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NBN (TV station)

NBN is an Australian television station based in Newcastle, Australia. The station was inaugurated on 4 March 1962 as the first regional commercial television station in New South Wales, and has since expanded to 39 transmitters throughout Northern New South Wales, including the Gold Coast, Queensland, Lismore, Tweed Heads, Tamworth, Coffs Harbour, Newcastle, and Central Coast. It is owned and operated by the Nine Network, with regional sales and newsroom located at 28 Honeysuckle Drive.

The station's call sign, NBN, is an acronym for Newcastle Broadcasting New South Wales. NBN is the only regional station in mainland Australia to produce a one-hour news bulletin seven days a week. Since 2007, it has been owned by Nine's parent company Nine Entertainment Co (formerly PBL) making it a sister station to its metropolitan counterparts. However, following the PBL acquisition, NBN at the time continued to operate as an independent regional affiliate of the main network under the name NBN Television. On 1 July 2016, when Nine switched regional affiliations outside Northern NSW and the Gold Coast, NBN was finally folded into the Nine Network adopting the primary logo with the NBN name retired on air.

Origins
NBN's original owner, the Newcastle Broadcasting and Television Corporation (NBTC) was founded in May 1958 to begin preparations for the upcoming television licence allocations. The main shareholders in NBTC were United Broadcasting Company (owned by the Lamb family, owners of radio station 2KO), Airsales Broadcasting Company (owners of local radio station 2HD), and the Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners Advocate (to be bought out by John Fairfax & Sons). In accordance with the Australian Broadcasting Control Board regulations, at least 50% of the company had to be locally owned. 750,000 shares were made available by the NBTC (at 10 shillings, equivalent to $1 each). Approximately 2000 people bought shares.

The Australian Broadcasting Control Board awarded the commercial television licence for the Newcastle and Hunter Valley area to the NBTC on 1 August 1961. NBN-3 would transmit on VHF channel 3, from a transmitter atop Mount Sugarloaf near Newcastle. Council approval for the transmitter was issued on 17 July that year.

The call-letters, NBN, were derived from the company's name, Newcastle Broadcasting and Television Corporation, with the second N representing New South Wales, as required by law. Unofficially, it stood for "Newcastle Broadcasting Network".

Construction began in November 1961, supervised by engineers from RCA in the United States. It was a step backwards for RCA, building a new station transmitting in black and white while colour television was fast becoming the norm in the United States. Ninety per cent of the original equipment was imported from the United States, and held in bond until they were due to be installed. Equipment was purchased with colour production and transmission in mind, so that only 20% modification would be required when colour came to NBN. Studios were to be built on a 3 acre block at Mosbri Crescent, near the city centre.

Work on the 142 m transmitter was delayed by a combination of weather, the conditions for the road leading to Mount Sugarloaf, and excited sightseers blocking work trucks during the weekends. During that time, the technical team stayed at the top of the mountain. The construction took eight months at a cost of $1.5 million, and required staff to work seven days a week (except on Christmas Day) to make the deadline.

Test transmissions took place in early 1962, and could be seen as far away as Muswellbrook, Avalon, Katoomba, Lithgow, Gloucester and around Port Kembla.

Opening night
NBN Television commenced transmission on 4 March 1962. The first programme on launch night began at 6 pm, a taped welcome by the then-Postmaster General Charles Davidson. Following that was a guided tour around the NBN studios by the original production manager, Matthew Tapp.

Murray Finlay began one of the longest newsreading careers in Australia with NBN's first news bulletin at 6:30 pm. This was followed by The Phil Silvers Show at 7 pm, and the 1937 movie Green Light starring Errol Flynn at 7:30; the George Sanders Mystery Theater series followed at 9 pm, with opening episode, The Man in the Elevator, followed by the first episode from the Halls of Ivy, then the first Mystery Theatre program, The Missing Head at 10 pm. Anglican Bishop James Housden gave the first evening meditation at 10:30 pm, marking the end of the first night of transmission for NBN-3 in Newcastle. Commercials on the first night included Rothmans, Streets Ice Cream, Ampol, Commonwealth Bank, Shell, and WD & HO Wills, amongst others.

In the lead-up to the opening night, the station promised at least two movies a week, as well as men's interest programs each Saturday afternoon between 3 pm and 4 pm – a commitment successfully met, along with female-targeted programming in the early afternoon, and children's programming from 4:30 to 6:30 pm weekdays and mature programming thirty minutes before closedown each night. NBN Television broadcast fifty-six hours in its first week of transmission, setting the Australian television record for the most time spent on air in a week for a new television station.

1960s to the 1970s
Soon after launch night, NBN extended television coverage from Bungwahl to Broken Bay and as far west as Aberdeen. The station only operated eight hours per day, however several programs were produced locally including Home at Three, Let's Cook With Gas, Tempo, Focus, as well as nightly news bulletins at 6:30 pm.

In 1963, Australian Consolidated Press and News Limited bought 200,000 shares in the Newcastle Broadcasting and Television Corporation. Shortly after, United Broadcasting Company sold its shares to Neatherley Investments Limited in Adelaide, and Australian United Investments in Melbourne, with each company purchasing 100,000 shares. Time Enterprises, purchased Australian United Investments’ shares in November 1967.

During the period between 1968 and 1969, NBN secured a relay from the Postmaster-General to enhance their news service. In 1970, NBN began upgrading its studios in preparation for the commencement of colour television originally scheduled for 1972, later changed to March 1975, at a cost of $360,000. The improvements included an enlarged film department; a film editing and cleaning equipment; a larger master control with four video transfer machines; a new telecine room with caption scanner and slide drums; as well as an expansion of the administration and staff offices, which also included new offices and a boardroom.

