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Unplugged (The Corrs album)

The Corrs Unplugged is the third album (and the first visual recording) by Irish band The Corrs, filmed and released in the fall of 1999. The album is part of the iconic MTV Unplugged series, which features musicians performing in a more acoustic, “stripped-down” concert setting. Initially, the album was released internationally, albeit not in the United States until a year later, after the band had experienced further success with their single “Breathless” and their fourth album In Blue, with both releases earning them their highest chart positions to-date in the US.

The “Mtv Unplugged” session was recorded with a small, invitation-only audience, and features the Irish Film Orchestra accompanying the band on most of their songs. The album was recorded live on October 5, 1999 at Ardmore Studios, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland, and was released on CD, MiniDisc, DVD, VCD and VHS. The compact-disc version features the songs in a somewhat different order to that in which they were actually performed, and the Fleetwood Mac cover “Dreams” was strangely omitted from the CD (but featured as a bonus track on some releases). The DVD and VHS retains the original song order, and is mostly unedited, while the CD edits out almost all of the talking and introductions between songs.

In addition to The Corrs’ familiar songs, plus two Irish tunes from their debut album (“Toss the Feathers”, “Lough Erin Shore”), the “Unplugged” album features several new songs. The band performed a heartfelt version of the R.E.M. song “Everybody Hurts”, as well as debuting two unreleased compositions: the songs “Radio” and “At Your Side”, with lyrics by Sharon Corr, would eventually go on to be re-recorded and featured on their album In Blue, the following year. The Jimi Hendrix song “Little Wing” features a stellar steel guitar solo by the band’s longtime guitarist, Anto Drennan. The Irish peace-themed duet "No Frontiers" was sung by Sharon and Caroline—who typically play violin and drums, respectively—during their Talk on Corners World Tour European leg in 1998 and 99, and subsequently included on “Unplugged”. The song was originally recorded by Mary Black on her album of the same name (written by Jimmy MacCarthy). The band also performed a rendition of “Old Town” by Phil Lynott.

DVD and VHS track listing

 * 1) "Only When I Sleep"
 * 2) "What Can I Do"
 * 3) "Radio"
 * 4) "Toss The Feathers"
 * 5) "Everybody Hurts"
 * 6) "Dreams"
 * 7) "Runaway"
 * 8) "Forgiven Not Forgotten"
 * 9) "At Your Side"
 * 10) "Little Wing"
 * 11) "No Frontiers"
 * 12) "Queen Of Hollywood"
 * 13) "Old Town (This Boy Is Cracking Up)"
 * 14) "(Lough) Erin Shore"
 * 15) "So Young"

The Corrs

 * Andrea Corr – lead vocals, tin whistle
 * Caroline Corr – drums, tambourine, bodhrán, conga, piano, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "No Frontiers"
 * Sharon Corr – violin, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "No Frontiers"
 * Jim Corr – acoustic guitar, piano, backing vocals

Guest musicians

 * Anthony Drennan – acoustic guitar, dobro
 * Keith Duffy – bass guitar, percussion
 * Mitchell Froom – Hammond organ, piano
 * The Irish Film Orchestra conducted by Fiachra Trench – orchestration

Technical

 * Engineers – Tim Martin and Tim Summerhayes
 * Producers – Mitchell Froom and the Corrs

Release history

 * November 12, 1999, Belgium, Ireland, Sweden, Atlantic 7567-80986-2, CD
 * November 15, 1999, Europe, Canada, UK, Atlantic 7567-80986-2, CD
 * November 12, 1999, Singapore, Atlantic 7567-80986-2/4, CD (with bonus track)
 * November 29, 1999, Australia, Atlantic 7567-80992-2, CD (with "Dreams" bonus track)
 * November 25, 1999, Japan, Warner AMCY-7120, CD (with "Dreams" bonus track)
 * December 3, 1999, Mexico, Atlantic CS 809862–8, CD (with "Dreams" bonus track)
 * February 28, 2000, Germany, Atlantic 0756-792890-2, CD (reissue, with different bonus track)
 * November 12, 2001, Taiwan, Warner 7567-80986-2, CD (with bonus disk of "Rainy Day" 7567-80986-4)
 * January 2004, Australia, Warner 7567-93277-2, CD (double album with The Best of The Corrs)

title: Unplugged (The Corrs album)


text:
Guardian of Zion Award

The Guardian of Zion Award is an annual award given since 1997 to individuals who have been supportive of the State of Israel. It is awarded at the Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies at Bar-Ilan University, where the prize recipient gives the keynote address.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Guardian of Zion Award


text:
Le Mesnil-au-Grain

Le Mesnil-au-Grain is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Mesnil-au-Grain


text:
Monaco City

Monaco City (Monaco-Ville ; Mùnegu Autu) is the southcentral ward in the Principality of Monaco. Located on a headland that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, it is nicknamed The Rock (Le Rocher; A Roca). The name "Monaco City" is misleading: it is not itself a city, but a historical and statistical district. It holds most of the country's political and judicial institutions: the Prince's Palace, the town hall, the government, the National Council (parliament of Monaco), the Municipal Council, the courts and a prison (hanging on The Rock).

Geography
Monaco City is one of the four traditional quarters (quartiers) of Monaco; the others are La Condamine, Monte Carlo, and Fontvieille. It is located at 43.73083°N, 7.42389°W and has an estimated population of 975. It has 19.64 hectares of surface and is located between the districts of Fontvieille and La Condamine.

History
Monaco Ville was originally called in Greek Monoikos, after the temple of Hercules Monoikos, located in a Phocaean colony of the 6th century BCE. During its history, Monoikos changed hands numerous times. It became Monaco in the Middle Ages. Some of the city walls and original structures still remain.

It was here that the Phocaeans of Massalia (now Marseille) founded the colony of Monoïkos in the 6th century BC. Monoikos was associated with Hercules, who was worshipped as Hercules Monoecus. According to the works of Hercules, but also according to Diodorus of Sicily and Strabo, the Greeks and the Ligurians reported that Hercules had passed through the region.

On 10 June 1215, a detachment of Ghibellines led by Fulco del Cassello began the construction of a fortress on the rock of Monaco in order to make it a strategic military position and a means of controlling the area.

They also established dwellings at the base of the Rock to support the garrisons. To attract the inhabitants of Genoa and the surrounding towns, they offered land and exempted newcomers from taxes.

On January 8, 1297, François Grimaldi, descendant of Otto Canella, consul of Genoa in 1133, took over the fortress. Although he had a small army, he disguised himself as a Franciscan friar to enter, before opening the gates to his soldiers. This episode gave rise to his nickname, Malizia ("malice"). This is why today the arms of Monaco bear two Franciscans armed with a sword.

Landmarks
Despite being located in the middle of the City of Monaco, the world's most densely populated urban center, Monaco City remains a medieval village at heart, made up almost entirely of quiet pedestrian streets and marked by virtual silence after sundown. Though innumerable people visit Monaco City and the palace square, only local vehicles are allowed up to the Rock, and gasoline-powered motorcycles are prohibited after 10 p.m.

 * Prince's Palace of Monaco. The colorful changing of the guard occurs every day outside the Palais at 11:55 a.m.
 * Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate (Cathédrale de Monaco), a Romanesque-Byzantine Catholic church that contains the remains of many members of Monaco's ruling family.
 * The Oceanographic Museum, established by Albert I, Prince of Monaco in 1910.
 * Chapel of Mercy, built in 1639, one of the oldest buildings in the principality. It is famous for being the starting point of a torchlit religious procession by local residents that takes place on the eve of Good Friday each year.
 * St Martin Gardens, a small park of rocky paths that cling to the rock.
 * Museum of the Chapel of Visitation, a 17th-century Roman Catholic chapel and art museum.
 * Fort Antoine Theatre, an amphitheater at the bottom of the rock.

Notable residents

 * Beatrice Borromeo, Italian journalist and socialite
 * Andrea Casiraghi, Monégasque royal
 * Charlotte Casiraghi, Monégasque royal
 * Pierre Casiraghi, Monégasque royal
 * Stefano Casiraghi, Italian socialite
 * Tatiana Casiraghi, Colombian-American socialite
 * Ghislaine Dommanget, French actress, Princess of Monaco
 * Daniel Ducruet, Carabinier in the Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince
 * Louis Ducruet, Monégasque royal
 * Gad Elmaleh, Moroccan actor
 * Philippe Gilbert, Belgian cyclist
 * Camille Gottlieb, Monégasque royal
 * Albert Grimaldi, Prince of Monaco
 * Caroline Grimaldi, Princess of Hanover, Princess of Monaco
 * Gabriella Grimaldi, Princess of Monaco
 * Jacques Grimaldi, Prince of Monaco
 * Rainier Grimaldi, Prince of Monaco
 * Stéphanie Grimaldi, Princess of Monaco
 * Alexandra Hanover, Princess of Hanover
 * Grace Kelly, American actress, Princess of Monaco
 * Charlene Wittstock, South African swimmer, Princess of Monaco
 * Charles Leclerc, Monégasque Formula 1 driver

title: Monaco City


text:
Le Mesnil-Auzouf

Le Mesnil-Auzouf is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Dialan sur Chaîne.

title: Le Mesnil-Auzouf


text:
Sukhoi Su-11

The Sukhoi Su-11 (NATO reporting name: Fishpot-C) was an interceptor aircraft used by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Design and development
The Su-11 was an upgraded version of the Sukhoi Su-9 ('Fishpot') interceptor, which had been developed in parallel with the OKB's swept wing Su-7 fighter bomber. Recognizing the Su-9's fundamental limitations, Sukhoi began work on the Su-11, which first flew in 1961 as the T-47 prototype.

