text:
User talk:Marinel~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Village pump

Cheers, Sam Spade 09:09, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Marinel~enwiki


text:
Philippine literature

Philippine literature is literature associated with the Philippines from prehistory, through its colonial legacies, and on to the present.

Characteristics
The styles and themes used in Philippine literature were born from a combination of the country’s history, mythology, culture, and foreign influences, evolving throughout different periods while also adopting common writing philosophies and movements of the time. Philippine literature encompasses literary media written in various local languages as well as in Spanish and English.

According to journalist Nena Jimenez, the most common and consistent element of Philippine literature is its short and quick yet highly interpersonal sentences, with themes of family, dogmatic love, and persistence. The use of commas, conjunctions, and a variation of English known as Filipino-English or Taglish are also most present in Philippine literature. Many of these elements used by Filipino writers had an impact in the history of literature as a whole.

Precolonial period
According to Filipino historian Teodoro Agoncillo, the ethnicity that had the richest history in terms of story-telling were the Ilocano people, whose nomadic lifestyle in the highlands bred stories of adventures far moreso than other Filipinos living in the lowlands. Ilocano used an improvised, versified, and at times impromptu, long epic poem called a dallot, delivered and narrated in a song-like manner. The most famous of these epics was the Biag ni Lamang.

Other forms of literature written by pre-colonial Ilocano were songs (kankanta), dances (salsala), poems (dandaniw), riddles (burburtia), proverbs (pagsasao), and lamentations (dung-aw). Other traditional Filipino epics by other ethnicities include the Hudhud ni Aliguyon of the Ifugao, Hinilawod of Panay, Ibalon from Bicol, and Darangen of the Maranao. During this time, different oral myths and folk tales were developed, eventually leading to their imprinment and embeddement later on, such as Ibong Adarna, Bernardo Carpio, Maria Makiling, and several creation myths.

Spanish period
The Spanish colonization of the Philippine islands led to the introduction of European literary traditions. Many of these were influenced heavily by the Spanish language and the Catholic faith. These traditions include poetry such as tanaga, ladino, corridos, and awit; religious dramas such as moriones, santacruzan, panunuluyan and senakulo; and secular dramas like comedia, duplo, and karagatan. Many Filipino authors rose to prominence during this time, such as Francisco Balagtas, the author of Florante at Laura (1838); and Huseng Sisiw, author of Singsing ng Pagibig. Balagtas's title, which combines history, romance, and religion, became the premier Filipino story taught in schools nationwide. Another influential writer was Leona Florentino, the mother of Philippine women's literature whose work catapulted feminism to the forefront of the revolution.

On December 1, 1846, the first daily newspaper, La Esperanza, was published in the country. Other early newspapers were La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) and Boletin Oficial de Filipinas (1852). The first provincial newspaper was El Eco de Vigan (1884), which was issued in Ilocos. In Cebu City, El Boletín de Cebú (The Bulletin of Cebu) was published in 1890. One of the most influential Spanish-language Filipino newspaper also include El Renacimiento (1901), printed in Manila by members of the Guerrero de Ermita family until the 1940s.

The pre-revolutionary decades and the Philippine Revolution itself brought a wave of nationalistic literary works. A bulk of the writers of the era were propagandists and revolutionaries who were basically Filipino nationalists that wanted changes for the betterment of the Filipino people, or total independence from Spanish authority. These include the works of Ilustrados like Pedro Alejandro Paterno, who wrote the first novel written by a Filipino, Nínay (1885); Graciano López Jaena and later on by Marcelo H. del Pilar, who edited and published the pro-Filipino newspaper La Solidaridad (1889); and the Philippine national hero, José Rizal, who wrote two famous novels in Spanish, Noli Me Tángere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891).

American period
The American occupation and eventual colonization of the Philippines paved the way for newer styles and genres. Compared to the more rigid literature of the Spanish era, the American period saw the popularity of the "free verse" in the Philippines, allowing for flexible poetry, prose, and other wordcraft. The introduction of the English language was also of equal importance, as it became one of the most common languages that Filipino writers would use back then until today.

The first English novel written by a Filipino was The Child of Sorrow (1921) written by Zoilo Galang. The early writings in English were characterized by melodrama, unreal language, and unsubtle emphasis on local color. Short stories also gained popularity during this period with many serials and stories published independently or through newspapers. The most well-known was Manuel Arguilla and his anthology How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Short Stories (1940), which won first prize in the Commonwealth Literary Contest.

During this time, there was also a resurgence of interest in Filipino mythology and folklore, and many works concerning them would be published, with the most well-known being the many anonymous stories about the folk character Juan Tamad (1919). The level of poetry in the Philippines had also risen, with poet Jose Garcia Villa making impacts in poetry history for introducing the style of comma poetry and the "reversed consonance rhyme scheme".

Late 20th century
As the Philippines gained its sovereignty from America, patriotism once again became a central theme in Filipino literature. Besides stories of Filipino mythology and history, there was also a boom in tales depicting the simple life of the common Filipino. These stories often took place in the countryside, and portrayed every day Filipino activities like church-going, farming, courting, and cockfighting.

The most well-known example was the short story My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken by Alejandro Roces. Other prominent writers during the mid-20th century were Carlos Bulosan, Nick Joaquin, Bienvenido Santos, Lualhati Bautista, and Rolando S. Rinio. Carlos Bulosan, in particular, published the novel America Is In The Heart (1946), which became one of the earliest glimpses and representations of the life of Asian-American immigrants in the West. F. Sionel Jose is also a similar author who tackled social injustice and elitism in his Rosales Saga (1973-1984).

It was around this period as well that the golden age of Filipino comics and sequential art emerged. Many Filipino comic books, strips, and graphic novels soared in popularity, making names of artists like Mars Ravelo, Francisco V. Coching, Carlo J. Caparas and Gilda Olvidado. Later on, political and protest literature became wildly present, especially during the Martial Law era. By this time, there became a focus on criticizing and satirizing the current status of the Philippines rather than just celebrating the nation like those before it. These works include the powerful Mga Ibong Mandaragit (1969) by Amado V. Hernandez and the Conjugal Dictatorship (1976) by Primitivo Mijares.

21st century
The rise of mass printing and digital technology led to better accessibility for Filipino authors who wanted to publish their work. The internet had become a revolutionary tool for Filipino authors to reach readers outside of the Philippines. Publishing houses like PSICOM flourished, and there was a rise in popularity of self-publishers and websites like Wattpad. The first title to achieve this was Danny R.’s webnovel Diary ng Pangit (2013).

Around this time, several Filipinos began to dabble into current literary trends, tackling modern issues of diversity and mental health, while also introducing international readers to Filipino culture. Two of the most popular Filipino writers of the early 21st century include Rin Chupeco, who made a name for herself publishing Young Adult fiction, many of which were inspired by Filipino mythology from Maria Makiling to the Mangkukulam; and Louis Bulaong, who is an important figure in the pop culture genre, and one who popularized the use of international Filipino terms like “kilig” in his stories.

The 21st century also saw the rise in popularity of many Filipina writers. One of the most famous is Ivy Alvarez, a Filipino-Australian who gained acclaim for her collection of poets entitled Disturbance (2013), which contained themes of domestic abuse. Another writer is Yvette Fernandez, a children’s book author from Summit Media whose books tackled history and morality. Other contemporary Filipina writers include Marites Vitug and Merlie M. Alunan.

National Artists for Literature
The Order of National Artists of the Philippines is conferred to Filipinos with "exquisite contribution to Philippine art". The artists are chosen by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (Philippines) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines. The Order is given by the President of the Philippines.

Awardees of the National Artist of the Philippines Order, for Literature, include:

 * 1973 – Amado V. Hernandez, National Artist for Literature
 * 1973 – Jose Garcia Villa, National Artist for Literature
 * 1976 – Nick Joaquin, National Artist for Literature
 * 1982 – Carlos P. Romulo, National Artist for Literature
 * 1990 – Francisco Arcellana, National Artist for Literature
 * 1997 – Rolando S. Tinio, National Artist for Theater and Literature
 * 1997 – Levi Celerio, National Artist for Music and Literature
 * 1997 – N.V.M. Gonzales, National Artist for Literature
 * 1997 – Carlos Quirino, National Artist for Historical Literature
 * 1999 – Edith L. Tiempo, National Artist for Literature
 * 2001 – F. Sionil Jose, National Artist for Literature
 * 2003 – Virgilio S. Almario, National Artist for Literature
 * 2003 – Alejandro Roces, National Artist for Literature
 * 2006 – Bienvenido Lumbera, National Artist for Literature
 * 2009 – Lazaro A. Francisco, National Artist for Literature
 * 2014 – Cirilo F. Bautista, National Artist for Literature
 * 2018 - Ramón Larupay Muzones, National Artist for Literature
 * 2018 - Resil Buagas Mojares, National Artist for Literature
 * 2022 - Gémino Henson Abad, National Artist for Literature

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Philippine literature


text:
Gaby Roslin

Gaby Roslin (born 12 July 1964) is an English television and radio presenter who rose to fame co-presenting The Big Breakfast on Channel 4 between 1992 and 1996. Roslin also presented the Children in Need charity telethons on the BBC between 1995 and 2004.