In 1972, NBN was granted a licence to operate a translator in the Upper Hunter from Rossgole Lookout near Aberdeen, on VHF channel 10. Concurrently in April 1972, NBN expanded its nightly news service to one hour, becoming the first television station in Australia to have a one-hour news bulletin. As a part of earlier preparations for colour production, between 1972 and 1973, orders were placed with Rank Cintel and the EMI Group in the United Kingdom and Ampex in the United States for new colour equipment, in time for colour transmission tests on 7 October 1974. On 1 March 1975, the station began regular colour transmissions, whilst transmission was expanded to Banderra Downs, Merriwa, Mount Helen, and Murrurundi at a cost of $180,000. In 1978, the Newcastle Broadcasting and Television Corporation made a bid for local station (and former owner) 2HD, however was disallowed by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. Also during the same year more extensions were added to the studios (which included a new car park), which were officially opened on 17 November 1978.

On 22 November 1979, the Newcastle Broadcasting and Television Corporation officially became NBN Limited, after the station itself rebranded from Channel 3 to NBN Television around 1977. By the late 1970s, NBN was producing 20 hours a week of local and networked programming from its studios, which in turn led the station to purchase a Bell Jet Ranger helicopter for news coverage purposes.

1980s to the 1990s
In early 1980, NBN purchased Southern Television Corporation Limited, owners of NWS-9 in Adelaide, for $19 million. During the same year, NBN began a teletext service and also purchased the free local newspaper, the Newcastle Star. In June 1981 Parry Corporation purchased 19.88% shareholding.

Parry had then attempted to buy Michael Wansey's stake in NBN, but was blocked by the Supreme Court of New South Wales. It was later revealed that the Lambs had opposed NBN's purchase of the Star newspaper (created and owned by Wansey) and the attempt to buy 2HD. The company also faced possible suspension from the Australian Stock Exchange if a decision was not made soon. To resolve the tension, NBN sold NWS-9 to the Lambs in exchange for the majority stake in NBN in 1982. With the buy-out of community shares in NBN, the station ceased to be what Hunter residents considered to be "their own". It came at a cost. Wansey mortgaged his shares to Parry who called in the debt.

On 16 March 1983, Parry Corporation completed the purchase of NBN, delisting the company. Michael Wansey resigned from the board at the end of the year as a result. In 1984, plans for a second independent station in Newcastle had failed. During that time, NBN and ABC Newcastle (call sign ABHN-5A) were asked to leave the VHF band to accommodate FM radio. At the time, NBN's audio carrier frequency could be listened to with a standard FM radio.

It was planned for NBN to transmit on UHF channel 51, and the ABC on UHF channel 48, however this did not eventuate. A proposal to launch a radiated subscription television service with community broadcasting during the daytime hours had also failed that year.

In the late 1980s, NBN's Perth-based owner, Parry Corporation, spun off NBN Limited into a new company, NBN Enterprises, and took a 40 per cent stake in the new company, with Security Pacific Capital Corporation buying 60 per cent, sold their stake soon after, holding onto Papua New Guinea television station NTN, which NBN had helped to set up. Fulcrum Media's move to later purchase the station was a source for confusion, as it was revealed that many companies, including the NSW State Superannuation Board and Westpac, held substantial stakes in Fulcrum Media. Parry Corporation's new owner CityWest issued a court challenge to re-acquire NBN, but it was revealed that CityWest was held by Hong Kong company Hang Lung Properties, thereby violating foreign ownership laws. Following ownership changes, NBN Enterprises was sold to Washington H. Soul Pattinson in October 1989.

NBN was one of many stations opposed to aggregation, and offered an alternative by opening up a second station which it would operate for a period of time before selling it. This proposal was however rejected, and aggregation occurred on 31 December 1991, with NBN acquiring Nine Network affiliation. Following aggregation, the station's coverage expanded to cover all of northern New South Wales, whilst concurrently programming extended to twenty-four hours in a day, in stereophonic sound. NBN Television's 1977 logo however was retained until late 1994 when it was updated to feature the Nine Networks 'nine dots' in a new logo similar to fellow affiliate WIN Television.

2000s
Throughout the 2000s, NBN was regarded as one of the leaders in digital broadcasting, not only being the first to produce a nightly regional news bulletin in full digital format, using a digital friendly news set, but also Australia's first fully digital outside broadcast van.

In 2004, Washington H. Soul Pattinson began moves to transfer control of the station to its publicly listed subsidiary, Soul Pattinson Telecommunications, which became SP Telemedia as a result.

On 30 January 2006, NBN adopted a new logo and on air graphics, in line with Nine's new logo. However, the news department did not update its graphics until 15 March. During April 2007, SP Telemedia announced that it would consider selling NBN Television, and had received at least two bids, one each from WIN Corporation and PBL Media. On 9 May 2007, PBL Media's $250 million bid became final, winning the sale. However, upon acquiring NBN, PBL did not fold it into the main Nine Network, but continued to operate it as a regional independent station until 2016. The purchase also secured permanent status of supplying Nine's content to the station's entire coverage area, sparing any future affiliation switches (particularly the 2016 Australian television shakeup involving Southern Cross Austereo and WIN Corporation ). The affiliation switch was reversed in July 2021.

Following Nine's relaunch of their high definition simulcast as "Nine HD" on 17 March 2008, NBN launched their own HD simulcast in mid-2008 called "NBN HD".

On 9 August 2009, NBN began transmission of the new digital channel GO! (now 9Go!) on channel 88.

2010s
In 2010, it was announced that two of NBN's inner Newcastle retransmitter sites in Charlestown and Cooks Hill were selected to carry 3D broadcasts of the 2010 State of Origin series.

On 26 September 2010, NBN began transmission of the HD digital channel GEM (now 9Gem) on channel 80.

In January 2012, NBN celebrated 50 years of broadcasting across Northern NSW and the Gold Coast. Coincidentally, it also marked 20 years since the station took Nine's signal across all of Northern NSW.

On 26 March 2012, NBN began transmission of Nine's metropolitan informercial channel Extra on channel 84.

