text:
Laz language

The Laz language or Lazuri is a Kartvelian language spoken by the Laz people on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea. In 2007, it was estimated that there were around 20,000 native speakers in Turkey, in a strip of land extending from Melyat to the Georgian border (officially called Lazistan until 1925), and around 1,000 native speakers around Adjara in Georgia. There are also around 1,000 native speakers of Laz in Germany.

Laz is not historically a written language or literary language. As of 1989, Benninghaus could write that the Laz themselves had no interest in writing in Laz.

Classification
Laz is one of the four Kartvelian languages also known as South Caucasian languages. Along with Mingrelian, it forms the Zan branch of this Kartvelian language family. The two languages are very closely related, to the extent that some linguists refer to Mingrelian and Laz as dialects or regional variants of a single Zan language, a view held officially in the Soviet era and still so in Georgia today. In general, however, Mingrelian and Laz are considered as separate languages, due both to the long-standing separation of their communities of speakers (500 years) and to a lack of mutual intelligibility.

History
Although the Laz people are recorded in written sources repeatedly from antiquity onwards, the earliest written evidence of their language is from 1787. There is a poem in Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatnâme (17th century) that has been interpreted as Laz, but it is more likely to represent Pontic Greek. The first definite record of Laz in 1787 was produced by the Spanish Jesuit linguist Lorenzo Hervás. It was largely ignored because Hervás conflated the name of the language with that of the Lezgian language, calling it lingua Lasga, detta ancora Laza, e Lassa. In 1823, Julius Heinrich von Klaproth published a list of 67 Laz words with German translations in his Asia Polyglotta. He identified three dialects. In 1844, Georg Rosen published in German the first monograph on Laz, Über die Sprache der Lazen. In 1887, the British diplomat Demetrius Rudolph Peacock included Laz among five languages of the western Caucasus in a paper designed for the use of English-speaking diplomats.

Geographical distribution
The Georgian language, along with its relatives Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan, comprise the Kartvelian language family. The initial breakup of Proto-Kartvelian is estimated to have been around 2500–2000 B.C., with the divergence of Svan from Proto-Kartvelian (Nichols, 1998). Assyrian, Urartian, Greek, and Roman documents reveal that in early historical times (2nd–1st millennia B.C.), the numerous Kartvelian tribes were in the process of migrating into the Caucasus from the southwest. The northern coast and coastal mountains of Asia Minor were dominated by Kartvelian peoples at least as far west as Samsun. Their eastward migration may have been set in motion by the fall of Troy (dated by Eratosthenes to 1183 B.C.). It thus appears that the Kartvelians represent an intrusion into the Georgian plain from northeastern Anatolia, displacing their predecessors, the unrelated Northwest Caucasian and Vainakh peoples, into the Caucasian highlands (Tuite, 1996; Nichols, 2004).

The oldest known settlement of the Lazoi is the town of Lazos or "old Lazik" which Arrian puts 680 stadia (about 80 miles) south of the Sacred Port (Novorossiisk) and 1,020 stadia (100 miles) north of Pityus, i.e.somewhere in the neighborhood of Tuapse. Kiessling sees in the Lazoi a section of the Kerketai, who in the first centuries of the Christian era had to migrate southwards under pressure from the Zygoi. The same author regards the Kerketai as a "Georgian" tribe. The fact is that at the time of Arrian (2nd century A.D.), the Lazoi were already living to the south of Um. The order of the peoples living along the coast to the east of Trebizond was as follows: Colchi (and Sanni); Machelones; Heniochi; Zydritae; Lazai, subjects of King Malassus, who owned the suzerainty of Rome; Apsilae; Abacsi; Sanigae near Sebastopolis.

Social and cultural status

Laz has no official status in either Turkey or Georgia, and no written standard. It is presently used only for familiar and casual interaction; for literary, business, and other purposes, Laz speakers use their country's official language (Turkish or Georgian).

Laz is unique among the Kartvelian languages in that most of its speakers live in Turkey rather than Georgia. While the differences between the various dialects are minor, their speakers feel that their level of mutual intelligibility is low. Given that there is no common standard form of Laz, speakers of its different dialects use Turkish to communicate with each other.

Between 1930 and 1938, Zan (Laz and Mingrelian) enjoyed cultural autonomy in Georgia and was used as a literary language, but an official standard form of the language was never established. Since then, all attempts to create a written tradition in Zan have failed, despite the fact that most intellectuals use it as a literary language.

In Turkey, Laz has been a written language since 1984, when an alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet was created. Since then, this system has been used in most of the handful of publications that have appeared in Laz. Developed specifically for the Kartvelian languages, the Georgian alphabet is better suited to the sounds of Laz, but the fact that most of the language's speakers live in Turkey, where the Latin alphabet is used, has rendered the adoption of the former impossible. Nonetheless, 1991 saw the publication of a textbook called Nana-nena ('Mother tongue'), which was aimed at all Laz speakers and used both the Latin and Georgian alphabets. The first Laz–Turkish dictionary was published in 1999.

Speaking Laz was forbidden in Turkey between 1980 and 1991 because this was seen as a political threat to unity of the country. During this era, some of the academicians regret the existence of the Laz ethnic group. Because speaking Laz was banned in public areas, many children lost their mother tongue as a result of not communicating with their parents. Most Laz people have a heavy Turkish accent because they can not practice their mother tongue.

Writing system
Laz is written in Mkhedruli script and in an extension of the Turkish alphabet. For the Laz letters written in the Latin script, the first is a letter from the writing system introduced in Turkey in 1984 that was developed by Fahri Lazoğlu and Wolfgang Feurstein and the second is the transcription system used by Caucasianists.

Linguistic features
Like many languages of the Caucasus, Laz has a rich consonantal system but only five vowels (a, e, i, o, u). The nouns are inflected with agglutinative suffixes to indicate grammatical function (four to seven cases, depending on the dialect) and number (singular or plural), but not by gender. The Laz verb is inflected with suffixes according to person and number, and also for grammatical tense, aspect, mood, and (in some dialects) evidentiality. Up to 50 verbal prefixes are used to indicate spatial orientation/direction. Person and number suffixes provided for the subject as well as for one or two objects involved in the action, e.g. gimpulam = "I hide it from you".

Grammar
Some distinctive features of Laz among its family are:
 * All nouns end with a vowel.
 * More extensive verb inflection, using directional prefixes.
 * Some lexical borrowings from Greek and Turkic languages.

title: Laz language


text:
User talk:MarkBurnett

Great picture, Mark! I hope it is the first of many more to come. Too bad the article palette itself is still so poor.--Eloquence* 00:20, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

Another note: I don't believe you are the Mark Burnett at Mark Burnett. If you aren't, you may want to point the link on the image description page to User:Mark Burnett instead -- see Namespace for a brief explanation of what these prefixes are all about. By the way, you can reply by editing this page like you would edit an article.--Eloquence* 00:32, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

Erik, Thanks for the note. Many more photos on the way! A picture tells a thousand words or thereabouts... I have fixed the links to point to my user page - which I now need to construct! Mark 01:13, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. I'm looking forward to your additions. You seem to be learning fast, but if you run into any stumbling blocks, feel free to leave a note on my user talk page (user page=>Discuss this page). Best,--Eloquence* 01:26, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thankyou; I will do that. So far I am quite impressed with the functionality and level of documentation available in wikipedia. Knowledge-management based philanthropic endeavours are made easy in this environment. There is even a meta-section for developing the environment. I will be sure to bounce ideas off you when I start hitting the edges. Mark 01:43, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Pic copyright
Hi! and welcome. I live in Bristol and I've been on Wikipedia since January 2003. I just want to make a small point; it's a requirement that you say if your pics are public domain or whatever. I just looked at Notre-Dame de Paris article and I notice there is no copyright or PD notice when I click on the mag glass. I don't understand the details of the GNU Free Documentation Licence and luckily I don't have to worry because many of the thousand pics I've put on WP are my own and I've declared them all to be PD. The rest are off PD web pages or I've got permission to use them. At any rate, some mention of the pics status must be given on the page you get when you click on the mag glass. I've started using the automatic message, which is , underneath my own message. Have a look at Saab 340 to see what the PD message produces. Also you could have a look at the Image Description Pages from User:Arpingstone/pic list for ideas on how to do messages. Best Wishes, Adrian Pingstone 08:05, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, when a contributor specifies no license but makes clear that he has taken the image himself, the default license - the GNU Free Documentation License - is applied, and the image can be tagged by anyone as such (by adding the text to the image page). The public domain is also a good choice, of course. Nonfree licenses are not allowed.--Eloquence* 08:07, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks chaps; I think one should always be explicit about licence rights so I have added the GNU Free Documentation License to all my pictures. Mark 16:40, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi Mark. Nice to see one of your images posted on Featured picture candidates. You might consider adding yourself to Wikipedians/Photographers and, as you have a photo of yourself on your user page, also to Facebook. - Gaz 13:19, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Your picture is wrong
Mark, the picture you have up on the Battery Park entry in Wikipedia, is not in fact Battery Park, it is the Esplanade at Battery Park City. Historic Battery Park & Battery Park City Parks are two seperate entities, one is a private non profit, the other is part of the NYC parks dept. Pictures taken from Pier A on the West side to State street are Historic Battery Park. Any pictures taken from Wagner Park to Chambers Street between the West Side Highway & the Hudson are Battery Park City Parks. Your Esplanade shot is clearly mislabelled.

