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Santa Sabina

The Basilica of Saint Sabina (Basilica Sanctae Sabinae, Basilica di Santa Sabina all'Aventino) is a historic church on the Aventine Hill in Rome, Italy. It is a titular minor basilica and mother church of the Roman Catholic Order of Preachers, better known as the Dominicans.

Santa Sabina is the oldest extant ecclesiastical basilica in Rome that preserves its original colonnaded rectangular plan with apse and architectural style. Its decorations have been restored to their original restrained design. Other basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore, have been ornately decorated in later centuries. Because of its simplicity, the Santa Sabina represents the adaptation of the architecture of the roofed Roman forum or basilica to the basilica churches of Christendom. It is especially well-known for its cypress wood doors carved in AD 430-432 with Biblical scenes, the most famous being the first known publicly displayed depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the two thieves.

Santa Sabina is perched high above the Tiber to the north and the Circus Maximus to the east. It is next to the small public park of Giardino degli Aranci ("Garden of Oranges"), which has a scenic terrace overlooking Rome. It is a short distance from the headquarters of the Knights of Malta.

Its last cardinal priest was Jozef Tomko until his death on 8 August 2022. It is the stational church for Ash Wednesday.

History
The church was built on the site of early Imperial houses, one of which is said to be of Sabina, a Roman matron originally from Avezzano in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Sabina was beheaded in AD 126 under Emperor Hadrian, because she had been converted to Christianity by her servant Serapia, who also had been beheaded in AD 119. Sabina and Serapia were later declared Catholic saints.

Santa Sabina was built by Peter of Illyria, a Dalmatian priest, between 422 and 432 near a temple of Juno on the Aventine Hill in Rome.

Pope Celestine I established the cardinal title of Santa Sabina with its seat here in 423 AD.

In the 9th century, it was enclosed in a fortification area as a result of war.

in 1216 Pope Honorius III approved the Order of Preachers, now commonly known as the Dominicans, which was "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission". Honorius III invited Saint Dominic, the founder of the Order of Preachers, to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale, the first Dominican studium in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on 5 June 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220.

The church was the seat of a papal conclave in 1287, although the prelates left the church after an epidemic killed six of them. They later returned to the church, and elected Nicholas IV as pope on 22 February 1288.

Its interior was renovated by Domenico Fontana in 1587 (after being commissioned by Pope Sixtus V in 1586) and Francesco Borromini in 1643.

The Kingdom of Italy conquered Rome in 1870; expelled the Dominicans; and converted the church into a lazaretto (quarantine station for maritime travelers).

Italian architect and art historian Antonio Muñoz (1884-1960) restored the original simplistic medieval appearance of the church in 1914-1919. French architect P. Berthier completed its restoration in 1936-1938.

Among those who have lived in its adjacent convent were Saint Dominic (1220-1221), St Thomas Aquinas (1265-1268), Blessed Ceslaus, Saint Hyacinth, and Pope Pius V.

Exterior
The Minor Basilica of Santa Sabina is built in the manner of an Ancient Roman secular basilica, or covered forum. The characteristics are a long central nave with a lower aisle on each side. Above the aisles, the walls of the nave are pierced by a row of large clerestory windows. The brick walls are mostly unrendered, and the windows are made of selenite, not glass, making the building look much as it did when it was built in the 5th century.

The building has a colonnaded porch opening propped onto a cloister, and at the other end, a semi-circular apse.

The campanile (bell tower) was originally built in the 10th century; but was rebuilt in the 17th century in the Baroque style.

The wooden door of the basilica is generally agreed to be the original door from 430 to 432, although it was apparently not constructed for this doorway. Eighteen of its wooden panels survive — all but one depicting scenes from the Bible. Most famous among these is one of the earliest certain depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the 2 thieves. Other panels have also been the subjects of extensive analysis because of their importance to the study of Christian iconography.

Above the doorway, the interior preserves an original dedication in Latin hexameters.

Interior
The interior has basilical form, with a central nave divided from the side aisle by two rows of columns,on which rests an arcade. Above the arcade is a row of large clerestory windows. The twenty four columns of Proconnesian marble with perfectly matched Corinthian capitals and bases, were reused from the Temple of Juno. A framed hole in the floor exposes a Roman era temple column that pre-dates Santa Sabina. This appears to be the remnant of the Temple of Juno erected on the hilltop site during Roman times, which was likely razed to allow construction of the basilica.

There is an apse at the eastern end. The original fifth-century apse mosaic was replaced in 1559 by a fresco by Taddeo Zuccari. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ is flanked by a good thief and a bad thief, seated on a hill while lambs drink from a stream at its base. The iconography of the mosaic was very similar to another 5th-century mosaic, destroyed in the 17th century, in Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara.

Convent
The interior cells of the Dominican convent are little changed since the earliest days of the Order of Preachers. The cell of St. Dominic is still identified, though it has since been enlarged and converted to a chapel. Also, the original dining room still remains, in which St. Thomas Aquinas would dine when he lived in Rome.

Doors
The doors on the exterior of Santa Sabina are made of cypress wood, and originally had a layout of twenty-eight panels. Out of these panels, ten of the original have been lost, and are left without ornamentation.

Seventeen out of the original remaining eighteen panels depict a scene from the Old Testament or the New Testament, leaving one panel that does not directly correlate to a Biblical story. This panel, found near the bottom of the door, depicts an homage to a man wearing a chlamys, and is thought to depict a historical event relating to a powerful ruler, though the exact story depicted is unknown.

One of the smaller top panels depicts the crucifixion of Jesus and two other figures in front of a building that alludes to the architecture of a Roman mausoleum. This panel is the first known publicly displayed image of the crucifixion of Christ. The panels are carved in two distinct styles, one including more detail and adherence to the style of classical art, and one adopting a simpler style, indicating that several artists may have worked on the doors. The abstract vegetal designs on the panels' frames are consistent with a Mesopotamian style, suggesting the origin of at least one of the artists was from this region.

Due to the cramped composition of the panels and the thin outer frame, it is likely that the door was originally bigger, then cut down to fit into the frame of Santa Sabina. This makes it unclear as to whether the door was initially intended to be used for this specific structure. It may have been designed for a different Roman building with larger doorway dimensions, but then been transferred to Santa Sabina for unknown reasons.

However, the door was most likely constructed near the same time as the erection of the Church of Santa Sabina in 432, as the powerful figure in the chlamys scene carving shares stylistic similarities with depictions of Theodosius II, the emperor at the time of the consecration of Santa Sabina. Dendrochronologic and radiocarbon dating confirmed that the wood used for the door panels is from the beginning of the 5th century, therefore the carvings could date from the reigns of Celestine I (421–431) or Sixtus III (431–440).

Convent and Studium of the Dominican Order
In 1216 the Order of Preachers, now commonly known as the Dominicans, was approved by Pope Honorius as "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission". Honorius III invited Saint Dominic, the founder of the Order of Preachers, to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale, the first Dominican studium in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on 5 June 1222, though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220.

Some scholars have written that Honorius III was a member of the Savelli family and that the church and associated buildings formed part of the holdings of the Savelli, thereby explaining why Honorius III donated Santa Sabina to the Dominicans. In fact, Honorius III was not a Savelli. These scholars may have confused later Pope Honorius IV, who was a Savelli, and Honorius III. In any case, the church was given over to the Dominicans and it has since then served as their headquarters in Rome.

In 1265 in accordance with the injunction of the Chapter of the Roman province of the Order of Preachers at Anagni, Thomas Aquinas was assigned as regent master at the studium conventuale at Santa Sabina: “Fr. Thome de Aquino iniungimus in remissionem peccatorum quod teneat studium Rome, et volumus quod fratribus qui stant secum ad studendum provideatur in necessariis vestimentis a conventibus de quorum predicatione traxerunt originem. Si autem illi studentes inventi fuerint negligentes in studio, damus potestatem fr. Thome quod ad conventus suos possit eos remittere”.

At this time the existing studium conventuale at Santa Sabina was transformed into the Order's first studium provinciale, an intermediate school between the studium conventuale and the studium generale. "Prior to this time the Roman Province had offered no specialized education of any sort, no arts, no philosophy; only simple convent schools, with their basic courses in theology for resident friars, were functioning in Tuscany and the meridionale during the first several decades of the order's life. But the new studium at Santa Sabina was to be a school for the province," a studium provinciale. Tolomeo da Lucca, an associate and early biographer of Aquinas, tells us that at the Santa Sabina studium Aquinas taught the full range of philosophical subjects, both moral and natural.

With the departure of Aquinas for Paris in 1268 and the passage of time the pedagogical activities of the studium provinciale at Santa Sabina were divided between two campuses. A new convent of the Order at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva had a modest beginning in 1255 as a community for women converts, but grew rapidly in size and importance after being given to the Dominicans in 1275.

In 1288 the theology component of the provincial curriculum was relocated from the Santa Sabina studium provinciale to the studium conventuale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva which was redesignated as a studium particularis theologiae. Thus, the studium at Santa Sabina was the forerunner of the studium generale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Following the curriculum of studies laid out in the capitular acts of 1291 the Santa Sabina studium was redesignated as one of three studia nove logice intended to offer courses of advanced logic covering the logica nova, the Aristotelian texts recovered in the West only in the second half of the 12th century, the Topics, Sophistical Refutations, and the Prior and Second Analytics of Aristotle. This was an advance over the logica antiqua, which treated the Isagoge of Porphyry, Divisions and Topics of Boethius, the Categories and On Interpretation of Aristotle, and the Summule logicales of Peter of Spain.

Milone da Velletri was the lector at the Santa Sabina studium in 1293. In 1310 the Florentine Giovanni dei Tornaquinci was the lector at Santa Sabina. In 1331 at the Santa Sabina studium Nerius de Tertia was the lector, and Giovanni Zocco da Spoleto was a student of logic.

