text:
Slip Stitch and Pass

Slip Stitch and Pass is the second official live album by the American rock band Phish. It was released on October 28, 1997, by Elektra Records and has nine tracks from the band's March 1, 1997, show at the Markthalle Hamburg in Hamburg, Germany, which was part of Phish's 1997 European Tour.

The album marked the first time that concert staples "Mike's Song" and "Weekapaug Groove" had appeared on an official Phish release, despite both having been part of the band's repertoire since the 1980s. Three of the album's nine songs are cover songs: "Cities" from Talking Heads, "Jesus Just Left Chicago" from ZZ Top and the traditional a cappella standard "Hello My Baby".

In addition, during the final jam segment of "Mike's Song", the band quotes (or 'teases') Pink Floyd's "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" and elements and lyrics from The Doors song "The End". Both "Lawn Boy" and "Weekapaug Groove" subsequently have lyrics from "The End". The close of "Weekapaug Groove" interpolates the end section of the Rolling Stones' "Can't You Hear Me Knocking".

The jam on "Wolfman's Brother" is indicative of the band's foray into funk music, which dominated the group's improvisation over the next several years. The song also includes a tease of the band's own instrumental tune "Dave's Energy Guide."

Renowned graphic artist Storm Thorgerson designed the album cover.

Personnel
Phish
 * Trey Anastasio – guitars, lead vocals, a cappella vocals on "Hello My Baby"
 * Page McConnell – keyboards, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Jesus Just Left Chicago" and "Lawn Boy", a cappella vocals on "Hello My Baby"
 * Mike Gordon – bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Weigh" and "Mike's Song", a cappella vocals on "Hello My Baby"
 * Jon Fishman – drums, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "Taste", a cappella vocals on "Hello My Baby"

title: Slip Stitch and Pass


text: Category:New York Rangers players

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:New York Rangers players


text:
Talk:HMS Tiger (C20)

Pennant number
Tiger's number was C 20 and not C 24 as posted. I believe she was in fact launched in 1942 not 41, by the mother of MP Anthony Wedgewood Benn, Lady Stansgate.

John Toplis Surg Lt Cdr (D) Ret. Dental Officer on Tiger 1973-74.

Added the info
Commander:

I added the info on the christening to the history. I also included the dates of keel laying, launching, and commissioning. All of the reference books I have looked at state that she was launched in 1945.

PAUL

Brian John Foot
Does anyone recall serving with my father/grandfather - Brian John Foot?

Stephen John Foot and Samuel John Foot

Possible correction of dimensions
Hi.

Jane's in various 1970s editions lists Tiger class length as 550 wl and 566.5 oa after helo conversion. The 555.5 oa currently on this page may be a conflation of these two values. The same Jane's editions agree with the 538 PP and 64 beam values, however.

Dave Nilsen — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.205.55.23 (talk) 22:02, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Cuban missile crisis
I have deleted the following:
 * Tiger and her sister ship HMS Lion (C34) were alongside at Gibraltar in 1963 when the Cuban missile crisis arose; both ships put to sea as tensions rose between the Soviet Union and the United States.

The Cuban missile crisis was in October 1962. In October 1962, the Tiger was in New Zealand (see log of HMS Tiger ADM 53/15881 in the UK National Archives).-- Toddy1 (talk) 10:54, 11 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on HMS Tiger (C20). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081012123453/http://www.btinternet.com/~warship/Postwar/Cruisers/tiger.htm to http://www.btinternet.com/~warship/Postwar/Cruisers/tiger.htm

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Accuracy of phrasing
"She remained in service until 1978 when she was put into reserve and marked for disposal"

But the infobox refers to her being decommissioned in 1978. Her sister ship Lion is spoken of differently: "Lion was placed into reserve in 1965 and served as a supply of spares for the other two until decommissioned in 1972 followed by selling for scrap in 1975". Is there a category mistake somewhere here? Harfarhs (talk) 10:17, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Tiger (C20)


text:
Vidua

Vidua is a genus of passerine birds in the family Viduidae.

The genus was introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1816. The type species was subsequently designated as the pin-tailed whydah. The name Vidua is a Latin word meaning "widow".

The genus contains 19 species:

title: Vidua


text:
The Story of the Ghost

 The Story of the Ghost is the seventh studio album by American rock band Phish, released by Elektra Records on October 27, 1998. The album features an emphasis on the jazz-funk influenced "cow-funk" style, which the group had been experimenting with in concert throughout 1997 and 1998. The album's first single was "Birds of a Feather", which was a Top 20 hit on Billboard magazine's Adult Alternative Songs chart. The album's cover was painted by visual artist George Condo.

Sound and production
Much of the album originated during large-scale improvisation sessions. The band then took favorite moments from those in-studio jams and wrote songs around them, adding lyrics from a book of writings by long-time Phish lyricist Tom Marshall. Additional excerpts from the improvisational "Ghost Sessions" were also later released as The Siket Disc. The progressive rock song "Guyute" is the only track on the album to pre-date 1997, having first been performed by Phish in 1994.

A few of the album's songs reflect the band's 1997 "cow-funk" sound, with bass guitarist Mike Gordon taking a more prominent role. Anastasio had coined the "cow-funk" term in the band's 1997 official biography The Phish Book, observing that "What we’re doing now is really more about groove than funk. Good funk, real funk, is not played by four white guys from Vermont." Much of the album, however, is defined by what Rolling Stone called an "unhurried vibe ... with airy, uncluttered grooves and relaxed vocals." Unlike Phish's previous albums, The Story of the Ghost does not include any instrumentals. "End of Session" was performed live for the first time on July 25, 2017.

Early incarnations of several tracks from the album can be heard on the 2000 release Trampled by Lambs and Pecked by the Dove, a collection of song sketches recorded by frontman Trey Anastasio and lyricist Tom Marshall.

The album was recorded over the course of several sessions at Bearsville Studios in the village of Bearsville, New York, where the band had also recorded Billy Breathes. The band chose Andy Wallace to produce the album because of his work on Reign in Blood by Slayer, Nevermind by Nirvana and Grace by Jeff Buckley.

"Birds of a Feather", "Frankie Says", and "Shafty" (the latter song a reworking of Phish original "Olivia's Pool") were all debuted live during the "Island Tour", a brief run of shows the band played while taking a break from recording the album in April 1998. All four nights of the "Island Tour" were later released as part of the LivePhish Series.

In 2000, during the promotion for Farmhouse, many interviews saw Anastasio citing a certain disdain for the process of creating The Story of the Ghost. He was critical of the band's "socialistic" approach to the song selection for the album. "There were songs I thought should have gone on The Story of the Ghost album, that were better than the songs that got on there", Anastasio said in a 2000 interview. "If anyone didn't like a song it was out. But what happens with that approach is the material gets watered down. You end up with songs that everyone is fine with, but the best songs are usually those where one person is passionately for and one person really hates, because the best songs are those that arouse strong reactions".

Tom Marshall recalls that one of these stronger songs was omitted in favor of what he felt was a weaker track in "Fikus". Anastasio named "Bug" and "Twist" as two songs he was disappointed were cut from the album, and both later appeared on Farmhouse. In 2018, Marshall had Anastasio as a guest on his Under the Scales podcast to discuss the 20th anniversary of The Story of the Ghost, and both conceded they were now happy with the album as it was released, with Marshall revising his opinion of "Fikus" to a more positive one.

In February 2009, The Story of the Ghost was made available as a download in FLAC and MP3 formats at LivePhish.com.

Personnel
From the band's website:

Phish
 * Trey Anastasio – guitars, lead vocals, horn arrangement for "Birds of a Feather", co-lead vocals on "Meat" and "Fikus"
 * Page McConnell – keyboards, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Frankie Says" and "Wading in the Velvet Sea", lead vocals on "Roggae", co-lead vocals on "Limb by Limb"
 * Mike Gordon – bass guitar, pedal steel, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Meat", "Fikus", and "Roggae"
 * Jon Fishman – drums, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Roggae", and "The Moma Dance", co-lead vocals on "Ghost"

Additional musicians and production staff

 * Andy Wallace – producer, mixer

Recorded at Bearsville Studios, Bearsville, NY April – June 1998

 * Chris Shaw – engineer
 * Chris Laidlaw – assistant recording engineer

 * Dave Grippo – saxophone on "Birds of a Feather"
 * James Harvey – trombone on "Birds of a Feather"
 * Jennifer Hartswick – trumpet on "Birds of a Feather"
 * Heloise Williams – background vocals on "Birds of a Feather" and "Shafty"

Additional Recording Sessions: Bearsville Studios 3/11-15, 9/29-10/2, 1997
 * John Siket – recording engineer
 * Chris Laidlaw – assistant recording engineer

Dave O's Farmhouse 3/4-7, 4/7-11, 1998 Recorded by Phish and Andy Wallace

Mixed at Soundtracks Studios, NY, NY June/July 1998
 * Steve Sisco – assistant mix engineer

Mastered by Howie Weinberg at Masterdisk July 1998

Pre-Production Digital Editing: John Billingsly

Management: John Paluska/Dionysian Productions

Production Assistance: Beth Montuori, Brad Sands

Technical Assistance: Paul Languedoc, Pete Carini, Kevin Brown, Brian Brown

Paintings by George Condo

Art Direction: Lili Picou

Project Management: Cynthia Brown and Jason Colton

title: The Story of the Ghost


text:
Netherlands Trading Society

The Netherlands Trading Society (Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij N.V. or NHM) was a Dutch trading and financial company, established in 1824, in The Hague by King William I to promote and develop trade, shipping and agriculture. For the next 140 years the NHM developed a large international branch network and increasingly engaged in banking operations. In 1964, it merged with Twentsche Bank to form Algemene Bank Nederland, itself a predecessor of ABN AMRO.