Your image
Image:MarkBurnett.jpg, which you uploaded, has been marked as. Feel free to replace it with a copyright notice (although we would prefer it be public domain or GFDL). Thanks, ugen 64 22:35, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Pic of the Day
Hi Mark,

Just to let you know that your photograph Image:Bumblebee closeup.jpg is up for reuse as Pic of the Day on the 11th April. I've used the same caption as last time, but you can check it at Picture of the day/April 11, 2005. -- Solipsist 12:02, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

nice bee
thats a beautiful photo of the bee, what camera n lens u used. thank u, -- Shivanayak 06:09, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image:Bumblebee closeup.jpg
Your picture Image:Bumblebee closeup.jpg is up for delisting. Muhammad Mahdi Karim (talk) 05:30, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

NowCommons: File:Hudson River From New York VGA.jpg
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Please claim your upload(s): File:Glacier Alaska.jpg
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However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:MarkBurnett


text:
Talk:List of diseases (A)

Both
Both arthritis and asthma (and a couple others I'm sure) are on this list. Are they not common diseases?--Lucky13pjn 00:25, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

It says  many of which  are rare, not all of them. Putnamehere3145 02:14, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Aging
Is aging considered a disease? Vancho 18:31, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Aging is not a disease, as disease is characterized by something such as toxins, bacteria or viruses causing symptoms. I think aging would fall under syndrome. Renaissancee (talk) 16:36, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

PLEASE REMEMBER!
Please remember that this page is for DISEASES ONLY. Do not add syndromes or disorders unless they fit under the disease definition. Renaissancee (talk) 16:36, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Alcoholism (controversial)
H-95.983 Drug Dependencies as Diseases The AMA 1. endorses the proposition that drug dependencies, including alcoholism, are diseases and that their treatment is a legitimate part of medical practice, and 2. encourages physicians, other health professionals, medical and other health related organizations, and government and other policymakers to become more well informed about drug dependencies, and to base their policies and activities on the recognition that drug dependencies are, in fact, diseases. (Res. 113, A-87) http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/388/alcoholism_treatable.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.235.43.89 (talk) 03:45, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of diseases (A)


text:
Talk:Thomas MacDonagh

Untitled
First, Thomas MacDonagh married Muriel Gifford. Isabella was his mother in law. As to why he was appointed to the military council as late as he was, I have heard an explanation but do not remember the source so I cannot vouch for it's accuracy. The reason was his friendship with James Connolly who was giving the military council fits and threatening to rise on his own. Connelly came on to the military council shortly afterwards.

Niall MacDonagh, Thomas MacDonagh's grandson

 * Of course you're right, he married Muriel. I knew that, but copied down the wrong name. Sorry; it's been corrected. As for his entry into the Military Committee, well, as i said, there's some uncertainty about it. I find your explanation intriguing. I've read many sources on this subject, and they generally seem to state that Connolly was a member of the committee in January 1916, and MacDonagh not until that April. Of course, they could be mistaken; the entire endeavor was shrouded in secrecy. The executions in May forever silenced the only people who could really explain exactly what happened and why. Certainly, as you stated, Clarke and Pearse and the like were worried about Connolly acting alone, but as I said, most sources put that occuring substantially before your grandfather's entry onto the military committee. I really can't say. If you have some other information I'd love to hear it. I remember reading somewhere that the there was a significance to there being seven signatories of the proclamation, and that MacNeill was supposed to be one, but he refused to sign. Had MacNeill signed, it was specualted that Thomas MacDonagh might well not have. Of course I can't say if there is any truth to this, only that MacNeill did claim that he was asked by Joseph Plunkett to sign the proclamation, I believe on either Good Friday or the day after. -R. fiend 06:56, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Francis Ledwidge?
What's the significance of the "See also"? I can't see anything in either article that merits it. One Night In Hackney 303  09:07, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm assuming this was there because of Ledwidge's friendship with MacDonagh and the fact that the FL's most famous poem is a lament on MacDonagh's execution which appears to have had a profound effect on him. I've referenced it in the last section of the article now. ANB (talk) 13:01, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

In Kathleen Clarke's autobiograpy she claims that Thomas Clarke told her during her visit to him before his execution that Eoin MacNeill either signed the Proclamation or promised to sign, and thus had broken his word, and "must have no part in national life" from then on. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pageturners (talk • contribs) 07:56, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Coming back to the topic question & first response, this is a good question/discussion. 1) There exists an article on Francis Ledwidge. The Ledwidge article describes Ledwidge's death; this MacDonagh article already links to Ledwidge. I see no reason to expand Ledwidge's death discussion in MacDonagh; the existing link to Ledwidge is sufficient; elaboration upon Ledwidge redundant. 2) The sentence is extraneous and detracts from the proper focus of this article, MacDonagh. Ledwidge is a key figure in Irish history; his death is an important part of historical record; it does not belong here. 3) "Blown to pieces" is probably very accurate (none of us were there) but is also a statement made in the extremeties of WWI trench warfare. 102+ years later, a factual/historical look at Ledwidge's death would describe his death factually, including eyewitness accounts as evidence/source material. A historian would probably not write "blown to pieces" in her narrative, though she would almost certainly cite "blown to pieces" as the chaplain's account. There is an important difference. 1 & 2 above argue for deleting the sentence entirely from the article. My 3rd point is to say, if it must remain in the article then it should be refashioned. [Personally, I also think that the description here does not do Ledwidge justice; however that is my opinion & of no concern to the broader point.] I'm deleting the sentence from the MacDonagh article, documenting in Edit description, thereupon expanding in Talk. Countryjudge (talk) 15:44, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

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Muriel MacDonagh's "Cursed" Wedding Ring
Muriel MacDonagh's wedding ring was passed on to her son Donagh MacDonagh upon her death when her heart gave out while swimming back from planting an Irish tricolour on a sandbank just off the shore near the village of Skerries just north of Dublin. Donagh gave the ring to his first wife, Maura who drowned having an epileptic fit in the bath. Donagh then gave the ring to her sister, Nuala, when he married her. She survived Donagh by two years before choking on a piece of steak and dying. All three women were wearing the ring when they died. The ring has since been passed down through the male MacDonagh line but has never been worn by any woman since Nuala's death due to it's alleged "Curse" Ciarán MacDonagh - Great-Grandson of Thomas MacDonagh CiaranMacD (talk) 04:35, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas MacDonagh


text:
Otto August Rosenberger

Otto August Rosenberger (10 August 1800 – 23 January 1890) was a Baltic German astronomer from Tukums in Courland.

He was born in Tukkum, Courland, Russia. Rosenberger graduated from the University of Königsberg, and was noted for his study of comets. He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1837. He died in Halle, Prussian Saxony.

The crater Rosenberger on the Moon is named after him.

title: Otto August Rosenberger


text:
Gironès

Gironès (Gironés) is a comarca (county) in eastern Catalonia, Spain, bordering Selva, Baix Empordà, Alt Empordà, Pla de l'Estany and Garrotxa. , more than half of the comarca's 175,148 inhabitants live in the capital, Girona, which is also the capital of the Girona region and Spanish province.

title: Gironès


text:
Enoploteuthidae

Enoploteuthidae is a family of squid comprising approximately 40 species in four genera. Most species have a mantle length ranging from 3-13 cm. Hooks are present on all arms and tentacles. The family is best known for the large array of photophores throughout the body.

