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Springfield Cardinals

The Springfield Cardinals are a Minor League Baseball team based in Springfield, Missouri. They compete as a member of the Texas League's North Division. The Cardinals began play in 2005. The team is owned by the 11-time Major League Baseball (MLB) World Champion St. Louis Cardinals, for which it has been the Double-A affiliate since its founding in 2005. Since its inception, the team's home venue has been Hammons Field.

The Springfield Cardinals won three Texas League North 1st Half Division titles, two Texas League North 2nd Half Division titles, two Texas League North championships and one Texas League championship (2012). Through the 2020 season, a total of 114 former Springfield Cardinals have gone on to make their Major League debut with St. Louis with an additional 27 others debuting with different MLB teams.

Previously, the St. Louis Cardinals' Double-A affiliate was the Tennessee Smokies, located near Sevierville, Tennessee. The Springfield Cardinals' Texas League North rivals are the Arkansas Travelers (Seattle Mariners), Northwest Arkansas Naturals (Kansas City Royals), Tulsa Drillers (Los Angeles Dodgers), and Wichita Wind Surge (Minnesota Twins).

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Cardinals were organized into the Double-A Central. In 2022, the Double-A Central became known as the Texas League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

On May 1, 2023, the Springfield Cardinals were sold by their MLB affiliate, the St. Louis Cardinals, to Diamond Baseball Holdings.

The original Springfield Cardinals
Springfield, Missouri, has hosted professional baseball teams since as early as 1905, when the Springfield Highlanders began play. For nearly 30 years, the team was variously called the Highlanders, Jobbers, Midgets, and Merchants. There were several years when no team existed at all.

In 1931, the St. Louis Cardinals purchased a minor league team, renamed it the Cardinals, and relocated it in Springfield. That year, the team won the first of several Western Association titles. With a front office led by future Hall of Famer Branch Rickey, Springfield also went to the playoffs in 1931, 1932, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1939, and 1941, and won league titles in 1931, 1932, 1934, 1937, and 1939.

Following the 1946 season, St. Louis moved the team to St. Joseph, Missouri, where it remained until 1953. The city of Springfield saw a brief re-emergence of minor league baseball when the rival Chicago Cubs moved its affiliate to Springfield for one season taking the name Springfield Cubs.

Though there was a gap of 63 years, most in the Springfield and St. Louis organizations consider the current Cardinals the same group which existed in 1932. Many pieces of fan apparel actually say "Springfield Cardinals circa 1932." The deck on top of the Cardinals dugout also has the championship banners from the 1930s and 1940s.

Previous franchise history
The current Cardinals are a relatively new team, dating back to just 2005. Previous to this, they were known as the El Paso Diablos. That team's owners sold the franchise to the St. Louis Cardinals and were then moved to Springfield as part of their minor league system.

The previous Double-A affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals was the Tennessee Smokies in 2003 and 2004.

Springfield has also been the home of various other non-affiliated minor league clubs including the Springfield Highlander (1905), Jobbers (1911), Merchants (1920), Springfield Midgets (1906-1909, 1921–1929; the 1930 club being affiliated with the St. Louis Browns) and the Red Wings (1931). These former teams were generally Class C ball clubs in the former Western Association.

2012 season
The Cardinals’ most successful season has been the 2012 campaign, during which they finished first in the North Division in second half of the season, posted a division-best and franchise mark with a 77–61 record, and won the Texas League Championship. They went on to defeat the Tulsa Drillers 3–2 in the best-of-five divisional playoff series, advancing to the 2012 Texas League Championship Series, their second in franchise history. Springfield defeated the Frisco RoughRiders three games to one in the best-of-five Championship Series. Key players included Kolten Wong, Jermaine Curtis, Carlos Martinez, Trevor Rosenthal, Vance Albitz, Oscar Taveras, and Xavier Scruggs.

Hammons Field
The Springfield Cardinals play at Hammons Field. It is located in Springfield, Missouri, and has a capacity of 7,986 plus approximately 2,500 general admission seating.

Mascots
The Springfield Cardinals have two mascots. Their first and main mascot is a brightly colored red bird named Louie. He has been a mascot for the team since its formation in 2005. He is the "little brother" of Fredbird, the mascot of the MLB's St. Louis Cardinals. Their second mascot is a fluffy dog named Fetch. He is a fluffy beagle received by Louie as a birthday gift on Opening Day in 2006. During home games they can be found entertaining fans by tossing t-shirts and taking photos. When the team is on the road, Louie and Fetch attend local events in the community.