History
The NHM was a private company which issued publicly traded shares. According to the king, the NHM would act to leverage economic activity and encourage the development of national wealth. However, in practice it came down to expanding existing trade, by gathering data and searching for new markets as well as financing industry and shipping. Its close association with the Dutch government meant it played an important role in the development of trade between the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. Its former headquarters in De Bazel in Amsterdam houses the Amsterdam Archives today.

The NHM is sometimes called the successor of the Dutch East India Company or VOC, as it was also a private company that issued shares and financed trade with the Dutch East Indies. The establishment of the NHM can be seen as an attempt to bring new impetus to trade with the Dutch East Indies after the depression of the years of French domination (1795–1814), and the final collapse of the VOC two decades earlier. With playful reference to the greatness of the VOC, the NHM was colloquially known as Kompenie Ketjil or the "little company".

The NHM financing of trade and shipping led to the development of a network of branches which increasingly engaged in financing and banking operations. The network extended throughout South East Asia and on the trade routes between the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies and the NHM continued to extend its network into the 20th century. It lost a number of its branches when the Indonesian government nationalised them in 1960 to form a new locally owned bank, but by then had branches in many other parts of the world.

Time line

 * 1824: King William I created the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM) by Royal Decree to revive trade between the Netherlands and the Netherlands East Indies.
 * 1826: NHM opened an office in Batavia (now Jakarta), known as De Factorij
 * 1858: NHM opened a branch in Singapore
 * 1870s: NHM expands its overseas activities into banking
 * 1888: NHM opened a branch in Penang
 * 1902: NHM starts banking operations in the Netherlands
 * 1906: NHM opened a branch in Hong Kong
 * 1920: NHM opened branches in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) primarily to work with clients in the diamond business
 * 1926: NHM opened a branch in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Known later as the Saudi Hollandi Bank (currently Alawwal Bank), it was the first, and until 1948 the only, commercial bank in the Kingdom. The branch existed to serve the needs of Indonesian Muslims coming to perform Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca
 * 1934: Financial restructuring; NHM reduces its capital by 75 percent
 * 1936: NHM initiates a retail presence in the Netherlands beyond its previous branches in Amsterdam, The Hague, and Rotterdam, by acquiring the Guelders Credit Union (Geldersche Credietvereeniging)
 * 1941: NHM opened an agency in New York City
 * 1948: NHM opened a branch in Karachi to become the first foreign bank to receive a banking license from the new government of Pakistan
 * 1949: NHM acquired De Surinaamsche Bank
 * 1951: NHM opened branches in Mombasa (Kenya), and Dar-es-Salaam (Tanganyika)
 * 1954: NHM opened a branch in Beirut (Lebanon), and one in Kampala (Uganda)
 * 1959: The Indonesian government nationalized NHM's plantations
 * 1960: The Indonesian government nationalized NHM's banking operations into Bank Ekspor Impor Indonesia, later Bank Mandiri
 * 1963: NHM set up its Malaysian head office in Kuala Lumpur
 * 1964: NHM merged with De Twentsche Bank to form Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN)

Buildings
The building at Vijzelstraat 32 in Amsterdam known today as "De Bazel"is named after its architect Karel de Bazel. It was originally built in 1919–1926 for the NHM and it is decorated with many details reminiscent of Indonesia, most notably the brickwork, which earned the building the nickname "spekkoek" It was later repurposed as the Amsterdam Archives.

title: Netherlands Trading Society


text:
Category:Celtic languages

Articles relating to the Celtic languages, group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic. They form a branch of the Indo-European language family. The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron, who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages. During the 1st millennium BC, Celtic languages were spoken across much of Europe and central Anatolia. Today, they are restricted to the northwestern fringe of Europe and a few diaspora communities.

title: Category:Celtic languages


text:
User:JamesTeterenko

Hello, I am James Teterenko. I joined Wikipedia on June 2, 2004. On July 27, 2005, I became an administrator. If you want to know who to blame for this, see here.

I am a Ukrainian Canadian living in Calgary, AB. I grew up in Winnipeg, Manitoba, graduating from the University of Manitoba.

My article contributions tend to concentrate on Calgary, Winnipeg, Ukrainian culture, lacrosse and ice hockey. I have also done some work around overall Canadian history. My interest in editing tends to meander. Some days I write full articles, some days stubs, sometimes I search for public domain pictures, others I just fix typos. One day, I was home sick from work and just wrote about hockey history. Whatever I do, I do it with the intent of making this a better Encyclopedia. It has also been a mechanism for me to learn about topics that interest me. I now know a lot more about the various topics noted below than I did when I started.

My contributions
I stopped maintaining my list of contributions, as it doesn't really add too much value. So, if you really want to see what I have been editing, check my contribution history.

Articles I have helped become featured:
 * Louis Riel Niagara Falls

title: User:JamesTeterenko


text:
Farmhouse (album)

Farmhouse is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Phish. The album was released on May 16, 2000, by Elektra Records. Farmhouse was the last Phish studio album before their two-year hiatus between October 2000 and December 2002.

The album's first single, "Heavy Things", was one of Phish's most successful radio hits; it was the band's only song to appear on a mainstream pop radio format, reaching #29 on Billboard's Adult Top 40 chart that July. The song also became the band's biggest hit to date on the Adult Alternative Songs chart, reaching #2 there. The song had previously been performed for live broadcast during the overnight set of Phish's New Year's Eve 2000 show at Big Cypress as part of ABC's coverage of New Year's festivities around the globe.

Owing in part to the mainstream exposure of "Heavy Things", Farmhouse had the highest-ever first week sales for a Phish record. The album was certified gold by RIAA on January 30, 2006.

Production
Songwriting for Farmhouse was a joint effort between Trey Anastasio and Phish lyricist Tom Marshall, with contributions from Tony Markellis, Russ Lawton and Scott Herman. All of the songs were already part of Phish's live concert song rotation before being recorded for the album, some dating back to 1997. The tracks were recorded at The Barn, frontman Trey Anastasio's studio in Chittenden County, Vermont. The introduction to "Piper" is an extract from the band's live performance of the song on July 18, 1999, at their Camp Oswego Festival in Volney, New York. There is also a Japanese version of the album available as an import which include two bonus studio out-take tracks from the Farmhouse recording sessions which are "Driver" and "Mist" (sometimes referred to as "Mountains in the Mist"). These two songs are currently not available in any format online by Phish although as of December 2018 it can be purchased in its original CD format on Amazon.com and possibly elsewhere for about twice the price of the standard version of the album.

Early incarnations of several tracks from the album can be heard on the 2000 release Trampled by Lambs and Pecked by the Dove, a collection of song sketches and demos recorded by Anastasio and Marshall.

The song "First Tube" was nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.

In February 2009, the album was made available as a download in FLAC and MP3 formats at LivePhish.com.

A new 2-LP vinyl version of the album was announced on May 31, 2023, for an official release on June 30, 2023, sourced from the original 1/2" master reels. The original version of the record on vinyl was on one single LP, sourced from digital.

Critical reception
Farmhouse received mainly positive reviews. Jason Ankeny of AllMusic praised the album as Phish's "rootsiest and most organic effort to date... [and] also their most fully developed – these are complete, concise songs and not simply outlines for extended jams, boasting a beauty and intimacy which expands the group's scope even as it serves notice of a newfound pop accessibility."

Rolling Stone's Jon Pareles, however, gave Farmhouse a mediocre rating of only 2.5 stars. The review states that on the album the band walks "a thin line between mellow and torpid" with songs that "are going to need a lot of live (concert) resuscitation".

Charting singles

 * 2000, Heavy Things (No. 22, Adult Top 40)

Personnel
Phish
 * Trey Anastasio – guitars, lead vocals, horn and string arrangements
 * Page McConnell – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Mike Gordon – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Jon Fishman – drums, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 * Jerry Douglas – dobro on "The Inlaw Josie Wales"
 * John Dunlop – cello on "Dirt"
 * Roy Feldman – viola on "Dirt"
 * Béla Fleck – banjo on "The Inlaw Josie Wales"
 * Dave Grippo – saxophone on "Gotta Jibboo"
 * David Gusakov – violin on "Dirt"
 * Jennifer Hartswick – trumpet on "Gotta Jibboo"
 * James Harvey – trombone on "Gotta Jibboo"
 * Laura Markowitz – violin on "Dirt"
 * Andy Moroz – trombone on "Gotta Jibboo"

title: Farmhouse (album)


text:
Qi Baishi

Qi Baishi (1 January 1864 – 16 September 1957) was a Chinese painter, noted for the whimsical, often playful style of his works. Born to a peasant family from Xiangtan, Hunan, Qi taught himself to paint, sparked by the Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden. After he turned 40, he traveled, visiting various scenic spots in China. After 1917 he settled in Beijing. Qi was the master of Hu Jieqing, the wife of Lao She.

The subjects of his paintings include almost everything, commonly animals, scenery, figures, toys, vegetables, and so on. He theorized that "paintings must be something between likeness and unlikeness, much like today's vulgarians, but not like to cheat popular people". In his later years, many of his works depict mice, shrimp or birds. He was also good at seal carving and called himself "the rich man of three hundred stone seals" (三百石印富翁). In 1953, he was elected president of the China Artists Association (中國美術家協會). He died in Beijing in 1957.

Early life
He was born in Xiangtan, Hunan. He lived with his parents, grandparents, and eight younger sisters and brothers. Qi was schooled for less than a year due to illness. However, he was too weak to do much of the work and this was when he became a carpenter. While Qi was growing up, he read Chinese manual of painting, which sparked his interest in art and painting animals, insects and other types. In his paintings, he depicted things that people have seen, however, he did not start following this motto until much later in his life. He first studied the Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden (芥子園畫傳) and used performers, mainly opera, for models to practice his work. After using opera performers as models, Qi turned to anyone he knew to pose for him.

