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Oklahoma City Baseball Club

The Oklahoma City Baseball Club is a Minor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and the Triple-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers. They are located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and play their home games at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark, which opened in 1998 in the city's Bricktown district.

The team was originally known as the Oklahoma City 89ers from 1962 to 1997 and played at All Sports Stadium. The 89ers competed in the Triple-A American Association (AA) in 1962, moved to the Pacific Coast League from 1963 to 1968, and returned to the AA from 1969 to 1997. After the American Association disbanded, the 89ers rejoined the PCL in 1998 and have been members of it since, including the 2021 season when it was known as the Triple-A West. The team renamed itself the Oklahoma RedHawks from 1998 to 2008 and the Oklahoma City RedHawks from 2009 to 2014. The franchise affiliated with the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2015 and changed its name to the Oklahoma City Dodgers. The team name was changed to the Oklahoma City Baseball Club for the 2024 season, after which a new identity will be announced.

Oklahoma City has won five league championships. The 89ers won the PCL championship in 1963 and 1965 as the Triple-A affiliate of the Houston Colt .45s/Astros. They later won the American Association championship in 1992 and 1996 with the Texas Rangers. Oklahoma City won their third PCL championship in 2023 as affiliates of the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Oklahoma City Mets and Indians (1904–1957)
Oklahoma City has been home to professional baseball for all but a few years since 1904, when the Metropolitans (Mets) were established as the city's first team. Oklahoma City's teams and names have changed numerous times since. The team became known as the Indians in 1909 before returning to the original Mets name in 1910 and reverting again to the Indians name in 1911. Oklahoma City was home to the Senators in 1912. After one year without a baseball team, Oklahoma City's squad became the Boosters in 1914. The Senators name returned from 1915 to 1916, but the Boosters name came back in 1917. The Oklahoma City Indians name returned in 1918 and the team name stuck until 1957 (the team did not compete during World War II).

Oklahoma City 89ers (1962–1997)
Oklahoma City's current baseball franchise began competing in 1962 as the Oklahoma City 89ers following a four-year period without professional baseball in the area. The franchise's original name made reference to the Land Run of 1889, which led to the founding of Oklahoma City.

After the Houston Buffaloes of the American Association were purchased for territorial rights by the Houston Colt .45s (later the Houston Astros) of the National League, the big league club decided to move the Buffs elsewhere. In July 1961, Spec Richardson, who was then general manager of the Buffs, met with Oklahoma City officials and boosters, and agreed to move the team. After a unanimous approval from the American Association's board of directors, the current franchise began play in 1962 as the top affiliate of the Houston Colt .45s. The 89ers won the PCL championship in 1963 and 1965.

The Astros divested the team to Tulsa businessman, P. C. Dixon, in November 1970. The franchise affiliated with Cleveland from 1973 and 1975 and with the Philadelphia Phillies from 1976 until 1982.

The Texas Rangers became the parent club in 1983. The 89ers won the American Association championship in 1992 and 1996 as an affiliate of the Rangers.

Oklahoma City RedHawks (1998–2014)
The franchise moved to the new Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in 1998, returned to the PCL, and renamed the team the Oklahoma RedHawks. The team was renamed the RedHawks after the red-tailed hawk, a bird of prey commonly seen throughout Oklahoma. When announcing the new name, team officials noted the raptor's four-foot wingspan and migration patterns, which always return the bird to Oklahoma. A hawk is also part of the state's official song.

Prior to the 2009 season, the team once again named itself after its home city. The minor renaming was accompanied by new logos and a new color scheme. The team's name change to the Oklahoma City RedHawks was made to honor Oklahoma City citizens who paid for the ballpark through a temporary one-cent sales tax to fund the Metropolitan Area Projects Plan or MAPS.

Pitchers Dustin Nippert and Luis Mendoza recorded the two no-hitters in team history (since 1998). Nippert recorded the RedHawks' first no-hitter on June 29, 2008, at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha, Nebraska against the Omaha Royals. The Redhawks won the seven-inning game, the first of a doubleheader, 2–0. Nippert walked two batters and struck out five in the first Oklahoma City professional baseball no-hitter since August 13, 1996, when Rick Helling recorded a perfect game for the 89ers).

Mendoza pitched the team's first nine-inning no-hitter on August 14, 2009, against the Salt Lake Bees at Bricktown Ballpark. He threw 125 pitches, including 74 for strikes. He walked six and struck out six batters in the 5–0 win.

Six players have hit three home runs in a single game. Adrián González became the first to accomplish the offensive feat on May 24, 2005, at Albuquerque. He went 3-for-4 with five RBI. All three of Nelson Cruz's hits on July 19, 2008, against Memphis were home runs. He went 3-for-5 with five RBI in the game. Nate Gold went 4-for-5 with three homers and four RBI on July 28, 2008, at Colorado Springs. Chad Tracy hit three homers on June 27, 2010, against Omaha, finishing the game 3-for-3 with five RBI. Mike Hessman went 4-for-4 with three homers on June 3, 2012, against Iowa. Matt Duffy went 3-for-4 with three homers and three RBI on June 9, 2014, against Salt Lake.

Gregorio Petit is the lone OKC player to record two grand slams in one game, accomplishing the feat June 22, 2010 at New Orleans.

On September 14, 2010, the Texas Rangers ownership announced that they were moving their Triple-A affiliation to the Round Rock Express (formerly the Astros' Triple-A affiliate). On September 15, the RedHawks were sold to Mandalay Baseball Properties, which also owns or operates four other Minor League Baseball teams, and is part of the Mandalay Entertainment conglomerate chaired by entertainment industry executive Peter Guber. On September 20, Mandalay entered into a formal agreement for the RedHawks to become the Astros' new Triple-A affiliate.

Anderson Hernandez put together the longest hitting streak in team history August 2 – September 2, 2011 – a streak that lasted 30 games.

The 2013 Redhawks made numerous entries into the club's record book. The RedHawks set the team record for most runs scored in a game at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark and tied the club record for most runs scored in a game overall in a 24–5 win against Colorado Springs on August 3, 2013.

The 2013 squad also compiled the longest overall and home winning streaks in club history. The RedHawks won 12 straight games overall from July 26 to August 6. They continued winning at home, stringing together 17 consecutive wins at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark from July 26 to August 20.

Oklahoma City Dodgers (2015–2023)
After the 2014 season, the RedHawks announced the sale of the franchise to a partnership between Mandalay Entertainment Chairman and CEO Peter Guber, other current principals of Mandalay Baseball Properties, Jason Sugarman, and the Los Angeles Dodgers. As a result of the purchase agreement, the RedHawks became the Triple-A affiliate of the Dodgers in 2015 and were renamed after their parent club, becoming the Oklahoma City Dodgers.

The 2015 OKC Dodgers set a new modern-era mark for wins, finishing the regular season with the best record in the PCL at 86-58 and going on to win the American Northern Division title. The last OKC team to win at least 86 games was the 1965 Oklahoma City 89ers (91-54). The 2015 team also set single-season team records for road wins (44), fewest runs allowed (608), and fewest home runs allowed (89). The team stood 30 games above .500 (85-55) during the season, the first time the team reached that mark in its modern PCL history. OKC Dodgers manager Damon Berryhill was named 2015 PCL Manager of the Year, becoming the first OKC manager to win the honor since Greg Biagini in 1999.

Corey Seager became the second OKC player in the PCL era to record six hits in a game when he went 6-for-6 in Salt Lake May 28, 2015, including a home run and two doubles. Seager collected six RBI and scored two runs. Jeff Pickler was the first OKC player in the modern era to accomplish the feat June 22, 2004, at Albuquerque, going 6-for-6 with a double, triple, and RBI.

The 2016 OKC Dodgers claimed a second straight 80-win regular season and picked up back-to-back PCL American Northern Division championships. They advanced to the PCL Championship Series for the first time since 2008.

The 2016 Dodgers posted a 3.72 team ERA to establish a new club record during the PCL era and the OKC pitching staff racked up a league-leading 1,245 strikeouts to set the PCL modern era record for strikeouts in just 141 games. The Dodgers allowed a league-low 372 walks, also the fewest allowed by an OKC team during the PCL era. Pitcher Jose De Leon became the first OKC pitcher to record five double-digit strikeout games in one season.

The record-breaking continued for the OKC Dodgers in 2017. The team broke its own record for strikeouts as Dodgers pitchers combined for 1,277 strikeouts during the season.

Right-handed starting pitcher Wilmer Font led the charge and paced all of Triple-A baseball with 178 strikeouts and set OKC's all-time single-season strikeout record (since 1998). He tied former Dodger Jose De Leon's club record by compiling five games with at least 10 strikeouts. Font racked up a team-record 15 strikeouts on May 15 against Sacramento at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark and went on to be named the PCL Pitcher of the Year.

The Dodgers recorded back-to-back-to-back home runs for the first time in modern team history (since 1998) June 9, 2017, against Round Rock in Oklahoma City. With one out in the first inning, Joc Pederson, Scott Van Slyke, and Willie Calhoun each homered within a span of five pitches.

The third-largest crowd in Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark history was on hand to watch a rehab appearance by Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Clayton Kershaw August 26, 2017, against the Omaha Storm Chasers. A standing-room-only crowd of 13,106 was the largest in OKC since April 18, 1998 – the third game ever played at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark.

The start of the 2020 season was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic before ultimately being canceled on June 30. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Dodgers were organized into the Triple-A West. Oklahoma City ended the season tied for second place in the Eastern Division with a 61–58 record. No playoffs were held to determine a league champion; instead, the team with the best regular-season record was declared the winner. However, 10 games that had been postponed from the start of the season were reinserted into the schedule as a postseason tournament called the Triple-A Final Stretch in which all 30 Triple-A clubs competed for the highest winning percentage. Oklahoma City finished the tournament tied for seventh place with a 6–4 record.

