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Kazimierz Bartel

Kazimierz Władysław Bartel (Casimir Bartel; 3 March 1882 – 26 July 1941) was a Polish mathematician, freemason, scholar, diplomat and politician who served as 15th, 17th and 19th Prime Minister of Poland three times between 1926 and 1930 and the Senator of Poland from 1937 until the outbreak of World War II.

Bartel was appointed Minister of Railways between 1919 and 1920, in 1922–1930 he was a member of Poland's Sejm. After Józef Piłsudski's May Coup d'état in 1926, he became prime minister and held this post during three broken tenures: 1926, 1928–29, 1929–1930. Bartel was the Deputy Prime Minister between 1926–1928 and Minister of Religious Beliefs and Public Enlightenment, when Piłsudski himself assumed the premiership, however, Bartel was in fact "de facto" prime minister during this period as Piłsudski did not concern himself with the day-to-day functions of the cabinet and the government.

In 1930 upon giving up politics, he returned to the university as professor of mathematics. In 1930 he became rector of the Lwów Polytechnic and was soon awarded an honorary doctorate and membership in the Polish Mathematical Association. In 1937 he was appointed a Senator of Poland and held this post until World War II.

After the Soviet invasion and occupation of eastern Poland, he was allowed to continue lecturing at the Technical Institute. In 1940 he was summoned to Moscow and offered a seat in the Soviet parliament.

On 30 June 1941, in the course of Operation Barbarossa, the German Wehrmacht entered Lwów and began persecuting the local intelligentsia. Bartel was imprisoned two days later by the Gestapo and offered the top post in a Polish puppet government. His ultimate refusal of the German terms was taken as an act of treason by the Germans. By order of Heinrich Himmler, Bartel was murdered on 26 July 1941, shortly after the Massacre of Lwów professors had ended.

Early life and studies
Kazimierz Władysław Bartel was born on 3 March 1882 in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (later Lwów, Poland, now Lviv in Ukraine) as the son of Michał Bartel and Amalia Chadaczek. Growing up in a working-class family, he graduated from elementary school in Stryj. His railwayman father arranged Bartel to be an apprentice to fitter who taught in craft school. This allowed Bartel to continue his formal education while working as an apprentice.

After completing secondary school in 1901, Bartel studied mechanics at the Lwów Polytechnic in the Mechanical Engineering Department. He graduated summa cum laude in 1907 and soon started working for his alma mater as an assistant in descriptive geometry to Placyd Zdzisław Dziwinski. From 1908 to 1909, he also studied mathematics and philosophy at the Franciscan University in Lviv and at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. The travel grant to Munich allowed him to attend the lectures on art history by Karl Dochlemann and mathematics by Aurel Voss and Alfred Pringsheim.

He returned to the Polytechnic and earned his doctor of technical sciences in 1909. His dissertation "O utworach szeregów i pęków inwolucyjnych" (Compositions series and involution pencils) allowed him to become one of the first title holders of such doctoral within Austria-Hungary. Bartel gave his habilitation thesis "O płaskich utworach inwolucji stopnia czwartego szeregu zerowego" (On planar products of involution of the fourth series of the zero degree) in 1912, then received the title of associate professor. Bartel became the chair of descriptive geometry after the retirement of Mieczysław Łazarski in 1911 due to blindness. Bartel attained the title of professor of mathematics at the Lwów Polytechnic in 1917.

Conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I, after the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918 he returned to Lwów, which became part of the newly-established Second Polish Republic. In 1919, as commander of railway troops, he fought in the defence of the city against the Ukrainian siege. Meanwhile, Bartel wrote his first textbook on descriptive geometry and befriended and later supported Poland's future leader, marshal and commander-in-chief, Józef Piłsudski. Since May 1919 he served as the manager of the Armoured Trains Construction Management and Association. His numerous successes in this field led to Prime Minister Leopold Skulski appointing him the Minister of the Railway system of the Republic of Poland. Bartel met other significant and influential politicians and diplomats, most notably Prime Minister Wincenty Witos and Prime Minister Władysław Grabski. After the Polish–Soviet War of 1920, Bartel was nominated as a lieutenant colonel and was left in charge of the railway reserve officers and the Lwów militia. He was awarded a Virtuti Militari cross, a Polish distinction for valor, after the armed conflict.

In 1921, Bartel spent six months travelling to museums and galleries in France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria to research on art. Most of his holidays were spent likewise because of his interest stemming from Dochlemann's lectures. He accumulated a good personal archive of notes and photographs for this interest of his.

Political and diplomatic career
In 1922, Bartel was elected a member of Poland's Sejm (parliament) and held that position until 1929. Initially, he was a member of the party PSL "Liberation", but he was not satisfied with the radicalization of the group. In March 1925 at the Congress of the Polish People's Party, he decided to adopt, among others, a reform without compensation. Bartel eventually left the party and the organisation in April 1925, along with Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski and Bolesław Wysłouch and later founded the parliamentary "Labour Club". This organization quickly came under the direct influence of commander-in-chief Józef Piłsudski. Just before the May Coup of 1926, Bartel received an order from Marshal Piłsudski to prepare for a takeover as prime minister after the expected collapse of President Stanisław Wojciechowski and his government.

First term in office, first government (1926)
On 15 May 1926, after the resignation of the government led by Wincenty Witos and President Wojciechowski after the May Coup, Bartel was appointed by Marshal of the Sejm and the acting head of state Maciej Rataj as the prime minister of the Second Polish Republic, but Bartel later stated in his inauguration speech that he would be the head of government only until the election of a new president. His decision was possibly influenced by the fact that he suffered from kidney and stomach problems and was constantly in pain. One member of the parliament stated, "He was a cheerful and ambitious man, but always in pain. Even his opponents in the Sejm admitted that in personal relationships, it is extremely hard not to be in favour of a man like Bartel. As prime minister, he tried to aid every man possible, even the men and women that opposed his policies and the government, but he was not able to help himself, which led to his early decline in politics and diplomacy of the Polish Republic. He was of weak stature and of weak health and would hardly make a good impression on the public, especially the socialists or communists in the east and therefore, this would not make him an influential Prime Minister nor a diplomat supporting democracy."

Bartel's new government consisted mostly of people not connected with any political parties (four of those politicians already were occupied ministerial positions). Bartel was described as ideologically centrist: Prime Minister's newly established office was occupied by both the right-wing and left-wing leaders. Bartel himself took over the Ministry in turn and Piłsudski the Minister of War. Such a system churned mainly the Polish Socialist Party, which supported the May Coup. On 16 May 1926, Prime Minister Bartel made a statement in which he highlighted the principles of his policies. Bartel stated that the cabinet took power in accordance with the law, without any prejudice to the constitutional order. He also called for peace, hard work and dedication to the Polish nation. At the same time, he promised the immediate removal of incompetent and corrupt politicians from any high posts that could negatively influence the future economic growth of the Second Polish Republic. Bartel's closest personal advisor in politics and diplomacy was Marshal Józef Piłsudski, who was in favour of the new minister.

Bartel suggested that Ignacy Mościcki should become a candidate for the post of head of state (president), who was also a professor at the Lwów Polytechnic. Bartel's first government was one of the most active in the history of Poland; the politicians and members of parliament gathered every second day and on occasions everyday to discuss political matters. On 4 June 1926, Ignacy Mościcki was elected the president of the Second Polish Republic, and Bartel resigned along with the entire cabinet, but soon after being appointed, President Mościcki designated him again to become Prime Minister.

Second and third government (1926)
On 8 June 1926, three days after the Mościcki's designation, Bartel formed his second cabinet. On the same day, Józef Piłsudski sent a letter to the head office in which he outlined the conditions of re-entry to the parliament. After his second election, Bartel primarily focused on the restoration of the decree based on the organization of the highest military authorities from 7 January 1921, which enables the free management of the Ministry of War without the vote of the government and the parliament. On 9 June 1926, the decree was officially restored, however, another decree was adopted, which increased the power of the president or head of state over the ministry. Bartel met with representatives of the parliamentary clubs and highlighted in a conversation with them his commitment towards the parliamentary system but also pointed out a more concerning issue:the economic development of the country. At a private meeting with senators, he highlighted his determination and involvement in fighting against bureaucracy, the introduction of an apolitical army and the elimination of the Ministry of Public Works. He vividly stated that before the May Coupn there was no democracy and that Poland was ruled by an oligarchy, nobles and influential leaders of wealthy privately-owned clubs and parties.

The supporters of Bartel and his government emphasized his efficiency when they managed the state. His opponents, however, saw it as a tool to limit the role of the Polish Parliament and accused him of deliberate dictatorship and control over the ministers in his "private parliament sittings" - the so-called Sejm Bartlowy (Bartel's Parliament). Bartel was appointed prime minister when Marshal Piłsudski undertook an attempt to communicate with the rebellious senators and members of the Sejm. Bartel himself was considered to be representative of the liberal tendencies in the party and a spokesman of the Sanacja movement. Otherwise the post of the head of government (Prime Minister) was taken by Kazimierz Świtalski or Walery Sławek, both of whom were considered to be uncompromising supporters of the conflict with the parliament.

Bartel's government contributed to a marked improvement in administration, which was primarily caused by the Prime Minister's organizational skills and knowledge. He created an efficient system of government action in connection with the Sejm and officials of lower rank: "The ministers of the previous governments generally considered themselves as autonomous rulers, which influenced the private interests of the members of different parties in charge. The government of Kazimierz Bartel was never focused or concentrated on any political ties and friendships. The officials of the Prime Minister were to validate the efficiency of each ministry. Each minister was responsible for the operation of his office and ministers could not engage in any political activities. Before his speech in the parliament on any topic, he had to submit the text to the Prime Minister himself for approval. Bartel demanded such procedures from every minister and senator of his cabinet and personally prepared the agenda for each meeting of the government and disallowed to discuss any topic without his permission or consent."

Bartel also tried to improve the situation of the Polish Jews and the Jewish minority around the country. He was determined to eliminate the remnants of regulations dating back to the times of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Congress Poland, focused on the persecution of religious minorities, especially the Jews and the Gypsies. Bartel's cabinet announced that it is against such inhumane procedures and actions, and in 1927 the Prime Minister gave permission to adopt a law officially recognizing and granting rights to the Jewish communities. Bartel was also against enforcing certain laws to the nature of the economic sanctions imposed on the Jews.

