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Elections in the Netherlands

Elections in the Netherlands are held for five territorial levels of government: the European Union, the state, the twelve Provinces, the 21 water boards and the 342 municipalities (and the three public bodies in the Caribbean Netherlands). Apart from elections, referendums were also held occasionally, but have been removed from the law in 2018. The most recent national election results and an overview of the resulting seat assignments and coalitions since World War II are shown at the bottom of this page.

At the national level, legislative power is invested in the States General (Staten-Generaal), which is bicameral. The House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) has 150 members, elected for a four-year term by proportional representation. Elections are also called after a dissolution of the House of Representatives. All elections are direct, except for the Senate (Eerste Kamer), which has 75 members, elected for a four-year term by provincial councillors on the basis of proportional representation at the provincial elections.

The Netherlands has a multi-party system, with numerous parties, in which usually no one party ever secures an overall majority of votes (except occasionally in very small municipalities, such as Tubbergen), so that several parties must cooperate to form a coalition government. This usually includes the party supported by a plurality of voters, with only three exceptions since World War II, in 1971, 1977 and 1982, when the Labour Party (PvdA) was the largest party but did not take part in the coalition.

Candidates to the elections of the House of Representatives are chosen from party lists according to a system of party-list proportional representation. The threshold is 1/150th of the total number of valid votes.

During the municipal elections of 2006, elections were electronic throughout the country. As a result, results were known before the end of the day, a mere two hours after the closing of the poll stations. For the national elections in November of that same year, however, several polling stations decided to return to paper and red pencil because of security issues with the voting machines. Since then, most elections have been held using paper and pencil.

Timing
The maximum parliamentary term is five years and elections are generally held about four years after the previous one. Regular elections, i.e. after the House of Representatives has fulfilled its term, take place in March. If municipal or provincial elections are already taking place in March of that year, the parliamentary election is postponed to May. Elections are planned for spring to ensure that a new cabinet is formed in time to present its plans on the most important day in the Dutch Parliament, Prinsjesdag. If the House of Representatives is dissolved, due to a severe conflict between the House of Representatives and cabinet, or within the cabinet, a snap election takes place as soon as possible, usually after two months to give parties time to prepare. The term of the next House can be shortened or prolonged by almost a year to ensure the next normal election again takes place in March or May.

Municipal and provincial elections always take place every four years, in March; municipal elections always two years after a year divisible by four, and provincial elections one year after municipal elections. Municipal councils and States-Provincial cannot be dissolved, so no snap elections can occur. An exception to the four-year term is made when two or more municipalities merge and a new election takes place for the merged municipality.

Senate elections also take place every four years, in May following the provincial elections. The Senate can be dissolved, and subsequently snap elections take place, but since the States-Provincial remain the same, this seldom occurs. A Senate elected in a snap election sits out the remainder of its predecessor's term.

Elections usually take place on Wednesdays, but the government can decide to change this to a Tuesday, Thursday or Friday if there are good reasons to do so (e.g. when the election day coincides with a national holiday). Elections for the European Parliament always take place on a Thursday.

Eligibility
Every Dutch citizen who has reached the age of 18 is eligible to vote (actief kiesrecht, or "active suffrage") or to stand for election as a member of the House of Representatives (passief kiesrecht, or "passive suffrage"). A notable exception is municipal elections, in which persons younger than 18 can be elected, although they may not take their seat until their 18th birthday. Also, for the municipal election one does not have to be Dutch; residents who are citizens of another EU country are also eligible to vote, as well as citizens of other countries who have lived (legally) in the Netherlands for five years. Someone may be deprived of these rights if they are mentally incapable of making a reasoned choice or have lost their right to vote by court sentence. Two weeks before an election all voters receive a card, which is the evidence that they are entitled to vote, and this card must be handed over at the polling-station before voting. Voting is not compulsory. Compulsory voting was introduced along with universal suffrage in 1917, but it was abolished in 1967.

It is not necessary or even possible specifically to register as a voter for elections in the Netherlands: every resident inhabitant of the Netherlands is required to register as such with the municipality in which they are living, and this data (which includes their nationality and date of birth) is the basis from which the electoral register is derived.

Dutch citizens who live abroad (and have deregistered themselves as a Dutch resident) are allowed to vote for the House of Representatives and for the European Parliament, but not for municipal or provincial elections. They do need to register themselves as a voter.

System
The House of Representatives is elected using an open party list system of proportional representation.

Election

For all elections polling is organised on the basis of municipalities. In each municipality there are multiple voting stations, usually in communal buildings, such as churches, schools, and more recently, railway stations. There are two different systems: using the call-to-vote card (oproepkaart) or a voting pass (stempas). With the oproepkaart, voters may vote, using this card, only at their nearest voting station, or if lost, their identity card. With a stempas, users may vote at any station in their municipality, but must have the pass with them. If it is lost, a replacement can be requested, but only until a few days before the elections. A stempas (of different type) can also be requested to vote in a different municipality.

When arriving at a voting station, voters hand in their card or pass to one of the three attendants of the voting station, who checks the card, cancels it, issues ballot papers to the voter, and directs him or her to the polling-booth.

Dutch citizens living abroad are able to vote by registering in advance and then using a postal vote. The results are counted by the municipality of The Hague and included in its own results. In 2006, they could vote over the internet via the Rijnland Internet Election System, but in 2008 security concerns led to a law against Internet voting.

Voting is done in one of two ways: manually marking a ballot paper with a red pencil or electronically, using a voting machine. In 2005, almost all municipalities planned to abandon pencil-and-paper voting. However, serious doubts were raised over the inviolability of the computers used from potential vote tampering and electronic eavesdropping. This led to a run on foreign voting machines and reintroduction of the red pencil in some municipalities in 2006, occasionally using converted medical waste disposal containers as voting boxes.

For mayoral and provincial gubernatorial positions, the Netherlands is one of the few countries in Europe where no elections are held. Instead, they are appointed by the Crown, after recommendation by the city council or States-Provincial respectively.

Post-election
Polls close at 21:00 and the votes are counted immediately. For national elections, the first results usually come within the first five minutes after the polls are closed (from the municipalities with the fewest inhabitants, Schiermonnikoog and Renswoude). The final results are generally known around midnight and semi-officially announced the next morning, after which the 150 seats are allocated. However, recounting over the course of the following days sometimes throws up minor shifts in the allocation of seats.

Seat assignment
The electorate in the Netherlands during the last general elections on the 17th of March 2021 was 13,293,186, of whom 78,7% voted, resulting in 10,462,677 votes (of which 10,422,852 valid votes). With 150 seats, that means a quota of 69,485 votes per seat, the so-called Hare quota. Since the election threshold is equal to the quota, that is also the number of votes required to get one seat in the House of Representatives.

However, the way residual seats are assigned, by using the D'Hondt method, a highest averages method, means that smaller parties are unlikely to get a residual seat, while larger parties have a bigger chance of getting one and may even get more than one. Firstly, numbers of seats are always rounded down, meaning there are always residual seats and parties that did not reach the quota do not get any seats (they do not take part in the following calculation). Next, the number of votes is divided by the assigned seats plus one. The party with the highest resulting number then gets one extra seat. Next, the process is repeated, with the party that got the extra seat participating again, albeit with a number one higher because they got an extra seat (the calculation stays the same for the other parties, which got no extra seat). But later on in the process, that party may get another extra seat. And since there are many parties in the House of Representatives, this is not unlikely to happen.

For example, in 2003 (see table here), the three biggest parties each got two of the six residual seats, even the VVD (150*0.179=26.85, but they got 28 seats, representing 18.7% of the seats instead of 17.9%), whereas the Socialist Party got none (150*0.063 = 9.45, but they got only 9 seats, representing 6% of the seats instead of 6.3%).

