text:
Bad Girls (1994 film)

Bad Girls is a 1994 American Western film directed by Jonathan Kaplan, and written by Ken Friedman and Yolande Turner. It stars Madeleine Stowe, Mary Stuart Masterson, Andie MacDowell and Drew Barrymore. The film follows four former prostitutes on the run following a justifiable homicide and prison escape, who later encounter difficulties involving bank robbery and Pinkerton detectives.

The film was originally conceived as a feminist Western and a low-budget independent film, until producers Albert Ruddy and André Morgan brought in 20th Century Fox. The involvement of a major studio substantially increased the film's budget and necessitated the casting of big-name actresses. Principal photography began in July 1993 in Sonora, California with director Tamra Davis at the helm, but shortly into filming, producers fired Davis and reconceptualized the movie to be more of an action film. Jonathan Kaplan was hired to replace Davis.

Bad Girls opened in North American theaters on April 22, 1994. It received largely negative reviews and was a box office disappointment, with critics opining that the film squandered its encouraging premise and misused its four female leads.

Plot
Cody, Anita, Eileen and Lily work together in a brothel. When Anita is abused by a customer, Cody kills the man after he opens fire on her. Narrowly escaping from a lynch mob, they are pursued by Pinkerton detectives hired by the widow of the coronel Cody shot. A man they meet on the road, McCoy, warns them of the pursuit.

They discuss riding to Oregon and starting a new life by taking up the claim to land inherited by Anita when her husband died of cholera. Cody offers to fund their new start from savings she has accumulated over the years.

Going to the bank where Cody's savings are held, as she tries to close her account and make a withdrawal, the Pinkerton detectives catch up with her and try to arrest her. Leaving the bank manager's office, they find themselves in the middle of a bank robbery being staged by Kid Jarrett, a former lover of Cody's. He helps her escape from arrest, but takes her money and tells her to find him.

During the escape, Eileen is arrested. Cody decides to go after the money and Kid Jarrett, telling Anita and Lily to wait in hiding. Instead, they return to town to break Eileen out of jail.

Cody's meeting with Kid Jarrett and his father Frank Jarrett does not go well. As Kid Jarrett has not forgiven her for running out on him, he flogs her. Later, she is found unconscious by McCoy, who brings her to a healer in town and puts the Pinkerton detectives off her trail.

McCoy, Cody and the other three women meet up on the ranch of a farmer who'd been guarding Eileen's cell (and whom they'd tricked into releasing her). Cody plans revenge on Kid Jarrett. They foil a train robbery and steal his loot, at the cost of Lily being abducted. In turn, they abduct Frank Jarrett.

Regrouping again on the ranch, Anita leaves the others, frustrated with their revenge-motivated misadventures. She goes to a lawyer in town and finds out that the claim is only valid in the hands of her husband - as a woman, she cannot claim the land in Oregon.

Frank Jarrett antagonizes his captors until McCoy shoots him. Angry over it, Cody sends McCoy away. Meanwhile, Lily is being raped by her captors. When McCoy stages a one-man rescue attempt, he is captured, but Lily escapes.

Reunited, Cody, Anita and Eileen go to rescue Lily and meet her on the road. When she tells them that McCoy has been captured, they continue towards Kid Jarrett's hideout, and offer to trade the stolen loot for McCoy, who has been flogged and tortured. Kid agrees, then shoots McCoy as soon as the loot is handed over. He gives Cody the money he stole from her.

While retreating, one of Lily's would-be rapists taunts her, triggering a shootout that results in the deaths of Kid's entire gang.

After the shootout, Eileen marries the rancher, while Lily, Cody and Anita head west to start a new life, mentioning the Klondike Gold Rush of 1896. On the trail, they overtake the Pinkerton detectives, who do not see them.

Production
The original director was Tamra Davis. The script, written by Yolande Finche and Davis' close friend Becky Johnston, was envisioned as an artsy film that would "foreground the political themes of the Western". Davis lobbied for New Line Cinema to make the film with her as the director. The budget was initially set at $6 million. The project was abandoned until 20th Century Fox agreed to finance it, assigning producers Albert Ruddy and André Morgan to be in charge. The film then became a high-profile production with name actresses in talks to star, and the budget was upped to $16.5 million.

Just before filming began in Sonora, California, Davis was handed a 75-page script rewrite, and the actresses reportedly received only one day's worth of weapons training and a minimal amount of rehearsal time. Nine days into filming, Davis was fired. Ruddy and Morgan maintained that the reasoning was Davis falling behind schedule, but reports also speculated that in contrast to Davis' vision, the studio wanted a "sexier version of the $43 million-grossing Young Guns". Madeleine Stowe told Entertainment Weekly at the time, "Tamra had nothing to work with. There is no director, given the kind of production she was given, who could have come up with what they wanted." Co-star Dermot Mulroney said the studio had been dissatisfied when the dailies showed "women just sitting around, and they paid for this big action film".

In the wake of Davis' firing, Fox hired producer Lynda Obst, director Jonathan Kaplan, cinematographer Ralf Bode, and screenwriter Ken Friedman. The budget then went up to $20 million. Production was shut down for three weeks, during which the script was rewritten to be more action-oriented and the principal cast attended a "cowboy camp" supervised by stunt coordinator Walter Scott. Discussing the studio's hiring changes, Obst said, "Jonathan is like a woman. His Heart Like a Wheel was the first feminist movie that knocked me out. He's more of a feminist than I am. I kept saying, 'Women do not want to ride into the sunset without men. We like men.'" Obst later expressed that the studio's meddling had made for a troublesome production.

Stowe said, "I had actually liked the first script very much and would never have agreed to do it otherwise. But I guess it wasn't translating." Stowe later recalled the shoot as an unpleasant experience, with the only positive being that it introduced her to Texas, where she later bought a home.

The railroad scenes were filmed on the Sierra Railroad in Tuolumne County, California. When filming resumed with Kaplan, the production moved to Brackettville, Texas for eight weeks.

The ending of Bad Girls was reshot after negative test screenings. Said Mary Stuart Masterson, "The [original] story was more about each of us getting our money and going our separate ways."

Soundtrack
The film's music was written by Jerry Goldsmith, who composed the music as a cross between the style of his 1960s westerns and a contemporary sound. The soundtrack has been released twice; through 20th Century Fox Film Scores on 10 May 1994 and an extended, limited edition through La-La Land Records and Fox Music on 28 June 2011.

Track list for the La-La Land edition (tracks in italics also on the Fox release, asterisked tracks include previously unreleased material):

 * 1) The John (2:19)
 * 2) The Hanging (2:06)
 * 3) Which Way? (:42)
 * 4) The Snake (1:20)
 * 5) The Saw Mill (1:56)
 * 6) Keep Moving (:57)
 * 7) Bank Job* (5:16)
 * 8) The Gang/The Posse (:56)
 * 9) Return to the Fold (4:06)
 * 10) Don't Hurt Me (1:45)
 * 11) Jail Break (3:27)
 * 12) No Money (2:09)
 * 13) The Guests (:36)
 * 14) Welcome to My Home (1:20)
 * 15) The Pleasure of Your Company (:48)
 * 16) Ambush (5:45)
 * 17) What's Your Name? (1:18)
 * 18) The Claim (:25)
 * 19) Together (:39)
 * 20) I Shot Him* (2:46)
 * 21) Put It On (1:32)
 * 22) River Crossing (:34)
 * 23) Rescued (3:03)
 * 24) Josh’s Death (3:41)
 * 25) No Bullets (3:53)
 * 26) My Land/End Credits (6:53)

Critical response
Bad Girls received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics upon its release and currently holds a 13% "Rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 24 reviews, with an average score of 3.6/10. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave Bad Girls a grade of "B-" on a scale of A+ to F.

On April 22, 1994, Roger Ebert wrote for the Chicago Sun-Times: "What a good idea, to make a Western about four tough women. And what a sad movie." He concluded, "The failure of 'Bad Girls' is all the more poignant because the actresses are at the top of their forms right now, and could have been inspired by a more ambitious production. Think of Stowe in 'Blink,' MacDowell in 'Four Weddings And A Funeral,' Masterson in 'Fried Green Tomatoes,' Barrymore in 'Gun Crazy.' Better still, see them in those films, and reflect how lame they seem in this concoction."