On 27 January 2014, along with the Nine Network, NBN switched from the Supertext logo to Nine's Closed Captioning logo.

After Nine revived 9HD and launched new lifestyle channel 9Life on 26 November 2015, NBN made no announcements of its intent to follow Nine's move in regional areas, instead continuing to broadcast 9Gem's HD feed on channel 80. NBN released a statement on its website days before the 9HD relaunch, saying that efforts are made to upgrade its stations across the region. On 10 February 2016, Nine Entertainment Co announced that NBN would receive both 9HD and 9Life in "coming months", with further confirmation on 16 February that they would launch on 1 March 2016. As a result, their channel listing was reshuffled to match to Nine's metropolitan listing with 9Gem on channel 82, 9Go! on channel 83, 9Life on channel 84 and Extra on channel 85.

On 9 February 2016, it was announced that Kylie Blucher, managing director of QTQ Brisbane, would be appointed managing director of NBN while retaining her position at QTQ, stating that she would "be splitting [her] time between Brisbane and Newcastle".

Alongside the launch of 9HD and 9Life on 1 March 2016, NBN's unique branding began to be phased out in favour of Nine's mainstream branding already in place on its metropolitan stations and its Darwin station. The mainstream logos for Nine and 9HD were used with "NBN" written alongside in a smaller font. On 1 July 2016, coinciding with the media shakeup of WIN and Southern Cross, NBN's unique branding was completely phased out. As a result, NBN was folded into the Nine Network. But for the time being NBN News remains under its unique name and the small "NBN" on the Nine watermark is still used in areas where NBN's signal overlaps with TCN Sydney and QTQ Brisbane to differentiate between the stations. However, NBN continued to cover the Nine News logo on all network national news bulletins until July 2018. Until 2020, the NBN News coverup was used on the 4 pm news in Sydney, however that is no longer the case. The coverup is still used on the 4 pm news in Queensland on the Gold Coast feed.

In October 2016, Nine Entertainment Co lodged a development application with Newcastle City Council about plans to turn the current NBN studios into medium density housing. As a result of this, the network is planning on moving NBN somewhere in the Newcastle CBD. During this time, it was unclear whether NBN News would be retained under its current name following the move to the new workspace. Studio presentation was also uncertain once the transfer occurs.

In March 2018, Nine's regional affiliate Southern Cross Austereo began advertising sales for NBN. As a result, the advertising department moved from NBN's offices to SCA's radio offices.

In June 2018, Nine Entertainment moved NBN's playout facilities to the networks main playout centre in Frenchs Forest, Sydney as part of Nine's plans to integrate NBN into the network.

2020s
In October 2020, after almost 60 years broadcasting from the Mosbri Crescent studios, the Nine Network will be moving NBN to new state of the art facilities located at 28 Honeysuckle Drive, Newcastle. This will allow NBN to update its ageing technology and grow the business. It was also announced that upon completion of the move, the name NBN News will be retained for the 6 pm bulletin, thus for now resting any speculation that the bulletin will be rebadged as Nine News as well as speculation that studio presentation of the news would be relocated to the network's new North Sydney Studios. The move was originally meant to be completed in June 2021, but following the hacking situation that occurred at Nine's North Sydney studios in March, and statewide COVID-19 lockdowns across New South Wales, the planned move was pushed back to November.

On 30 November 2020, Jenny Webber, head of commercial production for both Nine Queensland (QTQ) and Nine Northern NSW would be appointed into the new role of General Manager for NBN overseeing the stations commercial department Nine Digital Production, the stations day-to-day operations, as well as oversee local digital advertising agent Nine Digital Direct. Kylie Blucher would retain her role as managing director of both QTQ and NBN.

On 7 November 2021, the station transmitted its local programming from the Mosbri Crescent studios for the final time, preceded by 30-minute tribute special  Goodbye Mosbri, a look back of 59 years of news bulletins, telethons and top rating local programs as well as the history of NBN Television. The station completed its move to Honeysuckle the following day.

In March 2022, NBN celebrated 60 years of broadcasting across Northern NSW and the Gold Coast. Coincidentally, it also marked 30 years since the station took Nine's signal across all of Northern NSW.

News operation
NBN News is the station's flagship local evening news bulletin, airing every night at 6 pm. The news service employs 60 staff and produces over 20,000 local news stories annually, combined with news reports from Nine News; with local stories in all of its sub-markets. Since November 2021, master control for NBN News is operated by QTQ's Mt. Coot-tha facility in Brisbane, with the Newcastle studios and news reports across New South Wales passing through microwave and satellite.

NBN News is unique as it simulcasts live across all 6 markets. After the major national stories are presented, the program is split into six Local Window opt-outs, featuring pre-recorded local bulletins for each regional market and a live local news round-up for Newcastle. After the first break, the bulletin continues as a live simulcast across the network with further Local Window opt-outs for sport and weather. News, sport and weather presenters start early at NBN recording introductions to each of the local stories which will be included in the opt-outs. Local bureaus are located in Port Macquarie, Coffs Harbour, Central Coast, Tamworth, Lismore and the Gold Coast.

As a network O&O, the following Nine News programs are relayed to the station: Nine News: Early Edition, Today & Weekend Today, Today Extra & Today Extra: Saturday, Nine's Morning News, Nine's Afternoon News Sydney (Northern NSW only), Nine's Afternoon News Brisbane (Gold Coast only), A Current Affair, Nine News Late, 60 Minutes, Nine News: First at Five and until 2020, Nine News Now. Nine's flagship nightly news bulletin (either Nine News Sydney or Nine News Queensland) is not broadcast across Northern NSW and the Gold Coast, Nine's flagship local news bulletin Nine News Gold Coast is also not broadcast across the Gold Coast, since NBN News serves as the station's flagship bulletin. Prior to the network rebrand on 1 July 2016, Nine's Morning News was only broadcast on special occasions.