Species

 * Genus Abralia
 * Abralia andamanica
 * Abralia armata
 * Abralia astrolineata
 * Abralia astrosticta
 * Abralia dubia
 * Abralia fasciolata
 * Abralia grimpei
 * Abralia heminuchalis
 * Abralia marisarabica
 * Abralia multihamata
 * Abralia omiae
 * Abralia redfieldi
 * Abralia renschi
 * Abralia robsoni
 * Abralia siedleckyi
 * Abralia similis
 * Abralia spaercki
 * Abralia steindachneri
 * Abralia trigonura
 * Abralia veranyi, eye-flash squid or Verany's enope squid
 * Genus Abraliopsis
 * Abraliopsis affinis
 * Abraliopsis atlantica
 * Abraliopsis chuni
 * Abraliopsis falco
 * Abraliopsis felis
 * Abraliopsis gilchristi
 * Abraliopsis hoylei
 * Abraliopsis lineata
 * ?Abraliopsis morisii *
 * Abraliopsis pacificus
 * Abraliopsis pfefferi, Pfeffer's enope squid
 * Abraliopsis tui
 * Genus Enoploteuthis
 * Enoploteuthis anapsis
 * Enoploteuthis chunii
 * Enoploteuthis galaxias
 * Enoploteuthis higginsi
 * Enoploteuthis jonesi
 * Enoploteuthis leptura
 * Enoploteuthis magnoceani
 * Enoploteuthis obliqua
 * Enoploteuthis octolineata
 * Enoploteuthis reticulata
 * Enoploteuthis semilineata
 * Genus Watasenia
 * Watasenia scintillans, sparkling enope squid or firefly squid

The species listed above with an asterisk ( * ) is questionable and needs further study to determine if it is a valid species or a synonym. The question mark (?) indicates questionable placement within the genus.

title: Enoploteuthidae


text: Talk:Enoploteuthidae

title: Talk:Enoploteuthidae


text:
Talk:Reality (David Bowie album)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:50, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 09:58, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Reality (David Bowie album)


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Talk:The Long Road

Aren't the last three songs bonus tracks, not hidden? They're listed on the back of my CD case... Dragonfly888 00:14, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nickelback because of you.jpg
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title: Talk:The Long Road


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Talk:Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

I'm surprised this article doesn't have an infobox or a picture. Ground 22:30, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Man, if you knew about it then you should have done it. I wasted my 10 minutes just to put the basic layout and album cover..shh... :) --Anonymous Cow 02:54, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 21:28, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

"as Andre 3000 makes no attempts to deny, to get laid." ?
Why is this here and what does it mean? Its in the beginning of the article in the 2nd paragraph. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.15.117.237 (talk) 01:16, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Best Selling Rap Album of All Time
According to this list: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_States this album appears to be the best selling Rap Album in American history. Can anyone confirm this? This fact would certainly seem worthy of being mentioned in the article.

That list has 2pac listd as selling more than Outkast. 143.166.255.57 16:01, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

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Why is the 'Critical Reaction' section of this all about this albums charting and not about "critics received this well or were outraged" or something along those lines? --Rhearnct 18:55, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Separate Articles?
I believe Speakerboxxx and The Love Below deserve their own articles: they are entirely different kettles of fish, and IMO this article is a tad lacking. There is no description of the themes, or especially the running thread of The Love Below. Indeed, I would refer to it as a concept album. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.188.43.237 (talk) 20:04, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree with this comment, I came to the page expecting a more in-depth discussion of (in particular) Andre3000's approach to writing his second album, theories, conjectures, and ideas relating to it where appropriate. The discs should be considered seperate, as they were written seperately, and intended that way originally. Jcook5 (talk) 21:02, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Outkast history
Outkast was a great 2 man band.[[Media:Outkast.com]] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.204.51.138 (talk) 16:35, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Rapreviews.com Mix-up
In the "Professional Reviews" section of the article, it is said that Speakerboxxx recieved a 7 out of 10, while The Love Below recieved a 9 out of 10 from rapreviews.com These ratings are mixed-up.

the first and still the only rap album thus far to win the (Grammy) award (for Album of the Year)
Is "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill" not considered a rap/hip hop album? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paulshrug (talk • contribs) 09:56, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Concept albums?
This article is included to "Concept album" category. Are there any reliable sources that classify this album as "Concept album"? If there are none, it should be excluded from the category. Netrat (talk) 23:03, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Rolling Stone review
Transcribed using Amazon Book Reader. Rolling Stone (Album Guide 610–611. November 2, 2004) review of Speakerboxxx/The Love Below:

"Rating: 4½ out of 5 stars Speakerboxxx/The Love Below continues where Stankonia left off, with OutKast's trajectory veering even further off the course of conventional hip-hop and further into the annals of pop history. The album's structure-two solo records packaged together as a double CD-offers a fractured view of the duo's aesthetic: Big Boi's Speakerboxxx drops cutting-edge hip-hop that's at turns freaky and socially aware. Andre 3000's The Love Below eschews hip-hop almost entirely with a set of jazzy pop funk steeped in the eclectic influence of Prince. Both discs score big singles (Big Boi's "The Way You Move," Andre's "Hey Ya!") and loads of great album cuts-plus enough filler to make the duo vulnerable to charges it might have been better off with a tight single album. But for sheer breadth, ambition, and musical vision, there's little doubt Speakerboxxx/The Love Below is a classic."

Dan56 (talk) 23:08, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Grooming for Big Boi:
Grooming for Big Boi on this Album was done by Photographer/Groomer Lavish J. When doing grooming work, he was affectionatley called "J the Barber" by the Stankonia camp. He has done work with Farnsworth Bently, Donnel Jones, Ludacris and many others within the entertainment field. He recently did photography to be used as promo material for a new movie called "Mutumbo" featuring comedian/actor Michael Blackson. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Overlooked (talk • contribs) 07:24, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

Misprint
My UK edition of The Love Below was, for want of a better word, bodged. The last few tracks of the album don't match their titles, and it looks like the final track is absent. Here's why: It lists all 21 tracks on the cover, but there's only 20 tracks on the disc - Track 17 (The Letter) is missing. Super bad luck, or last-minute removal? Did this happen to a lot of UK discs? JaffaCakeLover (talk) 11:48, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

 * My UK Disc from around the time of release is also missing "The Letter". No mention of the track in my liner notes either. It's just a 20 second skit, so I doubt I'm missing much, but I wonder why it was cut? 92.236.117.111 (talk) 15:50, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

"My Favorite Things"
> "My Favorite Things" from The Love Below contains samples from John Coltrane's 1960 recording by the same name.

Is it sampled? It seems like a straight cover/appropriation. The only possibly sampled bits are the breakbeat drums, which are probably programmed. - IRiteGud, Yes? 21:06, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

wrong fact
"selling more than 510,000 copies in its first week. It became the second-biggest debut for a double album during the Soundscan-era (beginning in 1991). "

All Eyez on me( 566,000 copies) and life after death( 690,000 copies) sold more in the first week than there first week — Preceding unsigned comment added by Df2397 (talk • contribs) 11:40, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

Source list

 * https://books.google.si/books?id=bXy2wTEsbCsC&pg=PA466&dq=%22Speakerboxxx+The+Love+Below%22&hl=sl&sa=X&ei=A5meVIi3GeW_ygPJ5IC4Cw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Speakerboxxx%20The%20Love%20Below%22&f=false
 * https://books.google.si/books?id=-f0AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215&dq=%22Speakerboxxx+The+Love+Below%22&hl=sl&sa=X&ei=P5ueVMvGHqnCywPy5oK4Cw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Speakerboxxx%20The%20Love%20Below%22&f=false
 * https://books.google.si/books?id=Umlj8euT4tIC&pg=PA113&dq=%22Speakerboxxx+The+Love+Below%22&hl=sl&sa=X&ei=A5meVIi3GeW_ygPJ5IC4Cw&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Speakerboxxx%20The%20Love%20Below%22&f=false
 * https://books.google.si/books?id=2yYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA131&dq=%22Speakerboxxx+The+Love+Below%22+-CMJ&hl=sl&sa=X&ei=QpmeVLvZNqOHygOE44HoCg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=%22Speakerboxxx%20The%20Love%20Below%22%20-CMJ&f=false
 * http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/mar04/articles/johnfrye.htm
 * http://www.mtv.com/news/1714490/outkast-speakerboxxx-the-love-below-10th-anniversary/

To get started. --Khanassassin ☪ 11:39, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

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Track listing templates
Please discuss at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Albums. 2001:D08:2904:C169:17AD:C3D5:9A5A:F52C (talk) 02:28, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speakerboxxx/The Love Below


text:
Talk:Sacred Love

SACD Gold
Universal Music Artists Hit SACD Gold and Silver in Europe. This website reports that Sting got Gold and Silver sales levels from the SACD release in Europe. This should be mentioned in the article. Binksternet (talk) 16:48, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/sting/articles/story/5937338/sting_twista_team_for_video this mentions that he made remixes with twista and will.i.am

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title: Talk:Sacred Love


text:
Talk:Room on Fire

Verification
According to AMG, the album was released on the 21st, not the 28th. Also, billboard, the crap that it is, requires you to pay several hundred dollars to have access to archived charts for a year, so I coudln't verify the peak positions of the singles. Anyone else have a way? — siro χ  o  19:44, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The End Has No End.ogg
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title: Talk:Room on Fire


text:
Talk:Reflection Eternal

Untitled
Reflection Eternal is the name used by the duo Talib Kweli and DJ Hi-Tek. I took the liberty of moving their first album, Train of Thought to Train of Thought (Reflection Eternal album), where it belongs.--NPswimdude500

Assessment comment
Substituted at 04:04, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reflection Eternal


text:
Frédéric Sy

Frédéric Sy (1861-1917) was a French astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.