On 2 August 1926, the Parliament adopted an amendment to the Constitution (the so-called "August Novella"), significantly strengthening the role of the president. On 20 September 1926 the Christian Democratic Party raised a vote against two ministers in the government of Bartel: Antoni Sujkowski and Kazimierz Młodzianowski. The party accused them of carrying out political purges in the state administration. Eventually, the vote was passed by the government, which forced Bartel and his cabinet to resign, but Marshal Piłsudski ordered President Mościcki to appoint Bartel as Prime Minister. Once more, that was not in violation of the Constitution, but the anti-parliamentarian speakers and the socialist politicians, confused with the frequent changes in the administration and the government, threatened the Sejm and even suggested a rebellion or another coup. The conflict made Bartel's third new cabinet last only four days.

On 30 September at the Belvedere palace in Warsaw, the council was holding a meeting in the study room, during which it was decided to dissolve the third government. Therefore, Bartel received the document on this subject, which for its validity required President Mościcki's signature. Meanwhile, the Senate immediately demanded that the parliament passes the budget cut policy proposed by the Upper House. Bartel told the Speaker of the Sejm Maciej Rataj, that in such a situation he will personally take the decree to Mościcki and ask for his signature. After the Sejm passed the budget cut policy, Bartel arrived at Mościcki's private residence, but to his surprise, Mościcki refused to sign the document allowing the dissolution. Instead, he ordered Bartel to terminate his employment. Bartel was once again forced to resign, but this time his cabinet would stay intact and his place would be taken by the marshal himself. The former prime minister was very bitter about this turn of events, despite the fact he went along with Piłsudski's and Rataj's plans. In its course, the Marshal warned that, in contrast to the previous government, he will not be "competing" with the ministers and if necessary he will use force if the members would not agree to his radical policies.

Collaboration with Piłsudski's Council
Following his resignation, Bartel was to become the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment in Piłsudski's own, private council that operated in case of any unexpected conflict with the current operating government. The Marshal did not devote much attention towards his cabinet, focusing primarily on military and foreign policies. It was Kazimierz Bartel that was to replace the Marshal and take over his duties if absent and become the Speaker of the Sejm. He often spoke, as a representative of the government, on matters related to the budget and finances. These topics were possibly the main subject of a dispute between the "Piłsudskites" and the parliamentary opposition.

After the elections in March 1928, Piłsudski decided that Kazimierz Bartel should be appointed to the position of Speaker of the Sejm. On 27 March the "Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government" (BBWR), an ostensibly non-political organization that existed from 1928 to 1935, closely affiliated with Józef Piłsudski and his Sanacja movement, declared Bartel's candidacy. However Piłsudski's plan to place Bartel in charge of the Sejm and nominate him as Marshal Speaker failed, because the senators and members of parliament decided to choose Ignacy Daszyński of the Polish Socialist Party as the Marshal of the Sejm instead. In protest, following the results of the vote, the members and supporters of the parliamentary BBWR party left the room.

The year 1928 also marked the release of his first book "Perspektywa Malarska". It dealt with the basic theory of perspective and its extension to architecture and art. It was published by Ksiaznica-Atlas, a publisher in Lwów who provided the negatives for the German translation published by B.G. Teubner in 1934.

Second term in office (1928–1929)
As soon as the new government was formed without Kazimierz Bartel as its head, Józef Piłsudski, temporarily serving as Prime Minister of the country, resigned. He decided, however, that his position will be taken over by Kazimierz Bartel, considered his most trusted and most loyal friend and supporter among the members of the party, although this change was only formal – Bartel was already responsible for leading the ongoing work of the Council of Ministers, even if he was not the Head of Cabinet. Piłsudski's decision greatly dissatisfied the senators of parliament, who would simply demonstrate their anger by not participating in the sessions and sittings of the Sejm. Some politicians dared to even throw rotten food at the ministers that were leaving the voting chamber. The situation worsened in the upcoming months and some ministers raised concerns about their safety, as some demonstrators, often made up of ordinary citizens working on the behalf of the party, tended to physically abuse officials travelling from their homes to the newly constructed government building located on Wiejska Street in Warsaw. Similar events occurred during the inauguration of the first President of the Second Polish Republic, Gabriel Narutowicz, in December 1922. The politicians and ministers were advised to travel with guards, police or at least a weapon that they could defend themselves with, however, the use of weapons may have strengthened the unity of the opposition and of the demonstrators that could use this as an act of violence against the common people and a violation of social democracy.

After the beginning of the so-called "Czechowicz affair" in which the opposition discovered that the Chancellor of the Exchequer Gabriel Czechowicz, a strong admirer of Piłsudski, passed 8 million Polish złoty from the state budget for the BBWR campaign between 1927 and 1928, on 12 February 1929 the members of an anti-Sanacja movement have requested to place both Czechowicz and Bartel before the State Tribunal (Court). In protest against this decision, Kazimierz Bartel informed the press of his intention to resign. He also stated that in his opinion the Czechowicz affair was caused by the Parliament and its senators rather than by the doings of one politician. On 13 April 1929 Bartel ordered his government to resign. He was replaced by Kazimierz Świtalski, a stubborn and self-centred man considered to be the cause of relentless struggle with the parliamentary opposition. The following months were marked by disputes between the newly formed government and the Sejm. Bartel's new cabinet began operating on 5 November 1929, however, its first sitting occurred in December on the orders of President Mościcki. After this, the Parliament adopted a motion of no confidence against Świtalski's Cabinet. Kazimierz Bartel became the Prime Minister once again.

Third term in office (1929–1930)
On 29 December 1929, Bartel was chosen for the third time to be Prime Minister and formed his fifth government and cabinet, however, he performed his duties with large uncertainties, mainly due to poor health. He had kidney illness and had a ureterolithotomy with help from Tadeusz Pisarski, a urologist he befriended during their conscription in the army. He also suffered from depression and anxiety probably due to the constant disputes with the Sejm and its senators. On 10 January he appeared at a meeting with members of parliament, declaring his willingness to cooperate with the senators and the Sejm, saying "I come with good will and determination gentlemen!" Bartel initially managed to establish cooperation with the Sejm, which resulted in the stabilization of the entire situation and conflict. Later, however, the relations between the cabinet and the parliament deteriorated again. The apogee of another dispute was a request for the adoption of no-confidence motion against the Minister of Labour and Social Welfare Aleksander Prystor. That was done primarily through the initiative of the Polish Socialist Party headed by Ignacy Daszyński and his supporters like Bolesław Limanowski, a Polish socialist politician, historian journalist and advocate of agrarianism who was the oldest member of the Polish Senate until his death in 1935 at the age of 99.

On 12 March Bartel gave a speech in the Senate sharply attacking the senators, which were "not able to fulfill the tasks set in order to control the state and the country and that their stubbornness and pride in themselves was an astonishing blow to both the economy and the policies of Poland." He also stated that "being a member of parliament is a profession. It does not require the members to acquire any skills and create new damaging campaigns, only to obey the ruling party. A man focused only on work and career often becomes a man in conflict with others, which entails long political consequences." Bartel believed that the motion of no confidence towards one member of the Senate was the lack of support of the entire government. On 15 March 1930, he decided to leave the office and his resignation was accepted by the president the next day. Soon, he also resigned from his parliamentary seat and left politics. Walery Sławek was appointed the new Prime Minister of Poland.

Post-candidacy and return to university
After retiring from political life, he returned to the Technical University of Lwów (Polytechnic). In the same year he was elected rector of the university and held that office in the academic year of 1930/1931. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate and membership of the Polish Academy of Sciences: in the years 1930-1932 he was president of the Polish Mathematical Society. During this time he published his most important works, including a series of lectures on the perspective of European painting. It was the first such publication in the world. During his work at the Technical University of Lwów, he expressed strong opposition to plans focused on introducing the so-called "ghetto benches" for students of Jewish origin and ethnicity to separate them from Polish and Christian peers. His opinions, as well as other actions against anti-Semitic students, made Bartel the subject of numerous attacks including throwing eggs and rotten food at the professor or bringing a pig with the sign "Bartel" by Polish nationalists to the university grounds.

In 1932, he testified as a witness in the Brest trials, lasting from 26 October 1931 to 13 January 1932, held at the Warsaw Regional Court where leaders of the Centrolew, a "centre-Left" anti-Sanacja political opposition movement, were tried. In 1937, Bartel was appointed Senator of Poland by the President to replace the deceased Emil Bobrowski, and served until the outbreak of World War II. In the autumn of 1938, he was one of the signatories of a document addressed to President Mościcki, which called for the inclusion of representatives of the opposition to the government in connection with the threat of the country's independence. The document also postulated amnesty for politicians of the opposition, who were forced into exile or were imprisoned after the Brest trials. Bartel handed over a memorandum to Mościcki, however, Mościcki did not respond to the proposals. In February 1939 Bartel delivered a speech in the Senate, which has gained wide publicity in the country. In it, he sharply criticized the situation in universities and colleges around Poland; mentioned the widespread anti-Semitism there; and the failed organization of studies, subjects and courses.

World War II
In September 1939, during the defence of Lwów just before the attack of the German troops, Kazimierz Bartel served as the head of the Civic Committee. When Lwów became occupied by the Soviet Union, he was allowed to continue his lectures at the Technical University. In July 1940 he was, along with several other politicians and professors, summoned to Moscow, where he took part in an All-Committee meeting of Universities of the Soviet Union. Conversations and topics mentioned mostly related scientific issues, and Bartel signed a contract with a publishing house to write a textbook of Science and Geometry for the schools of the Soviet Union. He also visited the scientific and cultural institutions like the Tretyakov Gallery and the Institute of Architecture in Moscow. There are some conflicting reports about whether during his stay in Moscow, the Soviets offered him political cooperation. According to some of his closest friends, Stalin issued a proposal for the creation of a new Polish government, but Bartel rejected it. As he wrote to his wife on 16 July 1941: "By listening to private conversations of the officers, I conclude that my position as Prime Minister may be resurrected, but what great duty this will be to control a split, communist country. In Moscow with Joseph Stalin, I had the pleasure of finding out new information from the West - Winston Churchill's speech addressed to Władysław Sikorski about Poland's supposed future."

One of the editions of "Paris' Historical Notebooks" described the content of the letter sent to the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It stated that Müller, the Deputy Head of the Security Police and Security Service (Reinhard Heydrich) believed that Bartel negotiated in early 1941 with the Soviet authorities about the establishment of a new nation that together with the Soviet Union was to declare war on Nazi Germany. Similar information can be found, among others, in a telegram sent by the Polish Chargé d'Affaires in Switzerland to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in London dating from 26 September 1940: "It's believed that Moscow professor Bartel has intention to create the Red Government of Poland." This information, however, was never proved to be true. Meanwhile, Maria Bartlowa, the wife of former Prime Minister, stated that her husband was talking only with the Soviets on the release of his new lecture book. It is also widely believed that Kazimierz Bartel never met Stalin in person.

