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The Last Express

The Last Express is an adventure video game designed by Jordan Mechner and published by Broderbund in 1997 for PC. Players take on the role of an American who accepts an invite by a friend to join them on the Orient Express, days before the start of World War I, only to become involved in a maelstrom of treachery, lies, political conspiracies, personal interests, romance and murder, upon boarding the train. The game is unique in how it was created, its non-linear story, and in how events in the game are conducted within real-time.

The game was a commercial disappointment following its release, but received highly positive reviews and a positive post-release response. A Sony PlayStation port was in development, but was cancelled before it was finished. The game was later reacquired by Mechner, who worked with DotEmu to make portable versions of the game for iOS and Android, and later released a remade version for Steam, entitled The Last Express – Gold Edition.

Gameplay
The game operates primarily from a first-person perspective of the story's lead character when they explore the train, with cutscenes being conducted in the third-person. Gameplay takes place almost entirely within real-time, albeit accelerated by a factor of six; the only time when it is not conducted so is when the player's character sleeps at certain intervals and when the player is on the game's pause menu. Events within the game are scripted and thus occur at specific times denoted by the in-game clock – for example, a character leaving their compartment in order to go to the restaurant car in order to have lunch. When on the pause menu, the player can rewind time, either to a specific point, or to a specific destination on the express route (i.e., Paris), or the player can fast forward to a later time, up until the current point in the story that they have reached.

The main areas of the game are within the carriages of the train, with the player able to look around each place they are in, move down corridors, enter and leave compartments, knock on doors, and talk to people. Items within the game can be interacted with, either to be examined, or in some cases, collected by the player for use later on. The game's story features around thirty characters, each of whom has their own artificial intelligence and individual agendas – they therefore conduct actions that allow them to complete their own personal goals, only changing their plans due to player intervention – with the game using a non-linear approach of story-telling, in which the player's actions or in-actions, affect how the story plays out; the game's many events led to its script being around 800 pages long.

The story features multiple endings, depending on the player's actions. Around thirty of these are game overs, involving the main character being killed or arrested. Four are alternate endings; only one of these is the "true" ending.

Setting
The game's story takes place in 1914, between 24 and 27 July, aboard the original Orient Express route between Paris and Constantinople (modern Istanbul), prior to the outbreak of World War I. Much of the game occurs within the train itself - consisting of the locomotive, two baggage cars, a restaurant car, two sleeping cars, and a private car. The plot written for the game, while a fictionalized idea regarding the last journey of the Orient Express in 1914, includes many traditional elements of a murder mystery, including secret plots and deals, lies and personal agendas, as well as featuring notable references to political climates in Europe.

Plot
Robert Cath, an American doctor on the run from the police in regards to a murder in Ireland, is invited by his friend Tyler Whitney to join him on the Orient Express. Boarding the train whilst it is moving through the outskirts of Paris, Cath finds Tyler dead in his sleeping compartment, apparently murdered. Dumping the body from the train during the course of the night's journey, Cath assumes his friend's identity and goes to greet the other passengers travelling on the Express. Amongst the passengers he meets several people of interest: August Schmidt, a German arms dealer; Anna Wolff, an Austrian violinist; Vassili Obolensky, a Russian count travelling with his granddaughter, Tatiana Obolenskaya; Alexei Dolnikov, a Russian anarchist and a childhood friend of Tatiana; Miloš Jovanović, a Serbian travelling with a group of associates; and Kronos, a mysterious art collector travelling in a private car with his African servant Kahina.

Cath discovers, through the course of investigating Tyler's death during the journey to Strasbourg, that his friend was arranging the purchase of weapons from August and supplying these to the Black Hand, a Serbian rebel movement whom Miloš and his associates belong to. To facilitate the deal, Tyler was supplied with a Serbian national treasure called the Firebird - a mechanical music box that transforms into a bird, accompanied with a whistle shaped like a scarab beetle - which he intended to sell to Kronos for the payment August was to receive. Cath finds the Firebird treasure is missing, and is left in the difficult position of finding it to complete Tyler's arrangements. During the night, Cath discovers that Anna knows he is not Tyler, leading him to suspect she knows more about his friend's death. However, Vassili suffers a mental breakdown in his compartment that interrupts their conversation, while forcing Cath to do what he can to treat him. Following the incident, Cath overhears Anna asking Tatiana to look after something, but cannot determine what it is.

The following morning in Munich, Cath witnesses an Englishman named George Abbot board the Express, whilst August oversees the loading of his merchandise, and finds him inquisitive about Cath's treatment of Vassili. Whilst the train is en route to Vienna, Cath finds a French boy in possession of the Firebird's whistle, and recovers it with a small trade. He also has a meeting with Kronos, who himself knows he is using Tyler's identity, and slowly distrusts him, especially as Kahina begins snooping around the sleeping cars. When Kronos invites Anna to perform a concert with him for the other passengers, Cath uses the opportunity to search the train. He soon finds the Firebird itself in Tatiana's compartment, but hides it within the kennel for Anna's dog Max in one of the train's baggage cars. After this, he breaks into Krono's compartment to borrow his payment in order to ensure August keeps his weapons on the Express. Following the concert, Cath encounters Anna in the baggage car while he is examining August's weapons, and learns from her she took the Firebird, but that Tyler was dead when she did so. She also admits to serving the Austrian government as a spy, but does not specify her mission.

In Vienna, Kronos and Khinana leave the Express without the Firebird. After the train departs, Tatiana consults Cath over deep concerns she has for Alexei, fearing he plans to kill her grandfather for the injustices he served upon his father. On the evening stretch to Budapest, Alexei attempts his plan, but is killed by Vassili, traumatising Tatiana, while Cath is forced to defuse a bomb Alexei had planted on the train. Abbot shares a drink with him following this, confessing that he was investigating rumours concerning Alexei, while also noting he believes Cath, whom he recognised, is innocent of the murder in Ireland. Visiting Anna in her compartment, Cath becomes romantically involved with her, but the pair are shocked when the train doesn't stop in Budapest. They swiftly are captured by Miloš and his associates, after they hijack the train. After freeing himself, Cath fights to free the passengers and railways crew. To protect them, Cath detaches the rear carriages from the train, after they head to them; only Anna and her dog, Vassili, Tatiana and Abbot remain on board the Express. Cath regains control of the locomotive, after Anna shoots Miloš to save its engineer, but refuses to let the Express stop within Austria and keeps it going on into and through Serbia.

As the train makes it way to Turkey, Anna relunctantly accepts she cannot stop Cath's plans, while Cath himself admits he felt powerless to discovering who really killed Tyler, assuming Miloš was involved. The pair embrace each other in the moment, and sleep together in the dining car. After a stopover upon crossing into Turkey, Cath is shocked when Kronos turns up on the train with Kahina, intent on claiming the Firebird. Cath is forced to provide it, as Anna is held at gunpoint. But when demonstrating its functions, Cath uses the whistle to activate its hidden function as a living weapon, causing it to kill both Kronos and Kahina; in the process exposing how Tyler died. In the confusion, Cath and Anna jump from the train with Max in tow, as it pulls into Constantinople's Sirkeci Station. However, a traumatised Tatiana finds explosives amongst the weapons in the baggage car, and, wishing for no more war, detonates them with Alexei's lighter, destroying the Express and killing herself, Vassili, Abbot and the train's engineer. In the chaos after the explosion, Cath and Anna hear a Turkish boy proclaim that war has broken out in Europe. Forced to return home, Anna leaves Cath with her dog, kisses him, and promises to see him again when the war is over. The game ends on a time-lapsing map of Europe, showing the change in borders between 1914-1994.

History
Mechner founded Smoking Car Productions to create The Last Express. The company was located in San Francisco from 1993 to 1997 and at its peak had sixty full-time employees.