He worked at the Paris Observatory from 1879 to 1887, and as the assistant astronomer at the Algiers Observatory, North Africa, from 1887 to 1918. While working in Algiers he published extensively on the subjects of minor asteroids and comets, and was a colleague of astronomer François Gonnessiat.

Sy was responsible for the discovery and naming of two asteroids, 858 El Djezaïr and 859 Bouzaréah. The names were drawn from locations near the discovering Algiers Observatory.

He was awarded the Valz Prize (Prix Valz) in 1919 by the French Academy of Sciences. The asteroid 1714 Sy was named after him in 1951.

title: Frédéric Sy


text:
Carlos Slim

Carlos Slim Helú (born 28 January 1940) is a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. From 2010 to 2013, Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world by Forbes business magazine. He derived his fortune from his extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate, Grupo Carso. , the Bloomberg Billionaires Index ranked him as the 11th-richest person in the world, with a net worth of $105 billion or about 7% of Mexico's GDP, making him the richest person in Latin America.

Slim's corporate conglomerate spans numerous industries across the Mexican economy, including education, health care, industrial manufacturing, transportation, real estate, mass media, mining, energy, entertainment, technology, retail, sports and financial services. However, the core of his fortune derives from telecommunications, where he owns América Móvil (with operations throughout Latin America) and the Mexican carrier Telcel and ISP Telmex, a state-run-gone-private company which maintained a virtual monopoly for many years after Slim's acquisition. He accounts for 40% of the listings on the Mexican Stock Exchange, while his net worth is equivalent to about 6% of Mexico's gross domestic product. As of 2016, he was the largest single shareholder of non-voting shares of The New York Times Company. In 2017, he sold half of his shares.

Early life
Slim was born on 28 January 1940, in Mexico City, to Julián Slim Haddad (born Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz) and Linda Helú Atta, both Maronite Christians from Lebanon. He decided at a young age that he aspired to be a businessman as a future career in mind, and received business lessons from his father, who taught him basic financial, business management, and accounting principles by instructing him in how to analyze and interpret financial statements in addition to stressing the young Carlos in the importance of keeping accurate financial records when doing business.

At the age of 11, Slim invested in a government savings bond, which taught him about the concept of compound interest. Adhering to his father's emphasis on the importance of keeping accurate financial records, he eventually saved every financial and business transaction he ever made into a personal ledger book, which he still keeps to this day. At the age of 12, he made his first stock investment, by buying shares outright of a Mexican bank. By the age of 15, Slim had become a shareholder in Mexico's largest bank. At the age of 17, he earned 200 pesos a week working for his father's company. He went on to study civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he also concurrently taught algebra and linear programming.

Though Slim was a civil engineering major, he also displayed an interest in economics. Broadening his academic interests outside his traditional area of study beyond civil engineering, he took economics courses in Chile when he completed his engineering degree. Graduating as a civil engineering major, Slim has stated that his mathematical ability and his background of linear programming was a key factor in helping him gain a competitive edge in the business world, especially when analyzing the financial statements of prospective companies while making his business decisions as well as evaluating potential investment acquisitions and stock purchases.

1960s
After graduating from university in 1961, Slim launched his business career by starting off as a stock trader in Mexico, often working 14-hour days to make a name for himself in the Mexican business world. In 1965, profits from Slim's private business and investment ventures reached US$400,000, enabling him to start the stock brokerage house Inversora Bursátil. He also began laying the financial groundwork for his eventual conglomerate, Grupo Carso. In 1965, he also acquired Jarritos del Sur, a Mexican bottling and soft drink company. In 1966, worth US$40million, he established Inmuebles Carso, a Mexican real estate agency and holding company.

1970s
Companies in the Mexican construction, soft drink, printing, real estate, bottling and mining industries were the initial focus of Slim's burgeoning business career. He later expanded his business operations and commercial activities by venturing into numerous industries across the Mexican economy including auto parts, aluminum, airlines, chemicals, tobacco, cable and wire manufacturing, paper and packaging, copper and mineral extraction, tires, cement, retail, hotels, beverage distributors, telecommunications and financial services (Slim's Grupo Financiero Inbursa sells insurance and manages mutual funds and pension plans for millions of ordinary Mexicans). By 1972, he had established or acquired a further seven businesses in these industry categories, which included the acquisition of a construction equipment rental company. In 1980, he consolidated his business interests by forming Grupo Galas as the parent company of a conglomerate that had interests in industrial manufacturing, construction, mining, retail, food, and tobacco.

1980s
In 1982, the Mexican economy contracted rapidly. As many banks were struggling and foreign investors were cutting back on investing and scurrying, Slim began investing heavily and acquired shares in a plethora of Mexican flagship businesses outright at depressed valuations. Much of Slim's business dealings involved a simple strategy, which entails buying a business and retaining it for its cash flow, or eventually selling the stake at a greater profit in future, thereby netting the capital gains as well as reinvesting the initial principal into a new business. In addition, the complexity of Grupo Carso's corporate conglomerate structural labyrinth web of companies allows Slim to purchase a manifold of stakes across a wide range of industries, thereby making the overall conglomerate nearly recession-proof in the event that one or more industry sectors of the Mexican economy underperform.

Amidst the Mexican economic downturn before its gradual recovery in 1985, Slim invested heavily by snapping up numerous Mexican flagship companies for pennies on the dollar. He purchased all or a sizeable percentage of numerous Mexican businesses outright at significant discounts. Among the panoply of acquisitions that Slim procured included Empresas Frisco, a mining concessionary and chemical maker, Industrias Nacobre, a copper manufacturer, Reynolds Aluminio, a Mexican aluminum concern, Compañía Hulera Euzkadi (Mexico's largest tire maker), and Bimex hotels, a hotel chain. He also became the majority shareholder of Sanborn Hermanos, a prominent Mexican food retailer, gift shop and restaurant chain, which was later incorporated as Grupo Carso's retailing arm. In 1984, Slim spent US$13million to acquire Mexican insurance agency Seguros de México, and later subsumed the company into the firm, Seguros Inbursa. The value of his stake in Seguros eventually grew to being worth US$1.5billion by 2007, after four spinoffs. Slim also acquired a 40% and 50% interest in the Mexican arms of British American Tobacco and The Hershey Company, respectively. He acquired large blocks of Denny's and Firestone Tires. From Seguros de México, Fianzas La Guardiana and Casa de Bolsa Inbursa, he formed the Grupo Financiero Inbursa, a Mexican financial services provider. Many of these corporate acquisitions were financed by the income-generating revenues and cash flows derived from Cigatam, a Mexican tobacco distributor that he purchased in the economic downturn that hit Mexico during the early 1980s.

In 1988, Slim bought Nacobre, a Mexican copper manufacturer that manufactured, marketed and distributed copper and copper alloy products, along with Química Fluor, a Mexican chemical maker.

1990s
Slim realized windfall profits in the early 1990s when the Mexican government began privatizing its telecom industry. Capitalizing on the bevy of potential business opportunities that could crop up and be exploited through this political change motivated Slim and his conglomerate Grupo Carso to acquire Telmex, a landline telecommunications operator from the Mexican government. In 1990, Grupo Carso was floated as a public company initially in Mexico and then worldwide. During the same year, Grupo Carso also acquired a majority ownership of Porcelanite, a Mexican tilemaker.

