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Transmediale

Transmediale, stylised as transmediale, is an annual festival for art and digital culture in Berlin, usually held over three to five days at the end of January and the beginning of February. transmediale takes the form of a conference (sometimes called a festival), an exhibition, and a film and video programme that often contain or support performances and workshops. Throughout the year, transmediale is also involved in a number of long- and short-term cooperative projects. From its initial focus on video culture, it came to cultivate an artistic and critical dialogue with television and multimedia, emerging as the leading international platform for media art.

The CTM Festival, which began as a part of transmediale, has since become an independent event.

History
transmediale began in 1988 at Berlinale under the name VideoFilmFest by founders Hartmut Horst and video artist Micky Kwella. Horst and Kwella wanted to create a platform for electronic media productions, which were, at that time, excluded from classic film festivals such as Berlinale. In 1989, the program was repeated at Berlinale under the name VideoFest. In 1997, Horst and Kwella renamed VideoFest as transmedia, and then in 1998, transmediale. The change reflected the programmatic extension of the festival, which by then encompassed a broad spectrum of multimedia art forms such as Internet and software art. In 1999, club transmediale was founded as a side event.

In 2001, art historian and curator Andreas Broeckmann took over the artistic direction of transmediale, adding events and a new venue, the Haus der Kulturen der Welt. These changes resulted in an increase in attendance and international audience. That same year, Broeckmann introduced the transmediale Award to honour visionary works and projects centering technology-led societies. In 2002, transmediale introduced an extensive media art exhibition. Shortly thereafter, in 2004, the Kulturstiftung des Bundes (German Federal Cultural Foundation) starting funding transmediale. In 2006, the festival's subheading changed from "international media art festival" to "festival for art and digital culture" in a marked shift to include art, technology, and everyday life as opposed to its previously narrower focus on media art alone. In 2007, media and arts researcher Stephen Kovats became the artistic director of transmediale and one year later, in 2008, he introduced the Vilém Flusser Theory Award, named after Vilém Flusser, to promote "outstanding, media-theoretical and research-based artworks". In April 2011, curator and media researcher Kristoffer Gansing took over transmediale. In 2012, he replaced the existing awards with a residency program for artistic research. In an interview in Ocula Magazine, Gansing commented on the changes in direction of transmediale under his leadership: "When I first came on board ... my idea was to bring a curatorial coherency to what I saw as a festival dissipating into a kind of 'creative crowd' without much focus, so I brought in more exhibitions."

In 2021, Dr Nóra Ó Murchú became the artistic director of transmediale, widening the festival's programme to include a notably more diverse programme in terms of scope, content, and curatorial teams (including Ben Evans James, Elise Hunchuck, Lorena Juan, Dani Admiss in 2021/22 and Elise Hunchuck, Lorena Juan, and Bani Brusadin in 2022/23, and Nadim Choufi, Elise Hunchuck, Lorena Juan, and Yasemin Keskintepe in 2023/24).

Themes
Since 2001, transmediale has been developed and curated according to annual themes under the direction of the artistic director and the curatorial team:

 * transmediale.01 DIY [do it yourself!]
 * transmediale.02 go public!
 * transmediale.03 PLAY GLOBAL!
 * transmediale.04 FLY UTOPIA!
 * transmediale.05 BASICS
 * transmediale.06 REALITY ADDICTS
 * transmediale.07 unfinish!
 * transmediale.08 CONSPIRE...
 * transmediale.09 DEEP NORTH
 * transmediale.10 FUTURITY NOW!
 * transmediale.11 RESPONSE:ABILITY
 * transmediale 2k+12 in/compatible
 * transmediale 2013 BWPWAP
 * transmediale 2014 afterglow
 * transmediale 2015 CAPTURE ALL
 * transmediale/conversationpiece 2016
 * transmediale 2017 ever elusive
 * transmediale 2018 face value
 * transmediale 2019 study circles
 * transmediale 2020 E2E
 * transmediale 2021-22 for refusal
 * transmediale 2023 a model, a map, a fiction
 * transmediale 2024 you're doing amazing sweetie

Organisation
Kulturprojekte Berlin was the host organisation of the festival until 2020, at which point the association known as transmediale e.V. took over the independent organisation and management of the event.

In 2011, transmediale/resource was established as a framework for transmediale's year-round activities. Its aim is to provide a sustainable structure for feedback, research, and reflection beyond the timeframe of the festival. In addition to varying cooperative projects and network activities, transmediale/resource includes the Vilém Flusser Residency Program for Artistic Research, online publication format transmediale/journal and pre-festival program Vorspiel, presented in collaboration with the CTM Festival and a network of organizations, galleries, independent project spaces, and venues all over Berlin.

Places
Until 1992, VideoFilmFest took place at MedienOperative as well as Deutsche Akademie der Künste in East Berlin. In 1993, it moved to Podewil, which is also where the transmediale offices have been located from 1997 to 2020. In 2020 the office moved to silent green Kulturquartier, where the festival also opened its own project space 'transmediale studio'.

From 2002 to 2005, the Haus der Kulturen der Welt became the festival's main location. In 2006, transmediale relocated to Akademie der Künste, returning to the Haus der Kulturen der Welt in 2008. In addition to Haus der Kulturen der Welt, the festival edition 2021–22 took place in the transmediale studio, Kunstraum Kreuzberg/Bethanien and Betonhalle. In 2023, the festival (a map, a model, a fiction) and exhibition (Or So It Seems) took place in the Akademie der Künste, Hanseatenweg, Berlin, as well as the distributed exhibition (Out of Scale) that unfolded in networks (Spätis, eBay Kleinenzeigen, and so on) across the city. In 2024, the festival (you're doing amazing sweetie) took place in silent green Kulturquartier and Haus der Kulturen der Welt.

title: Transmediale


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Hanns Martin Schleyer

Hans "Hanns" Martin Schleyer (1 May 1915 – 18 October 1977) was a German business executive, employer and industry representative, and SS officer who served as president of two powerful commercial organizations, the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände, BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie, BDI). Schleyer became a target for radical elements of the German student movement in the 1970s for his role in those business organisations, positions in the labour disputes, aggressive appearance on television, conservative anti-communist views, position as a prominent member of the Christian Democratic Union, and past as an enthusiastic member of the Nazi student movement and a former SS officer.

He was kidnapped on 5 September 1977 by the far left Red Army Faction (Rote Armee Fraktion, RAF) and subsequently murdered; his driver and police escort of three policemen were also killed when his car was ambushed. The German government determined that it was in the national interest not to negotiate with terrorists. The abduction and murder are commonly seen as the climax of the RAF campaign in 1977, known as the German Autumn. After his death Schleyer has been extensively honoured in Germany; the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize, the Hanns Martin Schleyer Foundation and the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle are named in his honour. In 2017 German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier and the German government marked the 40th anniversary of the kidnapping.

Early life
Born in Offenburg, Grand Duchy of Baden, Hanns Martin Schleyer was the eldest child of Ernst Julius Schleyer (1882–1959) and Helene Luise Elisabeth Schleyer (née Rheitinger; 1883–1979). His father was a judge and his great-great uncle was Johann Martin Schleyer, a renowned Roman Catholic priest who invented the Volapük language. Schleyer was raised Catholic by his paternal family, which went against the wishes of his irreligious father, who was described as "hot-tempered" and holding national conservative views.

Schleyer finished his Abitur in Rastatt and began studying law at the University of Heidelberg in 1933, where he first joined the student fraternity Teutonia 1842 zu Rastatt before switching to Corps Suevia a year later. In 1939 he obtained a doctorate at the University of Innsbruck.

Involvement in the Nazi Party
Early in his life, he became a follower of National Socialism. On 1 March 1931, Schleyer became a member of the Hitler Youth, the youth organization of the National Socialist Party. On 1 July 1933, he joined the SS (SS number 221.714), eventually reaching the rank of Untersturmführer (Second Lieutenant) in 1945. During his studies, he was engaged in the Nazi student movement. One of his mentors at this time was the student leader Gustav Adolf Scheel.

In the summer of 1935, Schleyer accused his fraternity of lacking "national socialist spirit". He left the fraternity when the Kösener SC, an umbrella organization, refused to exclude Jewish members. Schleyer became a leader in the national socialist student movement and, in 1937, joined the NSDAP. At first, he was the president of the student body of the University of Heidelberg. Later, Reichsstudentenführer Scheel sent him to post-Anschluss Austria where he occupied the same position at the University of Innsbruck. On 21 October 1939, Schleyer married Waltrude Ketterer (1916–2008), daughter of the physician, city councillor of Munich and SA-Obergruppenführer Emil Ketterer. They had four sons.

During World War II, Schleyer was drafted and served on the Western Front from 1939 to 1940 where he participated in the Invasion of France. He was relieved of combat in autumn 1940 when he dislocated both of his arms during a climbing exercise for the upcoming Operation Sea Lion. He was discharged of military duty on 1 May 1941 at Scheel's request to return to his position at the University of Innsbruck. He was subsequently sent to Prague, where he was appointed president of the student body at the German campus of Charles University. In this position, he met Bernhard Adolf, one of the German economic leaders in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, who brought Schleyer to the industrial association of Bohemia and Moravia in 1943. The association was responsible for Aryanization and the procurement of slave laborers. Schleyer became an important deputy and adviser to Bernhard Adolf. Schleyer and his wife were given accommodation in houses seized from Jewish residents during their time in Prague. In 1944, they moved to a seized villa estate in Bubeneč, after the previous inhabitant, SA-Obersturmführer, had committed suicide in wake of the revelation that his son had been an orchestrator in the 20 July assassination plot against Hitler. On 5 May 1945, Schleyer and his family escaped from the city shortly after the start of the Prague uprising.

Industrial leader in West Germany
After World War II, Schleyer was arrested by French forces while hiding at his parents' home in Konstanz and was held as a prisoner of war for three years by the Allies because of his membership in the SS. In his denazification proceeding, Schleyer was initially charged as a Minderbelasteter, but he put in an appeal by falsely understating his rank as Oberscharführer so as to reduce his prospective punishment for which he was instead labelled a Mitläufer. He was repatriated in 1948 after paying a fine of 300 Mark. After working under the French occupation with Direction des Bases Aériennes in Lahr, in 1949 he became secretary of the chamber of commerce of Baden-Baden. In 1951 Schleyer joined Daimler-Benz, and, with help from a mentor,, eventually became a member of the board of directors. At the end of the 1960s, he was almost appointed chairman of the board, but lost the position to Joachim Zahn. Successively, Schleyer became more involved in employers' associations, and was a leader in employer and industry associations. He was simultaneously president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federation of German Industries (BDI).