When the largest party gets over 35% of the votes and is considerably bigger than the next biggest party, that party may even get as much as 3 or even 4 residual seats. This has, however, never happened. The percentage of votes for the biggest party is usually around 30% and rarely goes far beyond that. The largest result ever was at the 1989 elections, when the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) got 35.3% of the votes. Even then, however, CDA only got two residual seats because next biggest party, the Labour Party (PvdA) had 31.9% of the votes. The biggest difference between the first and second party was at the 2002 elections, the most dramatic elections in Dutch history, when especially the PvdA lost many votes to the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF), which became second biggest after CDA with 17.0% of the votes. CDA, however, had received only 27.9% of the votes and was therefore still only assigned two residual seats.

Historically, parties had the option of forming an electoral alliance (lijstverbinding), in which case they would participate in the above calculations as one party and therefore increase their chance of being assigned residual seats. The allocation of those seats among the parties within a lijstverbinding was, however, done using the largest remainder method, which is more favourable toward smaller parties rather than the bigger ones if there is a considerable difference in size. But the overall advantage was greatest for small parties of comparable size. The option of forming a lijstverbinding was abolished in 2017.

Assigning people to seats
After seats are allocated to the parties, candidates have to be assigned to the seats. For the purpose of general elections, the Netherlands is divided into twenty electoral districts. Parties can present different lists in each district. In theory, a party can place different candidates on each of the 20 different lists. However, it is usual that at least the candidate ranked first on the list is the same person throughout the country. It is even quite common that parties use the same list in every district, or vary only the last five candidates per district. Usually these five candidates are locally well known politicians, parties hope to attract extra votes with these candidates. However, because of their low position on the list, chances are low that these local candidates are elected.

The first step in the process of assigning people to the seats is calculating how many seats each of the different lists of a party gets, by adding the number of votes on each of the different lists together. If a party used the same list in more than one electoral district, these lists are seen as one list. Seat assignment to the different lists is done by using the largest remainder method.

The second step is calculating which candidate received on his or her own more votes than 25% of the electoral quota, by adding up all votes for a particular candidate on the different lists. These candidates are declared elected independent of the list order, and get one of the seats of the list where they received the most votes. If more candidates are elected on a list than the list received seats, the candidate with the lowest total number of votes is transferred to the list where he had his second best result.

As a third step, the remaining seats (if there are any) are assigned to the remaining candidates, based on their order on the list. When candidates are elected on more than one list in this way, the candidate gets the seat on the list where he or she received the most votes. This is continued until every seat is assigned. If one of these elected candidates later decides to leave parliament, then his seat is assigned to the next person on the list of the district he 'represents'.

An exception to the above exists in the form of lijstduwer ("list pushers"), famous people (former politicians, but also sports people) who are put on the candidate list but will not accept a seat when they get enough votes for one. During the municipal elections in 2006 professor Joop van Holsteyn criticised this practise, saying someone on a candidate list should also be a serious candidate. This view is shared by other political scientists, but less so by politicians, who say that lijstduwers are on the list not to get elected but to show that they support that party and that the fact that they are at the bottom of the list makes it obvious they are not intended to get a seat. Still, writer Ronald Giphart (1998) and skater Hilbert van der Duim (1994) got a municipal council seat, which Giphart refused to fill. Professor Rudy Andeweg says this is close to fraud because the law requires someone on the candidate list to declare in writing to be willing to fill a seat.

An example from the municipality of Oude IJsselstreek. The city council elections of 2010 resulted a total of 17,852 valid votes. The CDA party achieved 4,440 votes. Of the thirty CDA candidates on the list, 22 were given at least one vote each:

 * 1) van de Wardt, P. 2061
 * 2) Aalbers-van Ham, A.A.F.J. 224
 * 3) Steentjes, B.W.J. 451
 * 4) Bergevoet, R.J.W.M. 245
 * 5) Tekinerdoğan, M. 417
 * 6) Ermers-Mulder, A.G.M. 66
 * 7) Hettinga, M.A.J. 99
 * 8) Toussaint, C.P. 29
 * 9) van Bergen, J.H. 37
 * 10) Berentschot, H.J. 77
 * 11) Hendriksen-Löverink, S.A.M. 150
 * 12) Büchner, A.C.A. 31
 * 13) Sorgedrager-Carreira da Cunha Sant'Anna Sorgedrager, M.P. 22
 * 14) Hakvoort, G.W.M. 219
 * 15) Lammers-te Lindert, E.H.A. 19
 * 16) Vesters, J.M.G.M. 28
 * 17) Rootmensen-Bulsink, J.W. 45
 * 18) Ross, A.G.M. 59
 * 19) Koskamp, A.H. 35
 * 20) Roelofs, W.T.H.M. 91
 * 21) Ernst, F.F.J. 15
 * 22) Löverink, B.A.S. 20

(The last number is the number of personal votes.)

As the total number of votes in the municipality is 17,852 and the council has 27 seats, 661 votes count for one seat. As the CDA has 4,440 votes it is entitled to seven seats.

First, it has to be checked who of the CDA candidates has more than a quarter of the kiesdeler. (661 divided by four makes 165 votes.) This is true for the candidates number 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 and 14 (in this order). Those six are elected.

Second, the rest of the CDA seats (one) is given to the person first on the list. As candidates number 1-5 already have seats, this last seat goes to number 6.

Referendums
From the entry into force of the Advisory Referendum Act (Wet raadgevend referendum) on 1 July 2015, until its repeal on 18 February 2018, most laws could be subjected to a consultative referendum after their approval, following a request by 300,000 people.

Before that date in principle, there was no permanent provision in law for a referendum. However, from 2002 until 2005, there was a Temporary Referendum Law in place, which allowed for non-binding referendums, known in Dutch as Volksraadpleging ("People's Consultation"), to be organised for laws already approved by the House of Representatives. No referendum was called based on this law.

In order to hold the 2005 referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, a different law was temporarily put in place. That referendum was the first national referendum in the Netherlands since the 1805 referendum in Batavian Republic and it was the result of an initiative proposal by parliamentarians Farah Karimi (GroenLinks), Niesco Dubbelboer (Labour Party) and Boris van der Ham (Democrats 66).

Water boards
Elections for the water boards have some similarities to other elections mentioned above, but also some distinctive differences. Similar to municipal elections, there are national parties and local parties, and the party list system is used with proportional representation. Residents of 18 and over can vote and elections take place every four years.

In contrast to other elections, not all members of the water board are chosen by the residents of the water board area. The members of each water board are divided into four categories: inhabitants, agriculture, nature and commercial. Only board members in the inhabitants category are chosen in direct elections, the members in the other categories are appointed by representing organisations, e.g. chambers of commerce in the commercial category. Since 2015, residents vote in person, just like in other elections, and they take place every four years, on the same day as the provincial elections. Before 2015, votes were cast by post, over a period of about two weeks.

Island councils
The elections for the Island councils for the special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba take place at the same date as the provincial elections; for the first time in 2015.

2023 Senate election
The Senate is elected indirectly, by the provincial councillors (who are themselves chosen in direct elections) and (in Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba) the electoral colleges for the Senate.

2023 provincial elections
In the 2023 provincial elections, BBB won a plurality all provinces.

Next elections
The next elections in the Netherlands are planned for (in chronological order):
 * 2026 Dutch municipal elections: 18 March 2026
 * 2027 Dutch provincial elections: 17 March 2027
 * Next Dutch general election: 15 March 2028 (in absence of a snap election)

Election results and cabinets since World War II
The following tables show general election results and cabinets in the Netherlands since World War II. Per table, only parties that ever got seats over that period are listed (the number of participating parties in general elections is usually around 20).

The numbers give the number of seats for each party. After 1956 the total number of seats in parliament is 150, so a coalition needs at least 76 seats for a majority.

In each table, the parties are split in two or three groups; parties that have been in government, other still existing parties and extinct parties (if any in that table). Within each group, the parties are grouped roughly according to the scheme left-wing – Christian – right-wing.