She presented the weekly the National Lottery Draws on Saturday evenings and co-presented the Channel 5 daytime programme The Saturday Show alongside Matt Allwright. In 2023 she was a presenter on the BBC One programme Morning Live.

Early life
Roslin, daughter of former BBC radio announcer Clive Roslin, was born and raised in London. Her family is Jewish. She attended the Guildford School of Acting.

Television
Roslin began as a children's television presenter. She first presented Hippo on the Superchannel and then Motormouth on ITV from 1989 until 1992. At the end of that show, she was approached by Planet 24 to present their new early-morning programme The Big Breakfast alongside Chris Evans on Channel 4. Evans left the show in 1994 and Roslin continued with his replacement, Mark Little, until 1996. In her last year on the show, she also fronted the National Egg Awareness Campaign. Following her departure, she hosted The Gaby Roslin Show for Channel 4.

Roslin presented Children in Need from 1995 until 2004. Other BBC presenting roles included The Real Holiday Show, City Hospital, Watchdog Healthcheck, Whatever You Want and A Question of TV. She was one of several presenters for the BBC's 2000 Today, a 28-hour-long programme to see in the year 2000. She was the only presenter to stay on air for the duration. In 2002, Roslin briefly returned to breakfast television as a roving reporter for Breakfast.

In 2003, Roslin switched networks to Five (now Channel 5) where she co-hosted The Terry and Gaby Show with Terry Wogan. The magazine format could not compete with ITV's similar, long-established This Morning and the show ended after 200 episodes on 26 March 2004.

In 2004, Roslin teamed up with Terry Wogan to co-host the first edition of Eurovision – Making Your Mind Up, the revamped successor to A Song for Europe, the UK's long-running pre-selection show for the Eurovision Song Contest. In 2005, she was replaced by Natasha Kaplinsky.

She co-presented the daytime programme Solution Street with Ben Shephard. In February 2006, she took part in the BBC celebrity duet show Just the Two of Us, where she partnered ABC frontman Martin Fry.

Roslin frequently appeared on the ITV lifestyle programme This Morning as a newspaper reviewer, often starring with her former radio co-host Paul Ross.

From 2014 until 2016, she presented The National Lottery Draws live on BBC One. For three weeks in March 2014, Roslin presented a daily programme entitled Sport Relief's Top Dog on BBC Two.

In 2014, Roslin co-presented the third series of BBC One's Food Inspectors programme with Matt Allwright and Chris Hollins.

On 25 January 2015, Roslin took part in celebrity talent show Get Your Act Together. Since 2015, Roslin has been a regular stand-in presenter on the ITV Breakfast show Lorraine.

In October 2015, it was announced that Roslin would co-present Channel 5's daytime programme The Saturday Show, alongside Matt Barbet. Barbet was replaced by Matt Allwright in July 2016. In 2018, she co-presented Shop Smart: Save Money with Fiona Phillips, a series for Channel 5.

Stage
In 2004, Roslin appeared in a national tour of the Moira Buffini play Dinner. The following year she toured in a stage version of When Harry Met Sally..., and later in the year she sang and danced in the London stage production of Chicago.

Radio
Roslin sat in for Alan Carr on BBC Radio 2 on 15 and 22 August 2009 with Patrick Kielty and joined Carr to present a Christmas edition of his show on 24 December 2009. She was also a regular stand-in on BBC Radio London, covering on occasions for Vanessa Feltz and JoAnne Good. On 11 January 2010, Roslin permanently replaced Good as co-host (with Paul Ross) of the BBC London 94.9 breakfast show and remained until January 2013. She was given her own weekly Saturday show, live from noon until 2:00 pm, in January 2013. A year later, she was moved to an extended Sunday afternoon show. In October 2021 Roslin sat in for Chris Evans on the 'Chris Evans Breakfast Show' on Virgin Radio UK, alongside Ricky Wilson (of the Kaiser Chiefs).

In 2018 Roslin presented Gaby's Talking Pictures, a panel show for BBC Radio 4, also featuring team captains Ellie Taylor and John Thomson.

Since 2023, Roslin has been a frequent cover presenter for various shows on BBC Radio 2, mainly covering for Zoe Ball on the station's flagship breakfast show.

Personal life
Roslin married musician Colin Peel in 1995; they divorced in 2004. They have a daughter. In December 2006, Roslin had another daughter, with David Osmon. The couple became engaged in March 2012 and married in a Jewish ceremony on 22 June 2013.

Filmography

 * Television

title: Gaby Roslin


text:
Talk:Kippah

Muslims and Kippah
"Some Muslims wear a kippah equivalent called a topi." - This statement is misleading, Majority if not all muslims wear Kippah or Topi before prayers. - alif

Offensive?
Is anyone else besides me offended by the fact that people might actually be searching for the term "Jew Hat"? To me, it would be like searching for "Christ dude on a plus sign" and coming up with the page for a crucifix.
 * lmao Aygo (talk) 05:46, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Most non-Jewish people don’t know what it’s called. “Jew Hat” may be the only thing some folks can think to search for. Patronsaintofweird (talk) 23:11, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Seder photograph
I can't find any other comments on this, so.... Could someone perhaps find a more neutral photograph than the one of the kids wearing kippot at a seder? The left-hand boy looks like he's about to burst into tears, the middle one is smiling awkwardly (reluctantly?), and the right-hand one is scowling aggressively at the camera. The overall impression is that they've been forced to put the things on just for the picture and can't wait to tear them off again once the whole performance is over!213.127.210.95 (talk) 13:52, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I think the boys are adorable and I can't see interpreting any adversity into this towards what they are wearing. The nearest boy seems to be squinting because of the camera's flash or doesn't want his phtoto taken due to his complexion (which is not as bad as he may think it is). Fine photo, even so. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 16:56, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

can one please add this? Kippah in Germany isn't a good idea.
For my own safety I don't wear the Kippah outside the Synagogue. It so happen that more Muslims live in the close proximity where I live due to the immigration wave.

reference: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-jews-advised-against-wearing-kippah-a-1020890.html reference: http://www.dw.com/en/german-jewish-leader-dont-wear-kippa-in-muslim-areas/a-18283259 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Don Rosenberger (talk • contribs) 19:46, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

Yarmulke
Why is it so hard to even find the usual English term "yarmulke" in this article? From the way the intro is set up you would almost think that "yarmulke" was just some weird pronunciation of kippa.--Khajidha (talk) 23:32, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

Women wearing the Kippah
This news article Hate crime seems to indicate that two female Reform Jews in Manchester, UK, including an Associate Rabbi, are wearing the kippah on the street. Might be worth including in the article as it seems to differ from the men only references, unless it is really unusual. Jontel (talk) 16:56, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that would be very unusual. Which is probably why the article mentions it. Debresser (talk) 00:03, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * It's not actually particularly unusual though? AJD (talk) 01:03, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * What part of "very unusual" wasn't clear to you? Debresser (talk) 09:34, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * All of it was clear; it just wasn't correct. Women wearing kippot may be, e.g., slightly unusual, but definitely not "very" unusual. AJD (talk) 14:05, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I am afraid you are very wrong about this. Debresser (talk) 00:03, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I think the article would greatly benefit from a section on women wearing kippot. I would be happy to draft a few lines and post here unless someone else wishes to do so instead. Cadbury333 (talk) 16:50, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Since women wear them the same way as men, such a section should probably be short. Debresser (talk) 19:43, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
 * It would be helpful to have a section on rabbinic views from the various denominations on whether it is acceptable for women to wear kippah. It seems that Orthodox Judaism does not allow it, because it is considered cross-dressing, but more liberal Jews may out of egalitarianism. —Enervation (talk) 08:56, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with Debresser that this would be short. You could put a similar section in trousers, which many Orthodox circles do not allow for women for the same reason.--Geshem Bracha (talk) 10:54, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

David L. Gold's article misunderstood
Appended to this sentence in the text "Another suggested etymology of yarmulke is the Latin word for an ecclesiastical hood worn in the medieval church" comes a footnote in which Another suggested etymology of yarmulke is the Latin word for an ecclesiastical hood worn in the medieval church" is a footnote in which David L. Gold's article in mentioned.

He merely mentioned Plaut's untenable Latin etymology. He did not quote it approvingly.

Indeed, speakers of Yidish are unlikely in the extreme to have had any contact with Latin and even more unlikely (if such is imaginable) to adopt the name of an article of clothing that plays a role in the Roman Catholic religion as a name of an article of clothing that plays a role in the Jewish religion.