His uncompromising acts during industrial protests in the 1960s such as industrial lockouts, his history with the Nazi Party, and his aggressive appearance, especially on TV (The New York Times described him as a "caricature of an ugly capitalist" ), made Schleyer the ideal enemy for the 1968 student movement.

In 1977 Schleyer debated with Heinz Oskar Vetter, chairman of the Confederation of German Trade Unions in a crosstalk at the 8. St. Gallen Symposium, which later gained a high profile, after Schleyer's kidnapping.

Kidnapping and murder
On 5 September 1977, a RAF unit "commando Siegfried Hausner", named after an RAF figure killed during the Stockholm embassy attack two years earlier, attacked the chauffeured car carrying Hanns Martin Schleyer, then president of the German employers' association, in Cologne, just after the car had turned right from Friedrich Schmidt Strasse into Vincenz-Statz Strasse. His driver was forced to brake when a pram suddenly appeared in the street in front of them. The police escort vehicle behind them was unable to stop in time, and crashed into Schleyer's car. Four (or possibly five) masked RAF members then jumped out and sprayed bullets into the two vehicles, killing four members of the convoy. Schleyer was then pulled out of the car and forced into the RAF assailants' own getaway van.

The RAF demanded that the German government release captured members of their organization. After this demand was declined the RAF members were all eventually found dead in their jail cells. After Schleyer's kidnappers received the news of the deaths of their imprisoned comrades, Schleyer was taken from Brussels on 18 October 1977, and shot dead en route to Mulhouse, France, where his body was left in the boot of a green Audi 100 on the rue Charles Péguy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hanns Martin Schleyer


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William D. Mitchell

William DeWitt Mitchell (September 9, 1874 – August 24, 1955) was an American attorney who had served as both Solicitor General of the United States under President Calvin Coolidge and United States Attorney General under President Herbert Hoover.

Early life and education
Mitchell was born in Winona, Minnesota to William B. Mitchell, a Minnesota Supreme Court Justice, and the former Frances Merritt. Mitchell originally attended Yale University where he studied electrical engineering before becoming interested in law.

After attending Yale for two years, Mitchell transferred to the University of Minnesota, where he received his A.B. degree in 1895 and a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Afterwards, he enrolled at the University of Minnesota Law School where he received his LL.B. degree in 1896. Shortly after graduating from law school, Mitchell was admitted to the Minnesota State Bar Association and practiced law in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He married the former Gertrude Bancroft on June 27, 1901. They had two sons which were William and Bancroft Mitchell.

Career
He formed the law firm of How, Taylor & Mitchell, which became prominent in the Midwest. This prestige allowed Mitchell access to both the regional council of the U.S. Railroad Administration in 1919, and then he served as chairman of the Citizens Charter Committee of St. Paul in 1922.

Military service
He served as a line officer with the 15th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment and later an acting judge advocate for the United States Second Army Corps during the Spanish–American War. From 1899 to 1901 he was an engineer officer for the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Infantry Division and later adjutant for the 4th Infantry Regiment of the Minnesota Army National Guard. During the First World War he served with the 6th Infantry Regiment of the Minnesota Army National Guard and later served at Camp Taylor, Kentucky until the war was over. He reached the rank of Colonel.

Government service
His combined military service placed him in position to be appointed to the position of Solicitor General of the United States. Having served well in his position, President Hoover appointed him Attorney General of the United States from March 4, 1929, and he held that office until March 4, 1933, one of his principal acts having been to order the Bonus Army dispersed and their camp destroyed.

Later career
Mitchell then settled in New York City where he practiced law. He was named chairman of the Committee on Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and chief counsel of the joint congressional committee investigating the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Mitchell died there in Syosset, New York on August 24, 1955, at the age of 80.

title: William D. Mitchell


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History Bites

History Bites is a television series on the History Television network that ran from 1998 to 2004. It was a prime-time program. Created by Rick Green, History Bites explored what would be on television if the medium had been around for the last 5,000 years of human history.

Typically, a significant historical event was chosen and mock news, sports and entertainment programming was created around it. Each episode included several segments of Green offering historical background of the episode's chosen era and otherwise showed frequent shifts from one comedy sketch to another (as well as returning to certain sketches repeatedly) representing a channel-surfing viewer who never watched any one sketch for more than a few minutes at a time. Furthermore, the theme of the series is about debunking misplaced nostalgia about historical periods by illustrating their often absurd injustices and brutal realities to modern sensibilities.

Synopsis
Contemporary movies, television shows and personalities (Martha Stewart, Don Cherry, Tom Brokaw, Dennis Miller, Larry King and Andy Rooney, among others) were comically adapted to the chosen era. For example, the legendary revenge story of the "47 Ronin" of early 18th-century Japan was told in the style of a made-for-TV movie modelled on the real-life film The Godfather. Television sitcoms such as Seinfeld and All in the Family were also frequently parodied, with the characters commenting on time-appropriate events, be it Joan of Arc or the benefits of joining the elite Persian Immortals. Game and reality shows were parodied as well, including a depiction of the Donner Party as participants in an 1846 version of Survivor, and almost every episode featured segments that parodied Jeopardy!, Who Wants to be a Millionaire and/or The Weakest Link, in which contestants answered trivia questions about the common beliefs of the featured era. Anachronisms were frequent and deliberate, adding to the show's distinctive humour. For example, in one episode set in AD 100 and focusing on gladiatorial combat, the "Zamboni family" was responsible for tidying the Colosseum between bouts, in reference to modern Zamboni machines that repair rink surfaces during intermissions at ice hockey games.

By far, the earliest setting for an episode has been 6000 BC, in which viewers were advised on pre-monotheism ritual as well as the new technologies of agriculture, the bow and arrow and house-building. It also included a parody of a hospital show in which the treatment for every ailment was a trepanation. The most recent setting was 1881, in an episode largely about "The Shootout At Fly's Photographic Studio", a historically more accurate description of the event commonly known as the gunfight at the O.K. Corral.

The show's production values improved over the five seasons, increasing and refining the use of sets, costumes and props. Never Lost was Green's message (stated explicitly in the first episode and alluded to in the closing of each episode) that fond nostalgia is misplaced and that the lives of our ancestors were rife with oppression, ignorance (including casually held antisemitic and/or racist beliefs), disease and suffering. Ultimately, the title History Bites has a double meaning, referring to the "soundbites"-like nature of the short clips from each sketch, as well as the often brutal and unpleasant nature of the history being satirized.

Parodies
Films, television programs and personalities parodied on History Bites include:

Individual

 * American Justice, as Medieval Justice to tell the story of the Knights Templar
 * Annie Hall, adapted to be set during The French Revolution
 * A Beautiful Mind, adapted to tell the story of Sir Isaac Newton
 * The Bachelor, adapted to tell the colonization of Utah and the Mormons' then-practice of polygamy.
 * The Day the Earth Stood Still, adapted to tell the story of Christopher Columbus
 * The Godfather, adapted to tell the story of the 47 Ronin
 * The Olympic Games
 * The Jerry Springer Show, adapted to tell the story of Mary, Queen of Scots
 * Law & Order, adapted to depict an investigation and prosecution of the murder of Thomas Becket
 * The Osbournes, adapted to tell the story of Pope Alexander VI
 * Pokémon/Sailor Moon, adapted to tell the story of The Borgias as well as Leonardo da Vinci's inventions.
 * Scooby-Doo, adapted to tell the story of Mountain Meadows Massacre
 * Thelma and Louise, adapted to tell the story of Boudica

Animation
The fifth season of History Bites and most of the specials feature cartoon segments in a wide variety of styles animated by Bryce Hallett of Frog Feet Productions. These include parodies of Batman: the Animated Series (aka Captain Puritan), Pokémon/anime cartoons, Scooby-Doo and 1950s educational films as well as original material and styles in the specials. The cartoons are short but ambitious considering the modest budget of the show.

Specials

 * History Bites "The End Of The World" was a one-hour special on how people reacted to the first new millennium on December 31, 1999.

After the end of the 5th season, History Bites continued with a series of one-hour specials. These episodes did not feature the channel-surfing theme that earlier episodes did.
 * History Bites "Mother Britain", airing on Canada Day, July 1, 2005, covering the history of the relationship between Canada and Britain from the first explorers to the patriation of the Constitution. It featured actors portraying all 21 Canadian Prime Ministers up to that point.
 * History Bites "Uncle Sam", about the history of U.S./Canada relations.
 * History Bites "The Separatists", a special that aired June 24, 2007 on the history of separatists movements in Canada from the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions to the Clarity Act.
 * History Bites "Celine Dion", aired on Feb. 10, 2008, examined the history of Canadians moving to the United States for fame and money.
 * History Bites "Sex & Power", aired in 2008, about the intertwining of sex and politics throughout history.