In 2015, DENK split off from PvdA. In 2016, BIJ1 split off from DENK. In 2020, JA21 split off from FvD.

In 1977, KVP, ARP and CHU merged into CDA.

DS'70 split off from PvdA KNP is former Lijst Welter, which split off from KVP in 1948, but returned to that party in 1955 PvdV is the forerunner of VVD

(1) minority caretaker cabinet (2) extra-parliamentary cabinet (3) minority cabinet

title: Elections in the Netherlands


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Outer Islands of Mauritius

The Outer Islands of Mauritius (Îles éparses de Maurice) is the first-level administrative divisions of the country and consists of the islands of Mauritius and several outlying islands. The Outer Islands of Mauritius are managed under the aegis of the Prime Minister of Mauritius through Prime Minister's Office by the Outer Islands Development Corporation which is the authority empowered under the law to manage the Outer Islands of Mauritius. The Prime Minister is also Minister for Rodrigues, Outer Islands and Territorial Integrity. The Constitution of Mauritius states that the Republic of Mauritius includes the islands of Agaléga, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Saint Brandon (Cargados Carajos shoals), Tromelin Island, and the Chagos Archipelago (including Diego Garcia and other associated islands). The Government of Mauritius claims sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago, which the United Kingdom split from its territories to create the British Indian Ocean Territory before its independence in 1968. Additionally, France shares a sovereignty claim over Tromelin Island, an uninhabited island between Madagascar and Mauritius's main island.

Territory

The total area of the Republic of Mauritius is 2,040 km2 (excluding the Chagos Archipelago), making it the 169th largest country in the world by area. Mauritian territory also incorporates the island of Rodrigues, which is situated some 560 kilometers to the east and is 104 km2 in area. Rodrigues used to be the country's tenth district, before it gained autonomous status in 2002. The two islands of Agaléga have a total land area of 2,600 hectares and are situated some 1,000 km to the north of Mauritius. Saint Brandon (Cargados Carajos) is situated some 430 km to the north-east of Mauritius; it is an archipelago comprising a number of sand banks, shoals, and islets. Just off the Mauritian coast lie some 49 tiny uninhabited islands and islets (see: Islets of Mauritius), some of which are used as natural reserves for the protection of endangered species.

The country's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covers about 2.3 million km2 of the Indian Ocean, including approximately 400,000 km2 jointly managed with Seychelles. Four fishing banks fall within its EEZ limits: Hawkins Bank, Nazareth Bank, the Saya de Malha Bank, and the Soudan Banks (including East Soudan Bank). In 2011, the United Nations endorsed the joint submission of Mauritius and Seychelles to extend their continental shelf of 396,000 km2 in the Mascarene region which gives the two countries sovereign right to jointly manage and exploit the seabed and subsoil of the joint area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Outer Islands of Mauritius


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Talk:Conservative force

Force field vs. Force
Isn't it the force field, rather than the force itself, that is conservative? Michael Hardy 20:55, 29 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Certain forces (in the sense of phenomena, not vectors; e.g. gravity) always generate conservative force fields, and others (like the obvious friction) never do (and in fact could be argued not to generate force fields at all). --Tardis 04:52, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

I removed magnetism as a nonconservative force; the cyclotron frequency (neglecting cyclotron radiation) seems to counterindicate it. Just because $$\nabla \times \mathbf{B} \not= 0$$ doesn't mean that the force is nonconservative! (Of course, time-changing magnetic fields can impart momentum, but that's separate.) Just drawing attention to this edit in case I'm crazy. --Tardis 04:52, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

My edit
I tried to make the page a bit more accessible to the general public, to start with. I'll try to create an image, but I'm not good at that so I'll hope someone improve on me :) Considering the above discussion, I inserted the magnetic force again, but added a remark about time-independency of the electric field (Maxwell says: rot B = - dE/dt). Hope this will give people a nudge to start editing. --CompuChip 16:39, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * And I apologize for the apostrophe abuse... Should have known better --CompuChip 18:22, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Edit
CompuChip, you are mistaken here : the magnetic force conserves energy even in time-dependent electric fields, not because of Maxwell but because of the Lorentz Force, which is what matters here (we are talking of forces, not fields). F = q V^B, thus P = F.V = q(V^B).V = 0, and the energy is conserved in every path. Besides, the Maxwell equation you cite is false, it's rotE = -dB/dt : the electric force is conservative in time-independant magnetic fields. I'm editing this, as well as other examples ("it is known from experiment" : the experiment has no place in this, it follows from the law of gravity). I'm also removing the proof of path independence, which is elementary and can be simply described instead of a "heavy" mathematical formulation. It would be nice to speak of potential energy in this article, i dunno how to do it without being too specific. Also, english is not my primary language, so feel free to correct me if i have done any mistake. Smeuuh 21:44, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Any given force doesn't necessarily conserve energy in itself in time dependent fields- however conservation of energy still applies- the whole system has to conserve energy.WolfKeeper 20:09, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Magnetic field
I see there's been discussion of whether the magnetic force counts as conservative or not. I put in a paragraph describing which definitions of conservative force do and do not admit the magnetic force, and also found a reference for and reference against (although neither is particularly notable...these were the first two I found on Google Book search). It would be nice if more and better references could be found; it's possible that my phrasing "some authors classify the magnetic force as conservative, while others do not" should be modified to "most...a few..." or "a few...most...". :-) --Steve (talk) 16:14, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Magnetic field 2
If the three conditions for a conservative field are sufficient and equivalent, the magnetic field cannot satisfy condition 2 but not conditions 1 and 3. This is stated in the Mathematical Description section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.34.215.33 (talk) 04:30, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The Mathematical Description section also explains that they're only equivalent for force fields, and that the magnetic force is not a force field. Did you miss that part, or are you disputing its accuracy? If the former, I guess it could be made clearer. If the latter, exactly what aspect are you disputing? --Steve (talk) 05:57, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

a problem with zero curl
The page says that a force is conservative iff $$\nabla \times \mathbf{F} = 0$$, but I think there's a problem with that. This condition is equivalent to condition 3 only if the curl is defined everywhere. But requiring that F be differentiable everywhere excludes a lot of conservative fields we would like to include. Consider the following two examples:
 * $$\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{x\mathbf{i} + y\mathbf{j}}{x^2 + y^2},

\quad \mathbf{G}(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{x\mathbf{j} - y\mathbf{i}}{x^2 + y^2}$$ with F=G=0 along the line x=y=0. Both F and G have zero curl outside the line x=y=0, and both F and G have undefined curl on the line since they aren't differentiable there. F represents the electric field of a infinite wire with a constant linear charge density, which is a conservative force. G is clearly not conservative. Rckrone (talk) 22:30, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Actually, Conservative_vector_field does a better job explaining the issue. Rckrone (talk) 22:37, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

