text:
Kezar Stadium

Kezar Stadium is an outdoor athletics stadium in San Francisco, California, located adjacent to Kezar Pavilion in the southeastern corner of Golden Gate Park. It is the former home of the San Francisco 49ers and the Oakland Raiders (first AFL season only) of the National Football League (NFL) and of the San Francisco Dragons of Major League Lacrosse. It serves as the home of San Francisco City FC of USL League Two.

Kezar also hosts amateur and recreation sports leagues, as well as numerous San Francisco high school football games (including the city championship, known popularly as the "Turkey Bowl").

History
In 1920, Jack Spaulding proposed an athletics stadium for San Francisco, seating 50,000. Many business leaders in the city backed him, as it would keep San Francisco level with other cities with large stadiums. Areas under consideration for the stadium were 7th & Harrison Streets, Ocean Shore, and the Central Park grounds.

In 1922, the San Francisco Park Commission accepted a $100,000 gift from the estate of Mary Kezar to build a memorial in honor of her mother and uncles, who were pioneers in the area. After the City and County of San Francisco appropriated an additional $200,000, the stadium was built in a year. Dedication ceremonies were on May 2, 1925, and featured a two-mile (3.2 km) footrace between Ville Ritola and Paavo Nurmi of Finland, two of the great runners of the era. A little over a month later, the new stadium hosted the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

1930s
The stadium had many uses in the 1930s. In addition to track and field competitions, Kezar Stadium hosted motorcycle racing, auto racing, rugby, lacrosse, soccer, baseball, boxing, cricket, and football. In September 1932, the Australian Cricket Team played a North California all-star team in the Australians' 56-game tour of the U.S. and Canada. The stadium was also home to several colleges (Santa Clara, USF, St. Mary's), Lowell High School, and the now-defunct San Francisco Polytechnic High School. In 1926, the stadium also became the home of the East–West Shrine Game.

High school
In 1928, the city high school championship game between cross-town rivals San Francisco Polytechnic and Lowell drew more than 50,000—still the record for a high school football game in northern California. Local Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory plays most of their home games at Kezar. The annual Bruce-Mahoney rivalry football game between St. Ignatius College Preparatory and Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory is held at the new (smaller) stadium.

College
The annual East-West Shrine Game of 1931 was replaced by a raucous Knights of Columbus game featuring the Savoldi All-Stars. Prescott Sullivan, a San Francisco News Call Bulletin sportswriter, recounted the day's events in his January 26 column. "Jumping Joe" Savoldi gave some very sound reasons why Knute Rockne calls him "modern football's greatest fullback" yesterday when he led a team composed largely of California and U.S.C. stars to a 13–0 victory over Ernie Nevers and a supporting cast of St. Mary's players at Kezar Stadium. More than 30,000 customers put the Knights of Columbus' grid finales over in a big way and saw "Jumping Joe" and his playmates cinch their victory with two spectacular fourth period touchdowns. These runs, end to end, constituted a very sizable day's work for "Jumping Joe", and the crowd showed it's [sic] deep appreciation by mobbing him at the finish of the ball game. Savoldi managed to escape by throwing his headgear to the milling throng, and long after the players had left the field of action, Joe's helmet was still at the center of a battle royal. More than 200 enthusiastic souvenir hunters joined in the fight, which continued to rage unabated outside the stadium after police had managed to chase the combatants from the big bowl. Numerous black eyes were exchanged before mounted police finally quelled the uprising. Such is Savoldi's fame!"

Stanford University played four of its home football games at Kezar: one in 1928 and three in 1942. Stanford was also part of the first-ever major college football double header in 1940, which featured Stanford–San Francisco and Santa Clara–Utah.

Professional
Kezar Stadium was the first home of the San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders, as well as many NFL Hall of Famers, historical NFL games, and the first "alley-oop". The Raiders played at Kezar for their first four home games in 1960, and at Candlestick Park during the remainder of their first two seasons, before Frank Youell Field was built as a temporary facility in Oakland. Defensive end Jim Marshall of the visiting Minnesota Vikings had his famous "wrong way run" at Kezar in 1964, against the 49ers on October 25.

Kezar had a poor reputation among NFL players. In his 1987 memoir, Hall of Fame defensive tackle Art Donovan recalls the "look of dread" worn by visiting teams arriving at the stadium, owing to its inadequate dressing rooms, long, dusty tunnel to the field, shredded turf that was a byproduct of rain and overuse, and "god damned seagulls" that would arrive in the fourth quarter and "start shitting on you like they were aiming."

The 49ers played the final NFL game at Kezar in early 1971, losing the 1970 NFC Championship Game to the Dallas Cowboys 17–10 on January 3. The 49ers moved to the more modern and accessible Candlestick Park (1960–2015) for the 1971 season, and played there through 2013.

Kezar Stadium was also the home field of the San Francisco Stingrayz women's professional football team from 2003–2005, until the team was forced to end their season due to a bus accident that injured many players. The Stingrayz were one of the Bay Area's women's tackle football teams in the Women's Professional Football League, and then the Independent Women's Football League.

Dirty Harry
Months after the 49ers' departure, several scenes from the 1971 film Dirty Harry were filmed at and above the stadium. The film's fictional antagonist, Scorpio (played by Andrew Robinson), worked as the caretaker at the stadium and lived under the grandstand.

Concerts
With the loss of professional football in 1971, the stadium became a popular outdoor concert venue, and its proximity to the Haight-Ashbury District helped with the transition. Notable music events included the SNACK Benefit Concert in 1975. Among performers from that event and others were The Doobie Brothers, Jefferson Starship, Tower of Power, Joan Baez, Grateful Dead, Santana, Bob Dylan, Neil Young, Graham Central Station and Led Zeppelin.

Demolition and reconstruction
With pending demolition, the bleacher planks of Kezar Stadium were sold off to fans at a party in April 1989. In June, the stadium was demolished and rebuilt with a much smaller seating capacity of 10,000. The upgrades included an eight-lane, all-weather track and a grass athletic infield suitable for soccer, football, and lacrosse.

During the reconstruction, the field and track configurations were shifted several degrees counterclockwise, to move the stadium away from Frederick Street. The evidence for this can be seen by examining photos of the tunnel entrance at the east end of the field, which used to be exactly on the long axis of the track. A replica of the original concrete arch bearing the name "Kezar Stadium" was built on the west side of the stadium as a tribute to the original structure. A plaque of NFL Hall of Famer Bob St. Clair, a San Francisco native who played 11 pro seasons (1953–63) with the 49ers, plus his high school (S.F. Poly) and most of his college career (USF) at Kezar Stadium, is built into the replica arch.

2014–2015 renovation
Kezar Stadium was closed for renovations from September 2014 until March 2015. The $3.2-million renovation included new entry walk paving, upgraded sound system, new perimeter walkways and curbs, installation of new Mondo running track surface, and striping for nine 42” lanes. In addition, 1,000 historic Candlestick Park seats were installed for the public to enjoy. The renovation was funded by the city's Capital Planning General Fund. Mayor Edwin M. Lee helped re-open the stadium with a warm-up run.

In December 2016, 4,000 additional historic Candlestick seats were acquired and installed at Kezar. The seats were paid for by the San Francisco Deltas as a part of a $1-million improvement the team agreed upon to make use of the stadium.

Soccer and other sports
In 1967 it served as the home stadium for the San Francisco Golden Gate Gales of the United Soccer Association.

With the 2006 West Coast expansion of Major League Lacrosse, Kezar Stadium once again became a home to a professional team, the San Francisco Dragons. In October 2006, United Soccer Leagues (USL) and Spanish football club Deportivo Alavés announced that the new pro soccer team, named California Victory, would play their 2007 home games at Kezar. The Victory played in the USL's First Division, one level below Major League Soccer. However, Alaves later withdrew their support and the team folded.

Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory, a nearby Catholic high school uses the field for their home football games. Mission High School also uses the field for home games. Kezar has also been the host of several Northern California Semi-pro football championship games.

In 2010, 2011, and 2012, Stanford University held its spring football game at Kezar. For the 2012 and 2016 San Francisco Olympic bids, Kezar was designated to host field hockey had San Francisco been chosen in either year.

From 2001 to present, Kezar has been the home field for San Francisco City FC, a supporter-owned club playing in USL Two.

In 2017, Kezar became the home field for the San Francisco Deltas, a professional soccer team playing in the North American Soccer League (NASL). The Deltas have contributed over $1-million in renovations to the stadium. However, Deltas announced that they would be concluding operations and the team folded.

In February 2018, San Francisco City FC announced they would return to Kezar Stadium for the 2018 PDL season.

Women's soccer
The San Francisco Nighthawks, founded in 1995 and a member of the Women's Premier Soccer League, play their home games at Kezar. The Bay Area Breeze of the W-League started play there in 2013.

College lacrosse
Kezar is also the home to the annual San Francisco Fall Lacrosse Classic, an NCAA Division I fall ball game started in 2009 to benefit the Bay Area Youth Sports Foundation. The first event was between Brown and North Carolina. It was the first Division I men's lacrosse played in Northern California. North Carolina beat Brown 13–5 in front of a crowd of more than 4,500. The 2010 event featured lacrosse powerhouse Johns Hopkins and Notre Dame on Saturday, October 16, 2010. Notre Dame beat Hopkins 10–7. The third installment took place on Saturday, October 8, 2011, and featured the University of Denver and Harvard University. The fourth installment took place Sunday October 21, 2012 in a match between Lehigh and Ohio State. As a direct result of the San Francisco Fall Lacrosse Classic, the BAYS Foundation has made over $225,000 in grants to local youth sports and educations programs for under-resourced children throughout the Bay Area.