The Su-11 shared the Su-9's delta wing, swept tailplanes and cigar-shaped fuselage, as well as the circular nose intake, but had a longer nose to accommodate the more powerful 'Oryol' (Eagle; NATO reporting name 'Skip Spin') radar set. A more powerful Lyulka AL-7F-1 turbojet was installed, providing 9.8 kN (2,210 lbf) more afterburning thrust for improved climb rate and high-altitude performance (and to compensate for increased weight). The Su-11 can be distinguished from the Su-9 by the external fuel pipes atop the fuselage, aft of the cockpit.

The Su-9's beam-riding K-5 missiles were replaced by a pair of R-98 (AA-3 'Anab') weapons, usually one R-98MR semi-active radar homing and one R-98MT infrared guided. Like many interceptors of the period, it had no cannon.

Production of the definitive Su-11-8M began in 1962, ended in 1965, after about 108 aircraft had been delivered, although it is believed that at least some Su-9s were upgraded to Su-11 form.

A conversion trainer version, the Su-11U 'Maiden,' was also developed ; Similar to the Su-9U, it had full armament and radar systems for training purposes, but the second seat reduced its already marginal fuel capacity and was not intended for combat use.

Operational history
Development problems and accidents delayed squadron introduction with the Soviet Air Force (VVS)/ Soviet Air Defence Forces (PVO) until 1964 and only small number of aircraft were delivered.

Even with the superior radar, the Su-11 remained heavily dependent on ground control interception (GCI) to vector its pilot onto targets. It had no capability against low-flying aircraft either, and Sukhoi OKB considered the Su-11 to be a misfire, much inferior to the far more formidable Su-15 ('Flagon'). Nevertheless, a few examples remained operational until the early 1980s. The last Su-11s left front-line service around 1983.

Operators

 * Soviet Air Defence Forces
 * Soviet Air Defence Forces

title: Sukhoi Su-11


text:
Le Mesnil-Bacley

Le Mesnil-Bacley is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

title: Le Mesnil-Bacley


text:
Piano Concerto No. 20 (Mozart)

The Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466, was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1785. The first performance took place at the Mehlgrube Casino in Vienna on 11 February 1785, with the composer as the soloist.

Background
A few days after the first performance, the composer's father, Leopold, visiting in Vienna, wrote to his daughter Nannerl about her brother's recent success: " [I heard] an excellent new piano concerto by Wolfgang, on which the copyist was still at work when we got here, and your brother didn't even have time to play through the rondo because he had to oversee the copying operation."

It is written in the key of D minor. Other works by the composer in that key include the Fantasia K. 397 for piano, the Requiem, a Kyrie, a mass, the aria "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" from the opera The Magic Flute and parts of the opera Don Giovanni. It is the first of two piano concertos written in a minor key (No. 24 in C minor being the other).

The young Ludwig van Beethoven admired this concerto and kept it in his repertoire. Composers who wrote cadenzas for it include Beethoven (WoO 58), Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Charles-Valentin Alkan, Johannes Brahms (WoO 14), Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ferruccio Busoni, and Clara Schumann.

One of Mozart's favorite pianos that he played while he was living in Vienna had a pedal-board that was operated with the feet, like that of an organ. This piano that Mozart owned is on display at Mozart House in Salzburg, but currently it has no pedal-board. The fact that Mozart had a piano with a pedal-board is reported in a letter written by his father, Leopold, who visited his son while he lived in Vienna. Among Mozart's piano works, none are explicitly written with a part for a pedal-board. However, according to Leopold's report, at the first performance of Piano Concerto No. 20 in D Minor (K. 466), Mozart, who was the soloist and conductor, used his own piano, equipped with a pedal-board. Presumably the pedal-board was used to reinforce the left-hand part, or add lower notes than the standard keyboard could play. Because Mozart was also an expert on the organ, operating a pedal-board with his feet was no harder than using only his hands.

Movements
The concerto is scored for solo piano, flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings.

As is typical with concertos, it is in three movements:

1. Allegro (in D minor),

2. Romanze (in B♭ major), ( in some editions)

3. Rondo, Allegro assai (in D minor, with coda in D major),

I. Allegro
The first movement starts off the concerto in the dark tonic key of D minor with the strings restlessly but quietly building up to a full forte.

 * Mozart_concerto_20_-_1.png

The theme is quickly taken up by the piano soloist and developed throughout the long movement. A slightly brighter mood exists in the second theme of F major (the relative major), but it never becomes jubilant. The timpani further heighten the tension in the coda before the cadenza. The movement ends on a quiet note.

II. Romanze
The Romanze second movement, in B♭ major, is a five-part rondo (ABACA) with a coda. The trumpets and timpani are not used in this movement. The beginning features a solo piano playing the flamboyant and charming main B♭ major melody without accompaniment. This lyrical, passionate, tender and romantic melody paints a picture of peace and a sense of harmony between the piano and the orchestra and has also inspired its title 'Romanze'.

Halfway through, the piece moves on to the second episode (part C), where instead of the beautiful melody, a storm sets in. The new stormy material is a turbulent, agitated and ominous theme, in the relative key of G minor, which greatly contrasts with the peaceful mood at the starting of the movement. Though the storm section begins abruptly and without transition, after a transition back to the tonic key of B♭ major we are greeted once again with the previously heard melody, which returns as the movement is nearing its end. The movement ends with an ascending arpeggio that is light and delicate, gradually becoming a faint whisper.

III. Rondo, Allegro assai
The final movement, a rondo, begins with the solo piano rippling upward in the home key before the full orchestra replies with a furious section. (This piano "rippling" is known as the Mannheim Rocket and is a string of eighth notes (D–F–A–D–F) followed by a quarter note (A). A second melody is touched upon by the piano, where the mood is still dark but strangely restless. A contrasting cheerful melody in F major is ushered in not long after, introduced by the orchestra before the solo piano rounds off the lively theme. A series of sharp piano chords snaps the bright melody, and then begin passages in D minor for solo piano again, afterwards taken up by full orchestra. Several modulations of the second theme (in A minor and G minor) follow. Thereafter follows the same format as above, with a momentary pause for introducing the customary cadenza.

After the cadenza, the mood clears considerably and the piece is now fully sunny in character, as we are now in the parallel key of D major, and the bright happy melody is taken up, this time by the oboes and then winds. The solo piano repeats the theme before a full orchestral passage develops the passage, thereby rounding up the concerto with a jubilant finish.

In other media
The first movement was played in the ballet scene in Series 1 Episode 8 of the television series Mr. Robot. It is a theme in American composer James Hewitt’s Medley Overture in D minor-major.

The 1984 feature film Amadeus makes use of that movement when Mozart is stumbling home after an evening with Emanuel Schikaneder during a night of composing the score of his opera The Magic Flute. The second movement (minus the more tumultuous C part of the rondo) plays in the final scene and during the end credits.

title: Piano Concerto No. 20 (Mozart)


text:
Le Mesnil-Benoist

Le Mesnil-Benoist is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Noues de Sienne.

title: Le Mesnil-Benoist


text:
Le Mesnil-Caussois

Le Mesnil-Caussois is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Noues de Sienne.

title: Le Mesnil-Caussois


text:
Talk:Tse (Cyrillic)

That's because my content was deleted by another user without any reason! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.214.222.231 (talk)

title: Talk:Tse (Cyrillic)


text:
Mesnil-Clinchamps

Mesnil-Clinchamps is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Noues de Sienne.

title: Mesnil-Clinchamps


text:
Le Mesnil-Durand

Le Mesnil-Durand is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

title: Le Mesnil-Durand


text:
Le Mesnil-Eudes

Le Mesnil-Eudes is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Mesnil-Eudes


text:
Robert K. Morgan

Robert Knight Morgan (July 31, 1918 – May 15, 2004) was a colonel and a Command Pilot in the United States Air Force from Asheville, North Carolina. During World War II, while a captain in the United States Army Air Forces, Morgan was a bomber pilot with the 8th Air Force in the European theater and the aircraft commander of the famous B-17 Flying Fortress, Memphis Belle, flying 25 missions. After completing his European tour, Morgan flew another 26 combat missions in the B-29 Superfortress against Japan in the Pacific Theater.

Biography
Morgan graduated from Christ School, an all-boys preparatory school in Arden, North Carolina, in 1936. He attended the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania and entered the Army Air Corps in 1940. He earned his pilot wings and was commissioned a second lieutenant on December 12, 1941, then after advanced training at Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington, was assigned to the 324th Bomb Squadron, 91st Bomb Group (RAF Bassingbourn approximately 3 mi (5 km) north of Royston), as a B-17 Flying Fortress pilot. Morgan went overseas as part of the original group of combat crews and flew 25 combat missions over Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and France, between November 7, 1942, and May 17, 1943.

Memphis Belle
The Memphis Belle was the second heavy bomber in the Eighth Air Force to complete 25 combat missions in the European Theatre; and was the first to return to the United States as part of a publicity campaign to sell war bonds. In those missions, all of which were daylight raids, the Memphis Belle flew 148 hours, dropped more than 60 tons of bombs and had every major part of the plane replaced at least once. Morgan and his crew were the subjects of a 1944 film documentary, Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress.

Career
Promoted to major, Morgan did a second combat tour commanding the 869th Bomb Squadron, 497th Bomb Group of the Twentieth Air Force in the Pacific Theater where he flew the B-29 Superfortress Dauntless Dotty from Isley Field, Saipan. The aircraft was nicknamed after his third wife, Dorothy Johnson Morgan. On November 24, 1944, he was pilot of the lead plane during the first mission of the XXI Bomber Command to bomb Japan. This mission was commanded by Brigadier General Emmett O'Donnell Jr.