Following the 2021 season, on December 14, 2021, the Oklahoma City Dodgers were purchased by Diamond Baseball Holdings, a subsidiary of Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. With the Los Angeles Dodgers remaining a parent club affiliate. In 2022, the Triple-A West became known as the Pacific Coast League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

Playing under a split-season format in 2023 in which the teams with the best league-wide records at the end of each half qualified for the playoffs, Oklahoma City won the first-half title at 50–23. They tied for fifth place in the second-half with a record of 40–35. Overall, the team posted the league's best record, 90–58. In a single round of playoffs versus the Round Rock Express, winners of the second-half, the Dodgers won their third PCL championship, two games to none. They lost the Triple-A National Championship Game versus the Norfolk Tides, champions of the International League, 7–6.

Oklahoma City Baseball Club (2024)
After the 2023 season, the team name was changed to the Oklahoma City Baseball Club while options are explored for a new, unique, and locally-oriented name that will differentiate the Oklahoma City club from its parent organization. The club will operate under this temporary name until a new identity is announced following the 2024 season.

Notable players

 * Jim Acker, pitcher
 * Eddy Alvarez, second baseman
 * Cody Bellinger, outfielder/first baseman
 * Hank Blalock, third baseman/first baseman
 * Steve Buechele, third baseman
 * Marlon Byrd, outfielder
 * Walker Buehler, pitcher
 * Francisco Cordero, pitcher
 * Carl Crawford, left fielder
 * Nelson Cruz, outfielder
 * Chris Davis, first baseman
 * Doug Davis, pitcher
 * R. A. Dickey, pitcher
 * Justin Duchscherer, pitcher
 * Scott Feldman, pitcher
 * Neftalí Feliz, pitcher
 * Adrián González, first baseman
 * Juan González, outfielder/designated hitter
 * Travis Hafner, first baseman/designated hitter
 * Matt Harrison, pitcher
 * Gabe Kapler, outfielder
 * Dallas Keuchel, pitcher
 * Ian Kinsler, second baseman
 * Danny Kolb, pitcher
 * Duane Kuiper, second baseman
 * Gerald Laird, catcher
 * Zach Lee, starting pitcher
 * Ryan Ludwick, outfielder
 * Rick Manning, center fielder
 * J.D. Martinez, outfielder
 * Mitch Moreland, first baseman/outfielder
 * Max Muncy, third baseman
 * Jeff Newman, catcher
 * Alexi Ogando, pitcher
 * Carlos Peña, first baseman
 * J.R. Richard, starting pitcher
 * Jarrod Saltalamacchia, catcher
 * Ryne Sandberg, second baseman
 * Corey Seager, shortstop
 * Rubén Sierra, outfielder
 * Justin Smoak, first baseman
 * Sammy Sosa, outfielder
 * George Springer, outfielder
 * Edinson Vólquez, pitcher
 * C.J. Wilson, pitcher
 * Michael Young, infielder
 * Josh Zeid, pitcher

Radio and broadcasters
The Oklahoma City Baseball Club broadcast all their games on the radio, some on KGHM (AM) 1340 The Game, while some select games (Those conflicting with College football also broadcast on KGHM (AM) 1340 The Game.) are broadcast on KREF-FM 94.7 the REF, and are televised live on MiLB.TV and are also streamed live for free on the Bally Live app. For the 2018 season only, some select games were broadcast locally on YurView Oklahoma on Cox Cable Oklahoma channel 703 and simulcast on Cox digital HD channels 1333 or 1334 (in case of scheduling conflicts with local high school football) starting in June 2018 against the Salt Lake Bees on June 15, 2018, featuring main radio broadcaster and voice of the OKC Dodgers Alex Freedman via radio play-by-play simulcast.

The current main radio voice for the Oklahoma City Baseball Club is Alex Freedman (early 2012-present). Freedman started out as color commentator alongside radio voice J.P. Shadrick at the start of the 2012 season (At start of first homestead of the season) but took over the main broadcast position (At start of first road trip of the season.) after Shadrick stepped down to take a job with the NFL's Jacksonville Jaguars. Fill-in broadcaster(s) (when Alex Freedman is absent) is or was KGHM (AM) 1340 The Game/News-radio 1000 KTOK-AM sports director Randy Renner.

The team has had multiple radio play-by-play broadcasters over the years, some of whom have advanced to the major league level.

 * Curt Gowdy (late 1940s): worked as a broadcaster for the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, MLB on NBC, and MLB on CBS Radio; Ford C. Frick Award winner
 * Bob Murphy (1949–1952): later broadcast for the Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, New York Mets, MLB on CBS Radio, and The Baseball Network; Ford C. Frick Award winner
 * Dewayne Staats (1973–1974): later worked for the Houston Astros, Chicago Cubs, New York Yankees, The Baseball Network, MLB on ESPN, Tampa Bay Rays, and MLB on Fox
 * Mike Nail (1975–1979): He later became the voice of the Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team under coaches Eddie Sutton and Nolan Richardson
 * John Rooney (1980–82): later worked for MLB on CBS Radio, Minnesota Twins, Chicago White Sox, The Baseball Network, MLB on Fox, MLB on ESPN Radio, and the St. Louis Cardinals.
 * Brian Barnhart (1989–94): broadcaster for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, also served as an alternate broadcaster for the Oklahoma City Blazers hockey team (1992-1993)
 * Joe Simpson (1985): worked for the Seattle Mariners, Atlanta Braves, TBS Superstation, and MLB on TBS
 * Jack Damrill (1995–1999): Left to work as a weekend sports anchor for Oklahoma City NBC affiliate KFOR-TV News Channel 4, and also worked for the University of Oklahoma broadcasting both the baseball and women's basketball teams. Later worked as a radio voice for the Oklahoma City Energy FC of the USL for their inaugural season in 2014 only. Now works in media relations as a spokesman for the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority.
 * Jim Byers (1998 as color commentator; July 1999–2002 and 2004–2010 as main broadcaster): Left the Redhawks in 2003 to host a local sports talk show on KREF-1400 AM in Norman, Oklahoma but returned to the team in 2004. He also worked as an announcer for Remington Park, a horse racing track in Oklahoma City from (1988–early 1999), and served as a fill-in then later became a full time voice for the Oklahoma City Blazers (2005–2009), and has also worked for the Tulsa Oilers (1996–1999), the Wichita Thunder (early 2003 as a fill-in voice for road games only), the University of Oklahoma as broadcaster for the university's women's basketball (2001-2002) and men's baseball teams (2003-early 2004), and was the voice for the American Hockey League’s Oklahoma City Barons from 2010 to 2015, when the franchise ceased operations and relocated to Bakersfield to become the Bakersfield Condors. In the fall of 2015 only, Byers was cohost of Friday Night Finals, a weekly local High School Football highlight show aired on KGHM (AM) 1340 or sister station KTOK-AM showcasing game scores and results from around the state during the High School football season. Byers also worked as a linesman in the Central Hockey League from 1992-1995. Byers currently works for Lone Star Park in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolis as their track announcer (2015–present).
 * Dave Garrett (2003): Former radio voice for the Dallas Cowboys (1995–1998 including Super Bowl XXX) and New Orleans Saints (1992–1993) of the NFL, from 1986 to 1987 was sports director at WKY-AM and from 1987 to 1992 was sports talk host on sister station KTOK-AM both in Oklahoma City, and was a fill-in play-by-play broadcaster of Oklahoma State Cowboys football games and also did spot play-by-play for Oklahoma State Basketball, and worked high school championships and all-star games and Oklahoma football games on the Oklahoma News Network. He later worked for Oral Roberts University as voice for both the men's and women's basketball teams (1999–2004). In late 2003 Garrett was asked not to return to the Redhawks for the 2004 season in favor of bringing back former broadcaster Jim Byers. Garrett took a job with KREF-1400 AM from 2004 to 2005 (in a bit of a so-called job swap with Jim Byers). In 2006 he returned to his old job as sports director at KTOK-AM and its new sister station KGHM (AM) 1340 The Game from 2006 to 2012, prior to that in the Fall of 2005 he was cohost of Friday Night Finals, a weekly local High School Football highlight show aired on KGHM (AM) 1340 or sister station KTOK-AM showcasing game scores and results from around the state during the High School football season. He also hosted a weekday afternoon sports show on 1340 The Game before briefly ending the show for a few months to focus on his duties as station sports director before returning the show and hosting it until he was laid off as part of nationwide layoffs at Clear Channel Communications. He also hosted a local show called "DG on the Radio" on KRXO-107.7 FM (2013–2018) and was the play-by-play announcer for Westwood One radio coverage of the National Football League through 2001. Garrett currently serves as the voice of the University of Central Oklahoma Bronchos football and men's and women's basketball teams (2007–present).
 * J.P. Shadrick (2011–early April 2012): Was the Play-by-play voice of the Jacksonville Suns Baseball team. In early April 2012, Shadrick left the RedHawks after the first homestead of the 2012 season to take a job with the Jacksonville Jaguars. Currently, Shadrick is part of the broadcast team for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL as host of pregame and postgame shows, occasional sideline reporter, and one of the hosts of the Jaguars weekly highlight show.

title: Oklahoma City Baseball Club


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Ferrex

Ferrex was the son of the legendary king Gorboduc of the Britons, and fought with his brother Porrex for the throne, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth.

When his father had become old, he quarrelled with his brother Porrex over who would succeed to the kingship. Ferrex discovered that Porrex planned to kill him, and fled to Gaul, where he enlisted the help of Suhard, the king of the Franks. Upon his return, he fought a battle with his brother and died there. The Gaulish army was also destroyed.