Other sports
In 2013, Kezar was home to the Major League Ultimate (MLU) team, the San Francisco Dogfish.

Kezar was home to the San Francisco GAA football league (Gaelic football). In 2004 it served as the home of the San Francisco Freedom, the city's Pro Cricket team.

title: Kezar Stadium


text:
Silvestris

Silvestris may refer to:
 * Bernard Silvestris, a Medieval Platonist philosopher and poet of the 12th century

Species

 * Felis silvestris, the European wildcat, a mammal species
 * Malthonica silvestris, a spider species mostly found in caves or on dumps
 * Pinus sylvestris, the Scots pine, a pine species

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Silvestris


text:
Talk:Lavrentiy Beria

"The House on Nikitski Pereulic" / Texas Escapes source
I'm going to go ahead and open a discussion on this. In short, source [73] is an article on the TexasEscapes.com website which primarily details supernatural occurrences. These details should be extremely noteworthy if the source cited is a trustworthy one. If it is not trustworthy, then I would like to remove the sentence which cites it. Alternatively, if someone can find a better source for that sentence then we should absolutely change the source out. These are my thoughts on this. Albert Mond (talk) 20:38, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Went onto the website from what I've read on the website and online *(there's barely anything)* hes a paranormal "historian" who lists zero sources, claims to have seen hundreds of ghost and ufos, and has written a book titled *True tales of haunted Russia" which features two completely different people as author pictures? I'm removing this source immediately. Don't add it back. OPArclight (talk) 01:33, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry but OPArclight is right and this is nonsense. Ceoil (talk) 01:42, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

Animal Farm reference?
In the Television section it is states that Pincher from animal farm represents Beria.

 * 1) im really not sure he does
 * 2) the section references film, so this should be in the film section
 * 3) pincher is a character in the novel animal farm, so surely this should be in literature

DParkinson1 (talk) 14:25, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

extensive revision of article needed
sources cited in article are very poor, with some like those from american newspapers, like washington post, are in turn making claims based on mostly anonymous sources, that have not been confirmed from any other source, even though years have passed since newspaper articles. this is yet another typical example of total failure of wikipedia to be a reliable source of information. properly sourced extensive revision of article needed to rectify this. 2402:4000:2381:29EF:48DB:50BF:A506:2 (talk) 16:19, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

Undue weight toward sexual predation?
This has come up several times in the past (here, here and here), but the of the the article seems weighted too heavily toward Beria's sexual predation. Specifically, the "Sexual predation" section is too long relative to the rest of the article (e.g. it is nearly as long as the "Head of the NKVD" section) considering its relative importance. A perusal of the article introduction summarizes the numerous notable activities of Beria, while not mentioning his sexual predation at all. Ending the article with extensive tabloid-like section detracts from what is otherwise a decent article, and downplays the more heinous of Beria's offenses (e.g. administration of the gulags, ordering of the Katyn massacre, mass deportations, other sundry purges and killings), each of which merits only a sentence or two in the article.

However, as Wikipedia is well-served by coverage of the predation topic (which could even be expanded), simply deleting material from the section is not ideal. Should consideration be made of splitting the bulk of this section into a subtopic article per WP:SPINOFF as is done for other major figures (cf. Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites, Donald Trump and American football) What say ye? Would a subtopic article help balance the current article or would its existence lend undue weight to the topic? —  AjaxSmack 13:49, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree that the sexual predation section is incongruously long compared with other sections of the article. But it would surely be strange to react to that by creating a spinoff article, thus according the issue even more importance. I would have thought it sufficient to (a) mention the issue in the introduction and (b) trimming the section by say 20% which would still leave it substantial in length. Sbishop (talk) 15:08, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * How many women has Beria raped? There is only one in the verdict - Drozdova 46.73.141.46 (talk) 17:01, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Why "Lavrentiy" and not "Lavrenty"?
AFAIK, the practice is to transcribe the the -ий ending in Russian first names as "-y". Cf. Дмитрий Медведев - Dmitry Medvedev, Геннадий Зюганов - Gennady Zyuganov, Валерий Герасимов - Valery Gerasimov, Евгений Пригожин - Yevgeny Prigozhin, Афанасий Фет - Afanasy Fet, Прокопий Ляпунов - Prokopy Lypunov etc. etc. These are all people from different centuries and the last one is even from the 17th century. There's even a Georgian communist statesman and a contemporary of Beria who has the same first name as his - Лаврентий Картвелишвили who's transcribed as Lavrenty Kartvelishvili! And another one - Лаврентий Загоскин - Lavrenty Zagoskin. Why isn't this the case in Beria's first name? GreatLeader1945 (talk) 17:56, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Transliteration rules don't apply to peoples' names. Wikipedia follows what reliable English-language secondary sources use.  Tchaikovsky, not Chaykovsky. Can you cite sources that support the name "Lavrenty Beria"? 162 etc. (talk) 06:19, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @162 etc. You didnt get the point. And the example youve given proves my point - the ending has to be in -y, and not -iy. I've requested a technical move. GreatLeader1945 (talk) 09:03, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Please familiarize yourself with WP:COMMONNAME and WP:NCRUS, which addresses this specifically. 162 etc. (talk) 16:30, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Add "serial rapist" to heading
It seems important considering he is one of the most prolific rapists of all time. MountainDew20 (talk) 23:12, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

 * How many women has Beria raped? There is only one in the verdict - Drozdova 46.73.141.46 (talk) 17:02, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Montefiore is not a good source
Some parts of this article use Montefiore's work as a source. He is not an academic historian and his works are very lackluster with sources. It shouldn't be used to source any claim if the source he used is not verified. These parts shoyld either be re-sourced or deleted outright, specially those that spout opinions of Montefiore rather thsn facts Oscar Lama (talk) 03:34, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lavrentiy Beria


text: User talk:216.185.84.246

title: User talk:216.185.84.246


text:
Tonea Stewart

Tonea Stewart (born February 3, 1947), also Tommie Stewart, is an American actress and university professor. She is the former dean of the College of Visual and Performing Arts of Alabama State University in Montgomery, Alabama.

She had a recurring role as Aunt Etta Kibby in the American television series In the Heat of the Night, and is an NAACP Image Award nominee for acting in film A Time to Kill.

From the beginning of her acting career until 2019, Stewart concurrently worked as an actress and educator; she did not act full time until her retirement from teaching.

Early life and education
Stewart was born in Greenwood, Mississippi, the daughter of Hattie (née Leonard) and Thomas Harris. Her father worked as an electrician and plumber, while Stewart's mother was an educator. They would divorce when Stewart was 4 years old. Her sister, Beverly Branson, is a singer, and the two have performed together on stage.

Her original intention was to become a doctor, and she studied biology at Jackson State University. However, after acting in a school production, Stewart changed her major to theater. She earned a BS degree in speech and theater at Jackson, and then studied theater at the University of California at Santa Barbara. In 1989, Stewart received a PhD in theater arts from Florida State University.

Acting career
Stewart's first performance on screen was in TV movie Nightmare in Badham County (1976). She appeared as Mrs. Walker in film Mississippi Burning (1988). From 1991 to 1993, Stewart played Aunt Etta Kibby on In the Heat of the Night. On the series, she had previously portrayed a different character, and returned under this new role as producers were impressed with her performance. Stewart acted in the feature films Body Snatchers, Livin' Large, Mississippi Damned and Girls Trip.

She has made guest appearances on television series Matlock, Walker, Texas Ranger, ER and Touched by an Angel. She played Gwen Hailey, the wife of Samuel L. Jackson's character, in A Time to Kill (1996). Stewart received an NAACP Image Award nomination for her work in this film. In Come Sunday (2018), she portrayed the mother of Pentecostal bishop Carlton Pearson.

The majority of Stewart's work has been in television films. She acted in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Don't Look Back: The Story of Leroy 'Satchel' Paige (portraying the mother of Satchel Paige) and The Rosa Parks Story, where she appeared as Johnnie Carr. In 1994, Stewart appeared in the TV movies One Christmas as Evangeline and A Passion for Justice: The Hazel Brannon Smith Story as Henrietta. She portrayed Memaw, the grandmother of Halle Downing, in the Oprah Winfrey Network movie First Christmas.

Teaching career
Stewart began teaching in 1971, educating high school students. At her alma mater, Jackson State University, she taught speech to her students. By 1983, Stewart was assistant professor for the dramatics and speech departments at Jackson.

Starting in 1990, she was a professor at the College of Visual and Performing Arts for Alabama State University, also chairing the theater department. Stewart eventually became dean before retiring in 2019 after 48 years in education. One of her students was Stephen Boss.

In 2020, Stewart was appointed by Alabama state governor Kay Ivey to represent the fifth district of the Alabama State Board of Education.

Personal life
She is married to Allen Stewart, with whom she has three children. One of her grandchildren is Jennifer Dallas.

Television
Guest Starring Roles
 * Walker, Texas Ranger "Rise to the Occasion" (1999) as Principal Rivers
 * Walker, Texas Ranger "The Trial of LaRue" (1997) as Judge Loretta Paxton
 * Memphis Beat "I Want to be Free" as Miss Angelina
 * Matlock "The Juror" (1993) as Henrietta Dorsey
 * In the Heat of the Night (198?) as Ms. Gray in Season 2 episode "Prisoners" as Ms. Gray, the mother of slain prison victim, Eric Gray.
 * American Horror Story: Coven (2013) as Cora

Starring Roles
 * In the Heat of the Night (1988) as Aunt Etta (Virgil's widowed maternal aunt Etta Kibbee. She resides with Virgil and Althea Tibbs and is caretaker of their twins, William Calvin and Sarah Ruth. (Seasons 4–7) Prior to her role as Kibbee, Stewart also appeared on the Season 2 episode "Prisoners" as Ms. Gray, the mother of slain prison victim, Eric Gray.