Actors
Regulars on the show (along with the characters they played/parodied) include:

 * Ron Pardo: David Letterman, Ed Sullivan, Howard Stern, Dennis Miller, Don Cherry, Tom Brokaw, Ted Koppel, Ivan the Terrible, Larry King, Regis Philbin, Julius Caesar, Justinian I, William Shakespeare, Henry Hudson, Bill Maher, Dating Game contestant, Jerry Seinfeld, Jerry Springer, interviewed merchant, Woody Allen, Archie Bunker, Paul 'Pegleg' Begala, Neil Diamond, Gene Siskel, Bill Clinton, Sir Isaac Newton.
 * Rick Green: Ron MacLean, Hugh Downs, Timmy the Jeopardy! contestant, Dating Game contestant, interviewed monk.
 * Bob Bainborough: period newscaster, game show host, infomercial lawyer, Andy Rooney, Tamerlane, Galileo Galilei, Nostradamus, John Calvin, Oliver Cromwell, Pythagoras, Neolithic doctor, Shakespearean actor, Samurai, Vlad the Impaler, Alexander the Great's general.
 * Janet van de Graaf: Martha Stewart, Bev Downer, Barbara Walters, Greta Van Susteren, Anne Robinson, Empress Theodora, period on-location newscaster, interviewed noblewoman.
 * Teresa Pavlinek: period newscaster, Cleopatra, Neolithic nurse, interviewed Valley girl peasant, interviewed Puritan woman, Hatshepsut.
 * Peter Oldring: Children's show host, Cheng Ho, Alexander the Great, Bill Maher, George Costanza (Seinfeld), Dating Game contestant, dating infomercial host, interviewed rebellious teenager.
 * Sarah Lafleur: video show host, Elaine Benes (Seinfeld), dating game contestant, Joan of Arc.
 * Sam Kalilieh: Throk (Neolithic farmer), Sostratos of Sycion (Olympic Pankration champion), Thutmoses III, Sargon of Akkad, Tom Green, Pistachio the gladiator, interviewed common man.

As well, members of the show's writing staff were frequently used as extras or in bit roles, and as the series progressed, the writers (especially Danny DiTata) began to be featured in larger roles:

 * Danny DiTata (writer): Steve Irwin, Wyatt Earp, Jesus, Richard Simmons, George Costanza (Seinfeld), leper.
 * Jeremy Winkels (writer): Paul Shaffer, common man.
 * Eric Lunsky (writer): Charles the Simple, Native American, Egyptian architect, interviewed merchant, interviewed peasant.
 * Amy McKenzie (writer): Judge Judy, Shakespearean actor (not actress), interviewed peasant.
 * Duncan McKenzie (writer): Abraham Lincoln, William Farel, Leonard the Jeopardy! contestant.

Notable guest stars include:
 * Patrick McKenna
 * Wayne Robson
 * Jessica Holmes
 * Bob Martin
 * Mag Ruffman

title: History Bites


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Talk:Samba (Brazilian dance)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 October 2018 and 5 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Divrath.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:36, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Redundant stub
I was wondering if this stub should exist, given that there is another entry for Samba. The disambiguation page lists two types of Samba dance/music (plus a type of software, which is fair enough). I believe these should be combined in the same entry, maybe mentioning ballroom samba in the previous entry. I am very new to Wikipedia, so I won't change this right now (will need to find out if approapriate and how to do it first), but if you see what I mean and want to change it now, it would be great. Thanks. (Will add this comment to the other Samba page too). —Preceding unsigned comment added by AnandaLima (talk • contribs) 08:36, 28 May 2004
 * There is an immense amount of what can be written both about dance and music, and totally different thangs. So the articles must be separate. Mikkalai 23:35, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Illustration

Here's a samba carneval photo that could be used to illustrate the article, in case people consider it appropriate. I'm not sure if it would add much value in terms of information contents, but at least it would make the article more colourful. :) --Jonik 12:28, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was redirect Samba (dance) to Samba (disambiguation). JPG-GR (talk) 19:49, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Samba (Brazilian dance) → Samba (dance) — Samba (dance) currently redirects here. I think it is unnecessary for a more generic title to redirect to a more specific one. Wikipedia article titles should be as generic as possible, if no one specific article can be put into a generic title, it should be a disambiguation page. J I P | Talk 18:33, 11 June 2008 (UTC) — J I P  | Talk 18:33, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Redirect Samba (dance) to Samba (disambiguation). In the US Samba (Brazilian dance) might be the primary use, but is this the case world wide?  If someone can show a primary use I'll happily go with that. Vegaswikian (talk) 18:26, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree with User:JPG-GR and User:Vegaswikian. Keep the current title and change the redirect target. —   AjaxSmack   03:56, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * Comment Here's the apparent reason for the extra disambiguation: Samba (ballroom dance) - JPG-GR (talk) 22:47, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Samba originated in Africa
The article stated that Samba originated in Brazil but it actually originated in Africa. The Africans brought their culture to Brazil during the slave trade era and introduced Brazil to samba along with capoeira and heavy rhythmic drum music and cuisines. The article does not mention how Samba was a ceremonial dance that Africans performed and barely mentioned the use of it in capoeira which is an African form of martial arts. Please check out the following websites that support the fact of Samba's origin: dictionary.reference.com/browse/SAMBA -, www.life123.com/sports/dance/samba/origin-of-samba.shtml  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Realbrazil (talk • contribs) 02:49, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Samba did not originate in Africa! This is wrong, Samba is a disporic expression https://opanije.com/what-is-samba/, this is also present in the pt/ versions ViscondeVelho (talk) 16:09, 12 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samba (Brazilian dance)


text:
Michael Vaughan

Michael Paul Vaughan (born 29 October 1974) is an English cricket commentator and former cricketer who played all forms of the game. He served as England captain for the test team from 2003 to 2008, the one-day international team from 2003 to 2007, and was the first Twenty20 England captain from 2005 to 2007. He represented Yorkshire in the domestic arena.

Vaughan was a right-handed opening batter, who forged a successful England partnership with Marcus Trescothick, though he often batted in the middle order for England. He was ranked one of the best batters in the world following the 2002/03 Ashes, in which he scored 633 runs, including three centuries.

Vaughan captained England in 51 Tests, winning 26 (a then-national record) and losing 11; England won all seven home Tests of the 2004 summer under Vaughan, and the pinnacle of his captaincy career came with a 2–1 victory in the 2005 Ashes, England's first Ashes victory in 18 years (since 1986/87). However, a recurring knee injury, his decision to move down the batting order to accommodate other opening batsmen (Andrew Strauss and Alastair Cook) and the pressures of captaincy took their toll on Vaughan's batting during the latter part of his career: in Tests, he averaged 50.95 when not captain, and 36.02 as captain. Vaughan announced his retirement from first-class cricket on 30 June 2009.

Early life
Michael Paul Vaughan was born in Eccles, Greater Manchester the younger son of Graham and Dee Vaughan, and a great-great-nephew of the early 20th century Lancashire and England cricketers Ernest and Johnny Tyldesley.

The family moved to Sheffield, when he was nine. His father, an engineer, had captained the Worsley third XI, and Vaughan says "My first memory of cricket is when I was 10 years old, hitting balls on the boundary while my dad was playing for Worsley in the Manchester Association League." However, it was his brother David (currently working as an estate agent), older by two years, who got him into the game.

He attended Silverdale School, and was enthusiastic about football, later reflecting, "I'd have probably preferred to be a footballer if I could have been good enough. But my knees would never have lasted." Despite his many commitments, he has been a regular supporter of Sheffield Wednesday F.C.

As a youngster he played alongside future England international footballer and Manchester United captain Gary Neville, himself a talented youth cricketer, during the Bunbury Cricket Festival.

Vaughan started playing cricket for the school side and it was here he first caught the eye of Doug Padgett, the Yorkshire coach. He also started playing club cricket for Sheffield Collegiate Cricket Club at Abbeydale Park in Sheffield.

Personal life
Vaughan married Nichola Shannon (a native of Northern Ireland) on 27 September 2003. The couple have three children.

In 2005 he moved from Dore in Sheffield to Baslow in Derbyshire.

In 2006, he bought a house valued at £1 million on a luxury golf course development in Barbados and another on Isla Margarita. In 2012, Vaughan carried the Olympic Torch through Hillingdon for the London Olympic Games on 24 July.

Vaughn is a second cousin of the actress Catherine Tyldesley, known for her role as Eva Price in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street.

Vaughan stated he would be voting Conservative in 2015 and expressed dissatisfaction about the way in which the Labour Party acted after the 2017 general election.

County career
Vaughan, then living in Derbyshire, turned up as a child to watch Yorkshire playing at Sheffield. During the tea break, he was playing on the outfield with his friends when (then) Yorkshire head coach Doug Padgett spotted him, and approached him about joining the county.

However, Vaughan was born in Eccles, Greater Manchester, and at the time Yorkshire had a strict policy of only picking players who were born in Yorkshire. Years later, when the rule was removed, Doug Padgett re-investigated the young player, and offered him a place at the Yorkshire academy.

1993–2003
A batsman and occasional off spinner, Vaughan began playing professional cricket aged 17, and captained the England Under-19 cricket team on tour against Sri Lanka in 1993/94 and at home against India in 1994. He made his Test debut for England in South Africa in November 1999, becoming the 600th player to represent his country at Test cricket. He came to the crease for his first Test innings with England in the perilous state of two wickets down for two runs; within an over this had become four wickets down for two runs. He made a composed 33, and shared a partnership of 56 with Andrew Flintoff.

In May 2001 he scored his first Test century against Pakistan at Old Trafford. In December 2001, in Bangalore, Vaughan became the second Englishman, after Graham Gooch, and the 7th and most recent player in Test match history, to be given out handled the ball in Tests: on 64, he brushed away a ball from Sarandeep Singh, and was given out on appeal.

In 2002, Vaughan scored 900 runs in seven Tests against Sri Lanka and India. This included 115 against Sri Lanka at Lord's during the first Test. During the series against India he scored a duck and 100 during the first Test at Lord's, and his highest innings score to date of 197 against India during the second Test at Trent Bridge, Nottingham where he also took 3 wickets including the prized scalp of Sachin Tendulkar and during the fourth Test he scored 195 against India, again falling just short of a double-century. Later that year the English cricket team travelled to Australia for the 2002–03 Ashes series. It was here that Vaughan's career seemed to launch.

He started poorly in the first Test at Brisbane with scores of 33 and 0, but in the second Test in Adelaide he would improve on this with 177 and 41. During the fourth Test at Melbourne he made an aggressive 145. In the fifth and final Test at Sydney, Vaughan scored a match-winning 183 before being given out (wrongfully) lbw to Andy Bichel, as replays showed that not only was the ball missing leg stump but it was going over the stumps by a fair margin.

He became the first visiting batsman for 32 years to score over 600 runs in a Test match series in Australia and the first Englishman to make 3 Test hundreds in a series against Australia since Chris Broad. In total, he scored 1,481 Test runs in 2002, at the time the second highest for a calendar year in Test history after Viv Richards's 1,710 in 1976, although as of 2010 Vaughan's total has been exceeded another five times. This run of form made Vaughan the number one batsman in the world according to the ICC rankings, the first Englishman to achieve this since Graham Gooch.

