text:
User talk:Zootalures

Blocking of 138.38.32.84
You said: "Thanks for your judicious blocking of 138.38.32.84, while I understand that we've been the source of some persistent vandalism, this IP is a proxy address for the University of Bath UK (which is noted on the talk page (although with the wrong template (which i've updated))), which currently has over 20,000 users.  While I understand we have had multiple blocks (4 x 24 hour blocks in the last year) I am not sure if this necessarily counts as persistent vandalism given the size of the university. Would you consider dropping (or reducing the duration) of the current  1 month block on these grounds?"

 * No, I will not consider this. However, I will soften the block so people can edit from a signed-in account that they have created elsewhere, as is common practise with school blocks.  This will allow anyone with an account to continue editing the Wikipedia.  Note that there is a good chance the block was already "soft" and so would not have prevented signed-in users.  --Yamla 15:35, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I do, however, point out that your university is not being singled out. Most school IP addresses end up blocked in this manner.  Students and faculty should still be able to contribute and I respect and support university sysadmins (though I have long since graduated myself).  --Yamla 15:37, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Proper credit for your work
Sir,

I'd like to use your diagram of a heat pipe in a school report. How would you prefer that I give you credit for your work? Please let me know if this is ok with you.

Thanks, Kevinaj (talk) 21:10, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your permission, I will be sure to cite you!
 * --Kevinaj (talk) 19:06, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Hey, just wanted to give you a quick thank-you for your graphic illustration of a heat pipe. Well done. Very helpful. That's all! KDS 4444 Talk  11:58, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Clyde-net
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Clyde-net, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * ClydeNET (the article doesn't even have the right title) is completely non-notable except as a component of JANET, which does have notability. In addition, there are no sources which provide more information about it than the fact that it is a component of JANET

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Elen of the Roads (talk) 15:58, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

File:Heat Pipe Mechanism.svg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Heat Pipe Mechanism.svg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Codename Lisa (talk) 12:01, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zootalures


text:
Carlton Club

The Carlton Club is a private members' club in the St James's area of London, England. It was the original home of the Conservative Party before the creation of Conservative Central Office. Membership of the club is by nomination and election only.

History
The club was founded in 1832, by Tory peers, MPs and gentlemen, as a place to coordinate party activity after the party's defeat over the First Reform Act. The 1st Duke of Wellington was a founding member; he opposed the 1832 Reform Act and its extension of the right to vote. The club played a major role in the transformation of the Tory party into its modern form as the Conservative Party. It lost its role as a central party office with the widening of the franchise after the Reform Act 1867, but it remained the principal venue for key political discussions between Conservative ministers, MPs and party managers.

Formation location
The club was formed at the Thatched House Tavern in 1832 and its first premises were in Carlton House Terrace (provided by Lord Kensington), from which it drew its name. These premises were quickly found too small. The second clubhouse was situated near the Reform Club at 94 Pall Mall, London, and was purpose-built in 1835. It was replaced by a third clubhouse on the same site in 1856.

The Caen stone used on the façade of the third building proved unsuitable in the London atmosphere and had to be completely replaced in 1923–24.

1922 Carlton Club meeting
The club is most famous for the Carlton Club meeting of 19 October 1922, in which backbench Conservative MPs decided to withdraw from the David Lloyd George–led coalition government. MPs voted in favour of discontinuing the coalition, after speeches from Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin, with Baldwin saying that the fact Lloyd George was a 'dynamic force' was a danger to the stability of the Conservative party. Austen Chamberlain resigned as leader and Bonar Law formed a purely Conservative government.

Bombing by the Luftwaffe and move to current building
The club suffered a direct hit during the Blitz on 14 October 1940. Observers, including the diarist Harold Nicolson, noted Quintin Hogg (then a young Conservative MP, later the 2nd Viscount Hailsham) carrying his elderly, disabled father (Lord Hailsham) from the building; they had been dining together prior to the former's departure for active service in North Africa. The Chief Whip, David Margesson, who was living at the club since his recent divorce, was left homeless and had to sleep for a time on a makeshift bed in the underground Cabinet Annexe.

No one was killed in the explosion, but the building was destroyed. The Carlton immediately moved to its current premises at 69 St James's Street, formerly the location of Arthur's club – one of the premier gentlemen's clubs, which had closed the same year after 150 years of operations.

The current Georgian clubhouse is architecturally important (Grade II* listed) and includes two elegant dining rooms, together with a collection of political portraits and paintings dating back to the 18th century, imported from the ruins of the old clubhouse and the former Junior Carlton Club (see below). The current clubhouse has not retained any of the furnishings belonging to the building when it was Arthur's club, apart from the war memorial plaque in the entrance. There is a marble Arthur's club First World War Memorial to be found on the wall by the stairs in the main vestibule of St James's Church Piccadilly (designed by Wren). The walls of the Disraeli and Macmillan rooms and their windows at the back of the club were part of the fabric of the original White's Club building.

Junior Carlton Club
The Junior Carlton Club, which was entirely separate from the Carlton itself, was established in 1864 and occupied a large purpose-built clubhouse, completed in 1869, at 30 Pall Mall, almost opposite the Carlton. This was sold early in the 1960s and part of the proceeds used to buy the site of the former Carlton Club building at 94 Pall Mall. The erection of the new clubhouse on the site of 30 Pall Mall in a modern 1960s prototype 'club of the future' led to mass resignations from that club. In December 1977 it formally merged with the Carlton Club, with negotiations conducted by Harold Macmillan.

Bombing by IRA
At 8:39 p.m. on 25 June 1990, the Carlton Club was bombed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), injuring more than 20 people. Lord Kaberry died the following year at age 83 from the injuries he had sustained.

Chris Pincher scandal
It was at the Carlton that Chris Pincher, the deputy chief whip, was alleged to have committed sexual assault on two men on 29 June 2022. The revelations following this scandal led to the government crisis and the resignation of the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson. The standards committee found Pincher's conduct amounted to an abuse of power and recommended he be suspended for eight weeks. Pincher initially intended to appeal the suspension, however he ultimately resigned as an MP in September 2023, triggering a by-election in his Tamworth constituency which the Conservatives lost to Labour.

Membership
Historically and by tradition, only males could become full members after being proposed and seconded by two current members who have known the applicant and been members themselves for at least two years. From the 1970s onwards, women were allowed to become associate members, meaning they were unable to vote. On becoming Conservative leader in 1975, Margaret Thatcher was made an honorary member of the club and, as such, until 2008 was the only female member entitled to full membership. Thatcher was elected (in May 2009) to the vacancy, as the club's second president, succeeding her only predecessor Harold Macmillan who had died in 1986.

A separate, unrelated Ladies' Carlton Club was established after the First World War as a social and political centre for Conservative women. It closed in 1958.

A full history of the club was published by historian Lord Lexden to mark its 175th anniversary in 2007.

the club had around 1500 members and membership cost upwards of £1700 per year.

Opposition to membership
The Prime Minister Arthur Balfour was a reluctant member, complaining about the club in the early 1900s. "The Carlton is a beastly club... but it must be suffered like long hours and constituents as a necessary though disagreeable accompaniment of a political career."

Then Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith refused Carlton Club membership when it was offered to him in 2001 because women, at that time, were unable to become full members.

