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The Big Valley

The Big Valley is an American Western television series that originally aired from September 15, 1965, to May 19, 1969 on ABC. The series is set on the fictional Barkley Ranch in Stockton, California, from 1884 to 1888. The one-hour episodes follow the lives of the Barkley family, one of the wealthiest and largest ranch-owning families in Stockton, led by matriarch Victoria Barkley (Barbara Stanwyck), her sons Jarrod (Richard Long) and Nick (Peter Breck), daughter Audra (Linda Evans), and their half-brother Heath (Lee Majors). The series was created by A.I. Bezzerides and Louis F. Edelman, and produced by Levy-Gardner-Laven for Four Star Television.

Plot synopsis
The series begins about 6 years after the death of the family patriarch, Thomas Barkley. Although he is never shown in the series (other than a painting and a statue), the character of Thomas Barkley is referred to as a major plot point many times. The character of Heath Barkley is introduced in episode one as the illegitimate son of Tom Barkley. His presence and claim to the Barkley name is the focus of many of the dramatic plots in season one.

Main

 * Victoria Barkley, portrayed by Barbara Stanwyck, the widow of Thomas Barkley, was the head of the wealthy, influential Barkley family, who lived in 19th-century Stockton in California's Central Valley. She was the main character of the series. Victoria Barkley was the owner and head of the Barkley ranch. In fact, Stanwyck's refusal to portray Barkley as fragile was controversial at the time. Barkley's husband Tom had been killed 6 years before the beginning of the series. Victoria Barkley loved and was proud of all her children, including her late husband's illegitimate son Heath, to whom she would refer as "my son". Stanwyck, who went from the refined, elegant lady of the manor to a jean-clad cowgirl as tough as any cowboy, appeared the most, in 103 of the 112 episodes. Her episodes were often surprisingly hard-hitting, seeing her character either locked away in a lunatic asylum to prevent her testifying as eyewitness at a murder trial ("Down Shadow Street"), taken prisoner in a prison wagon to replace a dead female convict ("Four Days to Furnace Hill"), impersonating a thief to go undercover at a women's prison to report on conditions there ("Alias Nellie Handley"), or trapped underground following a cave-in ("Earthquake").
 * Jarrod Thomas Barkley, the eldest son, was a respected attorney-at-law. Richard Long played the role of the educated, refined, and calmest of the Barkley sons, who handled all of the family's legal and business affairs. While Jarrod, a skilled lawyer, preferred the law to settle disputes, he was known to resort to frontier justice and violence when necessary. He was briefly married in one episode ("Days of Wrath"), only to see his new wife murdered with a bullet intended for him. An enraged Jarrod lost his calm and genteel manners, then relentlessly tracked down the killer. He was in the midst of killing him with his bare hands before he was stopped by Nick and Heath. Jarrod was a veteran of the American Civil War. He served as a cavalry officer in the Union Army. He commanded a cavalry troop of black soldiers as referenced in the episode "The Buffalo Man". Long appeared in 98 of the 112 episodes.
 * Nicholas "Nick" Jonathan Barkley, the hot-tempered younger son, was portrayed by Peter Breck. Nick managed the family ranch. He wore a black leather vest, large black hat, and black leather gloves, and was distinguished by his brawling ways and loud demeanor. Nick had served as a soldier in combat in the Union Army during the Civil War as referenced in the episode "Forty Rifles". He was always ready for a fight, and at times would fight with his brothers, as well. Underneath his gruff exterior, he was fun-loving, had a great sense of humor, was warm and caring, and loved his family deeply. Breck appeared in 98 of the 112 episodes.(Several years prior to starring in The Big Valley, Breck starred in his own series for Four Star Television, Black Saddle, which aired on NBC).
 * Audra Barkley, played by Linda Evans, was Victoria's only daughter. Audra was somewhat self-absorbed, bold, and forward. Far from demure, she performed daring stunts and rode astride, like her brothers. Like Nick and Jarrod, Audra was initially leery of Heath's story that he was their father's son. Early, she attempted to seduce Heath, so as to expose him as a fraud, but was unsuccessful. As the series progressed, Audra and Heath formed a very close brother-and-sister bond. Audra also had a caring side, as seen by her tending to children at the local orphanage. A few episodes dealt with her romances, and one notable episode was "My Son, My Son" in which Robert Walker, Jr., guests as a suitor who proves to be mentally unstable. During the series' final two seasons, Evans' appearances were reduced because she wanted to spend more time with her husband John Derek. Evans appeared the least, in 82 of the 112 episodes.
 * Heath Barkley was the illegitimate son of Victoria's late husband, and he had to literally fight his way into the Barkley home. Lee Majors portrayed even-tempered but rough-and-tumble Heath, who was often angry and aggressive throughout the early episodes due to his belief that Tom Barkley had abandoned his real mother after she became pregnant, as well as the resistance he initially received from some of his new siblings. In truth, Tom Barkley never knew about Heath, as Heath's mother had never told him, and never told Heath until she was on her deathbed (as revealed in the third episode of season one, "Boots with My Father's Name".) Heath gradually gained acceptance from the rest of the Barkley clan as the first season progressed, until he became as much a "Barkley" as the rest of the family, and his love for them became equal. Heath came to call Victoria "Mother" when speaking to her directly and about her with his siblings. In the episode "Boots with My Father's Name", Heath told Victoria, "you know that there isn't anything that I wouldn't do for you," indicating how deeply he cared for Victoria. Although Nick was initially leery of Heath and felt he had to test Heath's mettle, Heath proved himself worthy of Nick's acceptance, and eventually Nick seemed to grow even closer to Heath than he was to Jarrod, perhaps in a sense due to Heath having more in common with him than did Jarrod. In "The Lost Treasure", the series' season-two premiere, one of a few episodes taken out of the show's initial syndication runs, Heath met Charlie Sawyer (comic Buddy Hackett in a rare dramatic turn), a con man who claimed to be his actual father (the final moments show him admitting he did romance Heath's mother, but left her years before she gave birth). In the same episode, Beah Richards returns as Hannah, the black quasinanny who helped raise Heath with his mother. Heath was a veteran of the Civil War as referenced in the episode "The Guilt of Matt Bentell". He served as a soldier in the Union Army in combat operations in New Mexico, and was held as a prisoner of war for 7 months by Confederate forces. Heath was also established in the episode "The Death Merchant" as having been involved in the Lincoln County War (1878), where he came to know the hired killer "Handy", who had tracked down and killed Tom Barkley's murderer, but who is known by Heath as a merciless killer who changed sides - or played both sides - whenever the money was good. Majors appeared in 97 of the 112 episodes.

In addition to the Barkley family members, the episode plots typically revolved around morally conflicted protagonists and antagonists, a common theme in the mythology of the American West in the 19th century.

Recurring

 * Silas (Napoleon Whiting), the Barkley's majordomo, appeared 35 times. In several episodes, his character showed the trauma of slavery ("Joshua Watson"), life for blacks after the Civil War ("The Buffalo Man"), and meaning in his own work for the family ("Miranda").
 * Sheriff Fred Madden (Douglas Kennedy) appeared in 20 episodes.
 * Eugene Barkley (Charles Briles), the youngest Barkley son and a medical student studying at Berkeley. Like his older brothers, he was known to have a temper as seen in the season-one episode "Boots with My Father's Name". He appeared in eight first-season episodes. Then, he was drafted into the Army. Only once was his name ever mentioned again.