Janet Maslin of The New York Times ridiculed the film as "Cowpoke Barbie" and commented the only positive aspect to the film was its cast. Maslin said Stowe gives the film's most interesting performance, but she lamented Masterson has so little to do. She also commented "Jonathan Kaplan directs 'Bad Girls' in a surprisingly stilted manner, without the slightest feel for the western genre in either its traditional or neo-feminist forms. The film feels stiff and looks awkward, despite Mr. Kaplan's usually serious, accomplished way of telling a story."

The Morning Call praised the film's production values, saying "the authentic-appearing sets give one a sense of the 1890s west in the waning days of the American frontier. Filter-laden cinematography imparts a lived-in, burnished look to the west Texas landscape where the movie was partly made". It said "the best performance among the female leads is by Drew Barrymore, as Lilly Laronette, who chews the tobacco out of the pulp fiction script", but lamented that the film squanders the talents of Stowe, MacDowell, and Masterson.

In a retrospective review for Grantland, Molly Lambert wrote, "Bad Girls is a campy romp that’s never very much fun. Madeleine Stowe has the most to do as tomboy Cody Zamora, Andie MacDowell is better than usual as a Southern belle madame, Mary Stewart Masterson wears prairie dresses, and Drew Barrymore shows her boobs." She added the outcome "is particularly disappointing because a Western about four prostitutes swearing vengeance has so much potential".

Box office
The film opened in the number 1 position with $5,012,200, but dropped to number 4 in its second week of release. The film grossed $15,240,435 in the United States and Canada and $23 million worldwide.

Year-end lists

 * Top 10 worst (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Mike Mayo, The Roanoke Times
 * Worst films (not ranked) – Jeff Simon, The Buffalo News
 * Dishonorable mention – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News
 * Dishonorable mention – Dan Craft, The Pantagraph

Home media
The film was released on VHS and on DVD, which contains an uncut extended version.

title: Bad Girls (1994 film)


text:
Carlea

Carlea may refer to:
 * Carlea, Saskatchewan, a former railway station and hamlet in Canada
 * Carlea, a taxonomic synonym of the plant genus Symplocos

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carlea


text: User talk:69.5.156.155

title: User talk:69.5.156.155


text:
Claybank

Claybank may refer to:

 * Claybank, Saskatchewan
 * Claybank Brick Plant
 * Claybanks Township, Michigan
 * The red dun horse coat color

title: Claybank


text:
Coleville

Coleville may refer to:

 * Coleville, Saskatchewan
 * Coleville, California
 * Coleville, Missouri

title: Coleville


text:
Parishes of Dominica

Dominica is divided into ten parishes. The largest parish by population in Dominica is Saint George which contains the capital city Roseau and has a total population of 21,241. The smallest parish by population is Saint Peter with 1,430 residents. The largest parish by land area is Saint Andrew which spans 179.9 km2, while Saint Luke is the smallest at 10.8 km2.

title: Parishes of Dominica


text:
Aquilino Pimentel Jr.

Aquilino Quilinging Pimentel Jr. (, December 11, 1933 – October 20, 2019), commonly known as Nene Pimentel, was a Filipino politician and human rights lawyer who was one of the leading political opposition leaders during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos from the declaration of martial law in 1972 until the People Power Revolution in 1986, which removed Marcos from power. He co-founded the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) and served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines from 2000 to 2001. He is the father of incumbent senator and former Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III. In 2018, Pimentel was identified by the Human Rights Victims' Claims Board as a Motu Proprio human rights violations victim of the Martial Law Era.

Early life
Nene Pimentel was born on December 11, 1933, to Aquilino "Aquio" E. Pimentel Sr. (January 4, 1909 – November 8, 1987), a lawyer from Cagayan de Oro, and Petra Quilinging (July 27, 1911 – May 11, 1956), a public school teacher from Batac, Ilocos Norte. He married Lourdes "Bing" de la Llana on April 30, 1960, and they had six children, including Aquilino Pimentel III.

Delegate to the 1971 Constitutional Convention
In 1971, Pimentel rose to national prominence as an elected delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1971, representing Misamis Oriental. The nature of the Constitutional Convention changed when then-President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972. Pimentel and a few like-minded delegates feared the Constitutional Convention would produce a Marcos-scripted Constitution and were vocal in their opposition. Pimentel also protested certain provisions as being contrary to the people's interest. In the subsequent roundup of those who opposed Marcos, he was arrested in early 1973 and jailed for three months at Camp Crame. Pimentel, who had a young family, bade his wife Bing "Be brave. Don’t cry," and submitted to the incarceration. He was released from prison in time for the signing of the Constitution. Along with a few other delegates, Pimentel refused to sign the Constitution.

He then went to work as a lawyer for the National Secretariat for Social Action of the Catholic Bishops Conference.

1978 interim Batasang Pambansa elections
In April 1978, Pimentel ran for a post in the Interim Batasan elections as an official candidate of the Laban party of Metro Manila with Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Members of Marcos' KBL party swept the seats. Pimentel and other opposition leaders like Senator Lorenzo Tañada, Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Tito Guingona, Archie Intengan SJ, and Chino Roces loudly protested the defeat of all opposition candidates and denounced the massive cheating that had taken place. Pimentel was one of those arrested for leading a demonstration against what he termed farcical elections. He had spoken out against Marcos' bid to produce a rubber stamp legislature to win legitimacy for his iron-fisted regime which was increasingly being criticized here and abroad. Pimentel was jailed for two months in Camp Bicutan in Taguig, Metro Manila.

Pimentel's second stint in prison did not silence him. In fact, it strengthened his resolve to fight for freedom and to oppose electoral fraud. Ever the parliamentarian, he brought the battle from the streets to the polls in January 1980 when Marcos allowed local elections.

Mayor of Cagayan de Oro
His wife Bing recalled they launched his mayoralty bid in Cagayan de Oro with a mere ₱2,000 in his war chest – all the money the couple could muster. But Cagayanons who believed in him contributed to his campaign and penned his name on their ballot. Pimentel won by a 3–1 margin over his KBL rival, who was fielded by Marcos. Pimentel ran under the coalition banner of the National Union for Democracy and Freedom and the Mindanao Alliance which busted KBL dominance in Misamis Oriental. He and his entire slate of candidates for vice mayor and seven city councilors swept the elections in Cagayan de Oro. His candidates for governor and vice governor also won.

Pimentel was not to govern his city unhindered. In 1981, while he was on a five-week training course in the United States, the COMELEC ousted him for "political turncoatism", installing the KBL candidate as mayor. The COMELEC cited Pimentel for switching from Laban in April 1978 to the Narional Union for Democracy and Freedom in December 1979 and then running as candidate of the Mindanao Alliance in January 1980.

The COMELEC's move ired the Cagayanons. Pimentel partisans immediately staged peaceful demonstrations to express their displeasure. About 30 of his supporters also started fasting in protest. Six days later, 10,000 of his supporters marched around the city in a nonviolent show of support for Pimentel who was then on an official trip to the US. Thousands more lined the streets to cheer them on. This first-ever demonstration of "People Power" came at a time when Marcos did not lightly tolerate dissent.

Meanwhile, in Manila, Pimentel's lawyer, headed by opposition leaders former senators Lorenzo Tañada and Soc Rodrigo, along with Abraham Sarmiento, Raul Gonzales and Joker Arroyo, claimed that the COMELEC had acted without jurisdiction and contented that the electorate's will should be respected. The COMELEC, however, reaffirmed its decision to oust Pimentel.

The conflict made national headlines and photos of demonstrations in Cagayan de Oro appeared in a major daily. To defuse the escalating turmoil, Marcos engineered a truce and reinstalled Pimentel as mayor, pending a Supreme Court decision. Pimentel arrived from the US in time to pick up the reins of city government that had briefly been wrested from him.

In 1983, while he was in Cebu City, Pimentel was arrested on charges of rebellion and was detained. He had allegedly given P100 to New People's Army commander. Bing Pimentel recalled it was horrible time as the family did not know where he was. They traced him to Camp Sergio Osmeña and later to Camp Cabahug in the City of Cebu. Even as he was held in the military detention centers, his followers from Cagayan de Oro and other parts of the country visited him by the hundreds to boost his morale and keep his spirits high.

Nene Pimentel disputed the charges and was later released. Returning home, he was mobbed by thousand of his supporters upon his arrival at the pier of Cagayan de Oro. Later, he was again arrested for allegedly engaging in ambuscades. His supporters contributed centavos and pesos in small denomination to bail him out. Subsequently, Pimentel was placed under house arrest which lasted for almost seven months.