Notable alumni
Springfield played host to several players that would go on to play in Major League Baseball. Stan Musial played 87 games for Springfield during the 1941 season, batting .379 and quickly becoming a fan favorite. In April 2005, Musial threw out the ceremonial first pitch and played his harmonica to the tune of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" to a crowd of nearly 12,000 during the inaugural St. Louis vs. Springfield Cardinals game. Among other players to come through Springfield are Dizzy Dean and his brother Paul, Pepper Martin, and Joe Medwick.

title: Springfield Cardinals


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Arkansas Travelers

The Arkansas Travelers, also known informally as The Travs, are a Minor League Baseball team based in North Little Rock, Arkansas. The Travelers are the Double-A affiliate of the Seattle Mariners, and are members of the Texas League.

History
The team succeeded the Double-A Little Rock Travelers of the Southern Association, which folded after the 1961 season. They returned as the Arkansas Travelers of the International League in 1963. Both versions of the name derive from the old folk song, "The Arkansas Traveler". The Travelers never took another nickname and possess the third-longest running nickname in minor league baseball history behind the Buffalo Bisons and Indianapolis Indians.

Affiliations
After the end of the Southern Association in 1961, the Travelers were given the opportunity to move up becoming the Philadelphia Phillies' Triple-A affiliate for first the International League (1963) and then the Pacific Coast League (1964–1965). However, in 1966 the Travelers moved down to the Texas League as the St. Louis Cardinals' Double-A affiliate through 2000. This marked the most successful period for the Travelers as they won the Texas League championship in 1971, 1977, 1979, 1980, and 1989. After serving 35 years as a Cardinals' affiliate, the Travelers became the Los Angeles Angels' Double-A affiliate in 2001; this ended the second-longest active affiliation at the time. The Travelers remained with the Angels through 2016, winning the Texas League championship in 2001 and 2008. In 2017, the Travelers entered into a new Player Development Contract, becoming the Double-A affiliate of the Seattle Mariners; this move marked just the second time in the last half century that the Travelers swapped major league teams. The 2018 season marked the Arkansas Travelers' 53rd season as a part of the Texas League, making them the longest tenured active member of the league.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Travelers were organized into the Double-A Central. In 2022, the Double-A Central became known as the Texas League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

Ray Winder Field
From 1932 to 2006, the Travelers played at Ray Winder Field. Bill Valentine, a former American League umpire and chosen as general manager for the Travelers from 1976 to 2007, began to promote the historic nature of Ray Winder Field. The ballpark gained recognition as one of the oldest still active parks in minor league baseball, and fans traveled to Little Rock to experience the nostalgia and sample the baseball history represented by Ray Winder Field. However, after nearly three-quarters of a century, the field was showing signs of age and after a successful special election in 2005, the team moved to a new stadium at the start of the 2007 season and the field was demolished in 2012. In 1991, the field saw the largest crowd to watch a baseball game in Arkansas history as Ray Winder played host to about 12,000 people; the crowd had come from all over to see Fernando Valenzuela's rehabilitation start.

Dickey–Stephens Park
Dickey–Stephens Park, the new stadium in North Little Rock, Arkansas, hosted the first Travelers game against the Frisco RoughRiders on April 12, 2007. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home field of the Arkansas Travelers minor league baseball team. It holds at least 7,000 people. It was built through a partnership between the Travs, Little Rock financier Warren Stephens and the city of North Little Rock. After donating an 11 acre plot of land east of the Broadway Bridge, Mr. Stephens named the ballpark in honor of two pairs of baseball-loving brothers; Stephens Inc. Founders Jack and Witt Stephens, and Hall of Fame Catcher Bill Dickey and his brother Skeeter, also a former Major League ballplayer. Both Dickey brothers worked for Stephens Inc. following their baseball careers. Bill, who caught for the 1925 Little Rock Travelers, also managed the club for one season following a 17-year Hall-of-Fame career with the New York Yankees that included seven World Series titles.

Uniforms
In 2004, the team introduced new road jerseys and alternate caps that paid homage to the Travs' home city. The jerseys had "Little Rock" written across the chest. Travelers’ jerseys have either featured "Arkansas" or "Travelers" ever since the 1950s. "Nostalgia is in these days and the retro look has become stylish, We were the Little Rock Travelers for years and after all this time we thought we lost the identification with Little Rock. Some people actually didn’t know we’re from Little Rock. The LR logo has had success on our replica caps and we thought that the time to make this change was right now.""

- Bill Valentine

Ray Winder
In Ray Winder, was the general manager for Little Rock Travelers when it became defunct in 1961, but continued as general manager for the Arkansas Travelers until 1976. Winder had worked as a ticket taker in 1915 before rising to general manager. More than once, he almost single-handedly kept baseball in Little Rock. In 1960, at the last minute, he used his relationships with major league teams to sign enough players for the Travelers to field a team—it had looked as if the team would not make or would have to move to another town. During his 50-plus years with the team, he saw the Travelers sink to the bottom of the league only to rise three times to the league championship.