Ferrex had been his mother Judon's favourite son, and she avenged his death by killing Porrex in his sleep. This led to a long civil war between five kings in Britain.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ferrex


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Omaha Storm Chasers

The Omaha Storm Chasers are a Minor League Baseball team of the International League and the Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals. They are located in Papillion, Nebraska, a suburb southwest of Omaha, and play their home games at Werner Park, which opened in 2011. The team previously played at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium from 1969 to 2010.

Omaha has been the only Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals since their inception in the 1969 Major League Baseball expansion. They were originally known as the Omaha Royals when established as a member of the Triple-A American Association in 1969. They joined the Pacific Coast League (PCL) in 1998 and were briefly known as the Omaha Golden Spikes (1999–2001) before reverting to their Royals moniker. Omaha became the Storm Chasers in 2011. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the team was placed in the Triple-A East, which rebranded as the International League in 2022.

Omaha has won seven league championships. Most recently, they won back-to-back PCL championships in 2013 and 2014. They previously won the PCL title in 2011. They also won the American Association championship in 1969, 1970, 1978, and 1990. Omaha went on to win the Triple-A Classic in 1990 and the Triple-A National Championship Game in 2013 and 2014.

Prior professional baseball in Omaha
Omaha has been home to Minor League Baseball teams since the late 19th century. The city's professional baseball history dates back to 1879 with the formation of the Omaha Green Stockings, who were charter members of the Northwestern League. They were followed by other teams, such as the Omahogs, Lambs, Indians, Rangers, Rourkes, Buffaloes, Crickets, and Packers, that competed in either the Western League or Western Association through 1936. The Omaha Cardinals were the city's team from 1947 to 1959 as members of the Class A Western League before joining the Triple-A American Association in 1955. After having no team in 1960, the Omaha Dodgers represented the city in the American Association from 1961 to 1962. The league disbanded after the 1962 season, leaving Omaha without professional baseball for the next six years.

American Association (1969–1997)
The Omaha Royals were established in 1969 as members of the American Association (AA) to serve as the Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals, who were a product of the 1969 Major League Baseball expansion. Omaha's team was named for and owned by their Major League Baseball (MLB) affiliate. Their home ballpark was Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium, which was built in 1948.

Managed by Jack McKeon in their inaugural 1969 season, the Royals won the American Association championship with an 85–55 record, six games ahead of the second-place Tulsa Oilers. McKeon was selected for the AA Manager of the Year Award. In 1970, he led the Royals to win the Eastern Division title with a 73–65 record. In the best-of-seven postseason playoffs, Omaha defeated the Denver Bears, 4–1, to win their second league championship. They then advanced to the Junior World Series to face the Syracuse Chiefs, champions of the Triple-A International League, but they lost the series, 4–1. McKeon won a second Manager of the Year Award, and outfielder George Spriggs was selected as the AA Most Valuable Player (MVP). Though Omaha was unable to qualify for the playoffs over the next five seasons, two Royals were chosen for league awards during this stretch: second baseman Jim Wohlford as the 1972 Rookie of the Year and Mark Littell as the 1973 Most Valuable Pitcher. Many players from those early teams helped the Major League Royals win four out of five AL West titles from 1976 to 1980, culminating in a World Series appearance in 1980.

In 1976 and 1977, the Royals won back-to-back Eastern Division titles but lost both seasons' league championships to Denver. Outfielder Clint Hurdle was selected as the 1977 AA Rookie of the Year. Behind manager John Sullivan, Omaha won the 1978 Western Division title before winning their third American Association championship over the Indianapolis Indians, 4–1. The team next qualified for the playoffs in 1981 and 1982 but lost in the championship round each time, first to Denver and then Indianapolis. Joe Sparks won the Manager of the Year Award in 1981, and third baseman Manny Castillo was the same season's MVP.

In February 1985, Kansas City sold the Omaha Royals to Chicago businessman Irving "Gus" Cherry for an undisclosed sum, citing financial losses from operating their own Triple-A club; their major league affiliation continued. Meanwhile, in the midst of another postseason drought from 1983 to 1987, Mark Huismann won the 1985 Most Valuable Pitcher Award.

Omaha won three consecutive Western Division titles from 1988 to 1989. On the first two occasions, they lost the AA championship to Indianapolis in the single-round playoffs. First baseman Luis de los Santos was the 1988 league MVP. Then, manager Sal Rende guided the team to a fourth American Association title with a 3–2 series win over the Nashville Sounds in 1990. The Royals capped off the season by winning the Triple-A Classic versus the International League champion Rochester Red Wings, 4–1. Rende was voted the league's Manager of the Year.

The team was sold to the Union Pacific Railroad and minority investors Warren Buffett and Walter Scott for US$5 million following the 1991 season. From 1991 to 1997, the Royals made two postseason appearances in which they were eliminated in both the 1995 and 1996 semifinals. The 1994 season saw outfielder Dwayne Hosey selected as league MVP and first baseman Joe Vitiello win Rookie of the Year.

Pacific Coast League (1998–2020)
The American Association, of which the Royals had been members since 1969, disbanded after the 1997 season, and its teams were absorbed by the two remaining Triple-A leagues—the International League and Pacific Coast League (PCL). Omaha joined the PCL, becoming one of the easternmost team in the circuit. Though they did not qualify for the playoffs, two Royals outfielders were selected for league awards in the team's first PCL season: Chris Hatcher as the Most Valuable Player and Jeremy Giambi as Rookie of the Year.

First rebranding
In early 1998, Omaha began considering a name change to distinguish the Royals from their major league affiliate and to market the minor league club as Omaha's team rather than Kansas City's Triple-A affiliate. Fans and team officials voted to rebrand as the Omaha Golden Spikes beginning with the 1999 seasons. The name was a reference to the golden spike driven at Promontory Summit, Utah, to celebrate the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. It was intended to celebrate the rich railroad tradition in Omaha, headquarters of the Union Pacific Railroad. The Golden Spikes won the 1999 American Conference Midwest Division title but lost the American Conference title to the Oklahoma RedHawks. Outfielder Mark Quinn was voted the PCL's Rookie of the Year that season.

Union Pacific sold their 50-percent share in the team to Connecticut businessman Matt Minker in early 2001; Buffett and Scott retained their minority interests. Shortly thereafter, the team launched a fan vote to see about changing the team's name, which had been associated with Union Pacific and proved to be unpopular with many fans. As a result, the team switched back to being the Omaha Royals beginning with the 2002 season as fans cited a wish to continue with the tradition associated with the name, which had been in use from 1969 to 1998. Minker later sold his interest in the team to Kentucky businessman Bill Shea in 2006.

From 2000 to 2010, the Royals regularly finished in third or fourth place out of four teams in their division, which left them out of the playoff picture. The team experienced several changes over the next few years. The 2010 season became the last that the team played at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium, their home field since 1969. The team moved into the new $26-million Werner Park in 2011.

Second rebranding
Prior to opening Werner Park, the team rebranded as the Omaha Storm Chasers following rounds of fan submissions and voting. The name references storm chasers, people who pursue any severe weather phenomena for various purposes; Nebraska, and Omaha itself, being in Tornado Alley, have been havens for many such chasers.

The Storm Chasers played their first home game at Werner Park on April 16, 2011, defeating the Nashville Sounds, 2–1, before 6,533 people in attendance. Manager Mike Jirschele led Omaha to a 79–63 record and the American Conference Northern Division title, which gave the team their first postseason berth since 1999. They defeated the Round Rock Express, 3–1, in the best-of-five American Conference series to advance to the league finals. The Storm Chasers won their first Pacific Coast League championship by sweeping the Sacramento River Cats, 3–0, in the best-of-five championship round. The win gave Omaha a spot in the Triple-A National Championship Game, a single game to determine a champion of Triple-A baseball, versus the International League champion Columbus Clippers, which they lost, 8–3. Jirschele won the Mike Coolbaugh Award, and Luis Mendoza was selected as the PCL Pitcher of the Year.

Jirschele's Storm Chasers returned to the playoffs in 2012 by virtue of winning the division and won a second American Conference title, but they were defeated in the championship round by the Reno Aces, 3–1. In 2013 with Jirschele at the helm, Omaha finished the season at 70–74 with another division title. After besting the Oklahoma City RedHawks, 3–0, for the conference title, they won a second PCL championship over the Salt Lake Bees, 3–1. Returning to the Triple-A National Championship Game, Omaha defeated the International League's Durham Bulls, 2–1, for their first class-level title since 1990. Managed by Brian Poldberg in 2014, Omaha won their fourth consecutive American Conference Northern Division title on the heels of a 76–67 season. After winning the conference title over the Memphis Redbirds, 3–1, Omaha won back-to-back PCL championships with a 3–2 series win over Reno. They also repeated as Triple-A champions by defeating the Pawtucket Red Sox, 4–2.

In the midst of a four-year playoff run, which would be Omaha's last in the PCL, the team's ownership changed hands in 2012. Bill Shea, Warren Buffett, and Walter Scott sold the team to Alliance Baseball LLC, led by managing owner Gary Green. The Storm Chasers did not qualify for the postseason from 2015 to 2019. The start of the 2020 season was initially postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic before being cancelled altogether.

Triple-A East / International League (2021–present)

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Storm Chasers were placed in the Triple-A East. No playoffs were held to determine a league champion; instead, the team with the best regular-season record was declared the winner. Omaha ended the season in eighth place with a 66–54 record. However, 10 games that had been postponed from the start of the season were reinserted into the schedule as a postseason tournament called the Triple-A Final Stretch in which all 30 Triple-A clubs competed for the highest winning percentage. Omaha finished the tournament tied for fourth place with a 7–2 record. Jackson Kowar was selected as the league's Pitcher of the Year, and shortstop Bobby Witt Jr. was chosen as its Top MLB Prospect. In 2022, the Triple-A East became known as the International League (IL), the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization. The Storm Chasers won the first-half of the 2024 season, clinching a spot in the playoffs for the International League championship.