Assemblyman for Batasang Pambansa
From the confines of his home, Pimentel continued to keep abreast of national news. He helped rally the opposition, ran the city and launched his bid as assemblyman for the Batasang Pambansa. He was, if anything, not quiet. He protested relentlessly and fearlessly against injustice, fraud, corruption and Marcos' dictatorial rule.

Then, in the aftermath of the assassination of Marcos's chief rival, Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. in 1983, Pimentel won a seat in the 1984 Philippine parliamentary election, but the Marcos government ousted him on the allegation that he had cheated in the elections. The Supreme Court itself recounted the ballots in an electoral contest.

The feisty Pimentel, a relentless critic of the Marcos regime, was often seen with Ninoy's widow, Cory, as they rallied the opposition. At one point, Cory asked him to be her running mate in the 1986 Philippine presidential election and he agreed. However, when Cardinal Jaime Sin brokered a political marriage between Cory and Salvador "Doy" Laurel, Pimentel graciously stepped aside and let history run its course.

Upon her ascent to power after the People Power Revolution, President Aquino appointed Pimentel as Minister of Local Government. He had the unenviable task of dismantling the structure of dictatorship and corruption left behind by the Marcos regime. Pimentel wielded the axe deliberately, gaining a breathing space for the new administration. His critics alleged he had sold positions in the new government, but none could make the charge stick. Pimentel incurred the ire of some but also the respect of those who saw that he did it without fear or favor or taint of corruption.

First term: 1987–1992
Pimentel then was elected Senator in 1987, finishing 20th, serving a five-year term until 1992. He authored the seminal Local Government Code of 1991. As Senator, he authored and sponsored several key pieces of legislation, among them the Local Government Code of 1991, the Cooperative Code, the Philippine Sports Commission Act, the Act Creating the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, and the People's Small-Scale Mining Act. He also authored and co-sponsored the Generic Drugs Act and the Act Establishing the Philippine Police under a Reorganized Department of Interior and Local Government.

On November 24, 1990, Pimentel was riding a six-seater plane to Naga City to deliver a speech on the proposed Local Government Code when an engine malfunctioned during the plane's descent in stormy weather, but the pilot, Capt. Edgardo Lopez, was able to maneuver around a mountain and land safely at Naga Airport. On September 16, 1991, Pimentel was among the "Magnificent 12" senators who voted against the extension of the PH-US Bases Treaty.

Vice Presidential Bid and a 1995 attempt to return to the Senate (1992–1998)
Pimentel then launched a bid for the vice presidency in 1992, running under the Liberal Party–PDP–Laban coalition with Jovito Salonga running for president. However, he lost to fellow Senator Joseph Estrada, finishing fifth among the vice presidential candidates by garnering 9.9% of the vote.

Pimentel was defeated in the 1995 national elections after running for another term for the Senate placing on number 15. He then took the case to the Supreme Court eventually winning the suit in 2004.

Return to the Senate (1998–2010)
In 1998, Pimentel ran successfully for another term in the Senate of the Philippines, from 1998 to 2004. Along with Edgardo Angara and Juan Ponce Enrile, Pimentel is one of the three senators elected in 1987 to return to the Senate.

He was re-elected in the May 10, 2004, National Elections attaining the third highest number of votes nationally of nearly 80 candidates for 12 Senate seats.

During his term (1998–2010) at the Senate, Pimentel authored several bills and resolutions, some of which have already been enacted into law:

 * R.A. No.7160, The Local Government Code in 1991;

 * R.A. No. 6938, The Cooperative Code;

 * R.A. No. 6678, The Generic Drugs Act;

 * R.A. No. 6734, An Act Creating the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao;

Senate President (2000–2001)
In October 2000, Senate President Franklin Drilon issued a statement about the Juetengate scandal of President Joseph Estrada. Drilon was removed as Senate President the next month through a Senate revamp and Pimentel was installed as Senate President. In December 2000, an impeachment case was filed on the Senate. On January 16, 2001, Pimentel was one of those who voted in favor of the opening of the second bank envelope. Their vote was outnumbered and some of the opposition senators cried in front of Senate President Pimentel. Joseph Estrada was ousted in January by the second EDSA People Power Revolution, but he was pardoned by his successor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on October 26, 2007. Pimentel occupied the Senate presidency until the end of the regular session in June 2001. As he explained his vote to open he declared: "I vote to do so because that is the only way to determine whether or not the contents of the envelope are relevant or material to the case at bar. Because of this development, Mr. Chief Justice, I realize that the NO’s have it. And therefore, I resign my presidency of the Senate as soon as my successor is elected."

Before stepping down as senator, Pimentel made a final privilege speech, where he demanded the American government and the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago to return to the Philippines the Golden Tara, one of the most significant artifacts in the entire country which landed in American possession during the financial crisis in the Philippines.

Blue Ribbon Committee Chair

As chair of the Blue Ribbon Committee, he has recommended the prosecution of top government officials of previous administrations in relation to the Expo Pilipino centennial scam and the misuse of the funds of the Retirement and Separation Benefits Systems of the Armed Forces. He has also recommended the prosecution of certain personnel of the Land Registration Administration for involvement in faking of land titles. Recently his committee also conducted series of investigations into the allegation of Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson on jueteng scandal. As Chair of the Committee on Local Government, he has supported far-reaching amendments to further strengthen the role of local government units in national development. He has also gotten senate approval to return the police to the supervision of LGUs and has authored a law to fix the date for elections of ARMM officials.

He was the president and founder of the PDP–Laban party. On April 25, 2008, Senator Pimentel authored a bill that would shift the Philippines into a Federal Republic of the Philippines.

Post-Senate career
Nene Pimentel left office on June 30, 2010, after serving three Senate terms and briefly as Senate President.

Pimentel remained active in political life, taking on the role of elder statesman - continuing to criticise authoritarianism, human rights violations, and the Marcoses.

Nene Pimentel was a proponent of federalism in the Philippines. He has proposed 5 states in Luzon (North Luzon, Cordillera, Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, and Bicol), 1 federal capital (Metro Manila), 4 states in Visayas (East Visayas, Central Visayas, Western Visayas, and Minparom), and 3-4 states in Mindanao (Bangsamoro, Southern Mindanao, and Northern Mindanao - which may be divided into Northeast Mindanao and Northwest Mindanao). He also proposed the establishment of two autonomous regions within the proposed Bangsamoro federal state, as the Muslims of the Sulu archipelago do not want to be lumped with the Muslims of mainland Mindanao due to their distinct culture.

Politically active descendants
His son Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III ran for Senator in 2007. In 2010, his daughter Gwen made a senatorial race attempt under the Nacionalista Party coalition and a member of the PDP–Laban.

The following year, Koko was proclaimed senator after Migz Zubiri resigned from the Senate. He got his full term in 2013 under Team PNoy. He then served as Senate President from 2016 to 2018. Nene supported President Rodrigo Duterte during the election campaign.

Death
On October 14, 2019, Pimentel was admitted to the intensive care unit of an undisclosed hospital in Metro Manila. His daughter, Gwendolyn, reported that he was experiencing difficulty in breathing due to pneumonia. A family statement described that Pimentel was "very ill".

On October 20, his son, Senator Koko Pimentel, announced that his father had died at around 5 a.m. (PST) due to complications from lymphoma. He was 85 and two months shy of his 86th birthday. The elder Pimentel's wake was held at the Heritage Memorial Park in Taguig from October 20 to 22 and from October 25 to 26, at the Senate of the Philippines session hall on October 23, and at the Cagayan De Oro City Hall from October 23 to 25. His remains were laid to rest at The Heritage Park in Taguig on October 26.

title: Aquilino Pimentel Jr.


text:
Bad Girls (Voigt novel)

Bad Girls is a young-adult novel by Cynthia Voigt, first published in 1997. It follows two fifth-graders, Michelle "Mikey" Elsinger and Margalo Epps, exploring issues of friendship, courage, and ethics using the lens of these two girls who are ambitious, combative, intelligent, and independent in ways that break from the norm. Voigt uses the concept of "bad"-ness here in somewhat the way Nietzsche deals with good and evil in his Beyond Good and Evil, debunking some of our socially constructed values (in this case, surrounding gender) rather than merely embracing the dark side.