Training and education
“Qi Baishi started receiving artistic training... which consisted of fundamentals in gongbi (工筆) mode, which features fine brushwork and meticulous detail”. He was taught that every aspect of painting mattered, from the subject matter to the way the ink was applied to the paper. His landscape paintings came as a result of his next mentor Tan Pu. Because of his training, he then realized that he could pursue art as his full-time career instead of just dreaming to become a professional artist. Despite his training in gongbi, Qi is famed for painting in the freely expressive xieyi (寫意 ‘sketching thoughts’) style.

Qi was popular for his variety of works ranging from plant to animal life; because of his natural style, collectors both “artistic and political” purchased his work. According to the article, Qi Baishi [Ch’i Pai-shih; zi Huang; hao Baishi Laoren, Baishi Shanqeng]: "Qi’s works were based on his life and his character. After the fall of the Qing dynasty Qi was known for not letting all the political issues affect his work and keeping his own values and ideas through the harsh times. According to Confucian standards, starting off as nothing and creating a name for yourself, as Qi did, was very honorable.

Qi managed to master many different techniques including calligraphy and seal-carving. After establishing himself in Hunan as a painter and artist, it wasn’t until his forties that he began traveling and looking for more inspiration. Qi came upon the Shanghai School, which was very popular at the time, and met Wu Changshuo who then became another mentor to him and inspired a lot of Qi’s works. Another influence of Qi didn’t come until about fifteen years later who was Chen Shizeng (陳師曾) who he became close to when he was living in Beijing. Qi was becoming more and more well-known and sought after. During World War II, many traditional art works and culture were no longer considered valuable and were thus destroyed. But Qi was still respected and was “elected to the National People’s Congress and made honorary Chairman of the National Artists Association, he represented a continuing commitment to traditional cultural values in revolutionary China”. He died at age 93.

Settling down
After all of his travels, Qi built a house and settled down. He began reading and writing poetry and painting some of the mountains he saw while traveling. These paintings became a series of fifty landscape pictures known as “Chieh-shan t’u-chuan.” Later, poems and postscripts by artists that Qi knew were printed onto the paintings. One of Qi's earlier series of works called “The Carp” was recognized and praised for its simple style - it contained no excess of decorations or writings. His noticeable talent with wood-carving was also highly praised, as was his ability to express his personal influence through his work. It was not until his mid-fifties that Qi was considered a mature painter. By then, his lines were sharper and his subject matter had changed from wildlife to botany. As said by Wang Chao-Wen, “he based his work on reality while experimenting ceaselessly in new ways of expression, to integrate truth and beauty, create something yet unimagined by other artists, and achieve his own unique style, on that should not be artificial”.

Experiences and works

Wang Chao-Wen said that while Qi was talking to a student in Beijing, he saw an outline of a bird on a brick floor in muddy water. He goes on to say that not everyone would have seen the bird, but because Qi was always concerned with finding new images to paint, he had a “special sensitivity”. It was said that Qi had something special about him because he was constantly thinking about painting and had such a strong drive and motivation to be a great artist. Excerpts from Qi Baishi's journal demonstrate the strong passion and conviction he had for his work. From the article “An Appreciation of Chi Pai-Shi’s Paintings,” his journal entry reads as follows:

“When I cut seals I do not abide by the old rules, and so I am accused of unorthodoxy. But I pity this generation’s stupidity, for they do not seem to realize that the Chin and Han artists were human and so are we, and we may have our unique qualities too… Such classical artists as Ching-teng, Hsueh-ko and Ta-ti-tzu dared to make bold strokes in their paintings, for which I admire them tremendously. My one regret is that I was not born three hundred years ago, for then I could have asked to grind ink or hold the paper for those gentleman, and if they would not have me I should have starved outside their doors rather than move away. How wonderful that would have been! I suppose future generations will admire our present artists just as much as we admire these men of old. What a pity that I will not be there to see it!”

What is unique about Qi is that his works show no western influences, unlike most other artists at this time. Other artists praised Qi for the “freshness and spontaneity that he brought to the familiar genres of birds and flowers, insects and grasses, hermit-scholars and landscapes”. Although Qi was not the first artist to focus on small things in nature, he was highly recognized for his thoughtful and lyrical approach in depicting these subjects.

Forgery and misattribution of Qi's work has become common in the contemporary art market. He is estimated to have produced between 8,000 and 15,000 distinct works throughout his life, of which 3,000 are in museums. However, since 1993, auction houses have attempted to sell over 18,000 distinct works attributed to him. A painting attributed to him, Eagle Standing on Pine Tree (老鷹圖), was sold for 425.5 million yuan ($65.5 million) in 2011, becoming one of the most expensive paintings ever sold at auction. However, doubts over the painting's authenticity were later raised by the bidder.

The market for Qi's paintings has made headlines in the art market, both for China and the world. In 2016, his works held the second position by value (third by number of lots to sale) by auction. At the end of 2017, the art world was rocked by the news that his Twelve Landscape Screens (山水十二條屏) (1925) catapulted him into the '$100 Million Club' by selling for $140.8 million (931.5 million yuan) at the Beijing Poly International Auction Co, China.

Family
Qi's first wife was Chen Chunjun. They got married when Qi was twelve years old in his Hunan hometown. The couple later had five children, three sons: Qi Liangyuan (born 1889), Qi Liangfu (1894-1913) and Qi Liangkun (born 1902) and two daughters (unknown names). In 1919, Chen Chunjun came to Beijing and obtained Hu Baozhu (1902-1944) as Qi's concubine. Since then, Qi and Hu lived together in Beijing. The couple had 7 children together. Four sons: Qi Liangchi (born 1921), Qi Liangyi (born 1923), Qi Liangnian (1934-1938) and Qi Liangmo (born 1938, nowadays lives in Beijing) and 3 daughters: Qi Lianglian (born 1927), Qi Lianghuan (born 1928) and Qi Liangzhi (1931-2010).

Heritage
There were/are many painters of Qi's young generation:

Qi and Chen's children:
 * Qi Liangkun (also known Qi Ziru) and his son Qi Kelai.

Qi and Hu's children:
 * Qi Liangchi, also his son Qi Zhanyi
 * Qi Liangyi also his son Qi Bingyi
 * Qi Liangmo, also his son Qi Jianxiong and his daughter Qi Huijuan
 * Qi Liangzhi, also her son Xiong Zhichun and daughters Xiong Youyou and Qi Yuanyuan

Qi Liangkun, Qi Liangyi, Qi Liangchi, Qi Liangmo and Qi Liangzhi have kept the family tradition ongoing and are actively painting the style learned from Qi Baishi. Xiong Zhichun was taught by Liangmo and Liangzhi, later studied in art academy abroad to form his personal art style.

title: Qi Baishi


text:
Páll Guðmundsson

Páll Guðmundsson (born 1959) is a sculptor and artist.

Born in Húsafell in the west of Iceland (where he still lives), he has done part of his studies at the University of Fine Arts in Cologne, Germany.

Mostly, he sculptures faces of people out of the rock he finds around Húsafell. He has for example sculptured the faces of Johann Sebastian Bach, Björk and the Icelandic writer Thor Vilhjálmsson.

Páll is also working as a musician with a unique idiophone, a large xylophone-like instrument made of stones called the Steinharpa. He crafted the instrument himself using stones found around his home. With the instrument, he has performed along with the Icelandic band Sigur Rós.

title: Páll Guðmundsson


text:
Category:Washington Capitals players

This category is for players of the Washington Capitals, a National Hockey League franchise. For the Basketball Association of America players category, see Category:Washington Capitols players.

title: Category:Washington Capitals players


text:
The Siket Disc

The Siket Disc is the eighth studio album by the American rock band Phish. The album was released in June 1999 through the band's website and mail-order service, and was released commercially by Elektra Records on November 7, 2000. Unlike Phish's other records, The Siket Disc is completely instrumental, and its songs are excerpts from studio jams recorded during the sessions for The Story of the Ghost.

Production
The Siket Disc emerged from material developed during the Bearsville Studio sessions for Phish's 1998 album The Story of the Ghost. Not exactly outtakes or unfinished songs, The Siket Disc's compositions are actually select excerpts from the long-form improvisation of the "Ghost Sessions". Phish keyboard player Page McConnell edited and mastered the selections into this compilation, named for engineer John Siket.

The material on The Siket Disc is defined by an almost ambient, post-rock sound that is a distinct departure from the band's major studio albums. The album is almost completely instrumental, but contains a few instances of vocalization. "Quadrophonic Toppling", for instance, includes a triggered sample of bass guitarist Mike Gordon repeating the song's title.

Only the compositions "My Left Toe" and "What's the Use?" have been notably incorporated into the band's live shows on a somewhat regular basis. (However, "Quadrophonic Toppling" and "The Happy Whip and Dung Song" have each made at least one live appearance).

Gordon has indicated that The Siket Disc became a fixture in the band's late night tour bus music rotation in the early 2000s, saying that "It fit the vibe perfectly ... It's one of the only instances I can remember when we regularly played our own music."

In February 2009, this album was made available as a download in FLAC and MP3 formats at LivePhish.com.

Personnel
Phish
 * Trey Anastasio – guitars
 * Page McConnell – keyboards
 * Mike Gordon – bass guitar
 * Jon Fishman – drums

with
 * John Siket – engineer

title: The Siket Disc


text: Category:Pink Floyd albums

title: Category:Pink Floyd albums


text:
Hoist (album)

Hoist (stylized as (HOIST)) is the fifth studio album by the American rock band Phish, released on March 29, 1994, by Elektra Records. At the time of its release, Hoist was Phish's best selling album to date, peaking at No. 34 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The album was certified gold by the RIAA on August 19, 1996, and remains the band's best-selling studio release, outsold in their discography only by the platinum-certified A Live One.

