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Talk:Polish cavalry

Old talk
I Ask ....Why does all this read so much like the propagandized version of soviet bolshevik propoganda from the 50/60 sixties? This was not real history but a carfully orchestrated version of misinformation ie calling german propeganda officers as worthy while degrading the polish victims. What is the source of this mis -information David Irving ? why is this information so pro nazi and pro stalin communist ?

It's strange that the page is on Polish cavalry, then it is talking about Ułani, and then it does not talk at all about Ułani and instead describes hussaria!!!! What the hell?!

 * Indeed, but what do we do about it? Halibutt 13:31, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

I could made article about Uhlan, with a little help. There is already article about hussaria, which someone could polish a bit. "Polish cavalry" could reference both and be more general article, but i'm affraid i'm "too thin in ears" to make it ;) Szopen 14:49, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

why do we have a picture of a hat as the main picture in the introduction? Shouldnt we have a picture of polish cavalry or at least something a bit more relevant? --Bonus Onus 22:19, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup, "disputed" tag, etc.
I added a cleanup notice to the top of the article, and a disputed notice to this section. I'm not sure if that's the right tag, but as the article stands, all it says is basically here's one side's propaganda, which isn't true but it doesn't say anything else (for example, what is true), so I hoped to bring some sort of relevant attention to it.

— J’raxis 16:23, 2005 May 3 (UTC)
 * Fixed Halibutt 01:11, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Very nice, thanks. — J’raxis 05:02, 2005 May 8 (UTC)

Assault weapons
I'm curious about the use of the term assault weapons in the first section. I had not previously seen this term used outside of a modern American political context. I wonder if the author is American, and perhaps could not think of a better term to use, or perhaps there is a Polish term that couldn't be translated any other way. Of course, it's entirely possible that this term has definitions that I was not aware of. Please advise. Gregmg 14:13, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * No idea. I guess the author meant something similar to offensive weapons or sophisticated weaponry (as opposed to cold steel)? As far as I know there were no assault rifles anywhere in the world before WWII... Halibutt 14:29, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * In my opinion by assult weapons the author simply meant weapons used during a Charge (warfare)62.179.66.138

 * Definitely not. The whole point was, AFAICT, to tell the reader that the cavalry had not only the standard weaponry used by cavalry during a charge since time immemorial, but also other kinds of weaponry like rifles, MGs, artillery, AT carbines, AT guns and so on. What would be the point in informing the reader that the cavalry had... cavalry weapons? Halibutt 08:11, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

The reference has since been removed, so I suppose it's a moot point. If anyone reinserts this reference, I'd like to discuss the use in this context so that I can expand the Assault weapon definition. Thanks. Gregmg 22:36, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

World War II
When I was in high school my history teacher related how the modern German Panzers rolled over the antiquated but heroic Polish Cavalry, evoking images of sabers vs howitzers. And I've seen a similar view in other surveys. But the truth is apparently more interesting. Because of the prevalence of this mistake it would be helpful to put some reference to the role of the cavalry in WWII in the introduction of this article, right up front. Would any other editors who are more expert be interested in adding the more accurate, and no less heroic, truth in a short sentence near the top? Cheers, -Willmcw 08:39, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * In contrast with its traditional role in armed conflicts of the past (even in the Polish-Bolshevik War), the cavalry was no longer seen as able to break through enemy lines. Instead, it was used as a mobile reserve of the Polish armies and was using mostly infantry tactics: the soldiers dismounted before the battle and fought as a standard (yet fast) infantry. Technically speaking, in 1939 Poland had 11 brigades of mounted infantry and no units of cavalry as such.

"Cavalry charges and Nazi propaganda"
The section Cavalry charges and Nazi propaganda makes for very interesting reading:

 * "...there were 16 confirmed cavalry charges during the 1939 war. Contrary to common belief, most of them were successful ... 29 men killed and 50 wounded (as compared with 800 German losses)... German 4th Panzer Division, which retreated in panic... the Germans withdrew towards their positions...the Germans withdrew... the Poles broke through... After the Germans were beaten and started to retreat ...impose fear on the German infantry... ... the Germans welcomed the Polish uhlans with their hands up ... the Polish unit broke through and was the first to reach Warsaw ... the Germans withdrew... the Soviet forces withdrew in panic...the Germans sent an envoy with a white flag ... the Germans withdrew."

One expects to read next that
 * "...the Polish Calvary reached the Rhine on September 27, the Wolga on September 28, with both Germans and Soviets surrendering immediately after. World War II ended on October 1, 1939 with total victory of Poland."

Please rename this very POV section to Cavalry charges and Polish propaganda. Thanks in advance. --Matthead 00:45, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi The above does seem a little strange, seems as if someone equates German and Nazi as the same thing and has made changes oh well

 * I agree this is odd. I wasn't aware of a dispute that the Poles had tried to resist with Cavalry.  I also don't know why this would be embarrassing as they were the victims of a "surprise" attack by a vile enemy.  If they fought tanks they weren't stupid, they were desperate and brave. 173.36.196.6 (talk) 21:13, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

 * had to clean up a lotta insinuating remarks and very bad english for a page written so well to almost convolute history. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.103.223.51 (talk • contribs) 21:28, 20 February 2006

 * why did Deltabeignet redit back the poorly written and unreseached page except to satisfy his own version of history ? his version sound very bais to me

 * Matthead - a few tactical victories do not necessarily mean a campaign victory - see e.g. Napoleon's 1814 campaign. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.219.232.135 (talk) 18:40, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

You claim that H. Guderian and G. Grass, both people of some reputation, are wrong, but you don't give any evidence that they in fact are. 125.63.146.109 (talk) 12:47, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

enter's edits
there is no need to describe anti-tank weapons in the article to try to prove they never charged tanks. the tank guns were inneffective at combat ranges (avg. 2000 yards, not 300-600 yards as the guns were useful for). Because the weapons existed didnt mean that they were necessarily used. The Polish cavalry also had swords and lances, so they must of used those as well, since they were weapons, and they had them. But wait, according to you, the cavalry never used their lances or swords. Your reasoning obviously has holes in it. please explain your rationale. and explain why information on tank guns should be included in an article on cavalry, and especially in the section you put it.

--Jadger 19:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Nope, neither swords nor lances. The cavalry indeed had sabres, but the lances were withdrawn from service in 1936. They were still held in the tabors, but throughout my life I only read one account of a soldier actually using the lance - and it was before the war, during a demonstration.
 * As to charges - these are explained in a separate section. Apart from the 16 mentioned charges in which both sabres and cavalry carbines were used, the cavalry was nothing more than a mounted infantry. They left the horses to koniowodni (a number of ordinary soldiers taking care of the horses) and entered combat as a standard infantry, without sabres or lances or whatnot. If such reasoning has holes in it then please quote some exact places. fact tags are good for that.  // Halibutt 18:14, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Jader's Imagings ?
What you are basing you statements on? Ahhh but it seems very obvious. Your imaginings are not fact and are far from true. I notice you reedited a lot of quotations to dress down historical fact without any basis. Your treatment of history is to use the propaganda of the Stalinist era in an edited manner to reflect a rather pro Nazi stand with a dash of David Irving historical reality.

Why don't you stick to fact?! No lance charge was ever done by Polish Calvary against tanks, except in Nazi propaganda as approved by Gobles.

Likewise 40 years of Soviet misinformation, that you base your history on is incorrect and misleading. It insults the name of any allied soldiers and the good people who were involved. Soviet misinformation sources were made to propagate the kind of stuff and you’ve taken the bait and are using total fabrication.

Why do you quote a poet ignorant of the actual facts seemingly just to belittle the Polish? This all rings of David Irving "from a site near Toronto" speaking on the internet as in the early 90's?

31 March 2006 (UTC)

I am tired of your Slander user:Enter (that is who added the above anonymous post). stop calling me a Bolshevik or a Stalinist, I am not either of them, I am dedicatedly anti-communist, voting conservative in the Federal Election only a few months ago.

that poem does not belittle the Polish, instead it portrays them as courageous and great men (however ill-fated), much like the poem Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson.
 * the lance attack part was not added by myself if you care to look at the history, but someone else. provide a reputable source that states opposite of what is stated in the article and I will be glad to remove it myself.
 * I did not add the quote from the poet, it was added by user:Radomil I believe. why do you blame me for everything you dont agree with? I am not the only editor, many of these edits you hate for not displaying your POV come from Polish editors.

As for Polish cavalry not attacking tanks, I assume you are refering to my use of the memoirs of Hans von Luck? well he led the reconnaisance section of one of the Panzer divisions, and he clearly talks about it in his memoirs if you care to read it.

--Jadger 22:11, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Dubious Claims
Before changing anything, I'd like to know the source of the following claim: "Borowa Góra - September 2 - 1st squadron of the 19th Volhynian Uhlans Regiment encountered a squadron of German cavalry in the village of Borowa. A charge was ordered, but the Germans withdrew." No cavalry unit operated around Borowa Gora. Or at least I could not find anything in the following positions:
 * Wyrzycki, 1992   Wyrzycki, S. (1992).    2 Pułk Piechoty Legionów.    Ajaks, Warsaw Pruszkow.
 * Zalewski, 2000   Zalewski, W. (2000).    Piotrków 1939.    Bellona Dom Wydawniczy, Warsaw.
 * Zarzycki, 1999   Zarzycki, P. (1999).    2 Pułk Artylerii Lekkiej Legionów.    Ajaks, Warsaw Pruszkow.

I'd like to add that I was born 10 miles south of Borowa Hill and never (altough I research the subject for almost one year) have encountered any tales of Polish Cavalry doing anything in the region.

best,

jinxs

 * First of all, there are two hills and two villages named Borowa Góra in Poland. In addition, there are some 10 villages named Borowa, many of them in the modern Łódź Voivodship, in the area where the fights in 1939 took place. Now then, the cavalry charge is explicitly mentioned here and here. You might want to check with Andrzej Skiba (1971) Boje 19 Pułku Ułanów Wołyńskich w kampanii wrześniowej.