The immediate source of the regional Eastern Yidish word is יאַרמלקע therefore likely to be one or more other Jewish languages(the Jewish Aramaic folk etymology mentioned in the text is untenable), presumably a Jewish correlated of a Turkic language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:2000:6FC0:100:1D5C:CE26:54F2:A122 (talk) 18:04, 20 October 202069.204.226.128 (talk) 19:47, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

 * So why would you say the article is misunderstood? After all, the article is a source for that opinion. Whether he supports that opinion is another matter. Debresser (talk) 20:01, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

Missing history
There is mention of ancient head covering, and there is mention of the Jewish hat common in the European Middle Ages. But there is nothing about the history of the round flat kippa shape as used in the modern era. Surely this has been studied. Zerotalk 02:54, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

King David
King David was the 2nd king of Israel 64.188.186.41 (talk) 18:56, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

King David
King David was the 2nd king of Israel 64.188.186.41 (talk) 18:57, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kippah


text:
Longmen Grottoes

The Longmen Grottoes or Longmen Caves are some of the finest examples of Chinese Buddhist art. Housing tens of thousands of statues of Shakyamuni Buddha and his disciples, they are located 12 km south of present-day Luoyang in Henan province, China. The images, many once painted, were carved as outside rock reliefs and inside artificial caves excavated from the limestone cliffs of the Xiangshan (香山) and Longmenshan, running east and west. The Yi River flows northward between them and the area used to be called Yique. The alternative name of "Dragon's Gate Grottoes" derives from the resemblance of the two hills that check the flow of the Yi River to the typical "Chinese gate towers" that once marked the entrance to Luoyang from the south. There are as many as 100,000 statues within the 2,345 caves, ranging from 1 inch to 57 ft in height. The area also contains nearly 2,500 stelae and inscriptions, hence the name "Forest of Ancient Stelae", as well as over sixty Buddhist pagodas. Situated in a scenic natural environment, the caves were dug from a 1 km stretch of cliff running along both banks of the river. 30% date from the Northern Wei and 60% from the Tang dynasty, caves from other periods accounting for less than 10% of the total. Starting with the Northern Wei dynasty in 493 AD, patrons and donors included emperors, Wu Zetian, members of the royal family, other rich families, generals, and religious groups.

In 2000 the site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding manifestation of human artistic creativity," for its perfection of an art form, and for its encapsulation of the cultural sophistication of Tang China.

Geography
This complex is one of the three notable grottoes in China. The other two grottoes are the Yungang Caves near Datong in Shanxi Province, and the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang in Gansu Province. The valley formed by the Yi River enclosed by two hills ranges of Xiangshan (to the east) and Longmenshan (to the west) hills have steep slopes on the western and eastern slopes along the river. Yi is a north flowing tributary of the Luo River. The grottoes are formed in 1 km of the stretch of this river and were carved on both banks, in limestone formations creating the Longmen Caves. Most of the work was done on the western bank, while the eastern bank caves, of smaller numbers, served as residences for the large groups of monks.

Within the approximately 1,400 caves, there are 100,000 statues, some of which are only 1 inch high, while the largest Buddha statue is 57 ft in height. There are also approximately 2500 stelae and 60 pagodas. The grottoes are located on both sides of the Yi River. Fifty large and medium-sized caves are seen on the west hill cliffs which are credited to the Northern, Sui, and Tang dynasties, while the caves on the east hill were carved entirely during the Tang dynasty. The plethora of caves, sculptures and pagodas in Longmen Grottoes depict a definite "progression in style" with the early caves being simple and well shaped with carvings of statues of Buddha and religious people. The change of style is more distinct in the Tang dynastic periods which are "more complex and incorporate women and court figures as well". The caves have been numbered sequentially from north to south along the west bank of the Yi River. Entry to the caves is from the northern end.

Early history
The earliest history of the creation of Longmen Grottoes is traced to the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei dynasty when he shifted his capital to Luoyang from Dàtóng; Luoyang's symbolic value is borne by the fact that it served as the historic capital for 13 dynasties. The grottoes were excavated and carved with Buddhist subjects over the period from 493 AD to 1127 AD, in four distinct phases. The first phase started with the Northern Wei dynasty (493–534). The second phase saw slow development of caves as there was interruption due to strife in the region, between 524 and 626, during the reign of the Sui dynasty (581–618) and the early part of the Tang dynasty (618–907). The third phase, was during the reign of the Tang dynasty when Chinese Buddhism flourished and there was a proliferation of caves and carvings from 626 to the mid 8th century. The last phase, which was the fourth, was from the later part of the Tang dynastic rule extending to the Northern Song dynasty rule, which saw a decline in the creation of grottoes. It came to an end due to internecine war between the Jin and Yuan dynasties.

Guyangdong or the Shiku Temple, credited to Emperor Xiaowen, was the first cave temple to be built at the center of the southern floor of the West Hill. Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei followed up this activity and excavated three more caves, two in memory of his father, Emperor Xiaowen, and one in memory of his mother; all three caves are grouped under the title of the "Three Binyang Caves" (Binyangsandong), which were built by the emperor over a 24-year period. Over 30% of the caves seen now were built during this period.

In 527, the Huangfugong or Shikusi grottoes, a major cave, was completed. It is a well conserved cave located to the south of the West Hill.

In 675, Fengxiansi Cave, on the southern floor of the West Hill was completed during the Tang dynasty rule. This marked the third phase of creation and the peak period of the gottoes' creation. It is estimated that 60% of the caves seen at Longmen came about in this period from 626 till 755. During this period, in addition to the caves which housed Buddha statues of various sizes, some Buddhist temples were also built in open spaces with scenic settings in the same complex. However, these are now mostly in ruins. During this phase, Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu Zetian were instrumental in intensifying the activity when they were ruling from Luyong.

Later history
During the period of 1368 to 1912, when two dynasties ruled in China, namely the Ming dynasty from 1368 to 1644, and the Qing dynasty from 1644 to 1912, there was cultural revival and the Longmen Grottoes received recognition both at the national and international level.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese looted the site and took many of the statues back to Japan. Many of these relics are now in Japanese museums.

Vandalism occurred in the 1940s, a result of political unrest. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the grottoes have been declared as protected area and are being conserved. The Constitution of China, under Article 22, which among other issues also provides for protection of the natural heritage sites, has been further defined under various legal instruments enacted to protect and conserve this cultural heritage of China.

The Longmen Relics Care Agency was established in 1953 under the Ministry of Culture. A 1954 site inventory was undertaken by the newly established Longmen Caves Cultural Relics Management and Conservation Office. The State Council declared the Longmen Grottoes as a national cultural monument needing special protection in 1961. In 1982, it was declared as one of the first group of scenic zones to be protected at the state level. The Management and Conservation Office was renamed the Longmen Grottoes Research Institute in 1990; and the People's Government of Luoyang City became responsible for the management of the heritage monuments. The governing organization was renamed the Longmen Grottoes Research Academy in 2002.

During the Warring States period, the general Bai Qi of Qin once defeated the allied forces of Han and Wei at the site. The site was subjected to significant vandalism at several points in its history. Major artifacts were removed by Western collectors and souvenir hunters during the early 20th century. The heads of many statues were also destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. Two murals taken from the grottoes are reported to be displayed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri.

Grottoes
There are several major grottoes with notable displays of Buddhist sculptures and calligraphic inscriptions. Some of the main caves and the year when work began within them include: Guyang-dong (493), Binyang-dong (505), Lianhua-dong (520s), Weizi-dong (522), Shiku-si (520s), Weizi-dong (520s), Shisku (520s), Yaofang-dong (570), Zhaifu-dong (ca. 636), Huijian-dong (630s), Fahua-dong (650s), Fengxian-si (672), Wanfo-si (670-680s), Jinan-dong (684), Ganjing-si (684), and Leigutai-dong (684). The Guyang, Binyang, and Lianhua caves are horseshoe-shaped.

Guyangdong
Guyangdong, or Guyang Cave, or Old Sun Cave, is recorded as the oldest Longmen cave with carvings in the Northern Wei style. It is also the largest cave, located in the central part of the west hill. It was carved under the orders of Emperor Xiaowen. The earliest carving in this limestone cave has been now dated at 478 AD, during the period when Emperor Xiaowen is thought to have been moving his capital from Datong to Luoyang. The Buddhist statues in the niches of this cave are very well sculpted. Also found here are 600 inscriptions in fine calligraphy of writings in the Northern Wei style. Many of the sculptures inside the cave were contributed by royalty; religious groups supported this activity. The cave has three very large images – the central image is of Sakyamuni Buddha with Bodhisattvas on either side. The features of the images are indicative of the Northern Wei style, typically of slim and emaciated figures. There are about 800 inscriptions on the walls and in the niches inside the cave, the most in any cave in China. There are two rows of niches on the northern and southern walls of the cave, which house a very large number of images; the artists have recorded their names, the dates, and the reasons for carving them.