To ultimately realize his further commercial business ambitions and reap the material benefits that would eventually transpire through the acquisition of Telmex, Slim acted in concert later in 1990 with the French telecom operator France Télécom and the American telco Southwestern Bell Corporation to purchase the landline telecommunications service provider from the Mexican government, when the opportunity for Slim to purchase the telco presented itself and materialized when Mexico began privatizing its national industries at the turn of the 1980s. Slim was an early investment backer in Telmex, where the concomitant income-producing cash flows and revenue-generating profits of the telecommunications provider eventually formed the bulk of his private fortune. By 2006, Telmex controlled and operated 90 percent of the telephone lines in Mexico, and his wireless telecommunications company, Telcel, which was created out of the Radiomóvil Dipsa company, operated almost 80 percent of the entire country's cellphones.

In 1991, he acquired Hoteles Calinda (now OSTAR Grupo Hotelero), a hotel chain and in 1993, he increased his stakes in General Tire, an American tiremaker and a distributor of aluminum profiles and aluminum concern Grupo Aluminio to the point where he had a majority interest in the company.

In 1996, Slim split Grupo Carso into three separate constituent companies: Carso Global Telecom, Grupo Carso, and Invercorporación. In the following year, Slim bought the Mexican arm of Sears Roebuck.

In 1999, Slim began expanding his business interests beyond Latin America. Though the bulk of his business holdings remained in Mexico, he began setting his sights on exploring the United States as a target destination to exploit potential foreign investment acquisitions and new emerging business opportunities.

2000s
Slim made headlines within the American business scene in 2003 when he began purchasing large stakes in a number of major US retailers such as Barnes & Noble, OfficeMax, Office Depot, Circuit City, Borders, and CompUSA. Much of the rationale behind Slim's international commercial expansion beyond Mexico was due to a running joke in Mexican business circles that "there was nothing left to acquire in Mexico." He set up a Telmex USA branch and also acquired a stake in Tracfone, an American cellular telephone operator. Concurrently, Slim established Carso Infraestructura y Construcción, S. A. (CICSA) as a non-profit subsidiary construction and engineering firm within Grupo Carso. During the same year, Slim underwent heart surgery and subsequently passed on much of his day-to-day corporate involvement to his children and their spouses.

América Telecom, the holding company for América Móvil, was incorporated in 2000. Concurrently, Telmex also spun off its international cellular phone division for a $15 billion listing of América Móvil SA on the New York Stock Exchange. Telmex has taken numerous stakes of various international cellular telephone operators outside of Mexico, including the Brazilian ATL and Telecom Americas concerns, Techtel in Argentina, and others in Guatemala and Ecuador. In subsequent years, the company made further investments across Latin America, with companies in Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru, Chile, Honduras, and El Salvador, well as a joint venture with the American software house, Microsoft called Tlmsn, a Spanish-language web portal.

In 2005, Slim invested in Volaris, a Mexican airline and founded Impulsora del Desarrollo y el Empleo en América Latina SAB de CV (using the acronym "IDEAL"—roughly translated as "Promoter of Development and Employment in Latin America"), a Mexican construction and civil engineering company primarily engaged in not-for-profit infrastructure development. Since 2006, IDEAL won three infrastructure contracts yet it faces stiff competition from a number of other Mexican and Spanish construction companies.

In 2007, after having amassed a 50.1% stake in the Cigatam tobacco manufacturer, Slim sold a large portion of his equity to Philip Morris for US$1.1billion. During the same year, Slim sold off his entire stake of Porcelanite for US$800 million, a Mexican tile-maker that he acquired back in 1990. He also licensed the Saks name and opened the Mexican arm of Saks Fifth Avenue retailer in Santa Fe, Mexico. Also in 2007, the estimated value of all of Slim's companies totaled US$150billion. On December 8, 2007, Grupo Carso announced that the remaining 103 CompUSA retail stores would be either liquidated or sold, bringing an end to the struggling company, although the information technology division of CompUSA continued operating under the name Telvista around various American cities such as Dallas, Texas (U.S. Corporate Office) and Danville, Virginia. Telvista also has five centers in Mexico (three in Tijuana, one center in Mexicali, and one in México City). After 28 years of corporate involvement, Slim became the Honorary Lifetime Chairman of the business.

In 2008, Slim took a 6.4% stake valued at $27 million in the New York Times Company, a prominent American newspaper publisher. Slim increased his stake to 8% by 2012. Slim's stake in the Times increased again to 16.8% of the company's Class A shares on 20 January 2015 when he exercised stock options to purchase 15.9 million shares, making him the largest shareholder in the company. The New York Times Company's Class A shares are available for purchase by the public and offer less control over the company than Class B shares, which are privately held. According to the company's 2016 annual filings, Slim owned 17.4% of the company's Class A shares, and none of the company's Class B shares.

2010s
In 2012, Slim sold the broadcast rights for the Leon games to the American terrestrial television network, Telemundo, the cable channel Fox Sports in Mexico and the rest of Latin America, and the website mediotiempo.com. The games are also broadcast on the Internet through UNO TV, offered by Telmex. Slim has been involved with broadcasting sports outside Mexico to larger markets such as the United States. In March 2012, América Móvil acquired the broadcast rights for the Olympic Games in Sochi 2014 and the Brazil 2016 for Latin America.

In March 2012, Slim, along with American television host Larry King, established Ora TV, an on-demand digital television network that produces and distributes television shows including Larry King Now, Politicking with Larry King, Recessionista, and Jesse Ventura Uncensored.

In September 2012, Slim bought 30% stakes in Pachuca and León, two Mexican soccer teams through his telecommunications company América Móvil. In December 2012, he bought all the shares of the second division team Estudiantes Tecos. Slim has also completed business deals for the television rights to games of the Leon soccer team. His company América Móvil purchased 30 percent of the team along with transmission rights as Slim does not have the rights to transmit content by broadcast television or cable TV as well as putting him in competition with Televisa and TV Azteca, two television companies with rights to the rest of Mexican soccer's first division.

In July 2013, Slim's company América Móvil invested US$40million in Shazam, a British commercial mobile phone-based music identification service for an undisclosed share of ownership. América Móvil partnered with the company to aid its growth into advertising and television and help the audio recognition service expand in Latin America.

In November 2013, Slim invested US$60 million in the Israeli startup Mobli, a company that deals with connections between people and communities corralled according to different interests.

In December 2013, Slim's private equity fund, Sinca Inbursa, sold its stake in the Mexican pharmaceutical company Landsteiner Scientific. Slim acquired a 27.51% stake in the company in June 2008, which represented 6.6% of Sinca's investment portfolio. The private equity fund's investments are mainly concentrated in the transportation and infrastructure sectors and the fund garnered a total market cap of 5.152 billion pesos at the end of 2012.

On 23 April 2014, Slim took control of Telekom Austria, Austria's largest telecommunications company, which operates telcos in countries such as Bulgaria, Croatia, and Belarus, under a 10-year agreement. It was Slim's first successful business acquisition in Europe. In a syndicate holding structure the Austrian state holding company OIAG's 28% are combined with Slim's 27% ownership. América Móvil will spend as much as US$2billion to buy out minority shareholders in a mandatory public offer and invest up to 1billion euros (US$1.38billion) into the company, which it sees as "platform for expansion into central and eastern Europe". Labor representatives boycotted attending the OIAG supervisory board meeting for 12 hours criticizing the lack of explicit job guarantees.

In January 2015, Grupo Carso publicly launched Claro Musica, an online music service that is a Latin American equivalent of iTunes and Spotify. Slim, along with his son, increased their corporate presence in Mexico's music industry, particularly in the retail music sector since 2013. Sanborn's, the Mexican retail department store chain owned by Slim controls a majority stake in Mixup, Mexico's most successful retail music store that comprises a chain of 117-store Mexican retailers Mixup also generated more than US$320million in revenue in 2014.

In March 2015, Slim made his presence known in the Spanish business scene by buying stakes in various troubled Spanish companies while perusing potential acquisitions across Europe. Slim's investment company, Inmobiliaria Carso, announced it will buy a stake in the Spanish bank, Bankia, which couples with Slim's other purchase of Realia, a Spanish real estate company, where Slim is the second largest shareholder holding a 25% equity stake, behind Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas, a Spanish construction company where Slim is also an active minor shareholder.

On April 15, 2015, Slim formed the oil company Carso Oil & Gas. A report that was released by the new company listed its assets at 3.5billion pesos (approximately US$230million), placed within 17.7million shares. Upon the formation of the company, Slim remained sanguine about the company's future potential and Mexico's burgeoning energy sector where the state monopoly ceased to exist.

On July 25, 2015, Slim's investment group Control Empresarial de Capitales invested in IMatchative, a technology startup that ranks the world's hedge funds creating in-depth behavioral profiles and business analytics. Limited partners pay US$30,000 per subscription while hedge fund managers pay half the price and also sign up for a free version of the products the company offers.