Leaving active duty after World War II, he continued to fly in the Air Force Reserve, achieving command pilot status. Among his military awards were the Distinguished Flying Cross with two oak leaf clusters and the Air Medal with 10 oak leaf clusters. He retired from the Air Force Reserve with the rank of colonel in 1965. In the later 1960's, Morgan operated a car dealership in Martinsville, Virginia called Morgan Volkswagen. He later returned to his hometown of Asheville to retire.

In 2001 Morgan published his autobiography, The Man Who Flew the Memphis Belle: Memoir of a WWII Bomber Pilot, co-written with Ron Powers ISBN 0-525-94610-1.

Death
Morgan was hospitalized April 22, 2004, with a fractured vertebra in his neck after falling outside the Asheville Regional Airport while returning home from what would be his last airshow appearance at the Sun 'n' Fun airshow at Lakeland Linder International Airport in Lakeland, Florida. He died at Mission Hospital on May 15, 2004, from complications due to his injuries, including pneumonia. Morgan was buried at the Western Carolina Veterans Cemetery in Swannanoa, North Carolina.

title: Robert K. Morgan


text:
Le Mesnil-Germain

Le Mesnil-Germain is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

title: Le Mesnil-Germain


text:
Le Mesnil-Guillaume

Le Mesnil-Guillaume is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Mesnil-Guillaume


text:
Fiddler (disambiguation)

A fiddler is a person who plays a fiddle or violin.

Fiddler may also refer to:

People

 * Amp Fiddler (1958–2023), American funk and soul musician, born Joseph Fiddler
 * Nancy Fiddler (born 1956), American cross country skier
 * Ronald Fiddler (1966–2017), British Guantanamo Bay detainee and suicide bomber
 * Vernon Fiddler (born 1980), Canadian hockey player

Fictional characters

 * Fiddler (comics), a DC Comics villain
 * Fiddler (mystery series), a character in a mystery series by A.E. Maxwell

Music

 * Fabrangen Fiddlers, an American musical group founded in 1971
 * Fiddler Records, a record label

Productions

 * Fiddler on the Roof (1964), a Broadway musical often referred to as "Fiddler"
 * Fiddler on the Roof (film), the 1971 film version of the musical

Science

 * Fiddler crab, a species of crab found in parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
 * Fiddler ray, a type of ray found on the south and east coasts of Australia

Other uses

 * Fiddler (software), an HTTP debugging proxy
 * Tupolev Tu-28 (NATO reporting name: Fiddler), a fighter aircraft

title: Fiddler (disambiguation)


text:
Le Mesnil-Mauger

Le Mesnil-Mauger is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

title: Le Mesnil-Mauger


text:
John MacEnery

John MacEnery (27 November 1796 – 18 February 1841) was a Roman Catholic priest from Limerick, Ireland and early archaeologist who came to Devon as Chaplain to the Cary family at Torre Abbey in 1822. In 1825, 1826 and 1829, he investigated the prehistoric remains at Kent's Cavern in Devon, having been shown the cave by Thomas Northmore.

MacEnery concluded that the palaeolithic flint tools he found in the same contexts as the bones of extinct prehistoric mammals meant that early humans and the creatures such as mammoths co-existed.

His contemporaries had great difficulty reconciling his findings to their pre-Darwinian, creationist view of the earth's history. 20th century commentators suggest it was the influence of the theologian William Buckland who persuaded MacEnery to doubt the evidence he saw before him, which led to MacEnery never publishing his work. However, Edward Vivian stated that it was simply the expense which caused him to abandon publication. MacEnery left Torquay and his cave research in 1830 and it was left to Vivian, whose heavily edited version of his work was published in 1859, and then later to William Pengelly who publicised and explored the original manuscript of his findings in 1869, many years after MacEnery's death at age 43.

John MacEnery studied for the priesthood in St Munchin's College, the Limerick Diocesan College then in Palmerstown County Limerick, where he was ordained in 1819.

MacEnery retired early due to ill health following an accident and lived for a time in Rome and Paris before returning to Torre Abbey in 1838. He died on 18 February 1841, and is buried in Torre Churchyard, Torquay.

title: John MacEnery


text:
Tawaraya Sōtatsu

Tawaraya Sōtatsu (俵屋 宗達) was a Japanese furniture designer and painter of the Rinpa school.

Sōtatsu is best known for his decorations of calligraphic works by his partner Hon'ami Kōetsu (1558–1637), and his spectacular and highly influential byōbu folding screens, such as National Treasures Wind God and Thunder God and his painting of the Sekiya and Miotsukushi chapters from The Tale of Genji. He also popularized a technique called tarashikomi, in which a second layer of paint is applied before the first layer is dry.

He is also credited with co-founding the Rinpa school of Japanese painting, together with Kōetsu. Rinpa was not strictly a school, but a group of artist directly influenced by Sōtatsu and Kōetsu. Some of the most notable Rinpa artists are Ogata Kōrin (1658–1716), Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743) and Sakai Hōitsu (1761–1828). While not particularly known at the time he lived and painted, he is now the second-most recognized Japanese painter in terms of number of inclusions in the National Treasures of Japan list.

Biography
The exact date of Sōtatsu's birth, probably around 1570, remains unknown, and so does the place of his birth. The painter Tani Bunchō (1763–1841) stated that Sōtatsu was originally from Noto and that he studied under Sumiyoshi Jokei in Kyoto. His family name may have been Nonomura.

In 1602 he was hired by the Taira family to repair the 12th-century sutra scrolls Heike nōkyō at the Itsukushima shrine on Miyajima. This is the earliest paintings attributed to Sōtatsu, but it already features the characteristics of his later work. It is suspected that Kōetsu might have also worked in the repair of the scroll.

The first confirmed collaboration with Hon'ami Kōetsu (1558–1637) is in the Sagabon (Saga Books), an ambitious project started around 1606 by Suminokura Soan (1571–1632) to publish elaborate editions of classical Japanese book and Noh librettos. Sōtatsu created the designs for the covers and paper of many of the books, while Kōetsu was the calligrapher of some of the texts. The name Sagabon comes from the suburb of Kyoto where the book were produced.

Sōtatsu married a cousin of Koetsu. He also opened a shop in Kyoto, named Tawaraya, where he sold a variety of decorated objects, including fans, lantern paper, screens, dolls and patterns for kimono, and also took commissions for decorating interiors. The shop soon gained recognition for its artistic excellence.

The collaboration between Sōtatsu and Kōetsu came to an end around 1620, perhaps because he was moving away from the profession of decorator and designer, and started focusing more on his career as a painter.

He decorated the doors and screens of the Yōgen-in temple during the reconstruction ordered by Tokugawa Hidetada's wife in 1621, and in 1630 he was given the title of hokkyō ("Bridge of the Dharma"), the third highest rank awarded to Buddhist artists.

The circumstances of Sōtatsu's death are not known, but he probably died around 1640. The most successful among his direct students were Tawaraya Sōsetsu and Kitawaga Sōsetsu.

Works
Waves at Matsushima, painted in the 1620s, is considered by some to be Sōtatsu's masterwork.

Anthology with Cranes (鶴図下絵和歌巻) is a handscroll decorated by Sōtatsu using silver and gold pigment, with calligraphy by Hon'ami Kōetsu. It contains some of the finest calligraphy by Kōetsu and one of the best examples of Sōtatsu's decorative skills. The work was most likely produced between 1602 and 1620, the period during which Sōtatsu and Kōetsu are generally considered to have worked together.

The text of the scroll is a compilation of waka poems from the poets known collectively as Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry ("Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry"), including one poem from each one of the 36 members of the group. The visual motif is that of cranes, which stand or fly in flocks across the entire length of the scroll. The skill of Sōtatsu's design and its "cutting-edge originality" have been highly praised.

Each screen measures 169.8 cm × 154.5 cm (66.9 in × 60.8 in). They belong to the Zen Buddhist temple Kennin-ji in Kyoto, but they are exhibited occasionally in the Kyoto National Museum. They are a National Treasure of Japan.

Dragons and Clouds is a work in the Freer Gallery of Art, also known as the National Museum of Asian Art, in Washington, D.C. and was not discussed by Japanese art historians until 1971, when Yumane Yuzo placed this painting in the context of artworks in Japan, such as the Waves and Dragon screen in the Honpou-ji Temple in Kyoto. Details about the ownership of this painting prior to its purchase by Charles Lang Freer in 1905 from the art dealer Bunshichi Kobayashi are unknown, but it's now considered one of the finest example's of Sotatsu's use of the tarashikomi wet-on-wet technique, in which ink is artfully pooled to create features such as the clouds.

At the time Sotatsu created this screen, monochrome ink paintings of dragons were often based on 15th-century work by monk-painters such as Sesshu and Sesson, and also the earlier, Chinese painters Chen Rong (famed for his dragon paintings) and Muqi. By the 17th-century, dragons had emerged as a popular motif on large format works such as folding screens and sliding door panels. Sotatsu's Dragon and Clouds is a six-panel screen, is dated to early 1600s although its place in the chronology of his work is disputed, and has dimensions of 171.5x 374.3 cm (top), 171.5 x 374.6 cm (bottom). The ascending, larger dragon on one side soars towards the heavens in spring, whereas the side's dragon descends into the abyss in fall.

Dragons and Clouds

Exhibitions
The Freer Gallery of Art organized the first retrospective outside Japan from October 2015 to January 2016.

title: Tawaraya Sōtatsu


text: User talk:69.165.69.116

title: User talk:69.165.69.116


text:
Death of Malice Green

Malice Green (April 29, 1957 – November 5, 1992) was an American resident of Detroit, Michigan who died after being assaulted by Detroit police officers Walter Budzyn and Larry Nevers on November 5, 1992. The official cause of death was ruled to be due to blunt force trauma to his head.