The Prime Minister-in-exile stationing in London, General Władysław Sikorski, had plans to co-operate with Bartel and appoint him an ambassador. Sikorski recognized him as one of the few people from the former political circles who would agree to cooperate on the terms and conditions of the British government. On 19 June 1941 Bartel's candidacy was officially reported by Sikorski during a meeting of the Council of Ministers. The decision was motivated by the political loyalty of the former Prime Minister, as well as his successful efforts to preserve the Polish character of the Lwów Polytechnic under Soviet occupation. Sikorski, however, failed to find Bartel in the Soviet Union, and Stanisław Kot was appointed ambassador instead.

Arrest and death
On 30 June 1941, soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union began, the Wehrmacht entered Lwów. Bartel was arrested on 2 July at a meeting with co-workers at the University. Thirty-six other colleagues in the faculty were arrested the next night. Bartel was taken initially to a Gestapo prison on Pelczyńska Street. There, as mentioned by inmate Antoni Stefanowicz, he was treated properly. The former Prime Minister was allowed to receive, send letters and mathematical books and papers to his wife, and bring food from home. At the time, Bartel was not questioned, because there were some issues regarding the accusations made by the Gestapo. On 21 July, however, he was transferred to a prison at Łąckiego Street, where he was treated poorly. The guards called him a Commie-Jew, as reported by Stefanowicz, and the Nazi officials ordered Bartel to clean the boots of a Ukrainian Hilfsgestapo soldier. Stefanowicz reported that Bartel was mentally devastated and could not understand the essence of the tragedy.

According to some sources, the Nazi officials proposed the establishment of a Polish puppet government dependent on the Reich. Such information was given by General Sikorski during a press conference in Cairo in November 1941 (on the way to Moscow). According to his version, Bartel refused and on the orders of Heinrich Himmler was executed on the 26 July 1941 at dawn. He was shot probably near Piaski Janowskie in the context of the Massacre of Lwów professors. Being barred from her daily delivery of food to her husband on Saturday, June 26, Bartel's wife learned of his death the following Monday.

According to one account, during the night of October 1943 the Sonderkommando composed of Jewish prisoners unearthed the bodies of the murdered Polish professors that were filed in a mass grave. It was carried out to remove the traces of the murder in connection with the approaching Soviet troops. On 9 October 1943, the corpses were piled. The prisoners were forced to take any personal belongings and clothes, including documents of Kazimierz Bartel and Professor Tadeusz Ostrowski. Later the pile of corpses was set on fire and in the following days the Sonderkommando scattered the ashes on the surrounding fields.

In 1966, on the 25th anniversary of the execution of Lwów professors, a plaque with the names of the victims of Nazism was placed on the church of St. Francis of Assisi in Kraków. Next to the memorial there is also a separate epitaph in honour of Kazimierz Bartel.

After death
Knowing the importance that Bartel gave to his work on perspective, his wife saved his manuscript after his death by begging from the Nazi officials. Bartel's library of books were either shipped with some pieces of furniture to Germany or burned with his personal papers. His second book was supposed to be published first in German by B. G. Teubner, who would provide Ksiaznica-Atlas the negatives for the Polish edition. However, war delayed the printing and ultimately caused the destruction of all materials. In the 1950s, the second book was reconstructed in the 1950s by Professor F. Otto of the University of Gdansk using the surviving manuscript and the printer's proofs which Teubner had sent for Bartel's approval. It dealt with analyzing pictures geometrically, artistic reconstruction of geometry exhibited in pictures, and tracing art history using tenets of his theory of perspective. A uniform series was released by Polskie Wydawnictwo Naukowe, the second book in 1958 and the first volume in 1960.

Honours and awards
He was decorated with, among others, the Order of the White Eagle (1932) for outstanding achievements, the French Legion of Honour (class I), the Cross of Valour, the Cross of Independence and the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari (1922).

title: Kazimierz Bartel


text:
Paul Gustav Heinrich Bachmann

Paul Gustav Heinrich Bachmann (22 June 1837 – 31 March 1920) was a German mathematician.

Life
Bachmann studied mathematics at the university of his native city of Berlin and received his doctorate in 1862 for his thesis on group theory. He then went to Breslau to study for his habilitation, which he received in 1864 for his thesis on Complex Units. He was a professor at Breslau and later at Münster.

Works

 * Zahlentheorie, Bachmann's work on number theory in five volumes (1872-1923):
 * Vol. I: Die Elemente der Zahlentheorie (1892)
 * Vol. II: Analytische Zahlentheorie (1894), a work on analytic number theory in which Big O notation was first introduced
 * Vol. III: Die Lehre von der Kreistheilung und ihre Beziehungen zur Zahlentheorie (first published in 1872)
 * Vol. IV (Part 1): Die Arithmetik der quadratischen Formen (1898)
 * Vol. IV (Part 2): Die Arithmetik der quadratischen Formen (posthumously published in 1923)
 * Vol. V: Allgemeine Arithmetik der Zahlenkörper (1905)
 * Niedere Zahlentheorie: First part (1902), Second part (1910), a two-volume work on elementary number theory
 * Das Fermat-Problem in seiner bisherigen Entwicklung, a work about Fermat's Last Theorem

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul Gustav Heinrich Bachmann


text:
Al-Jahiz

Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Basri (أبو عثمان عمرو بن بحر الكناني البصري; c. 776–868/869), commonly known as al-Jahiz (الجاحظ), was an Arabic polymath and author of works of literature (including theory and criticism), theology, zoology, philosophy, grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, philology, linguistics, and politico-religious polemics. His extensive zoological work has been credited with describing principles related to natural selection, ethology, and the functions of an ecosystem.

Ibn al-Nadim lists nearly 140 titles attributed to al-Jahiz, of which 75 are extant. The best known are Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (The book of the Animal), a seven-part compendium on an array of subjects with animals as their point of departure; Kitāb al-Bayān wa-l-tabyīn (The book of eloquence and exposition), a wide-ranging work on human communication; and Kitāb al-Bukhalāʾ (The book of misers), a collection of anecdotes on stinginess. Tradition claims that he was smothered to death when a vast amount of books fell over him.

Life
The actual name of al-Jahiz was Abū ʿUthman ʿAmr ibn Bahr ibn Maḥbūb. His grandfather, Maḥbūb, was a protégé or mawali of ‘Amr ibn Qal‘ al-Kinānī, who was from Arab Banu Kinanah tribe. Not much is known about al-Jāḥiẓ's early life, but his family was very poor. Born in Basra early in 160/February 776, he asserted in a book he wrote that he was a member of the Banu Kinanah. However, the grandfather of al-Jāḥiẓ was reportedly a Black jammāl (cameleer) –  or ḥammāl (porter); the manuscripts differ – of ‘Amr ibn Qal‘ named Maḥbūb, nicknamed Fazārah, or Fazārah was his maternal grandfather, and Maḥbūb his paternal. The names may however have been confused. His nephew also reported that al-Jāḥiẓ's grandfather was a black cameleer. In the early Islamic Arabia, the designation of Black ( Arabic: السودان "as-swadan") was used to describe people like Zuṭṭ and Zanj, and based on this, several scholars have stated that al-Jahiz descended from one of these black communities, with some even suggesting that he was possibly of African descent.

He sold fish along one of the canals in Basra to help his family. Financial difficulties, however, did not stop al-Jāḥiẓ from continuously seeking knowledge. He used to gather with a group of other youths at Basra's main mosque, where they would discuss different scientific subjects. During the cultural and intellectual revolution under the Abbasid Caliphate books became readily available, and learning accessible. Al-Jāḥiẓ studied philology, lexicography and poetry from among the most learned scholars at the School of Basra, where he attended the lectures of Abū Ubaydah, al-Aṣma’ī, Sa'īd ibn Aws al-Anṣārī and studied ilm an-naḥw (علم النحو, i.e., syntax) with Akhfash al-Awsaṭ (al-Akhfash Abī al-Ḥasan). Over a twenty-five-year span studying, al-Jāḥiẓ acquired a considerable knowledge of Arabic poetry, Arabic philology, pre-Islamic Arab history, the Qur'an and the Hadiths. He read translated books on Greek sciences and Hellenistic philosophy, especially that of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Al-Jahiz was also critical of those who followed the Hadiths of Abu Hurayra, referring to his Hadithist opponents as al-nabita ("the contemptible").

Al-Jāḥiẓ died 250 [A.D. 869], during the caliphate of al-Mu‘tazz. Al-Nadīm reports that al-Jāḥiẓ said he was about the same age as Abū Nuwās and older than al-Jammāz.

Career
While still in Basra, al-Jāḥiẓ wrote an article about the institution of the Caliphate. This is said to have been the beginning of his career as a writer, which would become his sole source of living. It is said that his mother once offered him a tray full of notebooks and told him he would earn his living from writing. He went on to write two hundred books in his lifetime on a variety of subjects, including on the Quran, Arabic grammar, zoology, poetry, lexicography, and rhetoric. Al-Jāḥiẓ was also one of the first Arabic writers to suggest a complete overhaul of the language's grammatical system, though this would not be undertaken until his fellow linguist Ibn Maḍāʾ took up the matter two hundred years later. Al-Nadīm cited this passage from a book of al-Jāḥiẓ:"When I was writing these two books, about the creation of the Qur’ān, which was the tenet given importance and honour by the Commander of the Faithful, and another about superiority in connection with the Banū Hāshim, the ‘Abd Shams, and Makhzūm. What was my due but to sit above the Simakān, Spica and Arcturus, or on top of the ‘Ayyūq, or to deal with red sulphur, or to conduct the ‘Anqā by her leading string to the Greatest King."

Al-Jāḥiẓ moved to Baghdad, then the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, in 816 AD, because the caliphs encouraged scientists and scholars and had just founded the library of the Bayt al-Ḥikmah. But al-Nadim suspected al-Jāḥiẓ's claim that the caliph al-Ma’mūn had praised his books on the imamate and the caliphate, for his eloquent phraseology, and use of market-place speech, and that of the elite and of the kings, was exaggerated self-glorification and doubted that al-Ma’mūn could have spoken these words. Al-Jāḥiẓ was said to have admired the eloquent literary style of the director of the library, Sahl ibn Hārūn (d. 859/860) and quoted his works. Because of the caliphs' patronage and his eagerness to establish himself and reach a wider audience, al-Jāḥiẓ stayed in Baghdad.

Al-Nadīm gives two versions of an anecdote which differ in their source: his first source is Abū Hiffān and his second is the grammarian al-Mubarrad, – and retells the story of al-Jāḥiẓ's reputation for being one of the three great bibliophiles and scholars – the two others being al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān and judge Ismā’īl ibn Isḥāq –  such that “whenever a book came into the hand of al-Jāḥiẓ he read through it, wherever he happened to be. He even used to rent the shops of al-warrāqūn for study.”