Binyang
Binyang has three caves, North Binyang Cave, Middle Binyang Cave and South Binyang Cave, of which the Middle Binyang Cave is the most prominent.
 * Binyangzhongdong

Binyangzhongdong or the Middle Binyang Cave, is carved in the Datong style on the west hill, on the northern floor. It was built by Emperor Xuanwu to commemorate his father Xiaowen, and also his mother. It is said that 800,000 workers created it over the period from 500 to 523. In the main wall of this cave, five very large Buddhist statues are carved all in Northern Wei style. The central statue is of Sakyamuni Buddha with four images of Bodhisattvas flanking it. Two side walls also have Buddha images flanked by Bodhisattva. The Buddhas, arranged in three groups in the cave, are representative of Buddhas of the past, the present, and the future. The canopy in the roof is designed as a lotus flower. There were two large bas-reliefs of imperial processions, that included Emperor Xiaowen, Empress Dowager Wenzhao, and the emperor's late parents in worship. The reliefs were stolen completely in the mid-1930s. The emperor's procession is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and two thirds of the empress's is in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City. While a few statues are sculpted with "long features, thin faces, fishtail robes and traces of Greek influence", others are in Tang period natural style and heavily built.

Binyangnandong (宾阳南洞), or the South Binyang Cave, has five very large images which were carved by Li Tai, the fourth son of Emperor Taizong of Tang, the first Tang Emperor. He made them in 641 AD in memory of his mother Empress Zhangsun. The central image in a serene appearance is that of Amitabha Buddha seated on a pedestal surrounded by Bodhisattvas, also serene looking in a blend of the Northern Wei and the Tang dynasty styles.
 * Binyangnandong

Fengxian
Fengxian, or Feng Xian Si (奉先寺), or Li Zhi cave is the Ancestor Worshipping Cave, which is the largest of all caves carved on the west hill built between 672 and 676 for Empress Wu Zetian. The carvings are claimed to be the ultimate in architectural perfection of the Tang dynasty. The shrine inside the cave measures 39 m x35m. It has the largest Buddha statue at the Longmen Grottoes. Of the nine huge carved statues, the highly impressive image of Vairocana Buddha is sculpted on the back wall of the Fengxian. The image is 17.14m high and has 2 m long ears. An inscription at the base of this figure gives 676 as the year of carving. The Bodhisattva on the left of the main image of Buddha is decorated with a crown and pearls. Also shown is a divine person trampling an evil spirit. The main Vairocana image's features are plumpish and of peaceful and natural expression. Each of the other large statues are carved with expressions matching their representative roles. These were carved at the orders of Empress Wu Zetian, and are considered uniquely representative of the Tang dynasty's "vigorous, elegant and realistic style." The huge Vairocana statue is considered as "the quintessence of Buddhist sculpture in China."

The Vairocana statue also provides at its base the names of the artisans who worked here, the name of the Emperor Gaozong, who was the donor, and also honors Wu Zetian. It is said that Wu Zetian donated "twenty-thousand strings of her rouge and powder money" to complete this edifice. Hence, it is conjectured that the Vairocana Buddha was carved to resemble the Empress herself and termed a "Chinese Mona Lisa, Venus or as the Mother of China". All the images here, which remain undamaged, project character and animation. Statues of Kasyapa and Ananda, the two principal disciples of Vairocana, and of two Bodhisattvas with crowns flank the main statue, in addition to numerous images of "lokapalas (guardians or heavenly kings), dvarapalas (temple guards), flying devas and numerous other figures."

Others
Huangfugong, or Shikusi, a three-wall, three-niche cave, is situated south of the west hill, was carved out in 527. It was completed at one stretch as a single unit and is very well preserved. There are seven Buddhas carved on the lintel which give the appearance of a wood finish. Seven very large images are seen in the main hall with the Buddha image flanked by two Bodhisattvas and two disciples. Also seen are images of Buddhist groups in the niches of the cave. A very large design of a lotus flower is carved in the roof, flanked by eight musical apsaras (water spirits or nymphs). It was created by Huangfu Du, uncle of Empress Hu. Wan-fo-dung ("Cave of Ten Thousand Buddhas"万佛洞), or Yung-lung-tung, was built in 680 by Gaozong and Wu Zetian. It houses 15,000 Buddhas carved in small niches, different from each other, with the smallest Buddha being 2 cm in height.
 * Huangfugong
 * Wan-fo-dung

Yaofangdong (药方洞), or the Medical Prescription Cave, has small inscriptions of 140 medical prescriptions for a wide range of medical problems from the common cold to insanity. These are seen carved right at the entrance on both walls. These carvings are dated from the late Northern Wei period to the early Tang dynasty.
 * Yaofangdong

Reached by modern, concrete stairs up the face of a cliff, Qianxisi, or Hidden Stream Temple Cave, is a large cave on the northern edge of the west hill. Made during Gaozong's reign (653–80), the cave has a statue of a huge, seated, early Tang Buddha (Amitabha Buddha), flanked by statues of the Bodhisattvas Avalokitesvara and Mahasthamaprapta. The statues are carved with a sophisticated expression typical of Tang style. It may have been sponsored by the Nanping princess, with the beneficiary being Gaozong, her recently deceased father.
 * Qianxisi

The Lianhua or the Lotus Flower Cave (莲花洞), dated to 527, belongs to the Northern Wei period. The Grotto has a large lotus flower carved in high relief on its ceiling. Several small Buddhas are carved into the south wall. Also seen are shrines in the south and north wall in the niches.
 * Lianhua

The Laolong or the Old Dragon Cave (老龙洞) created during the Tang dynasty period, named after the Old Dragon Palace, has many niches dated to Gaozong's reign.
 * Laolong

Temples
There are several temples at Longmen Grottoes. Some important ones include Xiangshan Temple, Bai Garden temple, and the Tomb of Bai Juyi. Others are Tongle temple, begun under Emperor Mingyuan; Lingyan and Huguo temples, under Emperor Wencheng; Tiangong temple, under Xiaowen; and Chongfu temple, under Qianer.

Xiangshan Temple
Xiangshan Temple is one of the earliest of the ten temples at Longmen. It is located in the midsection of the east hill. The name 'Xiangshan' is derived from the name of the spices "Xiangge" found extensively on these hill slopes. It was reconstructed some time in 1707, during the reign of the Qing dynasty, patterned on an old temple that existed there. Longmen Grottoes Administration, expanded the temple in 2002, by adding the "Belfry, the Drum Tower, the Wing Room, the Hall of Mahavira and Hall of Nine Persons, Eighteen Arhats, the Villa of Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling". New additions included board walks, compound wall and a new gate from the southern end of the temple.

Bai Garden temple
Bai Garden is temple situated on the Pipa peak, to the north of the east hill (Xiangshan Hill). It was re-built in 1709 by Tang Youzeng of the Qing dynasty. The temple is surrounded by thick vegetation of pine and cypress trees.

Tomb of Bai Juyi
The Tomb of Bai Juyi on the east bank is that of the well-known poet during the Tang dynasty who lived in Luoyang during his later years. The tomb is located on the hill top. It is approached from the west bank after crossing a bridge across the Yi River. The tomb is a circular mound of earth of 4 meters height with a circumference of 52 meters. The tomb is 2.80 meters high and has the poet's name inscribed on it as Bai Juyi.

Preservation and restoration
One of the major achievements in this direction is the recognition given to the monuments by UNESCO in declaring the Longmen Grottoes a heritage monument, after due evaluation over a period, and inscribing it in the World Heritage List. The recognition is based on Criteria (i), (ii), and (iii): "Criterion (i), the sculptures of the Longmen Grottoes are an outstanding manifestation of human artistic creativity; Criterion (ii) the Longmen Grottoes illustrate the perfection of a long-established art form which was to play a highly significant role in the cultural evolution of this region of Asia; and Criterion (iii), the high cultural level and sophisticated society of Tang dynasty China is encapsulated in the exceptional stone carvings of the Longmen Grottoes." This also enjoins the Government of China to take adequate steps to preserve the monument in its heritage status according to guidelines issued from time to time after frequent inspections of the site.