Budzyn and Nevers were patrolling in Detroit in plain clothes in an unmarked vehicle. Green had pulled up to a house known for drug activity. Budzyn asked Green for his driver's license and Green then walked around to the passenger side of the car and sat in the passenger seat with his legs out of the doorway. Green looked through the glove compartment, then grabbed something from the car's floor. Budzyn asked Green to let go of the object. Green allegedly failed to relinquish a vial of crack cocaine. After refusing to let go, Nevers struck Green in the head with his flashlight approximately 7 to 14 times during the struggle, which, according to the official autopsy, resulted in his death. After the struggle, Green was transported to a local hospital for treatment of the head injuries sustained in the struggle and died.

The seven officers present at the scene were suspended soon after Green's death, and the city of Detroit paid a civil settlement to Green's family. Budzyn and Nevers were convicted of second-degree murder in 1993, while charges against another officer were dropped and a fourth was found not guilty. Following a retrial, Budzyn was again convicted in 1998. Nevers' conviction was overturned, but he was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in 2000.

Initial reaction
The incident occurred only months after the Los Angeles riots of 1992, which protested the acquittal of police officers in the videotaped beating of Rodney King (Green was also a Black man). Unlike in Los Angeles, Detroit Police Department's Chief Stanley Knox suspended the seven officers present at the scene of the crime within 24 hours of Malice Green's death. Charges for four of the officers soon followed.

In December 1992, the city of Detroit paid a civil agreement of $5.25 million to Malice Green's family.

Sergeant Freddie Douglas, the only Black officer on the scene of Green's murder, was charged with involuntary manslaughter for failing to intervene. Officer Robert Lessnau was charged with assault. Officers Larry Nevers and Walter Budzyn, partners, were charged with 2nd degree murder for Green's death. Known by many in the neighborhood as Starsky and Hutch, they were both highly decorated, with a documented history of excessive force complaints. Larry Nevers was a former member of the Stop the Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets (STRESS) unit in Detroit, which was disbanded in 1974 after 20 Black men were shot by its police over a 3-year period. He was months away from retirement at the time of Green's death.

Prior to jury selection, Detroit Mayor Coleman A. Young stated that Green was "literally murdered by police" on national television.

Charges
Officers Nevers, Budzyn, Robert Lessnau, and Freddie Douglas were charged in the death. Ultimately, charges against Douglas were dropped, and Lessnau was acquitted of assault.

Coroner's reports
The report was done by Dr. Kahlil Jiraki, the most junior coroner in the department. It was alleged by the defense that his report was rushed due to workload and his impending vacation.

The autopsy showed cuts to the scalp, as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage and brain contusions. However, there were no skull fractures, no other bone fractures. Green's heart was enlarged and the arteries hardened. Toxicology results ultimately showed that Green had a cocaine level of 0.50 micrograms.

Jiraki concluded that the death was caused by blunt force trauma, which caused swelling of the brain. Jiraki testified in Budzyn and Nevers' trial that the damage was done by "fourteen blunt force trauma blows to the head." He stated that his boss, Dr. Bader Cassin, agreed that Green's drug consumption was as "insignificant as the color of his eyes" in relation to the cause of death.

Under cross-examination, Jiraki testified that there was no swelling noted in the report, nor any fractures to the skull. In the trial of Sgt. Douglas, Jiraki reduced the number of blows to seven (which fit with Nevers' testimony). At Nevers' second trial, Cassin testified that he examined the body the day after Jiraki made his examination (this second exam was never disclosed to the defense prior to, or during, the first trial) and that drugs played a major part in Green's death.

After the second trial, Jiraki sued the coroner's office, claiming he had been pressured by his superiors to change his findings to state that cocaine contributed to Green's death (which he refused to do) which would have supported the police officer's defense. He was awarded $2.5 million. The coroner's officer later alleged during the civil trial that Jiraki was fired for supposed mental instability and absenteeism.

Jiraki's testimony was supported by the prosecution's medical expert, Dr. Michael Baden. After the trial, Baden allegedly told a pathologists' conference that he came to his conclusion based on information surrounding the circumstances of Green's death and the facts in the exam.

Budzyn and Nevers' defense presented three experts, one of whom stipulated that they identified eleven blunt-force injuries to Green's head. However, they testified that Green's head injuries were entirely "superficial" and "could not have caused his death." They noted that Green had no fractures, no significant bleeding or bruising of the brain, and no swelling of the brain. It was their opinion that Green died as a result of cocaine and alcohol abuse, combined with his physical struggle with police as he resisted arrest, and the minor head injuries. They stated that these things, in combination, caused a surge of adrenaline which overloaded the electrical circuits in Green's brain resulting in brain seizure, respiratory failure, cardiac arrest and death.

Trial
Wayne County then-Assistant Prosecutors Kym Worthy and Douglas Baker tried the case against Budzyn and Nevers. Judge George Crockett III, in Detroit Recorder's Court, presided. The officers were tried together in Detroit after being denied a change of venue. Budzyn and Nevers were allowed separate juries. Both juries were composed of a majority of black citizens (two whites on Nevers' jury, one on Budzyn's), and both juries reached unanimous verdicts.

The testimony of the responding emergency medical technicians (EMTs) was very damaging to Budzyn and Nevers' case. All of them testified that Green was covered with blood and was hanging from the driver's side door when they arrived. The EMTs further said that Nevers struck Green in the head with his heavy police flashlight repeatedly, even though Green was not offering any significant resistance. Two of them stated that Nevers told Green to open his hands and hold still, and that, when he did not, Nevers hit him with the flashlight. They described Green as "dazed" and "stuporous" during the incident, saying that Green was uttering only a few words like "wait" while Nevers was striking him. Lee Hardy, one of the responding EMTs, testified during the separate assault trial for Robert Lessnau that he witnessed the former officer kicking Green in the head while he lay prone on the street.

During the trial, movies were provided for the jurors' entertainment while they were sequestered, including the film Malcolm X. The film depicts scenes of police brutality being perpetrated by white police officers, including the recent beating of Rodney King. It also contains a voiceover that claims white police officers are the direct descendants of the Ku Klux Klan. Both juries were shown the film on at least two occasions during the trial.

Verdict
On August 23, 1993, the jury found Budzyn and Nevers guilty of second degree murder. Two months later, Nevers was sentenced to serve 12 to 25 years in prison and Budzyn was sentenced to serve 8 to 18 years in prison.

Appeals
On July 31, 1997, the Michigan Supreme Court granted a new trial for Budzyn, mostly on the grounds of showing the movie Malcolm X (the movie's opening scenes show video of the Rodney King incident) to sequestered jury members while they waited to begin deliberating. It was learned that a political appointee of Mayor Young had made it onto the jury, and she was instrumental in showing the movie to jury members. Budzyn was immediately released from prison. He was retried, and on March 19, 1998, he was again found guilty of involuntary manslaughter. In January 1999, the Michigan Court of Appeals instated a four-year prison sentence. He had already served the minimum under the first conviction, and was released.

Nevers' 1997 appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court was denied. However, Nevers was successful on his appeal to a federal court, with United States District Judge Lawrence P. Zatkoff overturning the verdict and ordering his release on December 30, 1997. Zatkoff cited the showing of Malcolm X and its footage of the Rodney King beating video as creating a "harmful effect" on their verdict decision and thus counted as justification for not only overturning his conviction, but also granting him a writ of habeas corpus.

In 1999, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed Zatkoff's decision, with the United Supreme Court afterwards denying the prosecution's bid for a writ of certiorari. The appeals court argued that at least one juror in the case was influenced by the perception that a not guilty verdict would lead to riots, threatening the jury's impartiality. Nevers was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in May 2000 and sentenced to 7–15 years in prison. In March 2003, this conviction was overturned by the Michigan Court of Appeals, but, in September 2003, the Michigan Supreme Court reversed and upheld the conviction. On May 13, 2005, Nevers lost a bid to appeal the conviction in federal court. During this process, Nevers was treated for lung cancer and was released in 2001 to serve the rest of his sentence at home.

Aftermath
In 2007, Larry Nevers wrote a self-published book titled Good Cops, Bad Verdict. He died in February 2013.

Popular culture

 * Outsider musician Wesley Willis' song "Larry Nevers/Walter Budzyn" is about the trial and aftermath of the beating.
 * Insane Clown Posse referred to Nevers as someone who is going to receive retribution for his crimes in their song "Wagon Wagon" from Ringmaster
 * Underground Resistance dedicated their release Message To The Majors to Malice Green.
 * Although not written about the death of Green, Pearl Jam included a picture of Green in the booklet for their 1993 album, Vs, beside lyrics to the song "W.M.A." which alludes to racial profiling among US police.
 * The single "Fight Music" by Detroit-based rap group D12 references the death of Green.

title: Death of Malice Green


text:
Le Mesnil-Simon, Calvados

Le Mesnil-Simon is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Mesnil-Simon, Calvados


text:
Material conditional

The material conditional (also known as material implication) is an operation commonly used in logic. When the conditional symbol $$\rightarrow$$ is interpreted as material implication, a formula $$ P \rightarrow Q$$ is true unless $$P$$ is true and $$Q$$ is false. Material implication can also be characterized inferentially by modus ponens, modus tollens, conditional proof, and classical reductio ad absurdum.

Material implication is used in all the basic systems of classical logic as well as some nonclassical logics. It is assumed as a model of correct conditional reasoning within mathematics and serves as the basis for commands in many programming languages. However, many logics replace material implication with other operators such as the strict conditional and the variably strict conditional. Due to the paradoxes of material implication and related problems, material implication is not generally considered a viable analysis of conditional sentences in natural language.

