text:
The Sigismund Bell

The Sigismund Bell (Dzwon Zygmunt or Dzwon Zygmunta) is the largest of the five bells hanging in the Sigismund Tower of the Wawel Cathedral in the Polish city of Kraków. It was cast in 1520 by Hans Behem and named after King Sigismund I of Poland, who commissioned it. The bell weighs almost 13 tonnes (28 thousand pounds) and requires 12 bell-ringers to swing it. It tolls on special occasions, mostly religious and national holidays, and is regarded as one of Poland's national symbols.

Description
The body of the Sigismund Bell is cast in bronze and weighs 9,650 kg. Its diameter at the lip is 242 cm and its height is 241 cm. The wall of the body is from 7 to 21 cm thick. The crown of the bell is attached to a yoke made of oak wood and measuring 308 cm in length and 219 cm in height. Within the bell, suspended on a leather belt of up to 12 layers, attached to an iron supporting structure, is a Gothic clapper, weighing – together with the belt – 365 kg.

The body of the bell is decorated with inscriptions and images. Around the upper part of the waist runs a majuscule Renaissance Latin inscription indicating the bell's donor and dedicating it to God:

Deo Opt Max ac Virgini Deiparae sanctisque patronis suis divus Sigismundus Poloniae Rex campanam hanc dignam animi operumque ac gestorum suorum magnitudine fieri fecit anno salutis MDXX

The inscription translates as follows: "To the greatest and best God, and to the Virgin Mother of God, the illustrious King Sigismund of Poland had this bell cast to be worthy of the greatness of his mind and deeds in the year of salvation 1520." Below the inscription there are two portal-shaped plaques with images of saints. The one below the date "MDXX" (1520 in Roman numerals) is a likeness of Saint Sigismund, patron saint of the bell and of the king who commissioned it, dressed in royal vestments and insignia as a king of Burgundy.

On the opposite side of the bell, there is a corresponding image of Saint Stanislaus wearing episcopal robes and holding a crosier as a bishop of Kraków. Stanislaus is venerated as a patron saint of the Wawel Cathedral and, by extension, of Kraków and all Poland. Both images are placed between heraldic shields bearing the coats of arms of the two nations of Sigismund I's realm – the White Eagle of the Kingdom of Poland on the left, and the Knight of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the right.

Below each of these images, there is the name of the bell's caster in German (below Saint Sigismund) or Latin (below Saint Stanislaus), as well as his house mark. Both inscriptions, quoted below, translate as "Hans Beham of Nuremberg".

Hans Beham von Nurmberg

Ioannes Bohemus de Nurembergensis

History

The Sigismund Bell was commissioned for the Wawel Cathedral by Sigismund I, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was cast by Hans Behem (or Beham) of Nuremberg in 1520. Behem set up a special foundry near Kraków's Florian Gate where he is said to have used scrap metal taken from the cannons captured by Polish–Lithuanian forces from the Muscovite army in the Battle of Orsha in 1514. A similar and clearly incorrect legend identifies the source of metal as the battle of Obertyn (1531). The bell was installed in the Sigismund Tower and rung for the first time on 13 July 1521.

Apart from major religious and national holidays, the bell was rung on some of the most significant moments in the history of Poland, including the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, on the eve of Poland's entry into the European Union on 30 April 2004, on the occasion of each visit by Pope John Paul II, and after the plane crash which killed President Lech Kaczyński and dozens of other high-ranking officials on 10 April 2010. It also tolled during funerals or reburials of several great Poles, such as Adam Mickiewicz (1900), Marshal Józef Piłsudski (1935), General Władysław Sikorski (1993), Pope John Paul II (2005), and Lech Kaczyński with his wife (2010). It rang defiantly on Polish national holidays in the times of partitions (1795–1918) and under the communist regime (1945–1989), thus reinforcing its role as a national symbol.

Hans Frank, the governor-general of the General Government, had the Sigismund Bell rung in 1940 to celebrate the German victory over France. After the death of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin in 1953, Poland's communist authorities demanded that the bell be rung as a sign of mourning. When the cathedral's bell-ringers refused, soldiers were ordered to ring the bell instead, or – depending on the source – it was rung by a group of Communist activists.

On at least one occasion, the bell was also rung as a juvenile prank. According to several memoirists, in 1882, Stanisław Estreicher, Józef Mehoffer, Henryk Opieński, and Stanisław Wyspiański – then in their high school years – sneaked onto the Sigismund tower and managed to toll the bell. When Wyspiański was caught, the bishop wished him that Sigismund ring at his funeral – which actually happened in 1907. An experiment conducted in 2011 to verify the plausibility of this anecdote showed that four teenagers would have been unable to toll the bell properly, but they could have swung the clapper enough to make a ringing sound.

The original iron clapper made about 12 million strokes during the 479 years of its history. During the 19th century, it broke and underwent repairs in 1859, 1865, and 1876. After it broke again on 25 December 2000, it was replaced by a new one – paid for and cast by Kraków metallurgic companies – on 14 April 2001.

Present day
The Sigismund Bell rings in important moments for Krakow and Poland, in recent years, among others:

 * March 25, 2020 - during prayer for the end of the COVID-19 pandemic
 * July 13, 2021 - on the occasion of his own 500th anniversary, Zygmunt called twice: around 5:15 p.m. and at 9:00 p.m.
 * September 2, 2021 - after the death of the rector of the Wawel Cathedral, Fr. Zdzisław Sochacki.
 * March 6, 2022 - the bell rang in support for the fighting Ukraine, attacked on February 24, 2022 by Russia
 * December 31, 2022 - after the death of Benedict XVI
 * January 5, 2023 - during the funeral of Benedict XVI in the Vatican

Bell-ringers

The Sigismund Bell is operated manually by pulling ropes attached to its yoke. It takes 12 men, six on either side, to swing the bell. The task requires strength, coordination and caution. While swinging, the bell often pulls the ringers up from the floor; in the interwar period, one ringer was accidentally killed when the bell pushed him out of a window. In 1888, the cathedral chapter specified the duration of ringing at eight minutes, but the bell may toll for up to 20 minutes in certain cases, such as during a procession.

In the 16th century, the bell was rung by peasants from the village of Świątniki Górne, who also performed other chores in the cathedral. During the following several centuries, it was operated by members of the carpenters' guild. Since the mid-20th century, the privilege of ringing the bell has belonged to about 30 members of the Fraternity of Wawel Bell-Ringers (Bractwo Dzwonników na Wawelu). Bell-ringers are mostly members of Kraków intelligentsia and membership is often passed from father to son. , there has been only one female bell-ringer.

A person who has participated in the ringing of the Sigismund Bell at least 50 times over the course of at least three years receives a badge with an image of the bell and the inscription: Dzwonnik Zygmunta ("Sigismund Bell-Ringer"). Honorary badges are occasionally awarded to people who never actually rang the bell. A unique, golden honorary badge was given to Pope John Paul II.

Ringing dates
The bell regularly tolls on major Catholic holidays, Polish national holidays, and feast days of the patron saints of the bell, the cathedral, Kraków or all Poland. It also tolls on other special occasions at the discretion of the archbishop of Kraków.

title: The Sigismund Bell


text:
Avgolemono

Avgolemono (αυγολέμονο or αβγολέμονο literally egg–lemon) is a family of sauces and soups made with egg yolk and lemon juice mixed with broth, heated until they thicken.

Avgolemono can be used to thicken soups and stews. Yuvarlakia is a Greek meatball soup made with rice and meat meatballs that are cooked in liquid. Avgolemono is added to the soup to thicken it. Magiritsa soup is a Greek avgolemono soup of lamb offal served to break the fast of Great Lent.

As a soup, avgolemono usually starts with chicken broth, though meat (usually lamb), fish, or vegetable broths are also used. Typically, rice, orzo, pastina, or tapioca are cooked in the broth before the mixture of eggs and lemon is added. Its consistency varies from near-stew to near-broth. It is often served with pieces of the meat and vegetables reserved from the broth.

The soup is usually made with whole eggs, but sometimes with just yolks. The whites may be beaten into a foam separately before mixing with the yolks and lemon juice, or whole eggs may be beaten with the lemon juice. The starch of the pasta or rice contributes to stabilizing the emulsion.

Similar foods
Similar foods are found in Greek, Arab, Sephardic Jewish, Turkish, Balkan and Jewish-Italian cuisine.

In Sephardic Jewish cuisine, it is called agristada (he:אגריסטדה) or salsa blanco, and in Jewish-Italian, bagna brusca, brodettato, or brodo brusco. In Arabic, it is called tarbiya or beida bi-lemoune 'egg with lemon'; and in Turkish terbiye. It is also widely used in Balkan cuisine.

Although often considered a Greek dish, avgolemono is originally Sephardic Jewish: agristada has been described by Claudia Roden as the "cornerstone of Sephardic cooking."

Agristada was made by Jews in Iberia before the expulsion from Spain with verjuice, pomegranate juice, or bitter orange juice, but not vinegar. In later periods, lemon became the standard acidic ingredient.

For some Sephardic Jews, this soup (also called sopa de huevo y limón) is a traditional way to break the Yom Kippur fast.

As a sauce, it is used for warm dolma, for vegetables like artichokes, and roast meats. According to Joyce Goldstein, the dish terbiyeli köfte is made by frying meatballs until they are cooked through, then preparing a pan sauce by deglazing the pan and using the cooking juices to temper the avgolemono, which is served over the meatballs.