The Longmen Grottoes have undergone many concerted efforts of identifying, demarcating, planning, and implementing restoration works since 1951. To start with, a weather monitoring station was established near the grottoes to assess the environmental conditions prevailing in the area and to plan appropriate restoration measures. This was followed by intensive restoration works, initially in the form of strengthening the rock bases to arrest seepage of water from the roofs and sides of the grottoes. Overgrown vegetation with roots was cleared. Means of access to the caves were newly installed in the form of railings, footpaths and walkways with steps. All the efforts taken by the government of China over the last nearly six decades has ensured that the grottoes are preserved in a fairly presentable state of conservation. All this has been achieved by the integrated action of three institutions, namely: the China Institution of Cultural Relics Protection, who provided the professional scientific inputs, the China University of Geosciences, and the Longmen Cultural Relics Care Agency. Funds for the studies and restoration works have been provided for under the Revised Five-Year and Ten-Year Plans approved by the People's Government of Luoyang City in 1999.

title: Longmen Grottoes


text:
John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley

John Sutton VI, 1st Baron Dudley, KG, (25 December 1400 – 30 September 1487) was an English nobleman, diplomat, and councillor of King Henry VI. He fought in several battles during the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses, as well as acted as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1428 to 1430.

Family and peerage
Born on 25 December 1400, John Sutton was baptised at Barton-under-Needwood, Staffordshire, became 1st Baron Dudley and a Knight of the Garter, and died at Stafford, Staffordshire. His father was Sir John de Sutton V and his mother was Constance Blount, daughter of Sir Walter Blount. John 1st Baron Dudley married Elizabeth de Berkeley, of Beverstone (died 1478), widow of Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton and daughter of Sir John Berkeley, of Beverstone, Gloucestershire (1349–1428) and Elizabeth Bettershorne and sister of Eleanor FitzAlan, wife of John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel, sometime after 14 March 1420. The children of Dudley by this marriage were:
 * 1) Sir Edmund Sutton
 * 2) John Sutton Dudley, Knt. of Atherington, whose son was Henry VII's minister Edmund Dudley, and whose grandson was John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.
 * 3) William Dudley, Bishop of Durham, 1476–1483.
 * 4) Oliver Dudley (d 1469)
 * 5) Eleanor Dudley (1439-1513) who married firstly Sir Henry Beaumont (1446-1471) of Wednesbury and secondly George Stanley (1440-1509) of West Bromwich and High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1473.

Dudley was summoned to Parliament on 15 February 1440, by writs directed to "Johanni de Sutton de Duddeley militi", whereby he obtained a Barony by writ as Lord Dudley. He was the first of his family to adopt the surname of Dudley as an alias for Sutton. "John Dudley, Knyght, Lord Dudley" died testate in his 87th year. His will is dated 17 August 1487. The barony was inherited by his grandson, Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley, son of Sir Edmund Sutton who was the heir but died after 6 July 1483 but before his father.

Royal service
As Lord Steward in 1422 Sutton brought home the body of King Henry V to England, and was chief mourner and standard bearer at his funeral. From 1428–1430 he served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Dudley fought in several campaigns throughout the period of the wars with France, and on several occasions acted as a diplomat in the mid-1440s, when he also met Charles VII of France. In 1443 he was made a king's councillor and became one of the favourite companions of King Henry VI. In 1451 he became a Knight of the Garter. Early on in the Wars of the Roses he was a resolute defender of the House of Lancaster, but changed his allegiance to York before the Battle of Towton in 1461.

Wars of the Roses
At the Battle of St Albans in 1455, Lord Dudley took part with his son Edmund, where he was taken prisoner along with Henry VI. At the Battle of Blore Heath on 23 September 1459 he was again present, equally with his son Edmund Sutton, commanding a wing under Lord Audley. Dudley was wounded and again captured. At Towton (1461) he was rewarded after the battle for his participation on the side of Edward, Earl of March, son of Richard, Duke of York. On 28 June that year, Edward IV was proclaimed King in London.

title: John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley


text:
Social robot

A social robot is an autonomous robot that interacts and communicates with humans or other autonomous physical agents by following social behaviors and rules attached to its role. Like other robots, a social robot is physically embodied (avatars or on-screen synthetic social characters are not embodied and thus distinct). Some synthetic social agents are designed with a screen to represent the head or 'face' to dynamically communicate with users. In these cases, the status as a social robot depends on the form of the 'body' of the social agent; if the body has and uses some physical motors and sensor abilities, then the system could be considered a robot.

Background
While robots have often been described as possessing social qualities (see for example the tortoises developed by William Grey Walter in the 1950s), social robotics is a fairly recent branch of robotics. Since the early 1990s artificial intelligence and robotics researchers have developed robots which explicitly engage on a social level.

The evolution of social robots began with autonomous robots designed to have little to no interaction with humans. Essentially, they were designed to take on what humans could not. Technologically advanced robots were sent out to handle hazardous conditions and the assignments that could potentially put humans in danger, like exploring the deep oceans or the surface of Mars. Advancing these original intentions, robots are continually being developed to be inserted into human-related settings to establish their social aspect and access their influence on human interactions. Over time, social robots have been advanced to begin to have their own role in society.

Designing an autonomous social robot is particularly challenging, as the robot needs to correctly interpret people's action and respond appropriately, which is currently not yet possible. Moreover, people interacting with a social robot may hold very high expectancies of its capabilities, based on science fiction representations of advanced social robots. As such, many social robots are partially or fully remote controlled to simulate advanced capabilities. This method of (often covertly) controlling a social robot is referred to as a Mechanical Turk or Wizard of Oz, after the character in the L. Frank Baum book. Wizard of Oz studies are useful in social robotics research to evaluate how people respond to social robots.

Definition
A robot is defined in the International Standard of Organization as a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for performance of a variety of tasks. As a subset of robots, social robots perform any or all of these processes in the context of a social interaction. It interacts socially with humans or evokes social responses from them. The nature of the social interactions is immaterial and may range from relatively simple supportive tasks, such as passing tools to a worker, to complex expressive communication and collaboration, such as assistive healthcare. Hence, social robots are asked to work together with humans in collaborative workspaces. Moreover, social robots start following humans into much more personal settings like home, health care, and education.

Social interactions are likely to be cooperative, but the definition is not limited to this situation. Moreover, uncooperative behavior can be considered social in certain situations. The robot could, for example, exhibit competitive behavior within the framework of a game. The robot could also interact with a minimum or no communication. It could, for example, hand tools to an astronaut working on a space station. However, it is likely that some communication will be necessary at some point.

Two suggested ultimate requirements for social robots are the Turing Test to determine the robot's communication skills and Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics for its behavior. The usefulness to apply these requirements in a real-world application, especially in the case of Asimov's laws, is still disputed and may not be possible at all). However, a consequence of this viewpoint is that a robot that only interacts and communicates with other robots would not be considered to be a social robot: Being social is bound to humans and their society which defines necessary social values, norms and standards. This results in a cultural dependency of social robots since social values, norms and standards differ between cultures.

This brings us directly to the last part of the definition. A social robot must interact within the social rules attached to its role. The role and its rules are defined through society. For example, a robotic butler for humans would have to comply with established rules of good service. It should be anticipating, reliable and most of all discreet. A social robot must be aware of this and comply with it. However, social robots that interact with other autonomous robots would also behave and interact according to non-human conventions. In most social robots the complexity of human-to-human interaction will be gradually approached with the advancement of the technology of androids (a form of humanoid robots) and implementation of a variety of more human-like communication skills

Social interaction
Researches have investigated user engagement with a robot companion. Literature present different models regarding this concern. An example is a framework that models both causes and effects of engagement: features related to the user's non-verbal behaviour, the task and the companion's affective reactions to predict children's level of engagement.

Many people are uneasy about interacting socially with a robot and, in general, people tend to prefer smaller robots to large humanoid robots. They also prefer robots to do tasks like cleaning the house rather than providing companionship. In verbal social interactions people tend to share less information with robots than with humans. Despite initial reluctance to interact with social robots, exposure to a social robot may decrease uncertainty and increase willingness to interact with the robot, and research shows that over time people speak for a longer time and share more information in their disclosures to a social robot. If people have an interaction with a social robot that is seen as playful (as opposed to focused on completing a task or being social) they may be more likely to engage with the robot in the future.

Societal impacts
The increasingly widespread use of more advanced social robots is one of several phenomena expected to contribute to the technological posthumanization of human societies, through which process “a society comes to include members other than ‘natural’ biological human beings who, in one way or another, contribute to the structures, dynamics, or meaning of the society.”

Uses in healthcare
Social robots have been used increasingly in healthcare settings and recent research has been exploring the applicability of social robots as mental health interventions for children. A scoping review analyzed the impacts that robots such as Nao, Paro, Huggable, Tega and Pleo have on children in various intervention settings. Results from this work highlighted that depression and anger may be reduced in children working with social robots, however anxiety and pain yielded mixed results. Distress was found to be reduced in children who interacted with robots. Finally, this scoping review found that affect was positively impacted by interaction with robots—such that children smiled for longer and demonstrated growth-mindsets when playing games. It is worth noting that robots have increased benefits in that they can be used instead of animal-assisted therapy for children who are allergic or immunocompromised. Sanitation is a necessary issue to consider, however with washable covers or sanitizable surfaces, this becomes less of a problem in medical settings. Another review analyzed data from previous studies and found further support that social robots may reduce negative symptoms children experience in healthcare settings. Social robots can be used as tools for distracting children from procedures, like getting a shot, and have demonstrated the ability to reduce stress and pain experience. Children who interacted with both a psychotherapist and robot assistant for therapy experienced reduced anger, anxiety, and depression when coping with cancer compared to a control group. There is some evidence that supports that free-play with a robot while hospitalized can help children experience more positive moods. More work needs to be done to analyze the impact of social robots on children in psychiatric wards, as evidence revealed that some children may dislike the robot and feel it is dangerous. Overall, further research should be conducted to fully understand the impact of social robots on reducing negative mental health symptoms in children, but there appears to be advantages of utilizing social robots in healthcare settings.