Bill Valentine
In 1976, Bill Valentine, a former American League umpire, was chosen as general manager for the Travelers. Valentine would remain general manager until in 2007 after 31 years and would remain executive vice president for two more seasons, before retiring in March 2009. Valentine worked as an announcer for the Arkansas Travelers for eight years. In his first season as general manager, the team saw a 34% increase in attendance, due in part to Valentine's stunts including giving away tens of thousands of tickets to kids, hoping they would bring their parents to the game with them, and holding midget wrestling and amateur boxing at the stadium. The Travelers' attendance continued to increase over the years, and also saw on-field success, winning five league titles while Valentine was GM. Valentine has been inducted into the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame, the Arkansas Officials Association Hall of Fame, the Texas League Hall of Fame, and the North Little Rock Boys Club Hall of Fame.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arkansas Travelers


text:
User:Marcika

Nullius in Verba — Royal Society

Interesting stuff

 * Wikipedia Signpost
 * Topical index
 * BJAODN - sadly mutilated by humourless Rouge Admins (TINC)
 * FAC
 * AFD
 * wikibooks:Cookbook
 * Meta:The Advanced Wikipedian
 * Editcount: enwiki

Licensing
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Marcika


text:
Midland RockHounds

The Midland RockHounds are a Minor League Baseball team based in Midland, Texas. The team, which plays in the Texas League, is the Double-A affiliate of the Oakland Athletics major league club. The RockHounds play in Momentum Bank Ballpark, which opened in 2002 and seats 4,709 fans. They have won seven Texas League championships: in 1975 (co-champions with the Lafayette Drillers), 2005, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017.

History
The RockHounds were previously known as both the Midland Cubs (1972–1984) and Midland Angels (1985–1998). While Midland has been the Double-A affiliate of the Oakland A's since 1999, they were affiliated with the Chicago Cubs from 1972 to 1984, and then with the California Angels from 1985 to 1998. The team was renamed "Rockhounds", a nickname for geologists, as a reference to the oil and gas industry of the area.

The RockHounds have received numerous awards throughout their history. The Midland franchise under the Angels won the Texas League Organization of the Year in 1990 and 1994 and as the RockHounds in 2002. In 1995, Midland won Double-A Baseball's highest award, the Bob Frietas Award. General Manager Monty Hoppel has been named Executive of the Year with the franchise three times (1991, 1995, and 2002).

In 1995, Midland reached its first-ever playoff appearance as an affiliate of the Angels and their first playoff appearance overall in 20 years. It also became the first season that Midland accumulated more than 200,000 fans in a season, a feat repeated in 1996. The feat surprised many in Minor League Baseball as the Midland-Odessa area only has just over 200,000 residents total. The RockHounds moved into Momentum Bank Ballpark, part of the Scharbauer Sports Complex on the west side of Midland, in 2002. Since then, the RockHounds have averaged over 250,000 fans every season. Prior to that, their home had been what is now known as Christensen Stadium, in northeast Midland.

The Rockhounds won their first ever Texas League Championship in 2005. They shared the title with the Lafayette Drillers in 1975 as the Cubs. In 2006, they won the second-half championship of the South Division, but they lost to the eventual champion Corpus Christi Hooks in the division playoffs.

In 2007, the RockHounds won the John H. Johnson President's Award, Minor League baseball highest award for a franchise, making them the third Texas League franchise to do so after the El Paso Diablos and the Tulsa Drillers.

In 2009, the RockHounds won their second Texas League pennant, defeating the Northwest Arkansas Naturals three games to one in the Championship Series. In 2010, the RockHounds returned to the Texas League title game, but this time fell to the Naturals.

In 2017, the RockHounds won their fourth straight Texas League title, the first team to do so since the Fort Worth Panthers won six in a row from 1920 to 1925.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the RockHounds were organized into the Double-A Central. In 2022, the Double-A Central became known as the Texas League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

On the radio
The Midland Rockhounds have always had a play-by-play broadcast that has been available. KCRS (AM) had been the network to carry roughly 95% of the Rockhounds games since they debuted in 1972. Some afternoon games in 2008 didn't air on the radio due to contracts with Rush Limbaugh and others. For the 2009 season Gap Broadcasting announced the Rockhounds would have a new radio home, KFZX, also known as 102.1 Jack FM. For the 2010 season, the Rockhounds once again moved radio homes to KMRK 96.1 FM. In both cases Bob Hards remained the voice of the Rockhounds, a position he has currently held for 19 consecutive years. In 2013 the Rockhounds moved their games back to KCRS, though weekday day games would be preempted for talk shows that were already scheduled.