 * A more physics-y and less mathematical person would say that you can compute the curl of F and G everywhere...just because something has a singularity doesn't mean you can't compute its curl, as long as you know how to deal with delta functions and related things. Anyway, F truly does have zero curl everywhere, including the z-axis. The curl of G is some sort of two-dimensional delta-function times k (I haven't bothered to compute the prefactors), so that it's infinite along the z-axis. :-) --Steve (talk) 23:10, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I guess it would have to be 2π by Stoke's Theorem. Thanks for the explanation.  That answer makes me a little sad though. :-( Rckrone (talk) 23:33, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

again
I was about to point out the same thing. There is an example at Conservative_vector_field of a vector field defined on the plane minus the origin that has zero curl everywhere it is defined but which does not have path-independence and is not the gradient field of any function on its domain. This article should have some stipulation that the domain of the vector field is simply connected, or a similar condition, in order to claim that having curl 0 makes a field conservative. — Carl (CBM · talk) 19:24, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I added this stipulation. Is it OK now? --Steve (talk) 23:13, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Adding the hypothesis makes the proof work. I am not sure how this is usually handled in physics; maybe there is usually an assumption that the field is defined on all of R^3. — Carl (CBM · talk) 02:33, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I wasn't the one who wrote the proof originally, but I've edited it a few times. Yes, I thought it went without saying that a vector field meant a vector field in R3. Anyway it sure never hurts to be clear and explicit, so thanks for the suggestion! :-) --Steve (talk) 05:03, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I can believe that would be a reasonable assumption. Although, I vaguely remember hearing someone claim that there models of relativity in which the universe is not simply connected. But I am a mathematician, not a physicist, and so I often run into things that physicists take for granted that a mathematician would note explicitly. — Carl (CBM · talk) 14:06, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Conservative forces can cause rotation
It's misleading or at least confusing to say "a conservative force is one that does not cause rotation (i.e. it is irrotational) in a object within that force field. This does not mean the object does not or can not rotate, merely that no rotation is caused by the force." Here are some examples:
 * A stationary pendulum that's oriented horizontally will start rotating (in an oscillatory way) because of gravity (a conservative force).
 * Magnetic forces, which many people define to be conservative, are the basis for motors--making the wheels in an electric car spin. If that's not "causing rotation" I don't know what is!!
 * An electric force exerts a torque that causes electric dipoles to start rotating.
 * The force of one toothed gear on another, causing the second to rotate, is conservative. (Of course there is dissipation in the real world, but the gears would work just fine if there was no friction losses, just normal force).
 * An object in an inhomogeneous gravity field can start rotating as it falls.

Also, whether a force is applied homogeneously to all atoms or inhomogeneously to surface atoms is not really related to whether it is conservative. For example, an electric force on a charged metal object is only applied to less than a nanometer-thick layer on the outside surface, which is where all the excess charge resides. But electric force is still conservative.

So I deleted that addition, and replaced it with something more about where the energy goes. --Steve (talk) 14:30, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Image size in path independence
Does anybody know the current "best practice" on image sizes? A lot of math/physics images have really small lettering and even smaller arrows. This is easy to fix with svg files, and I like to make the lettering so large that we can reduce the size of the image, which should allow even more figures on an article. (Click figure to see older versions) I read somewhere that 240px is the "default" standard, and playing around with that too much can interfere with small screen devices and with readers who cannot read small print. Does anybody know anything about this? --guyvan52 (talk) 19:17, 10 June 2014 (UTC).

How does Mercury's anomalous precession not conserve energy?
Is this following sentence really true?

"However, general relativity is non-conservative, as seen in the anomalous precession of Mercury's orbit.

Looking through what's online, can only find this site: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/GR/energy_gr.html

--guyvan52 (talk) 01:48, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I will put a cn tag there. PeterPresent (talk) 06:30, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

Not all central forces are conservative!
The last sentence of the lede states that "all central forces are conservative forces." This is not true, as is even stated on the Wikipedia article for central forces. A central force is conservative if and only if it is spherically symmetric. Pretty much any mechanics text will mention this; see for example Classical Mechanics by Taylor. 169.231.117.70 (talk) 20:14, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

Gradient of Field Strength
Isn't the common definition that E = -grad(\phi), rather than F = -grad(\phi)? The potential function is usually definied with units J/kg, or J/C, not just Joules (in their respective articles on Wikipedia at least) 2A02:830A:B210:1200:50DA:795F:71AE:8726 (talk) 13:48, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conservative force


text:
DIN 72552

DIN 72552 is a DIN standard for labeling the electric terminals in automotive wiring. The most frequently used labels are listed in the table below.

EN 50005
A different standard, European Norm (EN) 50005 recommends terminal numbering for general application relays (e.g. 11/12/14/A1/A2 for a SPDT relay) that may nevertheless be applied to automobiles.

title: DIN 72552


text:
Bryan Cowgill

Bryan Cowgill (27 May 1927 – 14 July 2008) was a British television executive. He was Head of Sport for BBC Television from 1963 to 1973, Controller of BBC1 from 1973 to 1977, and Managing Director of Thames Television from 1977 to 1985.

Early life
Born in Clitheroe, Lancashire, Cowgill attended Clitheroe Royal Grammar School. After leaving school he became a copy boy with the Lancashire Evening Post, where his father was a printer. In 1943, he joined the Royal Marines, and during the next four years he saw service in Southeast Asia.

Career
After Cowgill was demobbed in 1947, he rejoined the Evening Post as a reporter and feature writer, and then for five years he edited a local weekly paper in Clitheroe. He joined the BBC in 1955 as a production assistant in Outside Broadcasting.

In 1958, Cowgill devised the Saturday afternoon sports showcase Grandstand, which was an immediate success and ran for nearly half a century. In 1963, he was promoted to Head of Sport. In this capacity, he introduced the football highlights programme Match of the Day in 1964. During his tenure the BBC covered an increasing number of ambitious sporting events, including organising extensive coverage as host broadcaster of the 1966 World Cup and showing coverage live by satellite from Mexico of both the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1970 World Cup.

In 1973, after a decade in charge of the sports department of BBC Television, Cowgill was promoted to Controller of BBC1, the corporation's premier television network.

In 1977, Cowgill accepted an offer to leave the BBC after over twenty years to join Thames Television as Managing Director. In 1984, Cowgill, in a foretaste of changes to come within the industry, successfully resisted demands by the ACTT union for additional payments to use new technology, by maintaining a reduced service while the other ITV contractors met demands for a 20% rise in pay.

During Cowgill's tenure at Thames he tried to acquire the popular 1980s soap opera Dallas, which had previously been associated with the BBC, abandoning a gentleman's agreement not to poach purchased programming. Other ITV companies refused to show Dallas if Thames retained it, and this led to Cowgill's resignation in 1985 at the age of 58.

Towards the end of his life, Cowgill argued for the abolition of the television licence that finances the BBC, asking "in the context of more than 200 channels how can little green vans going up and down the country saying effectively: 'What are you watching and have you got a licence to watch it?' survive?"

Cowgill's autobiography, Mr Action Replay, was published in 2006.

title: Bryan Cowgill


text:
User:Ir hop

Ivo R. Hop; "My ethics are determined by the outer limits of the law"

title: User:Ir hop


text:
Paul Fox (television executive)

Sir Paul Leonard Fox, (27 October 1925 – 8 April 2024) was a British television executive, who spent much of his broadcasting career working for BBC Television, most prominently as the Controller of BBC1 between 1967 and 1973.

Early life
Paul Leonard Fox was born on 27 October 1925, in Germany to Jewish parents. After the early death of his father, he came to the UK on a kindertransport in 1938. He was educated in Bournemouth and served in the Parachute Regiment from 1943 to 1946. Fox married, in 1948, Betty Nathan, who died in 2009. They had two sons one of whom, Jeremy, produced gameshows from his company Action Time. He was also the creator of The Krypton Factor.

BBC career
Fox began his career at the Corporation in the 1950s, writing scripts for the Television Newsreel programme before going on to create and edit the popular sports programme Sportsview. While editing Sportsview in 1954 he hit upon the idea of creating the annual BBC Sports Personality of the Year award, a glittering ceremony that is still held every December by the Corporation and seen as one of the major events in British sport.

By the early 1960s he had been promoted to Editor of Panorama and later Head of Public Affairs at BBC Television and in this role was heavily involved in the news coverage of the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963 and the subsequent reaction to the events in the UK.

In 1967, he became the Controller of BBC1, a post he held for six years, one of the longest tenures of any BBC Channel Controller. His achievements in the role included the launch of the enduring Dad's Army and overseeing the transition of BBC1 into colour in 1969. He also commissioned The Two Ronnies, Bruce Forsyth and the Generation Game and the Parkinson talk show in 1971. All the Moon landings of Project Apollo occurred during his tenure, and Fox allocated generous time on his network for coverage.