In some Middle Eastern cuisines, it is used as a sauce for chicken or fish. Among Italian Jews, it is served as a sauce for pasta or meat.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Avgolemono


text:
User:Judean/Jasons Thoughts

Jason's Sketch of the plan
What I envision is: 1) a tool for collaborative intellectual projects by means of 2) a Friendster-esque character, 3) dynamic relationship maps, and 4) an Everything2-esque point-system.

First, 2):

You make a profile like Tribe.net or Friendster, but with slightly added emphasis to intellectual endeavors (languages spoken, areas of study/specialization, publications, etc). You can add friends, and people are searchable through their profiles. Moreover, you can form "synapses," similar to the tribes of Tribe.net.

You also can post up papers/blurbs you've written, syndicate your blogs, etc for people to read. You can assign tagged keywords to papers/blurbs (allowing people to get them via search), and comments pages allow others to respond.

1):

Wikis are at the center of this. You can decide to put something up in wiki form: a translation project, a thesis idea, an entry to be added to Wikipedia, a blog entry yet-to-be-published, a compendium of esoteric data. You can determine levels of input on such wikis (using degrees of separation from your selected friends). Like papers/blurbs, you can assign tagged keywords allowing people to get to them via a search. You also will have an "invite" feature, which allows you to solicit input from someone you find on your own volition who may or may not be part of your friends. Also, a "broadcast" feature might exist, a widespread public solicitation for contributions to a project (i.e. translations).

Also, your profile will feature a list of wikis you've recently contributed to.

3):

One can also track the interactions between users and list relationship strengths based on the amount of wiki contributions/comments/messaging, allowing anyone to quickly identify which users form a strong network of collaboration. This can be represented graphically.

4):

Peer review and feedback becomes crucial. You can "score" people's contributions to translations and other wiki'd projects under your own listings. You can also "score" posted papers/blurbs/blogs of others, though perhaps with a different point system than for wiki contributions. Scores are displayed in a person's profile, and good scores raise their profile, i.e. through making their profiles list first in search results, in prioritizing their "broadcasts." Scores can be said to represent a mix of intellectual merit and usefulness of contributions.

Moreover, given a reading of relationship strengths, scoring can be broken down into insider and outsider scoring, deterring people from raising their profiles via multiple accounts and making clear when cliques are collectively raising their profiles. In sum: you'll be able to tell if someone's scores are from just a few close peers or from a variety of users.

If a specific paper/blurb gets scored very differentially (lots of very high and very low scores; scores from a variety of users instead of from one dense network), it receives a tag "controversial." This allows people to put a check on poor material that is highly-scored due to cliques collectively praising each other's work.

Also, a "flamer" tag can be attached to anyone's contributions, which brings their score down exponentially depending on the number of other users who also tag that person a "flamer." The multiplier effect is small if relationship strengths between people calling a user "flamer" are strong, but if the "flamer" tag comes from a variety of loosely related sources, then it has a strong multiplier effect. This effectively allows people to discourage bad behavior while prohibiting people from ganging-up in vendettas.

AN EXAMPLE USER:

Jason logs into his homepage. He has a listing of his friends (Dave, Tomer, etc), each with numbers next to them denoting relative strength of connections (i.e. amount of contributions between him and these friends). He also has a listing of his 5 most recent wikis to which he's contributed, which allows him to quickly click over to a project he may have been helping on recently, as well as a listing of his "synapses" for easy access. He also has a list of currently wiki'd projects, which includes his "broadcast" to gather info on Halliburton contracts in Iraq for an upcoming blog entry; next to this wiki listing is a number 3, noting 3 changes to the wiki (all needing to be scored) since last login.

Jason clicks over to the wiki. He goes to the previous versions and, using a feature to compare edits with the previous edition, reviews and scores the contributions, as well as deciding what to keep.

Meanwhile, user Mike has been looking at Jason's profile. In searching "translations (Spanish)" and "WTO," Jason came up first due to decent scores (mostly from a few select friends, tho). Jason's recent blog entry on the WTO ruling evidences some understanding of the WTO, and Jason has listed working-knowledge level of Spanish under his languages (with reasonable scores). Moreover, Mike finds that Jason has strong links to Dave and Tomer, who he finds write about international affairs issues as well. Mike issues an "invitation" to Jason asking him to help with translating and contributing to a Spanish-lanugage Wikipedia entry on the history of the WTO. (Mike doesn't have many scores, being rather new, and so his attempted "broadcast" did not come up high in priority.)

Jason comes back to his homepage and notices an "invitation." He clicks over and views Mike's project. He sends a message to Mike telling him he'd be happy to help on a specific section by translating his recent blog entry, as well as inviting Mike to the synapse "WTO."

Erstwhile, Dave is reviewing his wiki'd thesis proposal for impending scholarship in Brazil. A user whose name he does not recognize has made a contribution that is decidedly off topic. Dave scores it lowly. A few days later, the spurned contributor writes a screed on Dave's wiki. Dave tags him a "flamer." Since Dave has not contributed to any projects by this fellow, the fellow cannot tag Dave back.

And meanwhile, Tomer is reviewing a set of articles written on Jewish conspiracies. He goes around handing our low ratings left and right, as well as messaging his synapse "Fighting Anti-Semitism" to do likewise. After a day or two, such articles receive "controversial" tags. As the wikis of Tomer and his synapse get invaded by angry flamers, they tag the "flamers" and the intellectual vendetta is discouraged and brought to a close.

And on and on and on... Of course, this is just one vision. There are many many MANY issues to be worked out (e.g. Should scoring be on a rating scale, or should it be additive (like experience points in RPGs)? Should low/negative scores induced by flaming tags be punished in any way (e.g. limiting users from using "broadcast" option)?) But have some thoughts on this, let's start hammering something out.

--jason

title: User:Judean/Jasons Thoughts


text:
User:Electionworld

Welcome at my User page. I was the editor of Electionworld.org, a comprehensive database on elections that nowadays is integrated into Wikipedia. Since the beginning of 2004 I was involved in Wikipedia in editing articles on liberalism and related issues, on elections and some historical issues. At the moment I stopped editing. My main projects were: Liberalism and Parties and Elections. For former Electionworld users I created Wikipedia for Electionworld users. Please visit the Electoral calendar. Outside the projects I worked on the
 * List of countries, but I prefer the alternative List of sovereign states
 * Former countries in Europe after 1815, but I prefer Countries and territories in Europe since 1450.

Some of my favorites are:
 * Portal:Liberalism
 * Portal:Atlas
 * Portal:Politics
 * List of sovereign states
 * I created the Romanization table.
 * List if places I have visited

nl:Gebruiker:Electionworld de:Benutzer:Electionworld es:Usuario:Electionworld fr:Utilisateur:Electionworld ru:Участник:Electionworld sv:Användare:Electionworld

title: User:Electionworld


text:
Victory at Sea

Victory at Sea is a documentary television series about warfare in general during World War II, and naval warfare in particular, as well as the use of industry in warfare. It was broadcast by NBC in the United States during 1952–53. It was condensed into a film released in 1954. Excerpts from the music soundtrack, by Richard Rodgers and Robert Russell Bennett, were re-recorded for record albums. The original TV broadcasts comprised 26 half-hour segments—Sunday afternoons at 3:00 p.m. (EST) in most markets—starting on October 26, 1952 and ending on May 3, 1953. The series won an Emmy award in 1954 as "best public affairs program" and played an important part in establishing historic "compilation" documentaries as a television genre.

History
The project was conceived by Henry Salomon, who, while a U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander during World War II, was a research assistant to historian Samuel Eliot Morison. Morison was then writing the 15-volume History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Salomon learned of the large amounts of film that the opposing navies had compiled. Salomon left the Navy in 1948 and eventually discussed his idea of a documentary series with one of his Phillips Academy and Harvard classmates, Robert Sarnoff, a rising executive at NBC television and the son of David Sarnoff, the chairman of RCA (then the owner of NBC). It was Robert Sarnoff who championed Salomon's proposal, won its approval and saw it through to completion.

NBC approved the project in 1951, with Salomon as producer and a budget of $500,000 (large for that era). His team, composed largely of newsreel veterans, searched naval archives around the world and received cooperation from the U.S. Navy, which recognized the publicity value. Salomon's team compiled 60,000,000 ft of film, which was edited to about 61000 ft for broadcast.

After the first run, NBC syndicated it to local stations, where it proved successful financially through the mid-1960s. NBC also marketed the series overseas; by 1964, it had been broadcast in forty foreign markets. NBC created a feature-length (89-minute) motion picture condensation. The feature-length version was narrated by Alexander Scourby who replaced Leonard Graves, the narrator of the 26-part series. NBC made a distribution deal with United Artists and the film debuted in mid-1954. NBC also prepared another, 79-minute, condensation for broadcast and it debuted on 29 December 1960 in a 90-minute evening slot as part of NBC's Project Twenty ("Project XX") series, which itself was established in 1955 as an offshoot of original Victory at Sea production unit.

Awards
Victory at Sea won many honors, including:
 * a 1953 Emmy nomination for Best Public Affairs Program
 * a 1954 Emmy award for Best Public Affairs Program
 * a 1953 Peabody award.
 * the Freedoms Foundation's George Washington Medal.