Notable players

 * Brett Anderson
 * Garret Anderson
 * Andrew Bailey
 * Billy Burns
 * Eric Byrnes
 * Trevor Cahill
 * Chris Carter
 * Joe Carter
 * Nelson Cruz                                                    * Josh Donaldson
 * Sean Doolittle
 * Ryan Dull
 * Shawon Dunston
 * Damion Easley
 * Jim Edmonds
 * Darin Erstad
 * Andre Ethier
 * Zack Gelof
 * Troy Glaus
 * Sonny Gray
 * A.J. Griffin
 * Rich Harden
 * Billy Hatcher
 * Ryon Healy
 * Mark Kiger (first player in modern MLB history to debut in a postseason game (October 13, 2006; game three of the 2006 ALCS))
 * Mike Krukow
 * Dennis Lamp
 * Carlos Lezcano
 * Joe Maddon (Manager)
 * Sean Manaea
 * Randy Martz
 * Mark McLemore
 * Donnie Moore
 * Karl Pagel
 * Troy Percival
 * Bryan Price
 * Addison Russell
 * Tim Salmon
 * Lee Smith
 * Dan Straily
 * Huston Street
 * Bruce Sutter (elected to the Hall of Fame in 2006)
 * Nick Swisher
 * Joey Wagman
 * Barry Zito

title: Midland RockHounds


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Tohu

Tohu can refer to:
 * Tohu Harris, New Zealand rugby league footballer
 * Tohu Kākahi, New Zealand Māori leader
 * Tohu, a biblical person (an ancestor of the prophet Samuel; 1 Samuel 1:1)
 * Another transliteration of the Japanese word "tofu"

In Hebrew

 * Tohu wa-bohu, the Hebrew phrase from the Book of Genesis, usually translated "formless and empty"
 * Tohu and Tikun, the two stages of Existence in Lurianic Kabbalah; the initial Olam-World of Tohu-Chaos collapses, to be replaced by the World of Tikun ("rectification")

title: Tohu


text:
Talk:Territory of Hawaii

Untitled
''For style guide information on the use of Hawaiian-English spelling in this article and other Hawaii-related articles, please see Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles. For the debate on this issue, see Talk:Hawaii and it’s archives.''

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2018 and 13 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Blakec25.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:53, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Article now redirected here
A previous article Hawaii Territory, now a redirect to this, said in its entirety:

 * "The Hawaii Territory was a territory of the United States from February 22, 1900 to 1959. It joined the United States following the abolition of the Hawaiian monarchy, during the brief existence of the Republic of Hawaii.

 * "During World War II the Hawaii Territory was governed by the United States military.

 * "On August 21, 1959 Hawaii was granted statehood, and became the 50th U.S. state."

Note the disagreement about the starting date.

Jmabel 18:12, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Confusion about dates of establishment
The Territory of Hawai'i was established by the Newlands Resolution signed by both chambers of Congress on 7 July 1898. The law legally ceded all Hawaiian lands to United States sovereignty thus establishing the territorial entity. This is the date officially adopted as the establishment date by the State of Hawai'i, the Princess Pauahi Bishop Museum and the United States Congress. It is the date taught in all mandatory Modern Hawaiian History curricula taught in Hawai'i public schools.

The date of establishment is often confused, especially by mainland United States residents, as being 22 February 1900 or some other date falling within the year. This was the date of passage of the Hawaiian Organic Act, more formally known as An Act to Provide a Government for the Territory of Hawai'i which merely codified a system of government for the already existing entity called the Territory of Hawai'i.

 * Text of the Newlands Resolution
 * Text of the Hawaiian Organic Act
 * Hawai'i State Department of Accounting and General Services and Hawai'i State Archives

Gerald Farinas 18:40, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems that not only mainland residents were confused but also the Hawaiian territorial government itself. Just look at this image of the results of the Hawaiian vote on statehood: [[Image:Hawaiivotesinset.JPG|thumb|right|80px]] Look closely at the affixed seal of the territory of hawaii and you'll see the date "1900".72.27.62.58 17:47, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Delisted GA
This article did not go through the current GA nomination process. Looking at the article as is, it fails on criteria 2b of the GA quality standards. No references are provided and the citation of sources is essential for verifiability. Most Good Articles use inline citations. I would recommend that this be fixed, to reexamine the article against the GA quality standards, and to submit the article through the nomination process. --RelHistBuff 12:24, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Hawai‘i
Was the Territory of Hawai‘i a incorporated territory, like other former territories on the North American continent before statehoods were granted? — Instantnood 13:09, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Military Governor
What about Lt. General Robert C. Richardson Jr. who was Military Governor of the Territory of Hawaii during World War II? Chris 21:25, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: rough consensus not to move. Andrewa (talk) 03:00, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Territory of Hawaii → Hawaii Territory –
 * I have been subjected via my user talk page to contradictory move requests about this possible move. I better get the matter properly discussed and sorted out here. (If this move is rejected, then presumably move Hawaii Territory/version 2 to Territory of Hawaii/version 2 to be with it?) Anthony Appleyard (talk) 14:14, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