Mechner derived inspiration for The Last Express from Myst and Infocom's Deadline. He saw The Last Express as an opportunity to create a game with a complexity of story and depth of characters comparable to that seen in a film, something he felt he could not accomplish with his games for the Apple II due to hardware limitations. He said of the game's approach to storytelling: "There's a built-in tension between making a game that's interactive and has a story. ... With a game like this, the goal is to create, to a certain degree, the illusion of interactivity. You want the player to feel that actions really have consequences. Choosing from multiple branches is not fun. You feel like you're on a branching tree just picking different ways to go, and that's not a game. You have to give players the feeling they really are somewhere, like on a train, and that they can walk down a corridor and open any door and see someone walking and follow them. Yet somehow we have to set things so players are always in the same story, and, when they get to the ending, they feel that's the way it should have ended."

Art production
The game is notable for its unique art style, with characters illustrated in the "art nouveau" style that was popular in 1914, the year the game's events take place. Since illustrating a game of this magnitude by hand would likely take an exorbitant amount of time, the look was achieved by using rotoscoping, a process that Mechner had used in Prince of Persia. During a 22-day-long live-action video shoot, every action by every character in the game was photographed by actors wearing distinctive makeup and costumes against a bluescreen on 16mm film and digitized. From this, a limited number of frames were selected and put through a patented process developed in house, where the frames first had all their colour removed. Next, a powerful computer program created black-and-white line drawings of the frames; these were coloured by hand. The finished product has 40,000 frames.

Publishing
Following a bidding war between several major game publishers, Brøderbund, SoftBank, and GameBank split the worldwide distribution rights. Dubbed versions of the game were released in French, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian (unofficial bootlegged localization), and Japanese.

Release
The game was released 1997, after five years of development, at a final cost of US$5–6million, on a multi-platform 3-CD set that covered Windows, Mac OS, and MS-DOS. The Last Express received highly positive reviews both in print and online, but only remained in stores for a few months.

Broderbund did little to promote the game, apart from a brief mention in a press release and enthusiastic statements by Broderbund executives, in part due to the entire Broderbund marketing team quitting in the weeks before its release. Softbank pulled out of the game market, dissolved its subsidiary GameBank, and cancelled several dozen titles in development, including the nearly finished PlayStation port of The Last Express. In a final blow, Broderbund was acquired by The Learning Company, which was not interested in The Last Express. Within a year of its release, The Last Express was out of print. Withal, Mechner's company Smoking Car Productions quietly folded.

Soundtrack
Running thirty-nine minutes, the soundtrack for The Last Express was published by Intrada Records in 2000, but is no longer in print. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by American composer born in Czechoslovakia, Elia Cmiral, who later composed the scores for Ronin and Stigmata. Consisting of a mix of dominant synth instruments and occasional solo violin, the score was recorded at Forte Muzika Studios in Los Angeles. The lone exception is the Sonata for Violin and Piano in A major by César Franck featured in the game's concert scene.

As of May 2011, the soundtrack is included as a digital release given away free with the DotEmu and GOG.com versions of The Last Express.

Reception
In 2008, producer Mark Netter declared that The Last Express was "a total commercial failure." Shortly before its launch, the sales and marketing department at publisher Broderbund left the company. As a result, the game received very little marketing to support its release. The game's global distribution was divided between Broderbund, GAMEBANK, and its parent company SoftBank Group. However, SoftBank soon exited the game industry and closed GAMEBANK, which resulted in the cancellation of a "nearly finished PlayStation port of Express", according to programmer Mark Moran.

The Last Express achieved sales of 100,000 units by 2000, and failed to break even. Netter noted that, given its $5-million-dollar budget, The Last Express "would have had to be one of the top-selling games of all time" to recoup its development costs. Moran said that it was ultimately one million sales short of breaking even.

Following the purchase of Broderbund by The Learning Company, the publisher's business was restructured to focus exclusively on edutainment software. The Last Express soon went out of print. Netter noted in 2008, "By the summer of 1997, two months after it had been released, you could no longer buy it." These problems, according to Chris Remo of Gamasutra, left The Last Express "unable to reach the long tail sales on which adventure games traditionally had thrived." GameSpot's Bruce Geryk argued in 2000 that the failure of The Last Express could "in some ways be considered the beginning of the end for the adventure genre."

Critical reviews
The Last Express received highly positive reviews. Critics hailed the game's authentic and compelling period ambiance,   complex and unpredictable story,    captivating musical score,   and unique visual style. Many said that they were compelled to eavesdrop on the various characters' conversations simply to follow their subplots, which give the player the sensation of really being on a train.

The voice acting was also widely praised for the convincing performances and authentic foreign accents. Reactions to the real-time system were more mixed; some said that, while it adds to the tension and immersion in the game, it often requires the player to rewatch numerous scenes when they fail, or sit and wait when they accomplish a segment's tasks early. A few also found that the game does not implement enough originality in its interface or puzzles, too often feeling like another generic adventure game. Next Generation concluded that "Enjoyment of The Last Express depends mostly on one's appreciation for the story and one's acceptance of the standard mechanics. As an attempt at something different, however, we liked it." Computer Gaming World was more enthusiastic, calling it "a captivating look at real-life events from a semi-fictional adventure gaming angle", and GameSpot stated that "through its use of real time and brilliant writing, the game ups the ante for storytelling in gaming."

The editors of Macworld named The Last Express the best role-playing game of 1997. Steven Levy and Cameron Crotty of the magazine wrote, "What makes The Last Express vividly memorable is the painstaking detail, particularly the lush score and the faithfully rendered sounds of the most famous train ever. So while you may never solve this three-disc conundrum, you'll never forget the ride."

The Last Express was a runner-up for Computer Gaming World's, CNET Gamecenter's and GameSpot's 1997 "Adventure Game of the Year" awards, which went variously to The Curse of Monkey Island and Dark Earth. The editors of Computer Gaming World called The Last Express "the year's best mystery" and "stylish and intriguing", and those of GameSpot wrote, "While a few minor gameplay problems held it back from the top spot, there is no doubt that The Last Express is one of the best adventure games of the last few years." Regardless, The Last Express did win GameSpot's 1997 "Best Story" award, and was also the runner-up for the 1997 "Best Ending" award, which went to Fallout.

In 2000, Computer Games Strategy Plus named The Last Express one of the "10 Essential Graphic Adventures". The magazine's Steve Bauman wrote, "While it received terrific reviews, and its innovative storytelling engine should have pointed toward a bold new future for interactive fiction, it had disastrously low sales, essentially bankrupting the company that produced it and telling the industry that consumers weren't interested in this type of game." In 2010, the game was included as one of the titles in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die. In 2011, Adventure Gamers named The Last Express the seventh-best adventure game ever released.

Re-release
In 2000, the Fallout video game series creator and game publisher Interplay bought the lapsed rights and began quietly selling the game as a budget title. A short time later, Interplay went bankrupt; once again, the game went out of print. In 2006, the American subscription-based game service GameTap began offering the game on its network.

On January 14, 2011, DotEmu released the Collector's Edition of the game, which includes the soundtrack, a making-of video and a walkthrough. On January 26, 2011, Phoenix Licensing (the current copyright holder of the game) re-released the game in GOG.com, with all the extras of the Collector's Edition –except the walkthrough– and only in English.

Mobile ports
Mechner was later able to reacquire the rights to the game and worked in 2012 with DotEmu to release iOS and Android ports of the title. On March 16, 2012, Mechner announced an upcoming release of the game for iOS devices, with "additional enhancements to make it more iOS-friendly." The iOS version (iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch) of the games was released on September 27 by DotEmu.com and is available in the App Store. A version for Android was released on August 28, 2013, through the Google Play Store.

On November 21, 2013, DotEmu released also a Gold Edition for Windows on Steam. It adds improved user interface and inventory, advanced hint system, achievements, and cloud save support. It was released for macOS on March 17, 2015.

Film adaptation
On April 13, 2010, MTV's Movies Blog posted an excerpt from a recent interview with Dutch film director Paul Verhoeven. In the interview, Verhoeven is quoted as saying, "I am working on a movie now that is... situated in 1914. Basically, Indiana Jones-ish you could say, but also Hitchcockian." He also states that the source material is a video game, and that "the writer of the video game has asked me to keep [the identity of the game] secret until he has a script." Subsequently, several other websites speculated that the video game in question is The Last Express, considering the relative dearth of games set in 1914, as well as Jordan Mechner's work on the film version of Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time.