The novel has been translated into Dutch, French, German, Italian, Polish, and Spanish.

Sequels
Sequels in the "Bad Girls" series include Bad, Badder, Baddest; It's Not Easy Being Bad; Bad Girls in Love; and Bad Girls, Bad Girls, Whatcha Gonna Do? which will reportedly be the last in the series. Each book takes the two girls through one grade.

title: Bad Girls (Voigt novel)


text: Template:Municipalities in Antwerp

title: Template:Municipalities in Antwerp


text:
Ridgedale

Ridgedale has multiple meanings, including:

 * Ridgedale, Saskatchewan
 * Ridgedale Center, a regional shopping mall in Minnetonka, Minnesota
 * Ridgedale, Hampshire County, West Virginia
 * Ridgedale, Missouri
 * Ridgedale (also known as Washington Bottom Farm), the plantation of George W. Washington, a distant relative of George Washington

title: Ridgedale


text:
Tisdale

Tisdale may refer to:

People

 * Ashley Tisdale (born 1985), American entertainer
 * David Tisdale (1835–1911), Canadian politician
 * Henry N. Tisdale (born 1944), American academic administrator, educator, and mathematician
 * Jennifer Tisdale (born 1981), American actress, model and older sister of Ashley
 * Mahlon Tisdale (1890–1972), a United States Navy admiral during World War II
 * Margaret Tisdale (died 2015), British virologist
 * Paul Tisdale (born 1973), British football manager
 * Ryland Dillard Tisdale (1894–1942), a United States Navy Commander during both World Wars
 * Wayman Tisdale (1964–2009), American basketball player and jazz bass guitarist

Canada

 * Rural Municipality of Tisdale No. 427, Saskatchewan
 * Tisdale, Saskatchewan
 * Tisdale Airport

United States

 * Tisdale, Kansas
 * Tisdale Township, Cowley County, Kansas
 * Wesley D. Tisdale Elementary School, Ramsey, New Jersey

Vessels

 * USS Tisdale, the name of more than one United States Navy ship
 * USS Mahlon S. Tisdale (FFG-27), a United States Navy guided-missile frigate in commission from 1982 to 1996

title: Tisdale


text:
Regions of Eritrea

The regions of Eritrea are the primary geographical divisions through which Eritrea is administered. Six in total, they include the Central, Anseba, Gash-Barka, Southern, Northern Red Sea and Southern Red Sea regions.

At the time of independence in 1993 Eritrea was arranged into ten provinces. These provinces were similar to the nine provinces operating during the colonial period. In 1996, these were consolidated into six regions (zobas). Gash-Barka Region is the largest and sparsely populated region and is called the "bread-basket".

The People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ (originally Eritrean People's Liberation Front) rules the country and its regions as a single-party totalitarian government. The regional and local elections are conducted on a periodic basis on a restricted framework. All men and women of any ethnic or religious background are eligible to vote. No parties or groups other than PFDJ are allowed to contest and the elections are presided by representatives from PFDJ.

History
At the time of independence in 1993 Eritrea was arranged into ten provinces and they were Asmara (the capital of Eritrea), Akele Guzay, Barka, Denkalia, Gash-Setit, Hamasien, Sahel, Semhar, Senhit and Seraye. These provinces were similar to the nine provinces operating during the colonial period. In 1996, these were consolidated into six regions (zobas). The boundaries of these new regions are based on catchment basins. Critics of this policy contend that the Government of Eritrea was erasing the historical fabric of Eritrea while proponents believe that these new Regional boundaries would ease historical land disputes. Furthermore proponents of this policy argue that basing boundaries on an important natural resource would ease the planning of its use.

Administration
Each region has a locally elected regional assembly while the local administrator is appointed by the President of Eritrea. During Cabinet meetings the President also meets with the Regional Administrators who report on the activities of their regions. The Regional Assemblies are charged with developing a budget for local programs and hearing the concerns of the local populations. Local programs included cultural events, infrastructure such as feeder roads, and to promote afforestation. Eritrea has a single-party National Assembly governed by the People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ (originally Eritrean Liberation Front), a totalitarian government. From the time of independence since 30 May 1991, the country has been continuing with a transitional government elected during the elections in April 1993. The scheduled elections in 2001 has been postponed indefinitely. The regional and local elections are conducted on a periodic basis on a restricted framework. All men and women of any ethnic or religious background are eligible to vote. No parties or groups other than PFDJ are allowed to contest and the elections are presided by representatives from PFDJ. Policy decisions should be centered around the party mandate and opposition and dissenters have been imprisoned.

Geography
The topography of the regions on the Western side, namely, Anseba, Central and has highland plateau, which are cooler than the regions around the coastal plains. There are two rainy seasons, the heavier one during summer and the lighter one during spring. The climate and geography of the region along with other regions of Eritrea is similar to the one of Ethiopia. The average elevation in the region is around 1800 m to 2100 m. The hottest month is May recording temperatures up to 30 °C, while the coldest month is December to February when it reaches freezing temperature. The region received around 508 mm of rainfall and the soil is conducive for agriculture.

There are a number of flora and fauna species in the high plateau regions in the West. Notably this was historic habitat for the endangered painted hunting dog (Lycaon pictus), a canid which is now thought to be extirpated from the region. Eritrea as a whole was extensively forested as recently as 1900. However, at present the total forest cover of Eritrea is less than one percent. Wildlife such as hamadryas baboons, Soemmerring's gazelle, dorcas gazelle, warthog, black-backed jackal, Ruppells sandfox, dikdik, African golden wolf, hyena, Abyssinian hare, wild ass and ostriches are found in this region. African wild dog was also found in the coastal region, but their present condition is unknown. There have been reports of cheetah occurring in this region, but there has been no evidence of their presence. It is extremely likely that both cheetah and wild dog are extinct in Eritrea.

Sub-Regions
The regions, followed by the sub-region,:

title: Regions of Eritrea


text:
Talk:European Union/Archive 3

Currencies in the union?
I don't see why we should list all currencies from member states, as the European Union internaly uses the euro (bugdets, for instance). How about this? "Currency: The euro (in 12 member states and used by the institutions). Countries that are not inside the eurozone are intended to join the single currency at some point, but use their national currencies at the moment.

 * The fact that the UK, Sweden and Denmark have chosen not to use to Euro does not make them lesser members of the EU. It would be POV to ignore their currencies. Dmn 12:01, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * The fact remains that the Euro is the currency of the EU (hey, its even designed to be the currency of Europe - the Euro). So I don't agree that the currencies used by non-Eurozone States should be listed in the 'EU' table. Certainly note the facts elsewhere, in a section about the Euro or whatever.
 * Zoney 22:54, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Officially all those currencies are 'Community Currencies', see here, so it's probably best to include all of them. --EuroTom 11:13, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Use &euro;
Be sure to use the &euro; (€) code from the wikipedia, for compatibility. 80.58.50.44

This isn't really necessary. The English wikipedia uses UTF-8. There's no problem with using it if you want to, of course. Mr. Jones 12:36, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, it isn't UTF-8, its still ISO-8859-1. Morwen 12:07, Apr 25, 2004 (UTC)

That's interesting. Do you know where it has been discussed? There was some talk on the mailing list a couple of months back. Anyone have a reference? Mr. Jones 14:00, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Timezones
I presume the French territories is only including those that fall into the category that's most important (french overseas department?) Anyways, it should be the ones on the Euro banknotes included only, French Guiana, Martinique, Guadalope and Réunion. Is this correct then, UTC -4 to +4, including only the above French territories? (there's more, but I think they're more independant or something) Zoney 23:01, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Another question about timezones: Greece, for instance, is as the moment in UTC+3. Should daylight saving times not be listed as well? Sinuhe 08:21, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * It'd be nice to avoid getting too complicated!!!

 * What's the standard for other places - e.g. US/Russia - when people refer the timezones in those places do they ignore DST?
 * In Ireland too we're not GMT at the minute, but BST (British Summer Time, UTC+1). Does Portugal have daylight savings with it being further south? If so does this mean the EU is UTC+1 to UTC+3 at the moment?
 * Where do the Azores fit in - are they UTC or what? They are part of the EU - being part of Portugal.
 * Finally, what do we update this to after this coming Saturday 1st May? Are the Central European countries all CET? What about the Baltics? What about Cyprus?
 * There's a bit of thinking to be done before midnight tonight!!!
 * Zoney 11:27, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Treaties
Under =structure= I added a section about the treaty history. The reason for this is that it is the only way to understand why the structure of the EU is so complicated. I thought it would be interesting to have maybe a one-line summary of what each treaty changed, but I found that I didn't even know what half of the treaties did.