The album includes "Down with Disease", the band's breakthrough single on American rock radio, reaching the top 40 of Billboard magazine's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in June 1994. The band filmed their only official music video for the song, directed by bassist Mike Gordon, which received some airplay on MTV.

Title
The band suggested a few ideas for the album's title before finally settling on Hoist; one of the alternative suggestions was Hung Like a Horse. The band ruled this out, but decided to keep the visual joke intact for the album's cover. The horse is also a reference to "The Horse," the only song not visually depicted on the cover of Rift, the band's previous album. The horse on the cover is named Maggie and was owned by the band's friend Amy Skelton.

Production
Most of the songs on Hoist were not played in concert by Phish until after the release of the album. Only "Sample in a Jar" and "Lifeboy" had been played beforehand, both debuting in 1993. "Axilla (Part II)" is a version of the song "Axilla", which had been debuted in 1992, with new lyrics. Although the band played "Part II" throughout 1994, Phish retired the song in favor of the original version of "Axilla" in 1995. After 1995, Phish did not perform "Part II" again until September 2021. The outro jam segment of "Down with Disease" had been debuted by the band at midnight at their New Year's Eve 1993-94 concert, but the entire song was not played live until April 1994.

Hoist features guest appearances from Alison Krauss, Béla Fleck, Tower of Power, Rose Stone and a host of other musicians, as well as actor Jonathan Frakes on trombone. With its jazz, blues, soul and bluegrass influences, the album is marked by more stripped-down, straightforward songwriting and pop-friendly hooks, a somewhat new approach for Phish.

However, the album's final track, "Demand", segues into an extended eight-minute instrumental excerpt from a live performance of the song "Split Open and Melt" from the band's April 21, 1993, concert at the Newport Music Hall in Columbus, Ohio. The "Split" jam is then abruptly cut off by the sound of a car crash followed by the first verse and refrain of the Hebrew song "Yerushalayim Shel Zahav (Jerusalem of Gold)."

"Riker's Mailbox" is a brief interlude track on the album, and the only "song" on the album to have never been performed live by the band. Album producer Paul Fox lived next to Jonathan Frakes, whose mailbox is apparently uniquely decorated. Frakes, who played Commander Riker on Star Trek: The Next Generation, sat in for a while during the Hoist sessions, giving his name to the track. The "Riker's Mailbox" track is extracted from a longer take of the song "Buffalo Bill", which had been recorded during the Hoist sessions but did not make the album's tracklist.

On June 26, 1994, the band performed the entire Hoist album (minus "Riker's Mailbox" but including the "Split Open and Melt" jam) verbatim as the second set of their live show in Charleston, West Virginia. The first set of the concert had featured the band performing their "Gamehendge" song suite in its entirety, and as a result, the concert is known by fans as the "GameHoist" show. This move was a subversion of Phish's usual improvisationally driven performances, and the concert later inspired the band's tradition of donning a musical costume for Halloween.

In February 2009, this album became available as a download in FLAC and MP3 formats at LivePhish.com.

Personnel
Phish
 * Trey Anastasio – guitars, lead vocals
 * Page McConnell – pianos, organ, backing vocals
 * Mike Gordon – electric and upright basses, mandolin, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Scent of a Mule"
 * Jon "Greasy Fizeek" Fishman – drums, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 * Morgan Fichter – violin on "Lifeboy"
 * Alison Krauss – additional vocals on "If I Could"
 * Rickey Grundy Chorale – backing vocals on "Julius"
 * Rickey Grundy – Conductor
 * Trelawney McLaurin
 * Beverly Witherspoon
 * Theodore Trent III
 * Beretta Thomas
 * Angela Brown
 * Hosea Belcher
 * Rose Stone & Jean McClain – backing vocals on "Julius" and "Down With Disease"
 * Tower of Power Horn Section – horns on "Julius" and "Wolfman's Brother"
 * Greg Adams – fluegelhorn
 * Lee Thornburg – trumpet, trombone
 * Stephen "Doc" Kupka – baritone saxophone
 * David Mann – alto saxophone
 * Emilio Castillo – tenor saxophone
 * Jonathan Frakes – trombone on "Riker's Mailbox"
 * Béla Fleck – banjo on "Riker's Mailbox", "Lifeboy" and "Scent of a Mule"
 * The Richard Greene Fourteen – strings on "If I Could"

title: Hoist (album)


text:
Pin-tailed whydah

The pin-tailed whydah (Vidua macroura) is a small songbird with a conspicuous pennant-like tail in breeding males. It is a resident breeding bird in most of Africa south of the Sahara Desert.

Taxonomy
The pin-tailed whydah was first described by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 and given the binomial name Fringilla macroura.

Description
The pin-tailed whydah is 12–13 cm in length, although the breeding male's tail adds another 20 cm to this. The adult male has a black back and crown, and a very long black tail. The wings are dark brown with white patches, and the underparts and the head, apart from the crown, are white. The bill is bright red. The female and non-breeding male have streaked brown upperparts, whitish underparts with buff flanks, and a buff and black face pattern. They lack the long tail extension, but retain the red bill. Immature birds are like the female but plainer and with a greyish bill.

Distribution and habitat
The pin-tailed whydah occurs in much of sub-Saharan Africa, favouring grassland, scrubs and savannah, also coming into parks and gardens. In Portugal it is established in the region around Aveiro, with observations occurring north and south of it. It has been introduced to southern California, with a sizable population existing there, as well as Puerto Rico and Singapore. It is also widely kept as a cage bird elsewhere, with occasional escapes and releases.

Ecology
The species is a brood parasite which lays its eggs in the nests of estrildid finches, especially waxbills. Unlike the common cuckoo, it does not destroy the host's eggs. Typically, 2–4 eggs are added to those already present. The eggs of both the host and the whydah are white, although the whydah's are slightly larger. The nestling whydahs mimic the gape pattern of the fledglings of the host species.

The male pin-tailed whydah is territorial, and one male often has several females in his small group. He has an elaborate courtship flight display, which includes hovering over the female to display his tail. The song is given from a high perch, and consists of rapid squeaking and churring. The diet of this species consists of seeds and grain.

title: Pin-tailed whydah


text:
Talk:Lighter than air

"gasses" ought to be "gases" in several places that show no edit buttons.

Perhaps brief mention should be made of why nitrogen has "negligible lift". Air is something like 75% nitrogen, so it makes sense that the molecular weight of air would be close to 28. thefamouseccles

Math markup
This page seriously needed to use math markup instead of those crazy blue rectangles used for preformatted text. MShonle 08:40, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

actual lift
Shouldn't the article include how much lift a cubic metre of He gives in air under specified conditions? WHich was what I was acctually looking up. Midgley 02:21, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, we have a table of molecular/atomic masses, so it should be possible to work out for Standard conditions for temperature and pressure. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:58, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll add some rough numbers. Blimpguy 17:01, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

isotopes
this article talks about elements as if all atoms of those elements had the same mass. This is plainly not the case as the number of neutrons can vary. Does this open up any other possibilities? Plugwash 02:30, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Elements have more or less the same average mass because of their naturally occurring proportions, which are valid all over the earth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.54.204.87 (talk • contribs)

 * Indeed, but the article does not currently say whether we are talking about the most common natural isotope, or the most common mix of isotopes. From the molecular masses given in the table, I would assume the former rather than the latter, actually. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:39, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not saying that isotope seperation is likely to be economically feasible but its still interesting to consider ;) Plugwash 00:34, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * More specifically silane made with silicon 22 (which according to our silicon article exists) would be lighter than air and a gas at room temperature. Plugwash 00:40, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It is kind of cute to list all the possible LTA gases, but this level of detail (worrying about which isotope) is, I think, a bit over the top. Blimpguy 01:15, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

<--Back to left to avoid falling off page. Especially since Si-22 (and Si-23 and Si-24) have a half life of a fraction of a second. In fact the light elements all tend to be highly unstable when neutron poor; out of the first 16 elements, ( H, He,  Li,  Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na,  Mg,  Al, Si, P, and S) there are only five isotopes that are both lighter than the most common form, and have a half life of more than a few minutes. These are: In short, if we exclude isotopes so extremely unstable that it is not possible to accumulate macroscopic quantities, light isotopes make no difference to our list anyway. -- Securiger 04:18, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Al-26 : half life is 700,000 years. But that 1 amu doesn't make any difference to our list;
 * Na-22 : half life of 2.6 years is still highly unstable, and 1 amu fails to make any changes to our list;
 * F-18 : half life of 2 hours is extremely unstable, and the 1 amu doesn't make any changes to our list.
 * Be-7: half life of 53 days is extremely unstable, and the 2 amu don't make any changes to our list.
 * He-3 is stable (but extremely rare and expensive), however no changes to our list.
 * BTW I would have thought He3 could be easilly produced by bombarding lithium with neutrons to produce tritium and letting it decay, is there just a lack of demand for He3 or is there something else that prevents it being produced this way? Plugwash 17:34, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Tritium is extremely expensive, so apparently not so easy to produce.--Roentgenium111 (talk) 20:48, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Too Informal
The latest edits have created an article that is too informal and too conversational. Extraneous and misleading information has crept into the article.Anthony717 04:36, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Please either say what the issues are so that others can consider them and act if necessary or edit the article yourself. I see you have but is that all there is?  Paul Beardsell 13:43, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Overwhelmingly comprehensive
Detailing a methodology for determining all possible lighter than air gases where we consider all isotopes of all atoms in all possible combinations forming molecules of dubious stability is ridiculous! For lessons in chemistry the reader will happily go elsewhere in Wikipedia. To be consistent we would have to also discuss in detail the properties of all possible balloon fabrics and their respective porosities and mean time to failure owing to UV induced decay. And all the physical properties of all 267 alloys of aluminium for the framwork and the costs of mining titanium in every South American country. Let's not forget to list the harshness of the various basket weaving materials on the bums of aspirant members of the Mile High Club (Ballooning Division). No! This peripheral detail goes elsewhere in Wikipedia and we then link to it. Not here! Paul Beardsell 22:18, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