In the Hunter and the Central Coast, it is the only local news bulletin, as rival networks Seven and WIN provide news updates as part of fulfilling local quota requirements. NBN News shares resources with Nine Gold Coast News for its Gold Coast reporting since NEC's ownership of the station. From 2017 to 2021, the station also provided local weather segments for Nine's regional NSW, Victoria and Queensland bulletins.

News department history
Throughout its history, NBN News produced Good Morning News, Good Evening News, News Night, NBN Evening News, and NBN Late Edition News and currently running NBN News.

NBN was the first to launch an hour-long news bulletin in April 1972 from its long-time Mosbri Crescent building, and from launch night until the 1980s, Murray Finlay was the face of NBN's news bulletins, and was one of Australia's longest serving newsreaders. In 1975, Finlay was joined by Ray Dinneen, who went onto become its main anchor until retirement in December 2010. In 1979, the news service received an award for its coverage of the Star Hotel riot.

On 1 March 1985, Jim Sullivan began his career as NBN's news director, which has ultimately led him to become Australia's longest serving news director. The station's coverage of the tragic events of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake was beamed throughout the world, with NBN's reporters also being interviewed by international news services.

During the 1990s, NBN also produced breakfast, afternoon and late night bulletins, however this was later replaced by the Nine Network's Nightline bulletin, and subsequently, other national bulletins from Nine News.

On 11 September 2001 liaising with NBN News director Jim Sullivan, NBN Late Edition News producer Matthew Carden secured a live feed through the Nine Network of ABC America enabling first pictures to be aired of the New York attacks within minutes. When the program went on air a short time later, newsreader Jodi McKay handed over to ABC News America's coverage of events, anchored by Peter Jennings. The bulletin was extended until 1 am when NBN handed over to TCN for the start of almost five days of continuous national coverage.

In 2006, NBN aired its 20,000th news bulletin during the week of 26 March; commemorating the event, NBN News produced five news specials that summarised the prior 44 years of news production.

In mid 2006, Natasha Beyersdorf took over as the network's main female newsreader after Melinda Smith stepped down from the role. Paul Lobb took over as the network's main male newsreader and one of the network's local identities after Ray Dinneen retired on 17 December 2010.

In December 2014, Mike Rabbitt retired from reading sport on NBN News after nearly 30 years with the station. Mitchell Hughes was appointed his replacement.

Following the appointment of Kylie Blucher as the station's managing director, NBN News opener and graphics were relaunched, aligning with Nine's metropolitan and Darwin stations, yet retaining the well-known theme music composed by Laurence Schuberth. For the first time, the title cards used on Nine News were adapted as part of the refresh. Although a "lite" version of the graphics was introduced in February 2014, it did not become identical with Nine News until April 2016. Following the relaunch of Nine News graphics on 16 October of that year, NBN News refreshed its presentation by phases. The opener and title cards were first updated, followed by its weather graphics in February 2017 (when it began providing weather for then-Nine's affiliate CTC until 2021). A new set based on the previous Nine News sets was introduced on 7 August. The rest of the graphics were soon updated to the then-current Nine News look on 15 October 2018. On 19 January 2020, NBN News was updated to reflect the current Nine News graphics updated on the same day.

In December 2020, Paul Lobb and Natasha Beyersdorf marked 10 years as weeknight news presenters on the network. Coincidentally, it marked 10 years since Paul Lobb replaced Ray Dinneen as main male news presenter and one of the network's local identities back in 2010.

In August 2021, as part of Jenny Webber's appointment to NBN's day-to-day operations, major changes were imposed on NBN News: the station's Head of News Blake Doyle and Chief of Staff Andy Lobb were made redundant, taking with them a combined 40 years experience in local television production, with former Nine Perth reporter Darius Winterfield and former Nine Adelaide reporter Olivia Grace Curran to replace them as head of news and chief of staff, respectively. 20 positions were affected and 5 of its staff were redeployed to Nine's QTQ studios in Brisbane, where NBN News will begin master control operations from November. It was also confirmed that the new studio in Honeysuckle Drive will be automated with a state-of-the-art set similar to the current Nine News set in North Sydney, with construction that began from May 2021. It is said that there will be closer ties with Nine News including more opportunities for camera operators, reporters and journalists. Coincidentally, the QTQ master control they will be using was the same master control used for Nine News' regional bulletins across Queensland from 2017 to 2021, when Nine had its 5-year programming supply agreement with SCA's regional Queensland station TNQ. The new master control site also formally introduces the Nine News theme remix of Cool Hand Luke's "Tar Sequence" to NBN News, formally replacing numerous themes commissioned separately in the past 60 years. The new arrangements for NBN News began on 8 November 2021.

On 13 December 2021, it was announced that Lobb would be made redundant after a decade as weeknight news presenter and almost 30 years with the network. Gavin Morris will replace Lobb as weeknight news presenter and one of the network's main male personalities in addition to presenting the weather.

Programming (1962–2007, 2015, 2018–2021)
Until midway through the 2000s, NBN had always produced some local programming, and had set a record for most local programming and transmission hours in its first week of operation. It was also a member of Australian Television Facilities, and had a hand in the production of drama series Silent Number. Since NBN was bought by PBL Media in May 2007, then merged into the Nine Network in August 2016, apart from NBN News, local programming on the station has decreased significantly, although in the last two years, NBN has resumed production on local programming, but on a limited basis. However, since the move to Honeysuckle, local programming has ceased altogether with NBN News the only local production on the station. In 1963, NBN won the Logie Award for Enterprising Programming (which was only for country stations), and another Outstanding Contribution by a Regional Station award in 1978. NBN purchased the Romper Room franchise from Fremantle International in 1967, which broadcast for over three decades. The original hostess was Miss Anne, followed by Miss Lyn, Miss Pauline and finally, Miss Kim who hosted the program until its demise due to 'political correctness'. (For example, a favourite feature called 'bounce-the-ball' was deemed inappropriate because not all children could bounce a ball). At first the 'Miss's' were assisted by NBN's station mascot, Buttons the Cat, who underwent a number of incarnations as its costume aged and became outdated. Later, Buttons was retired, being replaced by Humphrey B Bear (as NBN had gained the rights to the character through their purchase of Southern Television Corporation), A Local suited character was then determined to be more suitable for a regional television station and the concept of Big Dog was created, the character and suit were created in Wyong on the NSW Central Coast and Big Dog came into being.