The section is too long as it stands, so if it grows any larger (and it should as it is developed) it should be moved into its own article Treaties of the European Union, which surprisingly doesn't exist. There is a nice list of treaties in the list of European Union topics, but that is not enough. — Miguel 15:15, 2004 Apr 26 (UTC)

 * ONE LINE? Away you go! They're hideously complicated - such that even some European leaders (admittedly Ireland is my basis) have confessed to not even fully knowing themselves what the treaties do! I guess we can try for 2/3 lines of the 'jist' of the treaty!
 * On another note, I've commented out the RFCs (reqs for comment) just to tidy up the page. At least the timeline / names of treaties are there.
 * Zoney 11:36, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't want to say ONE PARAGRAPH because then, at one paragraph per treaty, this minor section would soon dwarf the rest of the article 8-D
 * If you have been a member of any organization you will know that hardly anyone even bothers to read the by-laws, so I guess you can excuse politicians for not knowing the treaties they support or oppose. That's what aides, talking points and flash cards are for. ;-)
 * Anyway, where does Schengen fit into all this? It is not a "treaty" but an "agreement". It is part of the "free movement of persons", and influences the "common security policy". Having spent 4 years out of the EU I am a little unsure about its current status, and then I am not exectly sure where to add a reference to it.
 * Another important thing about Schengen is that it is a model for "asymmetric Union", "variable geometry Europe" or

"Europe at several speeds", or whatever people call these things in English.
 * — Miguel 14:27, 2004 Apr 30 (UTC)

Amusingly enough, I ended up doing myself what I had balked at!!! I suggest that if anyone sees inaccuracies to fix them, but perhaps they shouldn't be expanded further? (e.g. if a section omits minor details about a treaty) Perhaps create a seperate page to do this? Anyways, please review / comment!!! Zoney 15:39, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

right to reside (post 2004)
''Pre-2004 posts on this topic archived here. Zoney 23:22, 29 May 2004 (UTC)''

 * The right of abode and work and freedom of movement are two different issues. EU citizens have the right to settle and work in any EU country as long as they're not public charges, that's one thing. Whether they have to show passports/ID when crossing borders is another. David.Monniaux 13:45, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * The right to settle would be liberalised somewhat by the commission's proposed directive COM(2001) 257 (http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/printversion/en/lvb/l33152.htm). The EU Parliament voted in favour of it in early 2003, with various proposed amendments, including that the date of introduction is delayed until 1 July 2004. See http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?L=EN&OBJID=10629&LEVEL=3&MODE=SIP&NAV=X&LSTDOC=N for the parliament's report.  Hans Zarkov 11:50, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Gibraltar
''Pre-2004 posts on this topic archived here. Zoney 23:54, 29 May 2004 (UTC)''

 * Be sure to check "special territores and their relations with the EU".

80.58.50.44

Gibralter is most definately in the EU, as they   vote in European Parliament elections. The reason I know this is that there was a bit of a hullaballoo recently - with the finite no. of MEPs stretched further most constituencies in the EU have been redrawn. A consequence is that Gibralter no longer will get an MEP of its own and there was a bit of a fuss because it is being included with the south-western bit of England! (I don't think Spain were happy!)

Some of the particulars may be imprecise, but essentially they are in EU as they will be/have been voting in the European Parliament elections!

Zoney 17:55, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep, didn't quite get it right above. Its certainly controversial - because they haven't ever voted in the European Parliament before apparently - and will be this year as part of England!
 * Zoney 22:57, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Gibraltar.gov.gi says "In 1973 Gibraltar entered the European Economic Community, as a dependent territory in Europe, under Article 277(4) of the Treaty of Rome but was excluded, at the request of the Government of Gibraltar, from the common external tariff, the common agricultural policy and value added tax. 1973 also saw Gibraltar’s re-inclusion in the Scheduled Territories of the Sterling Area.". Gibraltar now votes for Euro Parliament because it is one of their human rights. having cake and eating it? garryq 01:32, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

[[Media:Image:Europeanunion 25.png]]
Would this image be better without the rivers? Dmn 02:16, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Likely :-) . The rivers are present since it is a derivation from the original EU-15 map shown before.

New map uploaded. Post your coments in the Europeanunion25.png image discusion. thewikipedian

Cyprus
the whole island of Cyprus is coloured as part of the union because the wiki states: "Negotiations have been ongoing for years to reunify the island, but have not as yet seen substantial success. A United Nations plan, announced on March 31, 2004 following talks in Switzerland, was put to both sides in separate referenda on April 24. It was favoured by the Turkish side by a majority of 2 to 1, but was rejected by the Greek side by a 3 to 1 margin. As a result, while officially the whole of Cyprus entered the European Union on May 1, 2004, the de facto EU border runs along the Green Line, dividing the country between the Greek and Turkish parts. EU law is currently not applied in the Turkish controlled north. See: Annan Plan, 2004 referendum."

The hungarian version however, only colours the southern part. I suggest leaving things like their are for now, and wait for further official clarification from the EU. thewikipedian

 * Cyprus as a whole is indeed "officially" part of the EU, but just not in practice. Turkish troops are "technically" in occupation of EU soil. Hence the reason the whole issue is messy and it was hoped it could be avoided.

 * Still, the EU had no problems during the decades where Ireland was a member but claimed the whole island of Ireland.

 * Zoney 10:45, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

In The News
I presume the expansion will go on In The News section tonight. I made this image for the purpose - Please feel free to improve it.

 * Does this not count as defacing the flag?
 * Zoney 10:47, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That's, really, a POV term (desecration requires the object involved to be 'sacred' or revered) ;-).
 * James F. (talk) 13:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Note I used the valid term 'defacing' :o) - which incidentally, it is. I rather object to the unauthorised amendment of a flag of any institution I am a part of. Zoney 13:27, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Who pays for the EU and how?
67.100.45.137: The BBC has a pie chart which shows how the EU will spend 99.7bn euros in 2004 (mostly in agricultural subsidies and regional aid). I couldn't find anything there or here about where this money comes from. Does the EU tax its citizens? Does it get grants from the member governments and if so, where does that money come from? Income tax? VAT? Sales tax? Inquiring minds want to see something about this in the article. Thanks.

 * It's all horribly complicated, but, IIUIC, all VAT (or 'sales tax', in the lexicon of different states' tax systems) goes to the EU Commission, and they also get a grant each year from each member country based on many things including their populations, economies, &c. There's also the European Parliament and the European Court, both of which are also funded by grant. Where the member governments get the money to pay for the grants is not particularly important (though if they got it through extortion and money laundering, I imagine the EU would have something to say); I assume that for all, or at least most, governments, it's just one of the expenditures of governance, and will come out of general taxation. The EU has no power to levy taxes directly (the UK, amongst others, would be, shall we say, more than just slightly opposed to the idea).
 * But then, just to make it a little more fun, there are, too, some significant complications to this - the UK gets a 'rebate' of some £2bn or so each year, as negotiated by Margaret Thatcher, though quite what excuse is given for it (the real reason, of course, was that Thatcher saw an opportunity to leverage her veto into getting something the British public would see as a win in return for the progress of the EU overall), I know not.
 * Of course, the problem with the EU being so significantly funded by VAT is that it is such an anti-progressive tax - the poor generally spend the greatest percentage of their income, and so are most adversly affected, whereas the rich will just invest, and so not pay VAT (well, on service charges and the like, but not on the overall sum).
 * However, all of this is just off the top of my head, and could well be wrong; I'll go research it a bit before adding it to the article.
 * James F. (talk) 09:20, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah. Having just typed all that, I clicked on the other tab of the graphic you linked to, which has some information.
 * James F. (talk) 09:22, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * 68.167.250.28 12:13, 1 May 2004 (UTC): I saw that page but it doesn't answer the question. There are answers buried within the EU website, such as .  The short answer is that the EU takes in agricultural duties and more general customs duties, based on imports.  Those are easy to understand.  More complicated are a VAT paid by the member states, and the GNP-based tax paid by member states in cases where the other sources aren't sufficient to balance the budget.  I don't understand it well enough to add something to the article though.