In October 2011, Verhoeven confirmed that he was working with Mechner to develop a film adaptation of the game. The film would most likely have been filmed in 3D, although it may not have been Verhoeven's immediate next project. The film remains unfinished.

title: The Last Express


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Jerri Manthey

Jerri Manthey (born September 5, 1970) is an American actress and television personality. She is perhaps best remembered as a polarizing figure from Survivor, on which she was a three-time contestant: she placed 8th on Survivor: The Australian Outback, she came 10th on Survivor: All-Stars, and was eliminated at the Final Four on Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains.

Early life
Jerri Manthey was born in Stuttgart, West Germany to American parents and attended both high school and college in Germany. Manthey's father, Cyril, was a career member of the United States Army and served several years in Germany. In 1991, Manthey worked for Hooters at their Huntsville, Alabama restaurant before moving to their restaurant in Oklahoma City. She later appeared in the Summer 1992 edition of Hooters magazine with country singer Vince Gill. Manthey worked as a bartender in Los Angeles while attempting to build an acting career. In 1995, Manthey appeared in the music video for Def Leppard's single "When Love & Hate Collide". She also appeared in a music video for Faith Hill's cover of "Piece of My Heart".

The Australian Outback
In 2001, Manthey appeared on the television reality show Survivor: The Australian Outback. At the beginning of the game, Manthey was initially sorted into the Ogakor tribe, where she formed multiple conflicts with her fellow tribemates, notably Keith Famie over his cooking skills, which put her on the initial chopping block; she was spared from an early elimination due to her tribe winning the first immunity challenge.

After Ogakor lost the second immunity challenge, Manthey was targeted as her personality rubbed people the wrong way, yet she was spared after she accused Kel Gleason of having snuck beef jerky into the game and having the majority believing her and voting Gleason out. Manthey later confessed that she was attracted to tribemate Colby Donaldson, which she used to help her survive the next two tribal councils Ogakor attended.

On Day 19, the tribes merged into Barramundi after Michael Skupin's evacuation left ten players in the game, five from each tribe. Anticipating a tied vote, Ogakor took advantage of Jeff Varner's previous votes and targeted him, allowing Ogakor to vote him out and secure the majority over Kucha; the majority of five - Famie, Donaldson, Manthey, Tina Wesson and Amber Brkich - successfully eliminated Alicia Calaway from Kucha at the following tribal council.

With eight players remaining, Manthey and Brkich were told to target Elisabeth Filarski, but Donaldson, Famie and Wesson decided to turn on Manthey as she annoyed them and Ogakor would still have the majority, sending Manthey home on Day 27 as the second member of the jury in a 6-2 vote.

At the season's final tribal council, Manthey voted for Wesson to win over Donaldson as she felt betrayed by the latter. Wesson would go on to win the season in a 4-3 vote.

All-Stars
In 2004, Manthey was cast in the show's eighth season (the first to feature returning players), Survivor: All-Stars, where she started out on the Saboga tribe. Jenna Lewis, Tina Wesson, and Ethan Zohn. Manthey initially attempted to improve her game by not being overly opinionated; she nevertheless got into multiple arguments at the Saboga tribe camp, particularly with Rupert Boneham during a shelter-building challenge. Despite losing the first two immunity challenges, Manthey was spared from elimination as Tina Wesson, a past winner, and Rudy Boesch, who proved weak in challenges, were considered greater targets by the majority.

On Day 13, the tribes participated in a reward challenge where the tribe that finished last would be absorbed into the other two. Saboga lost, and Manthey and Ethan Zohn were drafted into the Mogo Mogo tribe. The new tribe lost the three following immunity challenges; Manthey surviving every tribal council thanks to aligning with van den Berghe and Vavrick-O'Brien to vote out larger threats in Richard Hatch, Colby Donaldson and Zohn.

On Day 22, at the final ten, an unexpected second switch left Manthey on the Chapera tribe, containing all her fellow former Mogo Mogo members in Vavrick-O'Brien, van den Berghe and Shii Ann Huang, and joined by former Chapera member, Amber Brkich. After Chapera lost the next immunity challenge, Manthey was initially confident she would be safe as Brkich was a strategic outsider on the tribe; however, a deal struck by van den Berghe and Mogo Mogo member Rob Mariano saved Brkich, eliminating Manthey in tenth place on Day 24 by a unanimous 4-1 blindside.

Heroes vs. Villains
Manthey competed for her third and final time on the show's tenth anniversary and twentieth season, Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, as a member of the Villains tribe. Manthey initially formed a bond with Coach Wade, which fellow tribemates teased the two about being in love. The two found themselves in an early alliance with Tyson Apostol, Sandra Diaz-Twine, Courtney Yates and Rob Mariano, which was opposed by an alliance of Parvati Shallow, Danielle DiLorenzo and Russell Hantz. The Villains experienced an early winning streak in challenges.

When a hidden immunity idol sent Apostol home at a double tribal council, Manthey joined Shallow, DiLorenzo and Hantz's alliance in voting out Mariano, Coach and Yates before the two tribes would merge.

The Heroes and Villains tribes, each consisting of five members, merged into the Yin Yang tribe on Day 25. Initially deadlocked in a 5-5 tied vote between respective targets Manthey and perceived Heroes tribe leader J.T. Thomas, to everyone's surprise Shallow played two hidden immunity idols and saved Manthey. This allowed the Villains to eliminate Thomas and secure a majority, through which the Heroes' Amanda Kimmel and Candice Woodcock - the latter an accomplice in eliminating the former - were voted out consecutively.

With seven players remaining, Hantz targeted DiLorenzo as he felt she and Shallow were too close, with Manthey as the swing vote in the plan; Manthey joined in after DiLorenzo accidentally revealed that the former was at the bottom of the alliance. Rupert Boneham and Colby Donaldson, the last two Heroes remaining, were the next two players voted out. Hantz, winning the Day 38 final immunity challenge, successfully encouraged Diaz-Twine and Shallow to vote Manthey out due to the latter's strong social game. In 4th place, Manthey was unanimously voted out 3-1, becoming the final member of the jury.

At the final tribal council, Manthey initially planned on voting for Hantz, but switched her vote to Shallow after her answer to Manthey's jury question. Shallow would go on to lose in second place to Diaz-Twine in a 6-3-0 vote, making Diaz-Twine the show's first two-time winner.

Post-Survivor fame
Following her appearance on Survivor, Manthey appeared on the reality shows Blind Date, The Surreal Life and The Joe Schmo Show.

Modeling
Manthey posed nude in the September 2001 issue of Playboy. This was mentioned on the Survivor: All-Stars DVD's deleted scene segment "Chapera Mock Tribal Council", in which the Chapera tribe hosted a mock-up of Saboga's first tribal council at their own camp.

2010 removal from air flight
On March 3, 2010, while Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains was still being aired, Manthey was removed from a US Airways flight in Charlotte, North Carolina after a disagreement with the flight crew. She posted an open letter to US Airways management on her Facebook page sharing the details of her experience.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jerri Manthey


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Bethany College (West Virginia)

Bethany College is a private liberal arts college in Bethany, West Virginia. Founded in 1840 by Alexander Campbell of the Restoration Movement, who gained support by the Virginia legislature, Bethany College was the first institution of higher education in what is now West Virginia.

History
A liberal arts college, Bethany was chartered on March 2, 1840, by the Virginia legislature and given "all degree-granting powers" of the University of Virginia. West Virginia's secession from Virginia on June 20, 1863, recognized existing Virginia charters; Bethany College continues to operate under the Virginia charter.

It was founded by Alexander Campbell, a minister in the Restoration Movement who provided the land and funds for the first building and served as the first president. Bethany has been a four-year private liberal arts college affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), since its inception. This religious body, of which Campbell was one of the principal founders, continues to support and encourage the college but exercises no sectarian control. An early center of coeducation, Bethany has admitted women since the 1880s.

The college's roots stem from the Buffalo Seminary, founded in 1818, by Campbell; sessions were first held in his mansion in Bethany, home of Alexander Campbell and his father Thomas Campbell. The new Buffalo Seminary, " a continuing education arm of the College" is less than a mile away from the College. The college is the birthplace of Delta Tau Delta, an international social fraternity founded in 1858.