 * oppose - no reason given. The burden of proof should be on the person proposing the move. Without any reason given, it should stay where it is and effort instead might go into making it more complete. W Nowicki (talk) 14:59, 12 June 2011 (UTC)
 * support - use common name Hawaii Territory - instead of legally "Territory of Hawaii" as for
 * Massachusetts instead of legally "Commonwealth of Massachusetts",
 * Hawaii County instead of legally "County of Hawaii",
 * New York City instead of legally "The City of New York". HawaiiLibre (talk) 02:17, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose WP:Naming conventions (country-specific_topics) recommends the "Foo of Country (noun)" format. On the other hand, I should note that every other territory in Category:Former organized territories of the United States uses the form "XYZ Territory". On the third hand, in the actual articles, the name is consistently given as "Territory of XYZ", both in the lede and in the box. Kauffner (talk) 02:45, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment : In "Foo of Country (noun)", "Country" refers to an independent state, which here would be the United States. The format applies to Foo of the United States, e.g. Territories of the United States. But United States is not included in the title of Hawaii Territory. If it would be included, then it would be Hawaii Territory of the United States. The Hawaii Territory article is an example of a Non-country geographic area (name) Foo (type). All U.S. counties fall into that category, and they use "Foo County" for the title even if the official or legal name is "County of Foo", e.g. the seal has "County of Hawaii", but the title uses the short form "Hawaii County". HawaiiLibre (talk) 08:58, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The guideline says, "Articles which deal with an aspect of a country or region generally take the form "Foo of Country (noun)". So, no, independence isn't the test. It's always State of XYZ. Does anyone say "Hawaii State"? Why create a different usage for "territory"? Kauffner (talk) 11:58, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Let's recap: You found a Flickr user by the name of "woody1778a" who uses the term.  That isn't a reliable source.  You also found a webmaster at the Library of Congress who informally uses the term on the "Today in History" webpage.  We generally don't use a webmaster as the source for encyclopedia articles, we use actual publications.  Try to find some more sources, and I'll consider supporting your proposal.  Until then, I haven't seen anything in the literature that supports the move.  Subjects and topics should not be forced into fitting into arbitrary Wikipedia naming conventions that have been imposed upon us without consensus. Viriditas (talk) 09:28, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, these are not official sources. They only document that people exist that use the designation "Hawaii Territory". I will have a look whether I can find something more official, but maybe I will not be able to. HawaiiLibre (talk) 09:40, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * On Wikipedia, we aren't concerned about people who use a term. We are concerned about specific people who use the term, namely reliable sources.  This does not entail something that is "official", but rather a publication that is considered authoritative, such as a type of book, scholarly paper, or even a newspaper article.  Do some research, and report back with what you find. Viriditas (talk) 09:42, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The most official historic source I found so far is book from 1906 which lists states and territories and uses "Hawaii Territory". I am still searching for official sources that document the usage of the term "Hawaii Territory" after achieving statehood. I started a new section to collect findings, this section is listed below. HawaiiLibre (talk) 10:42, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Again, I haven't asked you for a single "official historic source" (and I've already provided it on Anthony Appleyard's talk page). I've asked you for a reliable source.  Do you understand?  Not snippets of usage from random webpages, but actual articles, papers, books, encyclopedia entries, and essays on the subject—all of which are published by reliable sources subject to editorial review.  We really aren't interested in these websites you keep offering, so please stop linking to them. Viriditas (talk) 10:47, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I changed the article and now the references for "Hawaii Territory" only include publications issued by the United States Department of Commerce. HawaiiLibre (talk) 11:03, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid you are confused. There are literally 500-1000 reliable sources documenting the term "Territory of Hawaii" as the most common usage.  You haven't even offered one.  That some sources, for the sake of brevity or publishing convention (such as a style guide used by a particular publisher) might use the term "Hawaii Territory" isn't in dispute.  However, if you were familiar with the literature on the subject, or took some time out to visit your local library or simply do the research, you would find that the number of reliable sources that use the term "Hawaii Territory" is tiny when compared to "Territory of Hawaii".  That some statistical sources have used the convention "X Territory" for consistency in a few publications is practically insignificant when we look at the scholarly literature on the subject.  "Territory of Hawaii" is, by far, the common name.  Right now, all you are doing is cherry picking usage, rather than actually examining how the sources use the term when discussing the topic.  That is not how we do research.  Looking at the current sources, I'm seeing 500+ RS that consistently use the term "Territory of Hawaii" in a discussion about the subject, and less than 50 that use "Hawaii Territory" in passing mention. Viriditas (talk) 11:12, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * When you wrote "There is no such thing as Hawaii Territory", it sounded as if you would deny the existence of the term in spoken or written language outside Wikipedia. I provided sources from outside Wikipedia.