Guest Stars
The Big Valley was well known for its many guest stars, including:

 * Julie Adams
 * Claude Akins
 * Jack Albertson
 * Chris Alcaide
 * Marty Allen
 * John Anderson
 * Richard Anderson
 * Tige Andrews
 * R. G. Armstrong
 * Lew Ayres
 * Diane Baker
 * Joe Don Baker
 * Rayford Barnes
 * Anne Baxter
 * Alan Bergmann
 * Milton Berle
 * Karen Black
 * Antoinette Bower
 * Charles Bronson
 * Brooke Bundy
 * Walter Burke
 * Michael Burns
 * Ellen Burstyn
 * Joseph Campanella
 * Judy Carne
 * John Carradine
 * Conlan Carter
 * Jeanne Cooper
 * Kelly Corcoran
 * Noreen Corcoran
 * Walter Coy
 * Yvonne Craig
 * Norma Crane
 * Johnny Crawford
 * Dennis Cross
 * Royal Dano
 * Clifford David
 * Quentin Dean
 * John Dehner
 * Bruce Dern
 * Colleen Dewhurst
 * Bradford Dillman
 * Richard Dreyfuss
 * Don Dubbins
 * Andrew Duggan
 * Maurice Evans
 * Richard Farnsworth
 * Paul Fix
 * Robert Fuller
 * Vincent Gardenia
 * Sean Garrison
 * Kathy Garver
 * Arlene Golonka
 * Harold Gould
 * Robert Goulet
 * Lee Grant
 * Dabbs Greer
 * James Gregory
 * Charles Grodin
 * Buddy Hackett
 * Kevin Hagen
 * Julie Harris
 * Peter Haskell
 * Dennis Hopper
 * Ron Howard
 * Steve Ihnat
 * Anthony James
 * Russell Johnson
 * I. Stanford Jolley
 * Henry Jones
 * L. Q. Jones
 * Robert Karnes
 * Dan Kemp
 * George Kennedy
 * Sajid Khan
 * Yaphet Kotto
 * Diane Ladd
 * Martin Landau
 * Cloris Leachman
 * Robert Loggia
 * Julie London
 * Lynn Loring
 * Barbara Luna
 * Carol Lynley
 * Gavin MacLeod
 * Mako
 * Flip Mark
 * Nora Marlowe
 * Frank Marth
 * Strother Martin
 * Marlyn Mason
 * Frank McGrath
 * John Milford
 * Read Morgan
 * Leslie Nielsen
 * Kathleen Nolan
 * Sheree North
 * Arthur O'Connell
 * Dan O'Herlihy
 * J. Pat O'Malley
 * Simon Oakland
 * Warren Oates
 * Susan Oliver
 * Nancy Olson
 * Gregg Palmer
 * Leslie Parrish
 * Nehemiah Persoff
 * Paul Petersen
 * Regis Philbin
 * John M. Pickard
 * Eve Plumb
 * Chips Rafferty
 * Ford Rainey
 * Lou Rawls
 * Beah Richards
 * Pernell Roberts
 * Wayne Rogers
 * Katharine Ross
 * Bing Russell
 * Jill St. John
 * Albert Salmi
 * Anne Seymour
 * William Shatner
 * David Sheiner
 * Olan Soule
 * Harry Dean Stanton
 * Warren Stevens
 * Harold J. Stone
 * Susan Strasberg
 * Karl Swenson
 * Dub Taylor
 * Malachi Throne
 * Harry Townes
 * Robert Walker Jr.
 * Fritz Weaver
 * Adam West
 * James Whitmore
 * Van Williams
 * Morgan Woodward
 * Anthony Zerbe

Background

The TV series was based loosely on the Hill Ranch, which was located at the western edge of Calaveras County, not far from Stockton. The Hill Ranch existed from 1855 until 1931 and included almost 30,000 acres, and the Mokelumne River ran through it. The source is from an episode in which Heath is on trial in a ghost town with another man (played by Leslie Nielsen), and tells the judge how much land they have. Lawson Hill ran the ranch until he was murdered in 1861. His wife Euphemia ("Auntie Hill") then became the matriarch. During their marriage, they had four children, one daughter and three sons. Today, the location of the ranch is covered by the waters of Camanche Reservoir. A California state historical marker standing at Camanche South Shore Park mentions the historic ranch.

In the first episode, titled "Palms of Glory", the grave of Thomas Barkley (1813–1870) is shown after he is mentioned to have fought the railroad 6 years before. Later in the same episode, Frank Braun reminds Nick, Jarrod, and Eugene, "Six years ago, your daddy and mine fought and died for this," indicating the year is 1876. The episode "The Odyssey of Jubal Tanner" gives conflicting information. Audra states that her father died 6 years ago, which would—per "Palms of Glory"—point to 1876, but Jubal seems to imply that he has been gone 30 years since his wife Margaret Tanner's death, her grave marker showing that she had died in 1854, which would put the year around 1884. In the second-season episode "Hide the Children", Nick makes reference that President Ulysses Simpson Grant is in the White House. Grant's term of office was from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1877. In the fourth- and final-season episode "They Called Her Delilah", the telegram Jarrod received from Julia Saxon dated April 27, 1878, can be seen on screen. In the fourth-season episode "The Prize", Heath buries the wife of an outlaw, adding a grave marker dated May 5, 1878. In the episode "The Jonah", the band at a town dance can be heard playing Johann Strauss II's "Emperor Waltz" or "Kaiser-Walzer". The waltz was first performed in Berlin on October 21, 1889, which, by the time it would have reached the American West, would indicate a time period of 1890 or later, much later than other historical references in the show.

Filming
While The Big Valley is set primarily in and near the city of Stockton, the filming of the series took place in Southern California. It was partially filmed in Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks, California.

Wilfred M. Cline, Technicolor associate cinematographer on Gone with the Wind (1939), was director of photography for several Big Valley episodes, together with Chas E. Burke. Due to similarities in appearance, it is sometimes believed that the Tara set from Gone with the Wind was repurposed for use as the Barkley family home in The Big Valley, but it was actually the set constructed for The Kentuckian that was used.

Music
The theme music was composed by George Duning, who scored the pilot and 58 episodes; Lalo Schifrin was responsible for the third season, and Elmer Bernstein for the fourth. According to IMDB.com, Joseph Mullendore wrote music for two episodes, while Herschel Burke Gilbert and Rudy Schrager scored one each. Paul Henreid, of Casablanca fame, directed a number of episodes.

The series's main title theme and primary incidental music were composed by George Duning and feature sweeping musical elements highly reminiscent of classic American cinematic Westerns. For at least the first pilot episode, the theme music starts with a more relaxed woodwinds introduction leading into the title refrain at a moderate tempo. For the remainder of season one, the tempo is increased and the intro is shortened, with much more aggressive phrasing. For seasons three and four, the main theme was reworked again, with a much more brass-heavy orchestration. The final refrain (when Miss Barbara Stanwyck's credits are shown), includes an underlying Spanish rhythm outlined with tambourine that is similar to that of The Magnificent Seven main title. Therefore, at least three versions of the theme song were recorded for the series.

In 1966, a soundtrack album was released in both monoaural and stereo versions, featuring suites of various music cues from the series, re-recorded for the LP release (ABC-Paramount; ABC 527). The album featured the iconic main theme song, but at slower tempos, giving them a more cinematic mood. To date, the album has not been re-released on compact disc or streaming. In 1980, the LP was reissued on vinyl on MCA Records for the Japanese market.