 * I agree, it's horribly complicated. But what's definitely not the case is that the whole VAT is transfered to the Union (that would be 20% in Austria!!!) - its just a certain fraction. An extensive treatment of the financial resources of the EU delivers chapter 11 of the following pdf:  Gugganij 13:44, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * AFAIK, member states have to contribute a certain amount of their budget to the EU budget even if not a net contributor - they will receive back as much from the EU budget as appropriate (more than they gave for a net beneficiary). But of course, EU money coming back is for specific things, projects the govt.s apply for funding for, but at the end of the day, EU money can't be spent any old how.
 * Hence the reason EU money was great for the West of Ireland - the govt. didn't like to spend Irish budget money on it, but it was easy to find suitable projects for EU money!
 * It has been suggested that the new member states, despite not having as much EU money as Irl/Portugal/Spain/Greece got, will have a hard time finding suitable projects to spend all the EU money on.
 * Zoney 10:53, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Freedom to live and work
Does anyone know the status of the right of the new citizens to live and work in the whole EU?

The last I knew was that all the old members had instituted a 2- to 7-year moratorium, but a few days ago I caught a news report that the Swedish parliament had refused to approve the government's proposal. This means that Sweden will be open to all.

What about the rest of the countries?

— Miguel 14:46, 2004 May 2 (UTC)

 * Ireland has no restrictions on the right to live and work - there's just a minor point of not being able to claim social welfare benefits until resident for X amount of time. (X is one year?)
 * Also, there's a referendum planned for the same date as European and Local elections. If passed, this would mean that a child born in Ireland to non-nationals (not from island of Ireland) does not have right of citizenship unless their parents have lived here for the previous 3 years.
 * At present, any child born in Ireland (including the North) has the automatic right to Irish citizenship.
 * Zoney 16:17, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * UK did something similar to Ireland. All the other old members (except Sweden, UK, Ireland) have instituted moratoriums. Andris 16:26, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I found a how the free movement of workers will work in practice in Spanish. There should be an equivalent document in English, but navigating the europa site across languages is not easy. Anyway, here's the gist of it:

 * The transitional measures only apply to salaried workers. (meaning that students can move freely, and self-employed people can establish themselves anywhere).

 * For the first two years, the rules depend on each country, and on any bilateral agreements that may be reached. In 2006, the Commission will review the application of the transitional measures.

 * temporary provisions expire after 5 years, unless a member state requests a 2-year extension.

 * The treaty of accession is very non-specific. I think the whole mean is in the "safeguard clause", which is vague and applies pretty much anything. This means one would have to go to each country's legislations. For the life of me, I can't find any record of what Spain has done in this respect ;-)

 * — Miguel 22:51, 2004 May 2 (UTC)

 * I finally tracked down the Spanish regulations on this issue. Spain will apply a moratorium of 2 years to all new members except Cyprus and Malta, and seems to have no intention to extend the moratorium beyond 2006. — Miguel 04:44, 2004 May 3 (UTC)

GDP per capita
This table extends too far, is boring (yes it's relevant information but who is going to read through the figures?), hard to read, etc.

I propose that I make a nice pretty graph instead (using the figures). After all, it's so people can compare various members' GDP per capita - n'est ce pas?

I'm thinking about a nice colourful bar-graph. Thoughts people?

Zoney 16:09, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

I like the graphs - good work!

However it might be worth sorting the 'by % of EU average' graph in rank order, to differentiate them more. Also giving source details (such as year) in the image would help future updates when new info comes out.

Regardless - definitely big improvement on table -- EuroTom 17:29, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry to disagree, but I think sorting by rank order would differentiate them less. At the moment the disparity is more obvious with peaks/dips rather than a gradual slope.

 * Since the rank is useful information in itself, a graph that makes rank obvious is more useful than a graph that forces you to count in your head how many bars are larger than the one you're interested in. Moreover, you will find that the 25 countries do not follow a single gradual slope. There will be at least two sharp drops, indicating more than one "kind" of country. Sorting the countries by rank is defnitely better. — Miguel 23:08, 2004 May 6 (UTC)

 * As regards details, unfortunately I don't have the date or anything - whoever put in the table didn't include it. (Or the source!).

 * Zoney 17:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I meant to sort one of the two graphs, to distinguish between the graphs rather than between individual entries.

 * (They currently look very similar as one is a scalar normalisation of the other)

 * -- EuroTom 18:36, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

The original table seems to come from the CIA Factbook. The conversion to Euro's is probably done just using a recent exchange rate, not sure if that's a good idea (won't have much effect on the comparison, but the acctual values in Euro's may change rather quickly.) Agree that the graph on the right should be sorted, this will give additional information. Even more usefull since the acctual values in the graph on the left may not be accurate anyway. --Voodoo 23:43, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Methods
I didn't really want to completely omit the whole Cyprus / Yugoslav bit or political stuff. I simply couldn't at that moment figure out how to resolve the fact that the Cyprus issue was being discussing in the context of further enlargement. It's already happened! It's past enlargement now!

 * Actually, not really. The northern part of the island hasn't joined, and this prolongues the ongoing lousy state of Greco-Turkish relations, which is something the EU wishes to resolve. One could even argue that the problem has been escalated because the EU has taken both Greece and the Greek part of Cyprus, and isn't taking neither Turkey nor the Turkish part of Cyprus. --Shallot 11:17, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's more complicated. Officially/theoretically the whole island IS a member! (The 'Greek' Cypriot govt. is still recognised as legitimate authority for whole island by EU and internationally) My point is that the issue isn't going to be a feature of further enlargement - it's now an EU issue. Also referring to further enlargement hoping to solve the Cyprus problem - how? I mean yes it affects Turkey's membership and so on - but how is this part of solving the problem? I don't think EU membership of Cyprus becoming a reality for Northern Cyprus (as opposed to the current theoretical status) counts as further enlargement. It's effectively enlargement yes, but not technically. (Similar to East Germany only effectively being enlargement?)

 * You've actually touched the explanation yourself with the the third sentence there. The problems like those between Greece and Turkey, or those between Croatia and Serbia, can't be solved by imposing a solution or something like that. They can be truely solved once the pair of countries adjusts and starts following the EU standards, and this also means not having lingering border disputes etc. The EU enlargement is a process of working to solve actual problems, not engaging in semantic nitpicking. --Shallot 15:47, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I apologise if my reasoning is hard to follow. Essentially this section needs careful wording - the statement I amended could be seen as / was inaccurate. (I'm not saying my replacement was/is wholly appropriate either mind you!)

 * Zoney 14:49, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I have just read through my replacement again - I'm now going to say that I think it seems to cover the issue reasonably well, avoiding the need to sort out the above convolutions/conundrums. Zoney 14:53, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The new verbiage is too involved with Cyprus and less with the actual methods applied there, as is the title of the section. And it's not just the consequences of the Yugoslav wars that will be resolved, it's similar wars that could be anticipated in the future that will be detered by the EU expansion. --Shallot 15:47, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Good point. I've re-edited and tried to focus on the "methods" as you say. Is it clearer? Is this what your point originally was? (I don't think I quite got it before - but then, I did feel it was unclear). Zoney 17:04, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, this will be an obstacle to Turkey's accession negotiations since Cyprus is now a member. — Miguel 13:54, 2004 May 7 (UTC)

The Yugoslav bit is fine, fits in with the ambitions of e.g. Croatia and Macedonia/FYROM joining.

I replaced the 'not nearly ready' with something like 'not viewed as currently suitable' - after all, it's sounding like Croatia and Macedonia might even be in next enlargement. Romania and Bulgaria are further east, yet the latter in particular seems like it will be joining soon. In any case the former phrase seemed a bit harsh.

Zoney 23:25, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I was actually referring to the more eastern states as not nearly ready -- Bosnia, Serbia, R. Macedonia to an extent; Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus. That's also why I added an explicit "long-term" notion in the updated text.
 * Macedonia seems to be being considered more out of pragmatic, political reasons rather than economic reasons, and the latter will hold it back for a fair few years probably. That goes under "medium-term".
 * Croatia, as it happens, is not really that far from being ready because it has a stronger economy even than some states that joined in the 2004 round, but is held back because of its political and organizational legacy (without implying that those reasons are any less important, of course). It's not unreasonable to assume that its accession is a done deal after Romania completes the process. Also "medium-term". --Shallot 11:17, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:European Union/Archive 3


text:
Paul Zaloom

Paul Finley Zaloom (born December 14, 1951) is an American actor and puppeteer, best known for his role as the character Beakman on the television show Beakman's World.