 * You complained the sources are not reliable, which does not make sense, since they only were used to document usage. But I admitted they are not official, which is distinct from reliable, , you specified the kind of material you would like: book, scholarly paper, newspaper . I went on with the research and I provided one such document from the DoC, 1906. ,
 * Then you write "I haven't asked you for a single "official historic source", and you write "I've asked you for a reliable source" . I added two more documents, addressing the fact of "singularity". I changed the article references to only include official publications and told you so.
 * Now you argue that the type of usage in the official reliable sources that I provided is not the correct type of usage. That it is only for brevity and style reasons. And you write about me as a person, saying " if you were familiar with the literature on the subject..." . The subject is Wikipedia article naming, and the literature on article naming can be found at WP:MoS. For brevity and style reasons, Wikipedia would use Hawaii Territory, as did the Library of Congress, Department of Commerce, Federal Security Agency. Like them, Wikipedia would use the short name for the article title and the long name whenever it is most convenient. HawaiiLibre (talk) 12:16, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Nope. Wikipedia uses common names for article titles, and the majority of secondary sources do not use the term "Hawaii Territory" either in passing reference or about the topic.  Your own "research" on this topic disproves your hypothesis.  Unless you can provide a single source about the subject that uses the term consistently, I'm afraid this discussion is over.  We don't cherry pick terms that are rarely used and then argue that this uncommon usage is a good justification for moving an article title.  You've got it all backwards. Viriditas (talk) 13:06, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * My research does prove what it proves: There is such a thing as "Hawaii Territory", something you claimed to not exist.. That "Hawaii Territory" is used more often than "Territory of Hawaii" in written documents may be your hypothesis, it is not mine and never was. You seem to confuse me with someone else or invented that claim to enhance your position. HawaiiLibre (talk) 13:39, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * You haven't done any research yet, and I've given you the tools to do them in the section below. So far, you refuse.  All you've done is cherry picked your chosen term from a Google search, and when one compares it to the use of the term in the secondary sources, one realizes that you are full of hot air.  You claim by default that the term "Hawaii Territory" is notable and important, but your own "research" demonstrates it is not.  The common name as shown in the literature is "Territory of Hawaii", not the abbreviated form "Hawaii Territory".  To remind you (since you seem to have forgotten), you started this charade when you requested that this article be moved to "Hawaii Territory", a term that is neither in wide usage or found in the majority of secondary sources on the topic.  When given the research tools so that you could see this for yourself, you refused to use them, preferring to continue to cherry pick the term from Google.  Facts. They are funny things. Viriditas (talk) 13:59, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Do you have any reliable sources for all your claims about my person? Where did I claim "that the term "Hawaii Territory" is notable and important"? What is your source for "You haven't done any research yet"? What is the source for "one realizes that you are full of hot air"? Source for "When given the research tools so that you could see this for yourself, you refused to use them"? HawaiiLibre (talk) 14:10, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * That's easy. Why did you ask Anthony Appleyard to move this article? Why are you still here requesting a move? Viriditas (talk) 14:21, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Comment: I'm assuming it is a coincidence that a SPA shows up to force this article to conform to arbitrary naming conventions imposed by Suspected sock puppets/Snocrates. Viriditas (talk) 08:05, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Are you really? It doesn't sound like it. If you're accusing an editor of something, I think you should do it plainly. Rennell435 (talk) 10:17, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose, per the arguments and sources provided by Viriditas on the nominator's talk page. Rennell435 (talk) 10:17, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I've never posted an argument or a source on the "nominator's talk page", so I assume your "support" should be counted as an "oppose". Viriditas (talk) 10:42, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Facepalm! Changed the !vote. I added the diff to clarify. Rennell435 (talk) 07:27, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose per the official treaty and official incorporation, as linked by Rennell435. Softlavender (talk) 07:45, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Hawaii Territory
Documentation for the usage of the name "Hawaii Territory"