Popularity
Despite the series' popularity, its ratings never made the top 30 in the yearly ratings charts. The Big Valley was cancelled in 1969 as the TV Western craze began to fade, and to make room for more modern series. In Ella Smith's 1973 biography, Starring Miss Barbara Stanwyck, Smith noted that The Big Valley had been cancelled by ABC mainly due to a poor time slot. In better times, the series had been enough of a hit to outlive various time-slot rivals during its run (mainly on Mondays at 10 pm), including The Jean Arthur Show, Run for Your Life, and I Spy. According to Broadcasting magazine (September 27, 1965), its debut episode (actually Wednesday at 9 pm, where the series aired for half the season) placed 39th in the Nielsen ratings for the week of September 13–19, 1965. The Big Valley also was ranked as one of the top-five favorite new shows in viewer TVQ polling (the others were Get Smart, I Dream of Jeannie, Lost in Space, and F Troop). Early into its second season, The Big Valley was still a mid-range performer, placing 47th out of just 88 series during the week of October 28, 1966, which was higher than such shows as That Girl, Daniel Boone, Petticoat Junction, and The Wild Wild West. Even so, The Big Valley was popular enough to warrant at least three TV Guide covers. It also acted as a launching pad for two projected spin-offs from special episodes. A 1968 episode guest-starring Van Williams was meant to lead to a Rifleman-like series titled Rimfire. A March 1969 episode, "The Royal Road", guest-starring heartthrob Sajid Khan as a young rogue, was also hoped to lead to a series, but by that year, the rising popularity of CBS's The Carol Burnett Show — and vocal complaints by Joey Bishop, ABC's late-night talk show host, that the show's faltering ratings were not helping to provide his program with a proper lead-in — ultimately led to the drama's demise. In syndication, The Big Valley proved exceptionally popular in the United States, Europe, and Latin America. In the comedy film Airplane! (1980), the wacky air traffic controller Johnny, played by Stephen Stucker, paid homage to Big Valley's penchant for big drama in one of his many asides. After Lloyd Bridges' character frets about a pilot who cracked under pressure, Johnny says: "It happened to Barbara Stanwyck!" and "Nick, Heath, Jarrod – there's a fire in the barn!" The Big Valley also has seeped into the darker cinematic subconscious. In Bug, an acclaimed 2006 thriller starring Ashley Judd and Michael Shannon as drug addicts, their characters spiral into a hallucination that leads them to imagine tiny bugs have invaded their dwelling, with one referring to the little critters as "matriarchal aphids" that act "like Barbara Stanwyck in Big Valley."

Awards and nominations
In 1966, for her first season as Victoria Barkley, Barbara Stanwyck won the Emmy for lead actress in a drama series. She was nominated two more times (1967 and 1968) for her work in The Big Valley and earned three Golden Globe nominations as Best TV Star for the part, as well (1966, 1967, 1968). On March 15, 1967, Stanwyck was named favorite TV actress at the Photoplay magazine awards, which aired as a special episode of The Merv Griffin Show (David Janssen of The Fugitive was named favorite TV actor). Richard Long helped present Stanwyck her Gold Medal at the event.

The Big Valley was also recognized during its run for its polished production. In 1966 and 1968, the American Cinema Editors named Valley the year's Best Edited Television Program (for the episodes "40 Rifles" and "Disappearance", respectively).

Comic book
Dell Comics published a short-lived comic book for six issues in 1966-69. (The last issue reprinted the first, and came out two years after issue #5). All issues had photo covers.

Film
Several episodes have been combined into concurrent-running feature-length TV movies, while the notable two-part episodes, "Legend of a General" and "Explosion!", have also been made into TV movies. These have been issued on DVD as a box set, alongside seasons one and two.

In July 2009, it was reported in The Los Angeles Times that filmmakers Daniel Adams and Kate Edelman Johnson were producing a feature adaptation of The Big Valley with production to begin in April 2010 in New Mexico and Michigan. In 2012, the film, initially intent to star Susan Sarandon, and then Jessica Lange as Victoria Barkley, was placed on indefinite hold after Adams was indicted for fraud pertaining to two previous films and sued by investors in Valley who claimed foul, as well.

Home media
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the first season on DVD in Region 1 on May 16, 2006. Season 2, Volume 1 was released on January 30, 2007.

On January 8, 2014, Timeless Media Group announced it had acquired the rights to the series. They have subsequently released seasons 2 & 3 on DVD. The fourth and final season was released on October 28, 2014.

title: The Big Valley


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Baron Arundell of Trerice

Baron Arundell of Trerice, in the County of Cornwall, was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1664 for the Royalist soldier and politician Richard Arundell. He was the second son of Sir John Arundell and the great-grandson of Admiral Sir John Arundell. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baron. He sat as a Member of Parliament for Truro. The title became extinct on the death of his grandson, the fourth Baron, in 1768.

The family seat was Trerice, Cornwall.

Barons Arundell of Trerice (1664)

 * Richard Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Trerice (d. 1687)
 * John Arundell, 2nd Baron Arundell of Trerice (1649–1698)
 * John Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Trerice (1678–1706)
 * John Arundell, 4th Baron Arundell of Trerice (1701–1768)

Family tree of the Arundells of Trerice
Following is a partial family tree of the Arundell family of Trerice; the Barons are highlighted; click on the image to get a full-screen version that you can zoom in on:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Arundell of Trerice


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Talk:Nicotine

Adverse Effects -- table
Missing from the table of side effects by route of administration is the fairly recently available Nicorette® "Quick Mist" throat spray. In my experience, this has some significant side effects different from those listed for other routes of administration, due to its rapid action and the possibility of heavy dosing. As this preparation has been readily available for some years (at least in my locale), I believe it should be added to the table. I will expand on this later from my desktop. 2605:8D80:480:10D0:9096:B3A2:D80F:1C0F (talk) 22:21, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

Notable S/E include (in my experience) ataxia and confusion. I should emphasize that my comment is based on OR with a statistical sample of one(!) Of course, any additions to the table will require suitable references; I hope by now there is some good research out there on this specific product.

I will add this to my "to do" list, but as usual feel free to jump in and preempt me. --D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 22:51, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

Science
What is nitine ? 181.41.70.217 (talk) 00:49, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

9.1 Legal Status
The section on legal status appears to have been updated following changes to US Law requiring purchasers of nicotine products be at least 21 years of age. While this was updated, the remainder of the section was left the same resulting in confusing and contradictory language; For example: "In the United States, nicotine products and Nicotine Replacement Therapy products like Nicotrol are only available to persons 21 and above" is followed immediately by "Many states in the US have implemented a Tobacco 21 law for tobacco products, raising the minimum age from 18 to 21." Since federal law supersedes state law in this case, the extra points regarding state laws are redundant. 172.251.144.6 (talk) 02:37, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

This page is clearly written with a bias.
While I agree with this agenda of stopping smoking, I'm even quite extreme on this being a prohibitionist, this page is clearly written with a major bias and not to inform readers in a neutral way. In the entire 5 opening paragraphs there is little mention of the drugs recreational use and it's high effects, referred only as a stimulant and anxiolyant, medical terms which mean very little to the common reader. None of the other major recreational drugs are written like this, for example Alcohols opening paragraph includes "induces happiness and euphoria" (more instantly understandable language) and goes in length about its effects, history of use and how and why people use it today. This page however spends maybe even 10 times longer speaking about the medical uses, almost all of which is the negation / dealing with the health effects of the recreational use. Even in the Uses page, recreation is listed right at the end with a paragraph that is half the length of the medical paragraph. After reading this page the typical reader will gain no real information on why nicotine is one of the most widely used drugs in the world, which is abundantly clear on other recreational drug pages. I see this also on other informative sites, which refer only to the symptoms of nicotine as negative "side effects" (while never clarifying what the "main effects" are). I think it is not unreasonable to believe these are written with a deceptive bias, and this is highly likely to turn off or frustrate other readers. I propose this page be heavily restructured with a priority on emphasising *relevant* information in a more natural order. 84.67.8.150 (talk) 10:38, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