 * It seems also possible that the author of that page has mistaken the fights of the Wołyńska Cavalry Brigade in the area with the fights of the 2nd Legions Infantry Division in the area of Borowa Góra proper. And the unit did also have an organic cavalry unit, however the battle of Borowa Góra took place on September 5, not on September 2. However, it's but my assumption as I don't have the source at hand.  // Halibutt 17:16, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the swift action. Perhaps we should specify that the battle in question was fought in the area of Mokra. Furthermore, we should change the ref to Borowa Gora Battle to Battle of the Borowskie Hills.
 * The area next to Belchatow where 2 LID fought with 1/4 Panz. D. is usually described as Borowskie Hills (there were 3 hills before the battle, later on they were merged into one).
 * This view is further supported by the book by the commander of 2 LID Czyżewski Ludwik in his book "From Borowskie Hills to Zakroczym" (if I recall correctly, the Polish title was something like "Od God Borowskich do Zakroczymia", but my memory aint like it used to be.
 * I'll introduce the change, plus prepare the article on Borowskie Hills Battle, Already have plenty of materials, just have to organize it.
 * best,
 * jinxs

Perceptions of Polish cavalry
The history of the "cavalry versus tanks" story needs to be covered more thoroughly. At least through the 1960's history books in the U.S. and some scholarly World War 2 histories maintained that Polish cavalry units were slaughtered charging tanks. with sabers. Maybe this was wrong, but it had real world effects. See Time magazine for August 19, 1940, which says "That first week in September the famed Polish cavalry threw itself into the path of the German mechanized columns, and was swept out of the way like rubbish." The New York Times and other major papers during and after World War 2 also repeated the story. The U.S. Army greatly cut back its cavalry units after the defeat of Polish cavalry and other armed forces by the Nazis and Soviets. Was the belief in the truth of the claimed fiasco the force behind this cutback in cavalry units in other armed forces? The Time article noted that the Germans still used cavalry, and that cavalry could move faster through woods, across creeks and swamps an in hill country than any mechanized force. "History of the war in Europe," published by the Associated Press May 8, 1945 (Viewed via Newspaperarchive (subscription) as printed in The Bradford Archive, May 8, 1945, p 25) said ""Amazing armored spearheads sliced through the Polish cavalry divisions to the Wisla (Vistula), trapping a huge army in to Kutnowest of Warsaw, and another at random to the south." "On borrowed time: How World War 2 began" by Leonard Mosley (1969) presents without question the accounts of Polish cavalry charging German infantry and Germans in open cars, who withdrew to reveal Guderian's German tanks, which slaughtered the charging Polish cavalry. Mosley was a reporter in Europe before and at the start of the war. Some U.S. Generals believed in the truth of the "myth" as in this address delivered at the Air Force Academy in 1981: "It was this kind of thinking that led to the presence of two regular horse cavalry divisions at the Army maneuvers in Louisiana in 1940, long after courageous but futile Polish cavalry lancers had been decimated when charging invading Nazi panzer columns." from Air University Review, September-October 1983, "Of Saber Charges, Escort Fighters, and Spacecraft; the search of doctrine" by Major General I. B. Holley, Jr., Air Force Reserve (Ret). He cited as references for the statement: George T. Hoffman, "Tactics vs Technology: The U.S. Cavalry Experience" 82 Armor, September 1973, p. 14." and J. K. Herr and Edmond S. Wallace, "The Story of the U.S. Cavalry" (Boston, 1953),page 256. "Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War " by Paul Fussell, 1989, Oxford University Press, page 5 still presents the account of the Polish cavalry being slaughtered in a few minutes when charging German tanks. When did the point of view presented in this article first prevail, if it in fact does among military historians, that the "sabers against tanks" cavalry charge never took place? Are there varying schools of thought about the truth of it today? If so to have a neutral point of view those with reliable sources should be covered in the article. Edison (talk) 21:55, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Please quote specific events. What unit, what place, date etc. Till today no one was able to find any example pof charge against the tanks. The events which were most similar to this German Nazi propaganda are covered already (e.g. Krojanty). Quotes you gave only confirmed what I knew already: western sources simply repeat what Russians or Germans wrote without any criticism or afterthought, and most of them does not know a zilch about Polish history Szopen (talk) 10:55, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I would like to see what Polish sources are cited from the time of the battle, to refute the German sources claiming that the Polish cavalry was slaughtered by German armor. We generally do not completely ignore accounts of a battle from the generals or official military records of the losing side. As for "what unit, what battle, etc this appears to refers to what is termed in Wikipedia the Krojanty affair. Another question is how much more successful sabers would be against armored cars from which machine guns were being fired, than against tanks from which machine guns were being fired.Were WW2 cavalry sabers able to penetrate the armor on German armored cars? Edison (talk) 07:37, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Krojanty was not charge on tanks. Krojanty was charge on infantry, effect of unexpected meeting of Polish cavalry and German unit, with decision on charge taken within maybe few seconds. POlish participants confirm, that they charged infantry, and then suddenly they were under fire from "tanks". But we know from elsewhere that there were no tanks there, just armoured cars. Guderian was not witness there, he just wrote what he heard, that's all. As for your joke about sabers, i presume it was a joke, right? Szopen (talk) 10:09, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Not really a joke, just the observation that it would be just as one-sided a contest when men on horseback with sabers, pistols or carbines fought against tanks which were firing machine guns or against armored cars firing machine guns. The account in Moseley says that the infantry and open cars were seen by the cavalry leading to a charge, at which time they withdrew and tanks were there behind them. The presence of the tanks/armored cars may have been "unexpected" only on the part of the cavalry. What are the sources used to support the newer accounts of Krojanty against the earlier accounts I listed? Are there official Polish military archives to set against the official German ones? Did Polish cavalry who participatd in the battle publish accounts of it? Edison (talk) 15:58, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Please wait few days. I will go to my home library and note few accounts. Because, of course, there such documents. Szopen (talk) 12:39, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

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CAVARLY UNITS GOT ALL THE GLORY WHILE THE INFANTRY WAS NEVER MENTION ITS ALL LIES  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.27.195.147 (talk) 17:40, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

B-class review
This article is currently at start/C class, but could be improved to B-class if it had more (inline) citations.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 01:43, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Polish cavalry


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Stefan Kudelski

Stefan Kudelski (27 August 1931 – 26 January 2013) was a Polish audio engineer known for creating the Nagra series of professional audio recorders.

Life and career
Stefan Kudelski was born in Warsaw into a family with engineering background. In September 1939 the family fled Poland during the Nazi German and Soviet Invasion of Poland. They escaped to Romania, then moved to Hungary, and on to France. When the Germans occupied southern Vichy France, the family escaped to Switzerland in 1943. He studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne and constructed his first tape recorder there, as a student project. The recorder was supposed to drive a machine tool, but was good enough to record audio as well.

 * 1951 – Kudelski built his first Nagra tape recorder
 * 1957 – The Nagra III, a transistorized tape recorder with electronic speed control, is launched

Kudelski received many awards during his career:

 * Academy Awards: Scientific or Technical Award (1965, 1977 and 1978)
 * Gordon E. Sawyer Award (1990)
 * Emmy Awards (1984 and 1986)
 * Gold Medals from L. Warner, AES (1984), Lyra and Eurotechnica.

Stefan Kudelski retired in 1991, and was succeeded by his son, André, as a Chairman and CEO of the Kudelski Group.

He died on 26 January 2013 in Lausanne, Switzerland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stefan Kudelski


text:
Talk:List of aircraft engines of Germany during World War II

Common link names instead of RLM ones
I'm going to change the links on this page, using common names instead of the RLM designations. Even the RLM didn't use them, and no one will ever look for "9-601", although they are already linked to DB601.

Maury 12:06, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Reason for title change
For the record: I changed the title to conform with other articles, like List of aircraft engines. Part wording, part removal of mid-title capital letters, as per Wikipedia std. --Wernher 12:10, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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Chipped beef

Chipped beef is a form of pressed, salted and dried beef that has been sliced into thin pieces. Some makers smoke the dried beef for more flavor. The modern product consists of small, thin, flexible leaves of partially dried beef, generally sold compressed together in jars or flat in plastic packets. The processed meat producer Hormel once described it as "an air-dried product that is similar to bresaola, but not as tasty."

Uses
Chipped beef could be used to make frizzled beef (creamed chipped beef or SOS in military slang), or with eggs.

Availability
Chipped beef is served in many diners and restaurants in the United States as a breakfast item. It is popular among the veteran community who generally refer to it by the dysphemism "Shit On a Shingle" or "S.O.S." (when polite company and/or children are present, the acronym is said to mean "Same Old Stuff."). Chipped beef in milk gravy is a common traditional meal served in all branches of the United States Armed Forces due to its reasonable nutritional profile, ease and speed of preparing, and relatively low cost to produce in large quantities (i.e., in quantities sufficient to properly feed an entire military outpost). Creamed chipped beef is also a standard fare on many diner menus, especially in the Mid-Atlantic, but has become harder to find in chain restaurants that serve breakfast. Among the restaurants still offering chipped beef on toast are Golden Corral and Silver Diner. IHOP no longer offers this on their menus, having substituted sausage gravy, and the same is true for Cracker Barrel restaurants. It is also available from companies such as Stouffer's in a frozen form which can be put on top of separately-prepared toast; it is typically quite salty. For instance, Stouffer's creamed chipped beef contains 540 mg sodium per 140 kcal serving, down only slightly from 590 mg per 140 kcal serving in 2010. The mixture was also, at one point, available from both Freezer Queen and Banquet as "hot sandwich toppers"; as of late 2007, Freezer Queen no longer makes this product, and the Banquet variety is rarely found. Finally, both the Esskay Meat Company of Baltimore and Knauss Foods make a refrigerated version of creamed chipped beef which can be easily microwaved. The meat itself is also available for purchase under the Knauss and Carson's Brand names. Steak-umm is used as a substitute.