Notable members

 * Leo Amerino
 * Michael Ancram (Michael Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian)
 * Stanley Baldwin
 * Arthur Balfour
 * Alexander Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh
 * F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead
 * William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman
 * St John Brodrick
 * Patrick Buchan-Hepburn
 * Rab Butler
 * David Cameron
 * George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave
 * Austen Chamberlain
 * Neville Chamberlain
 * John Colomb
 * Harry Crookshank
 * Philip Cunliffe-Lister
 * Aretas Akers-Douglas, 1st Viscount Chilston
 * Lord Randolph Churchill
 * Winston Churchill (twice; a member 1900–5, resigned when he defected to the Liberal party, and rejoined from 1926 until his death)
 * Ronald McNeill, 1st Baron Cushendun
 * J. C. C. Davidson, 1st Viscount Davidson
 * Jim Davidson
 * Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby
 * Benjamin Disraeli
 * Sir Alec Douglas-Home
 * Sir Anthony Eden
 * Walter Elliot
 * Bolton Eyres-Monsell
 * Christopher Gabbitas
 * Sir John Gilmour
 * William Ewart Gladstone
 * William Hague
 * Michael Heseltine
 * Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham
 * Douglas Hogg, 3rd Viscount Hailsham
 * Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone
 * E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax
 * Lord Claud Hamilton
 * Lord George Hamilton
 * Sir Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood
 * William Joynson-Hicks
 * David Heathcoat-Amory
 * Derick Heathcoat-Amory
 * Edward Heath
 * John Hick
 * Boris Johnson
 * David Maxwell Fyfe
 * Rudyard Kipling
 * George Kynoch (formerly Deputy Chairman)
 * Bonar Law
 * Alan Lennox-Boyd
 * Geoffrey William Lloyd
 * Selwyn Lloyd
 * Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry
 * Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry
 * Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long
 * Harold Macmillan
 * Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden
 * John Major
 * Theresa May
 * Percy Mills, 1st Viscount Mills
 * William Morrison
 * Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne
 * Gerald Nabarro
 * Ronald Munro-Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar
 * Osbert Peake
 * William Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel
 * Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee
 * Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
 * James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury
 * Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury
 * Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury
 * Robert Sanders
 * Guy Spier
 * James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope
 * Sir Peter Tapsell
 * Margaret Thatcher (honorary member)
 * Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester (former Chairman)
 * William Walrond, 1st Baron Waleran
 * Frederick Richard West
 * Ann Widdecombe (became first full female member in June 2008; no longer a member since standing for the Brexit Party in the 2019 EU election)
 * Sir Kingsley Wood
 * Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton
 * George Wyndham
 * Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carlton Club


text:
User talk:Rolling Thunder

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 09:30, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rolling Thunder


text:
Siege of Acre (1799)

The siege of Acre of 1799 was an unsuccessful French siege of the Ottoman city of Acre (now Akko in modern Israel) and was the turning point of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt and Syria, along with the Battle of the Nile. It was Napoleon's third tactical defeat in his career, being defeated at the Second Battle of Bassano and the Battle of Caldiero three years previously during the Italian campaign, and his first major strategic defeat, along with the last time he was defeated in battle for 10 years. As a result of the failed siege, Napoleon Bonaparte retreated two months later and withdrew to Egypt.

Background
Acre was a site of significant strategic importance due to its commanding position on the route between Egypt and Syria. Bonaparte wanted to capture it following his invasion of Egypt. He hoped to incite a Syrian rebellion against the Ottomans and threaten British India. After the siege of Jaffa, which was followed by two days and nights of massacre and rape by the French forces, the defenders of the citadel were even more determined to resist the French.

Siege
The French attempted to lay siege on 20 March using only their infantry. Napoleon believed the city would capitulate quickly to him. In correspondence with one of his subordinate officers he voiced his conviction that a mere two weeks would be necessary to capture the linchpin of his conquest of the Holy Land before marching on to Jerusalem.

However, the troops of the capable Jezzar Pasha, refusing to surrender, withstood the siege for one and a half months. Haim Farhi, al-Jazzar's Jewish adviser and right-hand man, played a key role in the city's defence, directly supervising the battle against the siege. After Napoleon's earlier capture of Jaffa, rampaging French troops had savagely sacked the captured city, and thousands of Albanian prisoners of war were ordered by Napoleon to be massacred on the sea-shore, prior to the French offensive further northwards. These facts were well known to the townspeople and defending troops (many of them Albanians) in Acre, and the prospect of being massacred is likely to have stiffened their resistance.

A Royal Navy flotilla under Commodore Sidney Smith, commanding HMS Tigre (1795), helped to reinforce the Ottoman defences and supplied the city with additional cannon manned by sailors and marines. Smith used his command of the sea to capture the French siege artillery being sent by a flotilla of gunboats from Egypt and to bombard the coastal road from Jaffa. The captured boats were:

An artillery expert from the fleet, French émigré Antoine de Phélippeaux, then redeployed against Napoleon's forces the artillery pieces which the British had intercepted.

Smith anchored the British ships HMS Tigre (1795) and Theseus so their broadsides could assist the Ottoman defence. British gunboats, which were of shallower draft, could come in closer, and together they helped repel repeated French assaults.

On 16 April an Ottoman relief force was fought off at Mount Tabor. By early May, replacement French siege artillery had arrived overland and a breach was forced in the defences. At the culmination of the assault, the besieging forces managed to make a breach in the walls.

However, after suffering many casualties to open this entry-point, Napoleon's soldiers found, on trying to penetrate the city, that Farhi and de Phélippeaux had, in the meantime, built a second wall, several feet deeper within the city where al-Jazzar's garden was. Discovery of this new construction convinced Napoleon and his men that the probability of them taking the city was minimal. Moreover, after the assault was again repelled, Ottoman reinforcements from Rhodes were able to land.

Having underestimated the stubborn attitude of the defending forces combined with a British blockade of French supply harbours and harsh weather conditions, Napoleon's forces were left hungry, cold and damp. Plague had struck the French camp as a result of the desperate condition of the men, and had by now led to the deaths of about 2,000 soldiers.

Throughout the siege, both Napoleon and Jezzar sought in vain the assistance of the Shihab leader, Bashir—ruler of much of present-day Lebanon. Bashir remained neutral. As things turned out, it was the French which suffered most from the attitude of Bashir, whose intervention on their side might have turned the balance of power in their favour.

Finally, the siege was raised. Napoleon Bonaparte retreated two months later on 21 May after a failed final assault on 10 May, and withdrew to Egypt.

Significance

In 1805, Napoleon asserted that if he had

"been able to take Acre [in 1799], I would have put on a turban, I would have made my soldiers wear big Turkish trousers, and I would have exposed them to battle only in case of extreme necessity. I would have made them into a Sacred Battalion—my Immortals. I would have finished the war against the Turks with Arabic, Greek, and Armenian troops. Instead of a battle in Moravia, I would have won a Battle of Issus, I would have made myself emperor of the East, and I would have returned to Paris by way of Constantinople."

The allusions from Classical Antiquity included in the speech are to the Sacred Band of Thebes and the Persian Immortals—elite units of, respectively, the city state of Thebes and the Achaemenid Kings of Persia; and to the Battle of Issus where Alexander the Great decisively defeated the latter. (In fact, though Acre was not conquered, Napoleon's Imperial Guard did come to be informally called "The Immortals".)

Whether or not Napoleon would have been able to carry out the above grand design, it is likely that had he taken Acre he might have remained a considerable further time in the East, would not have returned to France in 1799 and hence would not have carried out later that year the coup which established him in power as First Consul. He might have still taken power in France, later on and under different circumstances, or in his absence someone else might have overthrown the shaky rule of the Directorate. Either way, the later history of France and of Europe might have been substantially different. Also, whether or not Napoleon would have managed to make himself Emperor of the East and reach Constantinople, his energetically trying to do that would have certainly had a substantial effect on the Ottoman Empire's history.

Some hold that a statement attributed to Napoleon during the war, according to which he promised to return the land to the Jews if he were to succeed in his conquest of Palestine, was meant to capture the attention of Farhi, a Syrian Jew, and betray his master by switching his support to the French. Whether this is true or not, Farhi defended the city with the rest of the Ottoman forces.

Napoleon showed great interest in winning over the Jews during the campaign, including the account of Las Cases in "Mémorial de Sainte Hélène" about Napoleon's military campaign records that it was reported among Syrian Jews that after Napoleon took Acre, he would go to Jerusalem and restore Solomon's temple and decrees were passed in favour of Jews (and Coptic Christians and women) in French-controlled Egypt.

Legacy
In present-day Acre, the hill on which Napoleon set his camp, south-east of the city walls of Acre, is still known as "Napoleon's Hill" (גבעת נפוליון). Acre also has a Napoleon Bonaparte Street (רחוב נפוליון בונפרטה), the only city in Israel with such a street name.