2020s
On June 12, 2024, Slim acquired a 3% stake in British telecommunications company BT worth approximately £400million.

Family and personal life
Slim's father, Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz, was born on 17 July 1888 in Jezzine, Lebanon (then part of the Ottoman Empire). In 1902, at the age of 14, Haddad emigrated to Mexico alone, and later changed his name to Julián Slim Haddad. It was not uncommon for Lebanese children to be sent abroad before they reached the age of 15 to avoid being conscripted into the Ottoman Army, and four of Haddad's older brothers were already living in Mexico at the time of his arrival.

In 1911, Julián established a dry goods retail store, La Estrella de Oriente (The Star of the Orient). By 1921, he had begun investing in real estate in the flourishing commercial district of Mexico City where Julián acquired prime Mexican real estate at fire sale prices and in the Zocalo District during the 1910–17 Mexican Revolution. By 1922, Julián's net worth reached $1,012,258 pesos, shrewdly diversified among a vast array of various cash flow-producing assets that included large swathes incoming-producing investment-grade real estate, a multifarious assemblage of privately-controlled businesses, and stocks.

In August 1926, Julián Slim married Linda Helú Atta. Linda, of Lebanese ancestry, was born in Parral, Chihuahua. Her parents had immigrated to Mexico from Lebanon in the late 19th century. Upon immigrating to Mexico, her parents founded one of the first Arabic-language magazines for the Lebanese-Mexican community, using a printing press they had brought with them. Julian and Linda had six children: Nour, Alma, Julián, José, Carlos, and Linda. Julián senior died in 1953, when Carlos was 13 years old.

Julian's panoply of successful business ventures and investment undertakings became the source of considerable wealth for himself and his family. As a prominent businessman and wealthy investor who remained a reputable pillar within the Lebanese Mexican community, Julian was known for his shrewd business acumen and his astute knack when making investments during bad economic cycles (which occurred frequently in Mexico). Julián was known for his business savvy, strong work ethic, and commitment to traditional Lebanese moral values.

In February 2011, Julian, the oldest brother of Carlos, died aged 74. He was an active businessman and worked in one of Mexico's top intelligence agencies.

Personal life
Carlos Slim was married to Soumaya Domit from 1967 until her death in 1999. Among her interests were various philanthropic projects. Slim has six children: Carlos, Marco Antonio, Patrick, Soumaya, Vanessa, and Johanna. His three older sons serve in key positions in the companies controlled by Slim where most are involved in the day-to-day running of Slim's business empire. Slim underwent heart surgery in 1999. In high school, Slim's favorite subjects were history, cosmography, and mathematics. Slim and his wife had a very happy marriage, and he indicated that he does not intend to remarry.

In his office, Slim does not have a computer, and instead keeps all his financial data in hand-written notebooks. Due to the vast size of his business empire, he often jokes that he cannot keep track of all the companies he manages. Slim is a Maronite Catholic, and he is one of the prominent backers of Legion of Christ, a Roman Catholic religious institute.

Wealth
On 29 March 2007, Slim surpassed American investor Warren Buffett as the world's second richest person with an estimated net worth of US$53.1billion compared with Buffett's US$52.4billion.

On 4 August 2007, The Wall Street Journal ran a cover story profiling Slim. The article said, "While the market value of his stake in publicly traded companies could decline at any time, at the moment he is probably wealthier than Bill Gates". According to The Wall Street Journal, Slim credits part of his ability to "discover investment opportunities" early to the writings of his friend, futurist author Alvin Toffler.

On 8 August 2007, Fortune magazine reported that Slim had overtaken Gates as the world's richest person. Slim's estimated fortune soared to US$59billion, based on the value of his public holdings at the end of July. Gates' net worth was estimated to be at least US$58billion.

On 5 March 2008, Forbes ranked Slim as the world's second-richest person, behind Warren Buffett and ahead of Bill Gates. On 11 March 2009, Forbes ranked Slim as the world's third-richest person, behind Gates and Buffett and ahead of Larry Ellison.

On 10 March 2010, Forbes once again reported that Slim had overtaken Gates as the world's richest person, with a net worth of US$53.5billion. At the time, Gates and Buffett had a net worth of US$53billion and US$47billion respectively. He was the first Mexican to top the list. It was the first time in 16 years that the person on top of the list was not from the United States. It was also the first time the person at the top of the list was from an emerging economy. Between 2008 and 2010, Slim more than doubled his net worth from $35 to $75 billion.

In March 2011, Forbes stated that Slim had maintained his position as the wealthiest person in the world, with his fortune estimated at US$74billion.

In December 2012, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Carlos Slim Helú remained the world's richest person with an estimated net worth of US$75.5billion.

On 5 March 2013, Forbes stated that Slim was still maintaining his first-place position as the wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$73billion. On 16 May 2013, Bloomberg L.P. ranked Slim the second-richest person in the world, after Bill Gates.

On July 15, 2014, Forbes announced that Slim had reclaimed the position of the wealthiest person in the world, with a fortune of US$79.6billion.

In September 2014, Forbes listed Slim as number 1 on its list of billionaires with a net worth of US$81.6billion.

In December 2016, Slim's net worth was estimated to be US$48.1 billion.

In 2017, his net worth was reported to be $54.5 billion.

In 2019, his net worth was said to be at least $58.1 billion, making him the richest man in Mexico.

In October 2020, his net worth was estimated at $53.7 billion.

In 2021 Forbes stated his net worth as $73.3 billion.

Real estate
Slim is an active real estate investor. His real estate holding company, Inmobiliaria Carso has developed, invested, owned and operated an extensive portfolio of residential and commercial real estate properties across Mexico since the 1960s. His real estate company constructed Plaza Carso in Mexico City, where most of his business ventures share a common headquarters address. Since the early 2000s to the mid-2010s, Slim has been making private real estate investments internationally beyond Mexico, particularly in Spain and the United States.

In May 2014, Slim opened Inbursa Aquarium, Latin America's largest aquarium. Slim owns the Duke Seamans mansion, a 1901 beaux arts house on 5th Avenue in New York City, which he bought for $44 million in 2010. The mansion is 20,000 square feet and has 12 bedrooms, 14 bathrooms, and a doctor's office in the basement. In May 2015, he listed the property for sale at $80 million, nearly twice the amount of what he had initially paid for. In April 2015, Slim bought the Marquette Building in Detroit and purchased PepsiCo Americas Beverages headquarters in Somers, New York, for US$87million. Slim owns a second mansion in New York City at 10 West 56th Street, which he bought in 2011 for US$15.5million.

In March 2015, Slim began eyeing Spain as a potential investment destination, by purchasing cheap properties in Spain's real estate sector at rock-bottom prices in its ailing economy.

Reactions
Slim's immense wealth has been a subject of controversy, because it has been amassed in a developing country where average per capita income does not exceed US$14,500 a year, and nearly 17% of the population lives in poverty. Critics claim that Slim is a monopolist, pointing to Telmex's control of 90% of the Mexican landline telephone market. Slim's wealth is the equivalent of roughly 5% of Mexico's annual economic output. Telmex, of which 49.1% is owned by Slim and his family, charges among the highest usage fees in the world, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

According to Celso Garrido, economist at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Slim's domination of Mexico's conglomerates prevents the growth of smaller companies, resulting in a shortage of paying jobs, forcing many Mexicans to seek better lives in the U.S.

Slim was criticized by the Dutch minister of economic affairs, Henk Kamp, in 2013 for attempting to expand his telecommunications empire beyond the Americas by América Móvil's buy-out offer to KPN, a Dutch landline and mobile telecommunications operator. Kamp reiterated his criticisms of Slim stating: "an acquisition of KPN by a 'foreign company' could have consequences for the Netherlands' national security". Two years after Slim's failed bid to take over the company, mainly due to political intervention and Slim's paucity of interest in purchasing the company, Slim's América Móvil SAB began offering 2.25billion euros. América Móvil now controls a 21.1 percent stake of KPN with a market value of 3.1billion euros as of 20 May 2015. Slim has been slowly decreasing his holdings since he was forced to withdraw a 7.2-billion-euro bid for the Dutch phone line carrier in 2013 after negotiations collapsed.

In response to the criticism, Slim has stated, "When you live for others' opinions, you are dead. I don't want to live thinking about how I'll be remembered [by Mexican people]," claiming indifference about his position on Forbes list of the world's richest people. He has said he has no interest in becoming the world's richest person. When asked to explain his sudden increase in wealth at a press conference soon after Forbes annual rankings were published, he said, "The stock market goes up ... and down", and noted that his fortune could quickly drop.