Al-Jāḥiẓ replaced Ibrāhīm ibn al-‘Abbās al-Ṣūlī in the government secretariat of al-Ma’mūn but left after just three days. Later at Samarra he wrote a huge number of his books. The caliph al-Ma'mun wanted al-Jāḥiẓ to teach his children, but then changed his mind when his children were frightened by al-Jāḥiẓ's boggle-eyes (جاحظ العينين). This is said to be the origin of his nickname. He enjoyed the patronage of al-Fath ibn Khaqan, the bibliophile boon companion of Caliph al-Mutawakkil, but after his murder in December 861 he left Samarra for his native Basra, where he lived on his estate with his “concubine, her maid, a manservant, and a donkey.”

Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (كتاب الحيوان) 'book of the animal'
Kitāb al-Ḥayawān is an extensive zoological encyclopedia in seven volumes consisting of anecdotes, proverbs,and descriptions of over 350 animal species. Including in-depth analyses of their ecosystems and behaviors. Composed in honour of Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mālik al-Zayyāt, who paid him five thousand gold coins. The 11th-century scholar al-Khatib al-Baghdadi dismissed it as "little more than a plagiarism" of Aristotle's Kitāb al-Hayawān – a charge of plagiarism was levelled against Aristotle himself with regard to a certain "Asclepiades of Pergamum". Later scholars have noted that there was only a limited Aristotelian influence in al-Jāḥiẓ's work, and that al-Baghdadi may have been unacquainted with Aristotle's work.

Conway Zirkle, writing about the history of natural selection science in 1941, said that an excerpt from this work was the only relevant passage he had found from an Arabian scholar. He provided a quotation describing the struggle for existence, citing a Spanish translation of this work:

"The rat goes out for its food, and is clever in getting it, for it eats all animals inferior to it in strength', and in turn, it 'has to avoid snakes and birds and serpents of prey, who look for it in order to devour it' and are stronger than the rat. Mosquitos 'know instinctively that blood is the thing which makes them live' and when they see an animal, 'they know that the skin has been fashioned to serve them as food'. In turn, flies hunt the mosquito 'which is the food that they like best', and predators eat the flies. 'All animals, in short, can not exist without food, neither can the hunting animal escape being hunted in his turn. Every weak animal devours those weaker than itself. Strong animals cannot escape being devoured by other animals stronger than they. And in this respect, men do not differ from animals, some with respect to others, although they do not arrive at the same extremes. In short, God has disposed some human beings as a cause of life for others, and likewise, he has disposed the latter as a cause of the death of the former.'"

According to Frank Edgerton (2002), the claim made by some authors that al-Jahiz was an early evolutionist is "unconvincing", but the narrower claim that Jahiz "recognized the effect of environmental factors on animal life" seems valid. Rebecca Stott (2013) writes of al-Jahiz's work:

"Jahiz was not concerned with argument or theorizing. He was concerned with witnessing; he promoted the pleasures and fascinations of close looking and told his readers that there was nothing more important than this. ... Here and there amid the close looking there are visions, glimpses of brilliant insight and perception about natural laws, but the overt purpose of Living beings was to persuade the reader to fulfil his moral obligation to God, an obligation enjoined by the Qu'ran: to look closely and search for understanding. ... If certain historians have claimed that Jahiz wrote about evolution a thousand years before Darwin and that he discovered natural selection, they have misunderstood. Jahiz was not trying to work out how the world began or how species had come to be. He believed that God had done the making and that he had done it brilliantly. He took divine creation and intelligent design for granted. … There was, for him, no other possible explanation. ... What is striking, however, about Jahiz’s portrait of nature in Living Beings is his vision of interconnectedness, his repeated images of nets and webs. He certainly saw ecosystems, as we would call them now, in the natural world. He also understood what we might call the survival of the fittest."

Like Aristotle, al-Jahiz believed in spontaneous generation. He frequently used metaphors of webs and nets to express the interconnectedness of the natural world.

Kitāb al-Bukhalā’ (البُخلاء) 'the book of misers' (a.k.a. 'avarice and the avaricious')
A collection of stories about the greedy. Humorous and satirical, it is the best example of al-Jāḥiẓ' prose style. Al-Jāḥiẓ ridicules schoolmasters, beggars, singers and scribes for their greedy behavior. Many of the stories continue to be reprinted in magazines throughout the Arabic-speaking world. The book is considered one of the best works of al-Jāḥiẓ. The book has two English translations: One by Robert Bertram Serjeant titled The Book of Misers, and another by Jim Colville titled Avarice and the Avaricious. Editions: Arabic (al-Ḥājirī, Cairo, 1958); Arabic text, French preface. Le Livre des avares. (Pellat. Paris, 1951)

Kitāb al-Bayān wa-al-Tabyīn 'The Book of eloquence and demonstration'
al-Bayan wa al-Tabyin was one of al-Jāḥiẓ's later works, in which he wrote on epiphanies, rhetorical speeches, sectarian leaders, and princes. The book is considered to have started Arabic literary theory in a formal, systemic fashion. Al-Jāḥiẓ's defining of eloquence as the ability of the speaker to deliver an effective message while maintaining it as brief or elaborate at will was widely accepted by later Arabic literary critics.

Fakhr al-Sūdān ala al-Bīḍān (فَخْر السُودان على البيضان) 'pride of blacks over whites'
This book is composed as an imaginary debate between black people and white people as to which group is superior. Al-Jāḥiẓ mentions that Blacks have an oratory and eloquence of their own culture and language.

Editions and translations

 * al-Jahiz, Fakhr El Soudan Ala Al Bidhan (Beirut: Dar al-Guiel, 1991).
 * al-Jāḥiẓ, “The Boasts of the Blacks Over the Whites,” trans. Tarif Khalidi, Islamic Quarterly, 25, no. 1 (1981): 3–51.

On the Zanj ("Swahili coast")
Concerning the Zanj, he wrote: "Everybody agrees that there is no people on earth in whom generosity is as universally well developed as the Zanj. These people have a natural talent for dancing to the rhythm of the tambourine, without needing to learn it. There are no better singers anywhere in the world, no people more polished and eloquent, and no people less given to insulting language. No other nation can surpass them in bodily strength and physical toughness. One of them will lift huge blocks and carry heavy loads that would be beyond the strength of most Bedouins or members of other races. They are courageous, energetic, and generous, which are the virtues of nobility, and also good-tempered and with little propensity to evil. They are always cheerful, smiling, and devoid of malice, which is a sign of noble character."

"The Zanj say that God did not make them black to disfigure them; rather it is their environment that made them so. The best evidence of this is that there are black tribes among the Arabs, such as the Banu Sulaim bin Mansur, and that all the peoples settled in the Harra, besides the Banu Sulaim are black. These tribes take slaves from among the Ashban to mind their flocks and for irrigation work, manual labor, and domestic service, and their wives from among the Byzantines; and yet it takes less than three generations for the Harra to give them all the complexion of the Banu Sulaim. This Harra is such that the gazelles, ostriches, insects, wolves, foxes, sheep, asses, horses and birds that live there are all black. White and black are the results of environment, the natural properties of water and soil, distance from the sun, and intensity of heat. There is no question of metamorphosis, or of punishment, disfigurement or favor meted out by Allah. Besides, the land of the Banu Sulaim has much in common with the land of the Turks, where the camels, beasts of burden, and everything belonging to these people is similar in appearance: everything of theirs has a Turkish look."

Mu‘tazilī theological debate
Al-Jāḥiẓ intervened in a theological dispute between two Mu’tazilītes, and defended Abū al-Hudhayl against the criticism of Bishr ibn al-Mu‘tamir. Another Mu‘tazilite theologian, Ja‘far ibn Mubashshir, wrote a “refutation of al-Jāḥiẓ”.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, he was "part of the rationalist Mu’tazilite school of theology supported by the caliph al-Maʾmūn and his successor. When Muʿtazilism was abandoned by the caliph al-Mutawakkil, al-Jāḥiẓ remained in favour by writing essays such as Manāqib at-turk (Eng. trans., “Exploits of the Turks”).

Death
Al-Jāḥiẓ returned to Basra with hemiplegia after spending more than fifty years in Baghdad. He died in Basra in the Arabic month of Muharram in AH 255/December 868 – January 869 AD. His exact cause of death is not clear, but a popular assumption is that al-Jāḥiẓ died in his private library after one of many large piles of books fell on him, killing him instantly.

title: Al-Jahiz


text:
User:Jmalin7

aka 633squadron. Comic fanatic, particularly golden age underground (Crumb, Shelton, Air Pirates, Dr. Atomic, etc.), Tank Girl, Krazy Kat, Pogo, Will Eisner, Airtight Garage, Batman

title: User:Jmalin7


text:
Andy Dick

Andrew Roane Dick (born Andrew Thomlinson; December 21, 1965) is an American actor and comedian. Dick was born in Charleston, South Carolina, and joined The Second City and studied improvisational theater. Dick has had a long career as a stand-up comedian; he has appeared throughout the U.S., has released several comedy albums, and has acted in television and film. Dick's first regular television role was on The Ben Stiller Show on Fox. In the mid-1990s, he regularly appeared on NBC's NewsRadio and as a supporting character on Less than Perfect. He also had two short-lived television series on MTV; these were the sketch comedy series The Andy Dick Show (2001) and the reality series The Assistant (2004). He also is noted for his behavior on a number of Comedy Central Roasts, stand-up comedy performances, and late night talk show appearances.

Dick is also known for his eccentric behavior, problems with drug addiction, and allegations of sexual misconduct and arrests. Dick has said he has tried to deal with his drug and alcohol-use disorders for years and by 2016, he said he had undergone drug rehabilitation programs 20 times. In 2022, after a conviction for a 2018 offense, Dick was ordered to register as a sex offender.

Early life and education
Andy Dick was born on December 21, 1965, in Charleston, South Carolina, as Andrew Thomlinson. He was adopted at birth by Allen and Sue Dick, and was named Andrew Roane Dick. He was brought up as a Presbyterian. His father was in the Navy.

As a child, Dick lived with his family in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New York, and Yugoslavia before moving to Chicago in 1979. He attended George Walton Comprehensive High School in Cobb County, Georgia. Dick appeared in numerous theater productions during his high-school years, and was elected homecoming king of his senior year in 1983. He graduated from Joliet West High School in Joliet, Illinois, in 1984.

While in high school, Dick used his surname as a joke; one day, he dressed in a homemade superhero costume and presented himself at school as "Super Dick". Dick has been a friend of actor Anthony Rapp since childhood.

After high school, Dick joined Chicago-based theater group The Second City and attended Illinois Wesleyan University for a semester before attending Columbia College Chicago, where he spent most of his university career, and took improvisational theater (improv) comedy classes at iO Theater.