Later career and life
Ward Thomas brought in Fox as Head of Programmes of Yorkshire Television (YTV) in 1973, and he went on to became managing director of Yorkshire Television between 1977 and 1988. During this period he was quite vocal in his disapproval of the ultimately unsuccessful poaching in 1985 of Dallas from the BBC by fellow ITV contractor Thames Television. This permanently soured his relationship with Thames executive Bryan Cowgill, who had been a former colleague at the BBC.

Whilst at YTV, Fox was prominent in representing the managerial view in the industrial dispute between members of the ACTT trade union and the ITV companies, which blacked out the network for three months in 1979. He was chairman of ITN from 1986 to 1988 and later managing director of BBC Television (1988–91). Fox retired from the BBC at the age of 65 in 1991 and became chairman of the Racecourse Association from 1993 to 1997, chairman of DISASTERS EMERC Committee from 1996 to 1999 and a sports columnist for The Daily Telegraph from 1991 to 2003.

Fox died of complications from a stroke on 8 April 2024, at the age of 98.

Honours
Fox was honoured with a CBE in 1985 and was knighted in 1991. He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) by Leeds University in 1984, and the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) from Bradford University in 1991, and the Royal Television Society Gold Medal for Outstanding Services to television in 1992.

title: Paul Fox (television executive)


text:
Provinces of Mongolia

Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces or aimags (аймаг) and one provincial municipality. Each aimag is subdivided into several districts. The modern provinces have been established since 1921. The capital, Ulaanbaatar, is governed as an independent provincial municipality separate from Töv Province, inside which it is situated.

title: Provinces of Mongolia


text:
Saint-Germain-d'Ectot

Saint-Germain-d'Ectot is a former commune in the Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Aurseulles.

title: Saint-Germain-d'Ectot


text:
Rancocas Creek

Rancocas Creek is a tributary of the Delaware River in southwestern New Jersey in the United States. The creek's main stem is 8.3 mi long, with a North Branch of 28.3 mi and a South Branch flowing 21.7 mi. The creek system drains a rural agricultural and forested area on the western edge of the Pinelands north and northeast of Camden and the New Jersey suburbs of Philadelphia.

Overview
Rancocas Creek rises as two main branches in the Pinelands National Reserve. The North Branch rises in northern Burlington County, in Mirror Lake, just south of Fort Dix. It flows west-northwest past Mount Holly.

The South Branch rises in central Burlington County near Chatsworth and flows generally northwest. It receives the 13.8 mi Southwest Branch from the south approximately 5 mi south of Mount Holly. The North and South branches join near Rancocas State Park, approximately 3 mi west of Mount Holly, near the crossing of the New Jersey Turnpike and Interstate 295. A few hundred yards downstream of the Interstate 295 and New Jersey Turnpike bridges, Burlington County Route 635 passes over the Creek on a bridge built less than 4 ft over the average water level, but this bridge has been closed for several years and was physically removed in its entirety in 2020/2021. This bridge had the capability for the center section of the bridge to swivel from the perpendicular to the river to parallel, to allow small boat traffic through. After rehabilitation of the bridge in the 1980s, the powered mechanism was removed due to the near-lack of creek barge traffic and the expense of maintenance. The bridge could be opened in case of emergency, but required manual labor to be swiveled open.

The creek is navigable for approximately 10 mi upstream from its mouth on the Delaware.

Tributaries

 * North Branch Rancocas Creek
 * South Branch Rancocas Creek
 * Southwest Branch Rancocas Creek

Accidents
On April 23, 1853, the engineer of Camden & Amboy's 2 p.m. train out of Philadelphia missed stop signals and ran his train off an open drawspan between modern-day Riverside and Delanco on Rancocas Creek. There were no fatalities.

title: Rancocas Creek


text:
Saint-Germain-de-Livet

Saint-Germain-de-Livet is a commune south of Lisieux in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

History
The famous chateau at Saint-Germain-de-Livet, now open to the public, was built by the Tournebu (later Tournebu-de-Livet) family between 1561 and 1578.

title: Saint-Germain-de-Livet


text:
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403(b)

In the United States, a 403(b) plan is a U.S. tax-advantaged retirement savings plan available for public education organizations, some non-profit employers (only Internal Revenue Code 501(c)(3) organizations), cooperative hospital service organizations, and self-employed ministers in the United States. It has tax treatment similar to a 401(k) plan, especially after the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001. Both plans also require that distributions start at age 72 (according to the rules updated in 2020), known as Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs). Distributions are typically taxed as ordinary income.

Employee salary deferrals into a 403(b) plan are made before income tax is paid and allowed to grow tax-deferred until the money is taxed as income when withdrawn from the plan.

403(b) plans are also referred to as a tax-sheltered annuity (TSA) although since 1974 they no longer are restricted to an annuity form and participants can also invest in mutual funds.

Regulation
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) does not require 403(b) plans to be technically "qualified" plans (i.e., plans governed by U.S. Tax Code 401(a)), but 403(b) plans have the same general appearance as qualified plans. While the option is available it is not known how prevalent or if any 403(b) plan has been started or amended to be ERISA-qualified. This is because the main advantage of ERISA plans for participants has been in the event of bankruptcy of the account holder, but this advantage ceased to exist after the October 2007 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act extended bankruptcy protection to 403(b) plans. While they are different in some fundamental ways, qualified and unqualified plans appear almost the same to the participant and the options available are very similar. The only important differences for the participants are some additional ways that they can withdraw employer money, not salary-deferral money, before the typical 59½ age restriction, but only if the plan is funded with annuities and not mutual funds. The federal government wants to eliminate this difference in proposed regulations expected to be finalized in 2007.

From a plan administration standpoint, 403(b) plans do not have many of the same technical difficulties that 401(k) plans do, such as discrimination testing, especially if the plan is not an ERISA plan. If the plan is an ERISA plan (the employer makes contributions to employee accounts) there are additional restrictions and administrative issues applicable to those employer contributions, but not if a plan of a government employer which is not subject to discrimination testing.

Salary-deferral contributions are not subject to complicated discrimination testing. 403(b) plans are instead subject to universal availability which, briefly and in general, means all employees must be permitted to make salary-deferral contributions. 403(b) plans also have simpler and less costly annual reporting requirements on Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 5500, including not having the independent auditor requirement applicable to qualified plans with more than 100 plan participants.

Compliance
On December 9, 2008, the IRS gave 403(b) plan sponsors a one-year reprieve for adopting a written plan document. While the relief provisions from the IRS give 403(b) sponsors a full year to adopt a written plan document, the plans still must operate in compliance with 403(b) plan requirements. If a person has taken a 403(b) plan and their age is less than 59½, then they cannot initiate an early withdrawal unless they can demonstrate a triggering event such as financial hardship, disability, or separation from service. In this event, the IRS will also charge a mandatory 10% in federal taxes, and it is additionally taxed as ordinary income.

Bankruptcy protection before 2005
Before the passage of the bankruptcy reform act in 2005, a 403(b) that was not an ERISA plan was not accorded protected status as property that could be claimed as exempt by the debtor under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. In In re Barnes, 264 B.R. 415 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2001) Judge Spector held that the fixed-income annuity was not such a trust and could be reached by creditors. The variable account was held to fall within 541(c)(2) and was thus protected. Under the revised bankruptcy laws, 403(b) accounts, IRAs, and other retirement accounts are, in general, protected from creditors in bankruptcy.

For this reason, having an ERISA anti-alienation clause was protective of pensions before the bankruptcy law revisions, giving those pensions the same protection as a spendthrift trust. Some critics argued that this is disparate treatment of similar pension schemes and that more consistent protection was called for. The United States Congress took this argument to heart in the 2005 bankruptcy reform.