In 2016, then presidential candidate and eventual 45th President of the United States Donald Trump accused Slim of being involved in editorial articles critical of him published in The New York Times during his 2016 presidential campaign. The Times responded to these accusations by saying that Slim had never interfered in editorial policy.

Later in 2017, Trump and Slim met in person. Slim spoke quite positively about the meeting.

Philanthropy
Slim has been publicly skeptical of The Giving Pledge by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett giving away at least half of their fortunes. But—according to his spokesman—he devoted US$4billion, or roughly 5%, to his Carlos Slim foundation as of 2011. Though Slim has not gone as far as Gates and Buffett in pledging more than half of his fortune, Slim has expressed firm support for philanthropy and has advised budding entrepreneurs that businessmen must do more than give—they "should participate in solving problems".

In 2019, Forbes put Slim in the list of the world's most generous philanthropists outside of the US.

Fundación Carlos Slim
Established in 1986, Fundación Carlos Slim sponsors the Museo Soumaya in Mexico City, named after Slim's late wife, Soumaya Domit, opened 2011. It holds 66,000 pieces, including religious relics, contains the world's second-largest collection of Rodin sculptures, including The Kiss, the largest Salvador Dalí collection in Latin America, works by Leonardo da Vinci, Pablo Picasso, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and coins from the viceroys of Spain. The inauguration in 2011 was attended by the President of Mexico, Nobel Prize laureates, writers and other celebrities.

After stating that he had donated US$4billion of dividends to Fundación Carlos Slim, US$2billion in 2006, and another US$2billion in 2010, Slim was ranked fifth in Forbes' World's Biggest Givers in May 2011. Education and health care projects have included $100 million to perform 50,000 cataract surgeries in Peru.

Fundación Telmex
In 1995, Slim established Fundación Telmex, a broad-ranging philanthropic foundation, which as he announced in 2007 had been provided with an asset base of US$4billion to establish Carso Institutes for Health, Sports and Education. Furthermore, it was to work in support of an initiative of Bill Clinton to aid the people of Latin America. The foundation has organized Copa Telmex, an amateur sports tournament, recognized in 2007 and 2008 by Guinness World Records as having the most participants of any such tournament in the world. Together with Fundación Carlos Slim Helú, Telmex announced in 2008 that it was to invest more than US$250million in Mexican sports programs, from grass-roots level to Olympic standard. Telmex sponsored the Sauber F1 team for the 2011 season. Telmex donated at least $1 million to the Clinton Foundation.

Fundación del Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México A.C.
Slim has been Chair of the Council for the Restoration of the Historic Downtown of Mexico City since 2001.

In 2011, he, along with the president of Mexico, Mexico City mayor, and Mexico City archbishop, inaugurated the first phase of Plaza Mariana close to Basilica de Guadalupe. The complex, whose construction was funded by Slim, includes an evangelization center, museum, columbarium, health center, and market.

Awards

 * Entrepreneurial Merit Medal of Honor in 1985 from Mexico's Chamber of Commerce.
 * Commander in the Belgian Order of Leopold II
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1994
 * CEO of the year in 2003 by Latin Trade magazine
 * CEO of the decade in 2004 by Latin Trade magazine
 * Fundacion Telmex received in 2007 the National Sports Prize of Mexico for sports promotion
 * In 2008, his philanthropy was recognized with the award of The National Order of the Cedar by the Lebanese government.
 * In 2011, the Hispanic Society of America awarded Fundacion Carlos Slim the Sorolla Medal for its contribution to the arts and culture
 * On 20 May 2012, Slim was awarded an honorary doctorate in public service from George Washington University.
 * On 21 March 2020, he was awarded the Queen Sofía Spanish Institute Sophia Award for Excellence at an awards luncheon.

title: Carlos Slim


text:
Talk:List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec

Untitled
oops, I made a BAD mistake. Turns out the translation is Regional County Municipalities, not County Regional Municipality. Please note this mistake. Earl Andrew 01:01, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

What is it with Canada and its bizarre names for local jurisdictions? Isaac R 18:53, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't follow... what's so bizarre about it? They are french, you know. -- [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Earl Andrew - talk 19:04, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

vague
This is a good looking article in many ways, but it's so vague. What do the italics mean? The asterisks? What's "M", and "V"? Can someone work on this? I've never been to Quebec. Only Alberta, which is quite a different province. YellowAries2010 (talk) 19:07, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

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Talk:Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (video game)

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HMS St. Kitts (D18)

HMS St. Kitts was a Battle-class destroyer of the Royal Navy (RN). She was named in honour of the Battle of St. Kitts which took place in 1782. So far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name. St. Kitts was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson Limited on the Tyne. She was launched on 4 October 1944 and commissioned on 21 January 1946.

Service
St. Kitts joined the 5th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet upon commission. In 1948, St. Kitts deployed to the Arctic to join the aircraft carrier HMS Vengeance (R71), along with a variety of other ships, including other Battle-class destroyers during experiments in that region. In 1953, St. Kitts took part in the large Fleet Review at Spithead to celebration the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. St. Kitts was positioned in the middle of her sister ships HMS Camperdown (D32) and HMS Barfleur (D80). St. Kitts was subsequently placed in Reserve.

In 1954, St. Kitts joined the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, also part of the Home Fleet. In 1955, St. Kitts, still with the 3rd Flotilla, deployed to the Mediterranean, and took part in the Suez Crisis, which had occurred after the nationalisation of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian leader Nasser. During Operation Musketeer, the invasion of Egypt, St. Kitts performed a variety of duties, including escorting the carrier HMS Eagle (R05), as well as participating in the naval bombardment of Port Said. That same year, St. Kitts, along with the rest of the Flotilla, left the Mediterranean to join the Home Fleet.

Decommissioning and disposal
In 1957, St. Kitts was decommissioned, being scrapped in 1962 at Sunderland.

title: HMS St. Kitts (D18)


text: User talk:64.252.198.108

title: User talk:64.252.198.108


text:
Great Flood of 1993

The Great Flood of 1993 (or Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood of 1993) was a flood that occurred in the Midwestern United States, along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries, from April to October 1993.

The flood is among the most costly and devastating to ever occur in the United States, with 50 dead and US$12–16billion in damages (equivalent to $–billion in ). The hydrographic basin affected an area approximately 745 miles in length and 435 miles in width, totaling about 320000 mi2. Within this zone, the flooded area totaled around 30000 mi2 and was the worst such U.S. disaster since the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, as measured by duration, area inundated, persons displaced, crop and property damage, and number of record river levels. In some categories, the 1993 flood even surpassed the 1927 flood, at the time the largest flood ever recorded on the Mississippi River.

Causes and progression
A volcanic winter is thought to have started with the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. It has been suggested that excess cloud condensation nuclei from the eruption were responsible for the Great Flood of 1993 in the Midwestern United States. Above-normal rainfall and below-normal temperatures beginning in the summer of 1992 resulted in above-normal soil moisture and reservoir levels in the Missouri and Upper Mississippi River basins. This weather pattern persisted throughout the following autumn. During the winter of 1992–93, the region experienced heavy snowfall. These conditions were followed by persistent spring weather patterns that produced storms over the same locations. Soils across much of the affected area were saturated by June 1, with additional rainfall all running off into streams and rivers, instead of soaking into the ground. These wet-weather conditions contrasted sharply with the droughts and heat waves experienced in the southeastern United States.

Storms, persistent and repetitive in nature during the late spring and summer, crowded the Upper Midwest with voluminous rainfall. Portions of east-central Iowa received as much as 48 in of rain between April 1 and August 31, 1993, and many areas across the central-northern plains had precipitation 400–750% above normal. In the St. Louis National Weather Service (NWS) forecast area encompassing eastern Missouri and southwest Illinois, 36 forecast points rose above flood stage, and 20 river-stage records were broken. The 1993 flood broke record river levels set during the 1973 Mississippi and the 1951 Missouri River floods.

Civil Air Patrol crews from 21 states served more than 5,000 meals to flood victims and volunteers, and their pilots logged more than 1,500 hours in the air inspecting utility lines and pipelines.

Over 1,000 flood warnings and statements, five times the normal, were issued to notify the public and need-to-know officials of river levels. In such places as St. Louis, river levels were nearly 20 ft above flood stage, the highest ever recorded there in 228 years. The 52 ft-high St. Louis Floodwall, built to handle the volume of the 1844 flood, was able to keep the 1993 flood out with just over 2 ft to spare. This floodwall was built in the 1960s, to great controversy, out of interlocking prefabricated concrete blocks.