Notation
In logic and related fields, the material conditional is customarily notated with an infix operator $$\to$$. The material conditional is also notated using the infixes $$\supset$$ and $$\Rightarrow$$. In the prefixed Polish notation, conditionals are notated as $$Cpq$$. In a conditional formula $$p\to q$$, the subformula $$p$$ is referred to as the antecedent and $$q$$ is termed the consequent of the conditional. Conditional statements may be nested such that the antecedent or the consequent may themselves be conditional statements, as in the formula $$(p\to q)\to(r\to s)$$.

History
In Arithmetices Principia: Nova Methodo Exposita (1889), Peano expressed the proposition "If $$A$$, then $$B$$" as $$A$$ Ɔ $$B$$ with the symbol Ɔ, which is the opposite of C. He also expressed the proposition $$A\supset B$$ as $$A$$ Ɔ $$B$$. Hilbert expressed the proposition "If A, then B" as $$A\to B$$ in 1918. Russell followed Peano in his Principia Mathematica (1910–1913), in which he expressed the proposition "If A, then B" as $$A\supset B$$. Following Russell, Gentzen expressed the proposition "If A, then B" as $$A\supset B$$. Heyting expressed the proposition "If A, then B" as $$A\supset B$$ at first but later came to express it as $$A\to B$$ with a right-pointing arrow. Bourbaki expressed the proposition "If A, then B" as $$A\Rightarrow B$$ in 1954.

Semantics
From a classical semantic perspective, material implication is the binary truth functional operator which returns "true" unless its first argument is true and its second argument is false. This semantics can be shown graphically in a truth table such as the one below. One can also consider the equivalence $$A \to B \equiv \neg (A \land \neg B) \equiv \neg A \lor B$$.

Truth table
The truth table of $$A \rightarrow B$$:

The logical cases where the antecedent $A$ is false and $A → B$ is true, are called "vacuous truths". Examples are ...
 * ... with $B$ false: "If Marie Curie is a sister of Galileo Galilei, then Galileo Galilei is a brother of Marie Curie",
 * ... with $B$ true: "If Marie Curie is a sister of Galileo Galilei, then Marie Curie has a sibling.".

Deductive definition
Material implication can also be characterized deductively in terms of the following rules of inference.

 * Modus ponens
 * Conditional proof
 * Classical contraposition
 * Classical reductio ad absurdum

Unlike the semantic definition, this approach to logical connectives permits the examination of structurally identical propositional forms in various logical systems, where somewhat different properties may be demonstrated. For example, in intuitionistic logic, which rejects proofs by contraposition as valid rules of inference, $$(A \to B) \Rightarrow \neg A \lor B $$ is not a propositional theorem, but the material conditional is used to define negation.

Formal properties
When disjunction, conjunction and negation are classical, material implication validates the following equivalences:
 * Contraposition: $$P \to Q \equiv \neg Q \to \neg P$$
 * Import-export: $$P \to (Q \to R) \equiv (P \land Q) \to R$$
 * Negated conditionals: $$\neg(P \to Q) \equiv P \land \neg Q$$
 * Or-and-if: $$P \to Q \equiv \neg P \lor Q$$
 * Commutativity of antecedents: $$\big(P \to (Q \to R)\big) \equiv \big(Q \to (P \to R)\big)$$
 * Left distributivity: $$\big(R \to (P \to Q)\big) \equiv \big((R \to P) \to (R \to Q)\big)$$

Similarly, on classical interpretations of the other connectives, material implication validates the following entailments:
 * Antecedent strengthening: $$P \to Q \models (P \land R) \to Q$$
 * Vacuous conditional: $$\neg P \models P \to Q $$
 * Transitivity: $$(P \to Q) \land (Q \to R) \models P \to R$$
 * Simplification of disjunctive antecedents: $$(P \lor Q) \to R \models (P \to R) \land (Q \to R)$$

Tautologies involving material implication include:
 * Reflexivity: $$\models P \to P$$
 * Totality: $$\models (P \to Q) \lor (Q \to P)$$
 * Conditional excluded middle: $$\models (P \to Q) \lor (P \to \neg Q)$$

Discrepancies with natural language
Material implication does not closely match the usage of conditional sentences in natural language. For example, even though material conditionals with false antecedents are vacuously true, the natural language statement "If 8 is odd, then 3 is prime" is typically judged false. Similarly, any material conditional with a true consequent is itself true, but speakers typically reject sentences such as "If I have a penny in my pocket, then Paris is in France". These classic problems have been called the paradoxes of material implication. In addition to the paradoxes, a variety of other arguments have been given against a material implication analysis. For instance, counterfactual conditionals would all be vacuously true on such an account.

In the mid-20th century, a number of researchers including H. P. Grice and Frank Jackson proposed that pragmatic principles could explain the discrepancies between natural language conditionals and the material conditional. On their accounts, conditionals denote material implication but end up conveying additional information when they interact with conversational norms such as Grice's maxims. Recent work in formal semantics and philosophy of language has generally eschewed material implication as an analysis for natural-language conditionals. In particular, such work has often rejected the assumption that natural-language conditionals are truth functional in the sense that the truth value of "If P, then Q" is determined solely by the truth values of P and Q. Thus semantic analyses of conditionals typically propose alternative interpretations built on foundations such as modal logic, relevance logic, probability theory, and causal models.

Similar discrepancies have been observed by psychologists studying conditional reasoning, for instance, by the notorious Wason selection task study, where less than 10% of participants reasoned according to the material conditional. Some researchers have interpreted this result as a failure of the participants to conform to normative laws of reasoning, while others interpret the participants as reasoning normatively according to nonclassical laws.

Conditionals

 * Corresponding conditional
 * Counterfactual conditional
 * Indicative conditional
 * Strict conditional

title: Material conditional


text:
Earl de Grey

Earl de Grey, of Wrest in the County of Bedford, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

History
The title was created on 25 October 1816 (as Countess de Grey) for Amabell Hume-Campbell, Dowager Lady Polwarth and suo jure 5th Baroness Lucas, with remainder to the heirs male of her body, and in default of such issue to her sister Mary Jemima Robinson, Dowager Baroness Grantham, and the heirs male of her body. She was the elder daughter and co-heir of Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke, and Jemima Campbell, 2nd Marchioness Grey (see Marquess Grey), eldest daughter of John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland, and Lady Amabel Grey, eldest daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent (see Duke of Kent).

The marquessate of Grey had become extinct on her mother's death in 1797, and when the Grey title was revived in favour of her daughter, the style "de Grey" was used to distinguish it from the earldom of Grey, which had been created in 1806; the Grey family was extremely distantly related to the Earls Grey. The Countess de Grey was the widow of Alexander Hume-Campbell, Lord Polwarth, eldest son of Hugh Hume, 3rd Earl of Marchmont.

The Countess de Grey was childless, and she was succeeded in the barony of Lucas according to the normal descent of that title and in the earldom of de Grey according to the special remainder by her nephew, Thomas Robinson, 3rd Baron Grantham, who assumed the surname of de Grey on succeeding to the title. Lord de Grey was the eldest son of Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham, and the aforementioned Mary Jemima Robinson, Dowager Baroness Grantham (died 1830), sister of the Countess de Grey (see Marquess of Ripon for earlier history of the Robinson family).

He died in 1859 and was succeeded in the barony of Lucas (which could be passed on through female lines) by his eldest daughter Lady Anne (see Baron Lucas for further history of this title) and in the earldom of de Grey (which could only be passed on through male lines) by his nephew, George Robinson, 2nd Earl of Ripon, only son of F. J. Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon, the former prime minister better known as Lord Goderich. On succeeding to the earldom of de Grey, Lord Ripon styled himself "Earl de Grey and Ripon". In 1871, he was created Marquess of Ripon, whereafter Earl de Grey became the courtesy title used by the heir apparent to the marquessate. Ripon was succeeded by his son and only surviving child, Frederick Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon. The second Marquess was childless, and on his death in 1923, the marquessate and earldom of de Grey and all other titles became extinct.

Earls de Grey (1816)

 * Amabel Hume-Campbell, 1st Countess de Grey (1751–1833)
 * Thomas Philip de Grey, 2nd Earl De Grey, 3rd Baron Grantham (1781–1859)
 * George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, 3rd Earl de Grey (1827–1909)
 * Frederick Oliver Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon, 4th Earl de Grey (1852–1923)

title: Earl de Grey


text:
Marquess Grey

Marquess Grey is a title that was created in the Peerage of Great Britain on 19 May 1740 for Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, with remainder to the male issue of his body and in default thereof to his granddaughter, the Honourable Jemima Campbell, and the heirs male of her body. The Duke of Kent died only two weeks after the creation of the marquessate, at which point the dukedom and most of its subsidiary titles became extinct (see Duke of Kent).

He was succeeded in the barony of Lucas (which could be passed on through female lines) and in the marquessate of Grey according to the special remainder by his granddaughter Jemima, who became the second Marchioness Grey. She was the daughter of John Campbell, Lord Glenorchy, later 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland, and Lady Amabel Grey (died 1726), eldest daughter of the Duke of Kent. On 22 May 1740, three days after the marquessate was created, she married the Honourable Philip Yorke, later 2nd Earl of Hardwicke. They had two daughters, Lady Amabel Yorke and Lady Mary Yorke.

Lady Grey died in January 1797, aged 73. As she had no sons, the marquessate died with her. However, she was succeeded in the barony of Lucas by her elder daughter, Lady Amabel, who in 1816 was created Countess de Grey in her own right (see Earl de Grey for further history of this title).

Marquesses Grey (1740)

 * Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, 1st Marquess Grey (1671–1740)
 * Jemima Yorke, 2nd Marchioness Grey (1722–1797)

title: Marquess Grey


text:
Le Mesnil-Patry

Le Mesnil-Patry is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.