Among the Arab population of the Old City of Acre, the knowledge of their forebears having successfully withstood the barrage of such a world-famous conqueror is a source of civic pride and local patriotism. In a folk tale circulated by Acre Arabs, Napoleon, upon lifting the siege of Acre, let a cannon shoot his hat into the city "so that at least a part of him would enter into Acre".

title: Siege of Acre (1799)


text:
User talk:Adinas~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in editing pages or creating new ones: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

But don't feel you have to read every policy document before you do anything. Dive in, be bold in editing, and if you do anything wrong, someone will be quick to correct it and let you know (hopefully, politely!)

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too, as I've done below. This is most useful on talk pages rather than main articles.

Again, welcome! --ALargeElk 09:37, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Karateka Fighting Akuma.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Karateka Fighting Akuma.png. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Nan oha A's Yu ri    Talk, My master 22:57, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Karateka Princess With Open Arms.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Karateka Princess With Open Arms.png. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Nan oha A's Yu ri    Talk, My master 22:57, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Adinas. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Adinas~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:37, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:12, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adinas~enwiki


text:
User:Mukherjee

Saikat Mukherjee
24, male, doing my masters from the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore.

Experience
Research & Teaching Assistant since May,2004

Interests
Algorithms, Wide Area Distributed Systems and Databases Bayerische Motoren Werke M3 CSL, Yamaha YZF R1 Thek

Research
1.Separation of co-ordination and computational concerns in Information Systems 2.WAND:A Metadata maintenance system over the Internet

Present Projects
1.PLAN: Distributed version 2.WAND: Version 2

Past Projects
1. diDb: A simple relational database 2. PLAN: A Planetary Area CoordinatioN framework (centralized version) 3. WAND: Version 1 4. Spatial database Indexing Engine 5. Multicasting over the Internet 6. Obstacle Avoidance Rover 7. Online Car Customization 8. Design and implementation of a simple wireless network and its protocol stack 9. Digital Parametric Equalizer using Motorola DSP 56307 EVM

title: User:Mukherjee


text:
User talk:Mukherjee

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in editing pages or creating new ones: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

But don't feel you have to read every policy document before you do anything. Dive in, be bold in editing, and if you do anything wrong, someone will be quick to correct it and let you know (hopefully, politely!)

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too, as I've done below. This is most useful on talk pages rather than main articles.

Again, welcome! --ALargeElk 09:38, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

authors: Template namespace initialisation script

title: User talk:Mukherjee


text:
Q32

Q32 may refer to:
 * Q32 (New York City bus)
 * AN/FSQ-32, an American military computer
 * As-Sajdah, the 32nd surah of the Quran
 * FRENCH SUBMARINE Anguille, a Naïade-class submarine

title: Q32


text:
User talk:Pnot

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 09:44, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Spacecraft Markup Language

The article Spacecraft Markup Language has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Long-dead project of dubious significance and no observable notability. It's only importance is as the historical example of "Let's all invent another XML application language", as was so popular in 1999

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:18, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pnot


text:
Solnechnogorsky District

Solnechnogorsky District (Солнечного́рский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 1135.04 km2. Its administrative center is the town of Solnechnogorsk. Population: 128,580 (2010 Census); The population of Solnechnogorsk accounts for 41.2% of the district's total population.

title: Solnechnogorsky District


text:
Studebaker Silver Hawk

The Studebaker Silver Hawk is an automobile produced in 1957, 1958 and 1959 by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana. Studebaker introduced the "Hawk" line in 1956, with four models based on the wheelbase and body of the '53 coupes and hardtops designed by Robert Bourke, as head of the design team Studebaker contracted from Raymond Loewy Associates. In 1956 the Golden Hawk, Sky Hawk and Power Hawk came with 352 cid, 289 cid and 259 cid v-8s respectively, while the Flight Hawk ran the Champion 185 cid engine. The Golden and Sky Hawks were hardtops; while the Power and Flight Hawks were pillared coupes. Only one of the four models in 1956 sported any fins, that being the Golden Hawk.

1957–1958
In 1957 the Silver Hawk was introduced as a pillared coupe, replacing both the Power Hawk and Flight Hawk. The 185 cid Champion engine was standard in the model, with the 259 Commander V-8 offered only in export models. The Sky Hawk was also dropped in 1957, resulting in only two Studebaker Hawk models offered that year, the Silver Hawk with Champion Six and the Golden Hawk with the supercharged President 289 V-8. A one-year-only model '58 Packard Hawk was also offered with the 289 supercharged engine.

In appearance, the Silver Hawk was plainer than the Golden Hawk. Besides being a coupe, while the Golden was always a hardtop, there was a bit less chrome, no supercharger or bulge in the hood, and a simpler two-tone paint scheme was adopted — simply one color below the chrome belt line and another above, but unlike the Golden Hawk, the lower color included the fin. Some dealers painted the fin only, and sometimes the deck lid recess and or the left and right "side grills" were painted in a contrasting Studebaker color. These usually matched the interior, some were Blue, Gold, Red, or Black and were better looking according to many owners than the factory two-tone paint scheme.

1959
For 1959, the Silver Hawk became the only Hawk model in production, largely because Studebaker dealers wanted a glamorous flagship model as a dealership draw. Those customers would more than likely walk out with Studebaker's last-ditch hope, the new Lark compact. In fact, the Silver Hawk was the only non-Lark model kept. Studebakers were also exported and rebuilt as CKD's (completely Knock Down) to Belgium. Prospects could order whatever model or options (with- or without fins) to suit their preference. Cars were built by D'Ieteren Frères of Belgium for European markets such as the Netherlands where Studebaker was quite popular.

Changes for 1959 included new tailfins, with the "Silver Hawk" script moved to the fins instead of on the trunk lid (where new individual block letters spelling out STUDEBAKER were placed), with a new Hawk badge in between the two words. The parking lights moved to the side grilles from the front fenders, chrome moldings around the windows (from the 1953–1954 models) similar to the Golden Hawk were added, and the interior was somewhere in between the two former models' levels of luxury. Two-tone paint was discontinued for all U.S. orders, though it was still available for export.

Under the hood (at least for U.S. models), buyers could choose the newly-shrunken (to pre-'55 size) 90 HP 169.6 CID six or the 259 CID V8 of 180 or 195 HP (depending on the choice of carburetor). The 289 was no longer available.

The 1959 model year was Studebaker's first profitable year in six years, thanks mostly to the Lark, and the rising tide of sales lifted the Silver Hawk, which sold 7,788 examples.

While the Silver Hawk was the only model offered in 1959, it too was dropped for 1960, with all models called simply Hawks. Largely unchanged externally from the 1959, internally, the major change was the return of the 289 CID V8 last used in 1958. This was the only engine available for U.S. orders in both 1960 and 1961, the last year of the finned Hawk. Some six-cylinder and 259 CID V8 models were built for export markets.

The 1961 models saw the limited return of a second paint color, beige, in a stripe along the base of the fin between the two lower moldings. Interiors gained the option of wide, comfortable bucket seats; customers could opt to team their 289 V8 with a new four-speed Borg-Warner manual transmission, the same model used in the Chevrolet Corvette.

1960-61
When the 1960 model year began, U.S. automakers were in the throes of a steel strike, and the shortage of steel hit Studebaker, which was a much smaller company than AMC or the Big Three, particularly hard.

Studebaker had a proven sales winner in the 1959 Lark, which was continued into 1960 with little change. With steel in short supply, the company chose to focus on building as many Larks as possible to ensure an adequate supply for the company's dealers. This meant that Silver Hawk production for 1960, which had been scheduled to begin in November or December 1959, was delayed.

Sales of the Lark began to fall off in the closing months of 1959. By the beginning of February 1960, Hawks finally began to roll from the South Bend assembly line.

It isn't known what might have happened had Lark sales continued at their 1959 levels, but speculation has been advanced that the company might not have produced any Hawks. The lengthy delay between new-model announcement time and the start of Hawk production in 1960 shows just how close Studebaker came to not producing a model that they had at least halfheartedly promoted in print advertising and showroom brochures.

The Hawk lived on, and later that year a stock production model won its class in the 1960 Mobil Economy Run, delivering 22.9 miles per gallon.

The Hawk was replaced for 1962 by the restyled (by Brooks Stevens) Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk.