Film

 * Same Kind of Different as Me (2017) as Big Mama
 * Girls Trip (2017) as Aunt Marian
 * The Hollars (2015) as Latisha
 * Mississippi Damned (2009) as Alice
 * A Time to Kill (1996) as Gwen Hailey
 * Mississippi Burning (1988) as Mrs. Walker
 * I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979) as Lillie (credited as Tommie Stewart)
 * Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry (1978) as Mrs. Avery (credited as Tommie Stewart)
 * Nightmare in Badham County (1976) – Alma (credited as Tommie Stewart)

title: Tonea Stewart


text:
Hoxie

Hoxie may refer to:

Places

 * United States
 * Hoxie, Arkansas, a city in Lawrence County
 * Hoxie, Kansas, a city in Sheridan County
 * the Hoxie meteorite landed near Hoxie, Kansas (see meteorite falls)

Ships

 * SS Hoxie, American cargo ship built in 1918
 * Harriet Hoxie, American clipper ship built in 1851

Other uses

 * Hoxie (surname)
 * Hoxie House, one of the oldest houses on Cape Cod, Massachusetts

title: Hoxie


text:
User talk:Bex

Hello "Bex" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 16:36, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bex


text:
Llanfairfechan

 * ) is a town and community in the Conwy County Borough, Wales. It is known as a seaside resort and had a population at the 2001 Census of 3,755, reducing to 3,637 at the 2011 Census.  The history of the area dates back to at least Roman times, as demonstrated by the discovery of a large second century milestone, which is now preserved in the British Museum.

Political boundary
It was in Gwynedd from 1972 to 1996, and prior to that was in Caernarfonshire. For ceremonial and electoral boundary purposes it was transferred from the preserved county of Gwynedd to that of Clwyd in 2003. For electoral purposes, the community of Llanfairfechan consists of three electoral wards, Bryn, Lafan and Pandy for the town council. The wards Bryn and Lafan are merged to create the Bryn ward for the county council.

Transport connections
The town lies on the north coast on the route of the A55 road, between Penmaenmawr and Bangor. It has a railway station on the North Wales Coast Line. It, however, is in the unusual situation where there is only one public road that connects it with the remainder of the British road network, which is the A55 road North Wales Expressway.

Notable sites
Morfa Madryn, the salt marsh area immediately west of the town on the shore of Traeth Lafan, is a local authority-managed nature reserve of outstanding beauty and a favourite haunt of bird watchers. The site is home to cormorants and shags. The rare little egret can also be spotted. It is also not far from Aber Falls.

Llanfairfechan is also home to Bryn y Neuadd Hospital, a learning disability facility, a mental health unit (Carreg Fawr) and a medium-secure unit (Tŷ Llywelyn). The site, Bryn Y Neuadd, is also home to the control centres for both the Emergency and Non-Emergency Ambulance services for the north.

Llanfairfechan was judged North Wales Calor Village of the Year for 2009 in the competition run by Calor Gas UK

The earlier Llanfairfechan Golf Club was founded in 1909. This club continued until the early 1950s. There is still a golf club operating in the town under the same name.

Wern Isaf (Rosebriars) is a house and garden designed by the architect Herbert Luck North. Born in Llanfairfechan, Luck North studied in London under Henry Wilson and Edwin Lutyens, before returning to build a substantial practice in Wales. His home is a Grade II listed building and its garden is listed, also at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

Welsh language
According to the 2011 Census, 45.3% of the population of the town can speak Welsh. 66.2% of the town's population who were born in Wales noted that they could speak the language.

The two schools situated in Llanfairfechan, Ysgol Pant-y-Rhedyn and Ysgol Babanod Llanfairfechan, are categorized as being predominantly English-medium schools but with significant use of Welsh.

Town twinning
In 2011, the process of town-twinning between Llanfairfechan and Pleumeleuc was completed over the first weekend of June. A number of events were held over the weekend, including trips to local attractions and guided tours around Llanfairfechan itself.

title: Llanfairfechan


text:
The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard

The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard is an action-adventure video game developed and published by Bethesda Softworks. It is unique in The Elder Scrolls series as the only game with a predetermined character and forced third-person point of view.

The story is set on the island of Stros M'Kai, an island off the coast of Hammerfell in Tamriel, in the final years of the Second Era, between the events of The Elder Scrolls Online and Arena. Cyrus, a young Redguard, arrives on the island in order to find his missing sister, Iszara, and subsequently finds himself in the middle of political intrigue.

Gameplay
Redguard is a free roaming action-adventure game played entirely in the third-person. It also features a protagonist with a set name, race and set of skills, whereas the other games allow the player to customize all of these elements.

Plot
Redguard's storyline takes places amid the Tiber Wars, shortly after Tiber Septim's Third Empire conquered and occupied Hammerfell. The death of Hammerfell's king had sparked a civil war between its competing political factions, the Crowns and the Forebears, the former led by the king's son, Prince A'tor. Septim sided with the Forebears and pushed the Crowns back to Stros M'Kai, where his best admiral, Lord Richton, and the mercenary dragon Nafaalilargus crushed Prince A'tor's remaining forces at the Battle of Hunding Bay. Richton's Dark Elf assassin Dram shot A'tor with a poisoned arrow, and despite the wizard Voa's attempts to save the prince, he seemingly did not survive. In the months that followed, Richton was named provisional governor of Stros M'Kai, a position he has held ruthlessly at the expense of the island's residents.

Cyrus is a mercenary under the employ of the Khajiit crime boss S'rathra. In Wayrest, he receives a letter from his old mentor and friend, Tobias. Tobias urges Cyrus to come to Stros M'Kai, where his sister has gone missing. Cyrus travels by ship, but as he nears the island, a group of Restless League pirates raids the ship. He dispatches them without trouble and the ship docks at the harbor. At the Draggin' Tale inn, Tobias fills Cyrus in on further details.

Hoping to gain an audience with Lord Richton, Cyrus takes a courier job which involves journeying to the Sload necromancer N'Gasta's fortified isle and delivering an amulet of his to Richton. The delivery is an opportunity for him to interrogate the governor, but he oversteps and is condemned to summary execution. Richton, impressed by the swift defeat of his guards, decides to imprison Cyrus in the palace's catacombs instead. There, Cyrus meets a dying Restless League member who gives him a key to the Saintsport lighthouse. He escapes the catacombs and learns how to signal the League at the lighthouse. Their ship arrives and takes him to their pirate cove hideout. Cyrus discovers that Iszara was prince A'tor's lover and a member of the Restless League, and that A'tor did not die but had his soul trapped in a soul gem, the very same amulet Cyrus had delivered to Richton. Iszara's plan had been to restore A'tor to life, but the League's caution made her steal the soul gem and take matters into her own hands.

Cyrus locates the legendary Flask of Lillandril, which he is told can be used to counter N'Gasta's magic spells. He returns to N'Gasta's tower in the hopes of finding Iszara there. The necromancer reveals how he tricked her and sent her soul to Clavicus Vile. Cyrus defeats N'Gasta using the flask then performs a ritual to enter Vile's realm, where he confronts the Daedric Prince. Vile relinquishes Iszara's soul after Cyrus wagers his own soul that he can solve a riddle. Iszara's soul restored, she accompanies Cyrus back to the League hideout. Cyrus succeeds at traversing the palace treasure vaults and slaying the dragon Nafaalilargus, who was tasked with guarding the soul gem.

In addition to the soul gem itself, Cyrus found Voa's ring within the island's underground goblin-infested caverns. He also helped a Yokudan wise woman, Saban, guide her son's soul past N'Gasta's soul snare to an afterlife in the Far Shores. This required fixing and studying the island's Dwarven orrery with a gear he found in the nearby ruins. With the soul gem, ring, and Saban to perform the ritual, Cyrus, Iszara, and the Restless League sneak into the local temple where A'tor's body is hidden. The ritual fails, however, placing A'tor's soul in his sword. Cyrus wields the "soul sword" and rallies his disheartened compatriots into a final attack on the harbor while he enters the palace to kill Richton. In the chaos of the attack, Richton and Dram prepare to flee the island in a Dwarven airship. Cyrus manages to board it as it launches. He duels Richton, who feigns surrender so that Dram can finish Cyrus off. Prince A'tor's spirit takes command of the soul sword to deliver fatal blows to Richton and Dram. With the governor defeated, Iszara assumes leadership of Stros M'Kai, begins rebuilding, and negotiates favorable treaties for Hammerfell with Tiber Septim and the Forebears as Cyrus leaves to explore Tamriel again.

Development and release
The game was in development for two and a half years. Redguard was the second of the three titles to be released, on November 14, 1998. With the inspiration of Tomb Raider, Prince of Persia, and the Ultima series, Bethesda was to create a new series of pure action-adventure games under The Elder Scrolls Adventures label. Players would talk to NPCs through keywords, use items to solve puzzles, and follow an "epic" storyline, while moving through dungeons, sword fights and chasms.

With Redguard, the team focused its art time on achieving great detail in one particular area with the XnGine, creating the real-time 3D environments of the island and town of Stros M'Kai. Redguard did not offer the player the chance to create their own character. Instead, players would play the prefabricated "Cyrus the Redguard".