on a large scale
"but no such device has ever been constructed on a large scale"

blimpguy, does this mean that there have been small scale models of this method that actually work? Plugwash 01:54, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Will never work: I have edited article demonstrating why not even worth attempting. Paul Beardsell 08:20, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

revert revert
A recent edit has made stylistic and grammatical changes mostly to the good but material has also been removed because it is "repetitious". I'm not sure I agree but, if I did, sometimes a point can be made twice in an article for good reason. Certainly information has been lost so the deleted material could not have all been repetitive. I reverted to a version with more information albeit with stylistic flaws. It would have helped if I had explained here beforehand what I was doing. My revert has been reverted. Paul Beardsell 23:51, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have sent messages to Anthony717 and Psb777 asking them to come here and work out a consensus.Jonathan888 (talk) 00:06, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Let the record show: I was here already.  Paul Beardsell 00:32, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I was in a hurry and didn't realize Paul Beardsell was Psb777, it's all good, let's work it out, removing second copy of section revert revert that is same as first copy to reduce confusion.Jonathan888 (talk) 01:06, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Editing for brevity and clarity
I edited article one year ago and again yesterday. To defend my side in a possible edit conflict, see the repetitive and overwrought text that needed help: Anthony717 00:32, 15 November 2006 (UTC) Note: Sorry for blanking others' content temporarily ... had browser trouble.Anthony717 00:32, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 1. "Low pressure buoyancy" ... "no such device has ever been constructed" ... "requirements are impossible to meet now and are unlikely ever to be met" ... "weight of the structure to prevent the collapse of the vacuum cannot be compensated for" ... "Furthermore, a perfect vacuum is impossible" ... "will almost certainly never be applied to ballooning" [It's very repetitive, and the word "furthermore" should be avoided.]
 * 2. "Unfortunately, silicon does not become a gas" ... "spare 1.8 units gives room for just one hydrogen atom" ... "Next would be magnesium" ... "Unfortunately, neither magnesium hydride nor magnesium are gases at reasonable temperatures" ... "isotopes are not considered in detail here but all are either too close to the common isotope to make a difference to the table or are radioactive with short half lives" ["Unfortunately", "gives room for", "next would be" and "reasonable" are unscientific. There's too much information here: "the lightest metals are not gases, except at very high temperatures" and "isotopes are not considered here" would suffice.]

 * OK: (2) first: I do not like the way the information about the metal gases and isotopes is presented. But I disagree that the information should be culled.  Where else would this info be found?  Better poorly presented information than information loss.  Paul Beardsell 00:41, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * As for (1): Examples only: You have removed the reason why vacuums suck (pun!) when it comes to providing buoyancy. I disagree that "furthermore" is bad.  Paul Beardsell 00:41, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I am NOT saying all your changes are bad - very far from it - just that there are enough bad decisions sprinkled in with the good edits that reverting to a prior version and then you having another more careful attempt would be good for the article. Paul Beardsell 00:41, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Density?
Yes, in truth it is density, but.. What is density if not weight/volume? So whatt calcutlation are we gona make to see if it 'flies'? Checking the same volume of it and air, who is LIGHTER will fly... So it's not really wrong to say lighter than air... If it was lighter than a book, would be wrong, because books have fixed volume... Air is not quantifiable as 'one air', two airs' so it must be quantified in volume or weight... It's only pseudo-intelligence to say: 'lighter-than-air' is wrong, the right is 'less-dense-than-air'... and if one is talking about 'less-dense-than-air', shouldn't one also mention hot air? as in hot air balloons? lift formulas for hot, less dense air should also be added, as I know many students in physics classes search for things of the sort. 189.5.136.36 21:35, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Merge tag
I'm removing the merge tag, as it was inserted by an IP, had no discussion started, and no one's expressed any interest in it (for the record, I oppose the merge). Akradecki 18:25, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The article should be merged with aerostats and molecular mass. A disambiguation page could link to the articles. Inwind (talk) 14:45, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I have re-removed the merge tags, since, again, there has been no discussion since the tags were placed in August. At any rate, there seems to be enough information here to merit this article remaining independent of aerostat and molecular mass. Stebbins (talk) 05:06, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I think that all articles are noteworthy in their own right. lighter than air relates to a number of subjects which should be clearly distinguished. Everything related to substances lighter than air belong to this articles. Where it refers to lighter than air craft the content should be included in aerostats. The gases which are used in aerostats should remain in lifting gases. Inwind (talk) 09:52, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Derivation
The ideal gas laws (Avogadro's law, Boyle's law, and Charles's law) are used to approximate gas density.

These three laws show that a gas with low density can be achieved by: (number-crunching calculation desired....15 psi is unobtanium? Mass of container increases as surface area (square of dimensions).  Displaced atmosphere, and hence lift, is proportional to the enclosed volume (cube of dimensions).  Supporting its own mass is perhaps the shell's greater challenge). Also consider that the shell would not have to oppose 15 psi at ground level, only the differential needed for displace its weight of surrounding atmosphere. Greater pressure differential is only required for additional gain in altitude, and ambient atmospheric pressure decreases rapidly with altitude.
 * lowering the pressure (Boyle's law);
 * raising the temperature (Charles's law); or
 * reducing the molecular mass (Avogadro's law).

 * I think these notes need to be worked on before inclusion in the article. PV=nRT is a way better method to calculate gas density anyway.

 * density (ρ)=m/V; m=n*M (M is molar mass); ρ = PM/RT

 * Ewen 14:25, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

On the Vacuum Balloon
On the vacuum balloon part of the page the problem is surely one of scale. As we scale up the laws of physics effectively change* meaning that a vacuum balloon might be possible if it was built of a sufficiently large size. A sphere on the scale of several km in diameter built of a nano-molecular material like carbon-6 could possibly be self supporting - though I wouldn't want to be anywhere near it.

 * * Volume and mass are tied to a cube rule, while surface area is a square rule so-

Atm pressure ~= 10,000 kg / m^2, lift differential 1.7 kg / m^3,

Sphere - surface area = (SA = 4 x pi x r^2) lift volume = (V = 4/3 x pi x r^3)

At a radius of 1 km a sphere has a surface area of 12.5 M m^2 and a volume of 4.2 B m^3, so it has a lifting force of 7 M tons. We can see this is possibly getting somewhere near as it leaves a surface mass of 570 kg per square meter to achieve neutral buoyancy (Assuming an ultra rigid ultra strong carbon material). If you think these material constraints look insane I suggest you look at space tethers which must be self supporting and at least 46,000 km long (actually 10,000 or so longer!)

-

Vacuum balloons are very interesting because they have bizarre properties, built light enough and big enough vacuum balloons could almost reach space and could certainly serve to build a permanent high altitude platform. Looking at and researching future ways of reaching space these balloons looked almost sensible for a short while until I considered the effects of structural failure.

Lucien86 (talk) 02:08, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I have tagged the vacuum balloon section with original research giving the following reason. Reliable sources needed for: "is perhaps", "could be used", "would be able to". -84user (talk) 16:20, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lighter than air


text:
Timeline of Ahmedabad

This page provides a historical timeline of Ahmedabad, the sixth largest city in India.

Up to 15th century

 * 1074 – Karna of Chaulukya dynasty won Aashavalli and established Karnavati.
 * 1094 to 1143 – Shantuvihar and Udayvihar are constructed.
 * 1284 – The group of Mandap Durg's Zanzan visited Karnavati.
 * 1297 – Alauddin Khalji won Gujarat.
 * 1299 – Khilji's Army destroyed Doms and Temples of Aashavalli.
 * 1411 – On the banks of Sabarmati River, Sultan Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of Ahmedabad, Manek Burj and Manek Chowk, Ganeshbari, Bhadra Fort, Muhurt Pol and Jama Masjid.
 * 1413 – Construction of Bhadra Fort completed.
 * 1423 – Construction of Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad completed.
 * 1441 – Death of Sheikh Ahmed Khatu and construction of the historical Sarkhej Roza begun.
 * 1451 – Houj-E-Kutub or Kankaria Lake constructed.
 * 1453 – Daria Khan's Tomb and dome constructed.
 * 1454 – Construction of Shaking Minarets of Sidi Bashir Mosque near Gomtipur.
 * 1485 – Dada Harir Stepwell constructed.
 * 1486 – Construction of city walls by Mehmud Begada.
 * 1498 – Adalaj Stepwell with exquisite stone carving.

16th century

 * 1514 – Arrival of Spanish traveler Barbosa and construction of Rani Sipri Masjid.
 * 1535 – Humayun captured Ahmedabad and ruled for nine months. Bahadurshah recaptured.
 * 1555 – Arrival of Arabian historian Udadbir.
 * 1572 – Sidi Saiyyed Mosque with the world-famous carved stone tree constructed.
 * 1572 – Akbar captured the city, end of the sultanate.
 * 1586 – Meeting of Sant Dadu and Akbar, Akbar recaptured the city from Muzaffarshah.