Chipped beef on toast
Chipped beef on toast (or creamed chipped beef on toast) is a dish comprising a white sauce and rehydrated slivers of dried beef, served on toasted bread. Hormel recommends flavoring the dish with Worcestershire sauce. Chipped beef is also often served on bagels, English muffins, biscuits, home fries, rice, mashed potato and in casserole.

U.S. military cuisine
In the United States, chipped beef on toast was commonly served to service members of the United States Armed Forces from World War I through Vietnam. It was considered emblematic of the military experience and consequently also served to Boy Scouts of the era. In American military slang it is commonly referred to by the dysphemism "Shit on a Shingle" (SOS).

According to We Are The Mighty, the dish first appears in the 1910 Manual for Army Cooks, where a recipe for feeding 60 men can be found as below:

Wentworth and Flexner cite no origin for the term, but noted "shingle" for slice of toast has had "some use since 1935" in the U.S. Army, mostly in the expression "shit on a shingle", and the latter had "wide World War II Army use".

In his World War II book Band of Brothers, Stephen E. Ambrose evokes the military basics:

"At the end of May, the men of Easy packed up their barracks bags and … [took] a stop-and-go train ride to Sturgis, Kentucky. At the depot Red Cross girls had coffee and doughnuts for them, the last bit of comfort they would know for a month. They marched out to the countryside and pitched up tents, dug straddle trenches for latrines, and ate the Army's favorite meal for troops in the field, creamed chipped beef on toast, universally known as SOS, or Shit on a Shingle."

title: Chipped beef


text:
Union Township, Camden County, New Jersey

Union Township is a now dissolved township which existed from 1831 to 1868 and was located in present-day Camden County, New Jersey.

Union Township was formed by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 15, 1831, while the area was still part of Gloucester County, taking territory from Gloucester Township and incorporating all of Gloucestertown Township.

When Camden County was separated from Gloucester County on March 13, 1844, Union Township was one of the original Camden County municipalities. On March 6, 1855, a new township, Centre Township, was formed from Union Township's territory. On February 25, 1868, the township was dissolved and the remaining land was chartered as Gloucester City.

Current municipalities within the bounds of Union Township

 * Barrington Borough
 * Bellmawr Borough
 * Brooklawn Borough
 * Gloucester City
 * Haddon Heights Borough
 * Lawnside Borough
 * Magnolia Borough
 * Mount Ephraim Borough
 * Runnemede Borough
 * Tavistock Borough


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Bill Jemas

Bill Jemas is an American media entrepreneur, writer, and editor, known for his tenure as president of Fleer Entertainment Group during the 1990s, and for his work as vice president of Marvel Comics from 2000 to 2004. During his time at Marvel, Jemas and editor-in-chief Joe Quesada implemented Marvel's no-overship policy, newsstand compilation magazines, added the Marvel MAX line, fortified the Marvel Knights imprint, removed the Comics Code from Marvel books, increased Marvel's publication of trade paperbacks, and were credited with shepherding the company from bankruptcy to profit, earning positive reviews from within and outside of the comics industry. However, Jemas also was criticized for micromanagement and provocative public statements that made him a controversial figure.

Early life
Jemas was raised in a Roman Catholic household. In 1980, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University, where he majored in history and minored in philosophy and economics. In 1983 he graduated from Harvard Law School with a Juris Doctor.

Career
After graduating Harvard, Jemas took a job as a tax attorney at Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in New York. Disappointed by this work, he left after two years to work for the National Basketball Association, which he found to be more entrepreneurial, and allowed him to focus on managing a business and working on deals, which Jemas sees as two of the things he does best. It also gave him entry into the entertainment field, which he felt would open up lucrative opportunities. While at NBA, according to Jemas, he helped build an almost non-existent basketball card business into a multimillion-dollar enterprise.

Jemas became president of Fleer Entertainment Group and Fleer Corp in 1993, and appointed Jemas as executive vice president of Marvel Entertainment Group that year. In January 2000, he became president of consumer products, publishing and new media—essentially Marvel Comics' publisher. During his tenure, his tendencies toward micromanagement and provocative public statements made him a controversial figure.

He came to prominence at Marvel Comics (which owned Fleer), during the former's bankruptcy reorganizations. During his tenure, Jemas was key in replacing editor-in-chief Bob Harras with Joe Quesada. Jemas and Quesada formed the public face of Marvel, taking the roles of, said one observer, of "good cop and bad cop". Among the policies they implemented were Marvel's no-overship policy, newsstand compilation magazines, adding the Marvel MAX line, entrenching Marvel Knights, and removal of the Comics Code from Marvel books. They also increased Marvel's publication of trade paperbacks, and are credited with shepherding the company from bankruptcy to profit, and with earning positive reviews from within and outside of the comics industry.

Other later initiatives include titles such as Trouble, The Call and Marville, the last of which was Jemas's entry in the U-Decide competition with Quesada and Peter David.

Jemas and Quesada's partnership would eventually suffer amid controversy generated by Jemas, which Marvel executives frowned upon, and which resulted in Quesada distancing himself from Jemas in the eyes of Marvel staff and freelancers. During this time, Jemas spearheaded the revival of the company's Epic line, which would publish creator-owned books, but his interference in editorial generated much ill will among creators who felt his ideas did not help the quality of the books. Producer and Marvel Studios CEO Avi Arad in particular was angered over certain comics overseen by Jemas that Arad had difficulty selling to Hollywood producers and stars. As the company's film properties grew in importance, Jemas lost the loyalty of Arad's business partner, Isaac Perlmutter, who had been instrumental in bringing Marvel out of bankruptcy through the merger of his company, Toy Biz.

Upon his departure from the company, Jemas continued to work with Marvel in a non-executive capacity through mid-2004, writing or co-writing Marvel comic books including Namor and Origin.

Comic book writer Gail Simone said on her blog that she ghost wrote for Jemas during his tenure at Marvel. She later clarified that she was referring to a comedic article about Marvel giving away free cookies rather than an actual comic.

Upon his departure from Marvel Entertainment, Jemas started 360ep, an entertainment property management firm. He developed the Freeware Bible, which translates ancient Aramaic-Hebrew words into English synonyms, for the purpose of providing an English translation of Genesis that is truer to the original Hebrew text than commonly used translations like the King James Bible, and to "show readers that widely accepted Bible translations are inherently imperfect". By February 2009, he had completed the first chapter. Jemas also managed a T-shirt line, IDtees, whose T-shirts contained positive messages. The line was eventually discontinued so that Jemas could focus on other projects.

In 2012, Jemas announced the creation of an online comics venture, the Transverse Universe. A new print comic, Wake the F#CK Up, was released December 4, 2012 via Zenescope Comics. The promotion of the comic was spearheaded with a YouTube video by hip-hop artist Kilgorian Tralfamadore.

In December 2013, Jemas joined Take-Two Interactive to start a graphic fiction imprint, Double Take Comics. Double Take Comics closed in November 2016.

In 2019, Jemas joined the new comic book publisher Artists, Writers and Artisans, or AWA Studios an initiative created by former Marvel editor-in-chief Axel Alonso, on which Jemas would serve as Chief Creative officer. The publisher announced that its first slate of titles would include books by creators such as Peter Milligan, Frank Cho, and Christa Faust. One of its early publications was The Resistance, a miniseries by J. Michael Straczynski and Mike Deodato, which depicts a global pandemic caused by a pathogen that kills 95 percent of those infected, leaving the remaining five percent with superhuman abilities. The series, which was intended to establish a new superhero universe, debuted on March 18, 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic was taking hold in the United States. The series garnered positive reviews, achieved a rating of 9.0 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Roundup, based on 20 reviews.

Personal life
Jemas's wife is Jewish. They both attend the Reconstructionist synagogue in Princeton.

title: Bill Jemas


text: User talk:212.135.1.83

title: User talk:212.135.1.83


text:
Joe Quesada

Joseph Quesada (born January 12, 1962 ) is an American comic book artist, writer, editor, and television producer. He became known in the 1990s for his work on various Valiant Comics books, such as Ninjak and Solar, Man of the Atom. He later worked on numerous books for DC Comics and Marvel Comics, such as Batman: Sword of Azrael and X-Factor, before forming his own company, Event Comics, where he published his creator-owned character, Ash.

In 1998 he became an editor of Marvel Comics' Marvel Knights line, before becoming editor-in-chief of the company in 2000. He was named Chief Creative Officer of Marvel Entertainment in 2010 and left his editor-in-chief role in January 2011, being replaced by Axel Alonso. His position was re-titled as executive vice president and creative director in October 2019. He left the company in 2022.

Early life
Quesada was born in New York City to Cuban-born parents, and grew up in the Jackson Heights neighborhood of Queens, 15 blocks from Shea Stadium, which his father help build as part of the construction crew. The first comic book he became an ardent fan of was The Amazing Spider-Man, which he began reading around issue #98, the last issue of a historic anti-drug storyline, which garnered his father's approval. As the character resonated with him (in part because both grew up in Queens), Spider-Man remains a character he particularly enjoys drawing.

Quesada majored in illustration at the School of Visual Arts, from which he graduated with a BFA in 1984. Though he had drifted away from comics, having come to think of them as a child's medium, his interest in them was renewed at age 25 when a friend who learned of his interest in art showed him Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns.