Vaughan followed with a 156 against South Africa at Edgbaston in 2003. He was appointed Test captain in the next match, after Nasser Hussain stepped down. At the point at which he took over the England captaincy, Vaughan had a Test batting average of 50.98.

England captaincy
Vaughan's limited-overs batting rarely lived up to his success in Tests: indeed, despite a total of 86 matches played, he never made a One Day International century. His highest ODI score is 90 not out, which he made off 99 balls against Zimbabwe.

Despite this, on 6 May 2003, Vaughan was appointed captain of the England One Day International team, Nasser Hussain choosing to step down after the 2003 World Cup.

In July, he also took over from Hussain the captaincy of the Test side. He suddenly became captain of the England Test team on 28 July 2003, after scoring 156 in the first Test against South Africa, when Nasser Hussain resigned after England had drawn the game. The England team lost his first Test in charge by an innings and 92 runs, but went on to level the series in the next game. The series ended in a 2–2 draw.

Vaughan's batting initially suffered under the increased pressures of captaincy; in his first twelve matches as captain, his batting average was only 30.31. However, under Vaughan's captaincy, the England side became one of the most successful sides in world cricket. He benefited from the revolution begun by coach Duncan Fletcher and former captain Nasser Hussain, such as the awarding of central contracts to the core England players, and continued to forge a winning team.

In 2003, after the drawn series against South Africa, England toured the Indian subcontinent, beating Bangladesh but losing to Sri Lanka. In 2004, England were unbeaten, winning eleven matches and drawing two, including an England record of eight consecutive victories. They beat the West Indies away for the first time since 1968. They then won all seven home Tests against New Zealand and the West Indies, before beating South Africa away for the first time since 1965. In the 2005 home season, England easily beat Bangladesh in a two-Test series, before facing Australia for the Ashes.

Following a series defeat to South Africa, Vaughan stepped down as England captain on 3 August 2008 before the final Test at the Oval. In a highly emotional speech, Vaughan thanked those closest to him for their support and, amidst a flood of tears (which somewhat negated the stereotypical Northern "hard man" image), asked if anyone present had a tissue.

Ashes 2005
Hopes were high for the Ashes after the success of the previous eighteen months, but expectations were moderated by the knowledge that Australia had been the best team in the world for many years. Australian captain Ricky Ponting called for a catching pact, where batsmen would accept the word of fielders as to whether they were caught, but this was rejected by Vaughan who preferred to leave it to the umpires.

The build-up was long and intense, with press speculation over the ability of many players, leading Vaughan to say: "Both sets of players are sick and tired of talking about the Ashes. We've got a young group of players who are excited by the challenge, and it's a challenge we are all looking forward to."

In the first Test, at Lord's, England were easily beaten; Vaughan performed very poorly scoring only 3 and 4. Analysis of Vaughan's batting showed that over the last 30 months he had averaged only 37.77, and lacked consistency with a poor defensive technique. Despite his lack of form, he turned down the opportunity of playing county cricket for Yorkshire against Derbyshire, preferring to work in the nets with Duncan Fletcher. He returned, however, for their match against Kent, making 116 not out, and taking 2/42. He captained England to a narrow two-run victory in the second Test to level the series, but again scored poorly with only 24 and 1.

By the third Test, Vaughan's poor run of form was attracting increasing criticism. But during the third Test at Old Trafford he answered the critics, albeit with a bit of luck during a Glenn McGrath over. In the second ball of the over, when Vaughan was on 41, he cut hard at a wide delivery from McGrath and Gilchrist allowed it to slip through his gloves and run away for four runs. The very next ball McGrath clean bowled Vaughan with a superb off cutter, but this was in vain as the umpire called a no-ball for overstepping the line. Vaughan went on to strike 166, punishing in particular the lacklustre bowling of Jason Gillespie. Vaughan was eventually caught by Glenn McGrath off a full-toss delivery from occasional slow left-armer Simon Katich.

However, his opposing captain, Ponting, was equal to the task and made 156 as Australia clung on for the draw. Vaughan made 58 in the first innings of the fourth Test, but was out for a duck in the second, as England struggled in reaching their target of 129, eventually reaching it with three wickets to spare.

In the fifth Test, he scored 11 and 45, as it ended in a draw, allowing England to claim the Ashes for the first time since Mike Gatting's side in the 1986–87 series in Australia.

The England team were widely lauded after winning the Ashes. Tens of thousands of people lined the route of their open-top bus parade through London, with around 25,000 gathering in Trafalgar Square, their final destination.

Vaughan was given the freedom of his home city of Sheffield in honour of his achievements. In the New Year Honours, Vaughan became an OBE for his successful captaincy; the rest of the side were appointed MBEs.

Injury troubles
A knee injury ruled Vaughan out of the first Test of England's tour of Pakistan in late 2005. He played in the next two, scoring a half-century in the third, as England lost the series 2–0. This broke England's unbeaten run of six consecutive Test series, which had taken them to second in the ICC Test Championship.

Vaughan missed almost the entire 2006 season due to injuries related to his knee; he was unable to play Test series against India and Sri Lanka. Although initially hopeful of a return, he was also unfit to play in the 2006/07 Ashes series in Australia, which England lost 5–0. On 9 January 2007, Vaughan made his first international appearance in over a year, captaining England to defeat in a Twenty20 match against Australia, despite scoring 27 off 21 balls. He captained England for the first two ODIs of 2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series, a defeat to Australia and a victory over New Zealand, before a torn hamstring forced him to miss the next five games. He returned on 6 February 2007, leading England into the finals with a 14-run victory over New Zealand, although Vaughan was out for a golden duck. Two days later, he was forced to miss the best-of-three finals and return to England, after aggravating the same hamstring injury.

In October, Vaughan signed a rolling contract with Yorkshire intended to keep him at the club for the remainder of his career; the deal would only take effect after his central contract with England ended.

World Cup 2007
Despite injury concerns, on 14 February 2007, Vaughan was selected in the final 15 for the 2007 Cricket World Cup in the Caribbean, and confirmed as captain. He captained the team through Group C with victories over Canada and Kenya and a defeat to New Zealand, scoring 45, 1 and 26.

During the Super Eight stage of the tournament, Vaughan produced a series of poor innings as England continued to underperform; they were knocked out with one match remaining having never looked convincing. After their penultimate match, in which they were soundly beaten by South Africa, Vaughan said "It's a very sad day for English cricket. It's a horrible feeling to walk off and be booed by a lot of English supporters, and rightfully so from the performance we put in. I fully expected us to turn up and produce something, but we didn't and we have to accept all the criticism that comes our way." In the Guardian, Mike Selvey said Vaughan's "selection without proof of form or fitness was a gamble and it has failed." Former England cricketer Bob Willis called for Vaughan to be axed as captain.

In England's final game against the West Indies, Vaughan was the pick of the bowlers with figures of 3/39 from 10 overs, and scored a quick-fire 79 off 68 as England achieved a narrow victory with just one wicket and one ball remaining.

2007 season
After being released for county action on his return, Vaughan found form with 72 for Yorkshire against Hampshire at the Rose Bowl. However, in the second innings of that match he was again injured; this time with a broken finger, received as he tried to evade a Stuart Clark delivery. This ruled him out of the first Test against the West Indies on 17 May.

He recovered for the second test, his first for 18 months, and scored 103 in an emphatic victory of an innings and 283 runs; in The Guardian, Selvey described the innings as a "masterpiece", and said "Vaughan came as close to perfection as ever he can have done."

When England defeated the West Indies in the third Test at Old Trafford, Vaughan surpassed Peter May as the man who had led England to most Test victories, with 21 wins.

Despite this, at the end of the 4th day of the fourth test, it was announced that Vaughan would be standing down as captain of the one-day team with immediate effect.

On 30 July, against India Vaughan hit his 5,000th Test cricket run at Trent Bridge, and eventually fell to an unlucky dismissal off the thigh pad for 124. On 15 September, Vaughan top-scored for Yorkshire Phoenix with 95 runs against Derbyshire Phantoms (his highest one-day score in two years), thus firing them to victory in the county's last Pro40 match of the season.

For his performances in 2007, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC.

Sri Lanka and New Zealand
Vaughan failed to make a significant score in Sri Lanka as he opened for England with Cook. He travelled to New Zealand with great optimism. However, in the 3 match Test series, he again failed to make an impact, scoring a gritty 63 in the first Test defeat and averaging 20.05. Nevertheless, he did lead England to a first away series win in 3 years. There were many calls for Vaughan's place in the side to be reassessed, nothing in Vaughan's 135 from six domestic innings in 2008 to quieten them. He acknowledged his need for runs, but remained upbeat about his own position and about England's chances in the 2009 Ashes series.

Jonathan Agnew opined that Vaughan could ill afford another poor series. He answered his critics in the first test, however, scoring his eighteenth century when he hit 106 from 214 deliveries. This was his first century against New Zealand, and his sixth at Lord's, the latter equalling the record set by Graham Gooch.

South Africa
Following his century in the first Test of the summer against New Zealand, Vaughan again struggled with form in the second series of the summer against South Africa, scoring just 2, 0 and 21 in the first two Test matches of the series. With the team also performing poorly and with questions being raised over selection issues,

Vaughan again came under pressure going into the third Test at Edgbaston. He scored a golden duck as the team capitulated to 231 all out on the first day of the test. This led to much criticism from the media, particularly Geoffrey Boycott, who stated on Test Match Special, "On his performances he doesn't deserve to play ... Vaughan, I've said for a long time, is not playing well ... There's something wrong – I don't know whether it's his eyesight or what". After defeat at Edgbaston, which meant that England would lose the series, Vaughan stepped down as England captain after five years in charge due to the team's recent lack of wins.

Retirement
Vaughan continued his poor form through 2009 and could not earn himself a recall to the national team in time for the West Indies tour.