List of cardinal priests

 * Peter the Illyrian (425 – ?)
 * Valens (494 – ?)
 * Basil (523 – ?)
 * Felix (590 – before 612)
 * Marinus (612 – ?)
 * Marinus (fl. 721)
 * Tordonus (741 – before 745)
 * Theophilus (745 – 757)
 * Theophilus (757 – 761)
 * Peter William (761 – ?)
 * Eugenio Savelli (816 – May 824 elected pope)
 * Gioviniano (853 – ?)
 * Stefano (964 – ?)
 * Martino (1033 – before 1058)
 * Bruno (1058 – before 1088)
 * Alberico (1088 – circa 1092)
 * Bruno (1092 – circa 1099)
 * Alberto (1099 – 1100)
 * Vitale (1105 – before 1112)
 * Uberto (1112 – circa 1117)
 * Roberto (1120 – 1122)
 * Gregorio (1126 – circa 1137, deceased)
 * Stanzio (1137 – 1143, deceased)
 * Manfredo (17 December 1143 – circa 1158, deceased)
 * Galdino Valvassi della Sala (15 December 1165 – 18 April 1176, deceased)
 * Pietro (December 1176 – 1178, deceased)
 * Guillaume aux Blanches Mains (March 1179 – 7 September 1202, deceased)
 * Thomas of Capua (13 June 1216 – 22 August 1243, deceased)
 * Hughes de Saint-Cher (28 May 1244 – 24 December 1261, named cardinal bishop of Ostia and Velletri)
 * Bertrand de Saint–Martin (1273 – 29 March 1277, deceased)
 * Hughes Seguin de Billom (16 May 1288 – August 1294), in commendam (August 1294 – 30 December 1298, deceased)
 * Niccolò Boccassini (4 December 1298 – 2 March 1300, named cardinal bishop of Ostia and Velletri)
 * William Marsfeld (1303 – 1304, deceased)
 * Walter Winterbourne (19 February 1304 – 24 September 1305, deceased)
 * Thomas Jorz (15 December 1305 – 13 December 1310, deceased)
 * Nicolas Caignet de Fréauville (1310 – 15 January 1323, deceased)
 * Gérard Domar (20 September 1342 – 27 September 1343, deceased)
 * Jean de la Molineyrie (17 December 1350 – 23 February 1353, deceased)
 * Francesco Tebaldeschi (22 September 1368 – 20 August 1378 ?, deceased)
 * Giovanni da Amelia (18 September 1378 – December 1385, deceased)
 * Tommaso di Casasco (30 May 1382 – 17 June 1390, deceased), pseudocardinal of Antipope Clement VII
 * Bálint Alsáni (9 February 1385 – 1386, named cardinal priest of Santi Quattro Coronati)
 * Giuliano Cesarini (circa 1440 – 7 March 1444, named cardinal bishop of Frascati)
 * Giovanni de Primis (16 December 1446 – 21 January 1449, deceased)
 * Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing (12 January 1450 – 28 October 1455, deceased)
 * Enea Silvio Piccolomini (18 December 1456 – 19 August 1458 elected pope)
 * Berardo Eroli (19 March 1460 – 23 May 1474, named cardinal bishop of Sabina)
 * Ausias Despuig (12 December 1477 – 2 September 1483, deceased)
 * Giovanni d'Aragona, in commendam (10 September 1483 – 17 October 1485, deceased)
 * Vacante (1485 – 1493)
 * Jean Bilhères de Lagraulas (23 September 1493 – 6 August 1499, deceased)
 * Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Quiñones (5 October 1500 – 14 October 1502, deceased)
 * Francisco Lloris y de Borja, diacon pro illa vice (12 June 1503 – 17 December 1505, named cardinal deacon of Santa Maria Nuova)
 * Fazio Giovanni Santori (17 December 1505 – 22 March 1510, deceased)
 * René de Prie (17 March 1511 – 24 October 1511 deposto)
 * Bandinello Sauli (24 October 1511 – 18 July 1516, named cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere)
 * Giovanni Piccolomini (6 July 1517 – 11 June 1521, named cardinal priest of Santa Balbina)
 * Vacante (1521 – 1533)
 * Louis II de Bourbon-Vendôme (3 March 1533 – 24 February 1550, named cardinal bishop of Palestrina)
 * Ottone di Waldburg (28 February 1550 – 14 April 1561, named cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere)
 * Michele Ghislieri (14 April 1561 – 15 May 1565, named cardinal priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva)
 * Simone Pasqua (15 May 1565 – 4 September 1565, named cardinal priest of San Pancrazio)
 * Stanislaw Hosius (4 September 1565 – 7 September 1565, named cardinal priest pro hac vice of San Teodoro)
 * Benedetto Lomellini (7 September 1565 – 24 July 1579, deceased)
 * Vincenzo Giustiniani (3 August 1579 – 28 October 1582, deceased)
 * Filippo Spinola (20 February 1584 – 20 August 1593, deceased)
 * Ottavio Bandini (21 June 1596 – 16 September 1615, named cardinal priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina)
 * Giulio Savelli (11 January 1616 – 10 November 1636, named cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere)
 * Francesco Barberini (1645 - 1652)
 * Alessandro Bichi (7 December 1637 – 25 May 1657, deceased)
 * Scipione Pannocchieschi d'Elci (6 May 1658 – 12 April 1670, deceased)
 * Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero (19 May 1670 – 27 January 1698, named cardinal bishop of Palestrina)
 * Francesco del Giudice (30 March 1700 – 12 February 1717, named cardinal bishop of Palestrina)
 * Mihály Frigyes (Michele Federico) Althan (16 September 1720 – 20 June 1734, deceased)
 * Vacante (1734 – 1738)
 * Raniero d'Elci (23 July 1738 – 10 April 1747); in commendam (10 April 1747 – 22 June 1761, deceased)
 * Vacante (1761 – 1775)
 * Leonardo Antonelli (29 May 1775 – 21 February 1794, named cardinal bishop of Palestrina)
 * Giulio Maria della Somaglia (22 September 1795 – 20 July 1801, named cardinal priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva)
 * Vacante (1801 – 1818)
 * Kasimir Johann Baptist von Häffelin (25 May 1818 – 19 April 1822, named cardinal priest of Sant'Anastasia)
 * Luigi Pandolfi (16 May 1823 – 2 February 1824, deceased)
 * Vacante (1824 – 1829)
 * Gustave-Maximilien-Juste de Croÿ–Solre (21 May 1829 – 1º January 1844, deceased)
 * Sisto Riario Sforza (16 April 1846 – 29 September 1877, deceased)
 * Vincenzo Moretti (31 December 1877 – 6 October 1881, deceased)
 * Edward MacCabe (30 March 1882 – 11 February 1885, deceased)
 * Serafino Vannutelli (26 May 1887 – 11 February 1889, named cardinal priest of San Girolamo of Croati)
 * Agostino Bausa (14 February 1889 – 15 April 1899, deceased)
 * François–Désiré Mathieu (22 June 1899 – 26 October 1908, deceased)
 * Léon-Adolphe Amette (30 November 1911 – 29 August 1920, deceased)
 * Francisco de Asís Vidal y Barraquer (16 June 1921 – 13 September 1943, deceased)
 * Vacante (1942 – 1946)
 * Ernesto Ruffini (22 February 1946 – 11 June 1967, deceased)
 * Gabriel-Marie Garrone (29 June 1967 – 15 January 1994, deceased)
 * Jozef Tomko (29 January 1996 – 8 August 2022, deceased)

title: Santa Sabina


text:
San Clemente al Laterano

The Basilica of Saint Clement (Basilica di San Clemente al Laterano) is a Latin Catholic minor basilica dedicated to Pope Clement I located in Rome, Italy. Archaeologically speaking, the structure is a three-tiered complex of buildings: (1) the present basilica built just before the year 1100 during the height of the Middle Ages; (2) beneath the present basilica is a 4th-century basilica that had been converted out of the home of a Roman nobleman, part of which had in the 1st century briefly served as an early church, and the basement of which had in the 2nd century briefly served as a mithraeum; (3) the home of the Roman nobleman had been built on the foundations of republican era villa and warehouse that had been destroyed in the Great Fire of AD 64.

History
This ancient church was transformed over the centuries from a private home that was the site of clandestine Christian worship in the 1st century to a grand public basilica by the 6th century, reflecting the emerging Catholic Church's growing legitimacy and power. The archaeological traces of the basilica's history were discovered in the 1860s by Joseph Mullooly, Prior of the house of Irish Dominicans at San Clemente (1847-1880).

Before the 4th century
The lowest levels of the present basilica contain remnants of the foundation of a possibly republican era building that might have been destroyed in the Great Fire of 64. An industrial building – probably the imperial mint of Rome from the late 1st century A.D. onwards (because a similar building is represented on a 16th-century drawing of a fragment of the Severan marble plan of the city), was built or remodelled on the same site during the Flavian period. Shortly after an insula, or apartment block, was also built. It was separated from the industrial building by a narrow alleyway. About a hundred years later (c. 200) a mithraeum, a sanctuary of the cult of Mithras, was built in the courtyard of the insula. The main cult room (the speleum, "cave"), which is about 9.6m long and 6m wide, was discovered in 1867 but could not be investigated until 1914 due to lack of drainage. The exedra, the shallow apse at the far end of the low vaulted space, was trimmed with pumice to render it more cave-like.

Central to the main room of the sanctuary was found an altar, in the shape of a sarcophagus, and with the main cult relief of the tauroctony (the image of Mithras slaying a bull) on its front face. The torchbearers Cautes and Cautopates appear on respectively the left and right faces of the same monument. A dedicatory inscription identifies the donor as one pater Cnaeus Arrius Claudianus, perhaps of the same clan as Titus Arrius Antoninus' mother. Other monuments discovered in the sanctuary include a bust of Sol kept in the sanctuary in a niche near the entrance, and a figure of Mithras petra generix, i.e. Mithras born of the rock. Fragments of statuary of the two torch bearers were also found. One of the rooms adjoining the main chamber has two oblong brickwork enclosures, one of which was used as a ritual refuse pit for remnants of the cult meal. All three monuments mentioned above are still on display in the mithraeum. A fourth monument – a statue of St. Peter found in the speleum ' s vestibule and still on display there – is not of the mysteries.