Social robots have been shown to have beneficial outcomes for children with Autism-spectrum disorder (ASD). As many individuals with autism-spectrum disorder tend to prefer predictable interactions, robots may be a viable option for social interactions. Previous research on the interactions between children with ASD and robots has demonstrated positive benefits, for instance shared attention, increased eye contact, and interpersonal synchrony. Various types of robots have the potential to reap these benefits for children with ASD—from humanoid robots like KASPAR, to cartoonish robots such as Tito, to animal-like robots like Probo, to machine-like robots such as Nao. One problem that may hinder the advantages of social robots as social interaction tools for children with ASD is the Uncanny Valley, as the eerily human-likeness of the robots may be overstimulating and anxiety-inducing. It appears that social robots provide an opportunity to increase social skills in children with ASD, and future research should investigate this topic further.

Individuals with cognitive impairments, such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease, may also benefit from social robots. In their study, Moro et al. (2018) utilized 3 social robots types—a human-like robot, Casper; a character-like Robot, The Ed robot; and a tablet—to help six individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment make a cup of tea. Results demonstrated that, to an extent, the humanoid robot was most engaging to individuals with cognitive impairments, likely due to the expressiveness of its face compared to the minimal expression of Ed and the tablet. Participants also anthropomorphized the human-like and character-like robot more so than the tablet by addressing them and asking questions, further indicating a preference for the social robots. Additionally, participants perceived the human-like robot to be useful in both social situations and in completing activities of daily living, whereas the character-like robot and tablet were seen as only useful for activities of daily living. Another study by Moyle et al. (2019) investigated the impact that providing an individual with dementia a robot toy, Paro, versus a plush-toy would have on caregiver and family members' perception of the individuals' well-being. This study highlighted the ways in which some long-term care facilities may have minimal stimulation for dementia patients, which can lead to boredom and increased agitation. After completing the trial, caregivers and family members were asked to assess the individual with dementias' well-being and, overall, the group that interacted with Paro was perceived to be happier, more engaged, and less agitated. One of the main issues with utilizing Paro, despite its perceived benefits, is the cost—future research must investigate more cost effective options for older adult care. Another issue of conducting research between individuals with cognitive impairments and social robots is their ability to consent. In some cases, informed consent by proxy can be utilized, however the benefits and risks should be weighed before conducting any research. Long-term research could show that residents of care home are willing to interact with humanoid robots and benefit from cognitive and physical activation that is led by the robot Pepper. Pepper was also used in assessing the feelings of safety and security the robot provided for older individuals. For these individuals, security is associated with trust and confidence developed by interpersonal relationships. Using videos and questionnaires, both safety and security ended up on the positive side for the participants and how they felt. Another long-term study in a care home could show that people working in the care sector are willing to use robots in their daily work with the residents. But it also revealed that even though that the robots are ready to be used, they do need human assistants, they cannot replace the human work force but they can assist them and give them new possibilities.

Social robots have been used as mental well-being coaches, for students, in public, and at the workplace. Robotic mental well-being coaches can perform practices such as positive psychology and mindfulness. Users' perceptions of robotic mental well-being coaches have been shown to depend on the robot's appearance.

The ethics of social robots' use in healthcare should also be mentioned. One potential risk of social robots is deception—there may be an expectation that the robot can perform certain functions when it actually cannot. For example, with increased human-likeness and anthropomorphic traits, humans interacting with robots might assume the robot to have feelings and thoughts, which is misleading. Isolating older adults from humans is also a risk of social robots in that these robots may make up a significant amount of the individual's social interaction. Currently there is little evidence about the long-term impacts this limited human contact and increased robot interaction may have. Some social robots also have a built in telepresence capacity that can be utilized such that individuals can videoconference with family, caregivers, and medical staff, which may decrease loneliness and isolation. The video capability of some robots is a potential avenue for social interaction and increasing accessibility of medical assessments. Dignity for persons interacting with robots should also be respected—individuals might find some robots, like the cuddly toy-like Paro, to be infantilizing, and future investigations should explore how to best increase autonomy of patients interacting with robots. Furthermore, privacy is another ethical concern in that some social robots can collect and store video data or data from sensors. The stored data is at risk to be stolen or hacked into, which negatively impacts individual privacy. Safety of individuals interacting with robots is another concern in that robots may accidentally cause harm, like by bumping into someone and causing them to fall. Ethical considerations should be taken into account before introducing robots into healthcare settings.

Presence in the Workplace
The presence of social robots within the workplace makes a difference in the daily work lives of the employees. Due to the robot's advanced technological knowledge, they are able to contribute and assist in completing tasks and contributing to the overall diversity of the work itself. Not to mention the work the robots contribute; they also alleviate the work piles and stress that are put on everyday employees. Social robots can be a key player in assisting when humans may not have the correct knowledge or skills to perform the task at hand, as well as reduce the exposure human employees have to accidents and health risks within the workplace.

Workplace difficulties arise when employees face illnesses, heavy workloads, or other obstacles preventing them from performing to their full potential. When these productivity and quality levels may be in danger, social robots offer a new solution and can be used to assist employees where necessary. This is especially true when it comes to the possible stress and depression employees face in being overworked. These robots can play a crucial role in alleviating pieces of tasks and the overall work demand for individual employees. In instances like Europe has been facing with a lack of labor force within the service industry, social robots play a crucial role in entering and restoring relatively normal workplace functionality.

Examples
One of the most well-known social robots currently in development is Sophia, developed by Hanson Robotics. Sophia is a social humanoid robot that can display more than 50 facial expressions, and is the first non-human to be given a United Nations title.

SoftBank Robotics has developed multiple social, semi-humanoid robots which are frequently used in research, including Pepper and Nao. Pepper is used both commercially and academically, as well as being used by consumers in over a thousand homes in Japan.

Other notable examples of social robots include ASIMO by Honda, Jibo, Moxi, and Kaspar, designed by University of Hertfordshire to help children with autism learn responses from the robot through games and interactive play. Anki's robots Cozmo and Vector also fell into the category of social robots, but all were shut down between 2018 and 2019.

Social robots do not necessarily have to be humanoid. The most famous example of a non-humanoid social robot is Paro the seal.

title: Social robot


text:
User:Israel Steinmetz

My Web site is [Enlightenment Essentials].

title: User:Israel Steinmetz


text:
Theodore Tylor

Sir Theodore Henry Tylor (13 May 1900 – 23 October 1968) was a lawyer and international level chess player, despite being nearly blind.

Early life and education
Born in Bournville, Tylor learned to play chess at age seven. His chess skill increased while he attended Worcester College for the Blind from 1909 to 1918. He studied at Oxford University beginning in 1918, and captained the Oxford University Chess Club. Tylor received First-class Honours in Jurisprudence in 1922 and was made an honorary scholar of Balliol College. The next year, he became a Bachelor of Civil Law and a lecturer at Balliol College. Called to the Bar by the Inner Temple with a certificate of honour, he was made a Fellow at Balliol College in 1928.

Competitions and rankings
Tylor competed in twelve British Championships, finishing fourth in his first appearance in 1925. His best result was in 1933, finishing second to Mir Sultan Khan. He tied for first at the 1929–30 Hastings Premier Reserves alongside George Koltanowski ahead of Salo Flohr, Josef Rejfiř, Ludwig Rellstab, C.H.O'D. Alexander, Daniël Noteboom, and Milan Vidmar. Tylor played in the top section, the Hastings Premier, nine times beginning in 1930–1. His best finish was 6th= in 1936–7. He was first reserve for the English team at the Hamburg 1930 Chess Olympiad.

Tylor won the British Correspondence Chess Championship in 1932, 1933, and 1934. He shared 5–6th at Margate 1936 with P. S. Milner-Barry, but he won their individual game and drew with 2nd- to 4th-place finishers José Raúl Capablanca, Gideon Ståhlberg, and Erik Lundin (Salo Flohr won). Although he finished 12th at Nottingham 1936, he had the best score of the British participants, ahead of C. H. O'D. Alexander, G. A. Thomas, and William Winter. Mikhail Botvinnik noted that Tylor was using a tactile chess board that he incessantly fingered, as well as a device for counting the number of moves made.