United States Department of Commerce Federal Security Agency United States Department of Agriculture Library of Congress Others If you find something more official, please add. HawaiiLibre (talk) 09:45, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/geomagnetism/docs/publications/1906/Bauer_1906_44.pdf (DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR, COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM RESULTS OF MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS MADE BY THE COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY BETWEEN JULY 1, 1905, AND JUNE 30, 1906, page 119)
 * http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1933-02.pdf (Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, page 1)
 * http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1939-02.pdf (Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, page 1)
 * http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1948-02.pdf (page 5)
 * http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-13.pdf (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003, page III-1)
 * http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc3-us-pt1.pdf (U.S. Census Bureau, 2004, page V-5)
 * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1997016/pdf/pubhealthreporig01139-0002.pdf (Federal Security Agency, ca. 1949)
 * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1997040/pdf/pubhealthreporig01147-0002.pdf (Federal Security Agency, ca. 1950)
 * http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/pi_books/scans/pi018.pdf (1909 page 51)
 * http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec07.html
 * http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov07.html
 * http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd438/g4382/g4382p/ct003113.jp2 (Handwritten on the image)
 * http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014685/
 * http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/wwii/jb_wwii_pearlhar_1.html
 * http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal_mhc_mhm_cool-maps_tg_10-10-2001_92675_7.pdf (Teacher’s Guide)
 * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1999046/pdf/pubhealthreporig02360-0067.pdf (page XVI)
 * http://www.usmarshals.gov/district/hi/general/history.htm
 * http://womenincongress.house.gov/member-profiles/profile.html?intID=173
 * http://forbes.house.gov/news/email/show.aspx?ID=KHTRLAPKXNGLMNDNCH3GYV77A4
 * http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/vnp/results.asp?rl=Hawaii&rt=State
 * http://www.torranceca.gov/archivednewspapers/Herald/1947%20Feb%2027%20-%20Dec%2025/PDF/00000172.pdf
 * http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-HPREC-DESCHLERS-V2/pdf/GPO-HPREC-DESCHLERS-V2-3-14-3.pdf Ch9 §48.2 (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-HPREC-DESCHLERS-V2)
 * Again, that's not how we use sources on Wikipedia. We don't cherry pick from primary sources that abbreviate titles as a style convention.  We choose titles based on the most common usage by secondary sources first, then tertiary, then primary.  You are misusing sources to support your own personal POV.  That some sources might abbreviate the proper name for the sake of brevity or consistent style is not in dispute.  What is in dispute is proper naming convention, which the majority of secondary sources use as "Territory of Hawaii", not "Hawaii Territory".  I suggest you stick with Google Scholar, Google Books, and Google News as your baseline.  Another good starting point is ScholarSpace and the UH Library.  ScholarSpace roughly returns 160 hits for "Territory of Hawaii" and 30 hits for "Hawaii Territory".  The UH Library returns 1000 hits for "Territory of Hawaii" and 4 hits for "Hawaii Territory".  The UH research page will get you started on your journey.  Please take a look at it. Viriditas (talk) 11:31, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The standard way to determine common name is to ngram it, which I have done here. Kauffner (talk) 12:07, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * What you did is ngram with Google Books Ngram Viewer, a tool, if the name is descriptive, that omits all non-book usage. HawaiiLibre (talk) 12:18, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * We write Wikipedia articles from secondary sources. Ngram shows that the current article title ("Territory of Hawaii") is supported, and my suggestion that you use the ScholarSpace and UH Library tools to see this for yourself remains.  Please do so.  We don't use a Google search to pick and choose uncommon usage as you are doing. Viriditas (talk) 13:08, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, etc.
I happened to look at this article for the first time in a long while today, and noticed that the lead sentence says that the Territory, with the exception of Johnston Atoll, was admitted to the Union. I haven't changed this, but it looks like a problem. This apparently dates back to this June 2011 edit and it's not something I have fresh in my mind, so I think that other eyes are needed.