Legacy
The South Bend Silver Hawks, the former minor league baseball Single-A Arizona Diamondbacks affiliate took its name from this model. Originally the logo and lettering on the teams' uniforms mirrored the logo and lettering on the car, but this has since changed to a more cartoon-esque design. The team was renamed the South Bend Cubs, following the 2014 season.

A Studebaker Hawk was featured as the title character's personal car in the 2012 Australian TV series Jack Irish.

A Studebaker Hawk was featured in the TV series Criminal Minds. Driven by the antagonist.

The model's name is parodied (as the character Studebaker Hoch) in the Frank Zappa song Billy the Mountain.

In the Roxy Music song Virginia Plain there is also a reference to Studebaker in the lyric ‘Far beyond the pale horizon Some place near the desert strand Where my Studebaker takes me That's where I'll make my stand’

title: Studebaker Silver Hawk


text:
User talk:Aviation~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 09:46, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aviation. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aviation~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:47, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aviation~enwiki


text:
Talk:Aerospike

Probably needs a rewrite seeing that the article it currently redirects to (Aerospike engine) says that that article is *not* about the Trident missile aerospike. Alex.tan 09:48, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aerospike


text:
User talk:Aron Håkanson

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 09:48, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aron Håkanson


text:
User talk:Bayside

Hi Bayside, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Thankyou for finding the time to sign up and contribute to our little project. If you're in doubt about anything, you might want to check out some of these pages:

 * Welcome, newcomers - a general introduction, and a good starting point
 * The help centre and FAQs
 * The Manual of Style - a guide to the community's writing conventions

It's also a good idea to sign the new user log and add a little about yourself.

When contributing to a talk page, you can sign your name by typing four tildes after your comments, like this: ~. (Just so you know, some people won't pay attention to unsigned comments).

If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me at my talk page, or at the Help desk or Village Pump.

Above all, make sure you be bold when contributing, and have fun!

– T.P.K. 12:09, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I suggest bringing it up here: Talk:Port Phillip Bay Sam [Spade] 11:37, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

The article Port Phillip is a disambiguation article - that is, it simply points to other articles with a similar name, whereas the article Port Phillip Bay contains the article about the bay. You can use this Port Phillip when changing links to it so that readers are directed to the right article, and the name "Port Phillip" is shown in the link. If you think the article name needs to be changed, feel free to discuss it at the talk page Sam Spade posted above. T.P.K. 12:00, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, all solved, I got rid of the disambiguation page and moved Port Phillip Bay to Port Phillip, so disregard what I said above, the main article on the bay is at Port Phillip now. T.P.K. 12:34, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Melbourne
I was just going to suggest you joined up when I realized you already had! Great to have you aboard, all the help we get is great. T.P.K. 16:50, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Bayside! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:43, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Sarah Blanck -

title: User talk:Bayside


text:
Exponential hierarchy

In computational complexity theory, the exponential hierarchy is a hierarchy of complexity classes that is an exponential time analogue of the polynomial hierarchy. As elsewhere in complexity theory, “exponential” is used in two different meanings (linear exponential bounds $$2^{cn}$$ for a constant c, and full exponential bounds $$2^{n^c}$$), leading to two versions of the exponential hierarchy. This hierarchy is sometimes also referred to as the weak exponential hierarchy, to differentiate it from the strong exponential hierarchy.

EH
The complexity class EH is the union of the classes $$\Sigma^\mathsf{E}_k$$ for all k, where $$\Sigma^\mathsf{E}_k=\mathsf{NE}^{\Sigma^\mathsf{P}_{k-1}}$$ (i.e., languages computable in nondeterministic time $$2^{cn}$$ for some constant c with a $$\Sigma^\mathsf{P}_{k-1}$$ oracle) and $$\Sigma^\mathsf{E}_0 = \mathsf{E}$$. One also defines

 * $$\Pi^\mathsf{E}_k=\mathsf{coNE}^{\Sigma^\mathsf{P}_{k-1}}$$ and $$\Delta^\mathsf{E}_k=\mathsf{E}^{\Sigma^\mathsf{P}_{k-1}}.$$

An equivalent definition is that a language L is in $$\Sigma^\mathsf{E}_k$$ if and only if it can be written in the form

 * $$x\in L\iff\exists y_1\forall y_2\dots Qy_k R(x,y_1,\ldots,y_k),$$

where $$R(x,y_1,\ldots,y_n)$$ is a predicate computable in time $$2^{c|x|}$$ (which implicitly bounds the length of yi). Also equivalently, EH is the class of languages computable on an alternating Turing machine in time $$2^{cn}$$ for some c with constantly many alternations.

EXPH
EXPH is the union of the classes $$\Sigma^{\mathsf{EXP}}_k$$, where $$\Sigma^{\mathsf{EXP}}_k=\mathsf{NEXP}^{\Sigma^\mathsf{P}_{k-1}}$$ (languages computable in nondeterministic time $$2^{n^c}$$ for some constant c with a $$\Sigma^\mathsf{P}_{k-1}$$ oracle), $$\Sigma^{\mathsf{EXP}}_0 = \mathsf{EXP}$$, and again:

 * $$\Pi^{\mathsf{EXP}}_k=\mathsf{coNEXP}^{\Sigma^\mathsf{P}_{k-1}}, \Delta^{\mathsf{EXP}}_k=\mathsf{EXP}^{\Sigma^\mathsf{P}_{k-1}}.$$

A language L is in $$\Sigma^{\mathsf{EXP}}_k$$ if and only if it can be written as

 * $$x\in L\iff\exists y_1 \forall y_2 \dots Qy_k R(x,y_1,\ldots,y_k),$$

where $$R(x,y_1,\ldots,y_k)$$ is computable in time $$2^{|x|^c}$$ for some c, which again implicitly bounds the length of yi. Equivalently, EXPH is the class of languages computable in time $$2^{n^c}$$ on an alternating Turing machine with constantly many alternations.

Comparison

 * E ⊆ NE ⊆ EH⊆ ESPACE,
 * EXP ⊆ NEXP ⊆ EXPH⊆ EXPSPACE,
 * EH ⊆ EXPH.

title: Exponential hierarchy


text:
User talk:StWA~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
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 * Brilliant prose
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 09:50, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called StWA. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name StWA~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:11, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:StWA~enwiki


text:
Alexander Blok

Alexander Alexandrovich Blok (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Бло́к; 28 November 1880 – 7 August 1921) was a Russian lyrical poet, writer, publicist, playwright, translator and literary critic.

Early life
Blok was born in Saint Petersburg, into an intellectual family of Alexander Lvovich Blok and Alexandra Andreevna Beketova. His father was a law professor in Warsaw, and his maternal grandfather, Andrey Beketov, was a famous botanist and the rector of Saint Petersburg State University. After his parents' separation, Blok lived with aristocratic relatives at the manor Shakhmatovo near Moscow, where he discovered the philosophy of Vladimir Solovyov, and the verse of then-obscure 19th-century poets, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet. These influences would affect his early publications, later collected in the book Ante Lucem.

Career and marriage
In 1903 he married the actress Lyubov (Lyuba) Dmitrievna Mendeleeva, daughter of the renowned chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. Later, she would involve him in a complicated love-hate relationship with his fellow Symbolist Andrei Bely. To Lyuba he dedicated a cycle of poetry that made him famous, Stikhi o Prekrasnoi Dame (Verses About the Beautiful Lady, 1904).

Blok enthusiastically greeted the 1905 Russian Revolution. During the last period of his life, Blok emphasised political themes, pondering the messianic destiny of his country (Vozmezdie, 1910–21; Rodina, 1907–16; Skify, 1918). In 1906 he wrote an encomium to Mikhail Bakunin. Influenced by Solovyov's doctrines, he had vague apocalyptic apprehensions and often vacillated between hope and despair. "I feel that a great event was coming, but what it was exactly was not revealed to me", he wrote in his diary during the summer of 1917. Quite unexpectedly for most of his admirers, he accepted the October Revolution as the final resolution of these apocalyptic yearnings.

In May 1917 Blok was appointed as a stenographer for the Extraordinary Commission to investigate illegal actions ex officio Ministers or to transcribe the (Thirteenth Section's) interrogations of those who knew Grigori Rasputin. According to Orlando Figes he was only present at the interrogation.