17th century

 * 1614 – Arrival of the first representative of the British East India Company.
 * 1618 – Arrival of Jehangir, letters written to the British King James.
 * 1621 – Shah Jahan constructed Shahibag Palace (presently Commissioner's Bungalow) and the Shahi Gardern.
 * 1622 – The Jain merchant Shantidas Jhaveri starts the construction of the Chintamani Parshvanath temple at Saraspur
 * 1630 – Famine known as `Satyashiyo Dukal'.
 * 1636 – Bhadra palace constructed by Suba Azamkhan.
 * 1638 – Arrival of Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo; first communal riot. Shah Jahan's temple of Chintamani Parshvanath at Saraspur, was demolished by Muslim rioters.
 * 1644 – Aurangzeb becomes the subahdar (Governor) of Ahmedabad. He broke Chintamani Jain temple and riots broke down in the city.
 * 1658 – Aurangzeb ascended the throne at Delhi.
 * 1664 – Revenue concessions to Europeans, Arrival of Tavernier.
 * 1672 – Arrival of English Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe.
 * 1681 – Imposition of jizyah tax on non-Muslims. Riots due to famine in the city.
 * 1683 – City flooded up to Teen Darwaza due to flood.

18th century

 * 1708 – Invasion by Balaji Vishwanath, Ahmedabad looted, truce set at a price of Rs. 1,20,000.
 * 1715 – Hindu-Muslim riot.
 * 1725 – Invasion by Marathas, persuaded to go back by hushmoney.
 * 1731 – Arrival of Peshwa Bajirao II.
 * 1732 – City suffers from famine. Many people died due to plague.
 * 1733 – Library of Rasulabad looted.
 * 1738 – Treaty between Mughal Suba of Ahmedabad Momin Khan and Damaji Gaikwad, city came under joint jurisdiction. Construction of Gaekwad Haveli.
 * 1744 – Death of Gujarati Poet Shamal Bhatt.
 * 1753 – Ahmedabad came under Maratha rule.
 * 1757 – Division of Ahmedabad between Gaekwad and Peshwa. Momin Khan recaptured the city.
 * 1758 – The city recaptured by Maratha after a year-long blockade on 27 February 1758. Maratha currency introduced.
 * 1779–80 – General Goddard took over the city during First Anglo–Maratha War and handed it over to Fatehsinh Gaekwad under treaty of Salbai.

1800 to 1850

 * 1804 – Arrival of Swami Sahajanand (Later known as Swaminarayan), who was believed to be an incarnation of Krishna
 * 1808 – Arrival of Gaikwad, A law for inheritance of property was enforced which can still be seen on Three Gates on a stone.
 * 1818 – Mr. Dunlop, British Collector of Kaira took over the city and thus came the end of Maratha rule, Union Jack hoisted on Bhadra.
 * 1819 – Rann of Kutch earthquake; Speculation in opium.
 * 1820 – First import of foreign cloth.
 * 1821 – Earthquake for 30 seconds.
 * 1824 – First survey of the city.
 * 1827 – Establishment of first Gujarati School.
 * 1832 – Repairs to city walls by citizens' committee, first seeds of local self Government.
 * 1834 – Beginning of city committee for municipal work.
 * 1846 – Starting of First English School.
 * 1847 – Construction of First Water Tank by city committee and municipal work started.
 * 1848 – Construction of Hatheesing Temple.
 * 1850 – Construction of the Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad.

1851 to 1900

 * 1857 – Ahmedabad Municipality came into existence on 19 January.
 * 1861 – First Textile Mill started by late Mr. Ranchhodlal Chhotalal, the pioneer of Mill Industry.
 * 1863 – Construction of Railway Station.
 * 1864 – Railway between Ahmedabad and Bombay. Construction of Prem Darwaja.
 * 1868 – Heavy Floods.
 * 1870 – Opening of Ellisbridge.
 * 1872 – Construction of first city road – Gandhi Road.
 * 1873 – Ahmedabad Municipality recognized by statute and named as City Municipality.
 * 1875 – Railway bridge and Ellisbridge were damaged by heavy floods.
 * 1881 – B.J. Medical College started near Gheekanta.
 * 1888 – Calico Mills was started by Sheth Karamchand Premchand.
 * 1890 – The Czar of Russia came to Ahmedabad.
 * 1897 – Opening ceremony of Gujarat College by Lord Sandhurst. Telephone service was started.
 * 1898 – Death of Sheth Ranchhodlal Chhotalal.

1901 to 1950

 * 1910 – Municipality Suspended First Time, where Tirth Patel was the ruler
 * 1913 – Electricity Company started.
 * 1915 – Arrival of Mohandas K. Gandhi.
 * 1916 – Establishment of Satyagrah (Sabarmati) Ashram.
 * 1920 – Gujarat Vidyapeeth, founded by Mahatma Gandhi, Sessions of the Indian National Congress.
 * 1922 – Arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, sentenced to six years jail for treason because of ahsahkar andolan.
 * 1924 – Elected Ahmedabad Municipality resumed its working, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel becomes President of the Municipality.
 * 1926 – Ahmedabad Municipality becomes Barrough Municipality.
 * 1927 – Heavy floods. 71 inch Rainfall.
 * 1929 – Opening of Sir. Lallubhai Ashram Shah College.
 * 1930 – Mahatma Gandhiji's historic 'Dandi March' and Salt Satyagraha.
 * 1931 – Vadilal Sarabhai General Hospital Started.
 * 1938 – Opening of M.J. Library.
 * 1939 – Opening of Sardar Bridge. Income Tax imposed.
 * 1940 – Opening of Gandhi Bridge and Infections Disease Hospital.
 * 1941 – Communal riot.
 * 1942 – Quit India movement. Ahmedabad Municipality superseded. Historic Textile strike.
 * 1946 – Second Communal riot. Death of Vasantrav and Rajabali in riots. Municipality reinstated.
 * 1947 – Bus Transport Service under Municipal control, Independence day celebrated. Tricolor Flag on Bhadra fort after 130 years.
 * 1948 – Immersion of Mahatmaji's ashes in Sabarmati, Preparations for Electric Grid Scheme and expansion of Power House, Famine conditions in Ahmedabad District.
 * 1949 – Ahmedabad Station of All India Radio started, Gujarat Chamber of Commerce established.

1951 to 2000

 * 1951 – L. D. Engineering College started, North Gujarat Electric Grid Scheme Commissioned.
 * 1952 – First general elections under the new Constitution giving adult franchise, First elections to Corporation.
 * 1954 – Atira Laboratory building opened by Jawaharlal Nehru.
 * 1957 – Second General Elections and second Corporation election. Corporation area extended, New buildings of All India Radio, Divisional Officer's status raised to Divisional Commissioner with wide powers, Centenary of Himabhai Institute, New Lal Darwaja Garden laid.
 * 1960 – 1 May 1960 – Ahmedabad becomes the capital of newly state Gujarat state.
 * 1961 – Opening of Indian Institute of Management, National Institute of Design.
 * 1961 – oil was discovered at Anklesvar in Gujarat (BBoY 1962)
 * 1962 – Opening of Nehru Bridge, school of architecture at CEPT began its first course.
 * 1963 – Opening of Nagari Eye Hospital by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
 * 1966 – Opening of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Community Science Centre.
 * 1970 – capital moved from Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar
 * 1973 – Opening of Shubhash Bridge, Heavy floods.
 * 1974 – Nav Nirman Andolan by students.
 * 1975 – Declaration of Emergency in the country
 * 1986 – 92 km² of new area merged with Municipal Corporation on Eastern Periphery.
 * 1993 – Municipal Corporation Superseded for the implementation of 74th Amendment and Administrator appointed.
 * 1994 – Several administrative reforms and strict actions initiated by the Corporation to improve its financial position. In-house Computerization Started.
 * 1997 – Municipal Corporation got itself credit rated from CRISIL and got A+ rating which subsequently increase to AA (so) rating
 * 1998 – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation becomes first corporation in the country to offer public bonds for Public Subscription of Rs.1000 million.
 * 1999 – Widening of Sardar Bridge, Renovation of Tagore Hall, Renovation of Town Hall.
 * 2000 – Widening of Gandhi Bridge, Widening of Ellis Bridge, Publication of Citizen's Charter for the first time, Inauguration of the ambitious Raska Water Project.

2001 to 2017

 * 2001 – Earthquake on Republic Day (near Bhuj) creates major damage across the western part of city, leaving over 750 dead and 4000 injured, many of them residents of tall buildings.
 * 2002 – Gujarat Riots
 * 2004 – The Sabarmati Riverfront Project initiated.
 * 2006 – Floods in Sabarmati after 1992, little damage to sabarmati riverfront project.
 * 2009 – BRTS (janmarg) starts its function in city and gained award of most sustainable transport service.
 * 2010 – Ahmedabad completes 600 years of its establishment on 26 February.
 * 2012 – The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as the best city to live in India.
 * 2017 – Ahmedabad named world heritage city

title: Timeline of Ahmedabad


text:
Round Room

Round Room is the tenth studio album by the American rock band Phish released on December 10, 2002, by Elektra Records.

The album was recorded over the span of four days in October 2002, and its release marked the end of the group's two year hiatus from touring and recording.

Production and release
Initially, Phish planned to record the album live at their December 31, 2002 concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City, their first concert since October 2000, but they decided instead to release the songs they had recorded that fall instead.

As with previous Phish albums, the songs originated in collaborative writing sessions between frontman Trey Anastasio and lyricist Tom Marshall (with two songs contributed by bass guitarist Mike Gordon). Round Room is unique, however, in that the final tracks were taken from the band's unedited rehearsal sessions at The Barn, Anastasio's studio in Vermont. Rolling Stone notes that this approach gives the album a "decidedly live" feeling, and "breathes with an anxious, edge-of-the-seat intensity that's missing from their previous studio efforts." Though largely positive, the review criticizes Anastasio's singing and the "Phishspeak" quality of the lyrics.