Chemistry
The info-box doesn't identify the chiral center, nor is there any indication that it is, indeed chiral. The chemistry section has one paragraph with (+)-, (-)- nomenclature and the next with the preferred (R)-, (S)- nomenclature. Could someone clean this up? The chemistry section also describes it as a "colorless to yellow-brown, oily liquid" which is just awful. I suspect, it is, when pure, colorless, while commercial material undoubtedly contains contaminants (which, I presume, give it various discoloration). (Amines are notoriously difficult to keep pure, aromatic nitrogen compounds are photosensitive, so it isn't surprising that commercial products are off-color, even if originally pure and colorless.) The info-box claims a few physical properties. I question this. First because it isn't likely that the racemic mixture has the same physical properties as the pure (R) or (S) compounds, and second because of the enormous temperature range in which it is -supposedly- a liquid. I question the liquid range is 326 degrees C (586 F), and I'd expect the racemate to have slightly different range. Finally, it is really strange and atypical that the info-box doesn't have the IUPAC systematic name (or names depending on whether property belongs to a specific isomer or a blend of the isomers. It would be notable, if true, for the natural product to be racemic. Is this claim verified or does it rely on crude analysis without a chain of custody to show no tautomerization/racemization didn't occur during collection and analysis?174.130.71.156 (talk) 12:05, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

Nicotine itself is not nearly as addictive as thought.
Nicotine does not produce significant withdrawals on its own (such as when people consume nicotine through vaporizers) to most people except those extremely liable for physical dependency. All sources that state that nicotine itself is highly addictive point back to the same incredibly flawed information, such as the Surgeon General's report from 1988. They claimed that nicotine was the primary addictive component because tobacco smokers experience withdrawals, and nicotine was the chemical that produced the high. This is, in many cases, the _ONLY_ citation you're going to find, or things point back to it that have also not shown isolated nicotine to be highly addictive.

The addictive qualities of _tobacco_ are caused by MAOIs and, in cigarettes, acetaldehyde (not added directly but formed when heated) and other additives. While Nicotine is dopaminergic, it's not incredibly so, nowhere near enough to be considered heavily addictive. The MAOIs on their own would already be addictive, but reinforce the nicotine as well.

If you aren't already liable to be addicted to nicotine, it is about on-par with caffeine in terms of addictive qualities. Yukenk (talk) 22:08, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I apologise I am drunk and was reading through the page, immediately made an account to write this, without reading the guidelines. Yukenk (talk) 22:09, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

Good article nomination
@Seppi333@QuackGuru@HLHJ. Is it okay if I nominate this article as a GA? Nagol0929 (talk) 13:21, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

 * , it would need a lot of work. It's not very readable, the selection of information is odd and liable to be very controversial, and there are gaps. I'm not unwilling to help, but it would be a couple weeks before I could do much work on it. HLHJ (talk) 18:47, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * This would be my first big content creation. Would you be willing to coach me? Nagol0929 (talk) 03:26, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd strongly suggest another topic for your first big content creation. This one will be controversial and generally a pain. Due to WP:systemic bias, there are plenty of important topics with no content. That said, I find content creation quite rewarding, and I'd encourage you to get into it. I'd be happy to help if you want coaching. HLHJ (talk) 00:16, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicotine


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Salpiglossis sinuata

Salpiglossis sinuata, the painted tongue, scalloped tube tongue, velvet trumpet flower, palito amargo ( Spanish : bitter little stick - from the extreme bitterness of its leaves ) or panza de burro ( Spanish : donkey's paunch ), is a flowering plant belonging to the subfamily Cestroideae of the nightshade family Solanaceae, native to southern Chile.

Description
Salpiglossis sinuata is an annual or short-lived perennial herbaceous plant growing to 60 cm tall, rarely up to 1 m tall. The leaves are 4 – long, elliptic to lanceolate, with a wavy, lobed or toothed margin.

The flowers have a five-lobed funnel-shaped corolla, up to 7 cm long and 5.5 cm diameter, each lobe with a notched apex, velvety in texture, either violet or orange, and have contrasting darker stripes along each petal.

Cultivation and uses
Of the two species in its genus, Salpiglossis sinuata is the more commonly grown as an ornamental plant for gardens. It was introduced to the northern hemisphere in the 1820s.

A number of cultivars have been selected for different flower colours. It is grown in full sunlight.

title: Salpiglossis sinuata


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The Bionic Woman

The Bionic Woman is an American science fiction action-adventure television series created by Kenneth Johnson based on the 1972 novel Cyborg by Martin Caidin and starring Lindsay Wagner, that aired from January 14, 1976, to May 13, 1978. The Bionic Woman series features Jaime Sommers, who takes on special high-risk government missions using her superhuman bionic powers. The Bionic Woman series is a spin-off from the 1970s Six Million Dollar Man television science fiction action series.

Wagner stars as professional tennis player Jaime Sommers, who becomes critically injured during a skydiving accident. Jaime's life is saved by Oscar Goldman (Richard Anderson) and Dr. Rudy Wells (Martin E. Brooks) with bionic surgical implants similar to those of The Six Million Dollar Man Steve Austin (Lee Majors). Through the use of cybernetic implants, known as bionics, Jaime is fitted with an amplified bionic right ear which allows her to hear at low volumes and at various frequencies and over uncommonly long distances. She also has extraordinary strength in her bionic right arm and in both legs that enables her to jump great distances and run at speeds exceeding 60 miles per hour. She is then assigned to secret missions as an occasional agent of the Office of Scientific Intelligence, while teaching middle and high school students in her regular life.

The series proved highly popular worldwide, gaining solid ratings in the US and particularly so in the UK (where it became the only science fiction program to achieve the No.1 position in the ratings during the 20th century). The series ran for three seasons, from 1976 to 1978, first on the ABC network and then the NBC network for its final season. Years after its cancellation, three spin-off TV movies were produced between 1987 and 1994. Reruns of the show aired on Sci-Fi Channel from 1993 to 2001. A failed remake of the series was produced in 2007.

Plot
The character of Jaime Sommers first appears in a 1975 two-part episode of The Six Million Dollar Man titled "The Bionic Woman." In the first episode, Steve travels to his hometown of Ojai, California, to buy a ranch that is for sale and to visit his mother and stepfather, Helen and Jim Elgin. During his visit, he rekindles his relationship with high school sweetheart Jaime Sommers, now one of America's top 5 tennis players.

While she is on a skydiving date, Jaime's parachute malfunctions and she plummets to the ground, falling through tree branches, hitting the ground and suffering traumatic injuries to her head, legs, and right arm. Steve then makes an emotional plea to his boss, Oscar Goldman, to save Jaime's life by making her bionic. When Oscar balks, Steve commits Jaime to becoming an operative of the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI). Goldman ultimately gives in and assigns Dr. Rudy Wells (played at this point in the series by Alan Oppenheimer) and the bionics team to rebuild her.

Jaime's body is reconstructed with parts similar to Steve's, but later Oscar jokes that hers cost less than Austin's six million because her parts were "smaller" (despite the show's German name, Die Sieben Millionen Dollar Frau, or The Seven Million Dollar Woman). Like Austin, her right arm and both her legs are bionic, but instead of a bionic eye she has a bionic ear. Jaime's legs are capable of propelling her at speeds exceeding 60 miles per hour (having been clocked at more than 62 mph in "Doomsday Is Tomorrow" and outpacing a race car going 100 mph in "Winning is Everything") and jumping to and from great heights. Her right arm is capable of bending steel or throwing objects great distances. Her right ear gives her amplified hearing such that she can detect most sounds regardless of volume or frequency. These bionic implants cannot be distinguished from natural body parts, except on occasions where they sustain damage and the mechanisms beneath the skin become exposed, as seen in Part 2 of the episode "Doomsday Is Tomorrow", when Jaime sustained damage to her right leg. Jaime discovers on vacation in the Bahamas her artificial bionic skin cannot suntan with exposure to sunlight.