Music
Salomon also signed Richard Rodgers, fresh off several successful Broadway musicals, to compose the musical score. Rodgers contributed 12 "themes"—short piano compositions a minute or two in length; these may be examined in the Rodgers Collection at the Library of Congress. Robert Russell Bennett did the orchestrating, transforming Rodgers's themes for a variety of moods, and composing much more original material than Rodgers, as may be observed in Bennett's holograph scores, archived with his papers at Northwestern University and microfilmed at the Library of Congress. Episode No. 18, for example, is entirely of Bennett's creation, and uses none of Rodgers's twelve themes. Bennett nonetheless received credit only for arranging the score and conducting NBC Symphony Orchestra members on the soundtrack recording sessions, and many writers still refer erroneously to "Rodgers's thirteen-hour score". In 1954, Rodgers recorded the VAS "Symphonic Scenario" medley (scored by Bennett) with the New York Philharmonic for Columbia Records, but it was Bennett who conducted the much more familiar RCA Victor recordings—the first (1953) with NBC Symphony Orchestra musicians who played for the soundtrack sessions, and later with members of the Symphony of the Air, an orchestra created in the autumn of 1954 from former NBC Symphony members, identified on the albums as the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra.

RCA has released and reissued the Rodgers-Bennett musical score several times on LP and CD. The listing below is based on the 1992 RCA remastered recordings titled Victory at Sea (13 tracks) and More Victory at Sea (11 tracks). Selections from More Victory at Sea are marked by an asterisk (*). Note that the More Victory at Sea album also includes "Special Effect Battle Sounds" as part of many of the tracks.

The movements and approximate timings in the RCA Victor Symphony performance are as follows:

 * 1) The Song of the High Seas – 5:02
 * 2) The Pacific Boils Over – 5:43
 * 3) Fire on the Waters – 5:58
 * 4) Guadalcanal March – 3:07
 * 5) Pelelieu* – 3:37
 * 6) Theme of the Fast Carriers – 6:44
 * 7) Hard Work and Horseplay – 3:46
 * 8) Mare Nostrum – 4:29
 * 9) Beneath the Southern Cross – 4:04
 * 10) Mediterranean Mosaic – 5:52
 * 11) Allies on the March* – 5:15
 * 12) D-Day – 5:55
 * 13) The Sound of Victory* – 6:12
 * 14) Victory at Sea – 6:14
 * 15) Voyage Into Fate* – 6:20
 * 16) Rings Around Rabaul* – 6:06
 * 17) Full Fathom Five* – 7:08
 * 18) The Turkey Shoot* – 5:18
 * 19) Ships That Pass* – 4:53
 * 20) Two If By Sea* – 6:27
 * 21) The Turning Point* – 5:24
 * 22) Symphonic Scenario* – 10:34
 * 23) Danger Down Deep – 4:53
 * 24) The Magnetic North – 5:45

The score was a favorite of U.S. President Richard Nixon, who was a Navy veteran himself, and part of it was played at his funeral. Additionally, Volume 1 of the score won "Best Engineering Contribution - Classical Recording" at the 2nd Annual Grammy Awards in 1960. The category has since been renamed "Best Engineered Album, Classical."

Rodgers's "Beneath the Southern Cross" theme was given words by Oscar Hammerstein, titled "No Other Love", and put into their 1953 musical, Me and Juliet. The May 1953 recording by RCA Victor recording artist Perry Como became a "Number One" hit on the pop charts later that year.

Home media
Though the original series Victory at Sea is in the public domain because its copyright was never renewed, the copyright on the original musical score was renewed and thus only the music remains under copyright. Victory at Sea has been released on VHS, Betamax, LaserDisc, DVD and Blu-ray. These include both unofficial and official releases. Embassy Home Entertainment produced the VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc versions. Newer releases include a DVD set from The History Channel/New Video under license from NBC News. In 2010, Periscope Film released the program as a three-disc Blu-ray set. The Periscope Film release is in true 24p high definition and includes commentary tracks by film historian Peter C. Rollins. In 2012, Mill Creek Entertainment marketed the 26-episode series on two DVDs and a bonus disc running over 16 hours. The music soundtrack, originally released as an LP record, has been remastered and released on compact disc. The soundtrack has separate copyright limitations pertaining to the Rodgers and Hammerstein organization.

title: Victory at Sea


text:
John Sedgwick

John Sedgwick (September 13, 1813 – May 9, 1864) was a military officer and Union Army general during the American Civil War.

He was wounded three times at the Battle of Antietam while leading his division in an unsuccessful assault against Confederate forces, causing him to miss the Battle of Fredericksburg. Under his command, the VI Corps played an important role in the Chancellorsville Campaign by engaging Confederate troops at the Second Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Salem Church. His corps was the last to arrive at the Battle of Gettysburg and thus did not see much action. Sedgwick was killed by a sharpshooter at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House on May 9, 1864, making him and Major Generals James B. McPherson, Joseph K. Mansfield, and John F. Reynolds the highest-ranking Union officers to be killed in the war. He is remembered for an ironic remark among his last words: "They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance."

Early life and education
Sedgwick was born in the Litchfield Hills town of Cornwall, Connecticut. He was named after his grandfather, John Sedgwick (brother of Theodore Sedgwick), who was Lieutenant Colonel of the 14th Regiment of Connecticut Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He attended Sharon Academy for 2 years and Cheshire Academy in 1830–31. After teaching for two years, he attended the United States Military Academy, graduated in 1837 ranked 24th of 50, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army's artillery branch. He fought in the Seminole Wars and received two brevet promotions in the Mexican–American War, to captain for Contreras and Churubusco, and to major for Chapultepec. After returning from Mexico, he was promoted to the permanent rank of captain in 1849 and replaced James Duncan as commander of Battery A, 2nd U.S. Artillery. In March 1855, Sedgwick accepted a transfer promotion to the rank of major with the United States Cavalry. He served in Kansas, in the Utah War, and in the Indian Wars, participating during 1857 in a punitive expedition against the Cheyenne.

In the summer and fall of 1860, Sedgwick commanded an expedition to establish a new fort on the Platte River in what is now Colorado. This was a remote location with no railroads, and all supplies having to be carried long distances by riverboat, wagon train or horseback. Even though many of these supplies failed to arrive, Sedgwick still managed to erect comfortable stone buildings for his men before the cold weather set in.

American Civil War
At the start of the American Civil War, Sedgwick was serving as a colonel and assistant inspector general of the Military Department of Washington. He missed the early action of the war at the First Battle of Bull Run, recovering from cholera. Promoted to brigadier general on August 31, 1861, he commanded the 2nd brigade of Maj. Gen. Samuel P. Heintzelman's division in the Army of the Potomac, then his own division, which was designated the 2nd division of the II Corps for the Peninsula Campaign. In Virginia, he fought at Yorktown and Seven Pines. During the Seven Days Battles, Sedgwick's division fought at Savage's Station and Glendale, being wounded in the latter engagement. After the Seven Days Battles, he was promoted to major general. The II Corps and Sedgwick's division were not involved in the Northern Virginia Campaign.

In the Battle of Antietam, II Corps commander Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner impulsively sent Sedgwick's division in a mass assault without proper reconnaissance. His division was engaged by Confederate forces under Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson from three sides, was routed, and fell back with barely half the men it had started with. Sedgwick himself was shot three times, in the wrist, leg, and shoulder, and was out of action until after the Battle of Fredericksburg.

From December 26, 1862, he briefly led the II Corps and the IX Corps, and then finally the VI Corps of the Army of the Potomac, which he commanded until his death in 1864. During the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, his corps faced Fredericksburg in an initial holding action while Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's other four corps maneuvered against Robert E. Lee's left flank (10 miles east at Chancellorsville). Sedgwick was slow to take action, but eventually crossed the Rappahannock River and assaulted Maj. Gen. Jubal Early's small force on Marye's Heights on May 3 during the Second Battle of Fredericksburg. Moving west slowly to join forces with Hooker and trap Lee between the halves of the army, he was stopped by elements of Lee's Second Corps (under Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, following the wounding of Jackson) at the Battle of Salem Church, forcing his eventual retreat back over the Rappahannock.

At the Battle of Gettysburg, his corps arrived late on July 2, and as a result only a few units were able to take part in the final Union counterattacks in the Wheatfield. It was not kept together as a unit during the second and third days of the battle, its brigades scattered around to plug holes in the line. While much of Sedgwick's VI Corps was held in reserve at Gettysburg, it performed exceptionally at the Second Battle of Rappahannock Station in November, capturing four field pieces, eight stands of enemy colors and 1,700 prisoners.

Prior to the start of the Overland Campaign in the spring of 1864, George Meade reorganized the Army of the Potomac and dropped several underperforming generals. Sedgwick narrowly missed the chopping block, being that he was unpopular with Secretary of War Edwin Stanton for being a vocal admirer of departed Army of the Potomac commander George McClellan and for having shown insufficient enthusiasm for abolitionism and the Radical Republican platform. Sedgwick had also made enemies among the Radical Republicans by criticizing General Benjamin Butler, one of their favorites. Meade, realizing this, proposed reassigning Sedgwick to command in the Shenandoah Valley. Sedgwick himself acknowledged that he was war-weary by this point and would have welcomed reassignment to a post where not much fighting was expected. In a letter to his sister, he said that he could gladly leave the army without regret and wished to come home to New England. In the end however, General Franz Sigel got the Shenandoah Valley command, which ended up being a much more active theater in 1864 than anyone expected, and Sedgwick remained in command of the VI Corps.