In the liner notes for the album, Round Room is dedicated to the memory of Widespread Panic guitarist Michael Houser, who died in August 2002, and Scott Schertzer, a Phish fan who was killed in the September 11 attacks in 2001.

Phish appeared on TV twice before their official return to the stage on New Year's Eve 2002. "46 Days" was debuted live on the December 14, 2002, episode of Saturday Night Live, and "All of These Dreams" debuted five days later on the Late Show with David Letterman.

About a week after the release of Round Room, Phish recorded an impromptu jam session in a studio in New York City, excerpts of which were later scheduled for release as The Victor Disc. However, this instrumental album has not yet been officially released.

Personnel
Phish
 * Trey Anastasio – guitars, lead vocals
 * Page McConnell – keyboards, backing vocals, co-lead vocals (tracks 6, 12)
 * Mike Gordon – bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals (tracks 3, 5, 7)
 * Jon Fishman – drums, backing vocals

title: Round Room


text:
Marcuse (disambiguation)

Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979) was a German-American Marxist philosopher and prominent member of the Frankfurt School.

Marcuse may also refer to:

Surname

 * Charley Marcuse, hot dog vendor
 * Gary Marcuse, Canadian documentary filmmaker
 * Harold Marcuse (born 1957), professor of modern German history at the University of California, Santa Barbara; grandson of Herbert Marcuse
 * Herman Marcuse (born 17 April 1919), career attorney in the Office of Legal Counsel
 * Irene Marcuse, American novelist; granddaughter of Herbert Marcuse
 * Judith Marcuse (born 1947), Canadian dancer and choreographer
 * Ludwig Marcuse (1894–1971), Jewish German philosopher
 * Max Marcuse (1877–1963), German dermatologist and sexologist
 * Peter Marcuse, professor emeritus of Urban Planning at Columbia University; son of Herbert Marcuse
 * Theo Marcuse, American character actor
 * Rudolf Marcuse (1878–1940), German sculptor

Other uses

 * Marcuse Pfeifer (1936–2020), American gallerist
 * Hasker and Marcuse Factory, a historic factory building located in Richmond, Virginia

title: Marcuse (disambiguation)


text: Category:1971 albums

title: Category:1971 albums


text: Category:Singapore

title: Category:Singapore


text: Category:1972 albums

title: Category:1972 albums


text:
Procalcitonin

Procalcitonin (PCT) is a peptide precursor of the hormone calcitonin, the latter being involved with calcium homeostasis. It arises once preprocalcitonin is cleaved by endopeptidase. It was first identified by Leonard J. Deftos and Bernard A. Roos in the 1970s. It is composed of 116 amino acids and is produced by parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid and by the neuroendocrine cells of the lung and the intestine.

The level of procalcitonin in the blood stream of healthy individuals is below the limit of detection (0.01 μg/L) of clinical assays. The level of procalcitonin rises in a response to a pro-inflammatory stimulus, especially of bacterial origin. It is therefore often classed as an acute phase reactant. The induction period for procalcitonin ranges from 4–12 hours with a half-life spanning anywhere from 22–35 hours. It does not rise significantly with viral or non-infectious inflammations. In the case of viral infections this is due to the fact that one of the cellular responses to a viral infection is to produce interferon gamma, which also inhibits the initial formation of procalcitonin. With the inflammatory cascade and systemic response that a severe infection brings, the blood levels of procalcitonin may rise multiple orders of magnitude with higher values correlating with more severe disease. However, the high procalcitonin levels produced during infections are not followed by a parallel increase in calcitonin or a decrease in serum calcium levels.

Biochemistry
PCT is a member of the calcitonin (CT) superfamily of peptides. It is a peptide of 116 amino acids with an approximate molecular weight of 14.5 kDa, and its structure can be divided into three sections (see Figure 1): amino terminus (represented by the ball and stick model in Figure 1), immature calcitonin (shown in Figure 1 from PDB as the crystal structure of procalcitonin is not yet available), and calcitonin carboxyl-terminus peptide 1. Under normal physiological conditions, active CT is produced and secreted in the C-cells of the thyroid gland after proteolytic cleavage of PCT, meaning, in a healthy individual, that PCT levels in circulation are very low (<.05 ng/mL). The pathway for production of PCT under normal and inflammatory conditions are shown in Figure 2. During inflammation, LPS, microbial toxin, and inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6 or TNF-α, induce the CALC-1 gene in adipocytes, but PCT never gets cleaved to produce CT. In a healthy individual, PCT in endocrine cells is produced by CALC-1 by elevated calcium levels, glucocorticoids, CGRP, glucagon, or gastrin, and is cleaved to form CT, which is released to the blood.

PCT is located on the CALC-1 gene on chromosome 11. Bacterial infections induce a universal increase in the CALC-1 gene expression and a release of PCT (>1 μg/mL). Expression of this hormone occurs in a site specific manner. In healthy and non-infected individuals, transcription of PCT only occurs in neuroendocrine tissue, except for the C cells in the thyroid. The formed PCT then undergoes post-translational modifications, resulting in the production small peptides and mature CT by removal of the C-terminal glycine from the immature CT by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). In a microbial infected individual, non-neuroendocrine tissue also secretes PCT by expression of CALC-1. A microbial infection induces a substantial increase in the expression of CALC-1, leading to the production of PCT in all differentiated cell types. The function of PCT synthesized in nonneuroendocrine tissue due to a microbial infection is currently unknown, but, its detection aids in the differentiation of inflammatory processes.

Diagnostic advantages
Due to PCT’s variance between microbial infections and healthy individuals, it has become a marker to improve identification of bacterial infection and guide antibiotic therapy. The table below is a summary from Schuetz, Albrich, and Mueller, summarizing the current data of selected, relevant studies investigating PCT in different types of infections.

Legend: ✓ = Moderate evidence in favor of PCT ✓✓ = Good evidence in favor of PCT ✓✓✓ = Strong evidence in favor of PCT ~ = Evidence in favor or against the use of PCT, or still undefined

Sepsis
Measurement of procalcitonin can be used as a marker of severe sepsis caused by bacteria and generally grades well with the degree of sepsis, although levels of procalcitonin in the blood are very low. PCT has the greatest sensitivity (90%) and specificity (91%) for differentiating patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) from those with sepsis, when compared with IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, CRP and TNF-alpha. Evidence is emerging that procalcitonin levels can reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing to people with lower respiratory tract infections. Currently, procalcitonin assays are widely used in the clinical environment.

A meta-analysis reported a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 70% for bacteremia.

A 2018 systematic review comparing PCT and C-reactive protein (CRP) found PCT to have a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 77% in identifying septic patients. In the study, PCT outperformed CRP in diagnostic accuracy of predicting sepsis.

In a 2018 meta-analysis of randomized trials of over 4400 ICU patients with sepsis, researchers concluded that PCT led therapy resulted in lower mortality and lower antibiotic administration.

Organ rejection
Immune responses to both organ rejection and severe bacterial infection can lead to similar symptoms such as swelling and fever that can make initial diagnosis difficult. To differentiate between acute rejection of an organ transplant and bacterial infections, plasma procalcitonin levels have been proposed as a potential diagnostic tool. Typically the levels of procalcitonin in the blood remain below 0.5 ng/mL in cases of acute organ rejection, which has been stated previously to be well below the 1 μg/mL typically seen in bacterial infection.

Respiratory illnesses
Given procalcitonin is a blood marker for bacterial infections, evidence shows that it is a useful tool in guiding the initiation and duration of antibiotics in patients with bacterial pneumonia and other acute respiratory infections. The use of procalcitonin guided antibiotic therapy leads to lower mortality, less antibiotic usage, decreased side effects due to antibiotics and promotes good antibiotic stewardship. The value in these protocols are evident since a high PCT level correlates with increased mortality in critically ill pneumonia patients especially those with a low CURB-65 pneumonia risk factor score.

In adults with acute respiratory infections, a 2017 systematic review found that PCT-guided therapy reduced mortality, reduced antibiotic use (2.4 fewer days of antibiotics) and led to decreased adverse drug effects across a variety of clinical settings (ED, ICU, primary care clinic).

Procalcitonin-guided treatment limits antibiotic exposure with no increased mortality in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Using procalcitonin to guide protocol in acute asthma exacerbation led to reduction in prescriptions of antibiotics in primary care clinics, emergency departments and during hospital admission. This was apparent without an increase in ventilator days or risk of intubation. Be that acute asthma exacerbation is one condition that leads to overuse of antibiotics worldwide, researchers concluded that PCT could help curb over-prescribing.

Cardiovascular disease
PCT serves a marker to help differentiate acute respiratory illness such as infection from an acute cardiovascular concern. It also has value as a prognostic lab value in patients with atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease as its levels correlate with the severity of the illness.

The European Society of Cardiology recently released a PCT-guided algorithm for administering antibiotics in patients with dyspnea and suspected acute heart failure. The guidelines use a cut off point of    .2 ng/mL and above as the point at which to give antibiotics. This coincides with a 2017 review of literature which concluded that PCT can help reduce antibiotic overuse in patients presenting with acute heart failure. In regards to mortality, a meta analysis of over 5000 patients with heart failure concluded that elevated PCT was reliable in predicting short term mortality.

Meningitis
Blood procalcitonin levels can help confirm bacterial meningitis and. if negative, can effectively rule out bacterial meningitis. This was shown in a review of over 2000 patients in which PCT had a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 80% for cerebrospinal fluid PCT. Blood PCT measurements proved superior to cerebrospinal fluid PCT with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 97% as a marker for bacterial meningitis.