Redguard runs in MS-DOS through the XnGine engine, but the CD-ROM shipped with the Windows-only InstallShield installation program, and features a software renderer as well as a hardware accelerated Glide renderer. The game's manual also included a section called the Pocket Guide to the Empire, in which details were given on all the provinces of the Empire during that Era. This guide is written from the point of view of an Imperial, and has several handwritten notices in it written by an anti-imperial. Lastly, in some distributions of the game, the map that was provided in the box was partially burnt to provide an additional level of verisimilitude.

Early copies of Redguard also shipped with a comic book depicting the events that led up to Cyrus' adventure on Stros M'Kai. The comic is available for free download, via the official website. The main character Cyrus is referenced in The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion: in a song sung by the first mate of the ship, the Marie Elena.

Reception
Like its predecessor An Elder Scrolls Legend: Battlespire, Redguard was a commercial flop. In retrospect, Todd Howard summarized that Redguard "didn't do well for the company", which contributed to Bethesda's financial downward spiral between 1996 and 2000.

The game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Next Generation said that "Even with the faults [...] Redguard is an impressive addition to the Elder Scrolls series and deserves any true adventure fan's attention."

The game was a finalist for Computer Gaming World's 1998 "Best Adventure" award, but lost it to Grim Fandango and Sanitarium (tie). Likewise, GameSpot and PC Gamer US nominated the game as the year's best adventure title, but ultimately gave the distinction to Grim Fandango. The staff of the latter publication wrote, "While it has a lot of action-style gameplay that may turn off the stodgier adventure fans, Redguard delivers the genre's staples of exploration and puzzle solving in a fresh and entertaining way."

title: The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard


text:
Humenné

Humenné (Homonna; ) is a town in the Prešov Region ("kraj") in eastern Slovakia and the second largest town of the historic Zemplín region. It lies at the volcanic Vihorlat mountains and at the confluence of the Laborec and Cirocha Rivers.

Names and etymology
The name comes from a common Slavic word "humno" (gumьno). In Slovak "backyard", the exact meaning may differ in dialects. Initially, a female adjective (1322 Homonna, 1332 Humenna, 1381 Humenna, 1391 Humonna) then neutrum Humenné.

Landmarks
Humenné is a center of one of the easternmost districts ("okres") in Slovakia. The most attractive places are the Vihorlat Mountains boasting of their Morské oko lake, and the Bukovské vrchy (section of the Bieszczady Mountains) at the border of Slovakia, Poland, and Ukraine, which are part of the Poloniny National Park. Humenné is surrounded by ruins of medieval castles and an open-air museum of architecture situated in the town park.

Castles and mansions near Humenné:

 * Brekov Castle (in ruins, 7 km to the southwest)
 * Jasenov Castle (in ruins, 3 km to the south)
 * Čičava Castle (in ruins, 14 km to the southwest )
 * Kamenica nad Cirochou: Classicistic mansion from 1773 (at the moment closed for public, 7 km to the east)

History

The Laborec River and the Carpathian Mountains predetermined the development of the town and its surroundings, a silent witness of which has been Vihorlat volcano, at 1075 m the highest peak of the Vihorlat mountains. Thanks to its advantageous location and pleasant climate, preconditioned by the neighboring mountains, the town has been an attractive place for people since the Stone Age, which is evidenced by a number of archeological findings. The Slavic forefathers of the Slovaks gradually moved to the basin of Humenné during the great migration of peoples, starting in the 5th century.

An intensive and organized settlement of this area started as late as in the middle of the 13th century, after the Mongol raids. The first written document mentioning Humenné dates back to 1317. The history of Humenné is closely connected with the Drugeth (Drugets, Drugetovci), a distinguished aristocratic family originally from Naples, who, accompanying the king Charles Robert of Anjou, came to the Kingdom of Hungary (the territory of present-day Slovakia was part of the Kingdom of Hungary) at the beginning of the 14th century. The Drugeths made Humenné their seat and changed it into the centre of one of the largest feudal dominions in Upper-Hungary. King Matthias Corvinus conferred civic privileges (town status) on the town, which were validated by a seal with coat of arms. At that time, the town was crossed by an important trade route connecting the Kingdom of Hungary with the Kingdom of Poland. Humenné is mentioned among royal customs offices, and later on it received the right of storehousing and supposedly market rights, too. This was also the time of an ever-increasing influence of shepherd colonization from Transcarpathia by the so-called Walachians (Ruthenes, Poles, and Romanians).

The most significant town monument, a Renaissance castle, was built on the place of an original stone castle in about 1610. The castle came to be an indispensable characteristic feature of the town and serves for museum and cultural purposes at present.

In 1613, during the Counter Reformation, a Jesuit college was established as the first secondary school in the history of Humenné.

In 1619, about 10,000 Polish riders—a lisowczycy—led by Walenty Rogawski, defeated army of George I Rákóczi in Battle of Humenné. Rákóczi was insurgent against Habsburgs and ally of Gábor Bethlen, Duke of Transylvania.

The Drugeth line died out in 1684 and new feudal lords moved in, notably the Csákys and the Wandernats.

The abolition of some feudal duties and the reforms of Maria Theresa promoted the development of crafts, and Humenné became the seat of the so-called "salt office". The town's population consisted of Slovaks, Ruthenes, Hungarians and Jews. Latin was used as the administrative language, which appeared to be a stabilizing factor in such a mixture of nationalities.

The Andrássy family from Transylvania started to influence the history of Humenné in the 19th century, a period characterized by economic growth. Moreover, many new buildings were erected at that time. The main fields of activities of town inhabitants were agriculture, crafts and trade. The first train appeared in Humenné in 1871, stimulating the development of trade and wood cutting. In 1899 the first business academy in Austria-Hungary was established in Humenné. Toward the end of the 19th century, Humenné counted 4,000 inhabitants.

The 20th century brought along a cultural revival. Humenné was famous for its markets and fairs. This promising, though timid, development was interrupted by World War I. A short period of the existence of Czechoslovakia between the two world wars proved to have positive effects upon the life of Humenné. As a corollary of World War II, however, all the effort had to start from the very beginning. On 26 November 1944, Humenné was captured by troops of the Soviet 18th Army, acting as a part of the 4th Ukrainian Front, after which the town became again part of Czechoslovakia.

Until 1956 Humenné was an administrative rather than an economic centre. Then the construction of a plant for the production of textile polyamide fibres, the present Chemlon company, triggered a real chain effect on the town's growth. Humenné was gradually becoming a centre of chemical, building, food and mechanical engineering industries. This had a positive impact on the development of technical colleges. The industrial development entailed large-scale housing projects, and the town area was completed by new housing estates. While there were 7,000 inhabitants living in Humenné in 1948, the population now amounts over 33,000.

Demographics
According to the 2012 census, the town had 34,634 inhabitants. However, along with the surrounding villages that make up the town-ring, Humenné has some 42 thousand inhabitants. 79% of inhabitants were Slovaks, 6.5% Rusyns, 2.33% Roma, 1.16% Ukrainian and 0.49% Czechs. The religious makeup was 57.91% Roman Catholics, 23.00% Greek Catholics, 8.69% people with no religious affiliation, 5.91% Orthodox and 0.98% Lutherans.

In 1910, 48.6% were Roman Catholic, 34.8% Jewish, 12.3% Greek Catholic, while 38.2% reported Hungarian as their primary language, 30.8% Slovak and 21.1% Yiddish or German.

Football
Humenné had one club with top flight history: FC Chemlon Humenné, winning Slovak Cup in 1996. FC Chemlon also played UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in the 1996–97 season. The club had a more turbulent time during its name changes as; HFC Humenné, 1. HFC Humenné and ŠK Futura Humenné and could not replicate its success as Chemlon. In August 2015, the licence of ŠK Futura was bought by FK Drustav Svidník, but the Slovak Football Association rules do not allow to change club names only a few days before the start of the season. The Svidník club also announced a merger between FK Drustav and ŠK Futura within one year with a new name.

FK Humenné is the second club in Humenné, established in 2003, playing home matches at the Ihrisko pri Mlyne Stadium, they currently play in the 4th division.

Volleyball
Humenné had one of the most successful team VK Chemes Humenné in Slovak volleyball but due to dispute between owner and town about finance, club was transferred to another town Spišká Nová Ves. Nowadays no one volleyball club is in Humenné.

Ice hockey
The city's ice hockey club is MHK Humenné, that competes in Slovak 1.Liga (2nd level).

Largest companies in Humenné (2015)

 * Andritz Slovakia
 * Nexis Fibers
 * Reinter

Notable natives and residents

 * Štefan Babjak (1931-2008), opera singer
 * Peter Breiner (born 1957), pianist, conductor, and composer
 * Marian Čekovský, Artist
 * Yuri Dojc (born 1946), Artist and Photographer
 * Ladislav Grosman (1921-1981), Oscar prize winner
 * František Kasanič (born 1976), professional boxer
 * Michal Kováč (1930-2016)- first Slovak president in the modern era
 * Gabriel A. Levicky, Artist
 * Morris Newfield (1869-1940), rabbi
 * Erik Tomáš (born 1975), politician
 * István Thomán (1862-1940) Hungarian piano virtuoso and music educator
 * Jozef Tomko (1924-2022), cardinal
 * Ágoston Trefort (1817-1888), Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Religion and Education from 1872 until his death. He was the President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1885
 * Joachim Jacob Unger (1826-1912), rabbi
 * Ferenc Zichy, bishop

Twin towns – sister cities
Humenné is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Darney, France
 * 🇵🇱 Jarosław, Poland
 * 🇭🇺 Mátészalka, Hungary
 * 🇺🇦 Mukachevo, Ukraine
 * 🇺🇦 Perechyn, Ukraine
 * 🇵🇱 Przemyśl, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Sanok, Poland
 * Šibenik, Croatia
 * 🇨🇿 Třebíč, Czech Republic
 * 🇷🇺 Vidnoye, Russia

title: Humenné


text:
Super Play (Sweden)

Super Play (often abbreviated SP) was a Swedish video game magazine. Started in March 1993 with the name Super Power, it was the first independent video game magazine in Sweden. Despite its independence, it initially only covered Nintendo games, but the coverage was extended to all major consoles in 1995. The name was changed in March 1996, and in June 2001 the magazine started covering PC games. Its monthly circulation was in 2003 25,000. The editor in chief until November 2004 was Tobias Bjarneby, who left along with a large segment of the staff to form the new magazine Reset (which later merged with the magazine Player 1 to form LEVEL). The last editor in chief was Joakim Bennet, who succeeded Tommy Rydling in mid-2007.