In November 1917, a few days after the October Revolution, the People's Commissar for Enlightenment, Anatoly Lunacharsky invited 120 of the leading writers and other cultural figures to a meeting, which almost all boycotted. Blok was one of five to attend, along with Vladimir Mayakovsky, Vsevolod Meyerhold and two others. When the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences was established in 1918, Blok became a participant.

His poem, The Twelve, written in 1918, describes 12 Red Guards in the violent chaos of the Russian Civil War, who are likened to the Apostles, while "Ahead of them, Jesus Christ goes."

Because this early show of support, Blok continued to be honoured by the Bolsheviks, despite his pre-revolutionary religious imagery, and his later disillusionment. In 1923, Leon Trotsky devoted a whole chapter of his book Literature and Revolution to Blok, saying that "Blok belonged to pre-October literature, but he overcame this, and entered into the sphere of October when he wrote The Twelve. That is why he will occupy a special place in the history of Russian literature." Given the official report on poetry to the First Congress of Soviet Writers, Nikolai Bukharin praised Blok as "a poet of tremendous power (whose) verse achieves a chiselled monumentality..." but added that "he thought that with the sign of the Cross he could bless and at the same time exorcise the image of the unfolding revolution, and he perished without having spoke his final word."

Decline in health
By 1921 Blok had become disillusioned with the Russian Revolution. He had not written any poetry for three years. He complained to Maksim Gorky that his "faith in the wisdom of humanity" had ended, and explained to his friend Korney Chukovsky why he could not write poetry any more: "All sounds have stopped. Can't you hear that there are no longer any sounds?" Within a few days Blok became sick with asthma; he had earlier developed scurvy as well. His doctors requested that he be sent abroad for medical treatment, but he was not allowed to leave the country.

Gorky pleaded for a visa on Blok's behalf. On 29 May 1921, he wrote to Anatoly Lunacharsky: "Blok is Russia's finest poet. If you forbid him to go abroad, and he dies, you and your comrades will be guilty of his death." A resolution on departure for Blok was signed by members of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee on 23 July 1921. But on 29 July Gorky asked permission for Blok's wife to accompany him, since Blok's health had deteriorated sharply. Permission for Liubov' Dmitrievna Blok to leave Russia was signed by Molotov on 1 August 1921, but Gorky did not receive notification until 6 August. The permission was delivered on 10 August, but Blok had already died of endocarditis on 7 August.

Several months earlier, Blok had delivered a celebrated lecture on Alexander Pushkin, the memory of whom he believed to be capable of uniting White and Soviet Russian factions.

Work
The idealized mystical images presented in his first book helped establish Blok as a major poet of the Russian Symbolism style. Blok's early verse is musical, but he later sought to introduce daring rhythmic patterns and uneven beats into his poetry. Poetical inspiration was natural for him, often producing unforgettable, otherworldly images out of the most banal surroundings and trivial events (Fabrika, 1903). Consequently, his mature poems are often based on the conflict between the Platonic theory of ideal beauty and the disappointing reality of foul industrialism (The Puppet Show, 1906).

The description of St Petersburg he crafted for his next collection of poems, The City (1904–08), was both impressionistic and eerie. Subsequent collections, Faina and the Mask of Snow, helped augment Blok's reputation. He was often compared with Alexander Pushkin, and is considered perhaps the most important poet of the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. During the 1910s, Blok was admired greatly by literary colleagues, and his influence on younger poets was virtually unsurpassed. Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Pasternak, and Vladimir Nabokov wrote important verse tributes to Blok. Blok expressed his opinions about the revolution by the enigmatic poem "The Twelve” (1918). The long poem exhibits "mood-creating sounds, polyphonic rhythms, and harsh, slangy language" (as the Encyclopædia Britannica termed it). It describes the march of twelve Bolshevik soldiers (likened to the Twelve Apostles of Christ) through the streets of revolutionary Petrograd, with a fierce winter blizzard raging around them. "The Twelve" alienated Blok from many of his intellectual readers (who accused him of lack of artistry), while the Bolsheviks scorned his former mysticism and asceticism.

Searching for modern language and new images, Blok used unusual sources for the poetry of Symbolism: urban folklore, ballads (songs of a sentimental nature) and ditties ("chastushka"). He was inspired by the popular chansonnier Mikhail Savoyarov, whose concerts during the years 1915–1920 were visited often by Blok. Academician Viktor Shklovsky noted that the poem is written in criminal language and in ironic style, similar to Savoyarov's couplets, by which Blok imitated the slang of 1918 Petrograd.

Musical settings

 * Dmitri Shostakovich wrote a late song cycle for soprano and piano trio, Seven Romances on Poems by Alexander Blok, Op. 127.
 * Mieczysław Weinberg wrote a song cycle for soprano and piano, Beyond the Border of Past Days, Op. 50.
 * Arthur Lourié wrote a choral cantata, In the Sanctuary of Golden Dreams.
 * Alexander Blok was a favourite poet of Georgy Sviridov; such works as "Petersburg" (a vocal poem), "Nightly Clouds" (cantata) and "Songs From Hard Times" (concerto) were written to Blok's poetry.
 * Yevgania Yosifovna Yakhina set several of Blok's poems to music.

title: Alexander Blok


text:
ELEMENTARY

In computational complexity theory, the complexity class ELEMENTARY of elementary recursive functions is the union of the classes

 * $$ \begin{align}

\mathsf{ELEMENTARY} & = \bigcup_{k \in \mathbb{N}} k\mathsf{\mbox{-}EXP} \\ & = \mathsf{DTIME}\left(2^n\right)\cup\mathsf{DTIME}\left(2^{2^n}\right)\cup \mathsf{DTIME}\left(2^{2^{2^n}}\right)\cup\cdots \end{align} $$ The name was coined by László Kalmár, in the context of recursive functions and undecidability; most problems in it are far from elementary. Some natural recursive problems lie outside ELEMENTARY, and are thus NONELEMENTARY. Most notably, there are primitive recursive problems that are not in ELEMENTARY. We know

 * LOWER-ELEMENTARY ⊊ EXPTIME ⊊ ELEMENTARY ⊊ PR ⊊ R

Whereas ELEMENTARY contains bounded applications of exponentiation (for example, $$O(2^{2^n})$$), PR allows more general hyper operators (for example, tetration) which are not contained in ELEMENTARY.

Definition
The definitions of elementary recursive functions are the same as for primitive recursive functions, except that primitive recursion is replaced by bounded summation and bounded product. All functions work over the natural numbers. The basic functions, all of them elementary recursive, are:

 * 1) Zero function.  Returns zero: f(x) = 0.
 * 2) Successor function: f(x) = x + 1. Often this is denoted by S, as in S(x). Via repeated application of a successor function, one can achieve addition.
 * 3) Projection functions: these are used for ignoring arguments. For example, f(a, b) = a is a projection function.
 * 4) Subtraction function: f(x, y) = x − y if y < x, or 0 if y ≥ x. This function is used to define conditionals and iteration.

From these basic functions, we can build other elementary recursive functions.

 * 1) Composition: applying values from some elementary recursive function as an argument to another elementary recursive function. In f(x1, ..., xn) = h(g1(x1, ..., xn), ..., gm(x1, ..., xn)) is elementary recursive if h is elementary recursive and each gi is elementary recursive.
 * 2) Bounded summation: $$f(m, x_1, \ldots, x_n) = \sum\limits_{i=0}^mg(i, x_1, \ldots, x_n)$$ is elementary recursive if g is elementary recursive.
 * 3) Bounded product: $$f(m, x_1, \ldots, x_n) = \prod\limits_{i=0}^mg(i, x_1, \ldots, x_n)$$ is elementary recursive if g is elementary recursive.

Basis for ELEMENTARY
The class of elementary functions coincides with the closure with respect to composition of the projections and one of the following function sets: $$\{ n+1, n \,\stackrel{.}{-}\, m, \lfloor n/m \rfloor, n^m \}$$, $$\{ n+m, n \,\stackrel{.}{-}\, m, \lfloor n/m\rfloor, 2^n \}$$, $$\{ n+m, n^2, n \,\bmod\, m, 2^n \}$$, where $$n \, \stackrel{.}{-} \, m = \max\{n-m, 0\}$$ is the subtraction function defined above.