World War II
On 11 June 1944 the Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry was fought to the east of the town, involving units of the 12th SS Panzer Division, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade.

title: Le Mesnil-Patry


text:
Le Mesnil-Robert

Le Mesnil-Robert is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Mesnil-Robert


text:
Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy

Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy (, literally Le Mesnil on Blangy) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy


text:
Le Mesnil-Villement

Le Mesnil-Villement is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Landelle, Le Sainfoin, Le Pont des Vers, Le Haut des Vers, Le Val au Boëne and Le Mesnil-Villement.

The commune has two rivers, The Orne & The Rouvre plus two streams La Boullonniere & The Val Corbel.

Notable People

 * Pierre Desvages - (1867 – 1933) a cyclist who raced in the first Tour de France was born here.

title: Le Mesnil-Villement


text:
Meulles

Meulles is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

Sights

 * The Statue of Ada.

title: Meulles


text:
Meuvaines

Meuvaines is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Meuvaines


text:
Cinderella (band)

Cinderella was an American rock band formed in the suburbs of Philadelphia in 1983. The band emerged in the mid-1980s with a series of multi-platinum studio albums and hit singles whose music videos received heavy MTV rotation and popularity. Cinderella initially had a glam metal sound throughout the late 1980s before shifting into a more blues rock-based sound during the early to mid 1990s.

By the mid-1990s, the band's fame declined precipitously due to personal setbacks, breakups, and changes in the American music industry. After a brief hiatus, Cinderella reunited in 1996 and continued to perform live, but never released any studio material after their 1994 album Still Climbing. The band has sold 15 million records worldwide, according to band member Tom Keifer's official website. After participating in the 2014 Monsters of Rock Cruise, Cinderella again became inactive. In November 2017, Keifer stated that the band has no plans to reform in the future.

Early days (1983–1985)
Cinderella was formed in 1983 in Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania, a Philadelphia suburb, by singer-songwriter, keyboardist, and guitarist Tom Keifer and bassist Eric Brittingham. The initial lineup also included guitarist Michael Schermick and drummer Tony Destra.

In 1985, Shermick and Destra left to form Britny Fox, another Philadelphia-based glam metal band. Cinderella practiced in the attic of the American Legion building in Wayne, Pennsylvania. In a 2014 interview, Tom Keifer stated that Kiss bass guitarist Gene Simmons first took interest in the band and tried to get them a deal with PolyGram, but they were not interested. Jon Bon Jovi saw them perform at the Empire Rock Club in Philadelphia and talked to his A&R man, Derek Shulman about seeing the group. Shulman was not convinced at first either, and wanted to sign the band to a six-month development deal. But after extensive negotiations, he finally signed the band. In 1985, with a recording contract with Mercury/Polygram Records in the works, guitarist Jeff LaBar and drummer Jim Drnec joined the band.

Night Songs and Long Cold Winter (1986–1989)
During the recording of the band's debut album, Night Songs, studio session drummer Jody Cortez and lead guitarist/songwriter Barry Benedetta were brought in to help with the recording. After the recording was completed, Drnec was replaced by Gloucester City, New Jersey, drummer Albie "Al" Barker, who just missed making the album's cover and the band's album lineup. Fred Coury joined the band and was in all MTV music videos and played in the upcoming tours. Night Songs was released on August 2, 1986, and eventually achieved triple platinum status, selling 50,000 copies per week at one point. The heavy metal album reached No. 3 on the Billboard charts in February 1987. By the end of 1987, the band released a video compilation called "Night Songs" to accompany the album, featuring the promotional videos from the album plus three live songs recorded on their 1986 tour.

Cinderella's first tour was in 1986 with glam metal rockers Poison, opening for Japanese heavy metal band Loudness. Further tours into 1987 were spent playing to large arena audiences: five months opening for former Van Halen lead singer David Lee Roth, and seven months with Bon Jovi, taking the opening slot for their Slippery When Wet Tour. Later that year, the band went overseas, appearing in Japan, Scandinavia, and at the Monsters of Rock festivals in United Kingdom and Germany.

Cinderella's second album, Long Cold Winter, was released in 1988. The new album signified a shift towards a blues rock sound, though it could still be described as glam metal. A 254-show tour to support the album lasted over 14 months, and in August 1989, the band performed at the Moscow Music Peace Festival alongside other metal acts, such as Ozzy Osbourne, the Scorpions, Mötley Crüe, Bon Jovi, and Skid Row. The tour's stage show included Tom Keifer being lowered to the stage while playing a white piano during their radio hit "Don't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone)". On April 17, 1990, the band released a video compilation called Tales from the Gypsy Road featuring four promo videos from Long Cold Winter plus two live medleys, the second of which contained a cover of Lynyrd Skynyrd's famous "Sweet Home Alabama".

Heartbreak Station, Still Climbing and hiatus (1990–1995)
Cinderella's third album, Heartbreak Station, was released in 1990. It featured more songs than Long Cold Winter that were influenced by Keifer's love of the blues. Following the accompanying tour, Fred Coury left the band and joined former Ratt vocalist Stephen Pearcy in the band Arcade. The song "Hot and Bothered" was featured in the movie Wayne's World and its subsequent soundtrack.

In 1991, Keifer lost his voice due to a paresis of his vocal cords. He underwent several surgeries to repair a vocal cyst and hemorrhage. This added to delays in the recording of the band's fourth album, Still Climbing. It was finally released in 1994 with Kenny Aronoff on drums, but the album quickly disappeared from the charts. Mercury Records consequently dropped the band which went on hiatus in 1995.

Reunion (1996–2009)
Cinderella resumed activity in 1996, and a year later, Mercury Records released a greatest hits compilation titled Once Upon A... and a video compilation containing all the bands promo videos from the first three albums. The group toured the United States in 1998, with one concert stop captured on the live album Live at the Key Club, which was released in 1999 through Cleopatra Records.

Around 1999, the band was signed by John Kalodner to Sony Records. However, the band was dropped by the label before a new album could be released, plunging the band into three years of litigation. Cinderella toured again in 2000 and 2002.

Cinderella headlined the VH1 Classic Rock Never Stops Tour in the summer of 2005. Also in 2005, Cinderella toured with FireHouse, RATT, and Quiet Riot. Mercury Records released the compilation Rocked, Wired & Bluesed: The Greatest Hits on CD and DVD.

In 2006, Cinderella toured with Poison. Both bands celebrated the 20th anniversary of their debut albums, Night Songs and Look What the Cat Dragged In. Cinderella planned to tour in 2008 with Warrant, Lynch Mob, and Lynam, but on June 13 that year, Tim Heyne, the band's manager, said in a press release: "It is with unbelievably deep regret that I must announce that Cinderella's Tom Keifer's left vocal cord has hemorrhaged, thereby making it impossible for him to sing in the immediate future." LaBar was interviewed by Ultimate-Guitar and stated that Cinderella would love to make a new record but there were obstacles holding the group back. They still were not signed to a record label after Sony dropped the band in 2000. LaBar also stated that he is busy with his new band, Freakshow, which features Frankie Banali of Quiet Riot, and Eric is busy with Naked Beggars. A message posted to the Cinderella message board in spring 2009 stated that Keifer's voice had returned to normal. Promoters from the 2009 Rock Gone Wild Festival confirmed that the band was scheduled to perform, but the festival was canceled.

More touring and final performances (2010–2014)
Cinderella confirmed on their message board that they would be touring in 2010 with two warm-up dates already confirmed. It was announced on February 22 that Cinderella would be a part of Rocklahoma 2010 in Pryor Oklahoma and Sweden Rock Festival 2010.

On February 26, 2010, it was announced that Cinderella would be the headliner of the MSC Poesia sailing from Fort Lauderdale on November 11, 2010. In July 2010, Cinderella took the stage to open for Bret Michaels, during the Common Ground Music Festival in Lansing, Michigan, with an original lineup of stars including Tom Keifer, Eric Brittingham, Jeff LaBar and Fred Coury. They would follow that with 14 dates in the US supporting Scorpions on their Get Your Sting and Blackout farewell tour.

Cinderella played at the Download festival in the United Kingdom in June 2010, the Rock Jam near Grand Junction, Colorado, Friday, August 27, and also the Oregon State Fair on September 4, 2010. In November 2010, Cinderella joined a variety of other hard rock acts on the cruise entitled "ShipRocked".

In 2011, Cinderella undertook a 25th anniversary world tour. 20 shows were confirmed from April through July. During the tour, they headlined the first edition of the "Shout It Out Loud" Festival in Germany.

In the summer 2012, Cinderella performed a headlining tour throughout the United States with opening act Skid Row singer Sebastian Bach.

In March 2013, Cinderella played the 2013 Monsters of Rock Cruise along with bands such as Tesla, Kix, Queensrÿche, and others. In 2014, the band played their final performances on the 2014 Monsters of Rock cruise.

Aftermath and LaBar's death (2017–2021)
In November 2017, Keifer stated that Cinderella had no plans to reunite, explaining that "issues between the band members are beyond repair."

On July 14, 2021, it was announced that Jeff LaBar had died at the age of 58. The next day, former long-term touring keyboardist Gary Corbett also died.