After-tax contributions
Beginning in 2006, 403(b) and 401(k) plans may also include designated Roth contributions, i.e., after-tax contributions, which will allow tax-free withdrawals if certain requirements are met. Primarily, the designated Roth contributions have to be in the plan for at least five taxable years and you have to be at least 59 years of age.

Church plans
A church plan is a retirement plan established and maintained by a tax-exempt church, a convention of churches, or an association of churches for its employees. Church plans are not subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) unless it voluntarily makes an irrevocable election to be subject to ERISA.

A church plan may be a defined benefit plan, a defined contribution plan, or a deferred compensation plan.

A church plan that is not subject to ERISA is not required to file an IRS Form 5500, nor is it required to distribute summary annual reports, summary plan descriptions, or summaries of material modifications to plan participants. Church plans are generally subject to state law though. A defined benefit church plan is not required to pay subject to Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation plan termination insurance.

title: 403(b)


text:
Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery

Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.

title: Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery


text:
Riverside, New Jersey

Riverside, New Jersey may refer to:

 * Riverside Township, New Jersey, a township in Burlington County
 * Riverside station (River Line), a light-rail station in Riverside Township
 * Riverside, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, an unincorporated community in Readington Township
 * Riverside, Paterson, New Jersey, a neighborhood in Passaic County

title: Riverside, New Jersey


text:
Pyrénées National Park

Pyrénées National Park (Parc national des Pyrénées) is a French national park located within the departments of Hautes-Pyrénées and Pyrénées-Atlantiques. The park is located along the border of France and Spain along the Pyrenees Mountains, with a scenic landscape offering a variety of outdoor activities including hiking, skiing, mountain climbing and observing wildlife.

Description
Located in the Pyrenees mountains, Pyrenees National Park protects many limestone landforms, including karst valleys and caves. Repeated glaciations within the Quaternary created multiple cirques such as the immense Cirque de Gavarnie and large U-shaped valleys within the park. The limestone originated from the Cretaceous and Eocene periods. Tectonic uplift has created deep canyons, and, during the Quaternary, repeated glaciations carved cirques and large U-shaped valleys.

The park was created in 1967 as a natural heritage site without barriers or fences where animals are totally free. Devoted to preserving biodiversity and landscapes, as well as studying wildlife and plant species, the park is home to 70 different species of mammals. Threatened species found in the park include the lammergeier, Pyrenean desman, Pyrenean chamois, and capercaillie. A small population of bears also inhabit the park. At least 124 plant species have been observed within the national park, including 25 that are endemic to the Pyrenees mountains.

The eastern portion of the national park was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997, forming part of the French section of the Pyrénées – Mont Perdu World Heritage Site that straddles the border between France and Spain. The park also borders on the Lacs de Carnau.

title: Pyrénées National Park


text:
Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont

Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire Normandie.

It was one of the three communes in the French Republic which have the longest name (38 letters). The other two are:
 * Saint-Remy-en-Bouzemont-Saint-Genest-et-Isson, Marne
 * Beaujeu-Saint-Vallier-Pierrejux-et-Quitteur, Haute-Saône


text:
Saint-Germain-du-Crioult

Saint-Germain-du-Crioult is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.

The former commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

title: Saint-Germain-du-Crioult


text:
Saint-Germain-du-Pert

Saint-Germain-du-Pert is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Saint-Germain-du-Pert


text:
Global title

A global title (GT) is an address used in the SCCP protocol for routing signaling messages on telecommunications networks. In theory, a global title is a unique address which refers to only one destination, though in practice destinations can change over time.

Overview
The global title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the host name on the Internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, and is not necessarily a wholly numeric value—though it often is for issues of backward compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.

Structure of the global-title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering plan standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:

Global title format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available formats are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.

Numbering plan indicator
The numbering plan indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used for the global title. The chosen numbering plan will aid the routing system in determining the correct network system to direct the message.

Type of number
The type of number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which is of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the scope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. including the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without country code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an area code).

Translation type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferred method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, this parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing problems, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumstances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.

Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result address, and global title modification.

It is possible for the result of global title translation to be route on SSN. This means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may be to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which variant of SS7 over IP is being used.

Global title analysis
The situation in this case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the global title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, instead of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible set of values.

The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be used in IP routing not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient analysis to any depth which is chosen.

In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities vary from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into the analysis table.

The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP network, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP.

Routing structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber identity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allows for the use of hierarchical routing:
 * International SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other countries
 * The international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP gateways handle each network
 * The SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure

In America, the limitations of the North American Numbering Plan mean that the destination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. However, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.

Global title routing in mobile networks
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this subscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the home location register [HLR], or in this case, the authentication center [AuC]).

Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't know which HLR is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be routed on the subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party address in the message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1 (North America) or somewhere else.

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):

 * E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscriber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
 * E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) -
 * E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164(CC+NDC+MSIN) (Exact combination is defined in the operators IR21 document)

Mobile global title routing (except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converted to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 number, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means that the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced administrative overhead in maintaining the tables.

Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its own country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In networks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure and that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to the right element.

IMSI routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this case, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages must be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that it is easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobile country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.214 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fact that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean adding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never been needed before.

title: Global title


text:
Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery

Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.

title: Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery


title: User:Looxix~enwiki/test-962494


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User:Darrien/monobook.css

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text:
Michael Peacock (television executive)

Ian Michael Peacock (14 September 1929 – 6 December 2019) was a British television executive, who from 1963 until the spring of 1965 was the first Controller of BBC2, the Corporation's second television channel.

Early life and career
Michael Peacock was born in Christchurch, Hampshire, on 14 September 1929. After graduating with an upper second class degree in sociology from the London School of Economics in 1952, he immediately joined BBC Television as a trainee producer, working under Grace Wyndham Goldie in the Television Talks Department, based at Alexandra Palace, which moved to the Lime Grove Studios the following year.

Career
Peacock became the producer of Panorama, the Corporation's first weekly TV current affairs series, in 1955, at the age of twenty-six. Under his editorship, with Richard Dimbleby as anchorman, the programme developed a high reputation, and during the Suez crisis in 1956 audiences reached 12 million viewers. Peacock was responsible for the April Fools' Day hoax which fooled many viewers into believing that spaghetti grew on trees.

He was appointed Assistant Head of Television Outside Broadcasts in 1958. The following year he returned to Panorama, where ratings had fallen badly. He recruited a new team of reporters including Robert Kee and James Mossman, and restored ratings to the 8–10 million level. Peacock and Donald Baverstock, with Ian Atkins, were given the daunting task in 1959 of preparing a report into ways to improve BBC Television News. Their recommendations were accepted in full, and in 1960 he was promoted to Editor of Television News, then based at Alexandra Palace. He remained in this post until 1963, when he was appointed Chief of Programmes (BBC2). His task was to lead the launch of the BBC's second channel, which was due to begin transmissions in 625-line UHF in April 1964.

During the first year of BBC2 he oversaw the screening of some significant successes, such as Match of the Day, sitcom The Likely Lads, and 26-part documentary series The Great War, but audiences for the new channel were very small. In 1965, he was moved across to be Controller of the more mainstream BBC1, to which it was felt his talents would be more suited. Peacock is one of only three people (the others being Alan Yentob and Michael Jackson) to have been Controller of both channels.

Under Peacock, BBC1 reached the peak of one of its most successful eras. However, his time in the post was barely longer than his tenure at BBC2. This was because in 1967 he was head-hunted to be the first Managing Director of London Weekend Television, which began transmissions in 1968. However, his time at LWT was frustrated by union problems, conflict with the other ITV contractors who objected to the new company's 'high brow' London-centric programming and ratings which were lower than anticipated. He was fired by the company in 1969 and ten senior programme staff resigned in support, including several who had left the BBC with him.