Television

Andy Dick started his television comedy career as a cast member on the sketch comedy program The Ben Stiller Show, which aired on the Fox Network from September 1992 to January 1993. In 1993, on the third night of David Letterman's new CBS show, Dick appeared as "Donnie the CBS Page Who Likes to Suck Up", during which he gave Letterman a watch. Letterman then handed Dick a pencil, prompting Dick to cry and walk backstage.

In 1994, Dick played a stylist named Pepé in The Nanny episode "Maggie the Model". He also starred as Zachary Smart, the son of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99, in Get Smart (1995), a role he tried to escape to work on NewsRadio. In 2001, Dick starred with Kieran Culkin on the short-lived NBC television series Go Fish.

Dick has regularly appeared on several sitcoms, including NewsRadio on NBC (1995–1999), portraying reporter Matthew Brock, and on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) sitcom Less than Perfect as Owen Kronsky.

In 2001, Dick, along with colleagues and producers, developed The Andy Dick Show for MTV that ended in 2003 after three seasons. In 2004, Dick starred in the MTV satirical reality television show The Assistant, which parodies themes and scenes from The Apprentice, The Bachelor, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, and Survivor.

Dick had also had a guest appearance on Star Trek: Voyager as the Emergency Medical Hologram Mark II in "Message in a Bottle". He competed in the eighth season of Celebrity Poker Showdown, in which finished in last place behind Robin Tunney, Christopher Meloni, Macy Gray, and Joy Behar.

On May 16, 2007, Dick was roasted on The Howard Stern Show by Artie Lange, Lisa Lampanelli, Reverend Bob Levy, Sal Governale, Shuli, Colin Quinn, Benjy Bronk, Dave Attell, Greg Fitzsimmons, and Yucko the Clown.

In 2008, Dick appeared on episode No. 3 of The Real World: Hollywood to tell cast members they would be taking improv classes.

Dick was a contestant on Season 16 of Dancing With the Stars in 2013. He was partnered with former troupe member Sharna Burgess and was placed seventh in the competition. Dick appeared on ABC's Celebrity Wife Swap on July 14, 2013.

Films
One of Andy Dick's earliest film roles was a fictional version of himself in the film adaptation of video game Double Dragon. In 1993, Dick played himself in the mockumentary The Making of... And God Spoke. He also starred alongside comedian Pauly Shore in the 1994 war comedy film In the Army Now. Also in 1994, Dick made a cameo in Ben Stiller's directorial debut, Reality Bites.

In 1997, Dick had a supporting role alongside Luke Wilson and Jack Black in Bongwater as Wilson's gay friend who gives him a place to stay after his house is destroyed by fire. In 1999, Dick played one of Dr. Claw's henchmen in Inspector Gadget.

In 2000, Dick made a cameo appearance in Dude, Where's My Car?. The same year, he appeared as a motel clerk in the teenage comedy Road Trip. In 2001, Dick made a cameo as Olga the Masseuse in Ben Stiller's comedy Zoolander.

In 2002, Dick appeared as a taxi cab driver in the band Ash's music video "Envy". In 2003, he appeared in Will Ferrell's Old School as a gay sex-education teacher and as a villainous Santa in The Hebrew Hammer. In 2005, Dick was featured in the documentary The Aristocrats. In 2006, he appeared in Employee of the Month as Lon, a nearsighted optician. He also provided the voice of Mambo in Happily N'Ever After (2007) and the voice of Boingo in Hoodwinked! (2005).

Dick's feature-film-directing debut was the 2006 film Danny Roane: First Time Director. In late December 2008, Dick announced on his official website he had finished writing a script for a film titled Daphne Aguilera: Get into It, starring his alter-ego Daphne Aguilera.

Voiceover work
In 1998, Andy Dick voiced the villain Nuka in the Disney direct-to-video animated film The Lion King II: Simba's Pride and provided the voice of Boingo for the Hoodwinked! movies. In November 2016, Dick reprised his role as Nuka for the television series The Lion Guard.

In 1999, Dick voiced Dilbert's assistant in the animated television show Dilbert. He also voiced the recurring character "Monkey Man" on the Nickelodeon television series Hey Arnold!.

In 2002, Dick provided the voice of Mr Sheepman and other characters in the short-lived animated series Clone High.

Dick provided the voice of Maurice in the radio station West Coast Talk Radio segment "Gardening with Maurice" in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and provided the voice of Aunt Beth in the 2006 video game Marc Eckō's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure. He also was the voice of Dylan in 'The Reef'.

As of October 2006, Dick has hosted The Shit Show on Howard Stern's Sirius Satellite Radio channel Howard 101.

On August 19, 2009, Dick became a downloadable character in the PlayStation Network's video game Pain. In 2010, Dick voiced Jesus Christ in an episode of Mary Shelley's Frankenhole on Cartoon Network's segment Adult Swim.

Web series
While under house arrest in 2009, Dick created and starred in the five-episode web series House Arrest with Andy Dick, in whick Dick interviews celebrity guests including Greg Grunberg, Drew Pinsky, Mo Collins, Joey Greco, and Jennifer Coolidge. In 2012, Dick hosted Andy Dick Live!. Dick and Pauly Shore discussed the possibility of a sequel to In the Army Now during his appearance on the show. On September 19, 2013, Dick appeared with Melinda Hill in the first episode of the web series All Growz Up to talk about his early career and give advice to aspiring performers.

Personal life
From 1986 to 1990, Andy Dick was married to Ivone Kowalczyk, with whom he has a son who was born in 1988. He also has a son and a daughter with Lena Sved. In a 2006 interview with The Washington Post, Dick said he is bisexual.

Dick has struggled with drug and alcohol dependence, and has undergone drug rehabilitation programs 20 times.

Arrests and legal actions
On May 15, 1999, Dick drove his car into a utility pole in Hollywood, California. He was charged with possession of cocaine, cannabis, and drug paraphernalia; driving under the influence of alcohol/drugs; and hit-and-run driving. He later pleaded guilty to felony cocaine possession, misdemeanor cannabis possession, and possession of a "smoking device". The charges were dismissed after Dick completed an 18-month drug diversion program.

On December 4, 2004, Dick was arrested for indecent exposure after he exposed his buttocks at a McDonald's outlet.

On July 16, 2008, Dick was arrested in Murrieta, California, on suspicion of drug possession and sexual battery. He exposed the breasts of a 17-year-old girl when he allegedly grabbed and pulled down her tank top and brassiere. During a search of his person, police reported finding a small quantity of cannabis and one alprazolam (Xanax) tablet, for which Dick did not have a prescription. Dick was released from jail after posting $5,000 bail and later pleaded guilty to misdemeanor battery and marijuana possession. He was sentenced to three years probation and around $700 in fines, and was ordered to wear an alcohol-monitoring bracelet for one year.

On January 23, 2010, Dick was arrested at about 4:00a.m. at a bar in Huntington, West Virginia, on suspicion of sexual abuse after reportedly groping a bartender and a patron. He was released from jail after pleading not guilty and posting $60,000 bail. On June 29, 2011, a Cabell County Grand Jury formally indicted Dick for two counts of first-degree sexual abuse. Dick plead not guilty during a formal arraignment in Cabell County Circuit Court, Huntington, on July 29, 2011. Judge Paul Ferrell set a trial date of January 17, 2012. After several delays, on May 21, 2012, Dick was given a six-month pre-trial diversion. An assistant prosecutor said the agreement stated the criminal charges would be dismissed if Dick would stay out of legal trouble for six months. Dick completed the pre-trial diversion program and the charges were dismissed. In January 2012, the two alleged victims filed a civil suit against Dick for unspecified damages.

In June 2018, Dick was charged with misdemeanor sexual battery and battery for allegedly groping a woman in April that year. In October 2019, Dick pleaded not guilty to charges he grabbed an Uber driver by the genitals. He was convicted and sentenced to 90 days in jail in November 2022. After his release, he was required to register as a sex offender and attend 52 sessions of Alcoholics Anonymous, pay restitution to the victim, receive mental-health counseling, and attend sessions of Sexual Compulsives Anonymous.

On June 29, 2021, Dick was arrested for felony assault with a deadly weapon; he was released from jail on June 30, 2021, after posting the $50,000 bond.

On May 10, 2022, Dick was arrested for felony sexual battery of a man in Orange County, California. The case was later dropped when the accuser refused to cooperate with local police.

In October 2022, Dick was arrested for felony burglary, allegedly of power tools.

Dick was again arrested in January 2023 for public intoxication and failure to register as a sex offender in Lake Elsinore, California.

Other incidents
In 1999, Dick was questioned about the suicide of actor David Strickland and identified his body. On March 20 that year, Dick and Strickland flew from Los Angeles to Las Vegas, and spent three days partying in strip clubs. Strickland hanged himself with a bed sheet over the ceiling beam and died during the morning of March 22, 1999. He was 29 years old.

In 2005, Dick dropped his pants and exposed his genitals to the audience at Yuk Yuk's comedy club in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He was ushered off the stage and the show's second night was cancelled.

Dick groped Pamela Anderson during her 2005 Comedy Central roast, saying he was her plastic surgeon and used the premise to repeatedly grab her breasts. During the roast, Dick also attempted to grope Courtney Love, who proceeded to slap him across the face. Dick also mimed performing oral sex on Anderson's then-husband Tommy Lee.

At William Shatner's 2006 Comedy Central roast, Dick, performing as the lovechild of James T. Kirk and Spock, allegedly licked Farrah Fawcett, Carrie Fisher, and Patton Oswalt before biting New York Post reporter Mandy Stadtmiller.

In December 2006, Dick upset an audience at The Improv in Los Angeles by shouting "You're all a bunch of niggers!" following an improvised set with comedian Ian Bagg. This was a direct reference to Michael Richards' use of the same epithet to insult hecklers two weeks earlier. He later issued an apology via his publicist: "I chose to make a joke about a subject that is not funny, in an attempt to make light of a serious subject. I have offended a lot of people, and I am sorry for my insensitivity. I wish to apologize to Ian, to the club and its patrons and to anyone who was hurt or offended by my remark."

In February 2007, during an appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Dick was forcibly removed from the stage after repeatedly touching guest Ivanka Trump. Kimmel called in security guards Uncle Frank and Veatrice Rice, who assisted as Kimmel dragged off Dick by his legs. Kimmel later said: "Andy did a segment, he was a little out of it. [When Ivanka] came out, he wanted a big, wet kiss. It was time for Andy to go, so I escorted him out by his feet ... He always makes me a little uncomfortable, you have no idea what he's going to do next." Kimmel also said he had spoken to Dick afterwards and that Dick was not upset about the incident.