After Jaime recovers from her operation, Steve tries to break his agreement with Oscar that she will serve as an agent for OSI. Jaime agrees to undertake a mission for Oscar despite Steve's concerns. During the mission her bionics malfunction, and she experiences severe and crippling headaches. Dr. Wells determines that Jaime's body is rejecting her bionic implants and a massive cerebral clot is causing her headaches and malfunctions. Soon after, Jaime goes berserk and forces her way out of the hospital. Steve pursues and catches her, and she collapses in his arms. Soon after, Jaime dies on the operating table when her body shuts down.

The character was so popular that ABC asked the writers to find a way to bring her back. In the first episode of the next season, it is revealed that Jaime had not died after all, but Steve was not told. He soon discovers the truth when he is hospitalized after suffering severe damage to his bionic legs; he sees Jaime before slipping into a coma.

As Steve later learns, Wells' assistant, Dr. Michael Marchetti, urged Rudy (now played by Martin E. Brooks) to try his newly developed cryogenic techniques to keep Jaime in suspended animation until the cerebral clot could be safely removed, after which she was successfully revived. A side effect of the procedure causes Jaime to develop retrograde amnesia, preventing her from recalling previous events including her relationship with Steve. Any attempt to remember causes her headaches and pain. Realizing that he is the primary trigger for her painful memories, Steve reluctantly asks Oscar to transfer Jaime to another medical facility away from him. There, she undergoes a successful surgery to restore her memory — she remembers everything except her love for Steve and the skydiving accident that led to her bionics. When they meet again, she tells Steve that they can start again with friendship and that it can be a whole new beginning for them. Steve agrees.

Jaime retires as a tennis player and takes a job as a schoolteacher at an Air Force base in Ojai, California. She lives in an apartment over a barn located on the ranch owned by Steve's mother and stepfather, both of whom are aware of Steve and Jaime's bionic implants and their lives as secret agents. Season three opened with the two-part episode "The Bionic Dog", in which Jaime discovers Max (short for Maximillion), a German Shepherd dog that has been given a bionic jaw and legs and can run at speeds up to 90 mph. His bionics pre-date Steve's and Jamie's, as he was a lab animal used to test early bionic prosthetics. He was named "Maximillion" because his bionics cost "a million" dollars. When he was introduced, he experienced symptoms suggesting bionic rejection and was due to be put to sleep. Jaime discovered the condition was psychological, stemming from a traumatic lab fire that injured him when he was a puppy. With Jaime's help, Max was cured and went to live with her, proving himself to be of considerable help in some of her adventures. The original intent was to create a spin-off series featuring "the bionic dog," and at the end of the two-part episode that introduced him, it was implied Max would stay with Jaime's forest ranger friend Roger Grette in the Sierra Mountains and Jaime would visit occasionally. However, the network rejected the proposed spin-off series and Max stayed with Jaime instead, making several appearances throughout the third season of The Bionic Woman.

Production and broadcast
To maintain the show's plausibility, creator/executive producer Kenneth Johnson set very specific limits on Jaime Sommers' abilities. He elaborated, "When you're dealing with the area of fantasy, if you say, 'Well, they're bionic so they can do whatever they want,' then it gets out of hand, so you've got to have really, really tight rules. [Steve and Jaime] can jump up two stories but not three. They can jump down three stories but not four. Jaime can't turn over a truck but she can turn over a car." These limits were occasionally incorporated into episodes, such as "Kill Oscar," in which Jaime is forced to make a jump that's too far down for her bionic legs, causing massive damage to them and nearly causing her death as a result.

The series premiered on ABC in January 1976, as a mid-season replacement for the sitcoms When Things Were Rotten and That's My Mama. With fourteen episodes airing from January 1976 to May 1976, it became the fifth-most-watched television show of the whole 1975–76 season—despite running for only half the season—ranking behind Maude, Laverne & Shirley, Rich Man, Poor Man, and All In The Family, and slightly ahead of The Six Million Dollar Man. Season two ran from September 1976 to May 1977 with 22 episodes and finished with good ratings (number 14 overall, slightly behind The Six Million Dollar Man). Season two also had its most notable episodes, "Kill Oscar" in which Jaime fights the fembots, and "Deadly Ringer", for which Wagner won an Emmy Award. Although the show performed well during season two, ABC elected not to renew the series, feeling it was no longer attracting the kind of demographic that ABC wanted (ABC head Fred Silverman was notorious for his focus on demographics). NBC picked up the show for a third (and final) season, which ran from September 1977 to May 1978 with 22 episodes and featured a new character, Chris Williams (Christopher Stone), as a recurring love interest for Jaime. This was due in part to the change of networks, which prevented further crossovers by Jaime's former love interest, Steve Austin; however, in a situation still considered unique, Anderson and Brooks continued to play their roles in both series, despite the network differential.

The series proved popular worldwide, particularly so in the United Kingdom, where it was shown on the ITV network and achieved unusually high audience figures for a science fiction show. The first episode of the series ("Welcome Home Jaime") was shown on 1 July 1976 and was the most watched programme of the week. It was watched in 7 million homes, giving it an average of 14 million viewers. Two weeks later, the show's third episode (Angel of Mercy) also became the most watched programme of the week. Its success continued with a further 10 episodes scoring in the top 20 during 1976. (By contrast, The Six Million Dollar Man never once entered the top 10 rating during its five seasons, though this was most likely because the show was never broadcast across all ITV stations at the same time). The second season also proved popular, with seven episodes finishing in the weekly top 20, the highest of these being the episode The Vega Influence on 12 May 1977, which reached No. 8 with 14.8 million viewers. The third season was not broadcast simultaneously across all ITV stations in the UK, however, and therefore no episodes reached the weekly Top 20.

Storylines
The most notable of the frequent crossovers between the two shows included a two-part episode in which Steve and Jaime square off against Austin's sometimes-friend/sometimes-enemy Bigfoot and a three-part story arc entitled "Kill Oscar" that aired the first and third parts as Bionic Woman episodes and the second part as an episode of The Six Million Dollar Man. The close connection between The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman was highlighted by the fact that Richard Anderson and Martin E. Brooks played their same characters on two television shows (eventually) running concurrently on two networks.

On her own, Jaime's enemies include the Fembots, a line of powerful robots that she fights twice in the series over several episodes. She also thwarts the plan of an aging nuclear scientist named Elijah Cooper to destroy all life on Earth using a doomsday device in "Doomsday Is Tomorrow". Jaime's missions frequently involved undercover work in which she takes on a secret identity, such as a nun, a police officer, a college student, an air-steward, a singer, and a professional wrestler. Her tennis background also came into play occasionally, and she was also from time to time seen having adventures with some of her students in Ojai.

As with spy shows at this time, Jaime was frequently kidnapped (more often than not with the use of chloroform or a drugged drink) and placed in dangerous situations from which she would need her bionic abilities to escape. Typically, she would be bound or handcuffed to a bomb from which she could escape with ease once she woke up. However, on one occasion she was handcuffed to a friend, so she could not use her bionic strength to escape as this would pull off the friend's hand.

Jaime dealt with a number of bizarre cases, such as a villain who operates a hair salon using a "truth serum" shampoo to extract information from OSI agents. In another episode, a convict named Lisa Galloway (also portrayed by Lindsay Wagner) is given plastic surgery and tries to replace Jaime. In a later episode, Lisa ingests a paste-like substance called Adrenalizine that gives her temporary super-strength, allowing her to fully replace Jaime at OSI while the real Jaime is imprisoned and led to question her own identity. Lisa, however, did not know of Jaime's bionic implants and believed her powers to have come from the Adrenalizine. After Jaime's eventual escape, Dr. Wells discovers that the Adrenalizine was breaking down and becoming toxic to Lisa's health. Further complicating the issue was Lisa's increasing belief that she was in fact, the real Jaime.