Lower elementary recursive functions
Lower elementary recursive functions follow the definitions as above, except that bounded product is disallowed. That is, a lower elementary recursive function must be a zero, successor, or projection function, a composition of other lower elementary recursive functions, or the bounded sum of another lower elementary recursive function.

Lower elementary recursive functions are also known as Skolem elementary functions.

Whereas elementary recursive functions have potentially more than exponential growth, the lower elementary recursive functions have polynomial growth.

The class of lower elementary functions has a description in terms of composition of simple functions analogous to that we have for elementary functions. Namely, a polynomial-bounded function is lower elementary if and only if it can be expressed using a composition of the following functions: projections, $$n+1$$, $$nm$$, $$n \,\stackrel{.}{-}\, m$$, $$n\wedge m$$, $$\lfloor n/m \rfloor$$, one exponential function ($$2^n$$ or $$n^m$$) with the following restriction on the structure of formulas: the formula can have no more than two floors with respect to an exponent (for example, $$xy(z+1)$$ has 1 floor, $$(x+y)^{yz+x}+z^{x+1}$$ has 2 floors, $$2^{2^x}$$ has 3 floors). Here $$n\wedge m$$ is a bitwise AND of $n$ and $m$.

Descriptive characterization
In descriptive complexity, ELEMENTARY is equal to the class HO of languages that can be described by a formula of higher-order logic. This means that every language in the ELEMENTARY complexity class corresponds to as a higher-order formula that is true for, and only for, the elements on the language. More precisely, $$\mathsf{NTIME}\left(2^{2^{\cdots{2^{O(n)}}}}\right) = \exists{}\mathsf{HO}^i$$, where ⋯ indicates a tower of $i$ exponentiations and $$\exists{}\mathsf{HO}^i$$ is the class of queries that begin with existential quantifiers of $i$th order and then a formula of $(i − 1)$th order.

title: ELEMENTARY


text:
User talk:Hokanomono

Hi there. As your talk page is still empty, I was going to paste my standard welcome message on here. But as you've been around nearly as long as me (I'm surprised no-one's said hello yet) it would seem patronising to send you lots of links for how Wikipedia works. Welcome anyway - feel free to talk to me if there is anything you need to know. --ALargeElk 09:58, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks! – Hokanomono 11:04, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the lively debate on "kamikaze", "tokkootai", etc here and on Wiktionary. It's hard to get this stuff right with so little in the usual dictionaries where you'd expect to find them and when it's a bit of a tough subject to bring up with my own Japanese friends. — Hippietrail 16:26, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I've merged the content and page "counter word" created by u to page "measure word". Is the result page ok?

radiocarbon spike
Thanks for the graph. Can you please:
 * redraw it using % on the vertical scale?
 * plot also the levels in the Northern Hemisphere?

Thanks in advance. Jclerman 21:26, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The scale is in permil relative to a standard as this notation is conventionally used in radiocarbon science. I see that percent would be easier ot understand for many readers, therefore I will show percent values on the second scale.
 * I'm sorry, do not have data for the northern hemisphere. If you have the data, I will add it to the plot. Otherwise, I think the northern hemisphere delta-C-14 is about the same as for the southern hemisphere. Maybe we should rephrase the description in order not to lead people to the wrong belief, that this is a special southern hemisphere phenomenon.

 * Thank you for your feed-back. --Hokanomono ✉ 23:06, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your interest in expanding the graphic information. As a matter of fact, despite your opinion, the Southern Hemisphere spike is very different from the Northern one. We did make good use of the difference to track origin of biogenic materials. I do not have numeric data immediately available, since I archived it after the calibration conference in the 1980s. But you can see a graph on this web site and look for numeric data, e.g., in the Radiocarbon Journal. You might be able to access it online via your library. Meanwhile, enjoy the Utrecht graph. It's at the bottom of the page linked above. Jclerman 04:17, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Then I'll write a description of how we used the difference to determine both date and geographic origin of caffeine, wine, etc. which is of interest for other wikipedia articles. Jclerman 04:17, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I strongly suggest you use only one scale, and in percent. Otherwise you would have to explain the lower case delta and the upper case delta and the C-13 correction and the article will become too complex for the average reader. That's why I put the formulae as an appendix note. But that is onlhy my opinion. Jclerman 04:21, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I have updated the plot now. Actually it's another file: [[Image:Radiocarbon bomb spike.svg|150px]].
 * Finally I have found data on the northern hemisphere. I use pMC now instead of D14C. This should be the easiest to understand and the conversion was a good excersice. (I am rather new to AMS.) Hokanomono ✉ 23:20, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Counterword for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Counterword is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Hokanomono


text:
Unitarian Universalist Religious Society of Spain

The Unitarian Universalist Religious Society of Spain (Sociedad religiosa Unitaria Universalista de España, SUUE) was an attempt to organize Unitarian Universalism in Spain.

Although the SUUE became a member of the International Council of Unitarians and Universalists (ICUU) in June 2001 and had fellowships, first in Barcelona (founded in 2000), and then also in Madrid (founded in 2003), it did not achieve recognition as a religious organization from the Spanish government.

In 2001, Ángel Acebes, the Spanish Ministry of Justice denied the registration of SUUE as a religious organization in Spain on the grounds that it lacked a creed. This rejection was confirmed in 2006 by Spanish Ministry of Justice Fernando López Aguilar after a second request for legalization was made that emphasized the religious nature of the organization and its historical and denominational links.

Nowadays Spanish Unitarian Universalists (gathered still in 2 congregations, Madrid and Barcelona, after an unsuccessful attempt to create a third fellowship in A Coruña (2008)) are looking for alternate ways of legalization that preclude the existence of SUUE as it had been originally conceived by its promoters.


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Erick Elías

Erick Elías Rabinovitz (born June 23, 1980) is a Mexican actor. Elías began acting with a screen debut in DKDA: Sueños de juventud (2000), followed by roles in Amigos x siempre (2000). He became known in the reality show Protagonistas de Novela (2003), where he was the winner. He participated in projects of the American network Telemundo, such as; Gitanas (2004), El cuerpo del deseo (2005), El Zorro, la espada y la rosa (2007), Betty en NY (2019) and 100 días para enamorarnos (2020). He got his first starring role in the telenovela Tormenta en el paraíso. From there followed roles as protagonists in Niña de mi corazón (2010), Ni contigo ni sin ti (2011), Porque el amor manda (2013), El color de la pasión (2014) and El hotel de los secretos (2016), the first series that Televisa produced for Blim.

Early life
Elías was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, son of Cecilia Rabinovitz and Ricardo Elías Pessah. He has a brother named Alexis Elías. He studied arts and industrial design. In 2010 he married Karla Guindi, with whom he has two children, Penélope Elías Guindi (b. 2011) and Olivia Elías Guindi (b. 2013).

Early career
Before dedicating himself to the performance arts, he was part of a musical group called Tierra Cero. He made his acting debut in the 2000 telenovela DKDA: Sueños de juventud and Amigos x siempre. He became known in the 2003 reality show Protagonistas de Novela, where he turned out to be a winner. In 2004 he auditioned to be the main villain of the telenovela produced by Argos Comunicación for Telemundo Gitanas, where he played Jonás. After this project, he continued working for Telemundo with two more telenovelas, titled El cuerpo del deseo and El Zorro, la espada y la rosa. In 2007 he got her first starring role with Sara Maldonado in the telenovela Tormenta en el paraíso. In 2008, he was chosen by Carlos Moreno to participate also starring in the telenovela En nombre del amor remake of the 1991 telenovela Cadenas de amargura.

Elías has voiced Flint Lockwood in the Spanish-language version of Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs and its sequel from Sony Pictures Animation. According to an interview, he has stated that his daughter, Penelope, inspired him to be the dubbing voice of Flint.

He provided the voice of Charro Negro, the main antagonist of the Mexican animated film, La Leyenda del Charro Negro released on 19 January 2018.

title: Erick Elías


text:
Icelander (novel)

Icelander is the debut novel of Dustin Long. It is part of the Rectangulars line of McSweeney's Books. It appeared on the Los Angeles Times best-seller's list.