4th–11th century
At some time in the 4th century, the lower level of the industrial building was filled in with dirt and rubble and its second floor remodeled. An apse was built out over part of the domus, whose lowest floor, with the Mithraeum, was also filled in. This "first basilica" is known to have existed in 392, when St. Jerome wrote of the church dedicated to St. Clement, i.e. Pope Clement I, a 1st-century AD Christian convert and previously considered by patrologists and ecclesiastical historians to be identical with Titus Flavius Clemens. Restorations were undertaken in the 9th century and ca 1080–99.

The early basilica was the site of councils presided over by Pope Zosimus (417) and Symmachus (499). The last major event that took place in the lower basilica was the election in 1099 of Cardinal Rainerius of St Clemente as Pope Paschal II.

Apart from those in Santa Maria Antiqua, the largest collection of Early Medieval wall paintings in Rome is to be found in the lower basilica of San Clemente.

Four of the largest frescoes in the basilica were sponsored by a lay couple, Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria, at some time in the last third of the 11th century and focus on the life, miracles, and translation of St. Clement, and on the life of St. Alexius. Beno and Maria are shown in two of the compositions, once on the façade of the basilica together with their children, Altilia and Clemens (puerulus Clemens, i.e. "little boy Clement"), offering gifts to St. Clement, and on a pillar on the left side of the nave, where they are portrayed on a small scale witnessing a miracle performed by St. Clement. Below this last scene is one of the earliest examples of the passage from Latin to vernacular Italian: a fresco of the pagan Sisinnius and his servants, who think they have captured St. Clement but are dragging a column instead. Sisinnius encourages the servants in Italian Fili de le pute, traite! Gosmari, Albertel, traite! Falite dereto colo palo, Carvoncelle!, which, translated into English means: "Come on, you sons of bitches, pull! Come on, Gosmari, Albertello, pull! Carvoncello, give it to him from the back with the pole!" The saint speaks in Latin, in a cross-shaped inscription: Duritiam cordis vestris, saxa trahere meruistis, which means "You deserved to drag stones due to the hardness of your hearts."

Art historians have long regarded Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria as partisans of the now-canonical 'reform' popes Gregory VII, Urban II, and Paschal II and the frescoes as reform-party propaganda. However, if the paintings date to the 1080s or 1090s, as many art historians believe, then Beno and Maria may instead have favoured the Antipope Clement III (Wibert of Ravenna), whom they sought to honour through paintings about the early Christian pope of the same name.

The second basilica

The current basilica was rebuilt in one campaign by Cardinal Anastasius, ca 1099-ca. 1120. A now-outdated hypothesis held that the original church had burned out during the Norman sack of the city under Robert Guiscard in 1084, but no evidence of fire damage in the lower basilica has been found to date. One possible explanation is that the lower basilica was filled in and the new church built on top due to the close association of the lower structure with the imperial opposition pope ("antipope") Clement III / Wibert of Ravenna. Today, it is one of the most richly adorned churches in Rome. The ceremonial entrance (a side entrance is ordinarily used today) is through an atrium (B on plan) surrounded by arcades, which now serves as a cloister, with conventual buildings surrounding it. Fronting the atrium is the chaste facade of Carlo Stefano Fontana (nephew of Carlo Fontana), supported on antique columns, and his little campanile (illustration). The basilica church behind it is in three naves divided by arcades on ancient marble or granite columns, with Cosmatesque inlaid paving. The 12th-century schola cantorum (E on plan) incorporates marble elements from the original basilica. Behind it, in the presbytery is a ciborium (H on plan) raised on four gray-violet columns over the shrine of Clement in the crypt below. The episcopal seat stands in the apse, which is covered with mosaics on the theme of the Triumph of the Cross that are a high point of Roman 12th century mosaics.

Irish Dominicans have owned the Basilica of San Clemente and the surrounding building complex since 1667. Pope Urban VIII gave them refuge at San Clemente, where they have remained, running a residence for priests (Collegio San Clemente Padri Domenicani Irlandesi a Roma) studying and teaching in Rome. The Dominicans themselves conducted the excavations in the 1950s in collaboration with Italian archaeology students.

On one wall in the atrium is a plaque affixed by Pope Clement XI in 1715, praising the Basilica of St. Clement, "This ancient church has withstood the ravages of the centuries." Clement undertook restorations to the venerable structure, which he found dilapidated. He selected Carlo Stefano Fontana as architect, who erected a new facade, completed in 1719. The carved and gilded coffered ceilings of nave and aisles, fitted with paintings, date from this time, as do the stucco decor, Ionic capitals and frescos.

The inscriptions found in S. Clemente, a valuable source illustrating the history of the Basilica, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella.

In one lateral chapel, there is a shrine with the tomb of Saint Cyril of the Saints Cyril and Methodius, who translated the Bible into Slavic language, created the Glagolitic alphabet, and Christianized the Slavs. Pope John Paul II used to pray there sometimes for Poland and the Slavic countries. The chapel also holds a Madonna by Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato.

The current position of Cardinal Priest of the Titulus S. Clementi is Arrigo Miglio. Pope Paschal II (1076–1099) was one of the previous holders of the titulus.

During the Second World War, Jewish religious services were conducted in the Basilica di San Clemente, since it was under Irish diplomatic protection, under a painting of Tobias.

List of Cardinal Protectors
This Basilica is the seat of the cardinalatial title of Sancti Clementi.

 * Hugo Candidus (1049–1078?)
 * Rainero di Bleda, O.Cist. (1078-1099)
 * Anastasius of S. Clemente (1102–1125)
 * Uberto Rossi Lanfranchi, (1125-1137)
 * Lucio Boezio, (1138-1144)
 * Bernardo, (1145-1158)
 * Vernavero, (1170-1178)
 * Pietro, (1188-1188)
 * Giovanni, (1189-1199)
 * Pietro Peregrosso, (1289-1295)
 * Guillaume de Ferrières (cardinal), (18 September 1294 – 7 September 1295)
 * Giacomo Tomassi-Caetani, OFM (17 December 1295 – 1 January 1300)
 * Bernard de Garves, (18 June 1316 – 1328)
 * Pierre Bertrand, (20 December 1331 – 23 June 1349)
 * Gil Alvarez de Albornoz, (17 December 1350-December 1356)
 * Guillaume de la Jugie, (22 April 1368 – 28 April 1374)
 * Pierre dela Jugie, (22 December 1375 – 19 November 1376)
 * Gérard du Puy, (3 February 1377 – 14 February 1389)
 * Poncello Orsini, (18 September 1378 – 2 February 1395)
 * Gabriele Condulmer, (9 May 1408 – 1426)
 * Hugues de Lusignan, (11 March 1431 – 20 April 1431)
 * Francesco Condulmer, (19 September 1431-April 1445)
 * Enrico Rampini, (16 December 1446 – 4 July 1450)
 * Giovanni Castiglione (cardinal), (9 March 1457 – 14 April 1460)
 * Giacopo Antonio Venier, (3 December 1476 – 3 August 1479)
 * Domenico della Rovere, (13 August 1479 – 22 April 1501)
 * Jaime Serra I Cau, (28 June 1502 – 20 January 1511)
 * Francesco Argentino, (17 March 1511 – 23 August 1511)
 * Giulio de Medici, (26 June 1517 – 6 July 1517)
 * Luigi de' Rossi, (6 July 1517 – 20 August 1519)
 * Domenico Giacobazzi, (20 August 1519 – 1528)
 * Andrea Matteo Palmieri, (21 November 1527 – 20 January 1537)
 * Girolamo Ghinucci, (25 January 1537 – 3 July 1541)
 * Gian Pietro Carafa, (6 July 1541 – 24 September 1543)
 * Rodolfo Pio, (24 September 1543 – 17 October 1544)
 * Pietro Bembo, OBE (17 October 1544 – 19 January 1547)
 * Juan Alvarez de Toledo, OP (24 January 1547 – 4 December 1551)
 * Giovanni Battista Cicala, (4 December 1551 – 7 November 1565)
 * Gianantonio Capizucchi, (7 November 1565 – 28 January 1569)
 * Luigi Cornaro, (9 February 1569 – 9 June 1570)
 * Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni, (9 June 1570 – 3 July 1570)
 * Stanislaw Hozjusz, (3 July 1570 – 9 July 1578)
 * Gianfrancesco Gambara, (9 July 1578 – 17 August 1579)
 * Mark Sittich von Hohenems, (17 August 1579 – 5 December 1580)
 * Alfonso Gesualdo, (5 December 1580 – 4 March 1583)
 * Prospero Santacroce, (4 March 1583-2 March 1589l
 * Vincenzo Lauro, (2 March 1589 – 17 December 1592)
 * Flaminio Piatti, (15 March 1593 – 10 June 1596)
 * Gian Francesco Biandrate di San Giorgio Aldobrandini, (21 June 1596 – 16 July 1605)
 * Carlo Conti, (17 August 1605 – 7 January 1613)
 * Jean de Bonsi, (20 July 1615 – 3 March 1621)
 * Desiderio Scaglia, OP (3 March 1621 – 9 February 1626)
 * Giovanni Domenico Spinola, (9 February 1626 – 11 August 1646)
 * Marcantonio Franciotti, (17 August 1637 – 19 December 1639)
 * Vincenzo Maculani, OP (10 February 1642 – 16 February 1667)
 * Innico Caracciolo (seniore), (18 July 1667 – 30 January 1685)
 * Ferdinando d'Adda, (10 April 1690 – 2 October 1696)
 * Tommaso Maria Ferrari, OP (2 January 1696 – 20 August 1716)
 * Annibale Albani, (6 July 1722 – 24 July 1730; 24 July 1730 – 21 October 1751)
 * Cosimo Imperiali, (10 December 1753 – 12 February 1759)
 * Gian Francesco Albani, (12 February 1759 – 21 July 1760)
 * Carlo Rezzonico (iuniore), (24 January 1763 – 14 December 1772)
 * Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto, (26 April 1773 – 15 September 1788)
 * Stefano Borgia, (3 August 1789 – 23 November 1804)
 * Benedetto Naro, (29 April 1816 – 6 October 1832)
 * Benedetto Cappelletti, (17 December 1832 – 15 May 1834)
 * Francesco Canali, (1 August 1834 – 11 April 1835)
 * Pietro Ostini, (21 November 1836 – 3 April 1843)
 * Antonio Maria Cadolini, (22 June 1843 – 1 August 1851)
 * Domenico Lucciardi, (18 March 1852 – 13 March 1864)
 * Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand de Bonnechose, (22 September 1864 – 28 October 1883)
 * Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavilla, (24 March 1884 – 3 September 1897)
 * Guillaume-Marie-Romain Sourrieu, (24 March 1898 – 16 June 1899)
 * Gennaro Portanova, (22 June 1899 – 25 April 1908)
 * William Henry O'Connell, (30 November 1911 – 22 April 1944)
 * John Joseph Glennon, (22 June 1946 – 9 March 1946)
 * Johannes de Jong, (12 October 1946 – 8 September 1955)
 * Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, (18 December 1858 – 23 May 1962)
 * Lawrence Joseph Shehan, (25 May 1965 – 26 August 1984)
 * Adrianus Johannes Simonis (25 May 1985 – 2 September 2020)
 * Arrigo Miglio (27 August 2022 – present)