In October 2010, Dick was seen exposing himself and making a commotion at Café Audrey in Hollywood.

In January 2011, Dick was ejected from the AVN Awards, a pornographic movie awards ceremony, after repeatedly groping and stalking adult film actor Tera Patrick and drag queen Chi Chi LaRue.

In April 2011, Dick was at a party connected with Newport Beach Film Festival. He appeared intoxicated, exposed himself, urinated on a backdrop and afterwards destroyed it by pulling it down. The organizers said this caused thousands of dollars of damage and considered suing Dick over the incident.

In August 2011, Dick was a guest on Greg Fitzsimmons' radio show and made antisemitic statements about Howard Stern, calling Stern a "money-grubbing Jew" and a "hook-nosed Jew".

In October 2017, Dick was fired from a role in the independent film Raising Buchanan due to allegations of inappropriate behavior that, according to The Hollywood Reporter, "included groping people's genitals, unwanted kissing/licking and sexual propositions of at least four members of the production". Dick denied most of the allegations and said: "I might have kissed somebody on the cheek to say goodb⁰ye and then licked them. That's my thing – I licked Carrie Fisher at a roast. It's me being funny." In the same month, he was also fired and escorted off the set of the film Vampire Dad due to "multiple, flagrant acts of improper conduct and inappropriate contact with several crew members". He later said: "I overtook my medication and took too many Xanax and I was a bit loopy ... I won't do it anymore. I won't lick anyone's face anymore. We have an agreement."

In 2019, a man knocked out Dick with a punch to the head, causing him to be sent to a hospital to be monitored for a brain bleed. The man accused Dick of groping him and punched Dick in retaliation.

In April 2022, Dick alleged he was mugged in Las Vegas, presenting with severe facial injuries.

Feud with Jon Lovitz
Andy Dick has a longstanding feud with former NewsRadio costar Jon Lovitz concerning the death of their mutual friend Phil Hartman. According to Lovitz, Dick had given Hartman's wife Brynn cocaine at a Christmas party at Hartman's house in 1997; Brynn, a recovering addict, began using drugs again, culminating in her killing of Hartman and her suicide on May 28, 1998. When Lovitz joined the cast of NewsRadio as Hartman's replacement, he and Dick argued; Lovitz shouted: "I wouldn't be here if you hadn't given Brynn coke in the first place". Lovitz later apologized to Dick for the remark.

Lovitz alleged that in early 2007, Dick approached him at a restaurant and said: "I put the Phil Hartman hex on you – you're the next to die". On July 10, 2007, Dick fought with Lovitz at Laugh Factory in Los Angeles; Lovitz demanded an apology from Dick, who refused and accused Lovitz of blaming him for Hartman's death. Lovitz then grabbed Dick by his shirt and slammed him backward into the bar, after which the doorman separated them.

Albums

 * Andy Dick & the Bitches of the Century (2002)
 * Do Your Shows Always Suck? (2007)
 * The Darkest Day of the Year (2009)

Singles

 * Happy B-Day JC (w/ Willie Wisely) (2006)
 * Addiction: Andy Dick Counsels the Dark Bob (w/ the Dark Bob) (2012)

Collaborations

 * The Dark Bob: Stoked! (2006) – song: Father

Compilation appearances

 * The Aristocrats (Original Soundtrack) (2005)
 * Hoodwinked! (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2005)
 * Live Nude Comedy Vol. 2 (2010)
 * The Adam Carolla Show 2009, Vol. 1 (2014)
 * The Adam Carolla Show 2009, Vol. 2 (2014)
 * The Adam Carolla Show 2009, Vol. 3 (2014)
 * The Adam Carolla Show 2010, Vol.1 (2014)
 * The Un & Only (2015)
 * The Good, The Bad, And the Drugly (2015)

title: Andy Dick


text:
Talk:Demolition

Initial posts
Why is this page redirecting to Talk:Demolition (Ryan Adams album)? ⇒ whkoh [talk] 07:32, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Probably an error on my part when I did the disambiguation page. Zack 22:35, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Category: Urban planning / upgrading? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.202.18.10 (talk) 02:52, 5 July 2005 (UTC)

"Implosion"
Just because the structure collapses onto itself due to the proper application of explosives does not make it an "implosion." - Dr Haggis - Talk 01:47, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Implosion is what demolitions people call it. Zack — Preceding undated comment added 18:04, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The term is still incorrect. "Implosion" in this case is a PR term so people don't freak out about a building being brought down with explosives.  - Dr Haggis - Talk 18:33, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is descriptivist rather than prescriptivist, so there is no such thing as an "incorrect" word. If it is the term that people generally use, which is true in this case, then it is correct. - SimonP 19:42, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I never planned on changing the article, but I cringe every time someone uses this term. ;)   - Dr Haggis - Talk 19:55, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * What we really need is some discussion of this issue at the implosion article. It mentions that buildings are only "colloquially described to implode," but never states why this is not a wholly accurate use of the term. - SimonP 21:52, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

World Trade Center
I would like to question the following statement:

 * "Many of the dangers of a building's demolition can be seen in the destruction of the World Trade Center by terrorists in 2001; its collapse caused a domino effect of destroying several neighbouring buildings"

Which buildings were "dominoed" into? If this is in reference to the collapse of WTC 7, then this is incorrect. It certainly did not collapse from damage by the towers, in fact, a VERY strong case can be made for controlled demolition, so perhaps this should be mentioned here! www.prisonplanet.com/011904wtc7.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.233.50.147 (talk) 14:41, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

And i would question another statement. From what i've seen on some documentaries, nitroglycerine has long been phased out of demolitions because of safety concerns and costs. TNT was also phased out (although not completely) by ANFO mixtures with electronic blasting caps. Is this correct? Also, I think the reference to the WTC attacks is uncalled for since this page is about demolition and the attacks can't really be classified as such, otherwise the article would have to be greatly expanded to incluide military munitions and the such.--Lyojah 10:25, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The idea that WTC 7 was destroyed by the collapse of WTC 1 and 2 is bogus. What evidence is their for this? Rather WTC 7 collapsed like the two big towers: as if it were a controlled demolition. Indeed, Silverstein spoke of 'pulling' the building. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brianct (talk • contribs) 00:28, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

image
I have taken this photo http://www.mollusca.cz/demolition.jpg What is this machine? I will add it to commons then. --Snek01 11:51, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It might be some sort of pile driver. - SimonP 12:44, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Added as http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pile_driver.jpg --Snek01 06:00, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It's actually a hole-boring machine. It bores deep holes in the ground; indeed, one can be used to drill a hole in the ground for a pile, but this machine will turn the portion of the vertical pipe with hole in it. It looks to me like it is drilling a hole for a foundation; presumably the concrete from the cistern-thing on the right will fill it. KeepOnTruckin 19:56, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes it could be vertical boring machine. But I do not understand it much. I do not understand termilogogy at all. Could it be upsetting press or compacting press used at demolition area to crush debris? The photo was taken near the building beeing demolished. --Snek01 19:11, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

What's objectionable about noting that controlled demolitions are often termed "pull" ?
It's one sentence for clarity in an article that once did succinctly convey this knowledge but now obscures it. I'm curious to know the reason for the reversion which removed the important line: The term "pull" is often used in reference to demolition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Patriotick (talk • contribs) 13:29, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Mostly that it isn't a very common term. It doesn't appear in any of the major dictionaries I checked, and is pretty much only referenced in 9/11 conspiracy literature. - SimonP 13:43, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's objectionable because it is a lie. Demolition is not referred to as "pulling," the act of pulling something is. See World Trade Center 6. Gazpacho 01:27, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Are either of you commenting from factual knowledge, or just more opinion? I believe this term was removed based upon opinion.  PBS broadcast a documentary interview with Larry Silverstein in which he explained how the NYC fire chief told him they were going to "pull it"; Mr. Silverstein then mentions "pull" again.  I've also heard the president of Controlled Demolitions, Inc. mention "pull" in relation to demolition.  Moreover, at least one '9/11 conspiracy type' video makes numerous references to the term "pull," even presenting footage of the cleanup crew clearly mentioning "pull" in relation to demolishing the remaining WTC5 and WTC6 structures.  I'll gladly provide links to publicly available videos and other literature to demonstrate that, contrary to your unsourced assertions, "pull" a is a term which quite often refers to controlled demolition.  Please advise; I'd like to see this important sentence returned to the main article as soon as possible. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Patriotick (talk • contribs) 05:57, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Please see World Trade Center 6. Gazpacho 12:49, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

I looked at the WTC6 page you suggested, but I don't understand what you imply it shows, other than that they 'pulled the building down with cables'? I also do not understand what you meant by "It's objectionable because it is a lie." It's no lie; I'm serious and genuine, and I believe the comment "pull" was removed from the main entry for some unsubstantiated and indefensible reason. I'd like the term "pull" as a reference to demolition restored to the main entry.

Do you posess any official recognition or standing in the demolition industry? What is your basis for assuming editorial control over this entry?

What type or amount of "proof" would adequately demonstrate that the term "pull" is a common, industry-standard reference to controlled demolition? Would letters from CD companies suffice? How about online video footage, or transcripts of existing movies? Another encyclopedia entry? Citations from book, perhaps?

Truth and accuracy matters. What you've called a lie, I think, is incorrect and baseless. I'd like to see the quality and accuracy of this information broadened and improved. What is the procedure for this? What "proof" is required?

