:42, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Bridport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151001145527/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/cgi-bin/seatdetails.pl?seat=Dorset%20West to http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/cgi-bin/seatdetails.pl?seat=Dorset%20West
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0%2C%2C2015679%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130127173335/http://www.unitarian.org.uk/index.shtml to http://www.unitarian.org.uk/index.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:21, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Bridport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215523/http://literatureworks.org.uk/the-bridport-prize/ to http://www.literatureworks.org.uk/the-bridport-prize/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:40, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bridport


text:
Purfleet railway station

Purfleet railway station is on the London, Tilbury and Southend line serving the town of Purfleet, Essex. It is 16 mi down the line from London Fenchurch Street and it is situated between Rainham to the west and Grays to the east. Its three-letter station code is PFL.

It was opened in 1854 by the London Tilbury and Southend Railway and initially trains ran from Tilbury to Stratford where the train split for either Spitalfields or Fenchurch Street. The station and all trains serving it are currently operated by c2c. Although outside London fare zone 6, the station became part of the Oyster card pay-as-you-go network in 2010.

Services
As of the June 2024 timetable the typical Monday to Friday off-peak service is:
 * 2 tph (trains per hour) westbound to London Fenchurch Street
 * 2 tph eastbound to Grays

Future plans
As part of a development involving up to 3000 new homes, there are plans to re-site, rename and upgrade the railway station. The station will be located slightly further north. The ticket office is to be moved overhead rather than to the side of the station and lifts and a new footbridge are proposed as well as a new larger car park and future space for retail. The level crossing may also be closed as part of these plans and replaced with a road bridge. One other thing proposed is that the name of the station be renamed to Purfleet on Thames, after the town was renamed in 2020 to attract more visitors. A planning application was submitted in May 2023.

title: Purfleet railway station


text:
Grays railway station

Grays railway station is on the London, Tilbury and Southend line serving the town of Grays, Essex. It is 19 mi down the line from London Fenchurch Street via Rainham and is located at the junction where a branch line from Upminster via Ockendon re-joins the route from Rainham. Its three-letter station code is GRY.

It was opened in 1854. The station and all trains serving it are currently operated by c2c. Although outside the London fare zones, the station became part of the Oyster card pay-as-you-go network in 2010.

History
It was opened in 1854 on the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. Until the early 1900s the station was known as Grays Thurrock.

In 2005 the station environment was refurbished, in particular the subway linking the platforms, and the surrounding highway infrastructure. In January 2006 the footbridge linking Grays High Street at either side of the railway was declared unsafe and closed due to structural problems with the supports and bracing, which had to be temporarily supported with scaffolding underneath the stair flights. A hoarding was subsequently erected on this scaffolding. The footbridge reopened in May 2006. Works to replace the stair flights have been completed. Although located at the end of the platforms, there is no station access at this point.

During 2008 and 2009 the four-carriage bay platform was extended to hold eight-coach trains. From 2011 to 2012 the through platforms were extended to receive 12-coach trains.

Services
As of the June 2024 timetable the typical Monday to Friday off-peak service is:
 * 2 tph (trains per hour) westbound to London Fenchurch Street via Ockendon
 * 2 tph westbound to London Fenchurch Street via Rainham
 * 2 tph eastbound to Southend Central

Connections
Ensignbus routes 22, 33, 44, 66, 73, 73A, 77, 77A, 83, 88 and Z1, First Essex routes 100 and 200, and NIBS Buses route 269 serve the station.

title: Grays railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kinism

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Kinism.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