Priors

 * Paul Lawlor (since 2021)
 * Stephen Hutchinson (2019-2021)
 * Thomas McCarthy (2015-2018)
 * John M. Cunningham (2012-2015)
 * Terence Crotty (2011-2012)
 * Michael Dunleavy (2008-2011)
 * John M. Cunningham (2005-2008)
 * (William) Luke Dempsey OP, prior (1974-1977) and (1999-2002)
 * Ambrose Duffy OP, prior (1968-1974)
 * Anselm Moynihan OP, prior (1962-1968)
 * Henry Peel OP, prior (1959-1962)
 * Leo Lennon OP, prior (1953-1959)
 * Isidore McArdle OP, prior (1949-1953)
 * Raymond M. Dowdall OP, (1940-1949) spent 21 years in San Clemente, prior for 9 years
 * Michael Browne OP, Irish Dominican prior (1925-1930) became Cardinal
 * Thomas (James) Crotty OP, prior for two periods (1905-1911)
 * Thomas Nicholas Burke OP, prior (1864-1867), returned to Ireland a prior of Athenry
 * Thomas Folan OP, Irish Dominican prior (1857-1858)
 * Joseph Mullooly OP, archaeologist, Irish Dominican superior/prior (1850-1857)
 * Thomas Mullins OP, Irish Dominican prior (1848-1850)
 * Joseph Taylor OP, prior (1807-18??)
 * John Connolly OP, STM, prior (1787-1784), later served as Bishop of New York
 * Richard Luke Concanen OP, prior (1782-1787), later served as Bishop of New York
 * John Troy OP, prior/rector(1772-77), later Bishop of Ossory, and Archbishop of Dublin
 * Ambrose MacDermott OP, served as prior at the college of Saints Sixtus and Clemente (1686 to 1689)
 * Nicholas Lynch OP, prior of San Sisto Vecchio (1634)

Relics

 * Pope Saint Clement I (relics)
 * Saint Ignatius of Antioch (relics)
 * Saint Cyril the Philosopher (relics)

The Basilica di San Clemente in fiction

 * The "Church (or Basilica) of S. Tommaso in Pallaria", featured extensively in Ngaio Marsh's When in Rome (1970), is modelled closely on S. Clemente.
 * The crypto-thriller The Sword of Moses by Dominic Selwood (Corax, London, 2013, ISBN 978-0992633202) has several scenes set on all three levels of the Basilica di San Clemente: the upper basilica, the lower basilica, and the Roman mithraeum.
 * The fictional poem "San Clemente Syndrome" - also the title of the third part - in Call Me By Your Name is named after the church by the poet Elio meets in at a book store in B. and once again at a book party in Rome.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: San Clemente al Laterano


text:
Drukqs

Drukqs (stylised as drukQs) is a studio album by the electronic music artist and producer Aphex Twin. It was released in October 2001 through Warp Records. It is a double album alternating primarily between tracks of meticulously programmed beats inspired by jungle and drum and bass and computer-controlled classical piano pieces. It features the piano composition "Avril 14th", one of James's best known recordings.

James released Drukqs to pre-empt a potential leak after he accidentally left an MP3 player containing his music on a plane. It was intended to be his final release with Warp, per his contract with the label at the time. Drukqs was released to a mixed reception, with many critics dismissing it as either inferior to his earlier works or a rehash of that said material. It reached number 22 on the UK Albums Chart. James did not release another album under the Aphex Twin alias until Syro (2014).

Background
James released Drukqs primarily to circumvent a potential leak after he accidentally left an MP3 player containing 180 unreleased tracks on a plane while traveling to Scotland with the Rephlex co-founder Grant Wilson-Claridge: "I thought, 'They're gonna fucking come on the internet sooner or later so I may as well get an album out of it first.'" He intended it to be his final release as part of his contractual obligation to Warp. It was released as a double album. About the album's two-disc length, James said "the way I listen to music now is that I buy a CD, put it on the computer and just take the tracks I want anyway. I'd hope that people would do the same with this CD."

Many track names are written in Cornish—for example, "Jynweythek" ("Machine")—or are coded titles. James has stated that the title is not related to drugs, and is "just a word [he] made up...I never wanted to big up any drugs, because I don't reckon they deserve it."

Music
Drukqs includes music in the genres of drill 'n' bass, jungle, classical,  electroacoustic, acid, drum and bass, techno, IDM and ambient. It contains tracks dating back "seven or eight years", according to James, though most of the album was relatively new. The LP is a double album featuring roughly two styles: rapid, meticulously-programmed tracks utilizing exaggerated drum 'n' bass breakbeats, and classical piano pieces made using computer-controlled instruments such as a modified Yamaha Disklavier and several MIDI-controlled, solenoid-based drum mechanisms made by James. Keymag described it as "switching restlessly from his most acidic drill 'n' bass yet to incredibly lavish prepared piano pieces inspired by John Cage." NME noted that the album moves through techno, drum 'n' bass, and early-90s rave, while the piano interludes were compared to the work of Erik Satie. Pitchfork also noted "several purely electro-acoustic excursions".

James said that "A lot of [the tracks] are quite old-style sounding, I reckon. I’ve done loads of tracks which are really new in style and which don’t sound like anything else but I didn’t want to release those tracks." While acknowledging similarities with his past records, James said that "I haven’t done something in so much detail before." Of the album's complex drum programming, he said "it's quite similar to guitar solos, only with programming you have to use your brain. The most important thing is that it should have some emotional effect on me, rather than just, 'Oh, that's really clever.'"

In 2015 James released the EP Computer Controlled Acoustic Instruments pt2, featuring further computer-controlled instrumental tracks, as a sequel to Drukqs.

Reception
Drukqs is among James's "most divisive" releases, with Oli Warwick of Crack Magazine noting that it provoked "widespread indignation amongst music critics, whose primary criticism seemed to be that James had delivered something reminiscent of previous releases, rather than some bold new mode of electronic expression." At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 66, based on 21 reviews.

On its 2001 release, Alex Needham of NME called it "beautiful" and "bulging with goodies". For Spin however, Simon Reynolds criticised the album as "unimpressive" and "trapped by the potential for infinitesimal tweakage," stating that it "sounds merely like a slight extension of the Aphex sound circa 1996's Richard D. James Album and 1997's Come to Daddy." Pitchfork described the album's "drill'n'bass" tracks as "throwbacks to the past rather than prospects on the future; and for all of their compositional strength, there's an element of the Aphex Twin mystique missing." Dave Simpson of The Guardian stated that "much of Drukqs sounds like weaker echoes of things Aphex Twin has done before, which no manner of hyperactive drum machines or daft titles can disguise." Pat Blashill of Rolling Stone called Drukqs Aphex's "most irrelevant album to date", and added "rumor has it that James merely loaded this record with outtakes that have been eating up space on his hard drive for years, then released the album as a deal-breaker with his label, Warp." However, in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), critic Sasha Frere-Jones stated that "weirdly dismissed by many, Drukqs is often spectacular".

The piano composition "Avril 14th" became one of James's most popular tracks, later being used in a Saturday Night Live skit, and the Kanye West song "Blame Game." As of April 2017 the track was James's most streamed track on Spotify, with approximately 124 million streams. By this metric, it is his best-known composition. "Avril 14th" has also been used in films such as Marie Antoinette (2006).

Track listing
All songs composed by Richard D. James.

Personnel

 * Aphex Twin – piano, synthesisers, keyboards, harmonium, percussion, programming, treatments, sampler, photographs

title: Drukqs


text:
Sturmtiger

was a World War II German assault gun built on the Tiger I chassis and armed with a 380mm rocket-propelled mortar. The official German designation was Sturmmörserwagen 606/4 mit 38 cm RW 61. Its primary task was to provide heavy fire support for infantry units fighting in urban areas. The few vehicles produced fought in the Warsaw Uprising, the Battle of the Bulge and the Battle of the Reichswald. The fighting vehicle was known by various informal names, among which the Sturmtiger became the most popular.

Development
The idea for a heavy infantry support vehicle capable of demolishing heavily defended buildings or fortified areas with a single shot came out of the experiences of the heavy urban fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942. At the time, the Wehrmacht had only the Sturm-Infanteriegeschütz 33B available for destroying buildings, a Sturmgeschütz III variant armed with a 15 cm sIG 33 heavy infantry gun. Twelve of them were lost in the fighting at Stalingrad. Its successor, the Sturmpanzer IV, also known by Allies as Brummbär, was in production from early 1943. This was essentially an improved version of the earlier design, mounting the same gun on the Panzer IV chassis with greatly improved armour protection.