In January, Vaughan had withdrawn from the IPL auction to concentrate on getting back into the Test side in time for the Ashes, but to no avail: his poor form seemed to have brought an end to his international career as he was not included in the training party for the Ashes Tests. Mike Atherton, also a former England captain and now cricket correspondent for The Times, suggested that, based on the vibes emanating from Yorkshire County Cricket Club, Vaughan was not about to quit. Vaughan's future was not necessarily in his own hands. In seven County Championship matches in 2009, he had scored just 147 runs at an average of 21.00, by some way the lowest of Yorkshire's top-order batsmen. His last innings of 47 versus Worcestershire was his highest for Yorkshire since June 2008, and he had not hit a century since May 2002. In all, since the 2005 Ashes, he had rolled up a mere 747 Yorkshire runs at 25.75. "Does he still justify a place in Yorkshire's Championship side?" asked the Yorkshire Evening Post. A few days later, on 30 June 2009, Vaughan ended all speculation by announcing his retirement from all cricket with immediate effect. The announcement, made at Edgbaston, home to Warwickshire County Cricket Club, was made after his being omitted from the England Ashes squad. He gave a tongue-in-cheek explanation for his retirement, stating: "Two weeks ago my little lad, Archie, bowled a ball that hit a weed and knocked my off-stump out of the ground. If a three-year-old is bowling me out, it's time to move over!"

Not only is Vaughan involved in broadcasting he also has a large range of business interests outside cricket. Some of these involve Fitness with a gym called FITISM based in both Bakewell and now Wilmslow. Vaughan also has an art company called Art Balling where he paints pictures by hitting cricket balls at a wall.

Since his retirement, Vaughan has at various times been a brand ambassador for a range of companies. Most recently, he has been associated with menswear company Charles Tyrwhitt.

Allegations of racism
Following an investigation into racism at Yorkshire County Cricket Club, on 4 November 2021 Vaughan announced he had been named in a report dealing with claims of institutionalised racism at the club by former player Azeem Rafiq. He confirmed that his name appears in the report into Rafiq's account of racial discrimination, harassment and bullying during his time at Yorkshire in his column in the Daily Telegraph. He denied the claim. On 5 November, the BBC announced that Vaughan would not present his Radio 5 Live show the following week, due to the investigation, but were still in discussions with his team over his future with the corporation. In March 2023, Vaughan was cleared on the balance of probabilities of making racist remarks towards Rafiq.

Broadcasting
In 2009 Vaughan joined Test Match Special as an expert summariser during the England vs Australia ODI series. His first Test match was during England's series in South Africa.

He appeared on the Sport Panel Show "Fighting Talk" on BBC Radio 5 Live. Vaughan is also a commentator on Channel Five's Cricket on Five television highlights package from the 2010 season. He also took part in the 2011 TV series Jamie's Dream School. Since 2012 Vaughan has also worked as an interviewer for BBC's golf coverage. In 2012, Depression in Cricket, on BBC Radio 5 live presented by Vaughan won the Sports Journalists' Association's Award for Best Radio Programme. The programme, broadcast in June 2011, featured interviews with Marcus Trescothick, Matthew Hoggard and Kevin Saxelby, whose brother, Mark, committed suicide in 2000.

On 21 June 2012, Vaughan was the first celebrity to be revealed in the line up of the tenth series of Strictly Come Dancing, and was voted off the show on 2 December 2012. During the 2017–18 Ashes Series he was an expert commentator on the BT Sport's coverage and an occasional host of The Cricket Show with Australian Michael Slater and then he was guest commentator on the Network Ten's coverage of 2017–18 Big Bash League season.

In January 2018, Vaughan participated in And They're Off! in aid of Sport Relief.

In 2018, Vaughan joined Fox Sports Australia as an expert commentator for the Australian test summer.

Awards
Vaughan was chosen as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2003 and became the first cricketer ever to be featured on the cover of cricket's Bible Wisden (in the same year) after his excellent batting in 2002. In August 2005, the Sheffield Hallam University honoured him with an honorary doctorate for his services towards the game. September 2005 saw him being awarded the Freedom of the City of Sheffield after captaining England to victory in the Ashes.

In December 2005, the England cricket team was awarded the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Team Award. Vaughan was nominated for the Sports Personality of the Year individual award, but that went to his teammate, Andrew Flintoff.

On 31 December 2005, the entire Ashes-winning England cricket team was awarded the Queen's New Years' Honours, with Vaughan, team coach Duncan Fletcher and manager Phil Neale being honoured with OBEs and the rest of the side being awarded MBEs.

Vaughan was also nominated in the Captain of the Year category for the 2006 ICC Awards (eventually awarded to Sri Lanka's Mahela Jayawardene) which was held in Mumbai on 3 November 2006. The following year, Vaughan was named in the Test Team of the Year at the 2007 ICC Awards.

Writing
Vaughan has written three books related to his cricketing career: A Year in the Sun: The Captain's Story, Calling The Shots and Time To Declare.

Vaughan's first book was titled A Year in the Sun: The Captain's Story. In this book, he describes his phenomenal and fortuitous year of 2002–03, experiencing Bradmanesque-form, plundering seven centuries in 12 Tests, en route to become the world's best Test batsman that year. He also describes his experiences as an England cricketer, bowling out Sachin Tendulkar (one of the finest players in the modern game) and the controversial World Cup in Zimbabwe, which led to England forfeiting important points and eventually any chance they had of winning. Vaughan's appointment as England captain after the 2003 World Cup brought a new fresh spirit and life in the England dressing room, leading to instant success in the one-day arena. Nasser Hussain resigned as England Test captain shortly after – and Vaughan took charge in Tests as well.

In October 2005, Vaughan released Calling The Shots, which describes man-management of the team as captain and his time as the England cricket captain so far. It also describes his fractious relationship with the South African captain Graeme Smith. Vaughan alleged that Smith had called him [Vaughan] a "queer" and Andrew Flintoff a "big baby". Moreover, Smith acted as a witness during the trial of Vaughan's case with match-referee Clive Lloyd, where Vaughan had mildly rebuked the umpires for having called off play in bright conditions the previous day during a Test match in Johannesburg, South Africa, which resulted in Vaughan being fined his entire match-fee. Afterwards he started referring to Smith as 'The Witness'.

Vaughan released his book Time To Declare after announcing his retirement from all forms of cricket in 2009. This book talks about his early days as a Yorkshire cricketer, to emerging as a world-class batsman, forging a successful partnership with then coach Duncan Fletcher that finally culminated in England winning the Ashes in 2005, to becoming the most successful England cricket captain in history, and finally, recurring injuries which ultimately caused him to end his playing career.

He gives an insight about captaining and working with different personalities such as Flintoff, Kevin Pietersen and Steve Harmison, all of whom were instrumental in England winning the 2005 Ashes. He also gives his views on the state of cricket today and a frank assessment of fellow players, coaches and administrators. The book concludes with praise for the achievements of the 2009 Ashes-winning England team.

Test centuries
Career performance:

title: Michael Vaughan


text:
The dB's

The dB's are an American alternative rock and power pop group, who formed in New York City in 1978 and first came to prominence in the early 1980s. Their debut album Stands for Decibels is acclaimed as one of the great "lost" power pop albums of the 1980s.

The band members are Peter Holsapple, Chris Stamey, Will Rigby, and Gene Holder. Although the members are all from Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the group was formed in New York City in 1978. In 2012, the band completed its first new studio album in 25 years and its first in 30 years with the original lineup.

History
During 1977, Stamey played bass with Alex Chilton in New York, and recorded "(I Thought) You Wanted to Know" with Television guitarist Richard Lloyd. A single of the latter song, backed with "If and When" (on which Rigby and Holder played), was issued in 1978, credited to Chris Stamey and the dB's.

Holsapple joined the group in October 1978, after moving to New York City from North Carolina. Their single "Black and White" was issued by Shake Records in 1980.

British label Albion Records released their first album Stands for Decibels in January 1981 to critical acclaim but negligible sales.

According to Trouser Press, the group drew from 1960s pop and psychedelia as well as 1970s pop groups like Big Star, but the songs by composers Stamey and Holsapple were too distinctive to merely copy their sources of inspiration. While Holsapple was skilled in the composing of fairly conventional tunes such as "Big Brown Eyes" and "Bad Reputation," Stamey's songs, such as "Espionage" and "Tearjerkin'," tended to be somewhat more experimental and quirky.

They released a second album on Albion in 1982, Repercussion, and also released singles such as "Judy." These two albums were later reissued on one compact disc.

Stamey left the group after the second album, and pursued a career as a solo artist and producer. The group then recorded the album Like This, released in 1984. The band signed an American record deal with Bearsville Records, but distribution problems caused the album to be delayed, and Bearsville folded the same year. Rick Wagner joined the band on bass, and Holder moved to lead guitar.

The Sound of Music, their last album before their breakup, was released on I.R.S. Records in 1987 with New Orleans bass player Jeff Beninato, founder of the New Orleans Musicians Relief Fund. The album reached the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 171. Beninato participated in the subsequent tour. Holder left the band to join the Individuals, and Eric Peterson was recruited on lead guitar after replacing temporary guitarist/keyboardist Harold Kelt. "[The Sound of Music] has been out of print since 1988," said Peter Holsapple in 2022. "I.R.S. then rejected all the demos for a second album on the label, and I ended the band after a show in Florida." In 2017, Holsapple said: "Somehow we've gone from great white hope to also-ran to godfathers of power pop, all without selling a whole lot of records. There were some cities where we felt like we were kind of a big deal. In Chicago we got a lot of radio play on WXRT and we could sell out the clubs there, but take us to Bloomington, Indiana, and nobody knew who we were."

Several albums were released after the dB's broke up. Line Records compiled Stands for Decibels and Repercussion with the addition of two bonus tracks, first in 1992 as dB's First/ Repercussion, then in 1999 as Neverland. Ride the Wild Tom-Tom, released in 1993 by Rhino Records, collected demos, early recordings, and singles. Paris Avenue, issued in 1994 by Monkey Hill Records, was a posthumous album by the final line-up, based on demo tapes from the band's waning days.

Other projects
Following the dB's breakup, Holsapple worked as a sideman, serving as a full-time auxiliary guitarist and keyboardist for R.E.M. for four years, beginning with the Green world tour and continuing through the 1991 Out of Time album. After finishing working with R.E.M., he toured with Hootie and the Blowfish and then joined the Continental Drifters. He released one solo album, 1997's Out of My Way.