In the Overland Campaign, the VI Corps was on the Union right at the Battle of the Wilderness and defended against assaults by Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps.

Death
Sedgwick died at the beginning of the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, on May 9, 1864. His corps was probing skirmish lines ahead of the left flank of Confederate defenses and he was directing artillery placements. Confederate sharpshooters were about 1000 yd away, and their shots caused members of his staff, infantrymen from the 87th Pennsylvania and 14th New Jersey, and artillerymen from the 1st Massachusetts, to duck for cover. Sedgwick strode around in the open and was quoted as saying, "What? Men dodging this way for single bullets? What will you do when they open fire along the whole line?" Although ashamed, his men continued to flinch and he said, "Why are you dodging like this? They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance."

Reports that he never finished the sentence are apocryphal, although the line was among his last words. He was shot by a Whitworth rifle bullet moments later under the left eye and mortally wounded. His chief of staff Martin T. McMahon said that the sharpshooters' bullets were flying all around, making whistling noises, and "The same shrill whistle closing with a dull, heavy stroke interrupted me, and I remember distinctly that I commenced to say 'General, they are firing explosive bullets.' when his face turned slowly to me, and blood spurting from his left cheek under the eye in a steady stream, brought to me the first knowledge of our great disaster. He fell in my direction and I was so close to him that my effort to support him failed, and I went to the ground with him." Corps medical personnel were immediately summoned, but Sedgwick never regained consciousness and continued to bleed out for some time, until his hair was soaked with blood.

Sedgwick was the highest-ranking general officer in the US Volunteers to be killed in the war. Although Major General James B. McPherson was in command of an army at the time of his death and Sedgwick of a corps, Sedgwick had the most senior rank by date of all major generals killed. However, McPherson was a brigadier general in the Regular Army and outranked Sedgwick, who was a colonel. Upon hearing of his death, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, flabbergasted by the news, repeatedly asked, "Is he really dead?"

Legacy
Sedgwick's reputation was that of a solid, dependable, but relatively unaggressive general. He was well-liked by his soldiers, who referred to him affectionately as "Uncle John". His death was met by universal sorrow; even Robert E. Lee expressed his sadness over the fate of an old friend. George G. Meade wept at the news. Meade had recently quarreled with Sedgwick for being over-reliant on fellow corps commander Gouverneur Warren for advice, and said of him "I wish we could have parted on better terms." Ulysses S. Grant characterized Sedgwick as one who "was never at fault when serious work was to be done" and he told his staff that the loss for him was worse than that of an entire division.

Sedgwick is buried near his birthplace of Cornwall Hollow, Connecticut. An equestrian statue honors him and the VI Corps at Gettysburg National Military Park.

There is a monument of General Sedgwick at West Point. Academy legend has it that a cadet who spins the rowels of the spurs on the boots of the statue at midnight while wearing full parade dress gray over white uniform under arms will have good luck on his or her final exam.

The following were named in his honor:
 * Sedgwick, Colorado
 * Sedgwick County, Colorado
 * Sedgwick, Kansas
 * Sedgwick County, Kansas
 * Fort Sedgwick was one of the forts of the Union siege line in the Siege of Petersburg 1864–65.
 * Camp Rankin was renamed Fort Sedgwick in 1865, near Julesburg, Colorado.

Sedgwick Avenue, a major street in the Bronx, New York City, is named after him. An east–west street in Washington, D.C., near American University, is also named in his honor, as is another on Chicago's near north side, with a CTA station named after the street. Grand Army of the Republic Post #4 in Keene, New Hampshire; Post #12 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Post #17 in Santa Ana, California; and Post #37 in York, Pennsylvania, are all named after him. A junior high school, John Sedgwick Middle School "Home of the Generals", in Port Orchard, Washington, was named after him.

Farley, his home and headquarters at the time of the Battle of Brandy Station, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

title: John Sedgwick


text:
United Arab Emirates dirham

The Arab Emirates Dirham (درهم إماراتي, abbreviation: د.إ in Arabic, Dh (singular) and Dhs (plural) or DH in Latin; ISO code: AED is the official currency of the United Arab Emirates. The dirham is subdivided into 100 fils (فلس). It is pegged to the United States Dollar at a constant exchange rate of approximately 3.67 AED to 1 USD.

History
The name dirham is a loan from the Greek δραχμή (drakhmé). Due to centuries of trade and usage of the currency, dirham survived through the Ottoman Empire.

Before 1966, all the emirates that now form the UAE used the Gulf rupee, which was pegged at parity to the Indian rupee. On 6 June 1966, India decided to devalue the Gulf rupee against the Indian rupee. Not accepting the devaluation, several of the states still using the Gulf rupee adopted their own or other currencies. All the Trucial States except Abu Dhabi adopted the Qatar and Dubai riyal, which was equal to the Gulf rupee prior to the devaluation. These emirates briefly adopted the Saudi riyal during the transition from the Gulf rupee to the Qatar and Dubai riyal. Abu Dhabi used the Bahraini dinar, at a rate of 10 Gulf rupees = 1 dinar. In 1973, the UAE adopted the UAE dirham as its currency. Abu Dhabi adopted the UAE dirham in place of the Bahraini dinar, at 1 dinar = 10 dirhams, while in the other emirates, the Qatar and Dubai riyal were exchanged at par.

Coins
In 1973, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 fils and 1 dirham. The 1, 5, and 10 fils are struck in bronze, with the higher denominations in cupro-nickel. The fils coins were the same size and composition as the corresponding Qatar and Dubai dirham coins. In 1995, the 5 fils, 10 fils, 50 fils, and 1 dirham coins were reduced in size, with the new 50 fils being curve-equilateral-heptagonal shaped.

The value and numbers on the coins are written in Eastern Arabic numerals and the text is in Arabic. The 1, 5, and 10 fils coins are rarely used in everyday life, so all amounts are rounded up or down to the nearest multiples of 25 fils. The 1 fils coin is a rarity and does not circulate significantly. In making a change there is a risk of confusing the old 50 fils coin for the modern 1 dirham coin because the coins are almost the same size.

Since 1976 the Currency Board of the United Arab Emirates has minted several commemorative coins celebrating different events and rulers of the United Arab Emirates. For details, see Commemorative coins of the United Arab Emirates dirham.

Issues with fraud
By August 2006 it became publicly known that the Philippine one peso coin is the same size as one dirham. As 1 peso is only worth 8 fils, this has led to vending machine fraud in the UAE. Pakistan's 5 rupee coin, the Omani 50 Baisa coin and the Moroccan 1 dirham are also the same sizes as the Emirati one dirham coin. Although 1 mm thinner, one dirham coin has also been found in ten-cent coin rolls in Australia. A falcon watermark is present on all dirham notes to prevent fraud.

Banknotes
On 20 May 1973, the UAE Currency Board introduced notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 dirhams; a Dhs 1,000 note was issued on 3 January 1976. A second series of note was introduced in 1982 which omitted the Dh 1 and Dhs 1,000 notes. Dhs 500 notes were introduced in 1983, followed by Dhs 200 in 1989. Dhs 1,000 notes were reintroduced in 2000. Banknotes are currently available in denominations of Dhs 5 (brown), Dhs 10 (green), Dhs 20 (light blue), Dhs 50 (purple), Dhs 100 (pink), Dhs 200 (green/brown), Dhs 500 (navy blue) and Dhs 1,000 (greenish blue).

The obverse texts are written in Arabic with numbers in Eastern Arabic numerals; the reverse texts are in English with numbers in Arabic numerals. The 200 dirham denomination is scarce as it was only produced in 1989; any circulating today comes from bank stocks. The 200 dirham denomination has since been reissued and is now in circulation since late May 2008 – it has been reissued in a different colour; Yellow/Brown to replace the older Green/Brown.

On 22 March 2008, The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates released a Dhs 50 note. The security thread was a 3-mm wide, colour-shifting windowed security thread with demetalized UAE 50, and it bore the new coat of arms. On 7 December 2021, a redesigned polymer Dhs 50 note was released to commemorate the golden jubilee of the country on 2 December 2021, making it the UAE's first polymer banknote. Additional new polymer banknotes of Dhs 5 and Dhs 10 were introduced on 21 April 2022, with the Dhs 1000 released in the first half of 2023, and the Dhs 500 note reportedly introduced on 30 November 2023.

Exchange rates
On January 28, 1978, the dirham was officially pegged to the IMF's special drawing rights (SDRs). In practice, it has been pegged to the U.S. dollar for most of the time. Since November 1997, the dirham has been pegged to the US dollar at a rate of US$1 = Dhs 3.6725, which translates to approximately Dh 1 = US$0.272294.

title: United Arab Emirates dirham


text:
James Craig (barque)

James Craig is a three-masted, 19th century iron-hulled barque restored and sailed by the Sydney Heritage Fleet, Sydney, Australia. She is one of only four pre-20th century barques in the world that still go regularly to sea.

History
Built in 1874 in Sunderland, England, by Bartram, Haswell, & Co., she was originally named Clan Macleod. Characterized by her biographer Jeff Toghill as a typical "workhorse barque," she was intended to be operated as economically as possible while carrying general cargo worldwide - coal, salt, grain and cotton goods. In her world travels she rounded Cape Horn twenty-three times in the twenty-six years to 1900. In 1900 she was acquired by Mr J J Craig, renamed James Craig in 1905 and began to operate between ports in New Zealand and Australia. She made thirty-five voyages on the trans-Tasman run, to 1911.