While greatly improved compared to the earlier models, by this time infantry anti-tank weapons were improving dramatically, and the Wehrmacht still saw a need for a similar, but more heavily armoured and armed vehicle. Therefore, a decision was made to create a new vehicle based on the Tiger tank and arm it with a 210 mm howitzer. However, this weapon turned out not to be available at the time and was therefore replaced by a 380 mm rocket launcher, which was adapted from a Kriegsmarine depth charge launcher.

In September 1943 plans were made for Krupp to fabricate new Tiger I armoured hulls for the Sturmtiger. The Tiger I hulls were to be sent to Henschel for chassis assembly and then to Alkett where the superstructures would be mounted. The first prototype was ready and presented to Adolf Hitler in October 1943. Delivery of the first hulls would occur in December 1943, with the first three Sturmtiger completed by Alkett by 20 February 1944.

Due to delays, Hitler did not request production of the weapon until 19 April 1944; twelve superstructures and weapons would be prepared and mounted on rebuilt Tiger I chassis. The first three production series Sturmtiger were completed by Alkett in August 1944. Plans to complete an additional seven from 15 to 21 September 1944 were presented to Hitler in a conference on 18–20 August 1944. Ten Sturmtiger were produced in September, along with an additional five in December 1944.

Hitler had laid great importance on the special employment of the Sturmtiger and believed it would be necessary to produce at least 300 rounds of ammunition per month.

Design
The Sturmtiger was based on the late model Tiger I, keeping its hull and suspension. The front of the Tiger's superstructure was removed to make room for the new fixed casemate-style fighting compartment housing the rocket launcher. This was located directly at the front of the vehicle, giving it a boxy appearance.

Compared to the Tiger tank, the Sturmtiger was much shorter overall, only 6.28 m compared to the Tiger's 8.45 m, due largely to the fact that it did not have the long main gun of the latter which protruded far in front of the hull. It also was slightly lower than the Tiger at 2.85 m compared to 3 m.

Armour
Since the Sturmtiger was intended for use in urban areas in close range street fighting, it needed to be heavily armoured to survive. Its sloped (at 47° from vertical) frontal armor therefore was 150 mm thick, while its superstructure side and rear plates were 82 mm thick. The hull front was 100 mm or 150 mm if it had an additional armor plate fitted. This pushed the weight of the vehicle up from the 57 t of the Tiger I to 68 t.

Armament
The main armament was the 380 mm Raketen-Werfer 61 L/5.4, a breech-loading barrel, which fired a short-range, rocket-propelled projectile roughly 1.5 m long. There were a variety of round types with a weight of up to 376 kg, and a maximum range of up to 6000 m, which either contained a high explosive charge of 125 kg or a shaped charge for use against fortifications, which could penetrate up to 2.5 m of reinforced concrete. The stated range of the former was 5650 m. A normal charge first accelerated the projectile to 45 m/s, the 40 kg rocket charge then boosted this to about 250 m/s.

The design of the rocket system caused some problems. The hot rocket exhaust could not be vented into the fighting compartment nor could the barrel withstand the pressure if the gasses were not vented. Therefore, a ring of ventilation shafts was put around the barrel which channeled the exhaust and gave the weapon something of a pepperbox appearance.

Due to the bulkiness of the ammunition, only fourteen rounds could be carried internally, of which one was already loaded, with another in the loading tray. The rest were carried in two storage racks. To help with the loading of ammunition into the vehicle, a loading crane was fitted at the rear of the superstructure next to the loading hatch. Even then, the entire five-man crew had to help with the loading.

It was intended that each Sturmtiger would be accompanied by an ammunition carrier built on the same Tiger I chassis, but only one carrier was completed.

Located at the rear of the loading hatch was a Nahverteidigungswaffe launcher which was used for close defence against infantry in addition to a frontal mounted 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun.

Combat service

The Sturmtiger was intended to serve as a heavy infantry support vehicle, rendering assistance with attacks on heavily fortified or built-up areas. By the time the first Sturmtiger were available, however, Germany had lost the initiative, with the Wehrmacht being almost exclusively on the defensive rather than the offensive.

Three new Panzer companies were raised to operate the Sturmtiger: Panzer Sturmmörser Kompanien (PzStuMrKp) ("Armored Assault Mortar Company") 1000, 1001 and 1002. These originally were supposed to be equipped with fourteen vehicles, but this figure was later reduced to four each, divided into two platoons.

PzStuMrKp 1000 was raised on 13 August 1944 and fought during the Warsaw Uprising with two vehicles, as did the prototype in a separate action, which may have been the only time the Sturmtiger was used in its intended role. PzStuMrKp 1001 (commanded by Captain von Gottberg) and 1002 (commanded by Lieutenant Zippel) followed in September and October. Both PzStuMrKp 1000 and 1001 served during the Ardennes Offensive, with a total of seven Sturmtiger.

After this offensive, the Sturmtiger were used in the defence of Germany, mainly on the Western Front.

During the battle for the bridge at Remagen, German forces mobilized Sturmmörserkompanie 1000 and 1001 (a total of 7 units) to take part in the battle. The Sturmtiger were originally tasked with using their mortars against the bridge itself, though it was discovered that they lacked the accuracy needed to hit the bridge. During this action, one of the Sturmtigers in Sturmmörserkompanie 1001 near Düren and Euskirchen allegedly hit a group of stationary Sherman tanks in a village with a 380mm round, resulting in nearly all the Shermans being put out of action, and their crews killed or wounded. This is the only tank-on-tank combat a Sturmtiger is ever recorded engaging in.

Survivors

 * A Sturmtiger (chassis number 250174) is on display at the Deutsches Panzermuseum at Munster. This vehicle is currently on loan from the Wehrtechnische Studiensammlung in Koblenz which acquired it from the Aberdeen Proving Ground Collection.
 * A Sturmtiger (chassis number 205543) is on display at the Kubinka Tank Museum in Russia. This vehicle is believed to have been captured by advancing Red Army units in the Elbe area in April 1945.
 * A 380 mm Raketen-Werfer (rocket launcher) is in the collection of the Bovington Tank Museum.

title: Sturmtiger


text:
Llantwit Major

Llantwit Major (Llanilltud Fawr) is a town and community in Wales on the Bristol Channel coast. It is one of four towns in the Vale of Glamorgan, with the third largest population (13,366 in 2001) after Barry and Penarth, and ahead of Cowbridge. It is 4+1/2 mi from Cowbridge, 9 mi from Bridgend, 10 mi from Barry, and 15 mi from Cardiff. It had a population of 9,530 in 2021.

Llanilltud Fawr, named for the Llan of Saint Illtud, was home to the Monastery of Illtud and the college known as Bangor Illtyd. It became one of the most esteemed centres of Christian culture in the Celtic world. At its peak it had over 2,000 students, including princes, eminent clergymen, and revered saints. The institutions were destroyed by the raiding Vikings in 987, but Normans rebuilt the monastery in 1111 and it continued to be a centre of learning until it was disbanded in 1539 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The 13th-century St Illtyd's Church, near the ancient monastery, is a Grade I listed building and one of Wales' oldest parish churches.

In the 20th century, the modern town developed rapidly to accommodate Royal Air Force personnel from the St Athan base. Remnants of the medieval cobbled streets can be seen adjacent to 12th century Old Swan Inn; and numerous buildings of the 15th and 16th centuries remain.

Colhugh Beach is a popular surfing venue and has the remnants of an Iron Age fort and some of Wales' finest examples of Jurassic Period fossils. The pebble beach and its clifftops are protected by the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, which stretches for 14 mi from Gileston to the east to Southerndown and Newton Point to the west.

Etymology
The parish church accurately glosses the Welsh name of the town rather literally as "Illtud's Great Church". However, the name used in English means "Greater". The epithet fawr distinguishes this Llantwit from Llantwit Fardre (Llanilltud Faerdref) near Pontypridd and Llantwit Minor (Llanilltud Fach; also known as Llantwit-juxta-Neath and Lower Llantwit) near Neath. The Welsh place-name element llan referred to the sanctified community around early Christian settlements in Wales and its parish rather than merely the church itself (eglwys).

Prehistory
Llantwit Major has been inhabited for over 3000 years: archaeological evidence has shown that it was occupied in Neolithic times. The remains of an Iron Age fort are in its beach area.

Roman villa
The Roman villa at Caermead (51.4192°N, -3.4989°W) remains as faint earthworks in a field, near the 13th century parish church of St Illtud. The L-shaped courtyard villa was discovered in 1888. Records from 1893 suggest that one room was used as a praetorium, another as a workshop; and there was a 5th-century adjoining sacristy, simple in style, which featured a chancel, nave, and stone altar. Found remains included Brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skulls, as well as horse bones. Fine mosaic floors are a notable feature of the villa. The tesserae included blue and crystalline limestone, green volcanic stones, brown sandstone, and red-brick cuttings, encircled with a red, white, blue and brown border. A record from 1907 described the relics as Samian ware pieces; bronze coins of Maximinus Thrax, Victorinus, and Constantius Chlorus; as well as roofing materials.

The site was again excavated between 1938 and 1948. It may have been first settled in the 1st century, but the first stone structure was not erected until a hundred years later. The site developed slowly and, it has been suggested, was even abandoned for a while during the 3rd century. By the 4th century, there was an L-shaped villa with a large, aisled building possibly for farm workers and a number of smaller agricultural structures almost enclosing a central courtyard. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales has associated collection records of the site, including drawings of other remains such as statues and tessellated pavement, as well as documentation of a 1971 excavation. An early-medieval-period cemetery is in evidence. as are earthworks, traces of walling, a bank and a ditch. Pieces of pottery have been found.