Other positions
Tylor was President of the Midland Counties' Chess Union from 1947 to 1950, but his work for the university and for the welfare of the blind limited the time he had to devote to chess. In 1965, he was knighted for his service to organisations for the blind. He was Fellow and Tutor in Jurisprudence at Balliol College, Oxford for almost forty years. Tylor also enjoyed bridge.

Death
He died in Oxford on 23 October 1968.

title: Theodore Tylor


text:
User:Almahdi

Salam, my name is Almahdi. I am from Bahrain.

I'm interested in languages and the humanities in general.

I like to contribute and add articles about language and cultural subjects.

title: User:Almahdi


text:
Talk:Spermatozoon

Untitled

 * For example:

spermatogenesis
oops, there's already spermatogenesis that talks about the production of sperm. i'll fix another day. T 09:41, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

I've moved what i wrote on this page, to the bottom of what was already at spermatogenesis. I'm not sure whether spermatogenesis should be merged into this page yet. (i don't feel like doing it at the moment. no rush.) T 08:40, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Can someone give a pronunciation for speramtozoon? It's such a strange-looking word! Adambisset 22:09, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The OED states that the pronunciation for "-zoon" is two syllables. Most people pronounce the first syllable as rhyming with "know", and the 2nd syllable is simply "an". Abstraktn 23:40, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I greatly appreciate the topic of sperm. I consider it sacred. So sacred that I believe the article is short and needs to be expanded. :-) -Amit

Differences
So what's the difference between sperm (the secretion, not the spermatozoa) and semen? Up to now, no one has explained the difference on Wikipedia. When I say sperm, I mean the mass noun, not the count noun. 2004-12-29T22:45Z 18:55, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

The difference is that you're using it wrong, sperm are the sex cells that are the "active ingrediant", if you will, of semen. I believe Sperm is a plural without any real singular, best to say sperm cell... Could be wrong, of course... --StarkRG 08:32, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

um, the part say a zygote can form into an organism, but isn't it already an organism? it has its own dna, etc. is it just said that way for an agenda?

I ask you this, do you consider a sperm an "organism"? A zygote has a long way to go before it's human.

Sex determination
The article reads "Generally, the sex of the offspring is determined by the sperm cells, ... X & Y ...". If I'm remembering my high-school biology correctly, this is only true for mammals, amphibians use W & Y, with the female being heterogeneous, the male is homogeneous (I think it's WW but I might be wrong), reptiles use gestation temperature, fish and non-vertebrates use assorted other systems. CS Miller 23:16, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

The previous version correctly stated that the spermatozoon determines the offspring sex in mammals, but its use of "XX" and "XY" was ambiguous as it could imply that the sperm carried 2 sex chromosomes, when in fact it only carries one (haploid). I tried a clearer, but longer version. Anyone else has a better way of saying it? Cadmus72

Lifespan of sperm in the female?
Over at Sexual intercourse there's been a claim added to the article about how long sperm can survive within a woman after intercourse. Varying claims of nine and four days have been added. Does anyone here have a reliable source on spermatozoic lifespan in humans? How long after intercourse is a sperm still capable of fertilizing an egg? Kasreyn 02:44, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Image from this page used in news article
Quality of sperm declines as men age, Physorg.com, http://www.physorg.com/news68790025.html 203.100.208.24 11:37, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

"In Female Humans" section
That the research may aid in treating infertility for males with dysfunctional sperm is stated no less than 4 times, in slightly different ways. I believe the section should be rewritten a bit, although without leaving out former information of course. -- Northgrove 13:23, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

I just want to know where the journal article (not the news article) for spermatogenesis in females is. The news article source did not even said what article in Developmental Cell it was based in.

ok I found it, it is In Vitro-Differentiated Embryonic Stem Cells Give Rise to Male Gametes that Can Generate Offspring Mice’, Nayernia, K. et al. Developmental Cell 11, 1–8, July. I found it in a Newcastle press release: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press.office/press.release/content.phtml?ref=1152547764

sperm = spermatozoon?
I thought that sperm was the same as the 'fluid', aka 'cum', although I doubt if that is an official word. But if it is the same as a sperm cell, then what is the official word for 'cum'? DirkvdM 18:07, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Semen is the liquid, sperm are the individual cells. 124.177.25.202 05:19, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Nit-picky, but semen is NOT a liquid. It is a fluid. A fluid which contains dispersed or colloidal solid particles (such as sperm).

Turns out that words matter. Who knew? (in non-technical usage, liquids and fluids are often conflated.) Sand is a fluid, it can flow, but no one would call it a liquid, I hope.72.16.99.93 (talk) 22:02, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Single celled organism
Isn't a spermatozoon a single celled organism? If it is, shouldn't it be mentioned in the article? 68.215.47.224 00:07, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

no it is not, it is single celled, but not an organism, it is part of an organism (such as a leukocyte/white blood cell) Sahands 03:27, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Amoeboid Sperm
Some species such as C.elegans have amoeboid sperm that lack the flagellum and the axonem, but posses a unique pseudopod-cytoskeleton by which they move (like ceratocyte crawling?). Shall this exception be included into the article?

A reference is

The Journal of Cell Biology, Vol 108, 55-66, Copyright © 1989 by The Rockefeller University Press S Sepsenwol, H Ris and TM Roberts A unique cytoskeleton associated with crawling in the amoeboid sperm of the nematode, Ascaris suum

--Benjamin.friedrich 13:47, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Gender determination
Is it possible for a male to have only male, or Y, sperm and therefore produce only male offspring?

In short -- no. From a theoretical perspective, maybe genetic engineering can produce such an abomination.

Even from a theoretical perspective, X chromosome carries vital genetic material and without it the organism cannot be viable.

 * This is not a problem. The ovum always supplies an X chromosome for the offspring. The male (father) necessarily has got X chromosomes in his normal cells, but it's not necessary that the spermatozoons carry X chromosomes 193.171.121.30 12:21, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Dead sperm cell disposal
I'm looking for information on the excretion or disposal of dead sperm. Are the cells disposed of in some way, or is there no mechanism for this? I am refering more specifically to humans. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.249.152.110 (talk) 15:06, 8 December 2006 (UTC).
 * sperm are automatically attacked by macrophages in the female reproductive tract if that's what you mean. There seems to be a slight dip in the immune response near ovulation to aid fertilization Sovbeos (talk) 17:12, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Cum
Do we really need that little bit at the very beginning that states "Also known as cum."? That seems rather low-brow. And anyway, wouldn't "cum" refer to "semen," rather than sperm? (EarthRise33 01:38, 13 December 2006 (UTC))

 * No. We did not need it, and I already reverted it. This article is specifically concerning reproductive sperm cells. AKAing that to "cum" is innacurate and non-encyclopedic. I reverted the change as vandalism. (Not to mention, the insertion was badly formatted and cut into the proper definiation.) --Willscrlt 02:07, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Does this article attract enough vadalism to warrant requiring editors to login? I have recently restored missing content three times. Curiously, the content went missing, not from vandalism, but from flawed attempts to revert vandalism. I figure if we reduce the vandalism, entire sections of the article will also disappear less often. adanko 2006-12-18

I vote for the sentence "Women particularly like to have their orifices filled with this substance." to be left in for comic relief. LOL. Dxnihilo 09:09, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Article name
According to Wikipedia's policy on article naming, this article should be name "Sperm." ~ UBeR 07:40, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Content edit needed
In the article - <"Unlike females, when males jack off egg comes out of their penis.">....as low brow as it can get. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 74.133.198.56 (talk) 08:13, 18 February 2007 (UTC).