During World War II, Bethany was one of 131 colleges nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission.

A number of campus buildings are contributing resources to the Bethany Historic District. The Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Pendleton Heights was listed in 1975 and the Delta Tau Delta Founders House in 1979.

The campus is also home to the Parkinson Forest, which in 2019 was added to the national Old-Growth Forest Network. The designation identifies the Parkinson Forest as the oldest Old-Growth Forest in Brooke County.

Academics
Bethany College offers a wide selection of studies, awarding Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degrees in more than 25 fields. If a major does not appeal to a student, Bethany offers students the opportunity to design their own major through the Interdisciplinary program. Bethany also offers dual majors, which is a combination of two majors.

According to recent research, 95% of Bethany College graduates carry student loan debt, averaging $25,704. The endowment fund in 2016 was worth $46.7 million. According to U.S. News tuition and fees are $28,444 and room and board costs $10,270 (2017–18). About 29% of Bethany students graduate in four years.

Notable alumni

 * Virginia Dare Aderholdt, an Arlington Hall cryptanalyst and Japanese translator, who decrypted the intercepted Japanese surrender message, August 14, 1945.
 * W. W. Anderson, attorney, known for shooting Frederick Gilmer Bonfils and Harry Heye Tammen of The Denver Post.
 * Joseph Baldwin (1852), educator and founder of Truman State University.
 * James Beauchamp "Champ" Clark (1873), Democratic representative from Missouri and Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
 * Walter M. Bortz III, educator and 23rd president of Hampden-Sydney College.
 * Thomas Buergenthal (1957), retired U.S. judge on the International Court of Justice.
 * Faith Daniels (1979), CBS and NBC news anchor.
 * Wilma Z. Davis (1912-2001), codebreaker during World War II and the Vietnam War.
 * Daniel Coleman DeJarnette Sr. (1822-1881) Democratic representative from Virginia, served in the United States House of Representatives and then in the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War.
 * Shane Douglas (1986), professional wrestler.
 * William Ferrel (1844), meteorologist.
 * Sid Gepford, NFL player.
 * Bob Goin (1959), athletic director in Florida State University and University of Cincinnati.
 * Caroline Gordon (1916), novelist and critic, author of Penhally.
 * Kristan Hawkins, president of Students for Life of America (SFLA).
 * Kaye Gorenflo Hearn, Justice of the Supreme Court of South Carolina.
 * Joseph Rucker Lamar (1877), Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States.
 * Edgar Odell Lovett (1890 [class valedictorian]), first president of Rice University.
 * William H. Macy, Emmy Award-winning actor (attended; transferred to Goddard College.)
 * Oliver S. Marshall (1850–1934), president of the West Virginia Senate 1899 to 1901 from Hancock County.
 * Frances McDormand (1979), film, television and stage actress and winner of four Academy Awards including Best Actress for Fargo (1996) and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), and Best Picture and Best Actress for Nomadland (2020).
 * John William McGarvey (1829–1911), religious educator.
 * Don Megerle, International Swimming Hall of Fame award recipient, and 33-year Head Swim Coach for Tufts University, 1971-2004. He was a swimmer for Bethany in the late 1960s.
 * Adrian Melott (1968), astrophysicist and cosmologist.
 * John E. Niederhuber, 13th director of the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
 * George Tener Oliver (1868), United States Senator from Pennsylvania (1909 to 1917).
 * John O. Pendleton (1871), United States Representative.
 * Tom Poston, Emmy Award-winning actor (attended but was not graduated from Bethany College).
 * Jeffrey L. Seglin, (1978), writer of weekly column "The Right Thing," faculty member, John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
 * Dave Sims (1975), Emmy Award-winning sportscaster.
 * Sukhi Turner, mayor of Dunedin, New Zealand, during 1995–2004.

title: Bethany College (West Virginia)


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Rupert Boneham

Rupert Frederick Boneham (born January 27, 1964) is an American mentor for troubled teens who became known to reality television audiences in 2003 as a contestant on Survivor: Pearl Islands. He later appeared on the All Stars, Heroes vs. Villains, and Blood vs. Water seasons of Survivor, placing fourth, sixth, and 20th, respectively. He was ultimately a fan favorite among Survivor viewers, who voted him a million-dollar winner on Survivor: America's Tribal Council, a special episode of Survivor: All-Stars. The prize was awarded after a nationwide popular vote in which Boneham received 85% of the votes cast. Boneham and his wife Laura later competed on the 31st season of The Amazing Race and were the second team eliminated.

Boneham was the 2012 Libertarian nominee for governor of Indiana, losing to Republican nominee, and future Vice President of the United States, Mike Pence.

Pearl Islands
During Survivor: Pearl Islands, Boneham quickly became one of the most popular Survivor contestants, and was well known as a "gentle giant" for his distinctive appearance, which included a huge beard, tie-dye shirt and large size, as well as a boisterous, friendly-but-focused personality.

Boneham was a preselected member of the Drake tribe, before his arrival on the island for Survivor: Pearl Islands. For the first three episodes he was part of an alliance with Sandra Diaz-Twine, Christa Hastie, and Trish Dunn. In episode four, Boneham's tribe lost immunity, but he was kidnapped by the Morgan tribe and did not attend Tribal Council. He temporarily looked after a wounded python he found named Balboa, who became the namesake of the merged tribe. In Episode Six, Drake lost their third immunity challenge, and Dunn conspired with Diaz-Twine, "Jonny Fairplay" Dalton, and Shawn Cohen to vote out Boneham, but he was saved by Diaz-Twine and Cohen, sending Dunn home instead. After the next Tribal Council when Cohen was voted out, Burton Roberts from Drake and Lillian "Lil" Morris from Morgan returned to the game, as part of the Outcast twist, and both joined the Drake alliance at the merge. After two Morgan members had been eliminated, Dalton, Roberts and Morris sided with Darrah Johnson and Tijuana "Ti" Bradley from the Morgan tribe and successfully voted Boneham out on Day 27, in a vote of 5–2–1. That night he became the tenth contestant voted out of the competition (eleventh overall) and the second member of the jury. On Day 39, Boneham cast his jury vote for Diaz-Twine, who would be named the winner of the season.

All-Stars
Less than a month after Boneham returned home from the competition, he returned to compete in the All-Stars season, the only player from Pearl Islands to do so, and thus the first contestant in Survivor history to compete in two consecutive seasons. Boneham went on to finish fourth, being voted out in Episode 15 and being the fifteenth person eliminated. After All-Stars ended a special aired called Survivor: America's Tribal Council, in which viewers were given the opportunity in a contest called "America Votes" to select one of the 18 contestants to win one million dollars. The finalists were Boneham, Colby Donaldson, "Big Tom" Buchanan, and "Boston Rob" Mariano. Boneham won the million dollars, receiving 85% of the 38 million votes cast. He spent his prize money on his family's debts, a college fund for his daughter, a new house for his family, and the creation of his charity, Rupert's Kids, which mentors troubled children.

After All-Stars ended, he appeared in national promos for Survivor: Vanuatu. Boneham also made an appearance in the third season of the Israeli version of Survivor in September 2009 as a part of a reward in a reward challenge.

Heroes vs. Villains
Boneham returned to participate in the Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains as part of the Heroes tribe. He was a part of the Heroes alliance which consisted of himself, J. T. Thomas, Amanda Kimmel, Cirie Fields, James Clement and Candice Woodcock. The alliance successfully eliminated Stephenie Lagrossa and Tom Westman, however, Fields was blindsided on Day 11, and they voted Clement out on Day 15 because his knee was injured. After Clement's elimination, the Heroes were down to five members, however, they won the last three immunity challenges.