Emergency officials estimated that nearly all of the 700 privately built agricultural levees were overtopped or destroyed along the Missouri River. Navigation on the Mississippi and Missouri River had been closed since early July, resulting in a loss of $2 million (1993) per day in commerce.

James Scott, a 23-year-old Illinois man, was convicted in 1994 for "intentionally causing a catastrophe" and sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in causing some of the flooding across the river from Quincy, Illinois. In an attempt to strand his wife on the other side of the river so he could continue partying, Scott allegedly removed several sandbags from a levee holding back the water. The breach flooded 14,000 acre of farmland, destroyed buildings, and closed a bridge. His conviction was overturned in 1997, but reinstated in 1998. He maintains his innocence behind bars.

May
The Redwood River in Minnesota began experiencing severe flooding in May. On May 22, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, received 7.5 in of rain in a three-hour period. From May through July, Sioux Falls, South Dakota received 22.55 in of rain, the wettest three-month period in its history.

June
As noted above, rains in South Dakota contributed to flooding downstream. In June, flooding occurred along the Black River in Wisconsin, with flooding also starting to occur along the Mississippi, Missouri, and Kansas rivers. Starting as early as June 7, reports of levees being overtopped and levee breaks became common. These breaches acted to delay the flood crests, temporarily storing excess water in the adjacent lowlands, but the rain kept falling.

In the beginning of June, the Missouri and Mississippi rivers dropped below flood stage and were receding. During the second week of June, river levels rose to near flood stage before yet again beginning their slow recession. By the end of June, the Mississippi River was 4 ft below flood stage at St. Louis, while many other river locations in the region were near flood stage. Precipitation for the month averaged from 1 in above normal in Kansas City, to nearly 4 in above normal in Springfield, Missouri.

July
July brought more heavy rain to the Missouri and upper Mississippi River basins in Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Illinois, and Minnesota. Rainfall amounts of 5 to 7 in in 24 hours were common. Precipitation for the month averaged from 1 in above normal at St. Louis and Springfield, to between 6 and 7 in above normal at Columbia and Kansas City, Missouri.

In Iowa, the flood waters brought mass destruction. On July 9, four buildings on Iowa State University's campus flooded; resulting in over 1.4 million dollars in estimated damages and six weeks of construction to reopen. The college's indoor sports arena, Hilton Coliseum, was flooded with as much as fourteen feet of water. From July 11 until July 22, the Des Moines Water Works was flooded by the Raccoon River. This resulted in the plant being powered down, unable to provide running water for that period. On July 13, electricity returned to more than 35,000 residents. That same day President Bill Clinton toured Iowa's capitol and neighboring cities alongside Governor Terry Branstad. He later declared a state of disaster for Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois and Missouri and asked Congress to approve 2.5 billion dollars in Federal disaster relief. During this time the Army National Guard and American Red Cross set up water stations, and the local Anheuser-Busch distributor contributed water in white six-packs with their logo on it. Once running water was restored, there was enough pressure for people to bathe and flush toilets, but the water was not certified potable until July 29. The final usage restrictions were lifted in August.

Major sandbagging activities took place along the higher Missouri River, the River des Peres in St. Louis, the Mississippi River south of St. Louis, and on many other tributaries across Missouri and Illinois. Some of these efforts were successful, while others were not. The copious rain during July sent record-setting crests down the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, causing river gauges to malfunction along the way. The record crests met within days of each other at their confluence near St. Louis. Navigation on the Mississippi and Missouri River was closed in early July, resulting in a loss of $2 million (1993) per day in commerce.

Mississippi River levels stabilized for a few days at April 1973 record stages. When the crest from the Missouri River arrived, levels rose again. The Mississippi River broke through levees, drove people and their possessions to higher ground, and caused havoc through the floodplains.

The crests, now combined as one, moved downstream through St. Louis on the way to the Upper Mississippi's confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois. Only minor flooding occurred below Cairo due to the Lower Mississippi's larger channel below that point, as well as drought conditions in the eastern U.S. If the Ohio River watershed had not been in drought while the Missouri and Upper Mississippi were in flood, the 1993 flood might have rivaled the 1927 flood in overall damage on the Lower Mississippi, beyond Cairo.

August
On August 1, levee breaks near Columbia, Illinois, flooded 47,000 acre of land, inundating the Illinois towns of Valmeyer and Fults. The released water continued to flow parallel to the river, approaching the levees protecting historic Prairie du Rocher and Fort de Chartres. On August 3, officials decided to break through the stronger Mississippi River levee to allow the water back into the river. The plan worked and the historic areas were saved, although some residential areas were flooded in counties above Prairie du Rocher.

The Mississippi River at St. Louis crested at 49.6 ft on August 1, nearly 20 ft above flood stage. It had a peak flow rate of 1,080,000 ft3/s (30,600 m3/s). At this rate, a bowl the size of Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis would be filled to the brim in 70 seconds.

Costs and damage
Some locations on the Mississippi River flooded for almost 200 days, while various regions by the Missouri neared 100 days of flooding. On the Mississippi, Grafton, Illinois, recorded flooding for 195 days; Clarksville, Missouri, for 187 days; Winfield, Missouri, for 183 days; Hannibal, Missouri, for 174 days; and Quincy, Illinois, for 152 days. The Missouri River was above flood stage for 62 days in Jefferson City, Missouri, 77 days at Hermann, Missouri, and for 94 days at St. Charles in the St. Louis metropolitan area. On October 7, 103 days after the flooding began, the Mississippi River at St. Louis finally dropped below flood stage. Approximately 100,000 homes were destroyed as a result of the flooding, 15000000 acre of farmland inundated, and the whole towns of Valmeyer, Illinois, and Rhineland, Missouri, were relocated to higher ground.

Reports in 1994 set the deaths due to the flood at 38, though this had been revised to 50 deaths by 1996. The fiscal cost is estimated at $12–16 billion (equivalent to $–billion in ). Even after the water was gone, large amounts of sand still covered the farmlands and homes.

Comparison with other major floods in Kansas City
Over time, channeling and levee construction have altered how floods affect various areas along the Missouri River. For example, here is a comparison of flood data at – and associated impacts on – Kansas City for three big floods since the early 19th century.

 * Great Flood of 1844 – This was the biggest flood of the three in terms of rate of discharge at Westport Landing in Kansas City. It is estimated that 625000 cuft/s was discharged in the flood. However, the crest on July 16, 1844, was almost a foot (0.3 m) lower than the 1993 flood.
 * Great Flood of 1951 – The 1951 flood was the second biggest in terms of rate of discharge at 573000 cuft/s. The crest on July 14, 1951, was almost 2 ft lower than the 1844 flood and 3 ft lower than 1993. However, the flood was the most devastating of all modern floods for Kansas City since its levee system was not built to withstand it. It destroyed the Kansas City Stockyards and caused Kansas City to build Kansas City International Airport away from the Missouri River bottoms to replace the heavily damaged Fairfax Airport in Kansas City, Kansas.
 * Great Flood of 1993 – The 1993 flood was the highest of any of the three but had the lowest rate of discharge at 541000 cuft/s. While the 1993 flood had devastating impacts elsewhere, Kansas City survived it relatively well because of levee improvements after the 1951 flood.

title: Great Flood of 1993


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Leaders by year/To-do

Federation of the West Indies
Was this a sovereign state, or a self-governing part of the British Empire? john 01:19, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've found conflicting information, but most seems to suggest that the Federation was an autonomous part of the British Empire and never a sovereign state. -- Jonel 02:12, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, that was my understanding as well. john 07:15, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Barbary States
These were simply Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, as well as Tripolitania which is one of the three regions that were later unified to form Libya. Their sovereignty was in the first three cases temporarily extinguished by France, but their borders were largely the same, as were their names. A case can be made that the Beys of Constantine, Oran, and Titteri were effectively independent, but they were in principle subordinate to the Dey of Algiers. - Mustafaa 02:26, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Table of Contents
Why is there no table of contents on this page? john 03:13, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Kingdom of Asturias
In this page Kingdom of Asturias is missed. It was a kingdom, in actual Spain, since 718 (or 722 or 724) to 866 (although the name reappears until 925), and it is not covered completely in List of state leaders' pages. Guestia 14:55, 18 June 2006 (UTC)


text:
Santero

Santero (feminine form santera, Spanish for "saint-maker") may refer to:

 * An artisan who creates santos y revultos and other Spanish-style religious artwork
 * A priest in the Santería, religion
 * Santera Tequila, a brand of tequila

title: Santero