Career
Born in Garden City, Paul Zaloom was educated at The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, and began his entertainment career at Goddard College with artists in residence the Bread and Puppet Theater, a troupe specializing in self-invented, home-made theatre. One of their performance locales was Coney Island, where Zaloom is said to have given advice to the "unofficial Mayor of Coney Island", Dick Zigun, on how to bring in the crowds. In his solo work he utilizes found-object animation, in which he takes objects as varied as coffee pots and humidifiers and turns them into elements of political satire. His personal politics are liberal; he has referred to Elizabeth Dole and Margaret Thatcher as "right-wing nutjobs". He has also been a fierce critic of U.S. foreign policy since the early 1980s, having helped to lead a disarmament march during the Cold War. In 1989, Zaloom appeared in The Unnaturals, a sketch comedy series featuring Tim Blake Nelson, John Mariano and Siobhan Fallon Hogan. In 1992 Zaloom starred in the cable TV children's science program Beakman's World. The show moved to CBS in 1993 and aired for four seasons. Zaloom has also written, designed and performed eleven full-length one-man shows, including Fruit of Zaloom, Sick but True, Mighty Nice and The Mother of All Enemies, the latter being a shadow-puppet show featuring traditional Mid-west Asian comic puppet character Karagöz. His latest effort tackles social issues such as privacy, the war on terrorism, and discrimination based on sexual orientation and ethnicity. Aside from shadow-puppetry, Zaloom's idiosyncratic work utilizes techniques such as overhead projection, government document expose, cantastoria picture performance, toy theater, as well as hand, rod, found object and dummy puppets.

Paul Zaloom has produced two films; the first is a mockumentary titled In Smog and Thunder: The Great War of the Californias, recounting a fictitious war between Los Angeles and San Francisco, released in 2003. The second film, Dante's Inferno, is a retelling of the poet Dante's journey through hell, set in Los Angeles and performed in a style of puppetry called toy theater that uses paper cut-outs for puppets and sets. Zaloom co-wrote the script and was head puppeteer, and performed multiple voices for the film. Both films feature the artwork of Sandow Birk.

Zaloom has performed his work across the U.S. at many types of venues, including the Kennedy Center, Lincoln Center, the Walker Arts Center, Spoleto Festival U.S.A., UCLA Performing Arts Series, the American Repertory Theater, L.A.'s Museum of Contemporary Art, King Tut's Wah-Wah Hut, and hundreds of others. He's also played the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Les Semaines de la Marionnette in Paris, the UNIMA World Congress in Dresden, Vienna Festival and many others on nine international tours. Zaloom has received a Village Voice Obie Award, an American Theater Wing Design Award, New York Dance and Performance Award (the "Bessie"), LA Weekly Theater Award, and four Citations of Excellence in the Art of Puppetry from UNIMA-USA. He's also been granted a Guggenheim Fellowship, four Jim Henson Foundation grants, a C.O.L.A. Fellowship, and four National Endowment for the Arts grants.

He has taught puppetry and cantastoria at colleges and universities in the U.S. and Europe, including CalArts, Rhode Island School of Design, Emerson College, the Omega Institute, George Mason University, the University of Michigan, and the Institut International de la Marionnette, Charleville-Mézières, France, amongst others. He continues to perform as Beakman in Beakman Live! stage shows, and is involved in any number of artistic projects as an advisor and mentor. He also attended a furry convention called Megaplex as a guest of honor in Orlando, FL in 2010.

In 2016, Zaloom made a guest appearance in one of Captain Disillusion's videos, debunking "free energy" devices.

Personal life
Zaloom is openly gay and has a daughter, Amanda Yvette Finley Israel Zaloom, with his former wife Jayne Israel.

He describes his ethnicity as "half Syrian and half W.A.S.P."

title: Paul Zaloom


text:
Menominee River

The Menominee River is a river in northwestern Michigan and northeastern Wisconsin in the United States. It is approximately 116 mi long, draining a rural forested area of northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan into Lake Michigan. Its entire course, with that of its tributary, the Brule River, forms part of the boundary between the two states.

Description
It is formed approximately 10 mi northwest of Iron Mountain, Michigan, by the confluence of the Brule and Michigamme rivers. As the Menominee flows southeast it picks up the Pine River and travels past Kingsford, Michigan and Niagara, Wisconsin. It then flows generally south, making broad meanders collecting the Sturgeon, Pemebonwon and Pike rivers. It enters Green Bay on Lake Michigan from the north between Marinette, Wisconsin and Menominee, Michigan.

Along its course the Menominee River has been converted into a series of large reservoirs. The waters contained in these reservoirs are some of the area's deepest and cleanest lakes. Many of the lands around those waters are managed for recreational use, which ensures conservation and restricts shoreline development of rows of cottages and docks. The lakes are pristine, with wild shores of forest lands.

The name of the river comes from an Ojibwe Algonquian term meaning "wild rice", or "in the place of wild rice". They used the same name for the river as for the historic Menominee tribe who lived in the area and used the plant as a staple. The Menominee are the only Native American tribe living in Wisconsin today whose origin was in the present-day state. The federally recognized Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin have a reservation on the Wolf River (Fox River tributary). The Menominee believe that they were created at the mouth of the Menominee River when the Ancestral Bear emerged from the river mouth and was transformed into the first Menominee by the Creator.

The Chippewa lived in the upper portion of the river basin and referred to the river as Me-ne-cane Sepe or "Many Little Islands River". In the Jesuit Relations, the French missionary priests referred to the river as Rivière de la Folle Avoine or "Wild Oats River", again a reference to the wild rice.

The region through which the river flows was formerly a center of iron ore mining. Menominee River sediments are contaminated with arsenic at Marinette, Wisconsin, from industry. The Back Forty Mine is a proposed gold and zinc open-pit near Stephenson, Michigan to be constructed within 150 feet of the river.

title: Menominee River


text:
User:ScudLee/monobook.css

/* supress the person icon by your username */ li#pt-userpage { background: none }

/* use browser prefs for text size and font */ body, #globalWrapper { font: inherit !important; }

 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="http://"] {background: none; padding-right: 0px;}

/* make a few corners round, only supported by moz/firefox/other gecko browsers for now */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; } -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

/* same following the css3 draft specs, any browsers supporting this? */ border-radius-topleft: 1em; border-radius-topright: 1em; } border-radius-topleft: 1em; border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { border-radius-topright: 1em; border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

/* Transform the user toolbar into a sidebox */ position:relative; z-index:3; width: 11.6em; }
 * 1) p-personal {

width: 10.8em; border: none; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0em; float: none; overflow: hidden; font-size: 95%; background: White; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 0.8em 0.3em .5em; }
 * 1) p-personal .pBody {

line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url("/style/monobook/bullet.gif"); font-size:95%; margin: 0.3em 0 0 1.5em; padding:0; text-align:left; text-transform: none; text-decoration: underline; }
 * 1) p-personal ul {

display: list-item; padding:0.1em; margin: 0 0 0 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em; }
 * 1) p-personal li {

color: #0000FF; background-color: White; padding-bottom: 0.2em; text-decoration: underline; }
 * 1) p-personal li a {

color: #7F007F; background-color: White; padding-bottom: 0.2em; text-decoration: underline; }
 * 1) p-personal li a:visited {

color: #bF0000; background-color: White; padding-bottom: 0.2em; text-decoration: underline; }
 * 1) p-personal li a.new {

text-decoration: none; }
 * 1) p-personal li a:hover {

/* bottom tab styling (not for IE currently) */ margin: -0.3em 0 0 11.5em; white-space:nowrap; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: visible; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0 0 0 1em; list-style: none; font-size: 95%; }   display: inline; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top: none; padding: 0.1em 0 0 0; margin: 0 0.3em 0 0; overflow: visible; background: White; }   border-color: #fabd23; padding: 0.2em 0 0 0; }   background-color: White; color: #005189; border: none; padding: 0.3em 0.8em 0 0.8em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: lowercase; position: relative; margin: 0; }   z-index: 3; text-decoration: none; }   padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; } /* offsets to distinguish the tab groups */ li#mytabs-ca-talk { margin-right: 1.6em; } li#mytabs-ca-watch { margin-left: 1.6em; }
 * 1) mytabs {
 * 1) mytabs .hiddenStructure { display: none; }
 * 2) mytabs li {
 * 1) mytabs li.selected {
 * 1) mytabs li a {
 * 1) mytabs li.selected a { z-index: 3; }
 * 2) mytabs .new a { color:#ba0000; }
 * 3) mytabs li a:hover {
 * 1) mytabs h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) mytabs li.istalk { margin-right: 0; }
 * 3) mytabs li.istalk a { padding-right: 0.5em; }
 * 4) mytabs-ca-addsection a {