Stamey has released six solo records and has worked as a record producer. In 1985, the Christmas Time holiday-themed mini-album was issued by Coyote Records, credited to "Chris Stamey Group with Special Guests the dB's". It was expanded to a 17-song CD in 1993, retitled Christmas Time Again and featuring contributions from Mitch Easter, Ryan Adams, Marshall Crenshaw, Don Dixon, and others, and then again as a 21-song CD in November 2006.

Rigby played drums for Steve Earle and others, and Holder continued to record and produce.

In 1991, Stamey and Holsapple reunited (not under the dB's moniker) as a duo to record an album titled Mavericks.

Reunion
The classic lineup of the dB's reunited in 2005 and performed two shows in Chicago and two in Hoboken, New Jersey.

Also in 2005, the band recorded a cover version of the 1966 song "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" to benefit the New Orleans Musicians' Relief Fund.

Bowery Ballroom in NYC hosted the dB's in January 2007, and in February 2007, the band performed at Cat's Cradle in Carrboro, North Carolina.

In March 2012, Holsapple, Stamey, Rigby, and Mitch Easter (substituting for Holder) played at South by Southwest.

Falling Off the Sky was released in June 2012 by Bar/None Records.

Studio albums

 * Stands for Decibels (1981, Albion Records)
 * Repercussion (1981, Albion Records)
 * Like This (1984, Bearsville Records)
 * The Sound of Music (1987, I.R.S. Records)
 * Paris Avenue (1994, Monkey Hill Records)
 * Falling Off the Sky (2012, Bar/None Records)

EPs

 * Amplifier (1981, Albion Records)
 * Revolution of the Mind (2013, Orange Sound)

Singles

 * "(I Thought) You Wanted to Know" as Chris Stamey & the dB's (1978, Car Records)
 * "Black and White" (1980, Shake Records)
 * "Dynamite" (1981, Albion Records)
 * "Big Brown Eyes" (1981, Albion Records)
 * "Judy" (1981, Albion Records)
 * "Neverland" (1982, Albion Records)
 * "Living a Lie" (1982, Albion Records)
 * "Love Is for Lovers" (1984, Bearsville Records)
 * "I Lie" (1987, I.R.S. Records)
 * "Picture Sleeve" (2011, Orange Sound)
 * "Bad Reputation (New York Rocker Sessions)" (2021, Propeller Sound Recordings)
 * "Tell Me Two Times (New York Rocker Sessions)" (2021, Propeller Sound Recordings)

Compilation albums

 * Amplifier (1986, Dojo Records)
 * dB's First/ Repercussion (1992, Line Records)
 * Ride the Wild Tom-Tom (1993, Rhino Records)
 * Neverland (1999, Line Records)
 * I Thought You Wanted to Know: 1978-1981 (2021, Propeller Sound Recordings)

title: The dB's


text:
Münsingen

Münsingen (Highest Alemannic: Münsige) is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipality of Trimstein merged into Münsingen, and on 1 January 2017 the former municipality of Tägertschi also merged.

The village lies on the River Aare between the cities of Bern and Thun.

History
Münsingen developed from a Celtic village first settled in around 400 BC. The origin of the name is unclear, though attributed to the Alamanni. During the early and middle La Tene era the residents of the village built about 220 tombs along the Aare river. Some of the men were buried with their weapons and the women and children were buried with jewelry. A total of 1,200 items were discovered from the village. The rich collection of artifacts and the clear stratigraphic layers at Münsingen have helped archeologists to develop a model for dating isolated graves from Germany to Romania to Italy. The relatively small number of individuals combined with the rich grave goods indicate that the settlement at Münsingen was home to Celtic nobility. Two of the graves contain skulls that show evidence of trepanation or holes bored into the skull.

During the Roman era there was a country estate or very small settlement near where the village church stands today. Scattered fragments of a wall and a bath house have been discovered. The bath house floor was decorated with mosaics depicting fishes and the god Oceanus. The bath house is probably from the 2nd century AD.

Münsingen is first mentioned between 993 and 1010 as Munisingam when King Rudolph III of Burgundy granted it to Count Kuno. It passed through the hands of the Kyburgs and the Zähringens. Then, in the 13th and 14th centuries Münsingen came under the lordship of the Senn knights from whom the present arms of the municipality are derived. In 1377, the last member of the family sold the town to a wealthy family in Bern. It passed through several families before the city of Bern gradually acquired all the rights to the town.

As an important gathering-place during the Peasants' War, and in the ensuing process of democratization, Münsingen played a major part in the history of the canton of Bern.

Originally, the town was ruled from a castle located on the heights above the Müli valley. However, this building fell into ruin and little is known about it. By the 12th century another castle was built in Münsingen town. The Senn family ruled the town from this castle. However, it was demolished by Bern in 1311. A wooden outbuilding was built on the castle lands three years later, in 1314. In 1550 the Schultheiss Hans Franz Nägeli rebuilt the castle building into Münsingen Castle. It was renovated and repaired in 1749–53. In 1977 the municipality acquired the castle and converted it into a municipal museum. The wooden outbuilding was rebuilt in 1570 into a country estate house by the Schultheiss Johannes Steiger. It was purchased in 1877 by the Canton of Bern and converted into a cantonal psychiatric clinic. The clinic played an important role in the 1930s in introducing the somatic therapies in psychiatry.

Geography
Münsingen has an area of. Before the 2017 merger, the area of the municipality was 12.11 km2. Of this area, 3.97 km2 or 46.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.45 km2 or 17.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.98 km2 or 35.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.12 km2 or 1.4% is either rivers or lakes and 0.02 km2 or 0.2% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.4% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 20.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 8.3%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.3%. Out of the forested land, 15.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 38.1% is used for growing crops and 6.6% is pastures, while 2.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Aare valley and includes the village of Münsingen, and the canton's psychiatric clinic.

On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Konolfingen, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Bern-Mittelland.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a Chief and a Pale Argent.

Demographics
Münsingen has a population of. , 9.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 0.1%. Migration accounted for -0.1%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.1%.

Most of the population speaks German (10,164 or 92.9%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (160 or 1.5%) and French is the third (117 or 1.1%). There are 9 people who speak Romansh.

, the population was 47.8% male and 52.2% female. The population was made up of 4,644 Swiss men (42.8% of the population) and 535 (4.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 5,203 Swiss women (48.0%) and 463 (4.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 2,660 or about 24.3% were born in Münsingen and lived there in 2000. There were 4,905 or 44.8% who were born in the same canton, while 1,714 or 15.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,167 or 10.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 21.2%.

, there were 4,580 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 5,256 married individuals, 571 widows or widowers and 530 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 1,386 households that consist of only one person and 249 households with five or more people. , a total of 4,274 apartments (93.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 210 apartments (4.6%) were seasonally occupied and 78 apartments (1.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.08%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Münsingen Clinic Building, the village rectory and the USM factory and corporate offices are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The facility and grounds around Münsingen Clinic are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Main sights

 * Münsingen Castle
 * Landwirtschaftliche Schule Schwand (the former Schwand Agricultural School)

Administration
Münsingen is administered by a seven-member council and a 30-seat municipal assembly.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 21.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (19.1%), the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (16.7%) and the Green Party (12.8%). In the federal election, a total of 4,488 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 55.3%.

Religion
From the, 7,464 or 68.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 1,472 or 13.5% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 57 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.52% of the population), there were 7 individuals (or about 0.06% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 1,181 individuals (or about 10.80% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 6 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who were Jewish, and 261 (or about 2.39% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 21 individuals who were Buddhist, 88 individuals who were Hindu and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 687 (or about 6.28% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 271 individuals (or about 2.48% of the population) did not answer the question.

Economy
Münsingen's most important enterprise is the firm of USM (Ulrich Schaerer Münsingen), internationally known producers of office furniture.

, Münsingen had an unemployment rate of 1.8%. , there were a total of 5,778 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 48 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector. 1,485 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 91 businesses in this sector. 4,245 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 398 businesses in this sector. There were 5,729 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.4% of the workforce.

there were a total of 4,680 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 37, of which 36 were in agriculture and 1 was in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,386 of which 1,042 or (75.2%) were in manufacturing and 327 (23.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 3,257. In the tertiary sector; 756 or 23.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 56 or 1.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 153 or 4.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 63 or 1.9% were in the information industry, 113 or 3.5% were the insurance or financial industry, 188 or 5.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 400 or 12.3% were in education and 1,175 or 36.1% were in health care.

, there were 3,211 workers who commuted into the municipality and 3,464 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 31.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 38.1% used a private car.

Education
Educational provision in Münsingen covers all levels from primary school, through middle and secondary schools (Realschule and Sekundarschule), up to senior-level education (Vorgymnasium).

In Münsingen about 4,747 or (43.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 1,504 or (13.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 1,504 who completed tertiary schooling, 73.5% were Swiss men, 19.5% were Swiss women, 4.8% were non-Swiss men and 2.2% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship. D

During the 2010–11 school year, there were a total of 1,341 students attending classes in Münsingen. There were 10 kindergarten classes with a total of 177 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 14.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 19.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 34 primary classes and 682 students. Of the primary students, 11.6% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 16.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 23 lower secondary classes with a total of 454 students. There were 8.4% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 9.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The remainder of the students attend a private or special school.

, there were 204 students in Münsingen who came from another municipality, while 355 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Sport
FC Münsingen is the town's football club.

Twin towns – sister cities
Münsingen is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇿 Humpolec, Czech Republic

Notable people

 * Christian Müller (1921 in Münsingen – 2013) a Swiss teacher, writer, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
 * Simone Niggli-Luder (born 1978) a Swiss orienteering athlete, lives in Münsingen
 * Roman Bürki (born 1990 in Münsingen) a Swiss professional footballer, approaching 300 club caps
 * Medon Berisha (born 2003) a professional footballer who plays for US Lecce and the Albanian national football team
 * Nora von Bergen (born 1990 in Münsingen) a Swiss ice dancer
 * Patric Niederhauser (born 1991 in Münsingen) a professional racing driver
 * Michael Frey (born 1994 in Münsingen) a Swiss footballer, approaching 300 club caps
 * Reto Keller (born 1994 in Münsingen) a Swiss curler

title: Münsingen


text:
Total variation

In mathematics, the total variation identifies several slightly different concepts, related to the (local or global) structure of the codomain of a function or a measure. For a real-valued continuous function f, defined on an interval [a, b] ⊂ R, its total variation on the interval of definition is a measure of the one-dimensional arclength of the curve with parametric equation x ↦ f(x), for x ∈ [a, b]. Functions whose total variation is finite are called functions of bounded variation.