Band members

 * Definitive lineup
 * Tom Keifer – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, saxophone, harmonica, steel guitar, mandolin, dobro (1983–2014)
 * Eric Brittingham – bass, backing vocals (1983–2014)
 * Jeff LaBar – guitar, backing vocals, slide guitar (1985–2014; died 2021)
 * Fred Coury – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1986–1991, 1996–2014)

 * Touring members
 * Rick Criniti – keyboards, piano, organ, synthesizer, backing vocals (1986–1995)
 * Garry Nutt – bass (1989, 2000, 2008)
 * Gary Corbett – keyboards, backing vocals (1990–1995, 1998–2014; died 2021)
 * Kevin Valentine – drums, percussion (1991–1993)
 * Roberta Freeman – backing vocals (1990–1991)
 * Dianne Jones – backing vocals (1990–1991)
 * Charles Lawrence – keyboards, backing vocals (1991)
 * Ray Brinker – drums, percussion (1994–1995)
 * Phillip Calfy – drums, percussion (2006)
 * John Rogers – drums, percussion (2009–2010)
 * Paul Taylor – keyboards, backing vocals (2012, 2014)

 * Session members
 * Jody Cortez – drums, percussion (1986)
 * Barry Benedetta – guitar (1986; died 2022)
 * Jeff Paris – keyboards (1986)
 * Cozy Powell – drums (1988; died 1998)
 * Denny Carmassi – drums (1988)
 * Kevin Conway – drums, percussion (1990–1991)
 * Kenny Aronoff – drums, percussion (1994)
 * Ken Hensley – keyboards (1990; died 2020)
 * Rod Roddy – piano (1990)

 * Pre-recording members
 * Michael Schermick – guitar, backing vocals (1983–1985)
 * Sam Smith – bass, backing vocals (1983–1984)
 * Tony Destra – drums, percussion (1983–1985; died 1987)
 * Jim Drnec – drums, percussion (1985–1986)
 * Albie "Al" Barker – drums, percussion (1986)

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Night Songs (1986)
 * Long Cold Winter (1988)
 * Heartbreak Station (1990)
 * Still Climbing (1994)

title: Cinderella (band)


text:
User talk:Billbillbill

You posted this in Tse (cyrillic) (I've just moved it here, because it did not belong in the article):

 * Hadal,

 * I don't know how to send you message. So I explain what I did in here.  I kept on deleting your content because what I typed was deleted by a user called Mikkalai without any reason.  I thought your page is also Mikkalai's related page...

I did not know what you were doing; you had previously blanked the article, and removed any mention of Tse (cyrillic) from the disambiguation page. You did not make use of an edist summary so I could only assume such a removal was vandalism. If you have a reason for your edits, please say so. -- Hadal 17:00, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Billbillbill


text:
Westley Allan Dodd

Westley Allan Dodd (July 3, 1961 – January 5, 1993) was an American convicted serial killer and sex offender. In 1989, he sexually assaulted and murdered three young boys in Vancouver, Washington. He was arrested later that year after a failed attempt to abduct a six-year-old boy at a movie theatre.

Dodd wrote detailed accounts of his murders in a diary that was found by police. After pleading guilty to the charges of murder, he received the death penalty. After refusing an automatic appeal, he was executed by hanging on January 5, 1993, the first legal hanging in the United States since 1965.

Early life
Westley Allan Dodd was born in Toppenish, Washington, on July 3, 1961, the oldest of Jim and Carol Dodd's three children. Dodd claimed he was never abused or neglected as a child. He claimed, however, that the words "I love you" were never said to him as he grew up, nor could he ever remember saying them. His younger brother Gregory was arrested in 2016 for the attempted sexual abuse of a 13-year-old girl.

The Seattle Times reported that Dodd described in a diary written during his imprisonment that his father was emotionally and physically abusive, that he was often neglected in favor of his younger siblings, and that he witnessed violent fights between his parents. At school, Dodd was not welcomed into any social groups, leaving him with no friends. By the age of 9, Dodd had discovered that he was sexually attracted to other boys. On July 3, 1976—Dodd's 15th birthday—his father attempted suicide following an argument with his wife. He graduated from Richland High School in 1979.

Sex offenses
At the age of 13, Dodd began exposing himself to children in his neighborhood. His father eventually told an Oregon newspaper that he was aware of the behavior but largely ignored it, since he felt his son was otherwise a "well-behaved child who never had problems with drugs, drinking, or smoking." By the time he entered high school, Dodd had progressed to child molestation, beginning with his younger cousins, and then neighborhood children he offered to babysit, as well as the children of a woman his father was dating. At the age of 15, Dodd was arrested for indecent exposure, but police released him with a recommendation of juvenile counseling.

In August 1981, at the age of 20, Dodd tried to abduct two girls, who reported him to the police. No action was taken. The following month, he enlisted in the US Navy, and was assigned to the submarine base in Bangor, Washington, where he began abusing children who lived on the base.

Once, Dodd offered a group of boys $50 to accompany him to a motel room for a game of strip poker. This time, he was arrested. Despite confessing to police that he planned to molest the boys, he was released, with no charges filed. Shortly afterwards, he was arrested again for exposing himself to a boy and was dishonorably discharged from the Navy. Dodd spent 19 days in jail and underwent court-ordered counselling. In May 1984, he was arrested for molesting a 10-year-old boy but received only a suspended sentence.

Dodd planned his entire life around easy access to "targets", as he referred to children. He moved into an apartment block that housed families with children, and worked at fast food restaurants, as a charity truck driver, and other such jobs. He repeatedly molested the pre-school-aged children of a neighbor, but the woman declined to press charges, fearing the experience would be too traumatic for her children.

In 1987, Dodd tried to lure a young boy into a vacant building, but the boy refused to go with him and instead told the police. Prosecutors were aware of Dodd's history of sexual offenses and recommended five years in prison. However, once again, Dodd received minimal punishment because he had not actually touched the boy or exposed himself. He was placed on probation and ordered to seek psychiatric treatment. After finishing probation, he stopped going to treatment and moved to Vancouver, Washington, where he was hired as a shipping clerk.

In the early autumn of 1989, Dodd decided that David Douglas Park in Vancouver, a large, heavily wooded park with several secluded trails, would be a good place to find potential victims. He was arrested several times over the next few years for child molestation, each time serving short jail sentences and being given court-mandated therapy. All his victims (around 50 in all) were below the age of 12, some of them as young as 2, and most of them were boys.

Dodd's sexual fantasies became increasingly violent over the years; he would later say, "The more I thought about it, the more exciting the idea of murder sounded. I planned many ways to kill a boy." A psychiatrist who evaluated Dodd following one of his convictions said that he fit the legal criteria for a "sexual psychopath".

Murders
On September 4, 1989, Dodd went to Vancouver's David Douglas Park, with a fish fillet knife and shoelaces, and sought out young boys to kill. He lured two brothers, 11- and 10-year-old Cole and William Neer, to a secluded area, where he forced them to undress, tied them to a tree and performed sex acts on them both. When he was done, he stabbed them repeatedly with a knife and fled the scene. The boys were soon discovered in the park. Cole was dead at the scene, while William died en route to a nearby hospital.

After the murders of the two brothers, Dodd started a scrapbook with newspaper clippings and other facts about the murders. On October 29, Dodd drove to Portland, Oregon, where he encountered four-year-old Lee Iseli and his nine-year-old brother Justin at a local park. The younger boy was playing alone on a slide, and Dodd succeeded in convincing the boy to come with him. Justin had gone home, so Dodd told Lee that he would drive him back to his house. He managed to take Lee to his apartment in Vancouver apparently unnoticed, and he ordered the boy to undress. Dodd then tied Lee to his bed and molested him, taking photographs of the abuse. Dodd kept Lee overnight while he continued to sexually abuse him, all the while jotting down every detail in his diary. The next morning, he strangled Lee to death with a rope and hung his body in the closet, photographing it as a macabre "trophy".

He would later confess to police that he had originally planned not to kill the boy, but eventually decided that it was necessary to keep him from telling anyone. Dodd stuffed Lee's nude body in trash bags and threw him in some bushes near Vancouver Lake. He burned Lee's clothing in a trash barrel except for the boy's underwear, which he kept as a souvenir of the crime. One day later, Lee's body was discovered, which sparked a manhunt for the killer. Dodd kept a low profile and mostly stayed in his apartment, writing down future plans for child abduction and also constructing a homemade torture rack for the next victim.

Arrest
On November 13, 1989, Dodd drove to Camas, Washington, around 12 mi east of Vancouver, where he attempted to abduct 6-year-old James Kirk II from the restroom of the New Liberty Theatre. The child began fighting and crying as Dodd was leaving the theatre through the lobby, carrying the boy in his arms. Despite Dodd's attempts to calm the boy, theatre employees became suspicious and followed Dodd out to the street. Due to their pursuit, Dodd released his victim, got into his car, and drove away.

The boyfriend of the boy's mother, William "Ray" Graves, came to the theatre lobby and was told that the boy had nearly been abducted. Graves went outside the theatre in the direction where Dodd was last seen. Dodd's car had broken down a short distance away from the theatre and he was attempting to start the motor. In order not to raise Dodd's suspicion and to stall for time, Graves pretended to be a passerby and offered to help him. He then put Dodd into a headlock and returned him to the theatre, where employees called the police.

The local police contacted the Portland Police task force investigating the kidnapping and murder of Lee Iseli. Dodd was taken to the Camas Police station, where Portland task force lead detectives C.W. Jensen and Dave Trimble interviewed him. He was then taken to the Clark County jail in Vancouver, where Jensen and Trimble continued their interrogation over the course of three days. Eventually, Dodd confessed to all three murders. Jensen and Trimble then served a search warrant at Dodd's home in Vancouver.

During the search of Dodd's home, police discovered a homemade torture rack, along with newspaper clippings about his crimes, a briefcase containing Lee Iseli's underwear, a photo album containing pictures of Lee Iseli, and assorted photographs of children in newspaper and store catalogue underwear advertisements. They also discovered Dodd's diary, in which he wrote in detail about the murders.

Dodd was charged with aggravated first-degree murder in the deaths of the Neer brothers and Lee Iseli, plus attempted kidnapping of another child. He initially pleaded not guilty to all charges, but later changed his plea to guilty.