In 1971 Peacock joined Warner Bros TV Ltd as MD in London, making co-productions with BBC TV and ITV. Perhaps his most successful was David Attenborough's Life on Earth. He was a founding partner in Video Arts with Antony Jay, John Cleese and Peter Robinson which they formed to make training films for the world market. By the early 1980s Video Arts was the largest producer of training films in the world, with more than a hundred films in its catalogue. Peacock was invited to become Executive Vice President of Warner Bros TV Inc. in 1974, which meant moving with his family for two years to work in Burbank, California.

On his return to the UK he developed the TV side of Video Arts. He was chief executive of Video Arts TV, and when Milton Friedman chose VATV to produce his Free to Choose series Peacock was the executive producer, with Michael Latham his line producer.

He helped to found Manchester's Piccadilly Radio in 1974, and was a director until 1987. He was chairman of Unique Broadcasting Co. from 1989, and of UBC Media Group plc until 1995.

title: Michael Peacock (television executive)


text:
Talk:Recycler (album)

Title
Is there a better standard for Album titles. Perhaps 'Recycler - ZZ Top' would be less ambiguious. McClade
 * This was actually created with (album), I just put it back. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:52, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Recycler (album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070214002237/http://www.rollingstone.com:80/artists/zztop/albums/album/112367/review/6067753/recycler to http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/zztop/albums/album/112367/review/6067753/recycler

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:19, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Recycler (album)


text:
Unitary equivalence

Unitary equivalence may refer to:
 * Unitary equivalence of bounded operators in Hilbert space; see self-adjoint operator
 * Unitary equivalence of a unitary representation

title: Unitary equivalence


text:
User:Darrien/standard.css

.autocomment {color: Black}

title: User:Darrien/standard.css


text:
Chatsworth, New Jersey

Chatsworth is an unincorporated community located within Woodland Township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08019. The New Jersey Central's Blue Comet passenger train was wrecked here in 1939. Chatsworth has been called "Capital of the Pine Barrens."

As of the 2000 United States Census, the population for ZIP Code Tabulation Area 08019 was 883.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Chatsworth has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

title: Chatsworth, New Jersey


text:
User:Jrdioko/monobook.css

/* suppress the person icon by username */ li#pt-userpage { background: none }

/* always underline links */ a { text-decoration: underline; }

/* hide "patrolled" functionality */ .unpatrolled {display: none;}

title: User:Jrdioko/monobook.css


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Talk:Enoch Powell

Political beliefs
Other than the final two short paragraphs of the "political beliefs" section, it is all devoted to Powell's views on immigration.

Other than immigration, Powell was known for his economic views and his views on foreign affairs, particularly the United States, the EEC and the British Empire. These views make up key elements of "Powellism".

There is brief mention of his economic views in the final paragraph, which is entirely quoted from Murray Rothbard, but other than that, none of these views are mentioned in this section. Should they be? Unusual.Octopus (talk) 23:29, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

Pogo Stick incident
This is mentioned in the archives for this talk page - should there be a mention in the article text: a passing mention in the Ministry of Health section would do. Jackiespeel (talk) 16:24, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

The introduction
In the introduction it says the 'Rivers of Blood' speech was criticized by the Times. surely other newspapers must have commented on it was well. Firestar47 (talk) 14:45, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

Wolverhampton
Did he ever live or work in Wolverhampton? Sarcelles (talk) 18:16, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enoch Powell


text:
User talk:Jd4508

In regards to your question about the Residence Bill, Wikipedia policy is not to include source text, except for extremely brief quotations in context. A better place for that might be Wikisource. As for the link, it had very little to do with the actual topic of the article--it might do better in DC statehood, or something of that source. Welcome to Wikipedia, belatedly, and good editing! Meelar 21:22, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

Image permission problem with Image:Crestwood dc.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Crestwood dc.gif I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the image (or other media file) agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the GFDL or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
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If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the image to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the image has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to [mailto:permissions-en@wikimedia.org permissions-en@wikimedia.org].

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the image's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Images lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Jay32183 (talk) 20:45, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

Image permission problem with Image:Crestwood dc.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Crestwood dc.gif I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the image (or other media file) agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the GFDL or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to [mailto:permissions-en@wikimedia.org permissions-en@wikimedia.org], stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the image to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the image has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to [mailto:permissions-en@wikimedia.org permissions-en@wikimedia.org].

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the image's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Images lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Jay32183 (talk) 20:45, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

Image problems
Hi, I nominated File:Crestwood in dc.JPG and File:2002 dc ward map.jpg for deletion. Hekerui (talk) 14:16, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jd4508


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for investigation

 * This page has been shut down after this debate.

 * Please use Administrator intervention against vandalism as an alternate venue for cases of simple vandalism that require an immediate block and Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents for cases that require further investigation.

Old instructions for this page
Choose one of three sections to make a report: Watchlist, IP addresses, or Registered users. Follow the recommended format for each section including the heading markup. Place the request at the top of the New requests subsection or the top of the watchlist. Provide page diffs from edit histories if appropriate and links to specific problem pages.

History
The first page used for tracking vandalism was a user subpage, ManningBartlett/Naughty people, some time before 4 November 2001. The vandalism in progress page was established as VANDALISM IN PROGRESS on 1 December 2001 - the title was upper-case to make it easily distinguishable on recent changes). Around the same time, the Wikipedia Militia (since renamed to the Volunteer Fire Department) was formed to coordinate responses to press releases about Wikipedia. The "VANDALISM IN PROGRESS" page was moved to the Wikipedia namespace in August 2002 and was renamed to the current title in 2006. Its archives since 2003 may be found in Requests for investigation/Archives and the talk archives since august 2002 can be found in the history of Wikipedia talk:Requests for investigation/Archive 4 and in text form as subpages of Wikipedia talk:Requests for investigation. Old subpages can also be found through special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress. the long-term abuse page also grew out of "vandalism in progress". A section on the "vandalism in progress" page for persistent vandalism was added in February 2004, later abandoned, and then re-created as "Ongoing alerts" in September 2004; in December 2004 it was split off to its own page, titled Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Long term alerts.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for investigation


text:
Talk:Macroeconomics

India Education Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment at Symbiosis School of Economics supported by Wikipedia Ambassadors through the India Education Program during the 2011 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 19:56, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

Modern Monetary Theory
Why is their no mention of MMT in this article about macro economics? MMT is an important theoretical framework for understanding macro econ. We should at least link to the substantial MMT page in the See Also section, if not devote a section of this article to it. UberFefa (talk) 15:42, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

Non Pseudo-Science Macroeconomics
From what I have seen just about all the experts in this difficult subject regard macroeconomics as a pseudo-science. In fact, I have found only one book that shows how it is really a true science when it is expressed as an engineer might regard any other kind of system. That is in "Consequential Macroeconomics--Rationalizing About How Our Social System Works". In this book the author shows that our past confusion is due to the failure to properly define various parts of it in a proper way. When he does so he can then construct a simple model of what it really comprises. The resulting analysis, which is based on logical argument, then is used to show how it really works. This book was published in 2015 as a soft-cover edition, but it is also available for free as an e-copy when you send a message to its author.Macrocompassion (talk) 12:53, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

A New Way to Present this Badly Confused and Complex Subject
Making Macroeconomics a Much More Exact Science

Today macroeconomics is treated inexactly within the humanities, because it appears to be a very complex and easily confused matter. But this does not give it fair justice, because we should be trying to find a viable approach to the topic and examine it in a way that avoids these problems, and for us to better understand of what it comprises and how it actually works. Suppose we ask ourselves the question: “how many different KINDS of financial (business) transaction occur within our society?”