Uniforms

Omaha has several sets of uniforms. The home whites have "Storm Chasers" across the chest and the player's number below in royal blue and gold, with royal blue piping around the neck, down the center of the jersey, and around the two sleeves. A Kansas City Royals patch adorns the left sleeve. The number on the back is a larger version of the one on the front, with the player's name arching above it in blue. The white pants have a blue line running up both legs and are capped off with a blue belt. The primary hat is solid royal blue with a spinning tornado logo (Vortex) on the front.

One alternate jersey is powder blue with "Storm Chasers" across the front, similar to the home whites. These are often paired with a solid powder blue cap with an interlocking "SC" styled as a mixture of a tornado and a baseball. The player's number is located on the back in white. A second alternate is solid royal blue with a logo on the left chest resembling an "O" with parts of a lightning bolt extending diagonally from the top and bottom. The player's number appears on the back in gold. These are worn with solid blue caps bearing the same gold logo as on the jersey. A third alternate is black with a large O/lightning bolt logo in powder blue on the center with lightning bolts of the same color around the sides of the jersey. The player's name is on the back in powder blue. These are paired with a powder blue cap with a black bill and black O/lightning bolt logo on the front.

Awards

One member of the team has received an award issued by Minor League Baseball.

Fifteen players and three managers have won league awards in recognition for their performance with Omaha.

Retired numbers

The Storm Chasers have honored five individuals by retiring their uniform numbers. This ensures that the number will be associated with one player of particular importance to the team. The Kansas City Royals' retired numbers are also retired throughout their minor league organization. Three such numbers (5, 10, and 20) are thusly also retired in Omaha, while two others (23 and 27) are retired for Omaha personnel. An additional number (42) was retired across professional baseball to honor Jackie Robinson, the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era.

Ownership

Since being established in 1969, Omaha has had six majority owners.

title: Omaha Storm Chasers


text:
User:172/Politics Committee arbitration policy

The politics committee arbitration policy acts as a guideline for the workings of the Politics Committee.

These policies are now fully adopted (complete with our ability to hear cases without Jimbo's referral) following discussion at Wikipedia talk:Politics Committee arbitration policy and the ratification vote.

See politics arbitration rationale for selected rationale about the more difficult decisions.

All of the following guidelines are subject to change.

Jurisdiction
The politics editors/arbitrators reserve the right to hear or not hear any dispute, at their discretion. The following are general guidelines which will apply to most cases, but the arbitrators may make exceptions.

 * 1) The politics editors/arbitrators will hear disputes that have been referred to politics committee arbitration.
 * 2) The politics editors/arbitrators will occasionally request advice on whether to hear a particular dispute from Jimbo Wales.
 * 3) The politics editors/arbitrators will primarily investigate disputes pertaining to the content of articles.
 * 4) The politics editors/arbitrators will hear or not hear disputes according to the wishes of the community, where there is a consensus.
 * 5) The politics editors/arbitrators will not hear disputes where they have not been requested to arbitrate.

Rules
The politics editors/arbitrators will judge cases according to the following guidelines, which they will apply with repect to academic and encyclopedic standards, and an eye to the expectations of the community:

 * 1) Established Wikipedia customs and common practices.
 * 2) Wikipedia's "laws": terms of use, submission standards, bylaws, general disclaimer, and copyright license.
 * 3) Sensible "real world" laws.

Former decisions will not be binding on the politics editors/arbitrators - rather, they intend to learn from experience.

Outcomes
The initial solution to most problems will be to issue an Arbitration Decree. For example:

 * "User X, you are making unhelpful edits to article A. Stop it, and take a broader lesson from this as you edit other articles."
 * "User X, you are making personal attacks on a wide variety of pages. Don't do that, personal attacks are inappropriate."
 * "User X, limit your reverts to article A to one per day."
 * "User X. refrain from editing this group of articles."

The second option will be to require that a user does not edit Wikipedia for a given time frame: up to thirty days to start with, up to a year in severe cases. These may be enforced by, for example, sysop blocks on IP addresses and usernames. Such bans may be appealed to Jimbo Wales, who retains the right to veto such decisions.

In due course, the arbitrators will review the possibility of additional software-based security measures, but will not request such features at the present time, relying instead on Decrees.

Transparency

 * 1) We plan to take evidence in public, but reserve the right to take some evidence in private in exceptional circumstances.
 * 2) Each politics editors/arbitrators will make their own decision about how much personal information about themselves they are willing to share, both publicly, and with the rest of the committee.
 * 3) Politics editors/arbitrators with multiple accounts on Wikipedia will disclose the usernames of those accounts to the rest of the committee, and to Jimbo Wales, but are not required to disclose them publicly.
 * 4) Initially, we will keep our deliberations private, based on a semi-formal vote amongst politics editors/arbitrators. However, both Fred Bauder and The Cunctator have expressed strong distaste for this option, so the arbitrators are far from unanimous on this point.
 * 5) We will make detailed rationale for all our decisions public, based upon our private deliberations.

Requests
The politics committee accepts requests for arbitration (politics) from anyone or directly from Jimbo Wales. The politics committee will decide whether to accept cases based on its Jurisdiction, as described previously.

The politics editors/arbitrators will accept a case if four or more politics editors/arbitrators have voted to hear it. The arbitrators will reject a case if one week has passed without this occurring AND four or more arbitrators have voted not to hear it. Individual politics editors/arbitrators will provide a rationale for their vote if so moved, or if specifically requested.

Who takes part?

 * 1) Initially, all politics editors/arbitrators will hear all cases, barring any recusals.
 * 2) Politics editors/arbitrators will recuse themselves immediately that they believe that they have a conflict of interest.
 * 3) Users who believe politics editors/arbitrators have a conflict of interest should post an appropriate statement during the arbitration process. The arbitrator in question will seriously consider it and make a response.
 * 4) Politics editors/arbitrators will not be required to recuse themselves for trivial reasons - merely reverting an edit of a user involved in a case undergoing politics editorial arbitration, for example, will likely not be seen as a serious enough conflict of interest to require recusal.

Hearing
Litigants involved in cases heard by the politics committee will present their cases and evidence on a page titled something like "Case of [Username]". Litigants shall be defined as the user or users named in the case or any advocates they identify.

Litigants may add evidence and argument to the case page at any time. Evidence and argument may also be posted by third parties and by the arbitrators themselves. The arbitrators reserve the right to disregard certain items of evidence or certain lines of argument.

Once the hearing has begun, the arbitrators will deliberate the case. If the deliberations are made public, then outside commentary on the deliberations is discouraged until such time after the hearing has ceased that the arbitrators define as the period for public commentary on the deliberations.

Judgment
Once the hearing has ended, the arbitrators will release one or more detailed politics editors/arbitrators' opinions on the case. The arbitrators will also release a judgment detailing their resoltion to the dispute, which will be binding. The arbitrators will seek to reach consensus amongst themselves on this remedy. If consensus can not be reached, a vote will be taken, with the view of the majority of the arbitrators prevailing. Majority shall be defined as a decision supported by more than 50% of all arbitrators. If no option has majority support, no decision will be made, and no action will be taken.

The decision will contain detailed findings of fact as to what rules were violated, including reference to each specific action or group of actions that violated a rule.

The findings of fact will be of the form similar to:

 * We find that XXX has/has not engaged in YYY behavior [in violation of ZZZ rule]. We find that the following edits/list postings/IRC chats/etc., in whole or in part, constitute YYY behavior:

 * Incident 1
 * Incident 2
 * etc.

 * Therefore, we find that XXX has been in violation of policy to ABC extent, and is subject to the following remedy:

 * Delineation of remedy

Judgements are subject to veto by Jimbo Wales.

Unresolved issues
Deliberately left unspecified at this time. See the sub-pages for discussion:
 * Election of politics editors/arbitrators
 * Procedure for changing this policy
 * Procedure for votes which produce no majority opinion


text: User talk:63.225.23.179

title: User talk:63.225.23.179


text:
Sacramento River Cats

The Sacramento River Cats are a Minor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and are the Triple-A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants. Prior to 2015, the River Cats were the Triple-A affiliate of the Oakland Athletics for 15 seasons. They are based in West Sacramento, California, and play their home games at Sutter Health Park, which opened in 2000 and was known as Raley Field through 2019.

Sacramento was previously represented in the Pacific Coast League by the Solons, a charter member of the league which was founded in 1903. Three different versions of the Solons played in California's capital city in 1903, 1905, from 1909 to 1914, from 1918 to 1960, and from 1974 to 1976. The River Cats have played in the PCL since 2000, including the 2021 season in which it was known as the Triple-A West, and are the only charter city to still host a PCL team.

The River Cats have won five PCL championships. Recently they won the league crown in 2019; previously they won back-to-back in 2007 and 2008. They went on to win the Triple-A National Championship Game in all three seasons. Sacramento also won the PCL title in 2003 and 2004.

History
Following the 1999 season, the Pacific Coast League's Vancouver Canadians were purchased by a group led by Art Savage, moved south to West Sacramento, and renamed the River Cats for the 2000 season. Savage was the majority owner of the team until his death at age 58 in November 2009. His widow, Susan Savage, became majority owner after her husband's death.