Plot
The plot primarily follows the adventures of a character known only as Our Heroine as she attempts to solve the mystery of her friend's murder while repeated flashbacks detail her family's past adventures in the underground Icelandic kingdom of Vanaheim.

Style
Though playing on the mystery genre, the book is more in line with the postmodern fiction of Vladimir Nabokov, Thomas Pynchon, Alasdair Gray, and Flann O'Brien.

The author created a real life "Bean Day" website, in reference to the event in the novel.

title: Icelander (novel)


text:
Richard Brandon

Richard Brandon (died 20 June 1649) was the common executioner of London from 1639 to 1649, who inherited that role from his father Gregory Brandon and was sometimes known as Young Gregory. Richard Brandon is often named as the executioner of Charles I, though the executioner's identity is not definitively known.

Biography
Brandon was born in London, at an unknown date, son to the common executioner of London, Gregory Brandon, and his wife Alice. Gregory Brandon had become executioner in 1611, and was then living with his family on Rosemary Lane, Whitechapel (now known as Royal Mint Street). Though little can be ascertained of Brandon's early years, rumours abounded of his gruesome upbringing as the son of London's executioner. He was rumoured to have decapitated stray cats and dogs, in training for his future position. Brandon's father, Gregory, found himself on the wrong side of the law in January 1611, when he was convicted of the manslaughter of one Simon Morton, though he was not punished thanks to a pleading of the benefit of clergy. In 1617 Gregory was the butt of a practical joke played by the members of the London College of Arms, wherein he was granted "the royal arms of Arragon, with a canton of Brabant" and thereby made into a gentleman. This joke was taken up by the people of London, who elevated Gregory to esquire, a satirical title that passed down to his successors as London's hangman. This resulted in the imprisonment of the members responsible, including the Garter Principal King of Arms, William Segar.

In his father's later years as an executioner, Brandon worked along side him and succeeded him around 1639, ostensibly obtaining the position through inheritance. In 1641 he was imprisoned at Newgate Prison for bigamy, though he was cleared of this charge on two occasions. At this time he was living at the same address, Rosemary Lane, with his wife Mary (whether she was the allegedly bigamous wife of Brandon's or not is not recorded). As the common hangman of London, Brandon was responsible for several notable executions through the English Civil War, including Charles' advisor Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, on 12 May 1641 and Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud on 10 January 1645.

Brandon was the Common Hangman of London in 1649 and he is frequently cited as the executioner of Charles I. The royalist losses of the English Civil War had led to Charles I's capture. Upon his trial, the High Court of Justice sentenced him to death for his tyrannical rule as King of England. The execution of Charles I occurred on 30 January 1649 outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall; the executioner and his assistant were hidden behind false wigs and beards, with crude masks covering their faces. Because of this, contemporary sources disagreed with each other and misidentified the executioner (one French source reported that Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell had personally executed Charles) and the precise identity of the executioner remains unknown. The execution of Charles I was carried out expertly, with a single clean cut to Charles' neck, possibly suggesting that the executioner was experienced, and pointing towards someone like Brandon who had much pride in his use of an axe. He is also reported to have received £30 around the time of the execution. He had also executed other royalists before Charles and after, including Thomas Wentworth, William Laud, and Lord Capel, indicating few moral qualms over executing political criminals. Despite this, a contemporary letter reports that he refused £200 to kill the king, and he continually denied having committed the act, even until his death in June 1649.

Richard Brandon, not to be discouraged by the death of a king, continued his job as the executioner of London. On 9 March he executed the Earl of Holland, Lord Capel, and the Duke of Hamilton, for the parliamentarians. Richard Brandon died on Wednesday 20 June 1649, and was buried the following day in the parish church of Whitechapel, St Mary Matfelon. The parish register of St Mary Matfelon records his burial: "1649. Buriall. June 21st. Rich. Brandon, a man out of Rosemary Lane." Following this is added a short notice that "this R. Brandon is supposed to have cut off the head of Charles I". This postscript was added in a different handwriting to the rest of the report and cannot be considered a reliable report of Brandon's guilt.

Three pamphlets of 1649, published shortly after Brandon's death, claimed to reveal him as the executioner of Charles I, though their authenticity is disputable. These were: The Last Will and Testament of Richard Brandon, Esquire, headsman and hangman to the Pretended Parliament; The Confession of Richard Brandon, the Hangman, 1649; and A Dialogue, or a Dispute between the Late Hangman and Death. The most notable of these tracts, The Confession of Richard Brandon, claimed to be a deathbed confession of Richard Brandon, but it is now regarded as a forgery, and apparently received little attention in its time. This tract claimed that Brandon had been paid £30 for his actions and returned home from the execution under cover of night, at 6 o'clock.

Among academic historians of the event, Philip Sidney and Basil Morgan both consider that Brandon was most likely the executioner of Charles I. Morgan claims that the "weighted probability suggests that Richard Brandon was indeed the King's executioner", considering the other attributions to be products of later "Royalist rumour-mongers"; similarly, Sidney, when weighing up the supporting and dissenting evidence considers "the mass of evidence in support of Brandon's identity with the headsman remains undeniably strong and suggestive", especially in comparison the mere rumours surrounding other suspects, such as William Hewlett and George Joyce. Contrastingly, other writers have been less ready to put forth the true culprit. Graham Edwards, in considering the evidence, claims that "several writers have their favourite nominations, all cogently argued, equally convincing and open to counter-argument", leaving the mystery open to the reader.

Gregory Brandon was said to be the illegitimate grandson or great grandson of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, whose "treatment of his beautiful royal wife was on a par with his low conception of his moral obligations. He neglected her, spent her money, and lived openly with a notorious woman known as Mrs. Eleanor Brandon, by whom he had an illegitimate son, Charles, who is said to have been the well-known jeweller to Queen Elizabeth, and whose son, or grandson, Gregory Brandon, was, according to tradition, the headsman who executed Charles I." However, an ancestry of Richard Brandon from the Duke of Suffolk's illegitimate son Charles is highly unlikely. Charles Brandon died in 1551, eight years before Elizabeth I's accession to the throne, and therefore cannot be identical with the Charles Brandon who was this Queen's jeweller.

Notoriety
The notoriety of Gregory and the "Young Gregory" led to "the Gregory Tree" becoming a euphemism for the gallows, and was one of the reasons for the decline in popularity of the name Gregory. The name "Gregory" became a general nickname for executioners:

"Even before the days of Jack Ketch, it was customary to affix a contemptuous nickname to the holders of the office throughout the country. In the days of James I, and long afterwards, hangmen went by the name of "Gregory," after Gregory Brandon, the London executioner in the reign of that monarch. Brandon succeeded Derrick, with whose name all readers of the "Fortunes of Nigel" will be familiar.

says a ballad of 1617."

The two also appeared in satire and works of fiction at the time, like the print "Portrait of Archbishop Laud and Mr. Henry Burton".

title: Richard Brandon


text:
Joseph Larmor

Sir Joseph Larmor (11 July 1857 – 19 May 1942) was an Irish and British physicist and mathematician who made breakthroughs in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics, and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a theoretical physics book published in 1900.

Biography
He was born in Magheragall in County Antrim the son of Hugh Larmor, a Belfast shopkeeper and his wife, Anna Wright. The family moved to Belfast circa 1860, and he was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, and then studied mathematics and experimental science at Queen's College, Belfast (BA 1874, MA 1875), where one of his teachers was John Purser. He subsequently studied at St John's College, Cambridge, where in 1880 he was Senior Wrangler (J. J. Thomson was second wrangler that year) and Smith's Prizeman, getting his MA in 1883. After teaching physics for a few years at Queen's College, Galway, he accepted a lectureship in mathematics at Cambridge in 1885. In 1892 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and he served as one of the Secretaries of the society. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1910.

In 1903 he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, a post he retained until his retirement in 1932. He never married. He was knighted by King Edward VII in 1909.

Motivated by his strong opposition to Home Rule for Ireland, in February 1911 Larmor ran for and was elected as Member of Parliament for Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency) with the Conservative party. He remained in parliament until the 1922 general election, at which point the Irish question had been settled. Upon his retirement from Cambridge in 1932 Larmor moved back to County Down in Northern Ireland.