Local travel agency Jayes presented their own travel show, Travel Time with Jayes, broadcast on Sunday nights for over 20 years, starting in 1962. Also, every four years, NBN produced a live 24-hour telethon to raise money for local charities. However, due to NBN's affiliation with the Nine Network from 1991 onwards, these telethons were no longer viable with the last occurring in 2002.

NBN premiered Today Extra in 1989. The lifestyle program was broadcast three days per week as part of NBN's day-time line-up. On 3 January 2007, it was announced that NBN would axe Today Extra, claiming it was no longer economically viable, with a drop in ratings and a shrinking advertising base. The program's axing ended the career for former weatherman Nat Jeffery, who presented the program for 18 years, and worked at the station for 28 years. The Today Extra name was later used for a rebrand of Mornings on the Nine Network (NBN's affiliation partner) in 2016.

In 2015, NBN produced a local children's program which aired on the GO! Channel (later shortened today as 9Go!) called So There. The program was presented by NBN News reporter Renee Fedder. It lasted eight episodes.

In August 2018, the station announced a new lifestyle program called Location Lifestyle Living. The show featured a mix of lifestyle, lighthearted segments, interviews, renovation tips and real estate stories. Craig Rosevear and Renovation expert Naomi Finlay hosted the program. It ran until October. The program was renewed for a second season and aired from 7 September 2019 – 9 November 2019. Finlay however, did not return for Season 2, she was replaced by then NBN News reporter Georgia Maher. The program was renewed for a third season, traditionally the program is broadcast from late August to Early November, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the third season started its broadcast in late November and premiered on Saturday 14 November 2020. Craig Rosevear is now solo host due to the departure of Georgia Maher in early 2020. The show was not renewed for a fourth season, most likely due to the extended COVID lockdown, and due to staffing changes and cuts at the station in relation to the move to new studios at Honeysuckle. In 2020, the station expanded into digital programming, with the launch of Amplified  a music show giving local music a voice and home to some of the best up and coming musicians. The program was hosted by Matt Field and aired at 8 pm Thursdays on NBN's Facebook page, episodes were then repeated on 9Go! on Saturday afternoons. It lasted one season.

In late April 2020, the station launched into the sports market with the launch of Knights to Remember, a weekly show looking back on some of the best moments of football games featuring the Newcastle Knights team over many years. The program was presented by NBN News Sport Reporters Stephen Mount and Kate Haberfield and is broadcast at 12 pm Saturdays. The program was a joint venture between NBN and real estate agent 'MacDonald Jones Homes' and lasted one season.

As of 2021, NBN primarily airs Nine Network programming mixed with local weather updates during the afternoon news, regular NBN news updates through the evening, the main NBN News bulletin at 6pm and some local programming including the Newcastle Anzac Day dawn service live, 60 year anniversary specials, Big Dog and localised station IDs and local advertising customised for each market.

Community support
NBN has long been a supporter of many local events and groups in the Northern NSW/Gold Coast region. They are currently sponsors of the Newcastle Northstars in the Australian Ice Hockey League. The station has sponsored the Newcastle Knights NRL rugby league team for most of the 1990s and the 2000s, with the NBN logo visible on the team's uniform the station also sponsored the Gold Coast Chargers from 1996 to 1998. The former Hunter Pirates NBL basketball team (and their predecessor, the Newcastle Falcons) as well as the Newcastle United Jets soccer team (and their predecessor, the Newcastle Breakers), have also both received sponsorship from Nine Northern NSW.

Logos
The original NBN logo, featuring the numeral three inside a ring was replaced by several others over the years. The three was used due to the station's frequency allocation, being transmitted on VHF channel 3 from a transmitter atop Mount Sugarloaf near Newcastle. By 1977, the logo was updated with the letters NBN replacing the numeral three. The blue and green logo coincided with the renaming of the station from Channel 3 to the current name, NBN Television, and its parent company subsequently renaming from Newcastle Broadcasting and Television Corporation to NBN Limited on 22 November 1979.

Despite pressure from the Nine Network to adopt the nine dots, NBN Television retained its logo for a few years after aggregation. However, in 1994, NBN added nine dots into a new logo designed similarly to the Nine Network's, and also began using Nine's on-air promotion, with the NBN logo replacing Nine's. In 1997, the dots were changed to spheres.

Three-dimensions were added to the letters NBN in 2002, coinciding with a revamp of the station's on-air identity, concurrently with the Nine Network. On 30 January 2006, the station relaunched its logo to coincide with the Nine Network's fiftieth year of broadcasting. The new logo designed by Bruce Dunlop Associates saw the removal of the nine dots, with a blue square added to behind the letters NBN. However, in 2008, the nine dots were reinstated into the logo and the dots are first 3D discs in 2008, then 2D dots in January 2009, then later spheres in September 2009.

In April 2012, NBN Television's identity changed, applying the logo in different colours such as red, green, purple and more. It is also reminiscent of the 2002 ident package.