Writer and artist
Quesada's comics career began in 1990 when he was hired by DC Comics on the basis of his 12-page portfolio, which was composed of three three-page sequences, plus a cover for each. These included a Superman story intended to show reviewers from DC Comics that he could handle their characters; an X-Men sequence to display both his ability to depict the characters of Marvel Comics and his ability to handle groups of characters; and a vignette of two people having coffee, which Quesada included to show his ability to illustrate non-superhero stories.

Among Quesada's earliest widely distributed work was for Valiant Comics, specifically penciled interiors and covers for Ninjak, Solar, Man of the Atom and others. His art was heavily influenced by Alex Toth, Mike Mignola, and Alphonse Mucha. At DC Comics, he and writer Jack C. Harris co-created an updated version of the Golden Age character The Ray. Quesada co-created the character Azrael with writer Dennis O'Neil for the 1992 Batman: Sword of Azrael miniseries.

Later, Quesada and his inking partner Jimmy Palmiotti, formed a publishing company, Event Comics, and co-created Ash, a firefighter with superpowers. Quesada cites his editorial experience with Event, and the creators he formed relationships with during that period as that which best prepared him for the later role of Marvel's editor-in-chief.

Marvel Knights
In 1998, Marvel Comics, which had just filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, asked Quesada to work for Marvel in a more exclusive capacity, and contracted him and his partners to produce a line of Marvel books dubbed Marvel Knights. As editor of Marvel Knights, Quesada worked on a number of low-profile characters such as Daredevil, Punisher, The Inhumans, and Black Panther, encouraging experimentation and using his contacts in the independent comics world to bring in creators such as David W. Mack, Mike Oeming, Brian Michael Bendis, Garth Ennis, and Steve Dillon. Quesada also illustrated a Daredevil story written by film director Kevin Smith.

Editor-in-chief
Two and a half years after starting Marvel Knights, Joe Quesada became editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics in 2000, following Bob Harras's departure from the company. At the same time, Bill Jemas succeeded to the presidency of the company. The relationship culminated in the establishment of the Ultimate line of Marvel titles, which were aimed at new readers and took place outside of the restrictive continuity of the Marvel Universe.

In the mid-2000s, Quesada imposed a moratorium on the practice of creatively bringing back characters thought to be dead, known as "dead is dead." In a January 2008 interview in which he was questioned about numerous characters that had since been resurrected, Quesada clarified that the policy was for writers to exercise forethought and caution before killing off characters or resurrecting them, so that such plots were not produced too frequently or without gravitas, and not that it be entirely prohibited.

Joe Quesada's predecessor as Marvel editor-in-chief, Bob Harras, canceled and restarted all of Marvel's titles that were not either X-Men-related or at fewer than 100 issues already. This was an effort to shore up sagging sales with a new #1 issue for each of Marvel's popular titles, issued at a time shortly after the 1990s bust of the comic book collecting market, and when Marvel was in the throes of bankruptcy. Quesada reversed this policy first by showing the "old", combined issue numbers beside the "new" numbers on covers (the difference between the two issue numbers shown on the cover would always be the number of issues that the series had before Harras restarted it), and then definitively restoring the "old" numbers for Fantastic Four, Amazing Spider-Man and Avengers when they each passed the 500 mark.

Quesada was involved in the creation of three successful Marvel imprints:
 * Marvel Knights, aimed at telling standalone tales, with Jimmy Palmiotti (before his tenure as editor-in-chief)
 * MAX, aimed at adult-only readers, with Brian Michael Bendis
 * Ultimate, aimed at new readers, with Brian Michael Bendis and Mark Millar

Critics of Quesada's policy of emphasizing trade paperbacks charge that they cannibalize monthly comic book sales, because readers may opt to forgo monthly series in order to wait for the cheaper collections, not realizing that monthly sales are an indicator to publishers of interest in such collections.

When confronted with a backlash by fans due to his decision to dictate a controversial retcon of Peter Parker's marriage to Mary Jane Watson in the "One More Day" storyline, Quesada participated in a series of interviews on the subject to address the issue of the marriage, comparing it to real life marriages. He also promoted and praised the MC2 title Spider-Girl for continuing to provide fans with a stable marriage and an expanded family, although that title was later canceled and relaunched multiple times, eventually being cancelled for good in 2010.

In June 2009 Quesada began writing a weekly column for Comic Book Resources called "Cup O' Joe", in which he answers questions every Friday from readers or provides information on Marvel projects.

On February 10, 2010, Quesada issued a public apology for the content of Captain America #602, which had drawn condemnation from national Tea Party leaders, for its depiction of an apparent Tea Party protest, and the black superhero Falcon, reacting to it by saying that he would not be welcomed by a crowd of "angry white folks." Also at issue was the slogans on some of the signs held by the protestors. Quesada stated that future reprints of that story would have the offending material omitted.

Chief Creative Officer and continued art
On June 2, 2010, Marvel announced that it promoted Joe Quesada to Chief Creative Officer of Marvel Entertainment. In this position Quesada will help ensure that all portrayals of Marvel's characters and stories remain true to the essence of Marvel history. He will also oversee the creative aspects of media adaptations of Marvel properties, which include participating in story and script development.

On January 4, 2011, Quesada stepped down as editor-in-chief, and was replaced by Axel Alonso. After being given the additional job of CCO, in 2010, Quesada explained to Comic Book Resources, "With my increased travel schedule over the last year plus, I've only been able to work with the publishing division in a more macro sense, or as you put it, a more, "big picture," sense. During this time, Tom and Axel have been handling the more detailed functions of the stories within our comics. My role has been one in which I work on the larger stories and the overall flavor and feel of our books and universe."

Quesada later elaborated on this decision in a 2011 interview with Visual Arts Journal, a publication of his alma mater, the School of Visual Arts, by saying that he always viewed the editor in chief position as a finite one that he would leave after he accomplished what he had set out to, and that the then-recent purchase of Marvel by Disney opened up opportunities he wanted to explore. Quesada contrasted his former editor in chief role as one in which he was solely focused on rebuilding Marvel's editorial division and overseeing its comics content, with his Chief Creative Officer role as one in which he would be involved creatively with several divisions.

With the October 2019 Marvel reorganization that named Kevin Feige as Chief Creative Officer across Marvel Entertainment and Marvel Studios, he would continue to work for Marvel Entertainment with his position re-titled as executive vice president and creative director for Marvel Entertainment. On May 31, 2022, Quesada announced he would part ways with Marvel.

After leaving Marvel, Quesada was recruited to Amazon Studios in a first-look deal to develop film and television productions from comic book properties.

Techniques and materials
When illustrating, Quesada begins with sketches much smaller than the actual size at which he will render the final drawing. He employs a Cintiq drawing tablet when he desires to do a "tighter" digital layout of an illustration. When sketching figures, he will sometimes use photographic reference, and incorporate the photos directly into his sketches during the process of finalizing a layout. Once he makes a final decision on a layout, he will then print it out at full size, and use a light box to pencil it, sometimes altering elements in the design such as lighting or other details.

Media appearances
In Kevin Smith's 1995 film Mallrats Quesada is credited as an artist for the opening sequence featuring fictional comic books covers. He also appears in the closing scene of Smith's Chasing Amy, alongside frequent collaborator and inker Jimmy Palmiotti, signing comic books at a convention. He later appeared as a pizza delivery man in Smith's 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back.

Quesada was one of a number of comics creators that appeared in Once Upon A Time The Super Heroes, a 2002 documentary about the creation and evolution of comic book superheroes.

Quesada voices Joe, the owner of the "Q's Cup O' Joe" coffee shop, in the 2017 Spider-Man animated series. The character is modeled after Quesada.

Awards

 * 1993: Diamond Gem Award for Best Cover, for X-O Manowar #0

Personal life
Quesada lives with his wife, Nanci and their daughter, Carlie, in a loft in the Flatiron District.

Quesada is a fan of the New York Mets.

DC Comics

 * Azrael/Ash (1997)
 * Batman: Sword of Azrael, miniseries, #1–4 (1992–1993)
 * Question Quarterly #3, 5 (1991–1992)
 * The Ray, miniseries, #1–6 (1992)
 * Spelljammer #8–13, 15 (1991)

Covers

 * Batman #500 (1993)

Marvel Comics

 * The Amazing Spider-Man #544–545, 601 (full art); #639–641 (along with Paolo Rivera, also writer) (2007–2010)
 * Daredevil, Vol. 2, #1–11, 13–14 (full art); #50 (among other artists) (1998–2003); #12 (writer) (2000)
 * Daredevil: Father, miniseries, (also as writer) #1–6 (2004–2007)
 * Deathlok, Vol. 4, #1 (2013)
 * Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #24 (2007)
 * Iron Man, Vol. 3, #26–35, Annual 2000 (writer) (2000)
 * Marvel Knights Double Shot (Punisher) #1 (2002)
 * Midnight Sons Unlimited #1 (1993)
 * Marvel Legacy #1, (with Jason Aaron and various artists, Marvel, 2017)
 * Miracleman #1–2 (cover only, 2014)
 * NYX, miniseries, #1–7 (writer) (2003–2005)
 * The Sensational Spider-Man, Vol. 2 #41 (2007)
 * Sleepwalker #12 (1992)
 * What The--?! #13 (1991)
 * X-Factor #87-90, 92; Annual #7 (1992–1993)
 * X-51 #87–92; Annual Vol. 1, #1 (1999)