On 17 August 2009, Joakim Bennet announced that the magazine would be disestablished within the near future. The last issue was released in October 2009. The last issue was dedicated to earlier versions of the magazine, which almost the entire magazine, including a behind-the-scenes and quotes from various numbers from all years. Also was an exclusive script describing the change from Super POWER to Super PLAY, which apparently was supposed to be called simply "Play", and the reviews all having the same layout from previous versions of the magazine, in addition to comments from the readers and exact same ads as previous versions, obviously outdated by then. Notoriously, the review of the PlayStation 3 game Uncharted 2: Among Thieves was the only one based on the layout used 1996-99 and had a yellow stripe, which was the color used by reviews on games from the original PlayStation.

Trivia

 * Patrick Söderlund, now managing director at Digital Illusions (DICE) wrote for the magazine in the mid-1990s.
 * A copy of Super PLAY can be found in the game Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater.
 * Super PLAY was originally called Super POWER.

title: Super Play (Sweden)


text:
Ell Pond (Rhode Island)

Ell Pond is a kettle hole in Hopkinton, Washington County, Rhode Island. It is surrounded by a swamp of red maple and Atlantic white cypress, and by steep granitic monadnocks. The small area contains communities of both hydrophytic and xeric plants, which makes it ideal for ecological research and education. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in May 1974. In 1972, The Nature Conservancy purchased 50 acres including the pond to extend 218 acres of protected land owned by the Audubon Society of Rhode Island and  the 1002 acres  of Rockville Wildlife Management Area owned by the state. The preserve is jointly managed by all three entities. There are hiking trails in the preserve, but Ell pond is specifically not reachable due to its fragile environment.

title: Ell Pond (Rhode Island)


text:
Swansea Bay

Swansea Bay (Bae Abertawe) is a bay on the southern coast of Wales. The River Neath, River Tawe, River Afan, River Kenfig and Clyne River flow into the bay. Swansea Bay and the upper reaches of the Bristol Channel experience a large tidal range. The shipping ports in Swansea Bay are Swansea Docks, Port Talbot Docks and Briton Ferry wharves.

Each stretch of beach within the bay has its own name:
 * Aberavon Beach
 * Baglan Bay
 * Jersey Marine Beach
 * Swansea Beach
 * Mumbles Beach

Oyster trade
Oyster fishing was once an important industry in Swansea Bay, employing 600 people at its height in the 1860s. However, overfishing, disease and pollution had all but wiped out the oyster population by 1920. In 2005, plans were announced to reintroduce the Oyster farming industry.

Pollution
For the last two decades of the 20th century, the bay was blighted by pollution, partly from the surrounding heavy industry and partly from sewerage outlets being sited at inappropriate locations including the main one that was located just seaward of Mumbles Lighthouse. A pumping station inside the cliff adjacent to Knab Rock brought all of Swansea city's effluent in a raw form to this point. Adding to the problem was the natural current flow of the waters in the Bay which often did not move the polluted waters further out to sea. Ironically, the outgoing tide did not carry the raw sewage down the adjacent Bristol Channel, but instead cause it to be sucked in around the circumference of the Bay and only then out down the Channel. If not fully discharged on that tide, the incoming tide would then push the same effluent up the Channel, and once again circulate around the Bay. Efforts were made by the local authority to reduce the pollution in the Bay but care had to be taken to ensure the pollution did not move to the popular beach resorts in south Gower instead.

This original sewer outlet was finally made inactive in around 1996 following the construction of a pipeline which ran all the way back around the Bay following the line of the former Mumbles Railway as far as Beach Street, along the sea-side of the Maritime Quarter and through Swansea Docks to a new £90 million sewage treatment plant at Crymlyn Burrows near Port Tennant. From here a new outlet was made, extending further out to sea. As a consequence of the improvement these works have made, it is hoped that Swansea Bay will achieve Blue Flag Beach status. Aberavon beach was awarded Blue Flag status in December 2007.

Fossil
There is a GE-built gas-fired power station just inland at Baglan Bay. A second gas-fired power station, the "Abernedd Power Station" at Port Talbot, was approved for construction in 2011.

Biomass plans
A new biomass power station was approved in 2014 for construction near the coast at Port Talbot.

Tidal plans
Swansea Bay (along with the rest of the Bristol Channel) has one of the highest tidal ranges in the world. This offers a potential for electricity generation using tidal lagoons. Around 2015, a proposal was made by Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay Ltd for a tidal lagoon. The tidal lagoon would be sited just south of the Queen's Dock between River Tawe and River Neath estuaries. This project was controversial, partly due to the amount of subsidy required to make the project viable and also because of the potential damage to an AONB and MCZ in Cornwall where Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay sought to re-open a disused quarry at Dean Point from which to source the rock for the lagoon.

Wind plans
Construction of an offshore windfarm in the Bay was approved in 2004, but construction was deferred owing to the costs involved. The windfarm was to have been sited at Scarweather Sands, about 3 mi off the coast and visible from Porthcawl.

title: Swansea Bay


text:
Talk:Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Use in advertising
fMRI is used in advertising It shows promise in increasing sales.

see: https://hbr.org/2015/11/marketers-should-pay-attention-to-fmri — Preceding unsigned comment added by Claustro123 (talk • contribs) 15:58, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Arterial Spin Labelling which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 21:49, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

expansion of the critisim section of article.
I think an aspect if fmri that is not adequately covered in this article is its criticisms.

for example, the fact that fMRI is not that good at drawing conclusions on the behavior of individual people due to poor reliability.

also that over 50% (that is a generous figure) of the brain activity is lost due to very poor temporal resolution.

it takes 1msec (=milisecond) for a neuron to send a spike (single electrical pulse) and its been found statisticly that a neurons can send a "sentance" or series of spikes that convay meaningfull information to other neurons within 10-20 msec. fmri takes 1 image per 3 whole seconds and fmri has been critisised for this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RJJ4y7 (talk • contribs) 15:57, 16 July 2020 (UTC)


text:
Tokusatsu

Tokusatsu is a Japanese term for live-action films or television programs that make heavy use of practical special effects. Credited to special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya, tokusatsu mainly refers to science fiction, war, fantasy, or horror media featuring such technology but is also occasionally dubbed a genre itself. Its contemporary use originated in the Japanese mass media around 1958 to explain special effects in an easy-to-understand manner and was popularized during the "first monster boom" (1966-1968). Prior to the monster boom, it was known in Japan as Tokushu gijutsu (特殊技術) or shortened Tokugi (特技).

Renowned subgenres of tokusatsu include kaiju such as the Godzilla and Gamera series; superhero such as the Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series; and mecha like Giant Robo and Super Robot Red Baron. Some tokusatsu television programs combine several of these subgenres, for example, the Ultraman and Super Sentai series.

Tokusatsu is one of the most popular forms of Japanese entertainment, but only a small proportion of tokusatsu films and television programs are widely known outside of Japan. Nevertheless, certain properties have attained popularity outside of Japan; Godzilla is featured in popular American-made movies, and the Super Sentai Series was adapted into the Power Rangers series and broadcast internationally beginning in 1993.

1908–1933: Early development
Tokusatsu has origins in early Japanese theater, specifically in kabuki (with its action and fight scenes) and in bunraku, which utilized some of the earliest forms of special effects, specifically puppetry. Japanese cinema pioneer Shōzō Makino is credited as the founding father of tokusatsu techniques, having directed several jidaigeki films starring Matsunosuke Onoe that featured special effects. Makino's effects work inspired filmmaker Yoshirō Edamasa to employ such technology in his own movies, notably Journey to the West (1917) and The Great Buddha Arrival (1934).

1933–1945: Influence from King Kong and wartime efforts
After researching the special effects featured in King Kong (1933), Eiji Tsuburaya began to develop tokusatsu and had his breakthrough on Princess Kaguya (1935) and The Daughter of the Samurai (1937). Modern tokusatsu, however, did not begin to take shape until the late 1940s.

1954–present: Widespread recognition
Tsuburaya and the director Ishirō Honda became the driving forces behind 1954's Godzilla. Tsuburaya, inspired by the American film King Kong, formulated many of the techniques that would become staples of the genre, such as so-called suitmation—the use of a human actor in a costume to play a giant monster—combined with the use of miniatures and scaled-down city sets. Godzilla forever changed the landscape of Japanese science fiction, fantasy, and cinema by creating a uniquely Japanese vision in a genre typically dominated by American cinema. This film also helped Tsuburaya's employer Toho establish itself as the most successful effects company in the world.