Since July 2016, the NBN logo has only been used as a digital on-screen graphic and for use for NBN News, station identification and community announcements with the remaining identity using Nine Network branding.

title: NBN (TV station)


text:
Attack

Attack may refer to:

Warfare and combat

 * Attack (fencing)
 * Charge (warfare)
 * Offensive (military)
 * Strike (attack)

Books and publishing

 * The Attack (novel), a book
 * Attack No. 1, comic and animation
 * Attack! Books, a publisher
 * Attack! (publication), a tabloid publication of the National Alliance from 1969 to 1978
 * Der Angriff, a.k.a. The Attack, a newspaper franchise
 * In newspaper headlines, to save space, sometimes "criticise"

Films and television

 * Attack! The Battle of New Britain a 1944 American armed forces documentary film
 * Attack (1956 film), also known as Attack!, a 1956 American war film
 * Attack (2016 film), a 2016 Telugu film
 * Attack (2022 film), a 2022 Hindi film
 * The Attack (1966 film), an Australian television play
 * The Attack (2012 film), a 2012 film directed by Ziad Doueiri
 * "The Attack" (Australian Playhouse)
 * "The Attack", a season 7 episode of Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu

Music

 * Attack Records, a record label
 * Attack (music), the prefix or initial phase of a sound
 * Attacca, the immediate joining of a musical movement to a previous one

Bands

 * Attack (band), a 1980s band
 * The Attack (band), a 1960s band
 * Attack Attack!, a metalcore band

Albums

 * Attack!! (2002), an album by Yngwie J. Malmsteen
 * The Attack (2007), an album by Jah Jah
 * Attack Attack! (album), 2010
 * Attack (AAA album), 2006
 * Attack (Disciple album), 2014

Songs

 * "Attack!", by The Toys
 * "Attack" (Thirty Seconds to Mars song), 2005
 * "Attack", a song from the System of a Down album Hypnotize, 2005
 * "Attack", a song from the Joe Satriani album Engines of Creation, 2000

Ships

 * HMAS Attack (P 90), the lead ship of the Attack class patrol boats of the Royal Australian Navy
 * HMS Attack, three ships and a shore establishment of the Royal Navy
 * Attack-class submarine, planned Royal Navy submarines, cancelled in 2012

Sports

 * An alternative name for the offense
 * The bowling attack in cricket

Other

 * Attack! (board game), 2003
 * The Attack (video game), a 1981 game for the TI-99/4A computer
 * Attack (political party), a political party in Bulgaria
 * The Attack (painting), a 1899 painting by the Finnish artist Edvar Isto

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Attack


text:
163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station

The 163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station is a local station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located in Washington Heights, Manhattan, at the intersection of Amsterdam and Saint Nicholas Avenues. It is served by the C train at all times except nights, when the A train takes over service.

History
The station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. Construction of the whole line cost $191.2 million (equivalent to $ million in . While the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line already provided service to Washington Heights, the new Eighth Avenue subway via St. Nicholas Avenue provided an alternative route.

Under the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative and was entirely closed for several months. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps. A request for proposals for the 72nd Street, 86th Street, Cathedral Parkway–110th Street, and 163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue stations was issued on June 1, 2017, and the New York City Transit and Bus Committee officially recommended that the MTA Board should award the $111 million contract to ECCO III Enterprises in October 2017. As part of the renovations, the station was closed on March 12, 2018 and reopened on September 27, 2018.

Station layout
This underground station has two local tracks and two side platforms. Two express tracks, used by the A train during daytime hours, run below the station and are not visible from the platforms. To the north, the upper level local tracks become the center tracks of 168th Street, allowing C trains to terminate there, while the lower level express tracks become the outer tracks, continuing towards 207th Street.

Both platforms have mosaic name tablets reading "163RD STREET - AMSTERDAM AVE." in white sans-serif lettering broken onto two lines. The background is yellow with a black border. Small black "163" and directional signs in white lettering run at regular intervals, but there is no trim line on either platform. Grey (previously yellow) I-beam columns run along both platforms, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering. The trim line was part of a color-coded tile system used throughout the IND. The tile colors were designed to facilitate navigation for travelers going away from Lower Manhattan. As such, the yellow tiles used at the 163rd Street station were originally also used at 145th Street, the next express station to the south, while a different tile color is used at 168th Street, the next express station to the north. Yellow tiles are similarly used at the 155th Street station, the only other local station between 145th Street and 168th Street.

This station has a full length mezzanine supported by I-beam columns above the platforms, but only the southern half is opened. The open southern half has three staircases from each platform, black I-beams, and two sets of turnstile banks leading to the center or the extreme south end of the mezzanine. The closed northern half is walled off and retained the original yellow-colored I-beams. The staircases from the platforms to this portion have been removed.

Prior to the station's renovation, the open southern half was split into three sections by two black steel fences, and free transfers between directions were not possible. Outside fare control, there is a token booth. The closed northern half was gated off and had an exit-only turnstile leading to the fare control area at the center, and three gated staircases from each platform.

The 2018 artwork at this station is ''Ciguapa Antellana, me llamo sueño de la madrugada. (who more sci-fi than us)'', a glass mosaic by Firelei Báez. The artwork consists of four pieces, two on the mezzanine and one on each platform. The mosaic contains leaves and vines, as well as symbolism that is evocative of Baez's Caribbean ancestry.

Exits
Despite the station's name, there is no longer an open exit to 163rd Street. The closed northern half had three exits leading to 163rd Street. By the late 1980s, the exits were closed and eventually sealed. Two of the exits went to the southwest corner, while the third exit, which was temporarily uncovered as an area to haul out debris from renovations, went to the southeast corner.

The open southern half of the mezzanine has three exits:
 * One stair at the southeast corner of 161st Street and Amsterdam Avenue.
 * One stair at the northeast corner of 161st Street and St. Nicholas Avenue.
 * One stair built inside 1033 Saint Nicholas Avenue (at the western corner of 162nd Street and Amsterdam Avenue)

title: 163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station


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Matt Clement

Matthew Paul Clement (born August 12, 1974) is an American former Major League Baseball starting pitcher. Clement played for the San Diego Padres (1998–2000), Florida Marlins (2001), Chicago Cubs (2002–2004) and Boston Red Sox (2005–2006). While on the Red Sox active roster, he was injured throughout the 2007 season. He batted and threw right-handed.