Like many other sailing ships of her modest size, she fell victim to the advance of steamships in the first decade of the twentieth century and in 1911 she was converted to a storage hulk in Port Moresby. However, with the world-wide shortage of shipping caused by the First World War, she was re-rigged and refitted for trade in the Pacific in 1918. The reprieve for sailing ships was short-lived. With the exception of the grain trade, sailing ships were soon unable to compete with cargo-carrying steamships. In 1925 she was laid up again, then used as a hulk, until eventually being abandoned at Recherche Bay in Tasmania.To avoid her drifting and becoming a navigational hazard, a large hole was blown in her stern.

Restoration
Part of the inspiration for preserving James Craig  has been credited to Karl Kortum, then director of the San Francisco Maritime Museum who had also been involved in encouraging Australians to preserve the similar sized barque Polly Woodside in Melbourne in 1962. Restoration of James Craig began in 1972, when volunteers from the Lady Hopetoun and Port Jackson Marine Steam Museum (now the Sydney Heritage Fleet) refloated her and towed her to Hobart for initial repairs. Brought back to Sydney under tow in 1981, her hull was placed on a submersible pontoon to allow work on the hull restoration to proceed. Over the next twenty-five years, the vessel was restored. Most of the hull was replaced, being repaired by both paid craftspeople and volunteers. The ship was relaunched in 1997, and restoration work was completed in 2001.

Current situation
James Craig is currently berthed at Wharf 7 of Darling Harbour, near the Australian National Maritime Museum. She is open to the public, and takes passengers out sailing on Sydney Harbour and beyond. She is crewed by volunteers from the Sydney Heritage Fleet. Maintenance is by paid staff, contractors and volunteers. The cost of maintaining her is over $1 million a year and the ship relies on generating income from visitors alongside, charters, events, and regular daysails with up to 80 passengers.

The ship has now made historic return voyages to Hobart (2005, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2017, 2019 and 2023) and to Port Philip (Melbourne and Williamstown) in 2006, 2008 and 2020. The voyages to Hobart coincide with the Wooden Boat Festival, one of the largest in the world.

In October 2013 James Craig participated in the International Fleet Review 2013 in Sydney, Australia.

Historical value
James Craig is of exceptional historical value in that she is one of only four 19th century barques in the world that still go regularly to sea. In 2003 the World Ship Trust awarded the James Craig a Maritime Heritage Award for authentic restoration. She is a working link to a time when such ships carried the bulk of global commerce in their holds. Thousands of similar ships plied the oceans in the 19th and early 20th centuries linking the old world, the new world, Asia and Oceania. She is sailed in the traditional 19th Century manner, mostly by volunteers. Her running rigging consists of 140 lines secured to belaying pins and spider bands. She achieved 11.3 knots on a return voyage from Melbourne on 9 February 2006.

Engineering heritage award
James Craig received an Engineering Heritage National Marker from Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.

Online sources

 * The James Craig restoration - archived website from the James Craig Restoration Division, Sydney Heritage Fleet, 1999–2002

title: James Craig (barque)


text:
Talk:Audio Signal Processing

Redirecting this to Audio signal processing. The essential content seems to be derived from some version of Audio timescale-pitch modification.

Charles Matthews 07:22, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Audio Signal Processing


text:
An Act to amend the Criminal Code (hate propaganda)

An Act to amend the Criminal Code (hate propaganda), (Loi modifiant le Code criminel (propagande haineuse), also known as Bill C-250 during the second and third sessions of the 37th Canadian parliament) is an Act of the Parliament of Canada to amend the Criminal Code. It added penalties for publicly inciting hatred against or encouraging the genocide of people on the basis of sexual orientation and added a defence for the expression of good-faith opinions based on religious texts. It originated in a Private Member's Bill introduced by Svend Robinson, a member of the opposition.

Content
Prior to this amendment, the Criminal Code prohibited the promotion of genocide and the public incitement of hatred against groups identifiable by colour, race, religion, and ethnic origin. The Act expanded coverage of these existing provisions to include groups identifiable on the basis of sexual orientation. The Act also expanded one of the defences available to persons charged with the incitement of hatred, allowing for the expression of good-faith opinions based on religious texts, in addition to the preexisting defence allowing the good-faith expression of opinions on religious subjects.

As with all Canadian legislation, this act has equal force in French in which it is called La Loi modifiant le Code criminel (propagande haineuse).

Religious freedom concerns
Critics of the bill claimed that it would prohibit reciting various scripture condemning homosexuality, while supporters pointed out that the bill added an explicit defence against any charge of incitement of hatred for opinions expressed in good faith based on religious texts. Critics of the law however, have expressed concern the courts will abrogate the religious loophole because "good faith" is not clearly defined.

Legislative history
C-250 was first introduced in 2001 into the 37th Parliament, 1st Session as Bill C-415 by New Democratic MP Svend Robinson. Following the end of that session, the bill was reintroduced as C-250 in the 37th Parliament, 2nd Session. It passed the House of Commons on September 17, 2003, but was not passed by the Senate before the end of the session. The bill was reintroduced in the 37th Parliament, 3rd Session, passing both the Senate on April 28, 2004. Royal Assent was granted on April 29, 2004.

 * a. These senators have decided against joining the Conservative Party of Canada and have chosen to sit in the Senate as 'Progressive Conservatives' (with Mira Spivak briefly joining the Conservative caucus before becoming an Independent).


text:
Rabiner

Rabiner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Igor Rabiner (born 1973), Russian journalist
 * Lawrence Rabiner (born 1943), American electrical engineer

title: Rabiner


text:
Wade Fox

Rufus Wade Fox Jr. (June 2, 1920 – September 20, 1964), was an American zoologist and herpetologist from the University of California, Berkeley. He specialized in the anatomy of snakes and the systematics of the western garter snakes.

Biography
Wade Fox was born on June 2, 1920, in Hilton, Virginia.

He graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1943 and then earned a Master's (1946) and doctoral degree at the University of California, Berkeley, working as Curatorial Assistant of in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from 1943 to 1949, and earning a PhD under Robert C. Stebbins in 1950. His dissertation topic was "Biology of the Garter Snakes of the San Francisco Bay Region". Later he became president of Herpetologists' League and an editor of the journal Copeia.

He named several garter snake (Thamnophis) subspecies, including Thamnophis elegans terrestris, Thamnophis elegans aquaticus (now a synonym of T. atratus atratus) and Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi. He is commemorated in the name of the Fox's mountain meadow snake (Adelophis foxi ).

Wade Fox died of a heart attack following heart surgery on September 20, 1964.

title: Wade Fox


text:
Talk:Milesians (Irish)

[Untitled]
At the moment the bottom part of the page, at least for me, is a mess. I suppose it's suppose to be a chart, but it's a mess of "|"'s and names. Just a heads up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.188.211.142 (talk) 10:18, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Please, add to Note 12 the following link: http://books.google.es/books?id=5afzmtiTZdIC&lpg=PA559&ots=AvfTzfFYII&dq=carlos%20ii%20irlandeses%20espa%C3%B1a&hl=es&pg=PA316#v=onepage&q&f=false It's an spanish reference: Recio Morales, Oscar (2002): "De nación irlandés": Percepciones socio-culturales y respuestas políticas sobre Irlanda y la comunidad irlandesa en la España del XVII, en Irlanda y la Monarquía Hispánica: Kinsale 1601-2001. Guerra, política, exilio y religión, CSIC: University of Alcala, pp. 315-340, p. 316 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.138.43.94 (talk) 10:37, 15 June 2014 (UTC)

2004 edits
Is there any connection between the Irish Milesians (Sons of Mil Espaine or Milesius) and the Greek Milesians (presumably followers of Miletus)? There is some entanglement of these two uses between Wikipedia articles that should be straightened out with either a disambiguation page or a combined article. -- Jeff Q 07:28, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's my understanding now that the Irish Milesians and the Greek Milesians are two different peoples. Therefore, unless people object, I plan to rename this article Milesians (Irish) and establish a disambiguation page for Milesians that will include links to the appropriate different pages. I will also update all existing links to this Irish Milesian page at that time so all other references will directly jump to the new Milesians (Irish) article. -- Jeff Q 07:38, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

What Celtic tribe did the Gaels originate from in Spain? Is that known? Is there an article about them?

I've read in a few books, though apologies can't remember the titles, that it was the Basques who went by sea after the last ice age and settled in Ireland which was empty of people at that time. And claiming that the Irish are basically Basque people. Certainly, by looks, there are a fair number of Basques who could be cutting the turf! Oppenheimer(Australian I believe)states firmly that 98% of the Irish share a same gene with the Basques. It's true that if you take a boat north from Euskadi and on the right current, you will land on Ireland(From Terence Magee Date: 19 Feb 2014) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Terencemagee (talk • contribs) 15:35, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, Artabros tribe of Brigantia in Galicia ---All this kindred forms the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH) of R1b Y chromosome, also called haplotype 15, with alleles: DYS388 12 DYS390 24 DYS391 11 DYS392 13 DYS393 13 DYS394 14 (also known as DYS19)......the Basques also descended from Galicians, but not your language --Bretema7 (talk) 22:16, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Succession Box
Would the succession box not be better at the bottom of the page, instead of half way? Other articles on 'Wiki' have the boxes at the bottom, keeps it more uniform. Culnacréann Horse Ireland  23:22, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Brigantia
The ancient Celtic Brigantes and Gallaecians inhabited the whole northeastern corner of the peninsula, including the areas of A Coruna and Bragança. However a Coruna is mentioned in local Celtic folklore- ''According to Gaelic legend embodied in the 11th-century compilation Lebor Gabala Erren— the "Book of Conquests"— King Breogán, the founding father of the Galician Celtic nation, constructed here a massive tower of such a grand height that his sons could see a distant green shore from its top. The glimpse of that distant green land lured them to sail north to Ireland. A colossal statue of Breogán has been erected near the Tower.'' Later in Roman times, a tower was built in A Coruna, likely in the same place of a previously existing structure (whose construction they ascribed to Hercules).