Côr Tewdws
According to the 18th-century historian of ill-repute, Iolo Morganwg, the Côr Tewdws or 'College of Theodosius' was established in the late 4th century at a place at or near Llantwit Major called Caer Worgorn by co-founders, Emperor Theodosius and Custennin Fendigaid but was later burnt to the ground by Irish pirates and abandoned. Morganwg's works have since been discredited.

Saint Illtud's College
Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes made at least one visit to Britain in AD 429 and founded or refounded a number of ecclesiastic establishments across South Wales. It was at this time that Saint Illtud came to the Hodnant valley. Although he is said to have been born in Brittany, Illtud had fought as a soldier in Wales before renouncing his former life at the behest of Saint Cadoc. What is certain is that Illtud oversaw the growth of a pioneering monastery and associated college called Bangor Illtyd, on the Ogney Brook, close to the current St Illtyd's Church. Together these institutions became the first great hub of Celtic Christianity and teaching.

Under Illtud and his successors, Bangor Illtyd and the monastery grew in reputation both as the origin of many prominent Celtic evangelists and as a major centre of scholarly education. As such, it began to attract scholars from across the Celtic and wider world. The college itself was said to be the oldest in the world, consisting of seven halls, 400 houses and more than 2000 students at its peak, including seven sons of British princes, and scholars such as St. Patrick, St. Paul Aurelian, the bard Taliesin, Gildas the historian, Samson of Dol, and St. David are believed to have spent some time there. Samson was known to have been summoned by Dyfrig to join the monastery in 521 and he was briefly elected abbot before leaving for Cornwall. King Hywel ap Rhys (d. 886) was buried at the monastery.

Norman and early modern eras
The college suffered during the invasions of the Saxons and the Danes and was destroyed by the Vikings in 987 and again by the Normans in the late 11th century. However, in 1111, it is documented as being restored, but likely in a lesser state than the original. It is known to have continued to function as a monastic school until the 16th-century Reformation. The ruins of the original school house are located in a garden on the northern end of the churchyard and the monastic halls were located in a place called Hill-head on the north side of the tithe-barn. Although nothing of the original monastery remains, the present church was originally built between 950 and 1400 and its earliest existing secular buildings date from the 15th century. The church and school became the property of Tewkesbury Abbey around 1130 after becoming part of the Norman kingdom of Glamorgan.

After the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII during the Reformation, it became independent from Tewkesbury in 1539. St Donat's Castle, 1+1/2 mi to the west, was built in the 13th century.

Modern era
In the 20th century, Llantwit developed into a dormitory town and grew about 15 times in size to accommodate the Royal Air Force at St Athan. Despite its modernization and rapid growth, it retains its pre-modern feel with its narrow winding streets, high walls, old town hall and gatehouse, and several inns and houses dated to the 16th century. Llantwit Major railway station on the Vale of Glamorgan Line was reopened in June 2005. In 2014, it was rated one of the most attractive postcode areas to live in Wales.

Geography
Llantwit Major is located in southeast Wales and mid-west along the coast of the Vale of Glamorgan. The town can be accessed from the north directly by the B4268 road and indirectly by the B4270 road (St. Athan road) which branches from the A48 road, and directly by the B4265 road which leads to Bridgend in the northwest and Cardiff Airport and Barry in the east. It is one of four towns in the Vale of Glamorgan with the third largest population after Barry and Penarth, and ahead of Cowbridge, which is about 4+1/2 mi to the northeast. Llantwit Major is about 9 mi from Bridgend, 10 miles from Barry and about 15 mi from Cardiff. Boverton is an eastern suburb of Llantwit.

The River Ogney, runs through the town and joins the streams [Hoddnant and Boverton Brook] which flow in from Eglwys Brewis in the northeast; these then merge and become the Afon Colhuw, which meanders down the Colhuw meadows before discharging through an outfall into the sea. The Llantwit Major area is built on a range of different levels and the town itself is sloping. At the lower coastal level is the flat, glacial Colhugh Valley, marked by steep cliffs on both sides, leading to a pebble beach. The beach, located to the south of the town (51.39667°N, -3.50083°W), has the remains of an ancient old stone wall from the large Iron Age hill fort, Castle Ditches. The steep cliffs at Llantwit which allow walks along the coast to St Donat's Castle and Atlantic College have undergone dramatic erosion in recent years: in many places, the rock structure has collapsed in piles, particularly on the eastern face.

The cliff path, once set about 100 yards from the edge is now within metres of the nature pathway, and the Vale of Glamorgan Council has installed extensive new barriers to prevent fatalities. The 14 mi of coastline from Gileston in the east to Newton Point in the west, passing through St Donat's and Southerndown, is protected as part of the Glamorgan Heritage Coast. Tresilian Bay is between Llantwit Major and St Donat's. Along this stretch of coast the cliff path winds through numerous valleys. Llantwit Major beach has one of the finest sites in Wales for Jurassic fossils, including corals, giant brachiopods, gastropods and the bones of Ichthyosaurus.

The beach is popular with summer tourists, and has a campsite on the nearby fields. The beach has a snack bar and restaurant and associated amenities to cater for the increased public demand in recent years. There is an expansive rocky beach at low tide, with a stretch of sand towards the far west, and views of the Bristol Channel and the coastline of Somerset, with the landmark white roof of Butlins, Minehead.

Economy
Llantwit Major is a small town which is largely dependent on local retail and earnings from further afield. The majority of the inhabitants commute to work elsewhere, especially Cardiff or Bridgend. During the summer months tourism is important to the town which has "The Precinct", Rainbow Plaza and several pubs and restaurants. Of note are the Old Swan Inn, Old White Hart Inn, The Tudor Tavern, and the 17th century West House Country Hotel Heritage Restaurant.

Llantwit Major railway station on the Vale of Glamorgan Line reopened in June 2005. Passenger services are operated by Transport for Wales as part of the Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes network.

Although it is much less known than Porthcawl further down the coast, Llantwit Major has considerable renown in South Wales as a surfing location. The beach has a lifeguard station funded by the Vale of Glamorgan Council, built in the late 1990s, functioning during the summer months. There is a beach cafe and often organised walks.

The Victorian Fair Day, established in 1983, is usually held in June on the Saturday nearest to the 22nd of the month, with a Victorian theme which attracts people from across southern Wales. The town has several supermarkets including Co-op Food and Filco, and a town library. The local artistic community supports a number of arts and crafts shops, some selling locally made pottery and other ceramics.

Governance
A Llantwit Major electoral ward exists, covering Llantwit Major community but also stretching west to St. Donats. The total population of this ward at the 2011 census was 10,621. Since 2008 the ward has been represented my councillors from the local interest party, Llantwit First Independents.

The town is governed by the Llantwit Major town council consisting of fifteen councillors. There are fifteen independent councillors. At the May 2017 elections Llantwit First Independents won 12 of the seats. Councillor Mrs Jayne Norman was elected Mayor of Llantwit Major Town Council on 11 May 2017. Llantwit Major also comes under the administration of the Vale of Glamorgan unitary authority. Llantwit Major is twinned with Le Pouliguen, France.

Listed buildings
The following are the listed buildings in Llantwit Major and Boverton. The listings are graded:

 * Parish Church of St. Illtud (I)
 * Churchyard cross, Church Street (II)
 * Churchyard walls and gates to St. Illtud's Church, Burial Lane (II)
 * Mid well, Bakers Lane (II)
 * Circular walls and steps at West End Pond (II)
 * Batslays Farmhouse (II)
 * Boverton Park House (previously Boverton Place Farmhouse) (II)
 * Boverton Place (II)*
 * 'The Causeway' (previously No. 4. The Causeway and "Navron") (II)
 * 'Navron' (previously No. 4. The Causeway and "Navron") (II)
 * Walls surrounding garden to west of Boverton House (previously doorway and walls of garden to west of Boverton House) (II)
 * Boverton House and attached stable block (II)
 * Garden walls and railings of Boverton House (II)
 * Wall and gateway opposite Boverton House (II)
 * Cherry Tree Cottage (previously Nos. 1 and 2, Boverton Court Farm or Boverton Court Cottage) (II)
 * Tudor cottage (previously Nos. 1 and 2, Boverton Court Farm or Boverton Court Cottage) (II)
 * Orchard House (II)
 * The Town Hall (previously the Old Town Hall) (II*)
 * Former chantry/priest's house, Burial Lane (II)
 * Chantry house, Hillhead (II)
 * Old Place or Llantwit Major Castle (II)
 * Forecourt wall of Old Place (II)
 * Old Plas Cottage, West Street (II)
 * Well opposite Downcross Farm, West Street (II)
 * Downcross Farmhouse, including front garden wall (previously Downcross Farm, West Street) (II)
 * Footbridge over stream, west entrance to St. Illtud's Churchyard, Church of St. Illtud (II)
 * The gatehouse, Church Lane, (former porter's room) (II*)
 * Dovecote, Church Lane (II*)
 * The Old Swan Inn public house (II*)
 * Tudor Tavern public house (II)
 * 1 Church Street (previously Nos. 1 and 1A, Church Street) (II)
 * Quaintways with attached garden wall (previously Ty Ny and southern wing of Quaintways, Colhugh Street) (II)
 * Ty Ny with attached garden wall (previously Ty Ny and southern wing of Quaintways, Colhugh Street) (II)
 * To-Hesg (previously Ty Hesg) Colhugh Street (II)
 * Old Rosedew House (previously Rosedew, Colhugh Street) (II)
 * Rosedew, Colhugh St (II)
 * Bethel Baptist Church, Commercial Street (II)
 * The Old House, Court Close (previously House to north-east of Pear Tree Cottage, High Street) (II)
 * Plymouth House, Plymouth Street (previously Plymouth House (including mounting block)) (II)
 * Garden Wall, gate, mounting block, and stables at Plymouth House (II)
 * Lodge to Dimlands, Dimlands Road (II)
 * Tyle House (II)
 * Bethesda’r Fro Chapel with attached mounting block, Eglwys Brewis Road (II)
 * Forecourt and graveyard gates, gatepiers and walls of Bethesda’r Fro Chapel, Eglwys Brewis Road (II)
 * Malta House, 1 Flanders Road (II)
 * 2 Flanders Road (II)
 * The Cottage with attached garden walls, 4 Flanders Road (previously Nos. 3 and 4, Flanders Road) (II)
 * Flanders Farmhouse, Flanders Road (II)
 * Garden wall and gate of Flanders Road (II)
 * Lower House (previously Lower House Farm) Flanders Road (II)
 * Great Frampton (II)
 * Barn and stable range at Great Frampton Farmhouse (II)
 * Court House, High Street (II)
 * Sunny Bank, with attached garden walls, High Street (II)
 * Outhouse at Sunnybank (II)
 * Ty Mawr or Great House, High Street (II*)
 * The Old Police Station, Hillhead (II)
 * Little Frampton Farmhouse (II)
 * Brooklands Cottage, Methodist Lane (II)
 * Summerhouse Fort, Summerhouse Camp (II)
 * Summerhouse Tower, Summerhouse Camp (II)
 * Fonmon Cottage (previously Fonmon House) Station Road (II)
 * War Memorial, (Formerly base of war memorial), The Square (II)
 * Telephone call-box, outside Old White Hart public house (II)
 * Pear Tree Cottage with attached wall and mounting block (previously Corner House and Pear Tree Cottage [including mounting block], Turkey Street) (II)
 * Corner House (previously Corner House and Pear Tree Cottage (including mounting block), Turkey Street) (II)
 * Rewley Court (previously Rawley Court), Turkey Street (II)
 * West Farm, West Street, (previously West Farmhouse and garden walls) (II)
 * Front Garden Wall to West Farm (II)
 * Walls to [detached] garden to West Farm on south-east side of West Street (II)
 * Hill Cottage, West Street (II)
 * Swimbridge Farmhouse, with attached garden walls, Westhill Street (II)
 * The Swine Bridge, Westhill Street (II)
 * Downs Farmhouse, Wick Road (II)
 * Circular pigsty, Downs Farm, Wick Road (II)
 * Windmill House (previously Frampton Windmill) Windmill Lane (II)
 * Old White Hart Inn public house, Wine Street (II)
 * The Old School, including attached walling, Wine Street (previously The Old Rectory, former presbytery and Llanilltud Fawr County Junior School)