Clement had a sinking fastball in the low 90s and a hard slider he mixed with a four-seamer and a changeup. In nine seasons, Clement won 87 games and lost 86, and was 1–2 in post-season play, going 1–1 with the Cubs in 2003 and 0–1 with Boston in 2005. His win in Game 4 of the 2003 National League Championship Series at Florida brought the Cubs within one game of the pennant. He held opposing batters to a .233 batting average from 2002 to 2005, while posting a 47–42 record and a 3.99 ERA.

Baseball career
In 2000, Clement led the major leagues in walks (125) and led the National League in wild pitches three times between 2000 and 2003.

In June 2004, Clement was 6-2 and a candidate to be named to the All-Star Game. But in his next six starts before the break, Clement went 0–4 despite a 2.15 ERA during that span; his run support in those starts was just 1.19 runs per game. He finished the season with a 3.68 ERA but went 9-13 for the Cubs, who scored only 79 runs in his 30 starts (2.63 runs of support per game, the sixth-lowest mark in the NL). Against American League teams in inter-league play, Clement had a 7–7 record with a 3.60 ERA in 19 starts.

As a member of the Boston Red Sox in the 2005 season, Clement was named as an All-Star Game selection for the first time in his big league career, replacing injured Blue Jays pitcher Roy Halladay. Clement's record was 10-2 before the All-Star break, and he finished the season at 13–6 with a 4.57 ERA. On July 26, 2005, Clement was struck in the head by a line drive from Carl Crawford of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays.

Clement made just 12 starts in 2006, posting a 5–5 record with a 6.61 ERA, before having season ending shoulder surgery in September. He was rehabilitated at the Red Sox extended spring training complex in Fort Myers, Florida, but did not make a major league appearance in the 2007 season.

On January 3, 2008, Clement was signed to a major league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals. The Cardinals' team doctor said that Clement was healthy and would be able to begin the season playing regularly. The Cardinals cited his recent rehabilitation and physical as reasons for adding him to the starting rotation for the 2008 season with no expected limitations upon reporting to Jupiter, Florida for spring training. However, Clement would begin the year on the disabled list after making no appearances in Spring training. On June 3, Clement made a minor-league rehab start at Single-A Palm Beach, allowing only 1 hit over six innings. He was released by the Cardinals on August 2.

Clement signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays on December 12, 2008, and was invited to Spring training.

After being unable to make a spot in the rotation, Clement announced his retirement from baseball on April 5, 2009.

Personal life
, Clement identified as an evangelical Christian.

After retiring from baseball, Clement permanently moved back to his hometown of Butler, Pennsylvania, where he became the head coach of the boys' basketball team at his high school alma mater, Butler Senior High School. He also was part of an ownership group that purchased the Butler BlueSox.

title: Matt Clement


text: Template:WikiProject Evolutionary biology


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Guido Buffarini Guidi

Guido Buffarini Guidi (17 August 1895 – 10 July 1945) was an Italian army officer and politician, executed for war crimes in 1945.

Biography
Buffarini Guidi was born in Pisa in 1895. When Italy entered World War I, he volunteered in an artillery regiment. He was promoted to rank of captain in 1917, and remained on active duty in the Italian Army until 1923 – in the meantime, he earned his bachelor's degree in law from the University of Pisa in March 1920.

After leaving the army, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, he became active in Fascist circles, and joined the National Fascist Party (PNF). A mayor of Pisa in April 1923, Buffarini Guidi headed the local Party hierarchy from 1924 (his notoriety being increased by his career as a lawyer). He rose to become honorary Consul of the MVSN Blackshirts - the voluntary militia after the March on Rome.

In May 1933, he was appointed to be Undersecretary Minister of Interior, and forged an alliance with Galeazzo Ciano - opposing the Party bureaucracy, creating several secret services, and attempting to lessen the effects of Antisemitic legislation passed by the regime. Nevertheless, (and unlike Ciano), on 25 July 1943, Buffarini Guidi voted in favor of Benito Mussolini during Dino Grandi's attempt to have the latter deposed and get Italy to sign a peace with the Allies. As a reward, after Nazi Germany intervened and rescued Mussolini in September, Guido Buffarini Guidi was appointed Minister of the Interior of the new Italian Social Republic (established by Nazis in Northern Italy). Seen as extremely avaricious, he was distrusted even by most of his cabinet colleagues.

Near the end of the Republic's life, in February 1945, Mussolini dismissed Buffarini Guidi from office. After a failed attempt to escape to Switzerland, he was arrested by the partisans on 26 April. He was sentenced to death by an Extraordinary Court of Justice in Milan who found him guilty of war crimes, and was shot on 10 July, having tried (like French collaborator Pierre Laval) and failed to commit suicide while in captivity.

While in prison, Guidi offered to reveal to the Allies compromising letters exchanged between Churchill and Mussolini during the war in exchange for his release; he was unsuccessful.