In acute meningitis, serum PCT is useful as a biomarker for sepsis. It can also be of use in determining viral meningitis versus bacterial meningitis. These findings are the result of a 2018 literature review. This followed a 2015 meta analysis that showed that PCT had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 98% in judging viral versus bacterial meningitis. PCT also outperformed other biomarkers such as C-reactive protein.

Gastrointestinal disease
Evidence shows that an elevated PCT above .5 ng/mL could help diagnose infectious complications of inflammatory bowel disease such as abdominal abscesses, bacterial enterocolitis etc. PCT can be effective in early recognition of infections in IBD patients and decisions on whether to prescribe antibiotics.

Kidney disease
Patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease are at higher risk for infections, and procalcitonin has been studied in these populations, who often have higher levels. Procalcitonin can be dialyzed, and so levels are dependent upon when patients receive hemodialysis. While there is no formally accepted cutoff value for patients undergoing HD, using a value of greater or equal to 0.5 ng/mL yielded a sensitivity of 97-98% and a specificity of 70-96%.

Hepatitis
PCT, possibly together with CRP, is used to corroborate the MELD score.

Septic arthritis
PCT at a cutoff value of .5 ng/mL was effective at ruling in septic arthritis in an analysis of over 8000 patients across 10 prospective studies. PCT had a sensitivity of 54% and specificity of 95%. The study also concluded that PCT outperforms C-reactive protein in differentiating septic arthritis from non-septic arthritis.

Cancer
A 2016 literature review showed that PCT has good value in diagnosing infections in oncologic patients. Moreso, it is especially effective in diagnosing major life threatening episodes in cancer patient such as bacteremia and sepsis. Procalcitonin is reliable to monitor recurrence of medullary thyroid carcinoma. In detecting cancer recurrence, PCT had a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 96% respectively.

Pediatrics
In a meta analysis of 17 studies, PCT had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 54% in diagnosing sepsis in neonates and children. The PCT cut off used was between 2-2.5 ng/mL.

In children presenting with fever without an apparent source, a PCT level of .5 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 86%. At a 5 ng/mL value, the sensitivity and specificity were 61% and 94%. PCT can help the clinical decision making while identifying invasive bacterial infection in children with unexplained fever.

PCT levels correlate with the degree of illness in pediatric patients with sepsis or urinary tract infections making it effective as a prognostic lab value in these patients.

Antibiotic stewardship
Procalcitonin guided cessation of antibiotic use reduces duration of antibiotic exposure and lowers mortality in critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit.

In adult emergency department patients with respiratory tract illnesses, PCT-guided treatment groups had reduced antibiotic use. PCT references ranges are also used to determine the likelihood a patient has systemic infection (sepsis), thereby reducing incidence of unnecessary antibiotic use in cases where sepsis is unlikely.

Although some literature differs in antibiotic cessation requirements the general consensus is stopping antibiotics when procalcitonin levels fall 80% below peak or below 0.5 μg/L at day five or later during antibiotic therapy.

PCT and amphetamines
Excessive overdose on amphetamine or its analogs can induce systemic inflammation; in a case report of amphetamine overdose, without bacterial infection, significant elevations in procalcitonin were observed.

title: Procalcitonin


text:
Category:Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Institution is a museum complex with most of its facilities in Washington, D.C., United States. It consists of 19 museum buildings, a zoological park, 7 research centers and 142 million items in its collections.

title: Category:Smithsonian Institution


text: Category:Eric Clapton albums

title: Category:Eric Clapton albums


text:
Smithsonian Institution Building

The Smithsonian Institution Building, more commonly known as the Smithsonian Castle or simply The Castle, is a building on the National Mall housing the Smithsonian Institution's administrative offices and information center. Built as the first Smithsonian museum building, it is constructed of Seneca red sandstone in the Norman Revival style (a recalling of a 12th-century combination of late Romanesque and early Gothic motifs; built in the Gothic and Romanesque revival styles). It was completed in 1855 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.

History
The Castle was the first Smithsonian building, designed by architect James Renwick Jr., whose other works include St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City and the Smithsonian's Renwick Gallery, also in Washington D.C. The building committee held a nationwide design competition in 1846 and selected Renwick's design by a unanimous vote. Renwick's second design, which was Gothic Revival in style, was used in the design of Trinity Episcopal Church. A cardboard model of Renwick's winning design survives and is on display in the Castle. Renwick was assisted by Robert Mills, particularly in the internal arrangement of the building.

Initially intended to be built in white marble, then in yellow sandstone, the architect and building committee finally settled on Seneca red sandstone from the Seneca Quarry in Montgomery County, Maryland. The redstone was substantially less expensive than granite or marble, and while initially easy to work, was found to harden to a satisfactory degree on exposure to the elements. Scholarly evidence indicates it is likely that slaves were employed at Seneca in quarrying stone for the Castle, though no evidence has surfaced that slaves were involved in the actual Castle construction.

The building committee selected Gilbert Cameron as the general contractor, and construction began in 1847. The East Wing was completed in 1849 and occupied by Secretary Joseph Henry and his family. The West Wing was completed later the same year. A structural collapse in 1850 of partly completed work raised questions of workmanship and resulted in a change to fireproof construction. The Castle's exterior was completed in 1852; Renwick's work was completed and he withdrew from further participation. Cameron continued the interior work, which he completed in 1855. Construction funds came from "accrued interest on the Smithson bequest."

Despite the upgraded fireproof construction, a fire in 1865 caused extensive damage to the upper floor of the building, destroying the correspondence of James Smithson, Henry's papers, two hundred oil paintings of American Indians by John Mix Stanley, the Regent's Room and the lecture hall, and the contents of the public libraries of Alexandria, Virginia and Beaufort, South Carolina, confiscated by Union forces during the American Civil War. The ensuing renovation was undertaken by local Washington architect Adolf Cluss in 1865–67. Further fireproofing work ensued in 1883, also by Cluss, who by this time had designed the neighboring Arts and Industries Building. A third and fourth floor were added to the East Wing, and a third floor to the West Wing. Electric lighting was installed in 1895.

Around 1900, the wooden floor of the Great Hall was replaced with terrazzo and a Children's Museum was installed near the south entrance. A tunnel connected to the Arts and Industries Building. A general renovation took place in 1968–70 to install modern electrical systems, elevators and heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. The Enid A. Haupt Garden was dedicated in 1987, along with the Renwick Gate facing Independence Avenue, built from Seneca redstone retrieved from the demolished D.C. Jail.

In February 2023, the Castle closed for a planned five-year renovation. The project would include restoration of many aspects of the building, and removal of an upper floor of offices to restore the Grand Hall to its original appearance.

Description
Renwick designed the Castle as the focal point of a picturesque landscape on the National Mall using elements from Georg Moller's Denkmäler der deutschen Baukunst. Renwick originally intended to detail the building with entirely American sculptural flora in the manner of Benjamin Henry Latrobe's work at the United States Capitol, but the final work used conventional pattern-book designs.

The building is completed in the Gothic Revival style with Romanesque motifs. This style was chosen to evoke the Collegiate Gothic in England and the ideas of knowledge and wisdom. The façade is built with red sandstone from the Seneca quarry in Seneca, Maryland in contrast to the granite, marble and yellow sandstone from the other major buildings in Washington, D.C.

The building comprises a central section, two extensions or ranges, and two wings. Four towers contain occupiable space, while five smaller towers are primarily decorative, although some contain stairs. As constructed, the central section contained the main entry and museum space (now the Great Hall), with a basement beneath and a large lecture room above. Two galleries on the second floor were used to display artifacts and art. This area is now the Visitor's Information and Associates' Reception area. The East Range contained laboratory space on the first floor and research space on the second. The East Wing contained storage space on the first floor and a suite of rooms on the second as an apartment for the Secretary of the Smithsonian. This space is currently used as administrative offices and archives. The West Range was one story and used as a reading room. The West Wing, known as the chapel, was used as a library. The West Wing and Range are now used as a quiet room for visitors to go.

On the exterior, the principal tower on the south side is 91 ft high and 37 ft square. On the north side there are two towers, the taller on 145 ft tall. A campanile at the northeast corner is 17 ft square and 117 ft tall.

The plan allowed for expansion at either end, a major reason for the informal medieval-inspired design, which would not suffer if asymmetrically developed.

Current use
The Smithsonian Castle houses the administrative offices of the Smithsonian. The main Smithsonian visitor center is also located here, with interactive displays and maps. Computers electronically answer most common questions. A crypt just inside the north entrance houses the tomb of James Smithson.

title: Smithsonian Institution Building


text:
Comte

Comte is the French, Catalan and Occitan form of the word "count" (Latin: comes); comté is the Gallo-Romance form of the word "county" (Latin: comitatus).

Comte or Comté may refer to:
 * Comte, French for a count (i.e. the nobleman)
 * Comté, a county in France (territory ruled by a count)
 * La Comté, a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department of northern France
 * Comté cheese, a cheese from Franche-Comté, eastern France

People with the surname

 * Alfred Comte (1895–1965), Swiss aviation pioneer
 * Auguste Comte (1798–1857), French philosopher
 * Charles Comte (1782–1837), French lawyer, journalist and political writer
 * Claudine le Comte (born 1950), Belgian fencer
 * Fabienne Comte, French statistician
 * Fernando Compte (1930–2013), founder and first president of the International Sambo Federation
 * Ferran Soriano i Compte (born 1967), Spanish CEO of various football clubs, including Manchester City F.C.
 * Harry Comte (1909—1945), Australian rules footballer
 * Louis Comte (1788–1859), French magician
 * Maurice Compte (born 1969), American actor
 * Pere Compte (died 1506), Spanish Catalan architect
 * Raphaël Comte (born 1979), Swiss politician

title: Comte