St Illtyd's Church and monastery
The foundation of St. Illtyd's Church dates back to the Age of the Saints in early Welsh Christianity and thus by its very existence provides evidence of continuity with sub-Roman Christianity. The town grew up around the Bangor Illtyd ("Illtyd's college"). Saint David, Saint Samson, Saint Paul Aurelian, Saint Gildas, Saint Tudwal, Saint Baglan and king Maelgwn Gwynedd are said to have studied at the divinity school. It was  founded around AD 508 by St Illtyd as a centre of learning. The school is said to have stood on the north side of the churchyard; and the monastery was situated north of the tithe barn on Hill Head.

The elongated church (51.4081°N, -3.4878°W), a conglomeration of distinct buildings, is divided into two areas by a wall, a 13th-century monastery church, and the Norman parish church. The eastern section contains interesting medieval wall paintings with religious themes, and a fine reredos. The western section, a Lady chapel, 40.5 ft in length, contains a small museum housing the Llanilltud Collection of Celtic Stones, including a pillar and two inscribed stones of major importance. One commemorates King Rhys ab Arthfael of Morgannwg who died in the mid-9th century. The church contains a curfew bell and medieval priest effigies. The older church is 64 ft long; the newer church was built by Richard Neville. The grounds also include a 13th-century gatehouse, a monks' pigeon-house, ruined walls in a garden area, and mounds near the vicarage.

Town Hall
Manorial records indicate that the Town Hall (51.4076°N, -3.4848°W) dates to the 15th century but it is often attributed to Gilbert de Clare, Lord of Glamorgan, who died much earlier in 1295. It then functioned as a manor and a meeting venue for the court to organise duties and collect rents and at weekends held fairs. It was renovated in the late 16th century and over the years the lower floor functioned as a school, a slaughterhouse and a jail and the top floor a venue for church meetings, leased to Oddfellows in the 1830s. Aside from fairs it also held plays, concerts and dances. It became a Grade: II* listed building on 22 February 1963. It features a bell with the inscription, Sancte Iltute, ora pro nobis ("Saint Illtyd, pray for us"). It is reached by a flight of steps.

Great House
The Great House (51.41236°N, -3.48817°W), located along the road to Cowbridge, on the northern outskirts originally dated from the 14th century when it consisted of just a square central section, but significant additions have made it an excellent example of a Tudor "Ty mawr" (Great House). A northern wing with a stable and dovecot were amongst the added parts. The house was occupied by the Nicholl family for centuries but by the 1920s it had been abandoned and fell into a heavily dilapidated state. The building was bought and restored to its former glory in the 1950s.

Dove cote and gatehouse
Covered by a domical vault, the Dove Cote (51.40641°N, -3.48913°W) is a Grade II* listed tall 13th-century cylindrical column in a middle of the Hill Head field, which lies in close proximity to St Illtuds Church, next to the site of the old tithe barn, built for the monks at the St. Illtud's monastery. Another site on Hill Head is the (13th–14th century) gatehouse, now belonging to St Illtyd's Church, Llantwit Major. Today these are the only remaining buildings which at one time belonged to Tewkesbury Abbey. There is a plaque on the gatehouse, telling of its history.

The Old Place
The Old Place (51.40767°N, -3.48974°W) is a ruin of an Elizabethan manor house, built by Griffith Williams for his daughter and son-in-law Edmund Vann in 1596. It is often mistakenly called Llantwit Castle. The Williams family were successful lawyers and part of the rising minor gentry who were loathed by the Seys of Boverton and the Stradlings of St Donats. Vann was fined over £1,000 for being involved in a scuffle in central Llantwit on a Sunday which led him to take on the Sey family and seek his revenge.

Old Swan Inn
Records state that a building was located here from the 11th century and during medieval times it is believed to have been a monastic or manorial mint. but the current Grade II* listed inn (51.40834°N, -3.48603°W) is dated to the 16th century, aside from restoration work; it was once thatched roofed. It was run for many years in Tudor times by the Raglan family. In the mid 17th century there is evidence that its owner Edward Craddock was again using it as a mint to "mint his own tokens as there was a shortage of coin at this time." There are five other pubs and four restaurants in the town.

The Old White Hart Inn
The Old White Hart Inn is Grade II listed, and described as a late 16th-century building. It has been suspected that the building was previously used as a courthouse, but this has never been proved. Moreover, tokens were given out under the Old White Hart's name in the 18th century.

Plymouth House
According to the blue plaque on the wall outside Plymouth House (51.40879°N, -3.48888°W), the house is believed to have been formerly part of the monastery, perhaps functioning as a halled house for some time in the fifteenth century. After its closure in 1539, it became the manor house of West Llantwit owned by Edward Stradling. Later owners include Lewis of the Van, the Earl of Plymouth and then Dr. J. W. Nicholl Carne, who renamed it after its previous owner some time in the 19th century.

Court House
From the blue plaque on the Court House (51.40952°N, -3.48535°W), it was formerly known as Ivy house when it was a town house from the 16th century. In the 18th century it was extended by Christopher Bassett. For some time it was owned by the Throckmorton family of Coughton Court, Warwickshire, descendants of one of the perpetrators of the Gunpowder Plot. Later owners included Daniel Durrell, headmaster of Cowbridge Grammar School, and the benefactor of Tabernacle Chapel, Elias Bassett. It then fell to his niece and her husband William Thomas and became part of the Thomas family and at one time was owned by Illtyd Thomas, father of Mare Treveleyan, an antiquarian. The Thomases built the Town Hall clock to commemorate Queen Victoria.

Knolles Place
According to the blue plaque on the building (also known as "The Old School") (51.40841°N, -3.48747°W), it was built around 1450 by John Raglan (Herbert) and was then owned by Robert Raglan, from a family who had significant power in the area at the time and held many local administrative posts as stewards and priests. In the 17th century it became a vicarage for Stephen Slugg and functioned as a boarding school for primary school children between 1874 and 1975.

Old police station
The old police station (51.4069°N, -3.4872°W) was built in the mid-1840s after the place is Glamorgan Constabulary was established in 1841, and was originally comprised a single-storey building, but was expanded in 1876 to include four bedrooms on the top floor. It continued to function as a police station until 1928 when a new building opened nearer the town centre on Wesley Street.

War memorial
This is located in the centre of Llantwit War Memorial (51.40842°N, -3.48689°W), between the Old Swan and the White Hart and has a Celtic cross. The memorial commemorates residents who lost their lives or went missing in World War I and World War II. There are 32 names listed for World War I and 26 names for World War II.

Bethel Baptist Church
Bethel Baptist Church (51.40871°N, -3.48503°W) was erected in 1830 to provide for local Baptists and its first minister was a local shopkeeper named Jabez Lawrence. Christmas Evans, a one-eyed Welsh preacher of considerable renown was reported to have held services here.

Boverton Place
Located in Boverton, Boverton Place (51.40475°N, -3.46406°W) is a former fortified manor house, now in ruins. It was built at the end of the 16th century and served as the seat of Roger Seys, Queen's Attorney to the Council of Wales and the Marches in the 1590s. It remained in Seys family until the last heiress Jane Seys married Robert Jones of Fonmon who sold it to owners who let it fall into ruin. Its last occupants were mentioned in the census of 1861.