Patriotick 10:51, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * A citation from a book on demolition saying this is a common term would certainly be a sufficient source to have this included. - SimonP 12:38, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * ... which you will not find, unless it is a 9/11 conspiracy tract, and not a book on demolition as such. Because what you claim isn't true. I've seen the relevant video footage.Gazpacho 23:07, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Assuming in a TV interview Mr. Silverstein would use a term supposedly referring to demolitions presumes many facts not supported by evidence. Mr. Silverstein was not a demolitionist. I have searched the internet and been unable to find the term used in any way regarding explosive demolitions, prior to 9/11. Ockham’s Razor posits Mr. Silverstein could just as easily stumbled in his words, meaning to say they were going to “pull out of” it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.197.195.194 (talk) 23:51, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

WTC Demolition deletion
I took the liberty on removing that paragraph because it was all speculation. It has not been proven that the World Trade Center was brought down by demolition. Let's not turn this into an argument. I only removed it because it isn't supported by evidence, and the mainstream does not believe this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Angry Sandwich (talk • contribs) 07:58, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Feel free to remove such material from this article on sight. WillOakland (talk) 01:31, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Concur. Not judging the merits of the theory - the insertion just doesn't belong since it doesn't add useful info about the subject of the article. imo. Zeng8r (talk) 00:55, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

I don't necessarily go for conspiracy theories, but a demolition is a demolition. The evidence is that people brought down the towers by crashing airplanes into them and letting the fires burn. Since this brought down the towers, that counts as a demolition. (Note: Osama bin Laden may have originally intended to demolish only the top portions of the towers - see http://articles.sfgate.com/2001-12-13/news/17632552_1_laden-bin-building-and-collapse - but he failed to take the effects of progressive collapse into account, which turned a partial demolition into a complete demolition.) I am unsure if 7 WTC counts as a demolition, as Bin Laden was not targeting that building. 68.37.254.48 (talk) 16:49, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

 * In what way is it relevant that "the mainstream does not believe" X ... can you cite some wikipedia policy that instructs editors to take into account the "belief" of "the mainstream"? 76.91.13.137 (talk) 01:06, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

New method
I saw a video in youtube Daruma-otoshi skyscraper demolition about a new sophisticated method by Kajima Corporation. I tried to find something about that here, but I cuoldn't find it. Anyone knows about this? --Anothercountry (talk) 17:15, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Original History of the Term
Is anyone interested in adding the origin of the term to "raze" into this article? It comes from ancient history as the razing of cities through various methods have been around since the beginning of civilization, mostly because of war.--Douglass Moore (talk) 11:14, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Vérinage
I think that the article should give detail on the French method of demolition, Vérinage, which uses hydraulic jacks to set off a progressive collapse of concrete buildings. For my sins I had been persuaded, to an extent, by the 911 truth movement, mainly because of my percieved lack of examples of progressive/general, symmetrical, fast and pulverizing collapse (as seen at WTC) in explosion-less collapse. But there are plenty of explosive free fast, symmetrical, progressive collapses in the world of Verinage. I would be great if it were detailed here. At the moment, I have only seen this method of controlled demolition on Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=V%C3%A9rinage --Timtak (talk) 04:43, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

 * If Vérinage is only used for concrete buildings, (and not steel-frame buildings), I think this should be noted in the article. Also, it should perhaps be more fully explained that the method would probably not work if the collapse were initiated near the top of a tall building, as (by Newton's third law) the upper section would be completely destroyed before the destruction of the lower section is complete.  I do not know the French language, so I don't know if these topics are discussed in the referenced video.  Wildbear (talk) 18:46, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Oh...The topics were not referenced in the video. The most technical they get is when the technician describes it being like knocking down a house made of cards. In the videos I have seen the collapse is initiated near the middle. I could not find any English language sources. --Timtak (talk) 01:15, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

"demolished by nonterrorist methods"
This is extremely awkward. What has demolition to do with terrorism? What is a "terrorist method" of demolition? 76.91.13.137 (talk) 01:03, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I completely agree and I've reworded it 101.98.203.58 (talk) 10:28, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Demolition


text:
Ala Moana Center

The Ala Moana Center, commonly known simply as Ala Moana, is a large open-air shopping mall in the Ala Moana neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii. Owned by Brookfield Properties, Ala Moana is the eighth largest shopping mall in the United States and the largest open-air shopping center in the world.

Ala Moana is consistently ranked among the most successful malls in the world. With assets totaling $5.74 billion as of January 2018, it is the most valuable shopping mall in the United States. It is anchored by Bloomingdale's, Macy's, Marshalls, Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom, Ross Dress for Less, Saks Off 5th, and Target.

History
Before the construction of the mall, the land was a wetland. Dredging projects nearby spearheaded by Walter F. Dillingham created excess coral which filled the wetland, purchased by Dillingham in 1912 from the estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Land reclaimed, son and successor Lowell Dillingham initiated the Ala Moana Center project in 1948 and broke ground in 1957.

Initial development and design
The Ala Moana Center was developed and designed by Don Graham. Critics viewed Graham's unusual design, which oriented the mall away from the Pacific Ocean and included two levels for retail and parking, as a potential failure. However, the Ala Moana Center proved a success after its opening, and helped refocus the retail center of Oahu away from Downtown Honolulu. Graham worked as the center's first general manager after its opening.

Opening
When it opened in 1959, Ala Moana Center became the largest shopping mall in the United States. Brookfield Properties of Chicago currently owns and operates Ala Moana Center. Although later retail developments across the nation have overshadowed it over the years, Brookfield markets and lists Ala Moana Center as the world's largest open-air mall with a total retail space of 2270186 sqft. Its original tenants included Sears, Roebuck and Company, F. W. Woolworth Company, Foodland, Longs Drugs, and Shirokiya, among other local shops. Ala Moana Center's second-phase expansion included the 1961 addition of the Ala Moana Office Building (including La Ronde, the first revolving restaurant in the United States), and the 1966 addition of JCPenney and Liberty House in a new Diamond Head wing. In 1982, Ala Moana Center was purchased by a partnership of Japanese corporation, Daiei, and an insurance company. In 1995, Daiei became the sole owner. Once a management vendor for Daiei, General Growth Properties purchased Ala Moana Center in 1999 after Daiei filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy.

Success and expansion
The Makai Market food court was built in 1987. A 1999 expansion added the Makai wing, with Neiman Marcus as a new anchor. A shopping complex and parking spaces were demolished just north of the mall in 2006 to make way for the Mauka wing, which was completed on March 7, 2008, and was anchored by Nordstrom.

In a June 26, 2009, report from U.S. News & World Report, Ala Moana was ranked as the second most profitable mall in America based on sales per square footage, and also had one of the highest occupancy rates, at 95%. The report described the flourishing mall as a gold mine, with annual sales of more than $1 billion.

Departure of Sears
On February 23, 2012, Sears Holdings Corporation announced it would close its store at Ala Moana Center by early 2013. Sears held its original location and had a presence at the mall since its opening in 1959. The closing was part of a $270 million sale of 11 Sears properties nationwide. The Wall Street Journal estimated that the Ala Moana Sears location was the largest portion of the deal, comprising between $200 million to $250 million of the overall sale price. The Ala Moana location closed permanently at 7 PM on June 2, 2013.

Ewa Wing expansion
On May 17, 2013, the owner of Ala Moana Center announced that Bloomingdale's would anchor and occupy 167000 sqft of a new and expanded 650000 sqft Ewa wing. The expanded wing opened on November 12, 2015, replacing the existing wing on the western end of the mall, including the space previously occupied by Sears. The new wing included Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom, which relocated from the north end of the mall, as anchors. On October 22, 2017, Target held its grand opening for its first store at a mall in Hawaii in the space formerly occupied by Nordstrom.

Architecture and layout
Costing US$25 million in 1959, Ala Moana Center had 87 stores and 4,000 parking spaces when it opened that year. It was remodeled extensively in various phases. New designs reflected modern Hawaiian architectural principles, emphasizing the importance of the symbolism of various natural phenomena found in Hawaii. Asian Pacific Rim motifs have been adopted reflecting the large Asian population of residents in Hawaii. For examples, for decades a centerpiece of Ala Moana Center was its koi ponds; in the Japanese culture, koi represent happiness and tranquility.

Despite these enhancements, the design of the center has been criticized for its over-built appearance and hodge-podge architecture, the result of years of modifications and expansions under different owners. Still, Ala Moana Center architecture and layouts inspired its owner in 2004 to invest over US$1 billion in remodeling various other shopping centers across Canada and the United States, using Ala Moana Center as a template. As of 2018, Ala Moana is valued at nearly $6 billion and is the largest outdoor mall in the world.

Ala Moana Centerstage, a stage in the center of the shopping complex, is one of the most popular public amphitheaters in Hawaii. Local talents are showcased on the stage for visitors to enjoy. Hula dances are a staple for Ala Moana Centerstage as well as performances by the Royal Hawaiian Band, the oldest municipal band in the United States. Schools throughout the world travel to Honolulu just to perform at Ala Moana Centerstage. In addition, episodes of the local TV show Hawaii Stars, a singing competition, are usually filmed on the stage; onlookers can usually be seen crowding the second- and third-story balconies overlooking the stage during taping.

title: Ala Moana Center


text:
Galicia

Galicia may refer to:

Geographic regions

 * Galicia (Spain), a region and autonomous community of northwestern Spain
 * Gallaecia, a Roman province
 * The post-Roman Kingdom of the Suebi, also called the Kingdom of Gallaecia
 * The medieval Kingdom of Galicia
 * The Republic of Galicia, which only lasted for a few hours on 27 June 1931
 * Galicia (Eastern Europe), a historical region in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine
 * The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Rus, a medieval kingdom
 * The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a crown land of the Austrian Empire and later the Austrian half (Cisleithania) of Austria-Hungary
 * West Galicia or New Galicia, a short-lived administrative region of the Austrian Empire, eventually merged into the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
 * The District of Galicia, part of the Nazi General Government during the World War II occupation of Poland

Named after Spanish Galicia

 * Galicia, Aklan, a barangay in Panay, Philippines
 * Nueva Galicia, a region of New Spain, now in Mexico
 * Nueva Galicia, an old name applied to the Chiloé Archipelago in southern Chile

Ships

 * Spanish ship Galicia (1750), Spanish third-rate ship of the line
 * Galicia-class landing platform dock, a ship class of the Spanish Navy
 * Spanish ship Galicia (L51), lead ship of the above class
 * Spanish landing ship Galicia (L31), formerly USS San Marcos, bought in 1974 by the Spanish Navy

Sports

 * Deportivo Galicia, a Venezuelan football club
 * FC Deportivo Galicia, an English football club
 * Galícia Esporte Clube, a Brazilian football club
 * Brookhattan–Galicia, called Galicia 1958–1961, New York City soccer club
 * Galicia national football team, a Spanish team
 * Galicja national football team, a Polish team

Other uses

 * Galicia (crustacean), a fossil in family Erymidae

title: Galicia


text:
Tiger (disambiguation)

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species.