Covers

 * 2099 A.D., Vol. 1, #1, #3 (variant cover only, 1995)
 * Adventures of the Thing, Vol. 1 #3 (1992)
 * A Moment of Silence, Vol. 1, #1 (2002)
 * Age of Ultron, Vol. 1, #10 (variant cover only, 2013)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man, Vol. 1, #592–594 (2009) #545, 601, 638–641, 656, 700 (variant cover only, 2008–2012)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows, Vol. 1, #5 (variant cover only, 2015)
 * Avenging Spider-Man, Vol. 1, #1 (variant cover only, 2011)
 * Avengers Assemble, Vol. 2, #9 (2012)
 * Avengers vs. X-MenInfinite #1 (2012)
 * Avengers vs. X-Sanction, Vol. 1, #1 (2012)
 * Angela Asgard's Assassin, Vol. 1, #1 (2014)
 * Cage, Vol. 1, #1 (2016)
 * Black Panther #1 (1998–2003)
 * Cable and X-Force, Vol. 1, #1 (variant cover only, 2012)
 * Captain America, Vol. 7, #1 (variant cover only, 2012)
 * Life of Captain Marvel, Vol. 2, #1 #3 (variant cover only, 2018)
 * Daredevil, Vol. 5, #1,#600 (variant cover only, 2015)
 * Darth Vader, Vol. 1, #25 (variant cover only, 2015)
 * Deathlok, Vol. 3, #1 (variant cover only, 1999)
 * Doctor Strange #1–2 (variant cover only, 2013)
 * Fantastic Four, Vol. 1, #600/Vol. 4 #1 (variant cover only, 2011)
 * Siege #1–4 (variant cover only, 2010)
 * Spider-Man: Get Kraven #1–5 (Marvel, 2002–2003)
 * The New Avengers #1 (variant cover only, 2005)
 * The Superior Spider-Man, Vol. 1, #1 (Marvel, 2013–2014)
 * Venom #1, (2011–2013)
 * Wolverine #29; #33 (2006)
 * Wolverine: Origins #1–8, #13–15 (Marvel, 2003–2009)
 * X-Factor, Vol. 1, #92 (Marvel, 2005)

Other publishers

 * Ash #1, 1/2 (also writer) (Event, 1994–1997)
 * Ash: The Fire Within, miniseries, #2 (also writer) (Event, 1997)
 * Deathmate: Epilogue (Image, 1994)
 * Commando #4944 (DC Thomson) (full art)
 * Ninjak #1–3 (Valiant, 1994)
 * Painkiller Jane #1 (writer) (Dynamite, 2006)
 * Painkiller Jane Zero #0 (writer) (Event, 1999)
 * X-O Manowar #0 (Valiant, 1993)

title: Joe Quesada


text:
Rawhide Kid

The Rawhide Kid (real name: Johnny Bart, originally given as Johnny Clay) is a fictional Old West cowboy appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. A heroic gunfighter of the 19th-century American West who was unjustly wanted as an outlaw, he is one of Marvel's most prolific Western characters. He and other Marvel western heroes have on rare occasions guest-starred through time travel in such contemporary titles as The Avengers and West Coast Avengers. In two mature-audience miniseries, in 2003 and 2010, he is depicted as gay.

Atlas Comics
The Rawhide Kid debuted in the 16-issue Rawhide Kid series (March 1955-Sept. 1957) from Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics. The original Rawhide Kid was a blonde cowboy, that was never named, used a whip and was friend with the child Randy,

Marvel Comics
After a hiatus, the Rawhide Kid was rebooted for what was now Marvel Comics by writer Stan Lee, penciler Jack Kirby and inker Dick Ayers. Continuing the Atlas numbering with issue #17 (Aug. 1960), the title now featured a diminutive yet confident, soft-spoken fast gun constantly underestimated by bullying toughs, varmints, owlhoots, polecats, crooked saloon owners and other archetypes squeezed through the prism of Lee and Kirby's anarchic imagination. As in the outsized, exuberantly exaggerated action of the later-to-come World War II series Sgt. Fury and His Howling Commandos, The Rawhide Kid was now a freewheeling romp of energetic, almost slapstick action across cattle ranches, horse troughs, corrals, canyons and swinging chandeliers. Stringently moral, the Kid nevertheless showed a gleeful pride in his shooting and his acrobatic fight skills — never picking arguments, but constantly forced to surprise lummoxes far bigger than he was.

Through retcon, aspects of the Atlas and Silver Age characters' history meshed, so that the unnamed infant son of settlers the Clay family, orphaned by a Cheyenne raid, was raised by Texas Ranger Ben Bart on a ranch near Rawhide, Texas. Older brother Frank Clay, captured by Native Americans, eventually escaped and became a gambler, while eldest brother Joe Clay became sheriff of the town of Willow Flats; neither were in the regular cast, and each died in a guest appearance. Shortly after Johnny's 18th birthday, Ben Bart was murdered; Johnny, an almost preternaturally fast and accurate gunman, wounded the killers and left them to be taken into custody. A later misunderstanding between the Kid and a sheriff over a cattle rustler that the Kid wounded in self-defense led to the hero's life as a fugitive.

Rawhide Kid's full name was revealed in issue # 60 in the Letter's Column as John Barton Clay. The Rawhide Kid ended publication with issue #151 (May 1979).

The Rawhide Kid later appeared as a middle-aged character in a four-issue miniseries, The Rawhide Kid (vol. 2) (Aug.-Nov. 1985), by writer Bill Mantlo and penciler Herb Trimpe.

2000s treatments
The Rawhide Kid reappeared in the four-issue miniseries Blaze of Glory (Feb.-March 2000; published biweekly), by writer John Ostrander and artist Leonardo Manco, and a 2002 four-issue sequel, Apache Skies, by the same creative team.

In contrast to the character's previously depicted appearance — a small-statured, clean-cut redhead — these latter two series depicted him with shoulder-length dark hair, and wearing a slightly less stylized, more historically appropriate outfit than his classic one.

A five-issue miniseries, Rawhide Kid (vol. 3) (April–June 2003), titled "Slap Leather" was published biweekly by Marvel's mature-audience MAX imprint. Here, the character was depicted as homosexual, with a good portion of the dialogue dedicated to innuendo to this effect.

A sequel miniseries, The Rawhide Kid (vol. 4) (Aug.-Nov. 2010), rendered with a subtitle on covers as Rawhide Kid: The Sensational Seven, found the Kid and his posse (consisting of Kid Colt, Doc Holliday, Annie Oakley, Billy the Kid, Red Wolf and the Two-Gun Kid) track the villainous Cristo Pike after Pike and his gang kidnap Wyatt and Morgan Earp.

Fictional character biography
Johnny Clay was born in 1850 and orphaned as an infant, adopted by Ben Bart. In 1868 his "uncle" was murdered and he left the family ranch. In 1869 he became a wanted man. In 1870 he fought the Living Totem. In 1872 he captured the costumed Grizzly with the help of the Two-Gun Kid. He joined Kid Colt to defeat Iron Mask. In 1873 he met the Avengers In 1874 he met Doc Holliday. In 1875, he helped the Black Panther with Kid Colt and the Two-Gun Kid. In 1876 the Rawhide Kid, Kid Colt and the Two-Gun Kid faced Red Raven, Iron Mask and the Living Totem with the help of the Avengers. In 1879 he met the Apache Kid. Subsequently, he became a performer for Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show where he remained until 1885. In 1897 he took an understudy under his tutelage.

Marvel Zombies
When a meteorite landed on Earth-483, it emitted radiation that resurrected the Rawhide Kid's corpse and all of the corpses buried in the adjacent Boot Hill as zombies. The Rawhide Kid and the other reanimated gunslingers invade a nearby town before being killed by Hurricane.

Secret Wars
During the Secret Wars storyline, the Rawhide Kid appears as a member of the Thor Corps who guards a Wild West-themed domain of Battleworld called the Valley of Doom. He arrested that region's version of Hank Pym for illegal possession of adamantium, which led to Pym being banished to the Ultron-infested domain of Perfection.

In other media
The Rawhide Kid appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.

Reception
Comic Book Resources placed the 2000 series depiction of the Rawhide Kid as one of the superheroes Marvel wants you to forget.

title: Rawhide Kid


text:
Delaware, New Jersey

Delaware, New Jersey could refer to:

 * Delaware, Warren County, New Jersey
 * Delaware Township, Camden County, New Jersey, the name of Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey prior to November 7, 1961
 * Delaware Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey

title: Delaware, New Jersey


text:
Marville (comics)

Marville is a 2002 comic book limited series published by American company Marvel Comics. The series was written by Bill Jemas, and the stories involve satirical comments on comic book industry conventions and trends.

Plot
In the year 5002, Ted Turner and Jane Fonda have a son named Kal-AOL (a pun on Kal-El), whom they send back in time to the year 2002 to save him when they believe a meteor strike will destroy the Earth. Al attempts to become a superhero, despite his lack of superpowers, and becomes friends with a cab driver named Mickey and a police officer named Lucy. Although Al becomes rich and famous for capturing criminals, he is upset that crime is still rampant. In the year 5002, the world was not actually destroyed, and Ted Turner sends the time machine back to Al so he can come home. Instead, Al uses the time machine to travel to the dawn of creation and meet God, so he can determine the meaning of life and the nature of morality so he can be a proper hero.

At the dawn of time they meet a man named Jack, who is ambiguous as to if he is actually God or not. Jack takes them through the creation of life on Earth and then to the Jurassic period, and then to the evolution of the first human beings as nomadic hunter-gatherers led by Wolverine, the first human being. Along the way, Jack discusses with them the means behind which life evolved in this manner and why, among other philosophical concepts, and the characters come to the conclusion that God is responsible for engineering life and guiding its evolution. Jack explains he is showing them these events because World War III is going to happen, and he wants them to understand the nature of war so they can work to prevent it.

In the year 2002, Al pitches his story to the head of an unspecified comics company, framed as a recap of the events of the comic (though several things Al mentions did not occur in previous issues in the manner he claims). The unseen editor likes the story, but refuses to turn it into a comic because he believes it will not sell to mainstream audiences. Issue #6 ends with an open letter from Jemas discussing his experiences with publishing the comic and announcing the creation of a new Marvel imprint, Epic Comics; issue #7 does not actually contain any story content related to the events of Marville and is a submissions guideline book for creators on how to submit their work to Epic Comics.