Godzilla kickstarted the kaiju genre in Japan, creating the "Monster Boom", which remained extremely popular for several decades, with characters such as the aforementioned Godzilla, Gamera and King Ghidorah leading the market. However, in 1957 Shintoho produced the first film serial featuring the superhero character Super Giant, signaling a shift in popularity that favored masked heroes over giant monsters called the "Henshin Boom" started by Kamen Rider in 1971, though giant monsters, aliens and humanoid creatures dubbed lit. 'strange person"' or '怪人' or 'kaijin' remained an integral part of the genre. Along with the anime Astro Boy, the Super Giant serials had a profound effect on the world of tokusatsu. The following year, Moonlight Mask premiered, the first of numerous televised superhero dramas that would make up one of the most popular tokusatsu subgenres. Created by Kōhan Kawauchi, he followed up its success with the tokusatsu superhero shows Seven Color Mask (1959) and Messenger of Allah (1960), both starring a young Sonny Chiba.

These original productions preceded the first color-television tokusatsu series, Ambassador Magma and Ultraman, which heralded the Kyodai Hero subgenre, wherein a regular-sized protagonist grows to larger proportions to fight equally large monsters. Popular tokusatsu superhero shows in the 1970s included Kamen Rider (1971), Warrior of Love Rainbowman (1972), Super Sentai (1975, trademarked in 1979) and Spider-Man (1978).

Miniatures
Tokusatsu is recognized for its heavy use of miniature sets, especially in the Kyodai Hero subgenre. Miniatures are placed from the camera's perspective to create the illusion that the characters are larger than they are.

Suitmation
Suitmation (スーツメーション) is the term used to describe the process in tokusatsu movies and television programs used to portray a monster using suit acting. The exact origin of the term remains unknown. At the least, it was used to promote the Godzilla suit from The Return of Godzilla.

Franchises and productions
The many productions of tokusatsu series have general themes common throughout different groups.

Kaiju
Kaiju (怪獣) productions primarily feature monsters, or giant monsters (大怪獣). Such series include Ultraman, the Godzilla film series, the Gamera series, the Daimajin series, and films such as Mothra, The War of the Gargantuas, and The X from Outer Space (宇宙大怪獣ギララ).

Kaijin
literally "mysterious person" (怪人) productions primarily feature supervillains as their central character. This includes films such as The Invisible Avenger, Half Human, The H-Man, The Secret of the Telegian, and The Human Vapor.

Popular franchises
Since about 1960, several long-running television series have combined various other themes. Tsuburaya Productions has had the Ultraman Series starting with Ultra Q and Ultraman in 1966. P Productions began their foray into tokusatsu in 1966 with the series Ambassador Magma. They also had involvement in the Lion-Maru series which concluded in November 2006.

Toei Company has several series that fall under their Toei Superheroes category of programming, starting in 1958 with the film series, Moonlight Mask. Then, they produced several other long-running series, starting with Shotaro Ishinomori's Kamen Rider Series in 1971, the Super Sentai series in 1975, the Metal Hero Series in 1982, and the Toei Fushigi Comedy Series in 1981. Toei also produced several other television series based on Ishinomori's works, including Android Kikaider and Kikaider 01, Robot Detective, Inazuman and Inazuman Flash, and Kaiketsu Zubat. Toei was also involved in the Spider-Man television series, which influenced their subsequent Super Sentai series. In 2003, TV Asahi began broadcasting the Super Sentai and Kamen Rider series in a one-hour block airing each week known as Super Hero Time. Toho, the creators of Godzilla, also had their hands in creating the Chouseishin Series of programs from 2003 to 2006 and the Zone Fighter franchise.

In 2006, Keita Amemiya's Garo, a mature late-night tokusatsu drama was released, starting a franchise composed of several television series and films. Other mature late-night series followed, including a revival of Lion-Maru in Lion-Maru G, the Daimajin Kanon television series (based on the Daimajin film series), and Shougeki Gouraigan!! (also created by Amemiya).

Tokusatsu movies
Various movies classified as tokusatsu can include disaster movies and science fiction films. These include Warning from Space (宇宙人東京に現わる) (1956), The Three Treasures (日本誕生), Invasion of the Neptune Men (宇宙快速船), The Last War (世界大戦争), The Green Slime (ガンマー第3号 宇宙大作戦), Submersion of Japan (日本沈没), The War in Space (惑星大戦争), Virus (復活の日), Bye-Bye Jupiter (さよならジュピター), and Samurai Commando: Mission 1549 (戦国自衛隊1549).

Non-traditional tokusatsu productions
Non-traditional tokusatsu films and television programs may not use conventional special effects or may not star human actors. Though suitmation typifies tokusatsu, some productions may use stop-motion to animate their monsters instead, for example Majin Hunter Mitsurugi in 1973. TV shows may use traditional tokusatsu techniques, but are cast with puppets or marionettes: Uchuusen Silica (1960); Ginga Shonen Tai (1963); Kuchuu Toshi 008 (1969); and Go Nagai's X Bomber (1980). Some tokusatsu may employ animation in addition to its live-action components: Tsuburaya Productions' Dinosaur Expedition Team Bornfree (1976), Dinosaur War Izenborg (1977) and Pro-Wrestling Star Aztekaiser (1976).

Japanese fan films
As the popularity of tokusatsu increased in Japan, several fan film projects have been produced over the years. Hideaki Anno, Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, Takami Akai, and Shinji Higuchi set up a fan-based group called Daicon Film, which they renamed Gainax in 1985 and turned into an animation studio. Besides anime sequences, they also produced a series of tokusatsu shorts parodying monster movies and superhero shows. These productions include Swift Hero Noutenki (1982), Patriotic Squadron Dai-Nippon (1983), Return of Ultraman (1983) and The Eight-Headed Giant Serpent Strikes Back (1985).

Outside of Japan
Tokusatsu techniques have spread outside Japan due to the popularity of Godzilla films.

Adaptations
Godzilla, King of the Monsters! first appeared in English in 1956. Rather than a simple dub of the Japanese-language original, this work represented an entirely re-edited version that restructured the plot to incorporate a new character played by a native English-speaking actor, Raymond Burr. Ultraman gained popularity when United Artists dubbed it for American audiences in the 1960s.

In the 1990s, Haim Saban acquired the distribution rights for the Super Sentai series from Toei Company and combined the original Japanese action footage with new footage featuring American actors, resulting in the Power Rangers franchise which has continued since then into sequel TV series (with Power Rangers Beast Morphers premiering in 2019 and Power Rangers Cosmic Fury premiered in 2023; the franchise is rebooted in 2025), comic books, video games, and three feature films, with a further cinematic universe planned. Following from the success of Power Rangers, Saban acquired the rights to more of Toei's library, creating VR Troopers and Big Bad Beetleborgs from several Metal Hero Series shows and Masked Rider from Kamen Rider Series footage. DIC Entertainment joined this boom by acquiring the rights to Gridman the Hyper Agent and turning it into Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad.

In 2002, 4Kids Entertainment bought the rights to Ultraman Tiga, but simply produced a dub of the Japanese footage, broadcast on the FoxBox. And in 2009, Adness Entertainment took 2002's Kamen Rider Ryuki and turned it into Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight, which began broadcast on The CW4Kids in 2009. It won the first Daytime Emmy for "Outstanding Stunt Coordination" for its original scenes.

In 2023, GMA Network released Voltes V: Legacy, an adaptation of the original Voltes V, which has used special effects and CGI heavily reminiscent of those found in traditional tokusatsu shows, with some western influences added. In 2006, YTV Monster Warriors used CGI for the monsters with humor in the show.

Original productions
In 1961 England-based filmmakers produced the Godzilla-style film, Gorgo, which used the same situation technique as the Godzilla films. That same year, Saga Studios in Denmark made another Godzilla-style giant monster film, Reptilicus, bringing its monster to life using a marionette on a miniature set. In 1967, South Korea produced its monster movie titled Yonggary. In 1975, Shaw Brothers produced a superhero film called The Super Inframan, based on the huge success of Ultraman and Kamen Rider there. The film starred Danny Lee in the title role. Although there were several similar superhero productions in Hong Kong, The Super Inframan came first. With help from Japanese special effects artists under Sadamasa Arikawa, they also produced a Japanese-styled monster movie, The Mighty Peking Man, in 1977.

Concurrent with their work on Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad, DIC attempted an original concept based on the popularity of Power Rangers in 1994's Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills. In 1998, a video from an attempted Power Rangers-styled adaptation of Sailor Moon surfaced, combining original footage of American actresses with original animated sequences.

Saban also attempted to make their own unique tokusatsu series entitled Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog, set in medieval Ireland and featured four, later five knights who transform using the power of the elements (for the most part) at they protected their kingdom from evil. Saban had also produced the live-action Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation, which was known in the turtles' fandom for introducing a female turtle exclusive to that series called Venus de Milo and eliminating the fact that the other turtles were brothers. The show mostly featured actors in costumes, but featured similar choreographed fights like other tokusatsu shows.

Also like other Tokusatsu Productions the Syndicated Big Wolf on Campus and Nickelodeon's Animorphs are also described as "American Tokusatsu" due to the techniques they employed. Fujiyama Ichiban is a 2013 web series shot in Los Angeles.

Also all the other Tokusatsu shows in the YTV's Monster Warriors, was shot in Barrie, Ontario, Canada they used CGI for the monsters.

In the 2000s, production companies in other East Asian countries began producing their own original tokusatsu-inspired television series: Thailand's Sport Ranger and South Korea's Erexion in 2006; the Philippines' Zaido: Pulis Pangkalawakan (itself a sanctioned spinoff of Toei's Space Sheriff Shaider) in 2007; China's Armor Hero in 2008, Battle Strike Team: Giant Saver  in 2012, Metal Kaiser ; and Indonesia's Bima Satria Garuda which began in 2013.