The tribes merged with ten players remaining: five Heroes and five Villains. The Heroes thought that Villain member Russell Hantz was on their side. However, Sandra Diaz-Twine warned Boneham that Hantz was not with them, which concerned Boneham. At Tribal Council, the Heroes voted against Villains member Jerri Manthey while the Villains voted against Thomas, However, Parvati Shallow used one of her hidden immunity idols on Diaz-Twine, and used another idol (originally Thomas's immunity idol, which he gave to Hantz right before the merge, and which Hantz eventually gave to Shallow) on Manthey, whose votes were negated by the idol, therefore blindsiding Thomas and putting the Heroes in the minority. Woodcock flipped to the Villains alliance at the next Tribal Council so Kimmel was voted out. After Shallow won the next immunity challenge, Boneham put a rock in his pocket which made Hantz believe it was a hidden immunity idol. So the Villains decided to split their votes between Boneham and Woodcock. Due to Boneham and Colby Donaldson voting against Woodcock, she was blindsided thus sparing Boneham. He was spared again at the Final Seven Tribal Council, due to Hantz and Manthey siding with him to get rid of Danielle DiLorenzo.

After the loved ones challenge, Hantz plotted with Boneham and Donaldson to get rid of Shallow and they agreed. This plan was foiled when Shallow won immunity which surprised all three. At Tribal Council, Boneham and Donaldson voted for Diaz-Twine, but she used her hidden immunity idol, however, it only negated Boneham and Donaldson's votes as they were the only one's who voted against her. The four villains voted for Boneham thus eliminating him from the game. He was once again the fifteenth person eliminated, came in sixth place and was the seventh member of the jury. At the Final Tribal Council, Boneham, along with Courtney Yates and fellow Heroes tribemates Thomas, Kimmel, Woodcock, and Donaldson, voted for Diaz-Twine to win again, which she did by a 6–3–0 vote over Shallow and Hantz. At the reunion show, Boneham narrowly lost the fan favorite award to Hantz.

Blood vs. Water
Boneham and his wife Laura competed in the show's 27th season, Blood vs. Water. This made him the second contestant in the history of the program to play the game four times, following Rob Mariano. On Day One, Laura was the first member of the Tadhana tribe to be voted out. However, Rupert traded places with her and sent himself to Redemption Island in her place in order to give Laura a chance at playing the game. This sacrifice allowed Laura to play the game on the Galang tribe. Rupert ultimately lost the first duel at Redemption on day four, and became the first person eliminated from Survivor: Blood vs. Water, finishing in 20th place.

Other appearances
Shortly after his Survivor appearances, Boneham briefly appeared at charity events sponsored by the Indiana Ice and Hardee's. In 2004 he appeared as a stable hand named Paul in "The Big My Little Pony Episode", the third-season premiere of the TV series Half & Half. In 2006, he appeared in the independent movie Open Mic'rs. He also made a cameo appearance as a homeless man in "The Radford Reshuffle", the sixth-season premiere of the show Yes, Dear. Boneham also makes an appearance as an extra in the bar fight scene in A Million Ways to Die in the West.

In 2016, Boneham appeared in a special episode of The Price Is Right which featured multiple former Survivor contestants competing on the show. The episode aired on May 23, 2016.

Boneham and his wife Laura competed on the 31st season of The Amazing Race. They were the second team eliminated.

Rupert's Kids
In 1983, before appearing on Survivor, Boneham worked with mentally handicapped children in Abilene, Texas. He then moved to Indiana to work with troubled young adults. In 1991, he purchased an abandoned house and converted it into a vocational training center for young adults who had been expelled from school.

After being awarded one million dollars on Survivor: America's Tribal Council, Boneham used a large percentage of his winnings to establish Rupert's Kids, to help "at-risk teens". The organization joined with the City of Indianapolis to create the Park Adoption Program.

2012 gubernatorial campaign
On August 30, 2011, Boneham announced that he would consider running for governor of Indiana. He launched his campaign on October 22, declaring that he would seek the nomination of the Libertarian Party. He won their nomination and ran against Republican nominee Mike Pence and Democratic nominee John R. Gregg. Incumbent Republican governor Mitch Daniels was term-limited.

Boneham wrote on his official website, "I have spent my entire adult life serving my community and I see an opportunity to make a difference for Indiana", referencing his troubled-youth charity, Rupert's Kids. "While surveying the current choices for our next Governor, I do not see anyone that has an understanding of what daily life is like for many Hoosiers nor anyone who appears to understand the harm that misguided government policies are doing to our communities. It is obvious that career politicians are not the answer because they are often the problem. I will be evaluating whether or not hardworking Hoosiers are ready for a new voice with new ideas." He states that he has been a Libertarian for more than 20 years, but did not become active in the party until 2012.

Boneham and running mate Brad Klopfenstein received 101,868 votes, 3.95 percent of the total.

Personal life
As of The Amazing Race 31 in 2019, Rupert and Laura have been married for about 21 years, and have a daughter, Raya.

In 2021, Rupert revealed that he had undergone two surgeries for throat cancer.

title: Rupert Boneham


text:
Gurney's pitta

Gurney's pitta (Hydrornis gurneyi) (นกแต้วแร้วท้องดำ) is a medium-sized passerine bird. It breeds in the Malay Peninsula, with populations mainly in Myanmar. The common name and Latin binomial commemorate the British banker and amateur ornithologist John Henry Gurney (1819-1890). Its diet consists of slugs, insects, and earthworms.

Taxonomy
Gurney's pitta was described by the amateur ornithologist Allan Octavian Hume in 1875 and given the binomial name Pitta gurneyi. The species was moved to the resurrected genus Hydrornis based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2006. The genus Hydrornis had been introduced by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1843. The specific epithet was chosen to honour the amateur ornithologist John Henry Gurney (1819-1890).

Description
The male has a blue crown and black-and-yellow underparts; the rest of the head is black, and it has warm brown upperparts. The female has a brown crown and buffy-whitish underparts.

Status and conservation
Gurney's pitta is endangered. It was initially thought to be extinct for some time after 1952, but was rediscovered in 1986. Its rarity has been caused by the clearance of natural forest in southern Burma and peninsular Thailand.

Its population was estimated at a mere nine pairs in 1997, then believed one of the rarest bird species on earth. A search for it in Burma in 2003 was successful and discovered that the species persisted at four sites with a maximum of 10-12 pairs at one location. This granted the species a reassessment from the IUCN, going from critically endangered to endangered. Later on, further research completed in Burma by 2009 provides strong evidence that its global population is much greater than previously estimated, owing to the discovery of several new territories in this country

The pitta was voted the "most wanted bird in Thailand" by bird watchers visiting that country.

A study conducted in 2016, led by scientist Nay Myo Shwe, visited 142 sites the pitta has been previously observed in Myanmar; it was only in 41 that any trace of the bird was found. It was estimated that more than 80% of the bird's habitat was lost from 1999-2017, due to palm oil plantations; the IUCN subsequently re-assessed the species status as critically endangered. The pitta is considered functionally extinct in Thailand.

title: Gurney's pitta


text:
Talk:Prime Minister of India

Name of the nation
Article 1(1) of constitution clearly mentions - India, that is Bharat. Also government website like this one mentions "India, also known as Bharat...."

So, Why should not the word Bharat be included here? Some people refer it as jingoism, a question can be posed- is calling the motherland by its original name jingoism?
 * See WP:COMMONNAME. puru brahmpal singh rahav. Your edits in other articles are the equivalent of adding "America U.S.A.". -- Neil N  talk to me  14:05, 20 May 2014 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 24 May 2014
I need to edit this wikipedia page because the prime minister of India is Narender Modi right now

182.160.108.82 (talk) 11:38, 24 May 2014 (UTC)thanks Shalini
 * He will be, but after 26 May. Thanks. -- Vigyani talkਯੋਗਦਾਨ 13:22, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

Not after 26 May ,but from 26 May 2014.Care taking Prime minister (Manmohan singh for Now) can not sign on 26 may. So as per rule Mr.Narendra Modi is undisputably Honorable Prime Minister of India.As old cabinet already dissolved on 25 may 2014 officially.So its now better to list Mr.NArendra Modi as Prime minister of India ,SO that International Readers not get confused. --RahulTag (talk) 11:53, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Prime minister of india is changed - its now Narendra MODI

Abishekwiki (talk) 12:48, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The new PM of India has changed as of 5 minutes ago.