The page seems rather vague and there doesn't seem to be much evidence to support its existance as an established philosophy. Possibly irrelevant, but the external link tries to set some rather malwareish cookies, beware.
 * Keep: It does seem pretty vague but I liked the idea! Whoever wrote this please explain and expand or else it may be deleted! (Unsigned entry at 14:10, May 12, 2004 by User:62.255.32.8, the author of the page)
 * Keep, stub and list it as Pages needing attention. Alcarillo 17:50, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable unless this can be substantiated. It reads like ranting the way it stands. - Lucky 6.9 17:51, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless substantiated within the time period. Google search turns up 61 hits for "kinism" but only two were relevant and non-derivative ( and ) but neither have anything to do with the apparent definition in this article.  Rossami 19:05, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Unsure. Those two hits do descibe something that may be encyclopedic, but they're the same text essentially, as is at least one other of the Google hits. Question is, is this a neologism, or is it a valid topic that just doesn't show up on the web yet? I can imgine why it might not show up, it is hardly politically correct and a bit obscure as well. Probably some dead tree research needed. Agree that the current article needs work. Andrewa 00:42, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just ran some searches on Lexis-Nexis and the like, and can't find any references in either the scholarly or popular press. RadicalSubversiv E 05:03, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, as it seems to be real, but add to Pages needing attention Burgundavia 06:50, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete! It's a vanity page.  Check the link at the bottom of the page.  Here's a quote from the website: "This is the main theory of the new economy and where you will find my original draft of Kin Economics. I do hope that you will read it, understand it and maybe even like it!"  There's more like that.  It's just a personal theory.  Now, there may be something legitimate that has this name, but if so it's not the subject of the current article. Isomorphic 18:07, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Well argued, Isomorphic. Andrewa 19:43, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Deus Ex 21:24, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Ben Brockert 23:00, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: original research. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:29, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kinism


text:
Chafford Hundred railway station

Chafford Hundred railway station, also known as Chafford Hundred Lakeside station, is located on a single-track branch line of the London, Tilbury and Southend line, serving the area of Chafford Hundred as well as Lakeside Shopping Centre in Essex. It is 20 mi down the line from London Fenchurch Street via Upminster; it is situated between Ockendon and Grays. Its three-letter station code is CFH.

The station has a single platform and was opened on 30 May 1995 by Railtrack. Today, all passenger train services are operated by c2c, which also manages the station. Although outside the London fare zones 1 to 6, the station became part of the Oyster card pay-as-you-go network in 2010. It is the busiest single-platform station in the UK.

History
The single-track line through the area was opened in 1893 by the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LTSR) as part of a branch from Romford to Grays via Upminster. By the late 20th century service on the line had been reduced to a relatively infrequent shuttle between Upminster and Grays, calling at the only intermediate station at Ockendon.

Following the opening of Lakeside Shopping Centre in 1990 a new single-platform station was opened on 30 May 1995 by Railtrack. The £1 million station was funded by the Chafford Hundred development consortium. Initially a free shuttle bus connected the station to the shopping centre, with a direct pedestrian bridge link replacing the bus in 2000. The shuttle train service was eventually extended beyond Upminster to Fenchurch Street in London and beyond Grays to Southend Central in Southend-on-Sea, with service frequency increased to two trains an hour in each direction.

Usage is moderate for a suburban station and increasing; to expand capacity the buildings were rebuilt in 2006. The "Lakeside" suffix has occasionally been added to the name to not only reflect its location in the town of Chafford Hundred but also its proximity to the shopping centre. However, most sources including c2c and TfL, continue to simply call the station Chafford Hundred for sake of brevity.

The station became part of the Oyster card pay-as-you-go network in 2010.

Services
As of the June 2024 timetable the typical Monday to Friday off-peak service is:
 * 2 tph (trains per hour) westbound to London Fenchurch Street
 * 2 tph eastbound to Southend Central

According to the ORR, the station is the busiest single-platform station in the UK, beating the next busiest (Windsor and Eton Central) by some 900,000 passengers per year.

Connections
Ensignbus routes 33 and X80 serve the station.

title: Chafford Hundred railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cha'an

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Cha'an.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Authors were clearly thinking of Chan (Chinese Zen), which is sometimes spelled Ch'an, and which already has a much more complete entry. Article has multiple factual errors and hasn't been edited in more than a year. "Cha'an" is not a legitimate alternative spelling.

 * Keep and redirect. If it's a mis-spelling it's a common one - for instance  - TB 14:28, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Chan. Agree with TB. Andrewa 00:23, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with above Burgundavia 06:30, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cha'an