Sperm cell versus spermatozoon
It is incorrect that Sperm cell redirects here. Spermatozoons are motile sperm cells with flagella. However, plants and other organisms produce non-motile sperm cells which are not spermatozooa. They are still sperm cells though. Therefore, the redirection is kind of like redirecting dog to poodle. - tameeria 20:22, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Addendum: Pollen is not eqivalent to sperm cell. Pollen grains are gametophytes that produce sperm cells. The whole plant section needs to be corrected (or preferably moved to sperm cell). - tameeria 20:25, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Old vandalism
This page currently claims: "All humans are made up of 50% sperm." I assume this is due to overlooked vandalism (unless it's a poor attempt at stating that all humans received 50% of their chromosomes from their father). I clicked through some earlier versions and they also have it. I don't have the time right now to hunt down where the change happened. Can someone else look into it? - tameeria 19:53, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

New sperm page
I've created a separate page for sperm to replace the redirect here to account for the fact that not all sperm cells are spermatozoa. The new page contains a link here, as well as sections on spermatia and other non-motile sperm variants. - tameeria 01:16, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

I've also created a sperm (disambiguation) page. Should the current content of sperm be moved to sperm cell and replaced with the disambiguation page? I found plenty of articles that use "sperm" synonymous with semen, so having sperm be a disambiguation page would make sense. The entry on Wiktionary states that it can mean either sperm cell or semen. - tameeria 23:25, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Main reproductive cell?
Unless my high school biology teacher was SEVERELY lax, there are no other reproductive cells within the human male. I'm changing it to read "...reproductive cell."DrExtreme 01:52, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Sex Determination 2
I have a question with regards to a common rumour which is making the rounds down in Brazil, namely that male spermatozoa are faster or slower or live longer or whatever, and that it is thus possible to choose the sex of the offspring by having intercourse at a certain point of ovulation, or using certain positions. I have been refuting this theory in discussions, and could not find a credible scientific source covering it, only this sort of thing -- http://biblia.com/baby.html. I would love to hear from a medical/biol science source 201.18.112.29

Heh, I remember hearing that same old story from my biology teacher in high school! I'm not sure if it has a scientific basis. This article I found: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10692877&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum Seidel GE Jr (1999): Sexing mammalian spermatozoa and embryos--state of the art. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 54: 477-87], says the only difference between spermatozoa carrying the X-chromosome (female) or the Y-chromosome (male) is that the first kind contains 3-5% more DNA (2.8% in humans, X being the larger chromosome compared to Y). This can be used in the lab using DNA staining and a cell sorter to sort sperm into "male" and "female" spermatozoa (yielding about 90% accuracy) which can then be used to artificially inseminate a female with the spermatozoa fraction carrying the desired sex chromosome. I'm not sure if this is done in human reproductive medicine yet though. All articles I could find were testing this on animals, e.g. pigs, sheep, cats etc. Another more recent article: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17065599&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_docsum Grant VJ, Chamley LW (2007): Sex-sorted sperm and fertility: an alternative view. Biol Reprod. 76(2): 184-8], suggests that mammalian females might be able to influence the sex of the baby by influencing which type sperm will be successful in fertilization (e.g. through developing ova that are more or less penetrable/receptive to X and Y sperm), so that even sorted spermatozoa aren't a guarantee for success. So my guess would be that all those ideas on choosing your baby's sex through timing/position do not have a scientific basis at all. - tameeria 15:44, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

proposing a shift of focus - What´s with Vasectomys?
What´s with the focus, of this article. So, if we are talking about sperm, why is the next logical step, sperm within women fertilizing them? why not vasectomys? and even if we go down the fertilizing route, why is there no information, as to the lifespan of sperm, or how to prevent becoming pregnant? the motto of the article seems to be: "the sperm shalt exist, and it shalt fertilize the woman, and thou shalt not question your choice in that matter, but be scared of the sex has it has grave consequences." with regards, female in distress!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.5.107.45 (talk) 13:56, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Biology doesn't deal with these issues. Sperm DOES exist to fertilize an egg. This is not a sex-ed article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.193.218.67 (talk) 04:46, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Laminar flow of sperm
I find these sentences confusing and therefore perhaps more information is needed. Spermatozoa cannot have a reynolds number. It must be the semen (or whatever the whole sperm plus fluid is called) that you are referring to. If you have a pure lump of spermatozoa it will simply be a tissue. It is the seminal fluid produced by the seminal vesicles and such like secretory gland that provides the characteristic nature of semen. Lisa256B (talk) 17:03, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Additional information on the maturation of seprmatozoa
It would be nice to have additonal information about the maturation of the spermatozoa once they have been released from the seminferous tubules. Including in the epididymis, ampulla of vas and also after ejaculation once the spermatozoa have reached the vagina dnd uterus (Capacitation- i'm unclear of what this actually entails) and also within the proximity of the oocyte (acrosome reactions). Perhaps this would be more clear if this was listed as a separate heading and reshuffle the information in order to make it more clear.Lisa256B (talk) 17:18, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

"Front view" of a spermatozoon???
The otherwise lovely drawing of a spermatozoon refers to a "front view" of it. Perhaps one then needs another diagram to explain which side of the sperm is its "front"? Otherwise, why not use less-confusing language, such as dorsal, ventral, etc.

212.99.205.117 (talk) 05:53, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Age of fertility
I dont see anything mentioning how early that this stuff can become fertile, specifically in humans. I don't suppose someone knows that.--MathUser2929 (talk) 15:33, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Avoidance of immune system response
The content under this portion of the article seems to need revision, at the moment the two paragraphs of it are either contradictory or should be combined.

Initially it says the sperm are protected by some glycoprotein then in the second portion mentions the blood-testis barrier as though it is the only protection. Stormcloud51090 (talk) 05:06, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Quantity?
I wouldn't mind seeing a comparison on sperm quantity in diferent animals, particuly mammals. 210.185.16.135 (talk) 04:21, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

What is a Spermatozoon?
The article is titled "spermatozoon," but the term is never defined. Instead, the article starts by talking about sperm. I came to this article to learn the difference between the two. My impression is that they are the same, but it would be nice if someone familiar with this topic could define both terms. Wakablogger2 (talk) 19:26, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Jeffq! Wakablogger2 (talk) 22:49, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

The male immune system might otherwise attack sperm whilst in the testes
Why? If if does not attack somatic cells, why it to attack own sperm?--MathFacts (talk) 11:31, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It recognizes sperm as foreign. Spermatozoa are not somatic cells after all.  130.15.104.166 (talk) 02:20, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Incorrect unit of measurement used for Size
From the article as of 06/17/2014: "In male humans, sperm cells consists of a flat, disc shaped head 5 µm by 3 µm and a tail 50 µm long." (correct)

"Some species of fruit fly produce the largest known spermatozoon found in nature.[8] Drosophila melanogaster produces sperm that can be up to 1.8 mm, while its relative Drosophila bifurca produce the largest known spermatozoon, measuring over 58 mm in size." (incorrect)

Since 58 mm is 2 inches, and we are talking fruit fly here, I assume the editor meant µm (microns) not mm (millimeters)

Unfortunately, I can not find a source for this information and do not want to just arbitrarily assume that it should be changed to µm. Bobsd (talk) 16:35, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I've checked the primary references (now inserted) and confirm that the unit is correct: it is in millimeters! Most of the time this sperm is highly packed, which is why it can be much longer than the length of the fly. I guess that this means that motility is by uncoiling the sperm rather than waving it about! Klbrain (talk) 10:28, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:41, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

A student of Van Leeuwenhoek discovered spermatozoa not Van Leeuwenhoek
The current attribution of spermatozoa discovery isn't quite correct. The reference 1 given states that it was a student of his. His name was Johan Ham and Van Leeuwenhoek gives the credit to Ham in his correspondence. See for example the website lensonleeuwenhoek.net where the letter is cited. Triops56 18:36, 18 May 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by David1956 (talk • contribs)

 * I don't speak Dutch (nor latin) so what Leeuwenhoek is giving Ham credit for isn't clear. Ham brought the sperm to Leeuwenhoek, but WHO first observed sperm (microscopically) is not clear. For all I know, it could have been his butler. Anyway, I changed the lead to say it was first observed in Leeuwenhoek's lab, which isn't ambiguous. (Leeuwenhoek also first reported the observation in the literature). Not sure how relevant the distinction is between the guy in control of a lab and the grunt doing the work. Especially since we know a lot of the grunts' work was never acknowledged, and the guy in control was expected to take the credit.72.16.99.93 (talk) 22:47, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Accuracy?
I think this article's explanation of the fertilization process in Humans is insufficient and misleading. Unfortunately the grossly simple stuff you learn (or used to?) in High School is repeated here as if it is accurate. We know a LOT more about human fertilization than we did a generation ago, but there's still lots we don't know. Most of this article would have the reader believe that once ejaculated into the female vaginal canal, the sperm swim up to the awaiting ovum, wiggle through the zona pellucida, and then fuse with the ovum's wall. This is wrong. Even if we ignore the sperm's swim up to the ovum, we should mention that the egg is surrounded by various other cells and materials. We might mention that it appears that many sperm are required (if 'required' is correct) to initiate the reactions in these outer 'defenses' which allow the sperm to penetrate up to the ovum's cell wall. That is, while H.S. Biology would have us believe it is a race where the fastest wins the prize, the reality is more subtle and complex; sperm act, to some extent, in concert. The picture showing a sperm at the wall is grossly misleading. The diagram showing the last stages of sea urchin sperm penetration may or may not be relevant, (I'm really very uninformed about this topic) but it is also misleading in that it implies this is typical for all sperm (including mammalian and human). If it is, it certainly is not the entire process, and if it is not then I question its inclusion/use here. Certainly, it should be noted *in the caption* that it either doesn't represent mammalian/human process or if it does, is incomplete.72.16.99.93 (talk) 22:21, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Urdo
Urdo 2402:3A80:1F87:BD4F:37F2:28F1:31E4:E930 (talk) 19:21, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spermatozoon


text:
User:Mariana

Eh, I have to fix this. Eventually.

title: User:Mariana