Dimlands
Dimlands (or Dimland Castle or Dimland Lodge) (51.40617°N, -3.50105°W) is situated about a kilometre back from the clifftops of the Bristol Channel along the road to St. Donats. It was owned at one time by John Whitlock Nicholl Carne of the University of Oxford who moved there after his father's death. Dimlands was built by John Carne's father, Rev. Robert Carne, at the end of the 18th century, upon land left him by his father, Whitlock Nicholl of The Ham, sheriff for the county of Glamorgan in 1746. The property was held by the Nicholl family since the time of King Henry VII. The dwelling is of castellated Tudor architecture with blue lias limestone exterior, and Coombedown stone windows and cornices. The south-facing front is more than 130 ft in length. The western coast of Cornwall and Lundy Island are visible from the turrets. The carved chimney in the dining room is made of Caen stone, and the chimney-piece in the drawing room is also. Other features are the Minton tile flooring, the large Tudor-style staircase, two sitting rooms, and the library, a newer addition. The Dimlands stables feature sharp-pointed gables, as well as a carved stone with the date of the original grant (1336).

Hillhead
On the hillside of the Colhugh Valley there are a row of houses situated at Hillhead in Llantwit Major. The houses were built in the early years of the 19th century for the poor of the parish. With the introduction of the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, a workhouse was opened in Bridgend. The houses became surplus to requirements and were then sold as private residences. Llantwit Major came under the Bridgend and Cowbridge Poor Law Union. Each unit was originally divided into two separate upper and lower accommodation, the upstairs entrance was from the west and the entrance to the lower accommodation came from the east.

Education and sport

The town is home to Llantwit Major F.C., a football club playing in the Cymru South. The club has enjoyed excellent success in recent years, winning Division Three in 2016/17, and Division Two in 2017/18. Manager Karl Lewis has built a successful squad of players, including Sam Snaith and Adam Roscrow who have gone on to play in the Welsh Premier League and English Football League respectively.

Llanilltud Fawr Comprehensive School is the secondary school in the town. A fire gutted the building in October 1991 and a new building was constructed. The school has roughly 1300 pupils and around 85 full-time staff. Immediately adjacent is Llanilltud Fawr primary school, one of four primary schools in Llantwit, the others being Eagleswell primary school, Ysgol Dewi Sant and St. Illtyd's primary school.

Facilities at the Llantwit Major leisure centre include a small swimming pool, large and small sports halls, the LifeStyle Fitness Studio, sunbed facilities, conference room and bar. The Llantwit Major Rugby Football Club, which played its first match against Cowbridge Rugby Football Club in 1889, fields two senior, one youth (U/19) and eight mini/junior teams, and plays in Division Four of the Welsh Rugby Union leagues. Other sports clubs represent association football, cricket and running.

Cultural references
The town is fictionally portrayed in the late Glyn Daniel's novel Welcome Death (1954). Some areas of the town have been used in the recording of the recent series of Doctor Who and The Sarah Jane Adventures episode The Temptation of Sarah Jane Smith (created by BBC Wales). The local tearooms were used in the 2007 making of Y Pris filmed by and shown on S4C.

Notable people

 * Glyn Daniel (1914–1986) scientist and archaeologist
 * Dafydd Hewitt (1985–) Former Cardiff Rugby Rugby Player
 * Daniel Hopkin MC (1886–1951) Labour MP born in Llantwit Major
 * Steve Grapes (1953–) Former Professional Footballer for Norwich City and Cardiff City
 * Karl Jones (1957–) racing driver
 * Pat Mountain (1976–) goalkeeping coach for Bristol City F.C., grew up in Llantwit Major
 * Theophilus Redwood (1806–1892) pharmacist, one of the founding members of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
 * Adam Roscrow (1995–) Welsh Professional Footballer for The New Saints currently on loan at Welling United
 * Josh Navidi (1990–) former Cardiff Rugby, Wales, British and Irish Lions International Rugby Union Player

title: Llantwit Major


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/VfD-Maled

British slang dic.def (at best) --bodnotbod 16:17, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I personally know far too many mal 'eds to let this term go unrecognised by wikipedia. Now when I use the term mal 'ed and somebody does not understand me they can look here for verification of the correct usage of the phrase. -- Benjamin Neshwaritestavine Levy Bread
 * It may seem ridiculous to you. but as a manchester person i have heard this word and it is now common culture to use it.
 * Spend 15 minutes in Manchester without hearing the term mal 'ed. I dares ya
 * I believe you. However, it belongs in The Urban Dictionary not an encyclopaedia.  You wouldn't get the Britannica and expect to see an entry for pikey, chav, or bling-bling now, would you? --bodnotbod 16:39, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * you wouldnt expect to see spangle in an encyclopedia either though, would you? what were you thinking, you urbis quim
 * That's true. You can put it up for deletion if you like  ;o)  You've got me there.  Don't blow it, you could be a useful person to have around.  But if you go too bonkers they'll just block you. --bodnotbod 16:55, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * scallys in there why isnt pikey nedned chav or mal ed. how predjudice is that website and dont associate us with scallys
 * Scally is there, because you put it there. Everything you do is recorded.  All the changes you are making are being reverted.  It is quite futile.  You could have enjoyed yourself here.  But you've gone a bit potty.  Oh, well.  Shame. --bodnotbod 17:21, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Articles that can have an encylopedia page written on them can stay. Dictionary definitions cannot. we have a sister project called wictionary for those. i hope this clears things uptheresa knott 17:00, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's a good point. Just because a page is listed here, doesn't mean it WILL get deleted.  It's a vote. --bodnotbod 16:57, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what it's trying to say. Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 17:10, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. We need this dicdef about as much as we need a kick in the orchestras. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 17:58, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I can definitely see scope for an entry on chavs and/or pikeys. Though we can argue about whether they're the same thing or not. Chavs are a definite English sociological phenomenon, if one that hasn't yet been adequately theorized. (IS THERE an entry for Chav???. Possibly scope for a definition of mal 'eds in that. I'd suggest an alternative etymology - a reference to the French 'mal educee' (badly educated, lower class, rude). And I can't believe I've spent two minutes of my life writing this. The Land 19:44, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Ugh. Who is "Maralyn Manson"? My point is this is a horrendously and childshly written article (as if we've never seen that before), BUT it may have value if redirected to a new (?) page on Mancastrian slang words. Keep for whatever time limit is normally established to have this thing done properly. After which, if it's not showing signs of improvement, pull the plug. Alcarillo 21:05, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Dicdef, and an obscure one at that. Delete. RadicalSubversiv E 08:08, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Im sorry i just thought young peoples views were in someway important it is not childish. but on the subject of childish all you people have come onto wikipedia jsut to complain about it?? please seize the day. grab a pro plus get off your rears and hmm i dont know??? leave the house?? 81.137.77.250 12:11, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Everybody's views are taken into account. Mal ed deserves to be documented somewhere, but that place is not here.  Some people have said it might have a home in [http:en.wiktionary.org the Wiktionary] and that sounds fair.  To see why Mal ed is up for deletion, see What Wikipedia is not (#2 under the first heading, and #2 under the second heading).  The article's authors did not help their case by systematically vandalising other pages once the article was listed here.  Had they not done so, they could have contributed other articles they felt were lacking.  Now, I bet - having written all that - I find that you weren't even referring to the Mal ed debate, but were just putting something at the bottom of the page related to something else entirely... --bodnotbod 14:34, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, not an article --Jiang 04:34, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. Maximus Rex 04:39, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * get your fanny out (15:41, May 9, 2004 by User:80.5.160.4)
 * You people suck, does it really matter if this entry stays or goes? You all need to take a break from sitting at your computers for days on end, trying to find fault with everything everyone else is doing, and go outside and taste some fresh air/read a book/plant a flower/watch some porn. I am very dissappointed in all of you, I hope you are happy... you've made me cry -Benjamin Neshwaritestavine Levy Bread (15:06, May 11, 2004; User:80.5.160.4)


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Evolutionary biology

A thorough review of the gene article

 * Transcluded from Talk:Gene/Review

FAs last reviewed from 2004 to 2007 of interest to this WikiProject
If you review an article on this list, please add commentary at the article talk page, with a section heading == URFA/2020 review== and also add either Notes or Noticed to WP:URFA/2020A, per the instructions at WP:URFA/2020. Comments added here may be swept up in archives and lost, and more editors will see comments on article talk. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  19:06, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

 * 1) Amanita phalloides
 * 2) Charles Darwin
 * 3) DNA
 * 4) Ediacaran biota
 * 5) Evolution
 * 6) Exosome complex
 * 7) History of biology
 * 8) Metabolism
 * 9) Proteasome

There is an ongoing discussion about the Criticism section of Polyvagal Theory. The discussion is here: Talk:Polyvagal theory. This discussion needs editors who can take the time to read the approximately 10 academic journal articles that have been cited. The issue is whether 95% of the section represents original research on violation of WP:NOR or not. Reading academic articles to confirm the absence of criticism about a topic is a bit challenging, admittedly, which is why I think members of this project might be well-equipped for the task. Ian Oelsner (talk) 22:45, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

 * For anyone interested, the discussion is being continued here: Talk:Polyvagal theory#Consolidation of Criticism section to reflect reliable sources and remove original research. Oleasylvestris (talk) 07:35, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Project-independent quality assessments
Quality assessments by Wikipedia editors rate articles in terms of completeness, organization, prose quality, sourcing, etc. Most wikiprojects follow the general guidelines at Content assessment, but some have specialized assessment guidelines. A recent Village pump proposal was approved and has been implemented to add a class parameter to WikiProject banner shell, which can display a general quality assessment for an article, and to let project banner templates "inherit" this assessment.

No action is required if your wikiproject follows the standard assessment approach. Over time, quality assessments will be migrated up to WikiProject banner shell, and your project banner will automatically "inherit" any changes to the general assessments for the purpose of assigning categories.

However, if your project has decided to "opt out" and follow a non-standard quality assessment approach, all you have to do is modify your wikiproject banner template to pass WPBannerMeta a new custom parameter. If this is done, changes to the general quality assessment will be ignored, and your project-level assessment will be displayed and used to create categories, as at present. Aymatth2 (talk) 20:02, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Evolutionary_philosophy
There is a discussion at Talk:Evolutionary_philosophy that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. --Classicwiki (talk) If you reply here, please ping me. 03:28, 26 June 2024 (UTC)