Trial
During his trial in Clark County Superior Court, the prosecution read aloud excerpts of Dodd's diary and displayed photographs of Lee Iseli. The defense did not call any witnesses or present any evidence, suggesting only that Dodd must be legally insane. The jury found Dodd guilty; prosecutors requested the death penalty and the jury agreed. Dodd would claim that speaking in his own defense was pointless, and ultimately, "the system had failed repeatedly". Washington State law gave Dodd the choice of execution by lethal injection or by hanging; Dodd stated that he wished to die by hanging because that was how he had killed Lee Iseli, his last victim.

In 1990, Dodd was sentenced to death for the murder of the Neer brothers, as well as for the separate rape and murder of Lee Iseli.

Execution
Less than four years elapsed between the murders and Dodd's execution. He refused to appeal his case or the capital sentence. He insisted that he could not control his urges and would kill again, stating in one court brief: "I must be executed before I have an opportunity to escape or kill someone else. If I do escape, I promise you I will kill and rape again, and I will enjoy every minute of it." He also said in some interviews that death would give him relief from guilt over the murders. During his trial, he wrote a pamphlet on how parents could protect children from child molesters such as himself.

Dodd's execution by hanging was the first in the United States since George York and James Latham were hanged by Kansas in 1965. The execution was witnessed by 12 members of local and regional media, prison officials, and family members of the three victims. Dodd ordered broiled salmon and fried potatoes for his last meal. His last words, spoken from the second floor of the indoor gallows, were recorded by the media witnesses as:"I was once asked by somebody, I don't remember who, if there was any way sex offenders could be stopped. I said, 'No.' I was wrong. I was wrong when I said there was no hope, no peace. There is hope. There is peace. I found both in the Lord, Jesus Christ. Look to the Lord, and you will find peace."

Dodd was executed at 12:05 a.m. on January 5, 1993, at Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla. He was pronounced dead by the prison doctor and his body was transported to Seattle for autopsy. King County Medical Examiner Donald Reay found that Dodd had died quickly, within two to three minutes, though not from a broken neck, which is rarely the usual cause of death from hanging. Reay stated that Dodd's death had likely not been very painful. Dodd was cremated following the autopsy, and his ashes turned over to his family.

Execution controversy
Dodd's execution came with some controversy over his choice of execution by hanging. The American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit saying that this method of execution was a violation of the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution. The lawsuit made it all the way to the Washington Supreme Court, but was unsuccessful in blocking Dodd's execution, largely because Dodd himself chose hanging.

On the day of the execution, many people gathered outside the prison, either supporting or protesting the execution. There was much media attention; some TV news reports featured stories on the history of hanging, showing such things as the loud sound that the trap door can make, along with the silence that follows it, and the type of rope that was going to be used, and how to properly prepare it for optimum effect.

In popular culture
Dodd's profile was featured along with another convicted sexual predator imprisoned in Washington in the 1992 Frontline episode "Monsters Among Us".

Dodd's crimes are included in the Investigation Discovery series Real Detective. In the episode titled "Malice", detective C. W. Jensen describes his involvement in bringing Dodd to justice and the effect it had on him personally.

In 2006 Discovery Channel television show Most Evil analyzed his life and crimes. He was ranked at level 22, the highest point of the scale.

Dodd was the basis for an unseen character, a child killer named "Wayne Dobbs", in the 2002 film Insomnia, starring Al Pacino. He was fictionalized as a man who murdered a young boy in a way similar to Dodd's murder of Lee Iseli.

Several books have been written about the case, including: When the Monster Comes Out of the Closet by Lori Steinhorst, who communicated with Dodd in writing and by phone almost daily for 18 months prior to his execution; Driven to Kill by true crime author Gary C. King; and Dr. Ron Turco's book about his experience during the initial investigation to assist in developing a profile of the killer.

title: Westley Allan Dodd


text:
Talk:100 Broken Windows

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 17:19, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:100 Broken Windows


text:
Form-versus-content humour

Form-versus-content humour is a type of humour in an incongruity between a statement's content and the way it is communicated makes it humorous. It is one of the basic techniques of tragicomic humour. Form-versus-content humour can be delivered, for example, by presenting a message in a form that inherently defeats the ostensible purpose of the message, or in a form that is fundamentally incapable of carrying the important part of the message. The Jargon File gives an example of this type of humor: a red index card with GREEN written on it.

title: Form-versus-content humour


text:
ETBC

ETBC may be:

 * East Tennessee Breastfeeding Coalition
 * East Texas Billing & Claims
 * Europe Tamil Broadcasting Corporation
 * Easy TestBench Creator

 * religious
 * East Taylorsville Baptist Church, in Taylorsville, North Carolina
 * East Texas Baptist College, now East Texas Baptist University
 * East Troy Bible Church, in East Troy, Wisconsin
 * East Tucson Baptist Church, in Tucson, Arizona
 * El Toro Baptist Church, in Lake Forest, California

title: ETBC


text:
Mézidon-Canon

Mézidon-Canon is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 9 September 1972, Mézidon merged with Canon to create Mézidon-Canon. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

Canon was the site of a fortress built in 1050 by Odo (Eudes) Stigand for William the Bastard, duke of Normandy, Odo was the first baron of Mézidon and founder of the priory of St. Barbara, known as Sainte-Barbe-en-Auge.

title: Mézidon-Canon


text:
Ein Herz und eine Seele

Ein Herz und eine Seele (literally "One Heart and One Soul" i.e. "hand in glove") is a German television sitcom based on the British sitcom Till Death Us Do Part by Johnny Speight. The show premiered on 15 January 1973 and lasted for 21 episodes, airing its last on 4 November 1974. In 1976 the show had a short-lived revival with another four episodes. Ein Herz und eine Seele was written by Wolfgang Menge.

The show was extremely successful during its initial run and it still proves very popular in reruns. Two episodes in particular, Sylvesterpunsch (about the family's New Year's Eve party) and Rosenmontagszug (set during the winter carnival season) have gained such popularity that they are now shown traditionally on German TV on New Year's Eve and Rosenmontag, respectively.

Storyline
The show reflects the life of a petty bourgeois family in West German Wattenscheid, characterised by the social climate of the Willy Brandt era and its political upheavals initiated by the German student movement of 1968. Ein Herz und eine Seele makes intensive use of references to German politics and social issues of the early and mid-1970s, when Germany was still divided, not just between East and West, but also (in the case of West Germany) between liberals and conservatives. To feature these tensions in a TV series broke new ground at that time.

The undisputed star is Ekel ("creep") Alfred Tetzlaff (Heinz Schubert), commercial clerk, a born Sudeten German, Bild reader and reactionary patriarch, who is constantly arguing with his wife Else, his daughter Rita, and his son-in-law Michael. He is a declared foe of the SPD government ruining the country only to sell it to the Mongols, of foreigners, Gastarbeiter, Jews and the women's movement. During his term of service in the Wehrmacht he had spent time in Paris, which finds expression in his (dubious) language skills. Alfred's appearance, small in physique with a moustache and side-parted hair, along with his passionate politicking with a high-pitched voice and frequent hand movements, make his character somewhat reminiscent of Adolf Hitler. Raised in Berlin he is a dedicated fan of Hertha BSC, which makes life somewhat hard in the Ruhr area.

Alfred is married (afflicted) with Else, a housewife from Elmshorn, whose fatuity constantly drives him mad. She ceaselessly speaks up, confusing Pompidou with Pompadour and Kiesinger with Kissinger, honestly astonished that the Germans had elected a Jewish chancellor. (In this sense, although the German Else was named after the British version of the character, the quiet but sometimes snarky Else Garnett, the character more closely resembled Edith Bunker from the American version of the show, All in the Family.) Ironically, Alfred's use of "dusselige Kuh", literally "silly cow", as a nickname for Else was not allowed in the BBC original: the British character Alf Garnett had to refer to his wife as a "silly moo".

The young couple, Rita and her husband Michael, cannot afford an apartment and live in Rita's child's room. Michael is a supporter of Chancellor Willy Brandt and moreover was raised in East Germany, which arouses Alfred's suspicion of him being a Komsomol, a Bolshevik hyena and an anarchist. Michael's parents still live in East Germany; as retirees they are allowed to visit their son and his new family in the episode Besuch aus der Ostzone ("Visit from the Eastern Zone"), an episode which exists both in black-and-white and colour and is usually aired on German Unity Day.

Broadcast
The show was originally broadcast in black and white and shown on the regional channel of the North Rhine-Westphalia area, WDR. It moved to West Germany's first channel, ARD, on New Year's Eve 1973 with the above-mentioned episode and from that date was produced in colour. Some of the colour episodes are actually remakes or reprises of older black-and-white episodes. The first series is considered to consist of 21 episodes.

For the second series, Elisabeth Wiedemann, popular in her role as Else Tetzlaff, was replaced by Helga Feddersen and Michael, formerly played by Diether Krebs, was portrayed by Klaus Dahlen. Whereas the original actors portrayed stereotypical but believable characters, Feddersen and Dahlen turned their roles into purely comedic characters, introducing slapstick. The audience clearly did not approve of these changes: after only four episodes of the second series, Ein Herz und eine Seele was cancelled.

Despite its polarization and abusive language, the series was initially very popular with up to 15.7 million viewers. It declined in the ratings due to the cast changes in the second series. In 2002, a survey showed the program was Germany's most popular sitcom of all time.

In 2004 the complete series was released to DVD and was a best seller.

Episodes
Episodes 1 to 11 were broadcast in black and white, the rest were broadcast in colour.

title: Ein Herz und eine Seele


text: User talk:195.93.33.11

title: User talk:195.93.33.11