2605:E000:130C:4066:C592:D880:C290:3E06 (talk) 12:48, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. — {{U|Technical 13}} (t • e • c) 12:59, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Narendra Modi took the oath of office about half an hour ago and is now prime minister of india. BBC news has reported this = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-27572807 - i hope this provides the reliable source required Dn9ahx (talk) 13:24, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Need to update PM of India.

Prashant krgupta (talk) 13:01, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Ajay kumar Rana 13:02, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

The prime minister of India isn't manmohan singh anymore. Narendra modi has taken over as India's pm

Miheer93 (talk) 13:02, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Page needs updation. Narendra Damodardas Modi has just taken the oath of office as the 15th PM of India.

Ayushkash (talk) 13:14, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

16th Dhirendra pratap singh

192.71.175.2 (talk) 13:27, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
 * See WP:CRYSTAL Nthep (talk) 13:56, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Please do not add any more edit requests
An administrator will come by and make the edit. Please be patient. -- Neil N  talk to me  13:31, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

To the admin who's taking care of this, this is probably what you want to revert to. -- Neil N  talk to me  13:36, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

 * , this page is only semi-protected at the moment if you would like to take care of it. Thanks. — {{U|Technical 13}} (e • t • c) 13:52, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks, someone else beat me to it. -- Neil N  talk to me  13:54, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Redirects for discussion
Interested Users are invited to give their individual opinion about this Redirect Butcher of Gujarat which is directed at this page Narendra Modi. You can give your opinion here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2015_May_21#Butcher_of_Gujarat

-- C E  (talk) 08:57, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
 * This discussion is now closed.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)  19:28, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 19 July 2018
47.31.64.140 (talk) 17:58, 19 July 2018 (UTC) loksabha road
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. — KuyaBriBri Talk 18:04, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

National Emblem
India has no state emblem. It has national emblem. The idea of state in UK and US is very different than India. Pranav jung (talk) 22:28, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 March 2020
Exceedingly awaited visit of Honourable Indian prime Minister Narandra Modi to Bangladesh on the occasion of Mujib100 ceremony was cancelledhttps://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/mujib-borsho-celebrations-modi-join-thru-video-conference-1879456 due to worldwide corona virus crisis https://www.kolkata24x7.com/modis-bangladesh-tour-cancelled-over-corona-virus-fear/ that rested people of Bangladesh in deepest sorrow & sadness. RashidHumayu (talk) 21:36, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

 * ❌. It's not clear what changes you want to make. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 22:34, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

==

Dear Deacon Vorbis,

This is to update somewhere:

Exceedingly awaited visit of Honourable Indian prime Minister Narandra Modi to Bangladesh on the occasion of Mujib100 ceremony was cancelled due to worldwide corona virus crisis that rested people of Bangladesh in deepest sorrow & sadness.

News Sources are: https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/mujib-borsho-celebrations-modi-join-thru-video-conference-1879456 https://www.kolkata24x7.com/modis-bangladesh-tour-cancelled-over-corona-virus-fear/

Reason of request: Because this visit would be the first ever visit of Honorable Prime Minister to Bangladesh.

Regards, — Preceding unsigned comment added by RashidHumayu (talk • contribs) 15:59, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

Correction in the section 1984–1999
In this section there is a sentence "After V. P. Singh's resignation, Chandra Shekhar—home minister in Singh's cabinet—along with ". This is factually incorrect because Chandra Sekhar was not Home Minister in V P sing's cabinet, it was Mufti Mohammad Sayeed. Infact Chandra Sekhar was never a minister in any cabinet prior to becoming the PM of India. He assumed Priministership on 10 November 1990, and its the same date when he took charge of Home Ministry.

A correction in need in this section removing the phrase "home minister in Singh's cabinet"

Reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._P._Singh_ministry — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dpspeaking (talk • contribs) 18:42, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
 * You are right as this contemporaneous article also highlights. Thanks for pointing it out! Abecedare (talk) 23:31, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 August 2020
Fron: In addition, former prime ministers rank seventh on the Indian order of precedence, equivalent to chief ministers of states (within their respective states) and cabinet ministers As a former member of the parliament, the prime minister receives a minimum pension of inr 20000 per month, plus—if he/she served as an MP for more than five years—inr 15000 for every year served.

To: In addition, former prime ministers rank seventh on the Indian order of precedence, equivalent to chief ministers of states (within their respective states) and cabinet ministers As a former member of the parliament, the prime minister receives a minimum pension of inr 20000 per month, plus—if he/she served as an MP for more than five years—inr 1500 for every year served. 117.201.85.67 (talk) 16:37, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

 * ✅. Numbers are from 2015, and it seems like those numbers have changed. An update would be appreciated. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (Say hi!) 07:27, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

Updating the image to the latest
The article is about an official post so I think it should have the image of the official portrait of the incumbent. So I make bold to update it with the latest. Appu (talk) 17:13, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Bold move
I made a bold move to change the description of the article from the Leader of the Executives of the Government of India to the Head of the Government. Because the PM is not just the executive leader but also by default the Leader of the House in Lok Sabha which is the most important part of the supreme legislative body, Parliament of India. Hence the Prime Minister is more than just the leader of 'executives'. Appu (talk) 10:12, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

President is the nominal head of government
The president although nominal is the head of government. There is nothing that contradicts this in the constitution. Instead, Prime minister is defined as the head of council of ministers. "There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice"

That is why I have edited the short description. Thanks Appu (talk) 20:47, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

 * "Government" is commonly used as a synonym of the executive branch (as in "Modi's government", etc.). The role of WP:SHORTDESC is to help the reader identify the correct article; and not to engage in constitutional debates. Explaining "Prime Minister of India" as "Head of the Council of Ministers of India" is a classic example of ignotum per ignotius. I've restored the no-nonsense definition as "Head of the government in India". — kashmīrī  TALK  17:41, 8 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks Appu (talk) 18:03, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

Article lede edits
I just reverted a series of edits by AtishT20 that significantly changed the article lede. To expand upon the explanation I gave in my edit-summary: That said: That's just a few examples. And I do have some questions regarding even the current lede (is it the PM or is it the council of minister that "need to enjoy the confidence of the majority of Lok Sabha members" etc; how do the sources phrase it?), which too can be discussed. can you explain the thoughts behind your various changes so that we can discuss and gain consensus over what should be retained? Abecedare (talk) 01:18, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * there may be some merit in simplifying the lede. For example:
 * reducing the redundancy within "The prime minister is the leader elected by the party with a majority in the lower house of the Indian parliament, the Lok Sabha, which is the main legislative body in the Republic of India.[10] The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha....however the prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of the majority of Lok Sabha members, who are directly elected every five years, lest the prime minister shall resign. " (and 'lest'?)
 * Some of the references may be movable to the article body, since wikipedia guidelines don't really require the lede to have inline citations.
 * Any reference should be deleted from the lede only after ensuring that it, or a equally strong reference, is cited for the corresponding statement in the article body.
 * Some of the new language was IMO overly-casual, for example
 * Calling the president "nominal head of the executive branch" rather than sticking with standard verbiage of "constitutional head of state"
 * calling the PM "leader of the Union Council of Ministers". IIRC the PM is supposed to be primus inter pares among in council of ministers. My recollection may be faulty, and its arguable whether this is (still) true in practice, but effort must be made to see what the sources say and make sure we reflect that.