In Galicia it is commonly said that the Tower of Hercules is the Tower of Breogan (our mythical founder figure). His son Ith, then sailed from Brigantia to Ireland. See Ith (in Galician). Are there similar tales going around in Portugal? I never heard of any. Naturally Galician and Northern Portuguese people are both descended from ancient Celtic tribes, and there were towns called Brigantia in what is today either country. But the Brigantium that today is A Coruna is on the sea directly south of Ireland, whereas Bragança is almost 200km inland. How could Ith have "sailed from Brigantia" if it was 200km from the sea?. If you want to see new land beyond the sea, do you build a tower by the said sea, or do you build it 200km inland?

As a side note, google Breogan Coruña and you get 304.000 hits, do it with Breogan Bragança and you get only 193 hits. Which is the obscure theory?

Some links from the web: 84.90.16.160 20:55, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/District/395170
 * http://www.celtiberia.net/articulo.asp?id=583

 * The Tower of Hercules, is a reconstructed and modernization on the Celtic lighthouse in Roman Empire times...but not Roman in origin, until the late 19th century was called Lighthouse brigantia --Bretema7 (talk) 00:24, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I thought Brigantium was the Latin name for present-day Betanzos? 87.241.47.125 (talk) 15:06, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

Terminology section
The "Terminology" section in the article is better suited to the talk page, rather than the article itself. Shoveling Ferret (talk) 09:28, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Definitely, it's in the first person, it's unreferenced speculation, etc. So, here it is:

 * "I wonder wether the Irish have misunderstood the Iberia that was mentioned in thier histories ,it may have been in Iberia in the Caucasus as Iberia was known before 800ad and the Milesians were more than likely Scythian Note: the term "Milesian" is an artificial English one, based on the name of the supposed ancestor, Míl. Any similarity to the term "Milesians" as applied to the ancient Greeks of Miletus is coincidental."

 * If we are to include any of it, it needs sources. Doug Weller (talk) 11:41, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia "Galicia" Article
The Milesians may not be a myth; in Wikipedia's "Galicia" article, there is a link at the bottom that points to a website saying that the Irish have more in common with the Celts of Northwestern Spain, than they do with the Celts of Central Europe. The Irish, in fact have more in common genetically with the Galicians, than they do with other Celtic populations. There may be some historical truth to the myth; according to Irish "myth," they are originally from Spain, descended from a dude called "Milesius."

Really wish scholars would take mythology more seriously and do some detective work. Who knows what else people will find besides just "Troy."

67.148.120.113 (talk) 04:06, 9 October 2009 (UTC)stardingo747

The porblem wiht fiding the Truth behind this mth is the mythogloy changed the Etymology of Milesians. The Milesians of Irleand are the SAEM as the Milesians of Greece. Whihc is covered in Bill Cooper's book After The Flood. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.144.42.153 (talk) 06:47, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

 * A book of Creationist fiction which can't be used as a source here. Dougweller (talk) 07:33, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Journey and Gothic links ignored
In the reign of King Brath, son  of Dega, the  Gadelians sailed  form Portland or Gothinia, having with him as commanders Oige and Uige, sons of Alloyed, son of Ne niul , also , Mantan and Cancer. They sailed to Spain and there Alloid left a son named Bertha, who had a son named Breoghan, Founder of the city of Bregonia or Braganza, in la Coruna , Galicia. There they fought the native Iberians where the young Milesius became known for his bravery. When the wars had stopped Milesius decides to sail eastwards retrace the steps of his ancestors in Scythia. When he finally reaches Scythia and is welcomed by King Rifloir, who  later is killed by Milesius when he learns that King Rifle  planned to have him killed. During this time his two sons by his 1st wife Seng are born Donn and Are the Red Browed. Milesius sailed to Egypt were he again is victorious in many battles and marries Scota, the daughter of the Pharaoh Nectanebo II of Egypt who ruled Egypt from 360 - 343 B.C..

Milesius having recalled the ancient prophecy of Cancer, sailed from Egypt into the island of Irene, off the coast of Thracia. There his wife Scota gave birth to Ir, the 3rd son of Milesius. From Thrace, he marched trough the European continent and reached the Baltic sea, where with a fleet he reached the island of Gothiana, a island which divides the Baltic sea and the Arctic sea. On this island his 4th son Colpa of the Sword was born. From Gothiana they sailed to Alba or Caledonia where they plundered then they sailed past the Orkneys and Shetlands islands down thru the British Channel to the Bay of Biscay to Spain. There Milesius fought 54 battles against the Goths and other warrior nations. 1. Pharaoh Nectanebo II of Egypt who ruled Egypt from 360 - 343 B.C. 2. The Goths invaded Northern Spain circa 475 A.D. 3. The Goths invade Moesia in 248  A.D. 4. The Goths move into Asia minor during 250 - 270 A.D. 5. The Goths invade Greece, Thrace, and Asia minor in 258 A.D. 6.  The  Ostrogoths leave Greece, Thrace and Asia minor in 270  A.D. 7. All the Milesians myths sound  very familiar to the Goths journey through Europe. Which leads one to see that the creation of the Irish myths were influenced by the Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum. 8. In the Irish myths Milesius was a Scythian nobel whose ancestors were born in Scythia, the island of Gotland, Northern Spain, Thrace and Egypt. In the accounts of writers like Keating, O'Hart and other pedigree writers of their time they  all have the same accounts .The  notion that a Aristocratic Scythian tribe are the progenitors of a entire society ,  a group of Scythians from Northern Spain and from the island  of Gotland. The myth does not hold when tested by science and historical facts. Still many still do believe they descend from the Milesians. 9. The Irish scribes either wanted to associate the Royal lines of their Celtic kings and chiefs to  a Gothic / Scythian origin or they were retelling the folklore of a Gothic / Scythian bloodline in Ireland. The Goths were a Eastern Germanic tribe in no way associated with Celtic culture or origins. 10. (Brath is said to be the last of the Kings of Gothinia to have led his people from Gothinia into Galicia . Before him there were 9 ancestors of Milesius who are described to have been kings of Gothinia. In the Irish tales the Milesians home land is Scythia and before they settled in Northern Spain they originally sailed from the island of Gothinia " Gotland". ) 11. The Milesians were not native Iberians nor were they of a Celtic origin. All Irish legends have the Milesians being from Scythia and the island of Gothinia originally before they conquered Spain then  Ireland. Milesius is said to have fought the Goths in Spain before he traveled back to his home land of Scythia and then Gothinia again other accounts have him fighting against the Goths and then conquering Ireland. This would  place the Milesians  in  the  year of 475 A.D.  this was the time the Goths and Vandals were conquering Iberia. In ancient accounts the island of Scanza,  homeland of the Goths was called " Scythia Antigua". Dacia, during the fourth century, when it was settled by Goths it was called Gothika. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Redhandking (talk • contribs) 18:48, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

 * This is what we call 'original research', see WP:OR, and does not belong either in the article or on this page. If you have reliable sources - read WP:RS about the Milesians making this argument, bring them here and we can discuss them. But we aren't going to discuss your ideas or have a debate here as this is not a forum page to discuss the Milesians. Thanks. Doug Weller (talk) 21:17, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

It's not a debate or " original ideas" look at all the writings form O'Hart, Keating's etc. and this is what is written or is it just simply ignored? maybe you should read these books all over again..

The general history of Ireland, tr. with amendments by D. ... - Page 118 	Geoffrey Keating, Dermod O'Connor

Irish pedigrees: or, The origin and stem of the Irish nation, Volume 1 By John O'Hart page 49

Keating's history of Ireland By Geoffrey Keating page 663

Redhandking (talk) 21:51, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Notes and queries By Oxford Journals (Firm) page 210 The general history of Ireland By Geoffrey Keating page 219 History of Ireland: from the earliest times to the present day, Volume 1 Edward Alfred D'Alton The plantation of Ireland: or a review of the origin and history of her ... By John Johnston Kelso page 63 A short history of the Irish people from the earliest times to 1920 By Mary Teresa Hayden, George Aloysius Moonan page 5 Duffy's Hibernian magazine: a monthly journal of legends, tales, and stories ... Romance of Irish history page 212

The information is in these books for anyone to see if they chose to not ignore them. Thank you. Redhandking (talk) 22:09, 12 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Do I gather from the incomplete titles that this is a Google search? Please don't leave spaces at the beginning of lines. Dougweller (talk) 06:06, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I found Notes and Queries, perhaps you mean p. 211 which says "I again repeat that I am ashamed to quote such rubbish: the very name of Milesian is a jest to the antiquaries of Europe" - but as he's referring to his quote from Geoffrey Keating, maybe you only saw the Keating quote. Anyway, the article isn't meant to be a history of all the myths or simply errors and ignorance about the Milesians, although if you have a source for an analysis of them that would be useful. You don't expect us to take O'Hart, etc seriously do you? Spain was first peopled after the Deluge? Dougweller (talk) 07:41, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

The myth should be explained starting with his journey to see that these tales are a fiction i did not post info for a historical view or to bring any credibility to a myth. I think i explained already "The myth does not hold when tested by science and historical facts. Still many still do believe they descend from the Milesians." something i already wrote above. Maybe you did not read all i posted above. I myself have family and ancestors from Galicia and Asturias where these tales do not excist at all only brought in by some Irish tourist or merchants. I think this article should explain why these Milesians stories are myths and a creation based or influenced by the Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum and other factors. I myself do not take O'Hart or Keating but there are those who do and i these myths should be explained in detail and showned how it they do not make any sence. Since most of the O'Hart, Keating etc. are the sources with which many base the Milesians myths and pedigrees.