He received the honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901. He was elected an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1903, an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1908, and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1913. He was awarded the Poncelet Prize for 1918 by the French Academy of Sciences. Larmor was a Plenary Speaker in 1920 at the ICM at Strasbourg and an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1924 in Toronto and at the ICM in 1928 in Bologna.

He died in Holywood, County Down on 19 May 1942.

Work
Larmor proposed that the aether could be represented as a homogeneous fluid medium which was perfectly incompressible and elastic. Larmor believed the aether was separate from matter. He united Lord Kelvin's model of spinning gyrostats (see Vortex theory of the atom) with this theory. Larmor held that matter consisted of particles moving in the aether. Larmor believed the source of electric charge was a "particle" (which as early as 1894 he was referring to as the electron). Larmor held that the flow of charged particles constitutes the current of conduction (but was not part of the atom). Larmor calculated the rate of energy radiation from an accelerating electron. Larmor explained the splitting of the spectral lines in a magnetic field by the oscillation of electrons. Larmor also created the first solar system model of the atom in 1897. He also postulated the proton, calling it a “positive electron.” He said the destruction of this type of atom making up matter “is an occurrence of infinitely small probability.”

In 1919, Larmor proposed sunspots are self-regenerative dynamo action on the Sun's surface.

Quotes from one of Larmor's voluminous work include:
 * “while atoms of matter are in whole or in part aggregations of electrons in stable orbital motion. In particular, this scheme provides a consistent foundation for the electrodynamic laws, and agrees with the actual relations between radiation and moving matter.”
 * “A formula for optical dispersion was obtained in § 11 of the second part of this memoir, on the simple hypothesis that the electric polarization of the molecules vibrated as a whole in unison with the electric field of the radiation.”
 * “…that of the transmission of radiation across a medium permeated by molecules, each consisting of a system of electrons in steady orbital motion, and each capable of free oscillations about the steady state of motion with definite free periods analogous to those of the planetary inequalities of the Solar System;”
 * “‘A’ will be a positive electron in the medium, and ‘B’ will be the complementary negative one...We shall thus have created two permanent conjugate electrons A and B; each of them can be moved about through the medium, but they will both persist until they are destroyed by an extraneous process the reverse of that by which they are formed.”

Discovery of Lorentz transformation
Parallel to the development of Lorentz ether theory, Larmor published an approximation to the Lorentz transformations in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1897, namely $$x_{1} =x\epsilon^{\frac{1}{2}}$$ for the spatial part and $$dt_{1}  =dt^{\prime}\epsilon^{-\frac{1}{2}}$$ for the temporal part, where $$\epsilon =\left(1-v^{2}/c^{2}\right)^{-1}$$ and the local time $$t^{\prime} =t-vx/c^{2}$$. He obtained the full Lorentz transformation in 1900 by inserting $$\epsilon$$ into his expression of local time such that $$t^{\prime\prime} =t^{\prime}-\epsilon vx^{\prime}/c^{2}$$, and as before $$x_{1} =\epsilon^{\frac{1}{2}}x^{\prime}$$ and $$dt_{1} =\epsilon^{-\frac{1}{2}}dt^{\prime\prime}$$. This was done around the same time as Hendrik Lorentz (1899, 1904) and five years before Albert Einstein (1905).

Larmor however did not possess the correct velocity transformations, which include the addition of velocities law, which were later discovered by Henri Poincaré. Larmor predicted the phenomenon of time dilation, at least for orbiting electrons, by writing (Larmor 1897): "... individual electrons describe corresponding parts of their orbits in times shorter for the [rest] system in the ratio (1 – v2/c2)1/2". He also verified that the FitzGerald–Lorentz contraction (length contraction) should occur for bodies whose atoms were held together by electromagnetic forces. In his book Aether and Matter (1900), he again presented the Lorentz transformations, time dilation and length contraction (treating these as dynamic rather than kinematic effects). Larmor was opposed to the spacetime interpretation of the Lorentz transformation in special relativity because he continued to believe in an absolute aether. He was also critical of the curvature of space of general relativity, to the extent that he claimed that an absolute time was essential to astronomy (Larmor 1924, 1927).

Publications
Larmor edited the collected works of George Stokes, James Thomson and William Thomson.
 * 1884, "Least action as the fundamental formulation in dynamics and physics", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society.
 * 1887, "On the direct applications of first principles in the theory of partial differential equations", Proceedings of the Royal Society.
 * 1891, "On the theory of electrodynamics", Proceedings of the Royal Society.
 * 1892, "On the theory of electrodynamics, as affected by the nature of the mechanical stresses in excited dielectrics", Proceedings of the Royal Society.
 * 1893–97, "Dynamical Theory of the Electric and Luminiferous Medium", Proceedings of the Royal Society; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series of 3 papers containing Larmor's physical theory of the universe.
 * 1896, "The influence of a magnetic field on radiation frequency", Proceedings of the Royal Society.
 * 1896, "On the absolute minimum of optical deviation by a prism", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
 * 1898, "Note on the complete scheme of electrodynamic equations of a moving material medium, and electrostriction", Proceedings of the Royal Society.
 * 1898, "On the origin of magneto-optic rotation", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
 * ; Containing the Lorentz transformations on p. 174.
 * 1903, "On the electrodynamic and thermal relations of energy of magnetisation", Proceedings of the Royal Society.
 * 1904, "On the mathematical expression of the principle of Huygens" (read 8 Jan. 1903), Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Ser.2, vol.1 (1904), pp.1–13.
 * 1907, "Aether" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London.
 * 1908, "William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. 1824–1907" (Obituary). Proceedings of the Royal Society.
 * 1921, "On the mathematical expression of the principle of Huygens — " (read 13 Nov. 1919), Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Ser.2, vol.19 (1921), pp.169–80.
 * 1924, "On Editing Newton", Nature.
 * 1927, "Newtonian time essential to astronomy", Nature.
 * 1929, Mathematical and Physical Papers. Cambridge Univ. Press.
 * 1937, (as editor), Origins of Clerk Maxwell's Electric Ideas as Described in Familiar Letters to William Thomson. Cambridge University Press.
 * 1937, (as editor), Origins of Clerk Maxwell's Electric Ideas as Described in Familiar Letters to William Thomson. Cambridge University Press.

title: Joseph Larmor


text:
Garderobe

Garderobe is a historic term for a room in a medieval castle. The Oxford English Dictionary gives as its first meaning a store-room for valuables, but also acknowledges "by extension, a private room, a bed-chamber; also a privy".

The word derives from the French garde de robes, meaning "robes (or clothing) protector": thus, a closet or a toilet seat that would tend to prevent clothing from getting soiled.

Its most common use now is as a term for a castle toilet.

Store room
Garderobe is the French word for "wardrobe", a lockable place where clothes and other items are stored. According to medieval architecture scholar Frank Bottomley, garderobes were "Properly, not a latrine or privy but a small room or large cupboard, usually adjoining the chamber [bedroom] or solar [living room] and providing safe-keeping for valuable clothes and other possessions of price: cloth, jewels, spices, plate and money."

Toilet
The term garderobe is also used to refer to a medieval or Renaissance toilet or a close stool. In a medieval castle, a garderobe was usually a simple hole discharging to the outside into a cesspit (akin to a pit latrine) or the moat (like a fish pond toilet), depending on the structure of the building. Such toilets were often placed inside a small chamber, leading by association to the use of the term garderobe to describe the rooms. Many can still be seen in Norman and medieval castles and fortifications, for example at Bürresheim Castle in Germany, where three garderobes are still visible. They became obsolete with the introduction of indoor plumbing.

A description of the garderobe at Donegal Castle indicates that while it was in use, it was believed that ammonia would protect visitors' coats and cloaks from moths or fleas.

Other languages
In European public places, a garderobe denotes a cloakroom, wardrobe, alcove, or armoire used to temporarily store the coats and other possessions of visitors. In Danish, Dutch, Estonian, German, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and Ukrainian, the word can mean a cloakroom. In Latvian, it means "checkroom".

title: Garderobe