In 2016, Mike Piazza became the first and only former River Cats player to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, after earning an 83% vote by the committee. Piazza played three games in Sacramento as part of a 2007 rehab assignment before rejoining the Oakland Athletics.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the River Cats were organized into the Triple-A West. They also entered into a new 10-year Professional Development License agreement to remain the Triple-A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants through 2030. Sacramento ended the season in fourth place in the Western Division with a 52–65 record. No playoffs were held to determine a league champion; instead, the team with the best regular-season record was declared the winner. However, 10 games that had been postponed from the start of the season were reinserted into the schedule as a postseason tournament called the Triple-A Final Stretch in which all 30 Triple-A clubs competed for the highest winning percentage. Sacramento finished the tournament tied for 20th place with a 4–6 record. In 2022, the Triple-A West became known as the Pacific Coast League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

In August 2022, owner Susan Savage sold a majority interest in the team to the Sacramento Kings.

In April 2024, it was announced that the major-league Oakland Athletics will be moving to Sacramento to play their home games at Sutter Health Park in 2025. The River Cats announced that, tentatively, they will remain as well, playing at Sutter Health Park on days when the Athletics are not playing there.

Attendance

After arriving at Raley Field in 2000, the River Cats led minor leagues in attendance for nine straight seasons.

In 2015, the team drew 672,354 fans in 72 home games, leading the minor league in total attendance. In 2015, they also drew the second highest attendance per game in the minors with an average of 9,338 fans per game.

For the 2017 season, the team drew 562,237 fans in 70 home games, placing them third in overall attendance for the Pacific Coast League.

Playoff history
The River Cats have won 12 division titles, including back-to-back titles in 2000 and 2001, three years in a row from 2003 to 2005, and six consecutive titles from 2007 to 2012. In 2019, the River Cats snapped a six-year playoff drought by winning the Pacific Northern Division.

With respect to league championships, the team has won four: 2003, 2004, 2007, and 2008. In 2007, they defeated the Richmond Braves in that year's Bricktown Showdown by a score of 7–1. In 2008 they defeated the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees, 4–1.

Players

 * See: Category:Sacramento River Cats players

title: Sacramento River Cats


text:
Porrex I

Porrex I was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He was the son of Gorboduc. and his death began a dynastic civil war.

In the final years of Gorboduc's life, Porrex waged war with his brother, Ferrex. He planned to ambush his brother but his brother fled to Gaul to enlist the aide of Suhard, the king of the Franks. When Ferrex returned with a large Gaulish army, Porrex attacked and Ferrex and the army were defeated. Some time after, his mother, Judon, avenged Porrex's murder of Ferrex and hacked him to pieces in his sleep. His death sparked a civil war which would not be resolved until the reign of Dunvallo Molmutius. His death shifted the dominant genealogical royal house of Brutus to another house, Cornwall.

title: Porrex I


text:
Letocetum

Letocetum is the ancient remains of a Roman settlement. It was an important military staging post and posting station near the junction of Watling Street, the Roman military road to north Wales, and Icknield (or Ryknild) Street (now the A38). The site is now within the parish of Wall, Staffordshire, England. It is owned and run by the National Trust, under the name Letocetum Roman Baths Site & Museum. The site is in the guardianship of English Heritage as Wall Roman Site.

The Romans came to Letocetum in 50 CE to establish a fortress during the early years of the invasion of Britain. The land could not support large numbers of soldiers and Letocetum, at an important cross-roads, became a large scale posting station. The settlement developed with successive bath houses and mansiones built to serve the official travellers as well as the growing civilian population. It is known mainly from detailed excavations in 1912–13, which concentrated on the sites of the mansio and bath-house.

The remains visible today are those of the stone bath house and mansio, built in approximately 130 CE after Letocetum ceased to have a military function and became a civilian settlement. The settlement reached its peak during the 2nd and 3rd centuries and at this time occupied 8.1–12 hectares (20–30 acres). At the end of the 3rd century, the town relocated within high defensive walls astride Watling Street. After the Romans left early in the 5th century the settlement went into decline. The modern village of Wall emerged in the land once occupied by Letocetum.

Name
The site is mentioned as Etocetum in the Antonine Itinerary and presumably represented a Latinisation of a Brittonic place name reconstructed as *Lētocaiton ("Grey-wood"; cf. Luitcoyt  and modern Welsh Lwytgoed ). The name possibly represented the species of tree prominent at the site such as ash and elm. Ford identifies the community as the Cair Luit Coyd ("Fort Greywood") listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his History of the Britains.

Native settlement
It is likely that a small native settlement occupied the site before the advent of the Romans, possibly as the main trading station on the boundary between two British tribes, the Corieltauvi in the East Midlands whose later tribal centre was at Ratae Corieltauvorum, and the Cornovii to the west with their original capital Uriconon (which would later give its name to the important Roman British city of Viroconium) at the hill fort on The Wrekin. These tribes offered little resistance to Roman rule.

Military staging post
In about 50 CE, a Roman vexillatio built a large timber fortress on a hilltop (near the site of the current church) at Letocetum. This housed the Legio XIV Gemina during the campaigns of governor Aulus Didius Gallus against the Brigantes. It was a good defensive position, but the poor farmland surrounding the fortress could not support large numbers of soldiers. During the Neronian period this initial fortress was replaced with a smaller one and Letocetum then developed into a large-scale posting station. Most of the troops moved to the fortress at Viroconium during the early administration of Gaius Suetonius Paulinus in about 58 CE.

Posting station
A mansio was built to provide lodging for official couriers travelling on Watling Street. A bath house was also built for the travellers and the growing civilian population. When the first mansio and bath house were completed, workers were needed to provide wood for the bath house, look after animals, and repair vehicles to be used by the official travellers. The civilian population would have provided many of these services. The native settlement grew during the Flavian period onwards to occupy 8.1 –. Roman burials with 1st and 2nd century pottery were found along Watling Street in 1927, and more in 1966. In the field between the mansio site and Watling Street, a round depression in the ground may mark the site of a Roman amphitheatre or a circular gyrus for training horses (an example has been excavated at the Lunt Roman Fort). A large earthenware vessel in the likeness of Minerva was found near the modern church, which may therefore be the site of a temple of Minerva. A rectangular crop-mark in the field to the north-west of the bath-house, only visible in dry weather, may be the site of another temple.

When the Legion XIV first settled at Letocetum they would have used existing trackways. A stone-surfaced road was needed to allow reliable movement. Watling Street was given a stone surface past Letocetum in about 70 CE. This date is approximated from two coins found in the centre of Letocetum beneath the first road surfacing. There is no evidence to indicate when Ryknild Street was constructed, but from the layout it is thought that Watling Street was built first. Watling Street stretched from Letocetum to London in one direction and to Wroxeter and Chester in the other. Ryknild Street, 7.3 m wide where it crossed with Watling Street, connected Letocetum with Cirencester to the south west and Yorkshire to the north east.

Early mansiones and bath houses
The foundations of the last mansio built at the site, and its associated bath-house, were uncovered by archaeologists in 1912–13. The rooms of both the mansio and bath-house were emptied and the stone foundations were exposed. This work left, in some lower stratified levels, traces of the two earlier wooden mansiones.

The hillside had been terraced and the first mansio, whose construction is dated to 54–60 CE, fully occupied one terrace. It was of a sleeper beam construction, the walls were wattle and daub, some were plastered and some were painted with simple linear decoration. It has been assumed the roof was thatch and was consumed when the building was destroyed by fire. The rooms were arranged around a square courtyard approximately 19 x. Due to the construction of later buildings the known layout of the first mansio is very fragmentary. The date at which the first mansio was destroyed is uncertain, it was probably near the beginning of the 2nd century, as the destruction layers contained Flavian-Trajanic samian-ware, part of a mortarium dating from 70–100 CE and part of a glass bowl which has been dated to the 2nd century.

The evidence for the layout of the second mansio is also very fragmentary. It was a courtyard building constructed with posts set vertically in foundation trenches. The walls were plaster and daub and some rooms were painted in vivid colours. In the courtyard was a large well 2.29 x and 6.1 m deep, cut into the underlying sandstone. The second mansio was deliberately dismantled in about 140–150 CE during construction of the third mansio. The well was filled in at this time and contained a samian sherd dated 125–145 CE. About the same time the second hilltop fort was abandoned and the town ceased to be a military site. One of the last military features at Letocetum was the "punic ditch" associated with this last small fort. The ditch was filled before any secondary silt formed and the filling contained a Trajanic coin dated 98–117 CE and pottery suggesting a Hadrianic or early Antonine date.

The earliest bath-house was discovered during an excavation in 1956. In a construction trench of the very first building was a worn coin of Vespasian dated 71 CE, due to the condition of the coin it is believed that this building was erected around 100 CE. It is thought that this building was built during the military period as the surviving masonry is of high quality with finely dressed stone and a wall some 1.2 m thick. It is thought that the second mansio, the last fort, and the first bath house all ended approximately at the end of the military period on the site.

Civilian development; the third mansio and second bath-house
Letocetum ceased to be used by the military after about 130 CE, probably leaving the town under the authority of the civitas of the Cornovii with its capital at Viroconium Cornoviorum. About this time that a new mansio and bath house were built.

The third and best-understood mansio was built on a stone base about 130 CE. It was at least two storeys high and fronted by a colonnade with a tiled roof, probably supported on wooden columns. In the centre of the colonnade, a large door formed the main entrance to the interior of the building. Through the entrance hall was a colonnaded atrium or courtyard with a plastered floor, the central area probably being open to the sky and perhaps containing a herbaceous garden. Timber posts resting on these foundations around the edges of the colonnade supported a balcony above.

The entrance hall was flanked on either side by similarly sized rooms probably accessible from the central courtyard. The one on the west contained washing facilities and a gutter leading to a soak-away in the central part of the building, the room to the east may possibly have been a guardroom. On the western side of the courtyard were three small rooms which opened out onto the central colonnade at ground level. The function of these rooms is uncertain, but they were probably used as private accommodation for users of the mansio. The largest room in the mansio lay in the north-east corner, the chamber was heated by a channelled hypocaust system added some time after the building was first completed.