On July the 1st, 2019, Vietnam's Transform Studio co-operating with Dive Into Eden announced their own original tokusatsu series, Mighty Guardian (Vietnamese: Chiến Thần). The first season in the series is Mighty Guardian: Lost Avian (Vietnamese: Chiến Thần Lạc Hồng), using Vietnamese Mythologies as the main concept.

Influence
Kaiju and tokusatsu films, notably Warning from Space (1956), sparked Stanley Kubrick's interest in science fiction films and influenced 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). According to his biographer John Baxter, despite their "clumsy model sequences, the films were often well-photographed in colour ... and their dismal dialogue was delivered in well-designed and well-lit sets."

Steven Spielberg cited Godzilla as an inspiration for Jurassic Park (1993), specifically Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (1956), which he grew up watching. During its production, Spielberg described Godzilla as "the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies because it made you believe it was really happening." Godzilla also influenced the Spielberg film Jaws (1975).

Japanese tokusatsu movies also influenced one of the first video games, Spacewar! (1961), inspiring its science fiction theme. According to the game's programmer Martin Graetz, "we would be off to one of Boston's seedier cinemas to view the latest trash from Toho" as Japanese studios "churned out a steady diet of cinematic junk food of which Rodan and Godzilla are only the best-known examples."

Homage and parody
In 1998, a Brazilian webcomic inspired by both Power Rangers and Super Sentai entitled Combo Rangers was published on the internet, created by Japanese-Brazilian author Fábio Yabu. The webcomic's popularity allowed the webcomic to become a print comic book until 2004 and having a reboot through Graphic Novels in the 2010s.

In 2001, Buki X-1 Productions, a French fan-based production company, produced its own series, Jushi Sentai France Five (now called Shin Kenjushi France Five), a tribute to Toei's long running Super Sentai series. The low-budget television series Kaiju Big Battel directly parodies monster and Kyodai Hero films and series by immersing their own costumed characters in professional wrestling matches among cardboard buildings. In 2006, Mighty Moshin' Emo Rangers premiered on the internet as a Power Rangers spoof, but was quickly picked up by MTV UK for broadcast. The popularity of tokusatsus in Brazil in the 90s provided many fans in the country who even tried to make indie series, the most notable being Insector Sun (a low-budget tribute to Kamen Rider) and TimerMan.

Peyton Reed, the director of the Ant-Man films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, said that Ant-Man's costume design was influenced by two tokusatsu superheroes, Ultraman and Inframan.

In 2015, Brazilian indie game studio, Behold Studios, developed a Power Ranger and Super Sentai inspired game, Chroma Squad.

Tokusatsu has also had a large influence on western animation. Artist Thomas Perkins has delved into work that makes reference to tokusatsu. This is most notable in the design of the character Way Big from Ben 10, who bears a striking resemblance to Ultraman.

In March 2024, Oxford English Dictionary has include the word Tokusatsu as loanword along with others from the Japanese culture.

title: Tokusatsu


text:
Wikipedia talk:Article series boxes

Comments about User:AlexR/Article series boxes should go here.

 * An excellent summary of the issues, Alex. I rather like ASBs, but I completely agree with your proposals that a) they should all be landscape rather than portrait, and b) they should go at the bottom of the page. --ALargeElk 16:54, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

I think that, given oblong boxes, they should go at the top, as that is really where they visually look the best. Beyond that, I think I agree with the proposal in general, and can see the case for broad boxes as better than oblong. Snowspinner 17:37, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * While they would look good at the top, or rather at the right border of the text, putting them on top would intrude badly with the legibility of a text. I keep my browser window at about 800 width, and I use the standard skin, which means I have the menu on the left. If there were boxes at the right side of the text, there would not be too much room left for the text, and if there are pictures or tables in the text, it would lead to horribly looking pages. Also, users looking for a link in the boxes would have to scroll back when they finished reading, which most probably would just not do; therefore the box might simply be wasted. And they would detract from the text itself, even if they don't interfere with the text too much (in a different page setup, most likely). Which is why I proposed that the boxes should go to the bottom. -- AlexR 06:56, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The only time that they should go at the bottom of the page, is in situations where there can be more than one project claiming an article. Article boxes, or what ever you want to call them, which clearly add to the comprehension of text by the public by classifying the article clearly belong on top to the right and below the introduction paragraph. I would propose that images in articles should go on the left so as not to conflict with the boxes. -- John Gohde 17:05, 9 May 2004 (UTC

 * Correcting for correct terminology, I would have to agree that many ASBs should go at the bottom of articles because they will be replacing all those See other link lists currently found at the bottom of articles. -- John Gohde 19:10, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * What about the other important contexts of an article which don't have a box? They don't become less important because some people don't want to follow the latest fad, or because there are just one or two articles relevant anyway. So the boxes should, in my opinion, no matter how many, go to the bottom, and they will not replace the "See other" section, either. -- AlexR 22:48, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

I like your proposal. I'm glad someone took the time to attempt to standardize this sort of thing. Thanks. -Seth Mahoney 02:07, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Since Alex asked for feedback, here's one Wikipedian's two US cents:

I just happened on the article for Greece, & was a bit concerned about the proliferation of boxes as the bottom of the page. These refer to series on Europe, the European Union, NATO, & OECD. Now, I'll admit that these are all germane to the article on Greece, but they looked incongruous to me for these reasons: Will the last item come to pass? I have a sense that the developers are working hard over existing problems, & that my suggestion justifiably may never reach the top of their to-do lists, yet if this integration could be done, I'd guess most of the resistence to the use of "series boxes" would vanish quickly. And I hope I'm not just presenting another off-teh-wall idea here. -- llywrch 02:38, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Needless repetition At a glance, in these 4 boxes, Belgium is linked to 4 times, & Austria 3 times, neither of which has much to do with Greece.
 * 2) Incongruous Associations In the first box of this group, Europe, there are 4 articles linked under "dependencies". I struggled for a second to understand just how "Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, & Jersey" could be seen as dependencies of Greece -- then realized that although they are subdivisions of Denmark & the UK that, they have identities clearly recognized even by other nations. Yes, I admit the failure to understand was on my part, but I can't help but feel this failure was forced upon me, & that the box should have been better constructed.
 * 3) Structure So even if you ignore my other two gripes or whinges, there is still left this sense that I have over four blocks of data that takes up a lot of space, but doesn't deliver the user much information for all of that space; couldn't we find a way with PHP & the Wikipedia software to integrate all of these links into one box that provides links to the European Union, NATO, & OECD, their flags, & all of the member states? Now that would be very cool, & be something we can wave in the faces of proprietary online encyclopedia manufacturers, & challenge them to top.

 * My biggest problem with Greece (Besides the fact that I don't like Greek food) is the painful homogeny of color at the bottom of the page. I think the boxes themselves are all quite well designed. Are there a lot of them? Well, yes. But I blame Europe more than series boxes for that. Snowspinner 03:36, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * painful homogeny of color - I agree about all that blue! See  Infobox for why each project should be using a different color. -- John Gohde 17:08, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I am fairly certain that it is not impossible at all to have similar boxes below any country in the word; the USA are part of NATO and OECD, too, a box about all countries in North and South America could easily been done (it probably exists already) and there are certainly one or more pan-american organisations, too. You are right, though, that four links instead of four boxes would do just as well, or maybe just the "Europe" box and three links — even thought these boxes are series boxes instead of ASBs. -- AlexR 06:42, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Are you objecting to/proposing any guidelines on regular old SBs? Snowspinner 14:48, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Neither. I guess that there has already been a lot of debate about them, about which I don't know too much. Probably regulating them somewhat would be a good idea, some articles are already rather boxed, so to speak. Probably my policy about ASBs would be at least adaptable, so if somebody who knows the previous debates about them wants to do that, feel free. -- AlexR 22:48, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

My US 2 cents worth:

 * 1) I think that ==Content: What should NOT be in an ASB?== is not clear, or perhaps I disagree. I agree that an ASB shouldn't have a huge list of articles. I find some of the geographical ASBs to be ludicrously large and overcomplete (see, e.g., Template:California). However, I think that it is a good thing for an ASB to have a link to a "list of" article. I'll hold up Template:Solar System as a positive example --- it has a list of the 10 most prominent Solar System articles, and then links to two more "list of" articles for experts to browse through. I believe that the "What should NOT be in an ASB" section seems deprecate this, but it may just be unclear.
 * 2) I'm guessing that the thought behind requiring a project for an ASB will discourage random boxes. My fear is that people love random ASBs so much that we'll then be deluged with random WikiProjects! But, since Wikipedia is not paper, maybe this isn't a big issue.

-- hike395 07:17, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Examples of what not to do can be found at Topics. Some related discussion is at Wikipedia talk:Article series, Wikipedia talk:page footers, and wikipedia talk:topics. --Jiang 07:26, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Watch your box
Some people may have a hard time understanding proper box heirarchy : In a case like biology, which has a very detailed list of subfields within biology there is no need to have a biology box there. If its the top link ("articles in the FOO series"), then if it is to have a box, it will have a MORE GENERAL ONE - one that links to higher categories. Biology, then would have a sciences box leading to other equivalent and related. Also, lets call these classification boxes, not series boxes - these arent linear - they are paralell, or related links.

Repeat/summary: -Stevertigo 16:35, 6 May 2004 ((Copy this message everywhere that an understanding of this basic principle is lacking.)
 * Top level articles should have a higher level classification box. Use the same classbox if articles fit within the same classification. Some articles may fit under more than one category.
 * As an example, dont put the biology classbox on biology. Use the sciences classbox instead.