/* comment out if bottom tabs should be rounded as well in moz */ -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }
 * 1) mytabs li, #mytabs li a {

position: relative; border: none; background: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0em; clear: none; z-index: 3; }
 * 1) catlinks {

display:none; }
 * 1) siteNotice {

/* standard link colors */ a { color: #0000FF; } a:visited { color: #7F007F; } a:active, a.new { color: #bF0000; } a.interwiki, a.external { color: #3366BB; } a.stub { color: #772233; }

/* always underline links */ a { text-decoration: underline; } a:hover { text-decoration: none; }

.autocomment { color: #191970; } .diffchange { color: red; text-decoration: underline; }

title: User:ScudLee/monobook.css


text:
User:ScudLee/monobook.js

function moreLinks { var tabs = document.getElementById('p-cactions').cloneNode(true); tabs.id = 'mytabs'; var listitems = tabs.getElementsByTagName('LI'); for (i=0;i<listitems.length;i++) { if(listitems[i].id) listitems[i].id = 'mytabs-' + listitems[i].id; }   document.getElementById('column-content').appendChild(tabs); }

if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load",moreLinks,false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload",moreLinks);

function moveCatLinks { var cats = document.getElementById('catlinks'); if (cats) { cats.className = 'portlet'; var cathead = document.createElement('H5'); cats.insertBefore(cathead, cats.firstChild); var catsA = cats.getElementsByTagName('A'); cathead.appendChild(catsA[0]); var catsdiv = document.createElement('DIV'); var catsP = cats.getElementsByTagName('P')[0]; cats.insertBefore(catsdiv, catsP); catsdiv.className = 'pBody'; var catsul = document.createElement('UL'); catsdiv.appendChild(catsul); for (i=1;i<catsA.length;i++) { var catsli = document.createElement('LI'); catsul.appendChild(catsli); catsli.appendChild(catsA[i]); }       catsP.parentNode.removeChild(catsP); var sidebar = document.getElementById('column-one'); var lang = document.getElementById('p-lang'); if (lang) sidebar.insertBefore(cats, lang); else sidebar.appendChild(cats); } }

if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load",moveCatLinks,false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload",moveCatLinks);

title: User:ScudLee/monobook.js


text:
Click It or Ticket

Click It or Ticket is a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration campaign aimed at increasing the use of seat belts among young people in the United States. The campaign relies heavily on targeted advertising aimed at teens and young adults.

The Click It or Ticket campaign has existed at state level for many years. In 1993, Governor Jim Hunt launched the campaign in North Carolina in conjunction with a "primary enforcement safety belt law", which allows law enforcement officers to issue a safety belt citation, without observing another offense. Since then, other states have adopted the campaign. In May 2002, the ten states with the most comprehensive campaigns saw an increase of 8.6 percentage points, from 68.5% to 77.1%, in safety belt usage over a four-week period (Solomon, Ulmer, & Preusser, 2002).

History
Before 1980, usage of seat belts in the United States lingered around 11% despite volunteer and educational campaigns at local, county, and state levels. Between 1980 and 1984, individual organizations, public education programs, incentives and policy changes strove to increase the use of seat belts. However, these efforts failed to significantly affect usage in large, metropolitan areas, and by the end of the effort national seat belt usage had reached only 15%.

In 1984, New York became the first state to enact a mandatory seat belt use law, and by 1990, 37 other states had followed suit. The vast majority of these laws were "secondary safety belt laws", meaning that an officer had to observe another traffic violation before issuing a citation for a seat belt infraction. Despite this, the national usage rate climbed from 15% to 50%.

Campaign methods
Seat belts have been proven to be one of the most effective safety devices in vehicles. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), seat belts saved an estimated 14,955 lives in 2017 alone. Despite these numbers, some individuals still fail to buckle up, putting their lives and the lives of others at risk. Educating the public about the importance of seat belt safety is crucial. By wearing a seat belt, individuals significantly reduce the risk of severe injury or death in the event of a crash. It's not just about obeying the law; it's about taking responsibility for one's safety and the safety of others.

The Click it or Ticket campaign is a nationwide initiative aimed at increasing seat belt usage through a combination of education and enforcement. It was launched in 1993 by the NHTSA and has since become a highly recognized and effective campaign. The campaign's main goal is to remind drivers and passengers that seat belt laws are strictly enforced, and failure to comply can result in fines and penalties. Law enforcement agencies play a crucial role in this campaign by conducting seat belt enforcement blitzes and increasing visibility on the roads.

The national television ad [airing] on several major networks features people driving in several regions of the country without their safety belts on. They receive a ticket, and then buckle up. The ads [appear] primarily in programs that deliver large audiences of teens and young adults—especially men. The programs include Fear Factor, WWE Smackdown, Major League Baseball, NBA Conference Finals, NASCAR Live, and the Indy 500.

The campaign is also stressing strict enforcement of safety belt laws, in particular, the "Primary safety belt laws", which allow law enforcement officers issue a safety belt citation without observing another offense. New Hampshire, the state with historically the lowest safety belt usage, is the only state without an adult safety belt law. Massachusetts, the state with the second lowest usage, has only a secondary safety belt law, which requires officers to observe another driving offense before issuing a safety belt citation. Enforcement of safety belt laws of both types is to be made possible by checkpoints and saturation patrols that will detect violations of safety belt and child passenger safety laws.

Success
Figures released by the U.S. Department of Transportation, after amplifying the advertising and enforcement campaign on May 19, 2003, indicated that "National belt use among young men and women ages 16-24 moved from 65% to 72%, and 73% to 80% respectively, while belt use in the overall population increased from 75% to 79%."

Opposition
Opposition to the effort is primarily based on the belief that requiring wearing of a seatbelt is a violation of civil rights. For example, Prof. Walter E. Williams of George Mason University writes, "The point is whether government has a right to coerce us into taking care of ourselves. If eating what we wish is our business and not that of government, then why should we accept government's coercing us to wear seat belts?" Journalist Scott Indrisek has strenuously worked to oppose mandatory seat belt efforts, which he calls "a black stain on America." Additional objections settle specifically around the assertion that a seatbelt is a medical device, and because one is entitled to make their own medical decisions they should also be permitted to make their own decisions about wearing a seatbelt.

In Maryland, former Governor Robert Ehrlich opposed spotlights used by police officers to see into vehicles at night to determine if seat belts were being used on the basis that this violated privacy. Nighttime enforcement was suspended at the governor's request. Nighttime enforcement was resumed by Ehrlich's successor, Martin O'Malley, hours after O'Malley took office in January 2007.

During the COVID-19 pandemic after seeing facemask orders/mandates have been being compared to seat belt laws, many states in 2021 have tried to repeal their seat belt laws.

title: Click It or Ticket


text: User talk:209.6.125.23

title: User talk:209.6.125.23


text:
Talk:Mercosur

Maori & Pacifica
if it includes New Zealand the ethnicity last is incomplete, a substantial proportion of their population is Maori & Pacifica who dint fit in any listed category, possibly indigenous needs to be rephrased or possibly there is a category missing. Irtapil (talk) 19:10, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

Associate vs full membership?
The article doesn't explain the difference. --166.82.104.10 (talk) 21:15, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

New Zealand/Mexico
Mercosur is a southamerican organisation, why are New Zealand and Mexico observer states? Are there special economy links between them and Southamerica? --2A02:908:C33:A180:FB1E:F2E8:DE72:9AD (talk) 14:20, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

Map
The map of Mercosur doesn't show Bolivia as a full member even though it became one in late 2023. Battlesheep1 (talk) 05:02, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * That's because Bolivia is not a member yet. Mercosur completed their ratification, but Bolivia still needs to ratify.  See: https://www.mre.gov.py/index.php/noticias-de-embajadas-y-consulados/brasil-deposita-protocolo-de-adhesion-de-bolivia-al-mercosur  TDL (talk) 15:32, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mercosur