U-Decide
Marville was created as part of Marvel's U-Decide promotional campaign, in which fans would decide which of three books would survive. The event involved one existing book (Peter David's Captain Marvel, whose numbering was restarted at issue #1) and two new books (Marville and Ron Zimmerman's Ultimate Adventures), and was based around a bet between David and Jemas, of which Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada later became a part. Jemas changed the stakes of the bet a few issues into Marville, stating that the loser would take a pie in the face for charity. Despite this, both Marville and Ultimate Adventures ended fairly quickly, while the rebooted Captain Marvel would last 25 more issues, for a total of 60 issues when combined with the first run.

Reception
For its confusing plot, wanton sexuality, and thinly veiled promotional nature, Marville was universally panned by critics, and is regularly referred to as one of the worst comics of all time.

ComicsAlliance included Marville in their list of the 15 Worst Comics of the Decade, calling it little more than a "publicity stunt", and Rob Bricken of io9 likened the work to "shooting heroin directly into your adrenal gland."

Screen Rant ranked Kal-AOL (and the rest of the Marville cast) as one of the superheroes that Marvel wants you to forget.

The A.V. Club called it "abominable", "nearly unpublishable", and — despite its professional-quality production values — "fundamentally amateurish", condemning Jemas for using the Marvel corporation as "a vanity press for himself".

title: Marville (comics)


text:
Talk:XScreenSaver

"such as Linux"
I put Linux in because there's a passing chance the passing reader will have actually heard of it - it's there as an example of an "open source Unix-like" system. If you still consider this "gratuitous," I'm sure we can discuss the matter - David Gerard 12:25, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * What you had before, where you didn't mention names at all, was fine. I think there is a problem in keeping other names out just becuase people "haven't heard of it". Dysprosia 22:26, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The problem I saw was the phrase is meaningless - it was putting in the name with some brand recognition as an example. (I vastly prefer FreeBSD to Linux for my personal use, btw, but think I can tell including an example from including something for advocacy.)

 * The name could be removed, but then the article is made less clear to the reader who doesn't already know what we're talking about. - David Gerard 22:28, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * But it still is providing "preferential treatment" of sorts... it's not quite POV but it's not quite neutral either, if you get what I mean. Perhaps we can work out some sort of wording. Dysprosia 22:32, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's "preferential treatment" only in that Linux is famous in the outside world and FreeBSD, love it as I might, just isn't. (Workplace conversation: "You don't have Windows? You run Leenux or something?" "FreeBSD." "Oh, that's a sort of Leenux, isn't it." These are IT guys!) Saying "like Linux" instead of "open source Unix-like" is a bit GNU/Linux - it rubs BSD advocates up the wrong way, but no-one else really cares, nor, really, should they. I'd love a better way of saying it, though, yes. - David Gerard 23:12, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * How about leveraging the fact that some Unix-like systems (going off the Unix-like article), such as Darwin and the Hurd (to my knowledge), do not use XScreenSaver (Darwin, not at least when in tandem with OS X, that is)? Otherwise, I have to think about it a little harder... Dysprosia 23:16, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Some hacks
I added a brief list of some of the XScreensaver hacks (largely at random, I confess). I figure such a list has the potential of hooking casual visitors into the wikipedia - so they come and read about the screensaver, but it links off into the various obscure corners of maths and popular culture that the hacks depict. I'll probably add some more hacks later, and anyone with a better grasp of math than me is more than welcome to add the exotic math hacks that I don't pretend to recognise. -- John Fader 17:04, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Nitpicking
I've had a look at the BSOD screensaver picture over at the German Wikipedia. The screensaver is wrong: The "Guru meditation" never appeared in the "Insert Workbench disk" when you first booted up the Amiga. You had to actually load Workbench, or some other program, to get the chance to see a Guru meditation. — J I P | Talk 15:17, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

As a former Amiga user, I actually saw Guru meditation right on "Insert Disk" image of Amiga ROM. It could happen if you have memory errors or actually a memory resident virus which hooks itself to startup routine. As you may guess, these are horrible reasons for guru meditation so I think that is why as the concept of screensaver is showing some horrible situations for fun.

Full list
Here is the full list from 5.02: • Anemone -

• Anemotaxis -

• Ant -

• AntInspect -

• AntMaze -

• AntSpotlight -

• Apollonian -

• Apple2 -

• Atlantis -

• Attraction -

• Atunnel -

• Barcode -

• Blaster -

• BlinkBox -

• BlitSpin -

• BlockTube -

• Boing -

• Bouboule -

• BouncingCow -

• Boxed -

• BoxFit -

• Braid -

• BSOD -

• Bubble3D -

• Bubbles -

• Bumps -

• Cage -

• Carousel -

• CCurve -

• Celtic -

• Circuit -

• CloudLife -

• Compass -

• Coral -

• Crackberg -

• Critical -

• Crystal -

• Cube21 -

• Cubenetic -

• CubeStorm -

• Cynosure -

• DangerBall -

• DecayScreen -

• Deco -

• Deluxe -

• Demon -

• Discrete -

• Distort -

• DNAlogo -

• Drift -

• Endgame -

• Engine -

• Epicycle -

• Eruption -

• Euler2D -

• Extrusion -

• FadePlot -

• Fiberlamp -

• Fireworkx -

• Flag -

• Flame -

• FlipFlop -

• FlipScreen3D -

• FlipText -

• Flow -

• FluidBalls -

• FlyingToasters -

• FontGlide -

• Forest -

• FuzzyFlakes -

• Galaxy -

• Gears -

• GFlux -

• GLBlur -

• Gleidescope -

• GLForestFire -

• GLHanoi -

• GLKnots -

• GLMatrix -

• GLPlanet -

• GLSchool -

• GLSlideshow -

• GLSnake -

• GLText -

• Goop -

• Grav -

• Greynetic -

• Halftone -

• Halo -

• Helix -

• Hopalong -

• HyperBall -

• HyperCube -

• HyperTorus -

• IFS -

• IMSMap -

• Interaggregate -

• Interference -

• Intermomentary -

• JigglyPuff -

• Jigsaw -

• Juggle -

• Juggler3D -

• Julia -

• Kaleidescope -

• Klein -

• Kumppa -

• Lament -

• Laser -

• Lavalite -

• Lightning -

• Lisa -

• Lissie -

• LMorph -

• Loop -

• Maze -

• MemScroller -

• Menger -

• MetaBalls -

• MirrorBlob -

• Mismunch -

• Moebius -

• Moire -

• Moire2 -

• Molecule -

• Morph3D -

• Mountain -

• Munch -

• NerveRot -

• Noof -

• NoseGuy -

• Pacman -

• Pedal -

• Penetrate -

• Penrose -

• Petri -

• Phosphor -

• Piecewise -

• Pinion -

• Pipes -

• Polyhedra -

• Polyominoes -

• Polytopes -

• Pong -

• PopSquares -

• Providence -

• Pulsar -

• Pyro -

• Qix -

• Queens -

• RDbomb -

• Ripples -

• Rocks -

• Rorschach -

• Rotor -

• RotZoomer -

• Rubik -

• SBalls -

• ShadeBobs -

• Sierpinski -

• Sierpinski3D -

• SlideScreen -

• Slip -

• Sonar -

• SpeedMine -

• Sphere -

• Spheremonics -

• Spiral -

• Spotlight -

• Sproingies -

• Squiral -

• Stairs -

• Starfish -

• StarWars -

• StonerView -

• Strange -

• Substrate -

• Superquadrics -

• Swirl -

• T3D -

• Tangram -

• Thornbird -

• TimeTunnel -

• TopBlock -

• Triangle -

• Truchet -

• Twang -

• Vermiculate -

• Vines -

• Wander -

• WebCollage -

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• Whirlygig -

• Worm -

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• XFlame -

• XJack -

• XLyap -

• XMatrix -

• XRaySwarm -

• XSpirograph -

• Zoom - Dread Lord CyberSkull ✎☠ 22:48, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I put it in columns to save space, hoping you don't mind. —Tamfang (talk) 22:14, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I do mind. What are you going to do about it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.131.255.44 (talk) 08:45, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Stamp my little feet and pout. —Tamfang (talk) 01:56, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

wscreensaver (xscreensaver on Wayland)
I created a Wiki account a long while back, the reason for which I cannot recall but I've never used it and as such, wouldn't know the first thing about how to properly edit an established Wiki entry. Certainly not one on the scale concerning the world's most popularly used screensaver program. That said, I feel it should perhaps be modified to include the fact that, in spite of all suggestions to the contrary, many of which come directly from Mr. Screensaver himself, i.e., the man, the myth, the legend; Jamie Zawinski, xscreensaver can in fact "run" on OS environments under Wayland compositor/window manager via what I can only assume based on the code author's own words (below) is something of a hack itself (a hack to run xscreensaver hacks on a hackjob of a compositor. JK, of course. I view Wayland as a necessary evil and one that perhaps one day will even be considered visionary, but it's buggy as all get out at present), a piece of experimental software called wscreensaver. I put "run" in quotes because as you can see from wscreensaver author Manuel Stoeckl's README.md for wscreensaver below, it only runs some of the xscreensaver hacks (emphasis is my own):

Regardless of all the caveats and hacky approach, bottom line is that it works. As I write this, Photopile is cycling on my quad-monitor display setup/"video wall" a few feet away from me (Im using my tablet) on a machine running Arch (btw 😏🫣😘) which itself is running KDE Plasma 6, and bless their hearts but they elected to go all in with Wayland for this release. I guess the bullet was eventually going to need biting but man, Plasma 6 crashes more often than it doesn't and at any rate, is the most prone to do so of any release I can recall.