Historical note
The concept of total variation for functions of one real variable was first introduced by Camille Jordan in the paper. He used the new concept in order to prove a convergence theorem for Fourier series of discontinuous periodic functions whose variation is bounded. The extension of the concept to functions of more than one variable however is not simple for various reasons.

Total variation for functions of one real variable
$$ The total variation of a real-valued (or more generally complex-valued) function $$f$$, defined on an interval $$ [a, b] \subset \mathbb{R}$$ is the quantity

 * $$ V_a^b(f)=\sup_{\mathcal{P}} \sum_{i=0}^{n_P-1} | f(x_{i+1})-f(x_i) |, $$

where the supremum runs over the set of all partitions $$ \mathcal{P} = \left\{P=\{ x_0, \dots, x_{n_P}\} \mid P\text{ is a partition of } [a,b] \right\} $$ of the given interval. Which means that $$a = x_{0} < x_{1} < ...  < x_{n_{P}} = b$$.

Total variation for functions of n > 1 real variables
$$ Let Ω be an open subset of Rn. Given a function f belonging to L1(Ω), the total variation of f in Ω is defined as

 * $$ V(f,\Omega):=\sup\left\{\int_\Omega f(x) \operatorname{div} \phi(x) \, \mathrm{d}x \colon \phi\in C_c^1(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^n),\ \Vert \phi\Vert_{L^\infty(\Omega)}\le 1\right\}, $$

where This definition does not require that the domain $$\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$$ of the given function be a bounded set.
 * $$ C_c^1(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^n)$$ is the set of continuously differentiable vector functions of compact support contained in $$\Omega$$,
 * $$ \Vert\;\Vert_{L^\infty(\Omega)}$$ is the essential supremum norm, and
 * $$\operatorname{div}$$ is the divergence operator.

Classical total variation definition
Following, consider a signed measure $$\mu$$ on a measurable space $$(X,\Sigma)$$: then it is possible to define two set functions $$\overline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,\cdot)$$ and $$\underline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,\cdot)$$, respectively called upper variation and lower variation, as follows

 * $$\overline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,E)=\sup\left\{\mu(A)\mid A\in\Sigma\text{ and }A\subset E \right\}\qquad\forall E\in\Sigma$$
 * $$\underline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,E)=\inf\left\{\mu(A)\mid A\in\Sigma\text{ and }A\subset E \right\}\qquad\forall E\in\Sigma$$

clearly

 * $$\overline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,E)\geq 0 \geq \underline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,E)\qquad\forall E\in\Sigma$$

$$ The variation (also called absolute variation) of the signed measure $$\mu$$ is the set function

 * $$|\mu|(E)=\overline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,E)+\left|\underline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,E)\right|\qquad\forall E\in\Sigma$$

and its total variation is defined as the value of this measure on the whole space of definition, i.e.

 * $$\|\mu\|=|\mu|(X)$$

Modern definition of total variation norm
uses upper and lower variations to prove the Hahn–Jordan decomposition: according to his version of this theorem, the upper and lower variation are respectively a non-negative and a non-positive measure. Using a more modern notation, define

 * $$\mu^+(\cdot)=\overline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,\cdot)\,,$$
 * $$\mu^-(\cdot)=-\underline{\mathrm{W}}(\mu,\cdot)\,,$$

Then $$\mu^+$$ and $$\mu^-$$ are two non-negative measures such that

 * $$\mu=\mu^+-\mu^-$$
 * $$|\mu|=\mu^++\mu^-$$

The last measure is sometimes called, by abuse of notation, total variation measure.

Total variation norm of complex measures
If the measure $$\mu$$ is complex-valued i.e. is a complex measure, its upper and lower variation cannot be defined and the Hahn–Jordan decomposition theorem can only be applied to its real and imaginary parts. However, it is possible to follow and define the total variation of the complex-valued measure $$\mu$$ as follows

$$ The variation of the complex-valued measure $$\mu$$ is the set function

 * $$|\mu|(E)=\sup_\pi \sum_{A\isin\pi} |\mu(A)|\qquad\forall E\in\Sigma$$

where the supremum is taken over all partitions $$\pi$$ of a measurable set $$E$$ into a countable number of disjoint measurable subsets.

This definition coincides with the above definition $$|\mu|=\mu^++\mu^-$$ for the case of real-valued signed measures.

Total variation norm of vector-valued measures
The variation so defined is a positive measure (see ) and coincides with the one defined by $$ when $$\mu$$ is a signed measure: its total variation is defined as above. This definition works also if $$\mu$$ is a vector measure: the variation is then defined by the following formula

 * $$|\mu|(E) = \sup_\pi \sum_{A\isin\pi} \|\mu(A)\|\qquad\forall E\in\Sigma$$

where the supremum is as above. This definition is slightly more general than the one given by since it requires only to consider finite partitions of the space $$X$$: this implies that it can be used also to define the total variation on finite-additive measures.

Total variation of probability measures
The total variation of any probability measure is exactly one, therefore it is not interesting as a means of investigating the properties of such measures. However, when μ and ν are probability measures, the total variation distance of probability measures can be defined as $$\| \mu - \nu \|$$ where the norm is the total variation norm of signed measures. Using the property that $$(\mu-\nu)(X)=0$$, we eventually arrive at the equivalent definition

 * $$\|\mu-\nu\| = |\mu-\nu|(X)=2 \sup\left\{\,\left|\mu(A)-\nu(A)\right| : A\in \Sigma\,\right\}$$

and its values are non-trivial. The factor $$2$$ above is usually dropped (as is the convention in the article total variation distance of probability measures). Informally, this is the largest possible difference between the probabilities that the two probability distributions can assign to the same event. For a categorical distribution it is possible to write the total variation distance as follows

 * $$\delta(\mu,\nu) = \sum_x \left| \mu(x) - \nu(x) \right|\;.$$

It may also be normalized to values in $$[0, 1]$$ by halving the previous definition as follows

 * $$\delta(\mu,\nu) = \frac{1}{2}\sum_x \left| \mu(x) - \nu(x) \right|$$

Total variation of differentiable functions
The total variation of a $$C^1(\overline{\Omega})$$ function $$f$$ can be expressed as an integral involving the given function instead of as the supremum of the functionals of definitions $$ and $$.

The form of the total variation of a differentiable function of one variable
$$ The total variation of a differentiable function $$f$$, defined on an interval $$ [a, b] \subset \mathbb{R}$$, has the following expression if $$f'$$ is Riemann integrable

 * $$ V_a^b(f) = \int _a^b |f'(x)|\mathrm{d}x$$

If $$ f$$ is differentiable and monotonic, then the above simplifies to
 * $$ V_a^b(f) = |f(a) - f(b)|$$

For any differentiable function $$f$$, we can decompose the domain interval $$[a,b]$$, into subintervals $$[a,a_1], [a_1,a_2], \dots, [a_N,b]$$ (with $$a<a_1<a_2<\cdots<a_N<b $$) in which $$f$$ is locally monotonic, then the total variation of $$ f$$ over $$[a,b]$$ can be written as the sum of local variations on those subintervals:

\begin{align} V_a^b(f) &= V_a^{a_1}(f) + V_{a_1}^{a_2}(f) + \, \cdots \, +V_{a_N}^b(f)\\[0.3em] &=|f(a)-f(a_1)|+|f(a_1)-f(a_2)|+ \,\cdots \, + |f(a_N)-f(b)| \end{align}$$

The form of the total variation of a differentiable function of several variables
$$ Given a $$C^1(\overline{\Omega})$$ function $$f$$ defined on a bounded open set $$\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$$, with $$\partial \Omega $$ of class $$C^1$$, the total variation of $$f$$ has the following expression

 * $$V(f,\Omega) = \int_\Omega \left|\nabla f(x) \right| \mathrm{d}x$$.

Proof
The first step in the proof is to first prove an equality which follows from the Gauss–Ostrogradsky theorem.

Lemma
Under the conditions of the theorem, the following equality holds:
 * $$ \int_\Omega f\operatorname{div}\varphi = -\int_\Omega\nabla f\cdot\varphi $$

Proof of the lemma
From the Gauss–Ostrogradsky theorem:
 * $$ \int_\Omega \operatorname{div}\mathbf R = \int_{\partial\Omega}\mathbf R\cdot \mathbf n $$

by substituting $$\mathbf R:= f\mathbf\varphi$$, we have:

 * $$ \int_\Omega\operatorname{div}\left(f\mathbf\varphi\right) =

\int_{\partial\Omega}\left(f\mathbf\varphi\right)\cdot\mathbf n $$ where $$\mathbf\varphi $$ is zero on the border of $$\Omega$$ by definition:
 * $$ \int_\Omega\operatorname{div}\left(f\mathbf\varphi\right)=0$$
 * $$ \int_\Omega \partial_{x_i} \left(f\mathbf\varphi_i\right)=0$$
 * $$ \int_\Omega \mathbf\varphi_i\partial_{x_i} f + f\partial_{x_i}\mathbf\varphi_i=0$$
 * $$ \int_\Omega f\partial_{x_i}\mathbf\varphi_i = - \int_\Omega \mathbf\varphi_i\partial_{x_i} f $$
 * $$ \int_\Omega f\operatorname{div} \mathbf\varphi = - \int_\Omega \mathbf\varphi\cdot\nabla f $$

Proof of the equality
Under the conditions of the theorem, from the lemma we have:
 * $$ \int_\Omega f\operatorname{div} \mathbf\varphi

= - \int_\Omega \mathbf\varphi\cdot\nabla f \leq \left| \int_\Omega \mathbf\varphi\cdot\nabla f \right| \leq \int_\Omega \left|\mathbf\varphi\right|\cdot\left|\nabla f\right| \leq \int_\Omega \left|\nabla f\right| $$ in the last part $$\mathbf\varphi$$ could be omitted, because by definition its essential supremum is at most one.