To the west of the mansio lay the public bath-house, separated from it by a cobbled road between 2.4 and 3 m wide. From the street, a paved area led into a colonnade fronting the building on the east and continuing round the north side. Large doors in the centre of the eastern colonnade opened into a large, covered courtyard. This courtyard may have been a basilica; a settlement of this size would be expected to have one, and this is the only candidate on the site. At the far north end of the bath complex was the stoke-room or praefurnium, which contained the wood-fired furnaces of the hypocaust system. This underfloor heating system was present in the tepidarium, the caldarium and the laconicum where the floors were supported on pillars of tiles or pilae. The hot combustion gases from the stoke-room furnaces circulated under the floor between these pillars and were drawn up around the sides of the building through box tiles embedded in the walls, to escape finally through vents in the barrel-vaulted roof.

Late Roman defences; abandoned mansio and bath-house
Letocetum lost its public buildings near the end of the 3rd century; the bath-house and mansio were destroyed by fire. Around this time, very solid defences were built which did not include the bath-house or mansio sites. The reason the bath-house and mansio were abandoned can not be determined but the reason was probably economic. Other mansio sites around Britain appear to have been abandoned at this time. This did not imply an end to the posting service at Letocetum, it may have been a less costly reorganisation. The late defences were built in about 300 CE astride Watling Street, approximately 150 m east of the mansio site. The defences consisted of a stone wall about 2.7 m thick, fronted by three ditches and with a contemporary turf rampart to the rear, the area within the walls was 2.1 ha. The northern and western sides were identified and sectioned in 1964 and the foundations of a wall at the south west corner were uncovered. On the western side a section of wall was found still standing 1.5 m high above shallow foundations but below the ploughed soil. The wall is believed to have been built within the period 275–325 CE.

It is thought that the construction of these defences was related to a general uprising of the Welsh tribes, the Ordovices and Silures, that occurred at this time. The revolt was soon quelled, but, to guard against further disruptions, a series of strongholds including Letocetum, Pennocrucium, and Uxacona were established along the length of Watling Street. All 4th century archaeological remains have come from within the defences and none from outside, suggesting that the whole population were within the defences by the 4th century. The latest coin to be found at Letocetum was minted in the time of the Emperor Gratian and dated to 381 CE. Roman administration collapsed at the beginning of the 5th century and nothing has been found at the site that is datable after this time.

Post-Roman abandonment and later re-occupation
The settlement must have been significant for some time; it is listed in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, and Reno writes "Wall, appearing as Cair Luitcoyt, and undoubtedly correctly ascribed, appears rather incongruously among such major towns and military depots as York, London, Chester, Wroxeter and Caerleon but nevertheless must have been a place of important consequence because of its inclusion as a strategic city." The late defences led to its description as a Caer and a British, possibly Powysian, outpost was established there. We have no knowledge of the period immediately after the Roman departure as no historical or archaeological evidence is present.

Letocetum lost all importance with the development of nearby Lichfield in the 7th century as the seat of a Bishop. When the place again emerged historically it was under a new name, Wall. This name referred to the remains of the late Roman defences, parts of which were still standing in the early 19th century.

title: Letocetum


text:
Jeanne-Le Ber

Jeanne-Le Ber was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 to 2015. Its population in 2006 was 112,863. It was abolished for the 2015 election and dissolved into Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs and LaSalle—Émard—Verdun.

Geography
The district included the Borough of Verdun, along with the neighbourhoods of Saint-Henri, Little Burgundy, and Pointe-Saint-Charles and the eastern part of Côte-Saint-Paul, in the Southwest borough. It was named for Jeanne Le Ber, a religious recluse and craftswoman who lived in Pointe-Saint-Charles in the 18th century.

Political geography
Until 2011, the Bloc Québécois was strongest in Verdun, Saint-Henri and Point-Saint-Charles while the Liberal Party of Canada prevailed in Nuns' Island and Little Burgundy. However, in 2011 the NDP swept nearly every poll in the borough.

Demographics
Average family income: $57,496 (2001) Median household income: $31,386 Unemployment:   9.8% Language, Mother Tongue: French 65%, English 19%, Other 16% Religion: Catholic 70%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 4%, Other Christian 2%, Orthodox Christian 1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 1%, Hindu 1%, Other 1%, No Religious Affiliation 12%.  Visible Minority: Black 5%, Chinese 3%, South Asian 2%, Arab 2%, Latin American 2%, Others 2%, Southeast Asian 1%.

History
The riding was created in 2003 from the ridings of Verdun—Saint-Henri—Saint-Paul—Pointe Saint-Charles and Westmount—Ville-Marie; essentially the area of Little Burgundy and Griffintown were transferred from Westmount—Ville-Marie to Verdun—Saint-Henri—Saint-Paul—Pointe Saint-Charles.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results

Change is from redistributed votes from the 2000 election. Conservative change is based on a combination of Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative votes.

title: Jeanne-Le Ber


text:
Emilio Carranza

Captain Emilio Carranza Rodríguez (December 9, 1905 – July 12, 1928), was aMexican aviator and national hero, nicknamed the "Lindbergh of Mexico". He was killed on the return part of a historic goodwill flight from Mexico City to the United States. He crashed in New Jersey shortly after take-off from New York.

Early life and background
Carranza was born in Villa Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico, on December 9, 1905. His father was Sebastian Carranza who was an attache at the Mexican consulate in New York. His mother was Maria Dolores Rodriguez Gomez. As a child he lived for some time in San Antonio, El Paso, and Mexico City. He was fluent in English. He attended the Military Academy at Mexico City and graduated in 1924 with honors. He married Maria Luisa Corbala in 1928 four months before taking the flight to the USA. Following his death, He left a wife and unborn child. The child, Emilio Carranza Jr. was born after his crash. The child died at age 6 of an appendicitis. He was the great-nephew of President Venustiano Carranza of Mexico and his elder second cousin was Mexican aviator Alberto Salinas Carranza, whom he called "uncle." At age 18, he took part against the Yaqui rebellion in Sonora and helped to put down the de la Huerta rebellion.

Aviation records
Carranza was known to have set a number of aviation records. In 1927 he made the first non-stop flight from Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez (1200 miles). While in Sonora, he crashed and his face had to be reassembled with platinum screws. At age 22, on May 24–25, 1928, he set the record for the third longest non-stop solo flight by flying 1,575 miles (3000 km) from San Diego, California, to Mexico City in 18.5 h. His safe arrival completed the longest non-stop flight by a Mexican. He was greeted by Plutarco Calles, then President of Mexico.

Washington DC
In 1928, he became a national hero when he was selected to undertake a goodwill flight from Valbuena Airfield in Mexico City to Washington, D.C., in response to the previous year's flight between the two capitals by Charles Lindbergh. He received the plane on May 20 from the factory. After a number of short practice flights in Tampico, to test gasoline and maintaining altitude, Emilio was ready for his distance flight. Flying his plane The Mexico Excelsior, a Ryan Brougham similar to the Spirit of St. Louis, Carranza reached Washington, D.C., on June 12, 1928, after a forced landing in Mooresville, North Carolina. The reason for the forced landing was fog. The goodwill flight was partially financed by Charles Lindbergh who contributed $1200 to help finance the flight. The American Syrian Federation also contributed financial assistance to pay for the flight. However, the bulk of the money for the good-will flight came from a public collection in Mexico. $25,000 was raised for his trip.

At Bolling Field, he was greeted by Acting Secretary of State Robert Olds, Mexican Ambassador Miguel Téllez, other dignitaries and spectators. The next day, he had lunch with U.S. President Calvin Coolidge, who hosted the aviator at the Pan American Union. According to The New York Times, the two had to have lunch there because The White House larder was empty due to the first family's impending departure for a vacation. While in Washington, he placed a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

New York
Flying on to New York, he was escorted by an air squadron from Bolling Field. Carranza landed at Roosevelt Field on Long Island. A crowd of people, 200 soldiers and 12 motorcycle policemen were on hand to greet him; as well as a military band. He was honored in New York City by Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover and New York City mayor Jimmy Walker. Mayor Jimmy Walker gave him the key to the city. Mayor Walker also later invited Carranza to a firemen's ceremony where he requested Carranza do the honor to present medals to the firemen for heroic work. He was honored at a lunch at the Garden City Hotel given by the Nassau County official Reception Committee. A luncheon was also held at the Bankers Club for Carranza and 200 guests given by the Mexican Chamber of Commerce.

He then flew to West Point where he also reviewed the troops, an honor infrequently given to a visiting official with the rank of just Captain. When at West Point, he presented a picture of the Mexican Military Academy at Chapultepec. Following West Point, he flew to Lowell, Massachusetts, to dedicate a new field there. He went at the request of Edith Nourse Rogers who was responsible for the lifting of an embargo of aviation products to Mexico. He then returned to New York City.

He was also honored at a reception given by the American Syrian Federation in Brooklyn. At the reception, he was given a wrist watch and a scroll offering good wishes. He stated at the dinner that Mexican Syrians had contributed a third of the money to pay for the expenses of his flight. He was also honored with a luncheon on Governors Island and then that evening was honored at a dance at Hotel McAlpin. Those in attendance at the Luncheon were his father Sebastian Carranza, General Pedro Caloca, Robert Lee Bullard, and Hugh A. Drum among others. Owing to violent weather, he was urged to remain in New York by Charles Lindbergh and others.

Return flight and crash
There is a story that on July 12 Carranza received a telegram from Mexican War Minister Joaquín Amaro ordering his immediate return to Mexico City "or the quality of your manhood will be in doubt." According to the legend, the telegram was found at the crash site in the pocket of the aviator's flight jacket, but the telegram no longer exists. The story's proponents do not cite any primary source that confirms the telegram's existence.