Anyway, fortunately for me the same can be said (that it works, that is) of all of my favorite xscreensaver hacks, but given what little I know about Wayland and my experience with it to date, I don't doubt Stoeckl's words of warning (or Zawinkski's apprehension about the premise on the whole, for that matter) one iota. I leave it up to whomever maintains this Wiki entry to decide if this warrants inclusion or not, but I felt it was at least worth bringing up for their consideration. In my view, it warrants at least a passing mention given the popularity of xscreensaver combined with the fact that Wayland is replacing X and will eventually be at least as ubiqitous.

Thanks for your time and sorry for my long-windedness. It's a whole thing I wrestle with daily. I suspect a yet to be diagnosed case of OCD or something in that ballpark

PS - do note that despite calling it "a work in progress," he also specifically states he's not actively maintaining it and has no intention of getting any hacks working that do not work currently. So, sadly if your favorite hacks don't work under Wayland, I wouldn't hold my breath. If you're a proficient programmer, however, you may have a starting point in wscreensaver 😃

PPS - you must run wscreensaver at least once per session if you want to run xscreensaver hacks within that session. From there, xscreensaver-command becomes fully operational (within the confines of the previously mentioned limitations, of course). A GUI/xscreensaver-demo is not possible, but if you still have X11 on your machine, you could log in under X, make whatever changes you want using the GUI, then log back in under Wayland and you should be golden --BoognishMANG (talk) 01:19, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:XScreenSaver


text:
User talk:Ahadley

Please feel free to add any comments or complaints here.

title: User talk:Ahadley


text:
Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal

Dom Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal, Duke of Braganza (21 March 1887 – 1 February 1908) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of King Carlos I of Portugal. He was born in 1887 when his father was still Prince Royal of Portugal and received the usual style of the heirs to the heir of the Portuguese crown: 4th Prince of Beira at birth, with the subsidiary title 14th Duke of Barcelos. After his grandfather King Luís I of Portugal died, he became Prince Royal of Portugal with the subsidiary titles 21st Duke of Braganza, 20th Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 28th count of Barcelos, 25th count of Ourém, 23rd count of Arraiolos and 22nd count of Neiva.

Early life
Luís Filipe Maria Carlos Amélio Fernando Víctor Manuel António Lourenço Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis Bento was born in Lisbon, the elder son of Carlos, Prince Royal of Portugal (later King Carlos I of Portugal), and Princess Amélie d'Orléans, a member of the House of Braganza.

Two years after his birth, Dom Luís Filipe inherited all his father's royal princely titles when his father became king. He was himself re-styled Prince Royal, and at the same time inherited the Dukedom of Braganza (as 21st Duke), which brought with it the largest private fortune in Portugal at that time, completely at the disposal of the heir to the Portuguese crown.

In 1907, the Prince Royal acted as regent of the kingdom while his father was outside the country. The same year he made a very successful official visit to the Portuguese colonies in Africa, the first member of the royal family ever to visit them.

Dom Luís Filipe was the pupil of the African war hero Mouzinho de Albuquerque, and like all the Braganzas, showed many aptitudes in the arts, besides his pursuing a military education. Around the time of Dom Luís Filipe's assassination, negotiations for marriage to his cousin Princess Patricia of Connaught were underway. Princess Patricia was the granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the daughter of British Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia.

Lisbon Regicide
On 1 February 1908, Luís Filipe and his family were returning to Lisbon from Vila Viçosa Palace. Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buiça, two members of a revolutionary society called the Carbonária, shot at all the royal family, hitting his father King Carlos, Luís Filipe, and his younger brother Infante Manuel, Duke of Beja. Carlos I died immediately, while Luís Filipe lived for another twenty minutes. Manuel survived the attack, having only been shot in the arm, while the queen was unharmed.

Manuel succeeded to the throne as Manuel II. Luís Filipe is buried next to his father and forefathers in the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza in Lisbon. His younger brother, King Manuel II of Portugal, and his mother, Queen Maria Amélia, are buried opposite.

On 5 October 1910, the monarchy under the reign of his surviving younger brother, Manuel II, was overthrown in a military coup and the Portuguese First Republic was established.

Domestic

 * Grand Commander of the Three Military Orders of Christ, Aviz and St. James
 * Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of the Tower and Sword
 * Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lady of Conception of Vila Vicosa

Foreign

 * German Empire: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle
 * Monaco: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles, 22 July 1904
 * Spain:
 * Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III, 1887
 * Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 14 November 1892
 * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Stranger Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, 15 July 1902
 * Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, 10 June 1904

Arms
Luis Filipe bore as heir to the throne the arms of his father; differenced by a Label of three points Or.

title: Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal


text:
Securities Exchange Act of 1934

The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (also called the Exchange Act, '34 Act, or 1934 Act) (, codified at et seq.) is a law governing the secondary trading of securities (stocks, bonds, and debentures) in the United States of America. A landmark piece of wide-ranging legislation, the Act of '34 and related statutes form the basis of regulation of the financial markets and their participants in the United States. The 1934 Act also established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the agency primarily responsible for enforcement of United States federal securities law.

Companies raise billions of dollars by issuing securities in what is known as the primary market. Contrasted with the Securities Act of 1933, which regulates these original issues, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates the secondary trading of those securities between persons often unrelated to the issuer, frequently through brokers or dealers. Trillions of dollars are made and lost each year through trading in the secondary market.

Securities exchanges
One area subject to the 1934 Act's regulation is the physical place where securities (stocks, bonds, notes of debenture) are exchanged. Here, agents of the exchange, or specialists, act as middlemen for the competing interests in the buying and selling of securities. An important function of the specialist is to inject liquidity and price continuity into the market. Some of the more well known exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ and the NYSE American.

Securities associations
The 1934 Act also regulates broker-dealers without a status for trading securities. A telecommunications infrastructure has developed to provide for trading without a physical location. Previously these brokers would find stock prices through newspaper printings and conduct trades verbally by telephone. Today, a digital information network connects these brokers. This system is called NASDAQ, standing for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System.

Self-regulatory organizations (SRO)
In 1938, the Exchange Act was amended by the Maloney Act, which authorized the formation and registration of national securities associations. These groups would supervise the conduct of their members subject to the oversight of the SEC. The Maloney Act led to the creation of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. – the NASD, which is a Self-Regulatory Organization (or SRO). The NASD had primary responsibility for oversight of brokers and brokerage firms, and later, the NASDAQ stock market. In 1996, the SEC criticized the NASD for putting its interests as the operator of NASDAQ ahead of its responsibilities as the regulator, and the organization was split in two, one entity regulating the brokers and firms, the other regulating the NASDAQ market. In 2007, the NASD merged with the NYSE (which had already taken over the AMEX), and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) was created.

Other trading platforms
In the last 30 years, brokers have created two additional systems for trading securities. The alternative trading system, or ATS, is a quasi exchange where stocks are commonly purchased and sold through a smaller, private network of brokers, dealers, and other market participants. The ATS is distinguished from exchanges and associations in that the volumes for ATS trades are comparatively low, and the trades tend to be controlled by a small number of brokers or dealers. ATS acts as a niche market, a private pool of liquidity. Reg ATS, an SEC regulation issued in the late 1990s, requires these small markets to 1) register as a broker with the NASD, 2) register as an exchange, or 3) operate as an unregulated ATS, staying under low trading caps.

A specialized form of ATS, the Electronic Communications Network (or ECN), has been described as the "black box" of securities trading. The ECN is a completely automated network, anonymously matching buy and sell orders. Many traders use one or more trading mechanisms (the exchanges, NASDAQ, and an ECN or ATS) to effect large buy or sell orders – conscious of the fact that overreliance on one market for a large trade is likely to unfavorably alter the trading price of the target security.

Issues
While the 1933 Act recognizes that timely information about the issuer is vital to effective pricing of securities, the 1933 Act's disclosure requirement (the registration statement and prospectus) is a one-time affair. The 1934 Act extends this requirement to securities traded in the secondary market. Provided that the company has more than a certain number of shareholders and has a certain amount of assets (500 shareholders, above $10 million in assets, per Act sections 12, 13, and 15), the 1934 Act requires that issuers regularly file company information with the SEC on certain forms (the annual 10-K filing and the quarterly 10-Q filing). The filed reports are available to the public via EDGAR. If something material happens with the company (change of CEO, change of auditing firm, destruction of a significant number of company assets), the SEC requires that the company issue within 4 business days an 8-K filing that reflects these changed conditions (see Regulation FD). With these regularly required filings, buyers are better able to assess the worth of the company, and buy and sell the stock according to that information.

Antifraud provisions
While the 1933 Act contains an antifraud provision (Section 17), when the 1934 Act was enacted, questions remained about the reach of that antifraud provision and whether a private right of action—that is, the right of an individual private citizen to sue an issuer of stock or related market actor, as opposed to government suits—existed for purchasers. As it developed, section 10(b) of the 1934 Act and corresponding SEC Rule 10b-5 have sweeping antifraud language. Section 10(b) of the Act (as amended) provides (in pertinent part):

"It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, by the use of any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce or of the mails, or of any facility of any national securities exchange ..."

Section 10(b) is codified at.

The breadth and utility of section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 in the pursuit of securities litigation are significant. Rule 10b-5 has been employed to cover insider trading cases, but has also been used against companies for price fixing (artificially inflating or depressing stock prices through stock manipulation), bogus company sales to increase stock price, and even a company's failure to communicate relevant information to investors. Many plaintiffs in the securities litigation field plead violations of section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 as a "catch-all" allegation, in addition to violations of the more specific antifraud provisions in the 1934 Act.

Exemptions from reporting because of national security
Section 13(b)(3)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 provides that "with respect to matters concerning the national security of the United States", the President or the head of an Executive Branch agency may exempt companies from certain critical legal obligations. These obligations include keeping accurate "books, records, and accounts" and maintaining "a system of internal accounting controls sufficient" to ensure the propriety of financial transactions and the preparation of financial statements in compliance with "generally accepted accounting principles".