The simple and direct answer shows that that only a limited number of them are possible or necessary. Although our sociological system comprises of many millions of participants, to properly answer this question we should be ready to consider the averages of the various kinds of activities (no matter who or what organization performs them), and simultaneously to idealize these activities so that they fall into a number of commonly shared operations. This approach uses some general terms for expressing the various types of these transactions, into what becomes a relatively small number. Here, each kind is found to apply between a particular pair of agents, (sectors or entities), each one of which has individual properties. Then to cover the whole sociological system of a country, it requires only 19 kinds of exchanges of the goods, services, access rights, taxes, credits, investments, valuable legal documents, etc., versus the mutual and opposing flows of money.

The argument that led to this initially unexpected result was prepared by the author. It may be found in his working paper (on the internet) as SSRN 2865571 “Einstein’s Criterion Applied to Logical Macroeconomics Modelling”. In this model these double-flows of money versus goods, etc., necessarily pass between only 6 kinds of role-playing entities (or agents). Of course, there are a number of different configurations that are possible for this type of simplification, but if one tries to eliminate all the unnecessary complications and sticks to the more basic activities, then these particular quantities and flows provide the most concise yet fully comprehensive result, which is presentable in a seamless manner, for our whole social system and one that is suitable for its further analysis.

Surprisingly, past representation of our sociological system by this kind of an interpretation model has neither been properly derived nor formally presented before. Previously, other partial versions have been modelled (even using up to 4 agents, as by Professor Hudson), but they are inexact due to their being over-simplified. Alternatively, in the case of econometrics, the representations are far too complicated and almost impossible for students to follow. These two reasons of over-simplification and of complexity are why this pseudo or non-scientific confusion has been created by many economists, and it explains their failure to obtain a good understanding about how the whole system works.

The model being described here in this paper is unique, in being the first to include, along with some additional aspects, all the 3 factors of production, in Adam Smith's “Wealth of Nations” book of 1776. These factors are Land, Labour and Capital, along with their returns of Ground-Rent, Wages and Interest/Dividends, respectively. All of them are all included in the model, which as a diagram is included in the paper.

(Economics’ historians will recall, as originally explained by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, that there are prescribed independent functions of the land-owners and the capitalists. The land-owners speculate in the land-values and rent it to tenants, whilst the capitalists are actually the owners/managers of the durable capital goods used in industry. These items may be hired out for use. Regrettably, for political and commercial reasons, the concept of these 2 different functions were combined by John Bates Clark and company, about 1900, resulting in the later neglect of their different influences on our sociological system-- the terms landlord and capitalist becoming virtually synonymous along with the expression for property as real-estate.)

The diagram of this model is in my paper (noted above). A mention of the related teaching process is also provided in my short working paper SSRN 2600103 “A Mechanical Model for Teaching Macroeconomics”. With this model in an alternative form, the various parts and activities of the Big Picture of our sociological system can be properly identified and defined.

Subsequently by analysis, the way our sociological system works can then be properly seen, calculated and illustrated. This analysis is introduced by the mathematics and logic, which was devised by Nobel Laureate Wellesley W. Leontief, when he invented the important "Input-Output" matrix methodology (that he originally applied only to the production sector). This short-hand method of modelling the whole system replaces the above-mentioned block-and-flow diagram. It enables one to really get to grips with what is going-on within our sociological system. It is the topology of the matrix which actually provides the key to this.

The logic and math are not hard and are suitable for high-school students, who have been shown the basic properties of square-matrices and the notation of the calculus. By this technique it is comparatively easy to introduce any change to a pre-set sociological system that is theoretically in equilibrium (even though we know that this ideal is never actually attained--it simply being a convenient way to begin the study). This change creates an imbalance and we need to regain equilibrium again. Thus, sudden changes or policy decisions may be simulated and the effects of them determined, which will point the way to what policy is best. In my book about it, (see below) 3 changes associated with taxation are investigated in hand-worked numerical examples. In fact, when I first worked it out, the irrefutable logical results were a surprise, even to me!

Developments of these ideas about making our subject more truly scientific (thereby avoiding the past pseudo-science being taught at universities), may be found in my recent book: “Consequential Macroeconomics—Rationalizing About How Our Social System Works”.

Please write to me at chestdher@gmail.com for a free e-copy of this 310-page book and for any additional information. Macrocompassion (talk) 15:10, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

Illegal/black markets
Insurance, etc macro or micro? 71.178.33.122 (talk) 11:46, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macroeconomics


text:
Donald Baverstock

Donald Leighton Baverstock (18 January 1924 – 17 March 1995) was a British television producer and executive, born in Cardiff, Wales. He initially worked for BBC Television in their Talks Department, where he was the Editor of the topical magazine programme Highlight and then co-devised and edited its more ambitious and better-remembered successor Tonight, which began in 1957.

Early life
Baverstock was born in Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom, in January 1924.

Career
Baverstock worked on Tonight until 1961, when he was promoted to be the BBC's Assistant Controller of Programmes across the whole television service and suggested a programme of hymn-singing that led to the creation of Songs of Praise. In early 1963 he succeeded his superior Stuart Hood to become the Controller of Programmes for BBC1, in anticipation of the launch of the station's companion BBC2 the following year. In the same year he requested Sydney Newman to develop a new Saturday evening show for BBC1 which would become Doctor Who.

Soon after the launch of BBC2 in 1964, Controller Michael Peacock quickly began to run into difficulties, and BBC Director-General Hugh Greene decided in 1965 that the two men would be better suited to running each other's channels, and took the decision to swap them over.

However, Baverstock felt insulted that he was being asked to take what he saw as a demotion to the lesser channel, and refused to take up his new post, instead resigning from the BBC altogether. He subsequently became involved in the establishment of the ITV northern franchise holder Yorkshire Television, becoming the company's first Director of Programmes and overseeing the creation of popular hits such as the soap opera Emmerdale Farm (from 1972). Also in 1972, as ITV commissioned the broadcast of the first nationally televised darts tournament with the 1972 News of the World Darts Championship, Baverstock asked Sid Waddell to accompany presenter Peter Jones and commentator Dave Lanning at the 1972 News of the World Championship, to observe the action and to look into creating a programme based on indoor pub sports. The result of this was Waddell creating The Indoor League, which ran from 1972 to 1977, with the first season shown only in the Yorkshire Television region and the following seasons shown across Britain on the ITV network. The Indoor League was a crucial series in the early years of televised darts.

He left Yorkshire Television in June 1973, and briefly joined Granada plc in February 1974 as head of Granada Video Limited. In January 1975 it was announced that Baverstock had moved back to the BBC, as an executive producer within BBC Manchester, a position which he held until 1977. In 1978 Baverstock was part of a bid by Northumbria Television for the ITV franchise covering the Tyne Tees area, which was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1980 he was part of a similar franchise bid for the ITV Yorkshire franchise, part of a company called Television Yorkshire, which was also unsuccessful.

Death and legacy
Despite being ensconced in Yorkshire, Baverstock did attempt to return to Wales, at one point applying for the vacant post of Controller of BBC Wales. He died in March 1995. Former colleague Leonard Miall claimed in Baverstock's obituary in the Independent newspaper that the BBC Governors who interviewed him were "put off" by his "casual behaviour". Another factor may have been that, although born in Wales, Baverstock did not speak Welsh – an attribute considered essential for anyone aspiring to become the Controller of BBC Wales.

In 2013 the BBC filmed a drama based around the creation and early days of Doctor Who in 1963, as part of the celebrations for the fiftieth anniversary of the series. Baverstock appears as a character in the drama, An Adventure in Space and Time, portrayed by actor Mark Eden. The drama portrays Baverstock at one point wanting Doctor Who to be cancelled after only four episodes.

Personal life
In 1957 Baverstock married Gillian Mary Waters, elder daughter of British children's author Enid Blyton, at St James's Church, Piccadilly. The couple divorced in 1994.

title: Donald Baverstock


text:
NDFA

NDFA may refer to:
 * National Drama Festivals Association
 * Nondeterministic finite automaton (also abbreviated as NFA)
 * North Dakota Fencing Association
 * North Dakota Firefighter's Association

title: NDFA