I have only got to access the talk page now as it wasn't working before. I apologise for not replying sooner. I have changed the main body as it goes into detail about unnecessary things. AtishT20 (talk) 16:04, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
 * By 'main body' are you referring to the article lede or the part (ie, rest) of the article that follows it? Also, per WP:BRD, it would be best to discuss the proposed changes here so that we don't get stuck in a revert cycle. Abecedare (talk) 14:08, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

PM
May I suggest that we keep the main body more simple? Im not referring it to things like Simple English Wikipedia but rather I don't think we need to add details such as "The lower house of the Indian Parliament" or the "main legislative body in India". The links are there for people to click on if they don't know what they are. AtishT20 (talk) 16:08, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Please don't keep adding your own recycled versions and source them to the preexisting sources (i.e. the ones I had introduced). As admin  told you in the edit summary of his revert that there might be a case for reducing the lead paragraph, but not in the way you were attempting to do it.  I don't see that your favorite "ad hoc" is particularly popular in the best sources.  Earlier you were engaged in boostering one prime minister, arguing about pictures.  Then you were arguing with me about whether the prime minister was the leader of the council of ministers.  Now you seemed to have picked a word or two from the discussion on my talk page but are saying something completely different.  I'm not sure what your game plan is here.  Please suggest some sentences here, and we can decide if they have due weight, if WP:TERTIARY sources favor them.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  22:39, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
 * There are many ways to simplify and reduce the lead paragraph. Here is one that is in sync with the sources: "The prime minister of India is the head of government of the Republic of India. Ordinarily, executive authority is vested in the Prime Minister and their chosen Council of Ministers, though the President of India is the constitutional head of state. The prime minister is the leader elected by the party with a majority in the lower house of the Indian parliament, the Lok Sabha, which is the main legislative body in the Republic of India. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha." Nothing else is needed in the lead paragraph. No order of precedence, no what house s/he can be a member of; all that can go into the second paragraph.  They are details, not essentials.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  23:41, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
 * In the version I reverted, you had written: "The prime minister of India is the de facto head of government of India. Under the Constitution of India, the President of India is the nominal head of the executive, however it is the prime minister, in reality, who is the chief executive. The prime minister is the chairperson of the party with a majority in the lower house of the Indian parliament, the Lok Sabha." The first two sentences are repetitive. What is "in reality?"  The cited source says, "ordinarily," which has a very different meaning than "in reality." You've used one expression "chairperson" (applied the Council of Ministers) from the discussion on my user talk page to transplant to the party with a majority of which he is actually the  "leader" not the chairperson.  I'm  flabbergasted what you are attempting to do on this page and the list of prime ministers page.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  23:03, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Wondering about the sentence "The prime minister is the leader elected by the party with a majority in the lower house..." since (a) it presumes that there is a majority party in the LS, and that (b) the PM is the leader of that party. The former is often not the case and the latter is arguably ambiguous.
 * Afaik, the PM only needs to enjoy the majority support in the LS in order to form and sustain the government. Can anyone check how the sources, esp. recent ones published following the coalition-era, phrase this? Abecedare (talk) 14:03, 2 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Indeed, the Prime Ministerial candidate is invided by the President, and he/she needs to win a vote of confidence in the House. V. P. Singh did not have majority in the House, and neither did Atal Bihari Vajpayee the first time when he was invited. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 14:08, 2 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Could one of you please fix that sentence. I'm not too knowledgeable here. I may have begun editing  this article or its companion article (and FL) List of ..., after being requested to do so by an editor.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  15:45, 2 April 2022 (UTC)
 * The cited source Anashri Pillay in Cambridge Companion ... says, " Like the British system, there are two houses of parliament – the Lok Sabha, which has 545 members, is the main legislative body. In practice, it is the party with a majority in the Lok Sabha which elects its leader as the Prime Minister." Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  15:48, 2 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I have accommodated your objection in the lead with a phrasing cited to Britannica. Sorry, to not present it here first, but I really have to get to the Darjeeling FAR. Best,  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  03:04, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I tweaked it a bit to make it accurate. The point is that there may be no party or coalition with majority in the lower house, as it happened with V. P. Singh. Efforts to salvage the situation can be made, but they may not always succeed. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 11:20, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the tweaks F&f and K3! I have some other thoughts on the lede but don't want to make edits based on memory/personal knowledge or (worse) make you run around copyediting and digging up sources on my behalf. So let me read up a bit on the topic and get back; may be a week or so. Cheers. Abecedare (talk) 19:56, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

By the main body yes I am referring to the lede. AtishT20 (talk) 16:22, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

I still don't understand why the main body has to explain what the parliament or the Rajya sabha is? It doesn't contribute to the actual role of the Prime minister. AtishT20 (talk) 16:22, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia caters to a readership that is not necessarily familiar with all the terms in the politics of one specific country. The terms need to be explained a little.  Please note the full paragraph of the Britannica article, List of Prime Ministers of India, I have cited in the current version of the lead: "India’s head of state is the president, whose powers are largely nominal and ceremonial. Effective executive power rests with the Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister, who is chosen by the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha (lower house of parliament) and is formally appointed by the president. This is a chronologically ordered list of the prime ministers, from the earliest to the most recent. (Britannica)"  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  03:48, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * When writing for a general audience, it is always a good idea to briefly define or at least contextualize the terms-of-art, especially the ones not in English. You and I may be familiar with Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha but imagine how frustratingly opaque it would be to read something like 'the honcho is a member of gambla but owes his power to the dukat." Less fancifully, read the current version of the lede para of President of Iran and try figuring out what "the volunteers" and "the guardian council" and "those members of the guardian council" refers to. Abecedare (talk) 19:56, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

Hindi name in the infobox
An editor has changed the official Hindi name in the infobox in this edit and removed the previous version with the edit summary, ("No citation required. Hindi term for "Indian Prime minister" is more appropriate than "Prime minister of India")

The page name in the Hindi Wikipedia is: भारत का प्रधानमन्त्री (Google Translate: Prime Minister of India, and reverse from English to Hindi) and the Infobox title is प्रधान मन्त्री, भारत (Prime Minister, India, both ways). The Hindi WP article begins with भारत गणराज्य के प्रधानमंत्री (Google Translate: Prime Minister of the Republic of India, both ways). NiOm's translation भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री, as they themselves state, seems to be that of "Indian Prime Minister" (Google Translate, both ways). We obviously can't decide what is the appropriate name and make such major and conspicuous changes without having substantial support in the majority of reliable sources. I will accordingly be reverting their edit. Best regards, Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  22:32, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Why is the Hindi analog of 'Prime Minister of India' included in the infobox at all? I could at least understand if we were talking about intrinsically Hindi terms such as Lok Sabha where the IAST would provide the pronunciation but don't see any such justification here. Abecedare (talk) 20:06, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * The removal of Hindi has my vote. I have no idea why it is there, but it is only one in a long line of bells and whistles in the infobox—the bigger Indian emblem, the emblem in shining gold, the better-looking picture of Modi, the expression "de facto," and the bigger flag—that Aatish20 has chosen to edit war over on this page and the List of Indian PMs. They were doing this long before I was invited to review the List by DaxServer and I accepted. The Hindi was likely there before, but Aatsh20 has certainly made it conspicuous.  See my user talk page and their posts there.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  20:52, 3 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think this is an excuse to blame AtishT20 (his name is AtishT20 not 'Aatish20' or 'Aatsh20' as you state). Yes his edits have been disruptive but that's not what we are discussing here. It wasn't him who added the Hindi to the infobox but rather he changed the Hindi which was wrong in the box. So let's focus on that instead and deal with him another time! 82.37.162.122 (talk) 16:38, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

I don't believe I added it there. If I did I probably have forgotten. As far as I can recall I only changed the spelling AtishT20 (talk) 12:08, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Then again Hindi forms as one of the official languages of India, and one used predominantly by the federal Government of India. AtishT20 (talk) 12:12, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Also why are you bringing me up? The writing in Hindi isn't relevant to the edit War I had. AtishT20 (talk) 12:14, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prime Minister of India


text:
Jonny Fairplay

Jonny Fairplay (born Jon Dalton, March 11, 1974) is an American former art consultant, professional wrestler, and reality television personality. He has twice competed on the reality competition TV show Survivor, coming in third place on the seventh season, Survivor: Pearl Islands and coming in last at twentieth place on the sixteenth season, Survivor: Micronesia.

Early life
Jon Dalton was born March 11, 1974, and is originally from Danville, Virginia. He attended George Washington High School, and subsequently attended Virginia Tech. After college, he moved to Washington, D.C., and Portland, Oregon, before settling in Los Angeles.