On May 5, 2006, in a notice in the Federal Register, President Bush delegated authority under this section to John Negroponte, the Director of National Intelligence. Administration officials told Business Week that they believe this is the first time a President has ever delegated the authority to someone outside the Oval Office.

title: Securities Exchange Act of 1934


text:
Linear speedup theorem

In computational complexity theory, the linear speedup theorem for Turing machines states that given any real c > 0 and any k-tape Turing machine solving a problem in time f(n), there is another k-tape machine that solves the same problem in time at most f(n)/c + 2n + 3, where k > 1. If the original machine is non-deterministic, then the new machine is also non-deterministic. The constants 2 and 3 in 2n + 3 can be lowered, for example, to n + 2.

Proof
The construction is based on packing several tape symbols of the original machine M into one tape symbol of the new machine N. It has a similar effect as using longer words and commands in processors: it speeds up the computations but increases the machine size. How many old symbols are packed into a new symbol depends on the desired speed-up.

Suppose the new machine packs three old symbols into a new symbol. Then the alphabet of the new machine is $$\Sigma \cup \Sigma^3$$: it consists of the original symbols and the packed symbols. The new machine has the same number k > 1 of tapes. A state of N consists of the following components: The new machine N starts with encoding the given input into a new alphabet (that is why its alphabet must include $$\Sigma$$). For example, if the input to 2-tape M is on the left, then after the encoding the tape configuration of N is on the right:
 * the state of M;
 * for each tape, three packed symbols that describe the packed symbol under the head, the packed symbol on the left, and the packed symbol on the right; and
 * for each tape, the original head position within the packed symbol under the head of N.

The new machine packs three old symbols (e.g., the blank symbol _, the symbol a, and the symbol b) into a new symbol (here (_,a,b)) and copies it the second tape, while erasing the first tape. At the end of the initialization, the new machine directs its head to the beginning. Overall, this takes 2n + 3 steps.
 * [ # || _ || a || b || b || a || b || b || a || _ || ...] ||     ||    [ # || (_,_,_) || (_,_,_) || (_,_,_) || ...]
 * [ # || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || ...] ||     ||    [ # || (_,a,b) || (b,a,b) || (b,a,_) || ...]
 * }
 * [ # || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || ...] ||     ||    [ # || (_,a,b) || (b,a,b) || (b,a,_) || ...]
 * }

After the initialization, the state of N is $$(q_0; ?, (\_,\_,\_), ?; ?, (\_,a,b), ?; [1,1])$$, where the symbol $$?$$ means that it will be filled in by the machine later; the symbol $$[1,1]$$ means that the head of the original machine points to the first symbols inside $$(\_,\_,\_)$$ and $$(\_,a,b)$$. Now the machine starts simulating m = 3 transitions of M using six of its own transitions (in this concrete case, there will be no speed up, but in general m can be much larger than six). Let the configurations of M and N be:

where the bold symbols indicate the head position. The state of N is $$(q; ?, (\_,\_,b), ?; ?, (b,\_,\_), ?; [3,1])$$. Now the following happens:
 * [ # || _ || _ || b || b || a || b || b || a || _ || ...] ||     ||    [ # || (_,a,b) || (b,a,b) || (b,_,_) || ...]
 * [ # || _ || a || b || b || a || b || b || _ || _ || ...] ||     ||    [ # || (_,_,b) || (b,a,b) || (b,a,_) || ...]
 * }
 * [ # || _ || a || b || b || a || b || b || _ || _ || ...] ||     ||    [ # || (_,_,b) || (b,a,b) || (b,a,_) || ...]
 * }
 * N moves right, left, left, right. After the four moves, the machine N has all its $$?$$ filled, and its state becomes $$(q; \#, (\_,\_,b), (b,a,b); (b,a,b), (b,\_,\_), (\_,\_,\_); [3,1])$$
 * Now N updates its symbols and state according to m = 3 transitions of the original machine. This may require two moves (update the current symbol and update one of its adjacent symbols). Suppose the original machine moves as follows (with the corresponding configuration of N on the right):

Thus, the state of N becomes $$(q'; ?, (\_,\_,b), ?; ?, (b,\_,\_), ?; [3,1])$$.
 * [ # || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || b || b || a || _ || ...] ||     ||    [ # || (_,a,b) || (b,_,_) || (_,_,_) || ...]
 * [ # || _ || a || b || b || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || ...] ||     ||    [ # || (_,_,_) || (_,_,b) || (b,a,_) || ...]
 * }
 * [ # || _ || a || b || b || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || ...] ||     ||    [ # || (_,_,_) || (_,_,b) || (b,a,_) || ...]
 * }

Complexity
Initialization requires 2n + 3 steps. In the simulation, 6 steps of N simulate m steps of M. Choosing m > 6c produces the running time bounded by $$f(n)/c + 2n + 3.$$

Machines with a read-only input tape
The theorem as stated above also holds for Turing machines with 1-way, read-only input tape and $$k\ge 1$$ work tapes.

Single-tape machines
For single-tape Turing machines, linear speedup holds for machines with execution time at least $$n^2$$. It provably does not hold for machines with time $$t(n)\in \Omega(n\log n)\cap o(n^2)$$.

Dependence on tape compression
The proof of the speedup theorem clearly hinges on the capability to compress storage by replacing the alphabet with a larger one. Geffert showed that for nondeterministic single-tape Turing machines of time complexity $$T(n) \ge n^2$$ linear speedup can be achieved without increasing the alphabet.

Dependence on the shape of storage
Regan considered a property of a computational model called information vicinity. This property is related to the memory structure: a Turing machine has linear vicinity, while a Kolmogorov-Uspenskii machine and other pointer machines have an exponential one. Regan’s thesis is that the existence of linear speedup has to do with having a polynomial information vicinity. The salient point in this claim is that a model with exponential vicinity will not have speedup even if changing the alphabet is allowed (for models with a discrete memory that stores symbols). Regan did not, however, prove any general theorem of this kind. Hühne proved that if we require the speedup to be obtained by an on-line simulation (which is the case for the speedup on ordinary Turing machines), then linear speedup does not exist on machines with tree storage.

title: Linear speedup theorem


text:
User talk:Kimvu

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 12:41, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

PS. There was no need to make the 'Lumbricus terrestris:Nightcrawlers' page. Besides the incorrect page name you used, Lumbricus terrestris already existed. - UtherSRG 12:41, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for writing the Phylum Annelida page, but do you know that an Annelid page already exists? Perhaps you could merge your content with the existing content and keep your original page as a redirect. Thanks. -Beelzebubs 20:51, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kimvu


text:
Essex man

Essex man and Mondeo man are stereotypical figures which were popularised in 1990s Britain. The "Essex man" as a political figure is an example of a type of median voter and was used to help explain the electoral successes of Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s. The closely related "Mondeo man" was identified as the sort of voter the Labour Party needed to attract to win the election in 1997. Basildon man and woman are narrower terms being used synonymously.

Background
Although the Labour Party was traditionally considered the "natural choice" for the working class, there has traditionally been a group within that class who have voted Conservative, who are distinct from the "Essex man" phenomenon. After the Second World War, there was considerable social change in South East England. Working-class English families were encouraged to leave the war-damaged slums in inner London and move to newly built council-owned properties in the suburbs and new towns in the home counties, including Basildon and Harlow in Essex. With the decline of manufacturing and skilled manual work in the 1980s, this group increasingly looked to middle-class professions for employment, or became self-employed.

Their children enjoyed housing, education and employment opportunities far removed from the experiences of their parents.

Essex man and Thatcherism
Margaret Thatcher's policies during her tenure in office from 1979–90 included: lower taxation, control of inflation and sale of council houses at subsidised prices. These policies (in particular, the right to buy scheme) are thought to have caused many people who had traditionally voted Labour in Essex to switch their allegiance in the elections of 1979, 1983 and 1987.

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) lists the earliest reference to the Essex man as one from 7 October 1990, in an anonymous article penned by Simon Heffer for The Sunday Telegraph. However, the 26 January 1990 issue of Campaign has the following reference: "Representative [ David Amess ] of new Essex man, working class, father electrician, right wing, keen hanger, noisily rambunctious, no subtlety". Sky UK minidishes on newly purchased council houses were, according to Heffer, symbols of Essex man's pride in his prosperity. Owing to the similarities between the politics of Thatcher's UK and Ronald Reagan's US, the contemporary term Reagan Democrat is roughly analogous to Essex man.

Mondeo man
The concept of the "Mondeo man" was popularised by a phrase used by then Leader of the Labour Party, Tony Blair at the Labour Party Conference in October 1996. He recalled a Ford Sierra owner he had canvassed in the Midlands whilst out campaigning for the 1992 general election. The man was a self-employed electrician, whom Blair met while the man was polishing his car at the weekend, and told Blair that he was an ex-Labour voter who had bought his council house, owned his own car, and wondered what the Labour Party had to offer him given the party's history of raising taxes and mortgage rates:

"His dad voted Labour, he said. He used to vote Labour, too. But he'd bought his own house now. He'd set up his own business. He was doing very nicely. 'So I've become a Tory' he said. In that moment, he crystallised for me the basis of our failure... His instincts were to get on in life. And he thought our instincts were to stop him. But that was never our history or our purpose."

This is the story that is often credited with inspiring Blair's concept of New Labour, and the "Mondeo man" superseded the "Essex man", as the target of the campaign for the 1997 general election for the Labour Party. (By 1993, the Sierra had been replaced by the Mondeo in the Ford model range, hence the misquote that gave birth to Mondeo Man). Under the leadership of Blair, Labour subsequently won the 1997 general election, with a record landslide majority of 179 MPs.

title: Essex man


text: User talk:209.23.32.130

title: User talk:209.23.32.130