History of Ireland from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, Volume 1, Part 2 By Edward Alfred D'Alton make a interesting analysis of myths another book is Irish Orientalism: A Literary and Intellectual History By Joseph Lennon page 24, An inquiry concerning the primitive inhabitants of Ireland By Thomas Wood page 124. All these books make a analysis of these Milesian myths.

Redhandking (talk) 14:20, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Any analysis should be based not on 17thc or even 19th century writers, but more modern ones, going back perhaps to Rolleston in the early 20th c. This looks like a good start: British Identities before Nationalism Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600–1800 Colin Kidd. It would need to be a modern analysis. Dougweller (talk) 14:59, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

That's base don the latter forms of the myth, oriognal the Milesians where called that cause they came from the Greek city of Miletus (Which had a mixed Population including Phonecians and Scythians) and the Milesian invasion was origonaly dated to 504 B.C. Herdotus does record many Milesians planning to flee the city due to it's inevitable fall to Persia at this very time.

Genetic research suggests Milesian "myth" may not be so far-fetched. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Sykes#Blood_of_the_Isles —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.150.216.218 (talk) 06:33, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Modern Genetics
this article needs to be updated The irish did come from spain — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:30A:2CA0:2FD0:8443:A139:F53E:2FDC (talk) 03:06, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Galicia is not the same as Spain, is not the same until recently Galicia Was isolated from the rest of Spain by its mountains. Galicia had contact with northern Spain as Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country, Galicia has more in common with Ireland than Spain (included Basques descended from the Galician). Translated Galicia means land of the Gaels --Bretema7 (talk) 22:44, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Irrelevant anyway until we find peer reviewed articles discussing the genetics of the Milesians, sources need to discuss the subject. Dougweller (talk) 06:07, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The Milesians have no genetics. They are and were an imaginary literary-political construct designed to combine all the noble families of Ireland into a single genealogy. If it's true that the Irish have genetic ancestors in the Iberian peninsula (genetics is very new, interpretation of the evidence is changing all the time, and the way it's reported in the media is oversimplified) that's a coincidence and has nothing to to with the Milesians. --Nicknack009 (talk) 08:55, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

Galician King Breogan descendant
Breogán |                                                       _________________________|_________________________                                                        |                                                 |                                                      Bile                                               Íth |                                                |                                                      Galam                                             Lugaid (Míl)                                              | _______________________|___________________                        _____|_____                                 |     |      |      |    |       |        |                         |         |                               Donn  Eber  Amergin  Ír  Colpa  Arannan  Éremón                    Eoinbric    Mal Finn           |                     |                         |         | __________|_______     |       ______________|____________             |         |                             |   |     |      |      |       |      |     |      |     |             |         |                            Ér Orba Ferón Fergna    Eber  Muimne Luigné Laigné Palap Irial        Riaglan    Edaman |                              Fáith           |         | _____________|______________                  |             |         |                                        |                          |                   |             |         |                                      Ebric                     Conmáel             Eithrial     Sithchenn   Congal _______________|______                   |                   |             |         |                         |        |           |                    |                   |             |         |                      Airtre   Cearmna    Sobhairce             Eochaid              Follach     Mairtine    Dáire |                                   Faebar Glas              |             |         | |                                _______|_______             |             |         |                         |                                 |             |             |             |         |                        Art                              Nuada        Mofemis      Tigernmas      Rothlan   Eochaid |                                |             |             |             |      Étgudach Sedna 1                           Glas         Eochu         Enboth         Flann |                                |           Mumu            |           Ruadh |                                |             |             |             |                      Fiacha                             Rossa         Énna        Smirgull        Ailill Finscothach                           |         Airgdech          |             | |                                |                           |             |                      Ollamh                         Roithechtaig                   Fiacha         Fionn Fodhla                              |                      Labhrainne         | ________|_____________________           |                           |             |                 |         |        |         |            |                           |             |             Finnachta  Slanoll   Gedhe    Cairbre        Fer                       Aengus        Eochaid |        |    Ollgothach    |          Arda                      Olmucada       Apthach Fiacha   Ailill      |         |            |                           | Finnailches        Bearnghal  Labraid        Cas                   Roitheachtaigh 1 |        Clothach                       | |           |                           |                                           Bratha     Muineamhón                      Dian |           |                           |                                            Fionn    Faildeargdoid                   Sírna |           |                           |                                           Sirlám         Cas                        Ailill |     Cétchaingnech                  Olchaoin |           |                           |                                         Airgeatmhar     Failbe                    Giallchaidh ________________________________|           |                           |              |        |         |            |            |                           |            Fomor   Finntan    Deman       Badarn        Roan                        Nuadat |       |         |            |            |                        Finnfail |       |         |            |            |                           |             Dub   Cimbáeth   Díthorba       Áed   Roitheachtaigh 2                  Áedan |                            Ruad           |                          Glas |                              |            |                           |           Sithrige                  Macha Mong Ruad        Elim                        Simeon |                                    Oillfinshneachta                  Breac |                                           |           Rudraige 2                                     Art ________|______________________________          Imleach |      |         |         |         |              |    Ginga   Bresal    Ross     Congal      Cas             | |   Bódíbad    Ruad   Clairinech     |          Breisrigh |                |                   |              |     Capa            Connra              Fachtna        Sedna 2 |                |                Fáthach           | |                |                                  |   Fachtna            Éllim                              Duach |                                                 Finn |                                         __________|_____________      |                                          |                      |     Cas                                     Muireadach                Enda |                                      Bolgrach                Dearg |                   ______________________|                      |      |                    |                     |                      |     Cas                Fiacha                 Duach                  Lugaid Trillsech           Tolgrach               Temrach                Iardonn |                   |               ______|______                |      |                    |               |           |                |   Amergin               Duach          Eochaid    Conaing           Eochaid |               Ladhgrach       Fiadmuine  Begeaglach        Uaircheas |                   |                                            |      |                    |                                            |   Conall               Eochaid                                      Lugaid Cernach              Buadach                                     Lámdearg |             ______|______                                      |      |              |           |                                      |    Irial         Úgaine    Badbchaid                                  Art Glunmar         Mor                                                 | |         ____|_________________________                         |      |          |                            |                         |   Fiachna    Lóegaire                     Cobthach                   Ailill Finnamnas    Lorc                      Cóel Breg                   Finn |         |                            |                         |  Muireadach  Ailill                       Meilge                    Eochaid              (Fir Bolg) |       Áine                       Molbthach                     |                      | |         |                            |                         |                      |  Finnchad    Labraid                      Irereo                    Lugaid                  Rinnal |     Loingsech                        |                      Laigde                 Dagarmag |         |                            |                         |                      | Giallchaidh   Ailill                      Connla                   Rechtaid                Erndolb Fionn     Bracan                       Cáem                    Rígderg                   | |         |                            |                         |                      |   Cathbad    Aengus                       Ailill                   Cobthach                 Oiris |      Ollamh                    Caisfhiaclach                 Cáem                 Eclonnach |         |                            |                         |                      |  Rochruide   Bresal                       Eochaid                   Mog Corb               Luaigne |       Brec                      Ailtleathan                    |                   Laidcinn |         |                   _________|_____________            |                      |      |          |                   |          |          |            |                      |     Mal      Fergus               Aengus    Ederscél    Fiacha      Fer Corb                 Tat Fortamail           Tuirmech   Temrach    Fer Mara        |                  Tetmanach |                  |          |          |            |                      |             Fedlimid              Enna      Conall      Ailill      Adamair                 Dichun Forthriun           Aignech  Collamrach    Érainn         |                  Uairidnach |                  |                     |            |                      |             Crimthann            Labraid              Feradach        Nia                  Rudraige Coscrach            Lorc                    |         Segamain                  | |                  |                     |            |                      |             Mog Art             Blathacht               Forga       Innatmar               Dubthach |                  |                     |            |                      |                Art               Esamain                Maine       Lugaid                 Cairbre |                Eamna                   |         Luaigne               Cinnchait |                  |                     |            |               Elloit              Rogen                Airndil      Cairbre |                Ruadh                   |          Lusc |                  |                     |            |               Nuada             Fionnloch             Roithriun      Duach Fullon                |                     |       Dallta Dedad |                  |                     |              Feradach             Fionn                 Triun Foglas         ______|______               | |            |           |               |              Ailill        Eochaid     Eochaid         Roisin Glas       Feidlech      Airem             | |            |                           |               Fiacha      Findemna                       Sin Foibric         |                      _____|_____ |            |                      |         |               Bresal       Lugaid                 Degaidh   Eochaid Brec     Riab nDerg                  |         | |            |                      |         |              Lugaid       Crimthann                 Iar     Deitsin Loithfinn     Nia Náir                  |         | |            |                      |         |               Sedna       Feradach                 Ailill   Dluthach Sithbac   Finnfechtnach                |         | |                                   |         |               Nuada                                Eogan     Dáire Necht                                 |         | |                                   |         |               Fergus                              Ederscel  Fiatach Fairge                                |       Finn |                                   |         |               Rossa                               Conaire    Fiacha Ruadh                                Mor    Finnfolaidh |                                             |               Fionn                                         Tuathal File                                       Teachtmhar |                                             |             Conchobar                                       Fedlimid Abradruad                                      Rechtmar |                                             |             Mog Corb                                         Conn |                                        Cétchathach Cú Corb |            Nia Corb |             Cormac Gelta Gáeth |            Fedlimid Firurglas |             Cathair Mor — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bretema7 (talk • contribs) 00:36, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