Contemporary news reports contradict the story. According to the July 13 edition of The New York Times, Carranza departed after receiving a report via telegram from the US Weather Bureau, but it is unclear whether the weather report prompted his departure. Airport officials said he announced a delay so that spectators would leave the field. There was also an unsubstantiated statement from Senator Thomas Heflin that there was a report of a plot to kill Carranza.

Carranza took off after dark during a break in thunderstorms in the New York region. He reported before taking off that he would fly towards Washington and then steer a compass course from there. While flying over the Pinelands of southern New Jersey amidst thunderstorms, he crashed into the woods. Investigators from Fort Monmouth conducted the accident probe to determine what happened. They were able to determine the engine throttle was closed and the spark lever was in the advanced position. This showed he was attempting to land.

John H. Carr, and his family were out picking huckleberries when they discovered his body and the wreckage the next day. His corpse was wrapped in canvas from the plane's fuselage and taken to a garage behind Buzby's General Store in Chatsworth where it was placed in a makeshift coffin. His casket, accompanied by United States Army officers, was draped with an American flag from Mount Holly Post 11 of the American Legion, and then taken to New York City. The flag hangs today in Mexico's School of Aviation. Many personal effects were looted from the crash site during the investigation. Three days later some medals, rings and clothing were turned into the local police. These items were eventually turned over to the airman's family. The Mexican government rewarded John Carr with $500 for finding and quickly reporting the location of the plane and body.

Authorities initially identified Carranza's body from the Weather Bureau telegram found in his flight jacket pocket, according to news reports. Authorities described to reporters the belongings found on his body, but made no reference to a telegram from Minister Amaro. The news reports are contrary to the Amaro telegram story published on the 50th anniversary of the aviator's death, which states that the Minister's telegram was found in Carranza's jacket pocket.

Body repatriation and final resting place
United States President Coolidge offered the battleship Florida to return the body. President Calles, the President of Mexico, declined the offer and the body was returned to Mexico via train transport amid full military honors. The military guard were dispatched from Governors Island. When transferred to the train at Penn Station, the coffin was led by six black horses in a caisson with 10,000 troops marching to a muffled drum beat down Broadway. It was estimated that 200,000 people lined the route to see the coffin draped procession. Every Mexican military officer was ordered to wear crape on his sword hilt and a black brassard on his arm in honor of Carranza. National flags were flown at half-staff for a week.

Carranza's remains were interred at the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons in a procession of 100,000 marchers. Military officers linked arms to keep clear the view for the family. An airplane formation flew overhead. He was posthumously promoted to General.

In 1929, Edward T. M. Carr, Superintendent of the Southern Division of the Long Branch Railroad, on a good will tour, stopped in Mexico City to deliver to Mexico City officials a pine tree from the scene of the crash. It was planted adjacent to his grave site.

Carranza memorial
In 1931, a 12 ft (3.6 m) monument in the Wharton State Forest in Tabernacle Township, New Jersey, marks the site of his crash 39.77739°N, -74.63239°W. The monument, installed with funds donated by Mexican schoolchildren, depicts a falling eagle of Aztec design. Each year in July, on the Saturday nearest the anniversary of his crash (second Saturday in July) at 1:00 p.m. he is honored at the monument site by members of the American Legion Medford post 526 accompanied by an entourage from the Mexican consulates in New York City and Philadelphia. Originally drawing thousands, attendance at the annual memorial had been reduced to a handful of people.

The donated monolith was created with each side representing a symbol of Carranza and his love of aviation. The monument was funded by the children of Mexico who saved their coins to create this obelisk-looking statue. The stones for the monument were quarried from granite mined near his home and each block represented a different Mexican State.

Constructed in the form of a giant pylon, with squared tapered sided, the image of an Aztec eagle is carved on one side. On the other side, there is an arrow, pointing skyward. Another side has an inscription. It shows some deterioration and some letters in the message are missing. The message states "Messenger of Peace... The (p)eople of Mexico Hope that your high ideal(s) will be rea(l)ized... Homage of the children of Mexico to the aviator captain Emilio Carranza who died tragically on July 13, 1928 in his good will flight". In the final side, there are embedded footprints which represent the famed aviator's final walk on the planet. The Monument was crafted and shipped from Mexico.

Additional memorials
A memorial was planned near the spot where Carranza landed in Mooresville, North Carolina, during his flight to Washington D.C. A committee was established to design the memorial. However, the memorial was never built.

Annual ceremony
There is an annual ceremony for Carranza held at the Air Force Academy in Mexico City.

Carranza Memorial Park
Following the crash in 1928, a small marker was placed where the aviator's body was found. Following the monument placement in 1931, a park was created to memorialize the aviator in 1933. The park originally comprised 10 acres. However, it was absorbed into Wharton State Forrest. There is a monument sign close to the monument which state:s "Monument - Captain Emilio Carranza fell to his death while returning to Mexico on a good will flight in 1928. Pennies of Mexican Children".

Introduced June 24, 1999, by Senator Leonard T. Connors Jr and Diane Allen Senate bill No. 2025 establishes the "Emilio Carranza Memorial Commission"; it additionally appropriates $95,000. The focus of the bill was to primarily provide for the restoration and maintenance of the Emilio Carranza memorial monument.

On July 8, 2005, the memorial which was vandalized was restored. Two men were charged in connection to the monument vandalization which was spray-painted in May 2005 with "white power" and "Die all Wetbacks". There was also a swastika. The work was performed by T. Scott Kreilick, whose Pennsylvania-based conservation company have also restored headstones at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and New York City's botanical garden.

In 2007, documentary filmmaker Dr Robert A. Emmons Jr. completed and premiered a feature-length documentary (Goodwill: The Flight of Emilio Carranza) which detailed the life of Carranza and the role of the American Legion Post 11 as well as the town of Chatsworth, New Jersey's involvement in his recovery and memorial. According to Emmons Jr: "Goodwill, the documentary film, presents Carranza's life and the legacy he has left in both Mexico and the United States of America. The film goes further as it investigates the differences between Carranza's legacy in these two nations brought on by social, political, and historical factors. Finally, the film is meant to be bring another layer to Carranza and Lindbergh's goal of establishing a lasting goodwill between these two nations."

In April 2009, J&J Video Producers of Chicago premiered their documentary film titled "FLYING WITH EMILIO". The documentary details the life of Emilio Carranza and the continued role of the American Legion Post 11 of Mount Holly, NJ's involvement in his recovery and their annual Memorial Service.

On July 11, 2015, the 87th annual Tribute was attended by Commander of the Mexican Air Force, Lt. Gen. Carlos Antonio Rodriguez-Munguia and Maj. Gen. Victor Aguirre-Serna who presented a wreath. A portrait and model of his airplane were on display during the ceremony.

Postage stamps
A year following his death Mexico issued in July 1929 commemorative postage stamps to mark Emilio Carranza's Goodwill Flight: 20c brown and blue black, 50c brown red & blue black, 1p blue black & brown, 5c olive green & black, 10c black & brown red, and 5c violet & dark green stamps.

For the 20th anniversary in July 1947, Mexico issued a 10 peso commemorative stamp.

On the 50th anniversary of his death in August 1978, Mexico issued an Air Mail stamp.

title: Emilio Carranza


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Golden Bull of 1356

The Golden Bull of 1356 (, Goldene Bulle,, Bulla Aurea, Bolla d'oro) was a decree issued by the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg and Metz (Diet of Metz, 1356/57) headed by the Emperor Charles IV which fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire. It was named the Golden Bull for the golden seal it carried.

In June 2013, the Golden Bull was included in the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.

Background
According to the written text of the Golden Bull of 1356:

"We have promulgated, decreed and recommended for ratification the subjoined laws for the purpose of cherishing unity among the Electors, and of bringing about a unanimous election, and of closing all approach to the aforesaid detestable discord and to the various dangers which arise from it."

Though the election of the King of the Romans by the chief ecclesiastical and secular princes of the Holy Roman Empire was well established, disagreements about the process and papal involvement had repeatedly resulted in controversies, most recently in 1314 when Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria had been elected by opposing sets of electors. Louis, who had eventually subdued his rival's claim on the battlefield, made a first attempt to clarify the process in the Declaration of Rhense of 1338, which renounced any papal involvement and had restricted the right to choose a new king to the prince-electors. The Golden Bull, promulgated by Louis's successor and rival, Charles IV, was more precise in several ways.

Prince-electors
Firstly, the Bull explicitly named the seven Prince-electors (Kurfürsten) who were to choose the King and also defined the Reichserzämter, their (largely ceremonial) offices at court:

Secondly, the principle of majority voting was explicitly stated for the first time in the Empire. The Bull prescribed that four (out of seven) votes would always suffice to elect a new King; as a result, three Electors could no longer block the election. Thirdly, the Electoral principalities were declared indivisible, and succession to them was regulated to ensure that the votes would never be divided. Finally, the Bull cemented a number of privileges for the Electors, confirming their elevated role in the Empire. It is therefore also a milestone in the establishment of largely independent states in the Empire, a process to be concluded only centuries later, notably with the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.