During the series, it is shown that Jaime's enhanced abilities have their limitations. In one of the "Kill Oscar" chapters, Jaime jumps from the window of a particularly tall building while trying to escape the Fembots. However, due to the height from which she jumped, her legs explode upon landing, nearly killing her. Extreme cold is shown to inhibit her bionic implants, causing them to freeze up and malfunction (a scenario also common with Steve Austin). However, her right ear, as it is encased in her body, is typically not subject to these negative effects.

While Steve Austin occasionally (particularly in early episodes) employed violence in order to complete missions, Jaime's approach tended to be less-violent and as such she was rarely shown directly using her bionic strength against a human opponent (and even when she did, never with deadly force).

Final episode
In the last episode ("On the Run"), Jaime is called "Robot Lady" by a little girl who has learned about her bionics. Like Steve Austin in the original book Cyborg, she has to come to terms with the fact that she is not quite human. After three years with too many assignments to allow her time to herself, she resigns. However, the people in charge decide that she cannot just be allowed to leave and want to put her into a safe community where they can keep their eye on her. She goes on the run but later realises that she is still the same woman, despite her mechanical parts and goes back to work for the OSI, but with fewer missions and more time to herself. The final episode was inspired by The Prisoner as Jaime is similarly being pursued by entities concerned about the secret information she possesses.

Despite being on different networks, both The Bionic Woman and The Six Million Dollar Man were simultaneously cancelled in the spring of 1978 due to poor ratings; after 2 1/2 and 5 seasons respectively. Unlike The Six Million Dollar Man, which ended with a standard episode, "On the Run" was written and filmed as a resolution to the series.

TV movies
Three made-for-TV movies were produced that expanded the "bionic family" and explored a rekindled love between Jaime and Steve.

In the first reunion, The Return of the Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1987), Jaime and Steve are reunited after nearly ten years of living separate lives. Jaime's memory is fully restored (according to Oscar, Jaime was involved in an explosion at the American Embassy in Budapest and "she remembered everything" after she recovered from her concussion) and she tries to reconcile her feelings for Steve while at the same time helping train Steve's son Michael in the use of his own recently acquired updated bionics. Jaime challenges Michael to a friendly race. He overtakes her and she makes the comment that she feels like an "obsolete model". Michael is kidnapped by Fortress. Steve and Jaime along with the Air Force infiltrate the abandoned glass factory to "rescue" Michael.

The second film, Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1989), introduced Sandra Bullock as paraplegic Kate Mason who becomes a next-generation bionic woman and Sommers again helps train the neophyte cyborg.

In the final reunion film, Bionic Ever After? (1994), a computer virus corrupts Jaime's bionic systems. Dr. Wells informs Steve that "she may never be bionic again," but Steve's main regard is he wants her alive above all else. She undergoes a major upgrade, which not only increases the power of her bionics but gives her night vision. Finally, after many years, the bionic couple get married.

Music
Jerry Fielding was the regular composer for the series and wrote its opening and closing themes. His friend Joe Harnell took over regular music duties midway through season one and wrote new opening and closing themes for season two. When Fielding expressed disappointment at this, the show instituted a policy where they used Fielding's opening theme and Harnell's closing theme. Harnell's compositions for the program were post-released from 2002-2010 in the compact disc format. In 1978, Columbia released a 45 rpm record with Japanese singers performing (in Japanese) "Jaime's Love" and "At The Time of Kindness".

Home media
In the UK, Universal released three single-disc volumes of selected episodes of The Bionic Woman in 2001/02. Each volume contained three episodes. Universal then released the first two full seasons of The Bionic Woman on DVD in the UK and Australia in 2005/06. There were no special features on any of the sets. Season three was eventually released in the UK by Fabulous Films in December 2012, along with repackaged versions of the first two seasons and a complete 18-disc boxed set of all three seasons. These versions contained various special features as found on the Region 1 sets (see below), though the season three release also contains all three of the Bionic reunion movies from the 1980s and 1990s.

In Germany, Koch Media has released all three seasons on DVD under the name Die Sieben Millionen Dollar Frau (The Seven Million Dollar Woman), though these sets do not contain special features.

Plans for a North American DVD release were first announced in 2004 by Universal Home Video. Those plans were made public via a listing in a TV-DVD release guide sent to retailers, a mention in an otherwise unrelated studio press release, and as a trailer included on a DVD given away through retail chain Best Buy. However, that release never happened due to rights issues which prevented both The Bionic Woman and The Six Million Dollar Man from being released on DVD in North America at that time.

In April 2010, creator Kenneth Johnson said that the rights issues had been solved and he was taping interviews for the DVD. On July 15, 2010, Universal Studios announced the release of the first season on DVD in North America, which took place on October 19, 2010. Season Two was released on May 17, 2011. On October 4, 2011, Universal released The Bionic Woman: The Complete Third & Final Season on Region 1 DVD.

On October 13, 2015, Universal released The Bionic Woman- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

The Shout! Factory will release the Blu-ray version of the complete series on August 30, 2022.

In other media
Two novels adapting various episodes were published to coincide with the series: Welcome Home, Jaime and Extracurricular Activities, both by Eileen Lottman. The UK editions of these two books were credited to "Maud Willis" and were retitled Double Identity and A Question of Life, respectively. Although the closing credits of every episode says the series was based upon Martin Caidin's 1972 novel, Cyborg, this only refers to the bionics concept, the characters of Rudy Wells and Oscar Goldman, and the occasional appearance by Steve Austin; Jaime Sommers does not appear in any of Caidin's novels.

Charlton Comics published a comic book adaptation, beginning in late summer 1977 (October shelf date). The series would not pick up again until #2's February 1978 shelf date, then continued until June of that year, for at total of five issues. UK comic Look-In ran a colour comic strip between 1976 and 1979, written by Angus P. Allan and drawn by artists including John Bolton and Arthur Ranson. The character was also to have appeared in a 1996 comic miniseries entitled Bionix by Maximum Press. Although the magazine was advertised in comic book trade publications, it was ultimately never published.

The French comic magazine Télé-Junior published strips based on the TV series. This included their own versions of The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman which was renamed Super Jaimie. The artist behind this was Pierre Dupuis.

In March 2012, Dynamite Entertainment launched a new The Bionic Woman comic book title, based upon the revised continuity established in the Kevin Smith-written The Bionic Man comic (a reimagining of The Six Million Dollar Man), in which the character of Jaime Sommers was reintroduced. A crossover mini-series, The Bionic Man vs. The Bionic Woman, was launched in January 2013. Unlike the Bionic Man title, which (depending on the artist) occasionally renders Steve Austin in the likeness of actor Lee Majors, the Dynamite version of Jaime Sommers generally is not rendered in the likeness of Lindsay Wagner. In late 2013, Dynamite ended both series and in the spring of 2014 launched The Six Million Dollar Man Season 6, a more faithful adaptation of the original Six Million Dollar Man TV series. Jaime Sommers, based on the Wagner interpretation, was reintroduced in issue 3 and in June 2014 Dynamite announced it will publish The Bionic Woman Season 4, a continuation of the TV series, beginning in the fall of 2014.

Merchandise
Like its parent program The Bionic Woman spawned its own line of toys. Kenner produced a 12-inch doll of the character, with similar features to the Steve Austin version (bionic modules and removable bionic limbs), except instead of a bionic eye the doll's head would click when turned, simulating the sound of Jaime's bionic ear. Accessories for the doll released by Kenner included additional fashions, and a Bionic Beauty Salon playset.