Just a question
What does it mean "The Gaels take the world above, while the Tuath Dé take the world below (i.e. the Otherworld) and enter the sídhe." ? My question is about "enter the sídhe". I am not a native English speaker, but my understanding is that the sídhe are the Little People, that is, the fairies. So what the verb "enter" mean in this case? It is not a place.... Thank you in advance, and sorry for a question that maybe is considered trivial by English speakers.--Dejudicibus (talk) 16:49, 15 June 2014 (UTC)

 * The sidhe are the "mounds" - the mostly neolithic tombs the gods/fairies were believed to have lived in. The gods/fairies were the aes sidhe, or in modern Irish aos sí, the "people of the mounds". --Nicknack009 (talk) 17:08, 15 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I've clarified this in the text.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  20:08, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

Other research
We should probably include a short bit on later research, e.g. linguistic work connecting Ireland and Iberia, and genetic work that does likewise. I don't mean to lend legitimacy to the pseudo-history, but to clarify what the real connections between these two areas are vs. the medieval political fantasy ones. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  20:10, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Only if the sources discuss the Milesians, if not, it's original research. Doug Weller (talk) 06:57, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

"Race"
I'm not up on the scholarship here, but certainly there's another term for what would be history's version of ethnicity or "national" membership, or whatever concepts existed at the time. In this way I'm saying that "race" would have been a placeholder for something else, since humans don't have subspecies. I have to think the language around Milesians has evolved in the years since they were described as a race. Manys (talk) 20:26, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Milesians (Irish)


text:
Talk:Battle of Mycale

Reference to the Battle of Salamis
The first section makes the point that "it does not seem to have been attributed the same significance (even at the time) as, for example the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon or even the Greek defeat at Thermopylae." Good point, but I would suggest adding the crucial Battle of Salamis to these two. The Battle of Salamis was a stunning victory for the Greeks that stopped the unstoppable Persian navy and army in what was sure to be takeover of the entire Greek mainland and Peloponnese. Tony (talk) 21:32, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Milesians
Who are the Milesians? The link in The battle section suggests that they are somehow connected to Miletus of Greek mythology, but no mention of them is made in the Miletus article. Furthermore, there is a Milesians link, but it refers to the Sons of Mil Espaine (Milesius) from Irish mythology, which appears to be a different group. This inadvertent entanglement of these two Wikipedia uses should be straightened out with either a disambiguation page or a combined article, and this article's reference should point to the appropriate page. -- Jeff Q 07:28, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The Miletus article is a little confusing - the ancient city was very real and one of the important cities of Asia Minor, the mythological eponym was unimportant. I'll work over the city article to clarify this. Stan 12:04, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Please also include some mention of who the Milesians are, if they are related to Miletus (and if you know, that is). With this information, I can figure out how to fix the corresponding pages and links, like the one in this article. -- Jeff Q 14:44, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The Milesians are the inhabitants of Miletus - consonant change is just a little oddity of Greek. Stan 17:46, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Mishkin can I see the sources you have cited for the Persian forces at 60,000 can you please give me the link and one that shows the Greeks were only 40,000, I am starting to feel you are a Greek bigot.

By the way Goldsmith in the discussion area is not going to cut it, provide it in a link, and a famous historian in the article.

-- It's not from a link it's from a book, which I'll quote for you:  The Persians apprised of their approach, and having long experienced their own inferiority, would not ventury to oppose them at sea, but drew up their ships upon land at Mycale, a promontory of Ionia, where they fortified themselves with a wall and a deep trench, while they were also protected by an army of sixty thousand foot, under the command of Tigranes. Oliver Goldsmith - The History of Greece As you can see, 60,000 is a minimum estimation. I'm starting to feel you're a blinded chauvinist and a vandal. Miskin 10:06, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

okay thanks, was that so hard, asking for more detail for the source I hope doesn't constitute a personal attack. Again, thank you for the source.

Casualty Figures
The casualty figures seem realy dubious, are there any sources availabel for them. I mean 815 vs. 40,000 and whole fleet, seems like the Persians just stood there as they were cut down. I'll place unknown for now, and hope their will be some sources for future changes.--Arsenous Commodore 17:33, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not dubious at all. When your army routs without an easy escape route because you've been overwhelmed, betrayed by your "allies" and "geography" there's often a complete massacre. Like Battle of Zama, Battle of Cannae and many many others. If anything the current heavy/heavy losses is totally dubious.79.103.136.133 (talk) 15:52, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

 * What's your source for 815 casualty figure? Paul August ☎ 19:36, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Battle of Mycale. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121012093419/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0382.html to http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0382.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:19, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Mycale


text:
User:Judean/Tomers Thoughts

The ideas that are floating in my head. Okay, so here goes:

(wiki.org)
 * the system will be like a wiki, but not exactly "The Wiki Way" wiki

or for the public.
 * every page will either be intended for an individual, for a group,

set whether the content that they generate is private or public (but only they can edit it.
 * if it is a private/individual's page, or a group's page, they can

that is).
 * public pages are readable/writable by anyone (anyone in the system,

(http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss)
 * EVERY page is syndicated via RSS

 * EVERY page will have an associated IRC/Jabber chatroom.

a node in a Friendster-like social network).
 * every individual using this system can create a FOAF entry (creating

 * every individual can create as many blogs as they want.

 * every individual's content can be set to be public or private.

group.
 * every individual can create a group, and invite others to join a

their content are private to their group, or public.
 * groups can create their own content, too. And decide which items of

content.
 * a user can see what he's edited in the system, and who's editing his

history of their revision history, including who posted it.
 * Every page (as all good Wiki's do, anyways) will have a complete

another language, collaboratively.
 * Every page will be enabled with the ability to translate it into

 * the system will have a hierarchy/directory

then be maintained by people's voting on organizational additions or rearrangements. Example, if someone proposes a top-level category of "Foozball", then since it is unlikely to get many supporting votes from other people, it will not "make the cut".
 * the system's hierarchy will be given an initial design, but will

organized dynamically by the people labelling it and voting on it themselves.
 * therefore, the hierarchial organization of the wiki will be

some graphical representation (www.touchgraph.com)
 * the complicated graph structure of the system will be viewable via

aggregators, by merely taking various sources of info and pooling it into one source.
 * since *every* page is syndicated, some pages might act as

it has been posted and reviewed by many members, and has very little "no" votes compared to those in favor. The code will then be  added.
 * *risky* extension tools can be added to the site dynamically after

the information stored it in with ease (via computer programs / scripts).
 * the system will have an open-source API, so that people can access

webspiders, scrapers, indexers, etc.).
 * the system will be friendly to robots (i.e., webcrawlers,

Well... that's it for now!

It's hard to put a name on it, but by building such an expressive, easy to use, multi-lingual repository of knowledge, in an open and accessible way, we can bring about a second wave of the Internet Revolution, where everyone can meet, share/publish information, and translate it to numerous languages quickly.

As for the business side of things. Once (or if) this catches on, then we can do like what SourceForge (sf.net) did, and offer the exact same services as a corporate package (free for the people, expensive for the corporations). That's how VA Linux makes money on SourceForge.

Please click on the Talk link in order to discuss this idea. Definitely click that link and post a message if you're going to edit something here.

title: User:Judean/Tomers Thoughts


text:
User talk:Isabel Monreal

Hello "new user" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * VERY IMPORTANT: Do not put copyrighted text from other sites on to wikipedia. This will be deleted, and if you do this repeatedly you can be blocked from editing.

So, are you the same person as User:Leticia Echevarría?

-- Infrogmation 18:13, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

What is dynamic programming?

"The term "Dynamic Programming" (DP) refers to a collection of algorithms (definition) that can be used to compute optimal policies given a perfect model of the environment as a Markov decision process (MDP). Classical DP algorithms are of limited utility in reinforcement learning both because of their assumption of a perfect model and because of their great computational expense, but they are still very important theoretically. DP provides an essential foundation for the understanding of the methods presented in the rest of this book. In fact, all of these methods can be viewed as attempts to achieve much the same effect as DP, only with less computation and without assuming a perfect model of the environment."

This paragraph has been taken from this page: http://www-anw.cs.umass.edu/~rich/book/4/node1.html

Useful links:

http://plus.maths.org/issue3/dynamic http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/dynamicprog.html http://benli.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr/~omer/research/dynprog.html

SPEECH RECOGNITION PROJECTS

title: User talk:Isabel Monreal