This codification of prince-electors, though largely based on precedence, was not uncontroversial, especially in regard to the two chief rivals of the ruling House of Luxembourg:
 * The House of Wittelsbach ruled the Duchy of Bavaria as well as the County Palatinate. Dynastic divisions had caused the two territories to devolve upon distinct branches of the house. The Treaty of Pavia, which in 1329 restored the Palatinate branch, stipulated that Bavaria and the Palatinate would alternate in future elections, but the Golden Bull fixed the electoral vote upon the Palatinate and not upon Bavaria, partly because Charles's predecessor and rival Louis IV was of that branch. Louis IV's sons, Louis V and Stephen II of Bavaria, protested this omission, feeling that Bavaria, one of the original duchies of the realm and their family's chief territory for over 170 years, deserved primacy over the Palatinate. The omission of Bavaria from the list of prince-electors also allowed Bavaria, which had only recently been reunited, to fall into dynastic fragmentation again. Brandenburg was in the hands of the Bavarian Wittelsbachs (though held by a junior member of the house) in 1356; they eventually lost the territory to the Luxemburgs in 1373, leaving the Bavarian branch without representation in the electoral college until 1623.
 * The House of Habsburg, long-time rivals of the Luxembourgs, were completely omitted from the list of prince-electors, leading to decreased political influence and dynastic fragmentation. In retaliation, Duke Rudolf IV, one of the dukes of fragmented Austria, had the Privilegium Maius forged, a document supposedly issued by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The document gave Austria – elevated to the position of an Archduchy – special privileges, including primogeniture. While ignored by the Emperor and other princes at the time, the document was eventually ratified when Frederick of Austria himself became Emperor in the 15th century. Still, the Habsburgs remained without an electoral vote until they succeeded to the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1526.

Procedures
The bull regulated the whole election process in great detail, listing explicitly where, when, and under which circumstances what should be done by whom, not only for the prince-electors but also (for example) for the population of Frankfurt, where the elections were to be held, and also for the counts of the regions the prince-electors had to travel through to get there. The decision to hold the elections in Frankfurt reflected a traditional feeling dating from East Frankish days that both election and coronation ought to take place on Frankish soil. However, the election location was not the only specified location; the bull specified that the coronation would take place in Aachen, and Nuremberg would be the place where the first diet of a reign should be held. The elections were to be concluded within thirty days; failing that, the bull prescribed that the prince-electors were to receive only bread and water until they had decided:

"Quod si facere distulerint infra triginta dies, a die prestiti juramenti prefati continuo numerandos, extunc transactis eisdem triginta diebus amodo panem manducent et aquam et nullatenus civitatem exeant antedictam, nisi prius per ipsos vel majorem partem ipsorum rector seu temporale caput fidelium electum fuerit, ut prefertur.

[Translation:] But if they shall fail to do this within thirty days, counting continuously from the day when they took the aforesaid oath: when those thirty days are over, from that time on they shall live on bread and water, and by no means leave the aforesaid city [Frankfurt] unless first through them, or the majority of them, a ruler or temporal head of the faithful shall have been elected, as was said before."

Besides regulating the election process, the chapters of the Golden Bull contained many minor decrees. For instance, it also defined the order of marching when the emperor was present, both with and without his insignia. A relatively major decision was made in chapter 15, where Charles IV outlawed any conjurationes, confederationes, and conspirationes, meaning in particular the city alliances (Städtebünde), but also other communal leagues that had sprung up through the communal movement in mediaeval Europe. Most Städtebünde were subsequently dissolved, sometimes forcibly, and where refounded, their political influence was much reduced. Thus the Golden Bull also strengthened the nobility in general to the detriment of the cities.

The pope's involvement with the Golden Bull of 1356 was basically nonexistent, which was significant in the history of relations between the popes and the emperors. When Charles IV laid down procedure for electing a King of the Romans, he mentioned nothing about receiving papal confirmation of the election. However, Pope Innocent VI did not protest this because he needed Charles’s support against the Visconti. Pope Innocent continued to have good relations with Charles IV after the Golden Bull of 1356 until the former's death in 1362.

title: Golden Bull of 1356


text:
Abell 1835 IR1916

Abell 1835 IR1916 (also known as Abell 1835, Galaxy Abell 1835, Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916, or simply The Abell) was a candidate for being the most distant galaxy ever observed, although that claim has not been verified by additional observations. It was claimed to lie behind the galaxy cluster Abell 1835, in the Virgo constellation.

Initial observation
Abell 1835 was discovered by French and Swiss astronomers of the European Southern Observatory, namely Roser Pelló, Johan Richard, Jean-François Le Borgne, Daniel Schaerer, and Jean-Paul Kneib. The astronomers used a near-infrared instrument on the Very Large Telescope to detect the galaxy; other observatories were then used to make an image of it possible. The Observatory, in conjunction with the Swiss National Science Foundation, the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, issued a press release on 1 March 2004 announcing the discovery. It was believed to be more distant than the galaxy lensed by Abell 2218.

Age and distance
The initial observer's analysis of J-band observations indicated that Abell 1835 IR1916 has a redshift factor of z~10.0, meaning that it appears to us as it was about 13.2 billion years ago, only 470 million years after the Big Bang and very close to the first burst of star formation in the universe. Its visibility at such a great distance was credited to gravitational lensing by the galaxy cluster Abell 1835 between it and us.

Further analysis of the data that led to the first announcement has cast doubt on the claim that it is a distant object, and follow-up observations in the H-band using the Gemini North Telescope and observations from the orbiting Spitzer Space Telescope were not able to detect it at all, the latter regarding it to be an artefact.

title: Abell 1835 IR1916


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Ottawa—Vanier (federal electoral district)

Ottawa—Vanier (formerly known as Ottawa East) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1935. Previous to that date, it was part of the Ottawa electoral district that returned two members.

The riding generally corresponds to the wards of Beacon Hill-Cyrville, Rideau-Rockcliffe and Rideau-Vanier.

The riding became vacant because of the death of incumbent MP Mauril Bélanger on August 16, 2016. Mona Fortier was elected in the byelection to fill the seat on April 3, 2017.

The riding, with a large Franco-Ontarian population in Vanier, is one of the most solidly Liberal in the country, having elected Liberals both federally and provincially in every election since its creation. In fact, the previous electoral district which comprises most of the constituency, Russell, had been solidly Liberal since 1887. The riding is home to many civil servants.

Political geography
About 15% of the riding is in the former city of Vanier, which was amalgamated into Ottawa in 2001. Vanier has long been home to much of Ottawa's francophone population, a group that has traditionally been solidly Liberal. The riding also contains the wealthiest part of Ottawa, the former village Rockcliffe Park, which has supported both the Conservatives, and the Liberals in recent elections. The anglophone middle class neighbourhoods of Sandy Hill, containing the University of Ottawa, and New Edinburgh also tend to vote Liberal, but with significant support for the New Democratic Party. In 2011, the NDP won Sandy Hill, Lower Town, Vanier and in Overbrook. The Conservatives won in the more suburban parts of the riding like in Beacon Hill and Pineview.

Geography
In 2003, it was redefined as the part of the City of Ottawa east and north of a line running south along the Rideau Canal from the interprovincial boundary to Mann Avenue, northeast to Nicholas Street, southeast to Highway 417, and east to the abandoned Canadian Pacific Railway to the hydroelectric transmission line, north to Innes Road, northeast to Blair Road, northwest to Montreal Road, east and northeast to Regional Road 174, northeast to Green's Creek, north to the Ottawa River.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Ethnic groups: 60.2% White, 14.5% Black, 5.5% Indigenous, 5.2% Arab, 3.6% South Asian, 2.8% Chinese, 1.9% Latin American, 1.6% Filipino, 1.5% West Asian

Languages: 47.1% English, 23.5% French, 4.2% Arabic, 1.9% Spanish, 1.3% Mandarin

Religions: 53.8% Christian (33.5% Catholic, 3.1% Anglican, 2.0% United Church, 1.8% Christian Orthodox, 1.1% Pentecostal, 12.3% Other), 9.5% Muslim, 32.8% None

Median income: $42,400 (2020)

Average income: $57,600 (2020)

History
The federal riding was created as "Ottawa East" in 1933 from parts of Ottawa and Russell ridings.

It initially consisted of, in the city of Ottawa, Rideau, Ottawa, By, St. Georges wards and the northeast part of Riverdale Ward, the town of Eastview, and the village of Rockcliffe Park.

In 1947, it was redefined to exclude the town of Eastview. In 1952, it was redefined to consist of the village of Rockcliffe Park, and the eastern parts of the city of Ottawa. In 1966, it was redefined to include the City of Eastview and exclude the village of Rockcliffe Park.

The name of the electoral district was changed in 1973 to "Ottawa—Vanier".

In 1976, it was redefined to consist of the City of Vanier, and the eastern parts of the city of Ottawa. In 1987, it was redefined to consist of the City of Vanier, the eastern part of the city of Ottawa, part of the city of Gloucester and the Village of Rockcliffe Park. In 1996, the Ottawa and Gloucester parts of the riding were redefined.

In 2003, it was given its current boundaries that are described above.

Following the Canadian federal electoral redistribution, 2012, the riding gained the neighbourhood of Beacon Hill South from Ottawa—Orléans.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, this riding will be renamed Ottawa—Vanier—Gloucester at the first election held after approximately April 2024. It will gain Blackburn Hamlet from Orléans and will lose a small territory south of Innes Road to Prescott—Russell—Cumberland.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Ottawa—Vanier

 * align="left" colspan=2|Liberal hold
 * align="right"|Swing
 * align="right"|+2.64
 * align="right"|
 * align="right"|

 * align="left" colspan=2|Liberal hold
 * align="right"|Swing
 * align="right"| -5.67
 * align="right"|

Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.

Ottawa East
Note: NDP vote is compared to CCF vote in 1958 election. Communist vote is compared to Labour-Progressive vote in 1958 election.

Note: Progressive Conservative vote is compared to "National Government" vote in 1940 election.


text:
Abell 1835

Abell 1835 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue. It is a cluster that also gravitational lenses more-distant background galaxies to make them visible to astronomers. The cluster has a red shift of around 75,900 km/s and spans 12.

In 2004, one of the galaxies lensed by this cluster was proposed to be the most distant galaxy known, Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916.

title: Abell 1835