Survivor: Pearl Islands
On Survivor: Pearl Islands, Dalton constructed what host Jeff Probst called "the greatest lie in Survivor history." Prior to leaving for Panama to compete on the show, Dalton concocted a plan with a close friend of his named Dan, whom Dalton had designated to participate in a challenge that would involve contestants' loved ones. To generate sympathy for Dalton and give him an advantage in the game, Dan would dishonestly inform Dalton that his grandmother had died. In the season's eleventh episode, Dan did so in front of the remaining competitors, who allowed a seemingly distraught Dalton to win the challenge in order to give him the opportunity to spend time with Dan and obtain more information about his grandmother's alleged death. Though the remaining contestants would not discover the truth until after the season had completed filming, it was quickly revealed to the television audience that Dalton's grandmother had not died but was, in fact, at home "watching Jerry Springer".

Probst also publicly said:

"... [then] you have Jonny Fairplay, who's completely despicable. It was actually fun to work with Fairplay on the show because he's a producer's dream. When he shows up drunk or flips somebody off, he's bringing you gold every time. I wish we had a Jonny Fairplay every season. Personally, however, he's an absolute jackass whose actions at the Vanuatu finale after-party pissed me off so much that he's banned from any event that I'm at from now on. I'm done with Jonny Fairplay."

Danny Bonaduce altercation
On October 2, 2007, at the Fox Reality Really Awards, Dalton was invited to present an award and was loudly booed by the audience while speaking on stage. Actor and political commentator Danny Bonaduce approached Dalton on stage and said, "They're booing because they hate you." As Bonaduce then began walking away, Dalton followed and leaped on top of him, causing Bonaduce to react by flipping Dalton over his head and dropping him to the floor hard on his face. Dalton immediately left the stage, visibly bleeding from his face and allegedly losing a number of teeth.

In an interview with website TMZ soon after, Dalton stated that he had filed a police report over the incident and that authorities were waiting to review video of the incident before pressing battery charges against Bonaduce. On October 5, 2007, three days after the incident, Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney Jeffrey Boxer announced that Bonaduce would not be facing charges, stating that there was "insufficient evidence" that Bonaduce's actions were criminal. Boxer noted that Bonaduce's actions "fell within the realm of self-defense", as Dalton had initiated the physical conflict.

At the 2008 Fox Reality Really Awards, Dalton and Bonaduce appeared together onstage and joked about the previous year's incident. In a scripted scene, Dalton kissed Bonaduce on the lips, and Bonaduce subsequently spit an object out of his mouth which he joked was another one of Dalton's teeth.

Survivor: Micronesia
On January 3, 2008, it was announced that Fairplay was the only pre-All-Stars castaway who accepted an offer to join the tribe of returning contestants in Survivor: Micronesia – Fans vs. Favorites, the show's 16th season. However, Fairplay asked his tribe to vote him off in the first episode so that he could return to his pregnant girlfriend.

Subsequent Survivor appearances
Fairplay did not participate in Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains in 2010. When asked about the reason for this, Jeff Probst remarked, "The reason that Fairplay isn't here is that this season is called Heroes vs. Villains, not Survivor Quitters." Fairplay acknowledged in a 2010 interview that there is animosity between himself and Probst, stating, "It's no secret that Jeff Probst hates me, and I don't go out of my way to be his friend either."

In 2013, Fairplay was inducted into the Xfinity "Survivor Hall of Fame," alongside Kim Spradlin and John Cochran. Fairplay was the only non-winner inducted into the Class of 2013.

Other appearances
Dalton and his wife Michelle appeared on The Celebrity Newlywed Game, on which he beat the Monkees' Davy Jones and his wife; as well as on Dr. Phil in an episode titled 'Reality TV Stars' Real Life Drama'. He has also appeared on Celebrity Poker Showdown, Celebrity Fear Factor, Pawn Stars, and Camp Reality.

Dalton is also under contract with Wizard World to appear at its comic book conventions.

On March 29, 2022, he appeared as a plaintiff on Judge Steve Harvey against wrestling promoter Ronnie Gossett.

In May 2023, Fairplay competed as a celebrity tribe captain in the second season of the NMB Celebrity Survivor Challenge. He was the 3rd person voted out of the game, placing 13th.

In 2023, he participated in the reality competition show House of Villians on E!, finishing in fourth place

Professional wrestling
Dalton started in professional wrestling in 1998 in North Carolina and then moved to Oregon where, as Jonny Fairplay, he started his own promotion, New Dimension Wrestling (not to be confused with a similarly named Carolinas' promotion with which he claimed to be affiliated). There he served as promoter and commentator. During this time, he also ran his own weekly online professional wrestling radio talk show, having various wrestlers on as guest commentators. He worked as a personal assistant for the professional wrestler "Rowdy" Roddy Piper for a year and a half prior to Survivor.

After his first Survivor appearance, Dalton was signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, where he appeared under the Jonny Fairplay moniker. In mid January, promo began airing hyping his debut in the company. He made his debut on January 21, but was interrupted by A.J. Styles. The two feuded for several weeks, and on February 25, Fairplay brought in Lex Luger to get revenge on Styles and cost him the NWA World Tag Team Championship. He made brief, non-wrestling appearances in 2005 at both Final Resolution and Destination X.

On October 7, 2006, Fairplay was defeated by Molly Holly after a low blow and quick pin fall at a WCWA event. One month later, Fairplay and the Hardkore Kidd defeated Frankie Kazarian. Dalton also made an appearance in Ring of Honor, an American professional wrestling promotion, on March 31, 2007, in Detroit, Michigan.

On April 1, 2011, Fairplay made an appearance for Dragon Gate USA, endorsing Jimmy Rave as the promotion's next breakout star. After Rave was defeated in a match by Arik Cannon, Fairplay entered the ring, confronted Cannon and got on the receiving end of his finishing maneuver, Total Anarchy.

On May 3, 2011, Jonny Fairplay appeared on the debut televised event of WFX Wrestling in a backstage scene in which he swindled U-Gene out of pocket money with a trick reminiscent of his famous Survivor lie. The following week Fairplay convinced U-Gene to sign a contract making Fairplay his 'manager slash best friend' promising to make him the biggest star in reality television. On the third episode of Overload, Fairplay is overheard by U-Gene while bragging about having stole all of his money. After chasing Fairplay to ringside, U-Gene was physically attacked by Fairplay before he revealed he had used his money to help male bodybuilder and former Big Brother contestant Jessie Godderz join the roster of WFX.

Starting in May 2014, Fairplay has appeared in the West Coast Wrestling Connection as the on-screen manager of Ashton Vuitton.

Personal life
As of March 2021, Dalton lives in his native Danville, Virginia.

Dalton and his girlfriend, Michelle Deighton, a contestant from WWE Tough Enough 2011 and the fourth season of America's Next Top Model, had a daughter born in 2008, and lived in Providence, North Carolina. Dalton announced that he was separating from Deighton on June 28, 2011, via Twitter.

On December 18, 2020, Dalton and his mother Patsy Hall were arrested on larceny charges. According to the Danville, Virginia Police Department's report, they were accused of stealing jewelry and furniture valued at $5,000 from Dalton's grandmother, Jean Cook, following a criminal complaint filed by Dalton's disgruntled aunt. Charges against both people were dismissed due to insufficient evidence on March 25, 2021.

Filmography

 * House of Villains (2023)
 * NMB Celebrity Survivor Challenge (2023; Season 2)
 * Judge Steve Harvey (March 29, 2022) as Himself
 * West Coast Wrestling Connection (since 2014)
 * Judge Alex (October 31, 2012)
 * WFX Overload (since 2011)
 * I Love the New Millennium (2008)
 * Survivor: Micronesia (2008)
 * Ty Murray's Celebrity Bull Riding Challenge (2007)
 * Judge Mathis (February 2, 2007)
 * Fear Factor Episodes: Reality Stars: Parts 1 and 2 (2006)
 * True Life Episode: I'm a Reality Star (2006)
 * Celebrity Poker Showdown (2005)
 * Inked, Season One, Episode 15 (Trouble In Paradise) (2005) as himself
 * The Scorned (2005) as D.Q.
 * Kill Reality (2005)
 * The Daily Buzz (October 27, 2004)
 * 50 Most Outrageous TV Moments (2004)
 * Survivor: Pearl Islands (2003)

title: Jonny Fairplay