A metal lunchbox for children was available, as was a vinyl story record produced by Wonderland Records. Kenner produced a series of stickers and temporary tattoos featuring Jaime Sommers individually and with Steve Austin.

A board game based on The Bionic Woman series was also created. It was sold by Parker Brothers in the US, and was a 2–4 player game suited for children between 7 and 12 years of age.

In July 2016, prior to Comic-Con International, The New York Times ran a story about Dynamite Entertainment. In it, best-selling author Andy Mangels was revealed to be writing a prestigious new intercompany crossover mini-series for the company, in conjunction with DC Comics: Wonder Woman '77 Meets The Bionic Woman, bringing together the Lynda Carter television character with Lindsay Wagner's fellow 1970s television super-heroine. The series was released in December 2016. A crossover comic book series with Charlie's Angels titled, Charlie's Angels vs. the Bionic Woman was released in July 2019.

Television remake
In August 2002 it was announced that the show was to be remade by producers Jennifer and Suzanne Todd ("Team Todd") for the USA Network. After the initial press release was issued, the show never made it out of pre-production and no other announcements were made as to the show's fate.

On October 9, 2006, NBC Universal announced that it was bringing the project back, with new producers and a reworking of the concept. The project's one-hour pilot was given an official greenlight by NBC on January 3, 2007. English actress Michelle Ryan (affecting an American accent) was cast in the title role for this pilot, and Katee Sackhoff played Sarah Corvus, the bionic woman's nemesis. The series was subsequently picked up by NBC and debuted on September 26, 2007. Eight more episodes were produced and aired before the Writers Guild of America strike forced a halt to production. Series developer and producer David Eick told the official website of the Sci-Fi Channel (now known as Syfy) on March 18, 2008, that the series had been cancelled.

The new series featured very few elements of the original script and focused on a much darker concept, but received generally negative reviews. Lindsay Wagner, the original Bionic Woman, was not involved in the new series and was very critical of this version. Wagner said, "On a technical level, it was very good, but I don't think they understood the show. It was steeped in that old-school thinking. It was like a lot of things today, angry and dark."

title: The Bionic Woman


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Baron Arundell of Wardour

Baron Arundell of Wardour, in the County of Wiltshire, was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1605 for Thomas Arundell, known as "Thomas the Valiant", son of Sir Matthew Arundell (died 1598) and grandson of Sir Thomas Arundell (executed 1552) and of Margaret Howard, a sister of Queen Catherine Howard. Arundell had already been created a Count of the Holy Roman Empire by Rudolph II in December 1595 (see below). He was succeeded by his son, the second Baron. He fought as a Royalist in the Civil War and was mortally wounded at the Battle of Stratton in 1643. His son, the third Baron, was implicated in the Popish Plot and imprisoned in the Tower of London for six years. However, after the accession of James II he was restored to favour and served as Lord Privy Seal from 1687 to 1688. His great-great-great-grandson, the eighth Baron (the title having descended from father to son), was an avid collector of art and accumulated immense debts in building and furnishing New Wardour Castle.

He had no sons and was succeeded by his cousin, the ninth Baron. He was the son of the Hon. James Everard Arundell, younger son of the sixth Baron. On his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the tenth Baron. He voted against the Reform Bill 1832, the only Catholic peer to do so. He was childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the eleventh Baron. Two of the eleventh Baron's son, the twelfth and thirteenth Barons, succeeded in the title. The latter was a Roman Catholic priest. On the thirteenth Baron's death the title passed to his third cousin once removed, the fourteenth Baron. He was the great-grandson of Thomas Raymond Arundell, younger son of the aforementioned the Hon. James Everard Arundell, younger son of the sixth Baron. He died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fifteenth Baron. When he died the titles passed to his son, the sixteenth Baron, who died from effects of service in 1944 during the Second World War. On his death the barony became extinct.

John Richard Arundell, 10th Baron Talbot de Malahide (born 1931) is the son of Reginald John Arthur Talbot, who in 1945 assumed by Royal licence the surname and arms of Arundell, and who was the great-grandson of Admiral The Hon. Sir John Talbot and his wife Mabile Mary Arundell, daughter of Hon. Robert Arthur Arundell, fourth son of James Everard Arundell, 9th Baron Arundell of Wardour and Charlotte Stuart Parkin, youngest daughter of Dr. Henry Parkin, RN, Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets.

The Barons took their title from Wardour Castle in Wiltshire, which is now partially ruined.

Barons Arundell of Wardour (1605)

 * Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour (1560–1639)
 * Thomas Arundell, 2nd Baron Arundell of Wardour (1586–1643)
 * Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour (d. 1694)
 * Thomas Arundell, 4th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1633–1712)
 * Henry Arundell, 5th Baron Arundell of Wardour (d. 1726)
 * Henry Arundell, 6th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1694–1746)
 * Henry Arundell, 7th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1717–1756)
 * Henry Arundell, 8th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1740–1808)
 * James Everard Arundell, 9th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1763–1817)
 * James Everard Arundell, 10th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1785–1834)
 * Henry Benedict Arundell, 11th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1804–1862)
 * John Francis Arundell, 12th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1831–1906)
 * Everard Aloysius Gonzaga Arundell, 13th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1834–1907)
 * Edgar Clifford Arundell, 14th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1859–1921)
 * Gerald Arthur Arundell, 15th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1861–1939)
 * John Francis Arundell, 16th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1907–1944)

Counts Arundell of Wardour in the Holy Roman Empire
In 1595, Thomas Arundell, later to become the first Baron Arundell of Wardour, was created a hereditary Count of the Holy Roman Empire by the Emperor Rudolph II for his military service in Hungary against the Turks. This grant occasioned much controversy on his return to England over its effect on his English precedence and the legitimacy of foreign titles in England.

The Arundell family thus held titles of nobility from different countries, governed by different rules. While their English titles normally descend according to strict primogeniture, the title of Count under the law of the Holy Roman Empire (and its successor states) belonged equally to all male-line descendants of the original grantee in perpetuity; all male-line descendants of Thomas Arundell were thus sometimes styled "Count" (German: Graf), while female family members were styled "Countess" (Gräfin).

title: Baron Arundell of Wardour


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The Joy of Tech

Joy of Tech is a webcomic created by Nitrozac and Snaggy, whose real names are Liza Schmalcel and Bruce Evans. Both are Canadians. The comic, which is produced three times a week, concentrates on technology-oriented themes, with an emphasis on the "cult" of Apple Computer products.

In 2003, O'Reilly Media published a printed compilation, titled The Best of the Joy of Tech, which includes an introduction by David Pogue and a foreword by Steve Wozniak.

Nitrozac and Snaggy also created the webcomic After Y2k, which is not currently updated, and have had other work published in many newspapers, magazines, and online sites.

The strip has been noted by Mashable, MakeUseOf, workawesome, Nocturnal Cloud, CNET, and oneextrapixel, with a selection of strips highlighted by Bored Comics.

title: The Joy of Tech


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Earl of Ashburnham

Earl of Ashburnham (pronounced "Ash-burn-am"), of Ashburnham in the County of Sussex, was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain created in 1730 for John Ashburnham, 3rd Baron Ashburnham, who was also created Viscount St Asaph, in Wales.

Baron Ashburnham was created in the Peerage of England in 1689 for John Ashburnham, grandson of the John Ashburnham who helped King Charles I escape from Oxford and Hampton Court Palace. He obtained from the King, for his London seat, the Westminster Abbey Prior's House, which had been seized by the Crown during the dissolution of the monasteries. He rebuilt it and renamed it Ashburnham House; it now stands as one of the central buildings of Westminster School, and has given the family name to one of the co-ed day houses.