Tiger or tigers may also refer to:

Other animals

 * Smilodon, commonly known as the saber-tooth tiger, an extinct genus
 * Thylacine, commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger, an extinct marsupial
 * Danaini, sometimes known as tiger butterflies
 * Arctiinae (moth), commonly known as tiger moths
 * Tigerfish, refers to various fish families

Characters

 * Great Tiger, fictional boxer from Nintendo's Punch-Out!! series
 * Tiger (comics), the name of several characters
 * Tiger (dog), animal actor in the TV series The Brady Bunch and the film A Boy and His Dog
 * Tiger Jackson, from the video game series Tekken
 * Tiger Ow, in the Jackie Chan film Project A Part II
 * Satoru Tojo or Tiger, from the Kamen Rider Ryuki Japanese TV series
 * Tiger, from An American Tail films
 * Tiger, from Ibn-e-Safi's Imran series
 * Tiger (YRF Spy Universe), played by Salman Khan in the Tiger franchise of Indian films (see below)
 * Tiger, played by Amitabh Bachchan in the 1994 Indian film Hum
 * Tiger Gleeson, from Australian series Round the Twist
 * Tiger Tanaka, an ally of James Bond in the film You Only Live Twice
 * The Tiger, a villain in Meet the Tiger by Leslie Charteris
 * The Tigers, a group of bullies from the Encyclopedia Brown books

Films

 * The Tiger (1978 film), a Yugoslav film
 * Tiger (1979 film), a Telugu film
 * The Tigers (film), a 1991 Hong Kong action film
 * Tiger, a 1997 film by Serge Rodnunsky
 * Indra: The Tiger, a 2002 Indian Hindi language release of the Telegu-language Indra
 * Tigers (2014 film), an Indian film
 * Tiger (2015 film), a Telugu film
 * The Tiger: An Old Hunter's Tale, a 2015 South Korean film
 * Tiger (2017 film), an Indian Kannada film
 * Tiger (2018 film), an American film starring Mickey Rourke
 * Tigers (2020 film), a Swedish-Italian-Danish sports drama film
 * Tiger (2024 film), a Disneynature film distributed by Disney+

Music

 * The Tigers (opera), by Havergal Brian

Bands

 * Tiger (1970s band), formerly Crushed Butler, 1970s proto-punk band
 * Tiger (band), late-1990s indie rock band
 * The Tigers (Japanese band), 1960s Japanese rock band
 * The Tigers (New Zealand band), 1980s New Zealand band
 * Tiger Band (disambiguation), several university marching bands

Albums

 * Tiger (Frank Buck album), 1950 children's record
 * Tiger (Superette album), 1996
 * Tigers (album), by The Dance Party, 2009
 * ส (Tiger), by Thaiboy Digital, 2014

Songs

 * "Tiger" (ABBA song), 1976
 * "Tiger" (Fabian song), 1959
 * "Tiger" (Steve Angello song), 2015
 * "Tiger", a song by Mike McGear from the 1972 album Woman
 * "Tiger", a song by Neil Cicierega from the album Mouth Moods

In print

 * Tiger (comic strip) (1965–2003), an American comic
 * Tiger (Fleetway) (1954–1985), a British comic
 * The Tiger, a 2010 book by John Vaillant
 * Harimau! Harimau! (translated as Tiger!), a 1975 novel by Mochtar Lubis

Publications

 * Tiger (magazine) (1956–1990s), an American men's magazine
 * The Tiger (political magazine), a Chinese publication
 * The Tiger (newspaper), an American student newspaper

Other uses in arts, entertainment and media

 * Tiger (franchise), an Indian spy media franchise by Yash Raj Films (YRF), expanded into the YRF Spy Universe
 * Tiger (guitar), used by Jerry Garcia
 * Tiger (TV series), a 1990s Indian detective soap opera
 * Tiger (video game) or Destiny, a multiplayer first-person shooter video game released in 2014
 * "Tiger", a season 3 episode of Servant (TV series)

Business

 * Tiger Aircraft, an American aircraft manufacturer
 * Tiger Airways, or Tigerair, a regional airline based in Singapore
 * Tiger Aspect Productions, also Tiger Television, a British TV production company
 * Tiger Beer, a brand of Heineken Asia Pacific
 * Tiger Brands, a South African packaged goods company
 * Tiger Corporation, a Japanese small appliance maker
 * Tiger Electronics, an American toy manufacturer
 * Tiger Inn, a Princeton University club
 * Tiger Line, a British local bus service
 * Tiger Resources, an Australia-based mining company
 * Tiger Telematics, a Swedish electronics company
 * Flying Tiger Copenhagen, formerly Tiger, a Danish variety store
 * Tigers, part of Cub Scouting

Aircraft

 * Eurocopter Tiger, a European attack helicopter
 * Grumman F-11 Tiger, a U.S. Navy fighter of the 1950s and 1960s
 * Northrop F-5 Tiger II, an American supersonic light fighter

Land vehicles

 * Tiger I, a German World War II heavy tank
 * Tiger II, the successor of the Tiger I
 * VK 45.01 (P), also informally known as the Tiger (P) or Porsche Tiger, the losing design for the Tiger I
 * Geschützwagen Tiger, a German self-propelled gun carrier of World War II that never saw service

Ships

 * HMS Tiger
 * Tiger-class cruiser, the last cruiser class of the Royal Navy
 * Tiger-class fast attack craft, a post-World War II class of Bundesmarine (German Federal Navy) fast attack craft
 * GERMAN TORPEDO BOAT Tiger, a Type 24 torpedo boat launched in 1928 and sunk in a collision in 1939
 * GERMAN TORPEDO BOAT Tiger, the Norwegian destroyer HNoMS Tor captured by Germany in 1940 and renamed Tiger
 * SMS Tiger (1887), a torpedo ram cruiser of the Austro-Hungarian Navy

Units

 * Tiger Division (disambiguation)
 * Tiger Force (disambiguation)
 * Tigers Militia, the military wing of the National Liberal Party during the Lebanese Civil War
 * Tiger Squad, a Saudi Arabian death squad implicated consisting of police and military personnel
 * Flying Tigers, the 1st American Volunteer Group of the Chinese Air Force
 * Tigers, nickname of 3rd Division
 * Tigers, nickname of the 152d Fighter Squadron, Arizona Air National Guard
 * Tigers, nickname of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment, a British Army infantry regiment
 * Tigers, nickname of the Serb Volunteer Guard, a paramilitary organisation
 * Tiger Forces, a Syrian Arab Army special forces unit
 * The Tigers, nickname of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment
 * The Tigers, aerobatic display team of No. 74 Squadron RAF
 * Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, or Tamil Tigers, in Sri Lanka

Other military uses

 * Operation Tiger (disambiguation)

People

 * Tiger (surname), a list of people with the surname
 * Tiger (nickname), a list of people
 * Tiger Palpatja (c. 1920–2012), Australian Aboriginal artist
 * Tiger Varadachariar (1876–1950), Carnatic music vocalist
 * Big Tiger, Principal Chief of the council of a dissident group of Cherokee, 1824–1828
 * Tiger (musician), Jamaican dancehall musician Norman Washington Jackson (born 1960)
 * Tiger (wrestler), a ring name of a Mexican professional wrestler (born 1987)
 * Tiger Ali Singh and Tiger Jeet Singh, Jr., ring names of Indo-Canadian professional wrestler Gurjit Singh Hans (born 1971)
 * Tiger Jeet Singh (born 1944), ring name of an Indo-Canadian wrestler and father of Tiger Ali Singh

Places

 * Tiger, Arizona, U.S., a ghost town
 * Tiger, Colorado, U.S., a ghost town
 * Tiger, Georgia, U.S., a town
 * Tiger, Washington, U.S., an unincorporated community
 * Tiger Cave (disambiguation)
 * Tiger Creek (disambiguation)
 * Tiger Lake (disambiguation)
 * Tiger Mountain (disambiguation)

Science, technology and mathematics

 * Mac OS X Tiger, an Apple operating system
 * Tiger (hash function), in cryptography
 * Tiger (security software), a Unix security tool
 * Tiger, a 2004 version of the Java Platform, Standard Edition
 * Tiger, a line of automatic test equipment produced by Teradyne

Sports

 * Tigers (sports teams), various sports teams
 * Tiger Cup, an association football tournament now known as the AFF Championship
 * The Tiger (mascot), of the athletic teams of Clemson University, South Carolina, U.S.

Land

 * Leyland Tiger (front-engined), a bus and coach chassis (1927–1968)
 * Leyland Tiger, a bus and coach chassis (1981–1992)
 * Sunbeam Tiger, a high-performance car (1964–1967)
 * Sunbeam Tiger (1925), a racing car
 * Tiger (automobile), a 1914 cycle-car built in Detroit, Michigan
 * Tiger Truck, a Chinese light utility truck
 * Triumph Tiger, various motorcycles
 * Tiger, a South Devon Railway Eagle class locomotive
 * Tiger, a GWR Firefly Class locomotive

Sea

 * List of ships named Tiger
 * Tiger 25, a British sailboat design

Air

 * Siddeley Tiger, an unsuccessful post-First World War British aero engine
 * Tiger, two models of the Grumman American AA-5 light aircraft
 * Toyota Tiger, version of sixth generation Toyota Hilux light commercial vehicles

Other uses

 * Tiger (zodiac), one of the animals in the Chinese zodiac
 * Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER), a federal stimulus program in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
 * Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER), a mapping format used by the U.S. Census Bureau
 * NATO Tiger Association, whose goal is to promote solidarity between NATO air forces
 * Tiger (organisation), a Russian-based opposition pressure group
 * The Tigers (action figures), 1965 toys by Topper Toys

title: Tiger (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Breadclip

Any attempt to verify various combinations of words from this article lead mostly to a single article Niteowlneils 05:07, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 05:09, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, idiocy. --Stormie 05:14, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Either obscure or joke. Andris 05:19, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, idiotic obscurity or hoax. DO'Neil 09:37, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke, but not memorable enough for BJAODN. Andrewa 11:41, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Now a good stub. I'm not entirely convinced it was worth the trouble, but if you guys want it, I'm cool with that. Andrewa 13:13, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I've replaced the silly article with a real stub. Abstain. - TB 11:43, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Good call. Keep like this. Niteowlneils 00:33, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Current version looks great! Dysprosia 11:51, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Can't think of a precedent for this since I've been looking at VfD (which isn't long, a week or so). At first I thought it's like having an entry for doorknob or even nightstand as we had earlier.  But if it's a patented little widget then perhaps it deserves an article.  Gut instinct says that if this were to stay you would also need ping pong ball, keyring, lighter etc... And I wouldn't want that.  --bodnotbod 13:07, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Clothespin. Dysprosia 13:15, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Somebody somewhere knows who invented the ping-pong ball and when, what they're made of, what types you get and why you'd want to use each of them, and the current location of a dozen balls used in famous games. - TB 14:15, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * And that would be an incredibly interesting article. I'd love ping pong ball. Meelar 02:01, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I had never seen or heard of a bread clip before. Now I have. Perhaps other people might be interested? Rhymeless 05:36, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I actually have a collection of the one-piece kind, maybe I'll add a picture later. DopefishJustin 21:22, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Yes please! Andrewa 01:17, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. Image:Bread_clips.jpg DopefishJustin 21:49, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * God help me, I'm actually interested by this. Keep and expand. DS 02:43, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I still think it's dumb, but not dumb enough for deletion -- Cyrius|&#9998 03:13, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep It passes my standards for an article.(Real Info, Not Vanity, Wikified, etc) Burgundavia 07:34, May 13, 2004 (UTC)