 * Could you make a sample design of a classbox or two for the more visually minded? Snowspinner 17:02, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't really understand the need to link my name with people above, especially since I never spoke at all about biology or science boxes, neither for nor against them. Also, if you had read the proposal, you might have noticed that I did make a clear distiction between series boxes which link linear and clearly defined and limited topics, and article series boxes, which are what you call classification boxes. So maybe you should try to get an understanding of another basic principle - read first, answer after you read and understood a text, and don't insult people unnecessarily. -- AlexR 18:07, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * high all! just wandering by. This is a debate that gotta be had. I have a little background in information systems... so contributing some terminology may speed things along. a hierarchy is a form of what maths people call a graph. A graph is a series of nodes (or wikipages!) connected by links. The links may or may not have a direction (parent->child) or may be directionless siblings (see also semantic network). Hierarchies may commonly be either type of (aka classification) or part of (meronomy ?sp). (This is a bit esoteric, but people often get lost in the type/part distinction: a tree may be part of a forest but it is a type of plant .... or a tree has branches, leaves and roots as its part, or gum tree or pine as it's types )...

 * anyway to keep it simple the following six words are simple enough (egs for tree and Greece), and may aid clarity:

Erich gasboy 19:11, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * parent (either Forest or Plant -- Europe or Country)
 * sibling (grass, Turkey)
 * child
 * sub-type or type (gum tree)
 * part (leaf, root -- Crete, Athens)
 * related concept (chain saw, paper -- Ouzo, Greek)

Lists vs Articles _and_ Blue Boxes NOT!
Article series boxes policy (proposed) does not appear to be about a specific project, so I will add my own two cents worth and then some.

Article series boxes (ASBs) and the better concept of list series namespaces (LSN) are there to benefit the public at large, rather than the egos of editors. As the WikiProject on Buddhism put it: project boxes namespaces are there to promote better coordination, content distribution, and cross-referncing between articles belonging to a specific project. Depending on the project an ASB could work, but on projects like Buddhism and Alternative Medicine a List LSN definitely makes a lot more sense where the subject is allowed to grow without forcing an ever larger project ASB namespace upon the respective articles.

In short, ASBs listing specific articles is just plain poor hyperlink document design in my humble opinion. ASBs should rather utilize Lists.

Next, I would suggest that you check out Infobox. Selecting an unique project color and then sticking to it would only help the public use these project ASBs namespaces in articles where there is more than one ASB namespace. In many respects, multiple project ASBs namespaces in articles will be replacing those see other linked lists so often found at the bottom of articles. Having every ASB namespace light blue in color would only serve to confuse the public.

In short, over use of blue boxes is just plain poor hyperlink document design in my humble opinion. -- John Gohde 16:47, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * On a minor note, I just want to point out that you seem to be misusing the phrases "namespace" and "project namespace". Also, I think infoboxes should be considered as being a different beast entirely from ASBs etc. and that consistency over the design of navigational elements is to be desired (my two cents being thrown into the pile).

 * If an ASB is not a project namespace then please enlighten me, as I have seen plenty of ASBs listed under project namespaces. -- John Gohde 17:44, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Project namespace is the term used to refer to pages that begin "wikipedia:" as is quite clear from the two pages I linked to above. Where exactly have you seen the phrase used in the context you are using it? - Lee  (talk)  18:28, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Ha, ... Hah, Hah! ScudLee, I have solved your private joke. As you very well know, a bunch of ASBs, or whatever, were listed under MediaWiki custom messages.  You are the editor who moved them!  So, at the time that I added my project namespace that usage was in common practice and hence accounts for above original use of the term namespace.  I will now study the new location, to see if it makes any more sense.  This is what I mean by obfuscation with the aid of science / academia. -- John Gohde 20:44, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah... I admit I have known about your mistaken use of "Project namespace" for a while, from after I removed several incorrectly placed elements from MediaWiki custom messages (not just the project namespace section - which is for msgs used in the project namespace). Sorry I didn't inform you sooner. - Lee  (talk)  21:38, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I see what the problem is now. It was my mistake. Beyond infoboxes, custom messages, talk namespaces, and project namespaces there is yet another term called an ASB.  Just think that people were complaining about the placement of the CAM ASB, and I did not even know that it was our first ASB rather than just another version of our ... !!! -- John Gohde 19:16, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Having said all that, however, I should point out that in the new MediaWiki software (1.3), you'll be able to include articles into categories, linking the page to an automatically generated list, which should make the need for ASBs redundant. - Lee (talk)  17:29, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Emphasis on will be. -- John Gohde 17:44, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed, these discussions need to be placed in the context of what will be about to replace the current system. - Lee (talk)  18:28, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree! What might be, probably wont ever be.  And, I am wasting far too much time on unnecessary fine points about meaningless terminology.  If I had to consider all that garbage, I would be neuroic without an operation project in under 2 weeks.  If it was not operational when they were developed, the chances are that all the working WikiProjects will never bother using the next generation of technology.  Thank goodness!!! -- John Gohde 22:16, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Huh? Categories are just around the corner, they're already implemented over on the test wiki, you can go and play with them right now. I'm not saying people should just "down tools" because of this, but it does need to be taken into consideration. - Lee  (talk)  22:24, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Huh? Either they are operational, now. Or, they are not operational. Categories currently are not operational.  And, they may never become operational.  And, I for one am not going to scrap the work done in the CAM project todate, even if they do become operational. -- John Gohde 00:29, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You can go and play with them right now on the test wiki where they are implemented. The software running on the test wiki is the CVS version of the mediawiki software, which will eventually replace the current version running the wikipedia, so categories are coming. - Lee  (talk)  00:41, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * To be honest, though, the CAM ones don't bother me so much. It's the bloated ones that list every article inside them that I dislike. - Lee  (talk)  00:41, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Categories are not going to replace article series boxes, because ASBs have selected articles in them, which is something no category could nor should do. And unless every article with series boxes is linked to every relevant category (don't know how they will be implemented) they won't replace series boxes, either. -- AlexR 22:48, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You can link an article to as many relevant categories as you like, you can even place categories within categories, forming a tidy hierachy as some have requested. From their description and implementation, they could easily replace ASBs.  It seems to me to be a better solution than having three or four of these ASBs cluttering up the bottom of articles. - Lee  (talk)  23:09, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I sincerely hope that they can, but it would probably require a strikt policy to get rid of those already existing. --AlexR 23:53, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Give me a weekend and a shovel, and I'll happily bury them all. - Lee (talk)  00:24, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * And, I would happily revert your vandalism the next day, the day after that, the week after, the month after, and the year after. -- John Gohde 00:45, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm going to draw a line under my contributions to this debate. I could easily continue wasting my time responding to your comments, but I'll refrain from being goaded any further.  Everything I have said has been made in good faith, and is solely my opinion.  Thank you and goodnight. - Lee  (talk)  01:10, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I am familiar with the problem at hand. It is just a matter of me getting all worked up by people of your ilk, over something that will probably not happen at all, that wont affect me in the remotest, nor will even be an issue next week.  This project page is a total non-issue. Categories are a total non-issue.  Your weekend and a shovel comments were totally uncalled for. I added your name to one of my two world famous lists of famous Wikipedians, long before your tacky replies here. Your behavior is quite predictable was foretold by me on my list.  -- John Gohde 01:37, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Proposal One - No Boxes
This concept reminds me of the days when some professions were not allowed to advertise their profession. Even today, the public is supposed to magically pick the best physician out of a mob of possible choices. And, if they managed to chose the wrong doctor, it is all their fault. Oh! If only they had chosen the correct doctor! They would never have gotten themselves into their present mess.

Well, surprise, surprise, surprise ... ASBs came into existence out of the necessity for better navigation. If Wikipedia had a better lightning fast search facility there would indeed be no need for ASBs. But, until that time ... ASBs are the answer rather than the problem. -- John Gohde 20:08, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Obviously, there can be different opinions about that. And I don't see how proper searching could solve the percieved problem that the makers of ASBs intend to solve. -- AlexR 22:48, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

Template:NAM
It's my feeling that this is definitively in the category of "boxes that are too large." Any thoughts on the matter? Snowspinner 20:04, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * They will be gone soon, per consensus on wikipedia talk:wikiProject Countries. Please go ahead and remove all non-geographical footers. --Jiang 21:04, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I should probably add that this box is listed on VfD Snowspinner 21:21, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Edit links
I occasionally see people adding [edit] links to navboxes and other templates, but I can't remember seeing any discussion on the subject. Personally, I'm against including them at all. Why? Because:

 * The content of navboxes changes very seldom; only when articles are added, deleted, or renamed.
 * The content of navboxes isn't simple text, it's code. It usually requires some technical knowledge of HTML and/or wikitext.  It's not meant for the casual Wikipedia contributor.  If you know enough to edit the navbox's content, then it's easy enough for you to find the template without an [edit] link.
 * Although article sections' [edit] links are integral to encouraging Wikipedia content contributions, navbox links are not. Thus, they constitute superfluous visual elements, and should be avoided.

That said, I'm reticent to arbitrarily remove the [edit] links that people have gone to the trouble of adding, without having some consensus to back up my deletions (so please add some consensus to this discussion).

I've developed an improved way to display a navbox [edit] link. Please have a look at Template:History of Russia. [edit] links inside the navbox either looked like another navigation item, or they add a big ugly chunk of padding to the box. So I put an [edit] link underneath, outside of the navbox, by using a table caption with "align=bottom" applied to it. Much less obtrusive. If you must have an [edit] link, consider doing it this way.

Does anyone know how to make the edit link without the little "external link" icon next to it? —Michael Z. 06:31, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Article series boxes