The titles all became extinct in 1924, with the death of the 6th Earl. The surviving member of the family was Lady Mary Catherine Charlotte Ashburnham (1890–1953), daughter of the 5th Earl.

The family's wealth was substantially drawn from the Welsh village of Pembrey; as late as 1873 the earls owned 7,568 acres in Wales. They also carried on the iron industry at their extensive landholdings across Sussex.

The 2nd and 3rd Earls of Ashburnham were successful courtiers. The 4th Earl bought a famous collection of Illuminated manuscripts, which was sold by the 5th Earl, mostly to  the British Library, although the Ashburnham Pentateuch is in Paris. The 5th Earl sold off most of the painting collection, including one of Rembrandt's self-portraits. He was a supporter of the Spanish Carlist claimant, Juan, Count of Montizón.

The country seat of the Earls of Ashburnham was Ashburnham Place in Sussex. It was occupied by the 6th earl's niece, Lady Catherine Ashburnham (1890–1953), until her death in 1953, and subsequently the contents were sold in 1953 and the land in 1953–1957. The estate was inherited by the Reverend John Bickersteth (1926–1991). The house was reduced in size and turned into a Christian conference centre, which caters to both individuals and groups.

Barons Ashburnham (1689)

 * John Ashburnham, 1st Baron Ashburnham (1656–1710)
 * William Ashburnham, 2nd Baron Ashburnham (1679–1710)
 * John Ashburnham, 3rd Baron Ashburnham (1687–1737; created Earl of Ashburnham in 1730)

Earls of Ashburnham (1730)

 * John Ashburnham, 1st Earl of Ashburnham (1687–1737)
 * John Ashburnham, 2nd Earl of Ashburnham (1724–1812)
 * George Ashburnham, 3rd Earl of Ashburnham (1760–1830)
 * George Ashburnham, Viscount St Asaph (1785–1813)
 * Bertram Ashburnham, 4th Earl of Ashburnham (1797–1878)
 * Bertram Ashburnham, 5th Earl of Ashburnham (1840–1913)
 * Thomas Ashburnham, 6th Earl of Ashburnham (1855–1924)

Toponymy
Ashburnham County in New South Wales, Australia was named after the 4th Earl.

title: Earl of Ashburnham


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Talk:Cardassian military ranks

Does anyone really think there will be enough content for all these fictional military ranks? I think it might be better, at this point anyways, to create a new article called Cardassian Military (or similar) and provide the descriptions of the ranks. If they get expanded enough, then they can be put into their own article. RedWolf 02:30, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cardassian military ranks


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Kellie Maloney

Kellie Maloney (born Francis Maloney, 23 January 1953  ) is an English boxing manager and promoter, and television personality. Formerly known as Frank Maloney, Maloney managed Lennox Lewis, who won the undisputed heavyweight championship of the world, between 1989 and 2001. This made Maloney the first Briton to manage a British heavyweight champion in almost a century.

In August 2014, Maloney announced that she wished to be known as Kellie and that she was undertaking gender reassignment. Maloney later appeared in the fourteenth series of Celebrity Big Brother in August 2014. She has been described as one of the most well-known transgender people in Britain.

Boxing promotion
Maloney was born in London to Irish Catholic emigrant parents, Maureen from County Wicklow and Thomas from Roscrea, County Tipperary. She was raised as one of three brothers in Peckham, south London. Maloney's father encouraged her to pursue boxing, and Maloney took part in her first match aged 11. However, Maloney's small stature put her at a disadvantage, leading her to work as a boxing manager instead. By the late 1970s, her experience training other boxers and organising amateur competitions had led her to a career as a professional trainer, working with promoter Frank Warren. After splitting with Warren in the 1980s, Maloney moved into management and began promoting professional fights, becoming Lennox Lewis's manager in 1989.

While best known as the promoter who took Lewis to the top, Maloney has also guided four other fighters to World Titles and has managed a string of British, European and Commonwealth Champions. In 2009, the 'Boxing Binman', Rendall Munroe, made his fifth successive defence of his European Super Bantamweight title and later thrice fought for a world title, twice on an interim basis, drawing once and losing twice.

On 14 September 2009 Maloney suffered a heart attack while watching John McDermott lose a contentious decision to Tyson Fury; significant heart damage was discovered when Maloney was admitted to hospital with shock after finding the body of client Darren Sutherland following his suicide. It was reported that Maloney was not welcome at Sutherland's funeral service, although reports circulated that her wife, Tracey, and mother, Maureen, attended. Some of the evidence heard in the inquest into Sutherland's death was critical of Maloney, who Sutherland was said to be frightened of.

Maloney announced the decision to retire from boxing in October 2013.

In April 2015, Maloney announced that, following the completion of her gender reassignment, she would be returning to boxing to promote again.

Other ventures
Following her gender transition, Maloney made a number of reality television appearances. In 2014 she appeared in reality TV series Celebrity Big Brother, reportedly receiving the highest fee of any housemate at £400,000. She appeared in the 2019 series of Celebrity Masterchef. In June 2021, the first trailer for Knockout Blonde, a five-part documentary series about Maloney, was released.

Politics
Maloney was the UKIP candidate for the 2004 London mayoral election, during which she was accused of "Griffin-like racism".

She was also criticised for comments about lesbian and gay people. These included the explanation that a failure to campaign in Camden was because there were "too many gays". Maloney later told the BBC: "I don't want to campaign around gays ... I don't think they do a lot for society ... what I have a problem with is them openly flaunting their sexuality." James Davenport, chairman of Gay Conservatives, called for Maloney's resignation as a UKIP candidate, saying: "Frank Maloney is a dangerous extremist and should resign or be sacked as UKIP's candidate for London mayor. UKIP must back or sack their homophobic candidate."

Maloney also stood as the UKIP candidate in the Barking constituency at the 2010 general election, finishing fifth of ten candidates with 1,300 votes (2.9%), thereby losing her deposit.

In a 2014 interview with LGBTQ magazine EQView, Maloney addressed her previous statements, stating: "I accept comments I made in the past were wrong. If you knew Frank Maloney, if you were there when I made those remarks – you would have seen the smirk on my face. I knew it was wrong but I was saying it in jest [...] it was a mistake."

In 2015, Maloney spoke at UKIP's Spring Conference in Kent, receiving a standing ovation.

Maloney later left UKIP, citing party leader Nigel Farage's stance on LGBTQ rights as the trigger for her withdrawing her support.

Personal life
Maloney has been married twice, marrying her first wife, Jackie, aged 21. The couple had their first child, Emma, shortly after.

She was married for over 15 years to second wife Tracey; they have two daughters. Maloney said in her first televised interview as an open trans woman that she and Tracey are now divorced, but that she has been "very supportive". In an interview with the Daily Mirror in 2015, Maloney disclosed that she once attempted to strangle her then-wife Tracey prior to her gender transition. She was quoted as saying, “I just lost it. . . I grabbed her and had my hands around her neck." “If [my children] hadn’t come into the room . . . I dread to think what might have happened.” Maloney wrote of the incident in her book, Becoming a Woman in a Man's World. The book was published in June 2015.

Maloney is Catholic. She is a supporter of Millwall Football Club.

Gender transition
Following threats from the press to out her, in August 2014, Maloney announced in the Sunday Mirror that she is now known as Kellie, and was undergoing gender reassignment. Lennox Lewis was initially shocked at the news but expressed respect for Maloney's decision. On a radio interview she discussed her family's reaction with her mother Maureen, who has reportedly been supportive.

Maloney had already received counselling, hormone therapy, and voice coaching. In April 2015, Maloney announced that her gender reassignment was now complete.

title: Kellie Maloney