On the other hand, we consider $$\theta_N:=-\mathbb I_{\left[-N,N\right]}\mathbb I_{\{\nabla f\ne 0\}}\frac{\nabla f}{\left|\nabla f\right|}$$ and $$\theta^*_N$$ which is the up to $$\varepsilon$$ approximation of $$\theta_N$$ in $$ C^1_c$$ with the same integral. We can do this since $$ C^1_c$$ is dense in $$ L^1 $$. Now again substituting into the lemma:

 * $$\begin{align}

&\lim_{N\to\infty}\int_\Omega f\operatorname{div}\theta^*_N \\[4pt] &= \lim_{N\to\infty}\int_{\{\nabla f\ne 0\}}\mathbb I_{\left[-N,N\right]}\nabla f\cdot\frac{\nabla f}{\left|\nabla f\right|} \\[4pt] &= \lim_{N\to\infty}\int_{\left[-N,N\right]\cap{\{\nabla f\ne 0\}}} \nabla f\cdot\frac{\nabla f}{\left|\nabla f\right|} \\[4pt] &= \int_\Omega\left|\nabla f\right| \end{align}$$ This means we have a convergent sequence of $\int_\Omega f \operatorname{div} \mathbf\varphi$ that tends to $\int_\Omega\left|\nabla f\right|$  as well as we know that $\int_\Omega f\operatorname{div}\mathbf\varphi \leq \int_\Omega\left|\nabla f\right| $. Q.E.D.

It can be seen from the proof that the supremum is attained when
 * $$\varphi\to \frac{-\nabla f}{\left|\nabla f\right|}.$$

The function $$f$$ is said to be of bounded variation precisely if its total variation is finite.

Total variation of a measure
The total variation is a norm defined on the space of measures of bounded variation. The space of measures on a σ-algebra of sets is a Banach space, called the ca space, relative to this norm. It is contained in the larger Banach space, called the ba space, consisting of finitely additive (as opposed to countably additive) measures, also with the same norm. The distance function associated to the norm gives rise to the total variation distance between two measures μ and ν.

For finite measures on R, the link between the total variation of a measure μ and the total variation of a function, as described above, goes as follows. Given μ, define a function $$\varphi\colon \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$$ by
 * $$\varphi(t) = \mu((-\infty,t])~.$$

Then, the total variation of the signed measure μ is equal to the total variation, in the above sense, of the function $$\varphi$$. In general, the total variation of a signed measure can be defined using Jordan's decomposition theorem by
 * $$\|\mu\|_{TV} = \mu_+(X) + \mu_-(X)~,$$

for any signed measure μ on a measurable space $$(X,\Sigma)$$.

Applications
Total variation can be seen as a non-negative real-valued functional defined on the space of real-valued functions (for the case of functions of one variable) or on the space of integrable functions (for the case of functions of several variables). As a functional, total variation finds applications in several branches of mathematics and engineering, like optimal control, numerical analysis, and calculus of variations, where the solution to a certain problem has to minimize its value. As an example, use of the total variation functional is common in the following two kind of problems

 * Numerical analysis of differential equations: it is the science of finding approximate solutions to differential equations. Applications of total variation to these problems are detailed in the article "total variation diminishing"
 * Image denoising: in image processing, denoising is a collection of methods used to reduce the noise in an image reconstructed from data obtained by electronic means, for example data transmission or sensing. "Total variation denoising" is the name for the application of total variation to image noise reduction; further details can be found in the papers of and . A sensible extension of this model to colour images, called Colour TV, can be found in.

Historical references

 * (available at Gallica). This is, according to Boris Golubov, the first paper on functions of bounded variation.
 * . The paper containing the first proof of Vitali covering theorem.
 * (available at Gallica). This is, according to Boris Golubov, the first paper on functions of bounded variation.
 * . The paper containing the first proof of Vitali covering theorem.
 * (available at Gallica). This is, according to Boris Golubov, the first paper on functions of bounded variation.
 * . The paper containing the first proof of Vitali covering theorem.
 * (available at Gallica). This is, according to Boris Golubov, the first paper on functions of bounded variation.
 * . The paper containing the first proof of Vitali covering theorem.
 * (available at Gallica). This is, according to Boris Golubov, the first paper on functions of bounded variation.
 * . The paper containing the first proof of Vitali covering theorem.
 * . The paper containing the first proof of Vitali covering theorem.

Applications

 * (a work dealing with total variation application in denoising problems for image processing).

 * Tony F. Chan and Jackie (Jianhong) Shen (2005), Image Processing and Analysis - Variational, PDE, Wavelet, and Stochastic Methods, SIAM, ISBN 0-89871-589-X (with in-depth coverage and extensive applications of Total Variations in modern image processing, as started by Rudin, Osher, and Fatemi).

title: Total variation


text: User talk:68.6.84.43

title: User talk:68.6.84.43


text:
Total variation distance of probability measures

In probability theory, the total variation distance is a distance measure for probability distributions. It is an example of a statistical distance metric, and is sometimes called the statistical distance, statistical difference or variational distance.

Definition
Consider a measurable space $$(\Omega, \mathcal{F})$$ and probability measures $$P$$ and $$Q$$ defined on $$(\Omega, \mathcal{F})$$. The total variation distance between $$P$$ and $$Q$$ is defined as
 * $$\delta(P,Q)=\sup_{ A\in \mathcal{F}}\left|P(A)-Q(A)\right|.$$

This is the largest absolute difference between the probabilities that the two probability distributions assign to the same event.

Properties
The total variation distance is an f-divergence and an integral probability metric.

Relation to other distances
The total variation distance is related to the Kullback–Leibler divergence by Pinsker’s inequality:
 * $$\delta(P,Q) \le \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} D_{\mathrm{KL}}(P\parallel Q)}.$$

One also has the following inequality, due to Bretagnolle and Huber (see also ), which has the advantage of providing a non-vacuous bound even when $$\textstyle D_{\mathrm{KL}}(P\parallel Q)>2\colon$$
 * $$\delta(P,Q) \le \sqrt{1-e^{ -D_{\mathrm{KL}}(P\parallel Q) }}.$$

The total variation distance is half of the L1 distance between the probability functions: on discrete domains, this is the distance between the probability mass functions
 * $$\delta(P, Q) = \frac12 \sum_{x} |P(x) - Q(x)|,$$

and when the distributions have standard probability density functions $p$ and $q$,
 * $$\delta(P, Q) = \frac12 \int | p(x) - q(x) | \, \mathrm{d}x$$

(or the analogous distance between Radon-Nikodym derivatives with any common dominating measure). This result can be shown by noticing that the supremum in the definition is achieved exactly at the set where one distribution dominates the other.

The total variation distance is related to the Hellinger distance $$H(P,Q)$$ as follows:
 * $$H^2(P,Q) \leq \delta(P,Q) \leq \sqrt 2 H(P,Q).$$

These inequalities follow immediately from the inequalities between the 1-norm and the 2-norm.

Connection to transportation theory
The total variation distance (or half the norm) arises as the optimal transportation cost, when the cost function is $$c(x,y) = {\mathbf{1}}_{x \neq y}$$, that is,
 * $$\frac{1}{2} \| P - Q \|_1 = \delta(P,Q) = \inf\big\{ \mathbb{P}(X\neq Y ) : \text{Law}(X) = P, \text{Law}(Y) = Q\big\} = \inf_\pi \operatorname{E}_{\pi}[{\mathbf{1}}_{x\neq y}],$$

where the expectation is taken with respect to the probability measure $$\pi$$ on the space where $$(x,y)$$ lives, and the infimum is taken over all such $$\pi$$ with marginals $$P$$ and $$Q$$, respectively.


text:
Simon Guggenheim

John Simon Guggenheim (December 30, 1867 – November 2, 1941) was an American businessman, politician and philanthropist.

Early life and education
Guggenheim was born in Philadelphia of Jewish descent on December 30, 1867, the son of Meyer Guggenheim and Barbara Guggenheim, and was the younger brother of Daniel Guggenheim and Solomon R. Guggenheim. He attended Central High School and the Peirce School of Business Administration, both in Philadelphia.

Career
After graduating from Peirce School of Business Administration, Guggenheim relocated to Pueblo, Colorado, where he worked as the chief ore buyer at M. Guggenheim's Sons, his father's mining and smelting company.

In 1898, he was the Republican candidate for Governor of Colorado, but withdrew after riots broke out at the state convention in Colorado Springs, during which one man was killed and several injured. He was a presidential elector in 1904.

U.S. Senate
In 1907, Simon Guggenheim was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate, representing Colorado from 1907 to 1913. During his term in the Senate, he chaired the Committee to Establish a University of the United States, and the Committee on the Philippines.

While he was in Congress, one of Guggenheim's older brothers, Benjamin Guggenheim, died in the RMS Titanic catastrophe.

Business
After his U.S. Senate term expired, he and his wife Olga returned to New York City. Guggenheim joined the board of American Smelting and Refining Company, and was later appointed chairman of the board. From 1919 to 1941, he was the company's president.

Personal life
After moving to Denver in 1892, Guggenheim married Olga Hirsch on November 24, 1898, at the Waldorf Astoria New York in Manhattan. To celebrate their marriage, the Guggenheims provided a Thanksgiving dinner to 5,000 poor Manhattan children.

Their first child, John Simon Guggenheim, was born in 1905. To commemorate the event, Simon Guggenheim made an $80,000 donation to the Colorado School of Mines to build a namesake building, Simon Guggenheim Hall. At the time, it was the largest private grant ever made to a state institution.

In 1907, Olga gave birth to their second son, George Denver Guggenheim. In 1909, Simon donated a law school building at the University of Colorado.

In 1922, Guggenheim's son John died of mastoiditis just before leaving for college. In 1925, in his memory, Guggenheim and his wife established the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

In 1939, the Guggenheims' second son, George, committed suicide in a Manhattan hotel at the age of 32.

Death
On November 2, 1941, Guggenheim died in New York City, at age 73. He is interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.

title: Simon Guggenheim


text: User talk:66.213.21.34

title: User talk:66.213.21.34