Appearances in film
In the 1973 film Massacre in Rome, Guido Guidi is portrayed by Italian actor Guidarino Guidi.

title: Guido Buffarini Guidi


text:
Talk:Henry Calderwood

Is it David or Henry?
This article is title David Calderwood, but it talks about Henry Calderwood. This makes no sense. Is one or the other a nickname? If so, which is it? Is one a first and another a middle name? If so, what's the correct order? Or is this just a bizarre typo? -- Jeff Q 10:43, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

It's Henry Calderwood!
The article is about Henry Calderwood, LLD, the moral philosopher. David Calderwood (1575-1650)was a Scottish divine and historian. If there ever was an article in Wikipedia on him, it looks as if it has somehow been merged with this (though the text of that article has obviously been lost in the process). A search in Wikipedia for either 'Henry Calderwood' or 'David Calderwood' both bring the reader to this page! Any attempt to Move this page fails. It looks as if this will have to be corrected by an administrator.Eilthireach 02:05, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Calderwood


text:
Talk:Molecular evolution

'04 comment
The article on molecular evolution should mention concrete basic mechanisms, such as mutation and gene duplication early on. Etxrge 07:26, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed, feel free to expand in summary style. --Lexor|Talk 08:08, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

A semantic nit: can "drift" of nonfunctional DNA sequences be called "evolution", if it does not lead to better fitness in the evolutionary sense? -130.233.136.69 Mon Dec 13 08:30:52 EET 2004

 * Yes, because evolution is usually defined a "change in allele frequencies" which can be caused by many factors (drift, mutation, gene flow, selection) only one of these (selection) will necessarily result in an increase in fitness. See the relevant section in the evolution article. --Lexor|Talk 08:08, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

New intro paragraph
The previous intro paragraph was perhaps a better description of molecular population genetics, a sister field. The new paragraph adds a discussion of protein evolution, and provides a historical account of the development of the field to the current day.NatMor 05:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Embryology
would sympathtic editors consider a positive vote here? Slrubenstein  |  Talk 15:18, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Infinite alleles model
I suggest that we make an article for the "Infinite alleles model". It's an important model, but it's a model of population genetic. - PhDP (talk) 18:44, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Key researchers in molecular evolution, is this relevant ?
Is this section relevant ? First of all, there's nothing like that in the other important articles about evolution, and also, it seems subjectives. The important researchers will be quoted in the text anyway... I think we should remove it - PhDP (talk) 20:21, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree with the above-- a list of names without concepts is odd for this type of article and the choice of researchers seems incomplete therefore appears arbitrary. I'd nominate the section for deletion OR expand the article so that the related research and names are mentioned naturally. Rlrogers (talk) 01:30, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

Evolution as a whole handles this division via 2 pages, splitting between evolution for the science and evolutionary biology for the discipline. But the people named in evolutionary biology are chosen (with supporting citations) on the basis of their track record in discipline-building rather than their foundational accomplishments. These names are more the latter. It would be good to work these names into the "history of the science" subsection earlier on this same page, or into the main history of molecular evolution page it links to. If they are already there, I think they can be deleted. Joannamasel (talk) 08:59, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

Is evolution a continuous process

 * If evolution is a continuous process, why do we see the same 20 proteogenic amino acids in all organisms? Why do we see the same A, T, G and C in DNA of all organisms? Why do we see the same A, T, G and U in RNA of all organisms? Why there is no evolution in proteogenic amino acids and why there is no evolution in the nucleotide residues which can be the parts of DNA/RNA? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.212.249.50 (talk) 11:39, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Causes of change in allele frequency
This has nothing to do in this article, molecular evolution is not about "allele frequency", again, this is population genetics, molecular evolution is more concerned about nucleotide substitution. In most intro. book about molecular evolution, there's a little paragraph about this, but the core of the book is about nucleotire substitution, this is how the article should be written. - PhDP (talk) 20:59, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Connection with punctuated equilibrium
Neutral mutations do not affect the organism's chances of survival in its natural environment and can accumulate over time, which might result in what is known as punctuated equilibrium; the modern interpretation of classic evolutionary theory.

I don't know much about evolutionary biology, but this seems like complete BS to me. --Tgr (talk) 17:55, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * what might result in punctuated equilibrium? The accumulation of neutral mutations over time? Punctuated equilibrium is the rapid evolutionary change due to some sudden selection pressure. What has that got to do with some slow accumulation over time?
 * punctuated equilibrium is "the modern interpretation of classic evolutionary theory"? Maybe one modern interpretation.
 * And hardly an interpretation, because some incarnations of punctuated equilibrium explicity deny some principles of "classic evolutionary theory" like gradual change (what's "classic evolutionary theory" anyway?). This should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.127.135.69 (talk) 02:47, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I've removed the claim. If someone wants to replace it, they can include a citation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.21.144.220 (talk) 09:09, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Section Genome evolution: Questions, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic genomes
I am going to delete the subsections on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic genomes soon as they do not relate to genome evolution per se. This information is also available in genome, and in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Same for the questions. These questions have been answered in various sections or pages already (e.g. the first question, " How did the genome evolve into its current size?" has been answered in the section on Genome size. Peteruetz (talk) 12:53, 16 July 2012 (UTC)]

Major changes July2013
I have made major changes to the article to clean up language that was imprecise and to add sections that reflect the current state of the field. The article still needs a bit of work, but I would like to ask for help on making sure it is accessible to the public as well as thoughts on sections to add or expand. I removed the section on History of Molecular Evolution, since there is a separate page for that topic.

Rlrogers (talk) 01:59, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:19, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Redirection and separate article Genome evolution
There is a separate article Genome evolution. Searching Wikipedia for Genome Evolution (notice the upper case E) redirects to this Molecular evolution page. This appears rather inconsistent, but there may be a history which justifies this?Marcrr (talk) 08:50, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Whatever the history, clearly bonkers. I'll fix it now. Chiswick Chap (talk) 08:57, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

Overhaul to better differentiate from population genetics
This article is a bit of a mess, and I think its organization is standing in the way of improving it. The forces view is really about changing allele frequencies, whereas most molecular evolution is about fixed differences between populations. The forces view is extensively covered elsewhere on wikipedia, including both population genetics and evolution. As a bold change, I propose removing it from this page, and reorganizing the remainder. It's a big project, and my availability is patchy, but I plan to work on it over the coming months. I'll make a start now. Joannamasel (talk) 21:35, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I got further than I thought, restructuring is now complete.Joannamasel (talk) 18:42, 28 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Good job! This is a big improvement. Genome42 (talk) 20:44, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you!Joannamasel (talk) 17:39, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Molecular evolution