As I understand it, in July 1898 the Newlands Resolution annexed the "Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies" (the Republic of Hawaii) to create the Territory of Hawaii (see http://www.bartleby.com/43/44.html). On April 30, 1900, the Hawaiian Organic Act was enacted, and article 5 of that Act made Hawaii an Incorporated territory (see http://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/us-organic-act-1900.shtml).

As I recall, but I don't have details handy, Palmyra Atoll was incorporated along with the main Hawaiian islands. When Hawaii was admitted as a State, the Hawaii Admission Act explicitly excluded Palmyra Atoll. The act also (and separately) says that the state "shall not be deemed to include the Midway Islands, Johnston Island, Sand Island (off-shore from Johnston Island), or Kingman Reef, together with their appurtenant reefs and territorial waters." These had been (I guess -- but I don't have the details handy) possessions of the Republic of Hawaii which had been annexed along with the Republic itself but which had become unincorporated territories (see http://www.hawaii-nation.org/admission.html and Territories of the United States).

The Statehood section of the article mentions the exclusion of Palmyra Atoll, contradicting the article's lead sentence.

It seems to me that this article ought to go further than it currently does to clarify the details about all this. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 04:42, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Also, the article was unclear about excluding the Stewart Islands. Hawaii was annexed in 1898 from the Republic of Hawaii (which had replaced the Provisional Government of Hawaii, which had overthrown the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893).  In the records of the annexed Republic of Hawaii, the individual Stewart Islands are named as being part of the Republic of Hawaii: Ihi Kai Ana, Te Perena, Taore, Matua Ati and Matua Ivoto. (Hawaii State Archives, M-313).  The Stewart Islands had been ceded to the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1856 under King Kamehameha IV, as Palmyra Island was similarly acquired by that Kingdom in 1862.  Since the annexation in 1898, the United States has not ceded the Stewart Islands by treaty to any country, and no U.S. or international court has addressed the sovereignty question.  I've added reference to the Stewart Islands (recently called Sikaiana in the Solomon Islands), and reworded the exclusion of Palmyra to conform to the language of the Hawaiian Organic Act and the Hawaii Admission Act. 50.240.8.209 (talk) 14:46, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

I had forgotten making this comment. I just came across it again today, and added some info to the article's lead section with this edit. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 02:01, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:50, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

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Hello Wikipedians,

I am looking into adding a few key componenets to the portion of the article titled Tourism. First off, I believe the economic gains from tourism in this state should be highlighted and explained. Lastly, I believe this portion should include soemething explaining how technological advancements throughout the years has made for a better or worse economy in Hawaii. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blakec25 (talk • contribs) 00:24, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Territory of Hawaii


text:
San Antonio Missions

The San Antonio Missions are a Minor League Baseball team of the Texas League and the Double-A affiliate of the San Diego Padres. They are located in San Antonio, Texas, and are named for the Spanish missions around which the city was founded. The Missions play their home games at Nelson W. Wolff Municipal Stadium, which opened in 1994 and seats over 6,200 people with a total capacity of over 9,000.

Early years
San Antonio was home for one of the charter members of the Texas League back in 1888. Since that inaugural season the town has hosted a number of Texas League franchises, most of them using the Missions moniker. Baseball was absent only a few of the early years (1889-1891,1893–1894, 1900–1902) and again when World War II occupied most would-be ballplayers between 1943 and 1945. Initially the team went by the names "Missionaries", "Gentlemen", and "Bronchos"—a Spanish twist on the name "Broncos". During these years, nearly 250 players reached the major leagues.

The current Missions moniker was coined with the team's first major league affiliation, a partnership with the St. Louis Browns. They remained affiliated with the Browns through the Texas League's temporary demise after the 1942 season due to World War II. With the return of peace, they reaffiliated with the Browns, a partnership that continued in 1954 when they became the Baltimore Orioles. This affiliation lasted until 1959, when they struck up a partnership with the Chicago Cubs. While with the Browns/Orioles, the team saw well over 100 players reach the Major League Baseball, including Hall-of-Famers Willard Brown (1956) and Brooks Robinson (1956–1957).

The Missions won the Dixie Series, a postseason interleague championship between the champions of the Southern Association and the Texas League, in 1950, defeating the Nashville Vols, 4–3, in the best-of-seven series. The Missions won the Pan American Series a postseason interleague championship between the champions of the Mexican League and Texas League, in 1961 defeaeating the Veracruz Aguilas 4–2 in the best of seven series.(Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball,Third Edition,2007,Lloyd Johnson and Miles Wolff,editors.) The Missions name was used for the teams affiliated with the Cubs, through 1962. In just four years in the Cubs' system, more than 50 alumni reached the major leagues—including future Hall of Famers Ron Santo (1959) and Billy Williams (1959).

The Missions changed their name to the Bullets in 1963, when the team joined the new Houston Colt .45s organization. The idea behind the name was that the team's prospects would be the "bullets to the gun" of the .45s team. The Bullets boasted 30 prospects that would go on to see time in Major League Baseball, including Hall-of-Famer Joe Morgan and two-time National League All-Star Jerry Grote.

In 1965, the San Antonio franchise moved to Amarillo. Three years later, in 1968, baseball returned to San Antonio, again taking on the Missions name, as part of an expansion of the Texas League. Again playing as a Cubs affiliate, another 42 future big leaguers took the field over a four-year stretch. After the 1971 season, the team packed up again and moved to Midland, where they continued as the Midland RockHounds.

In 1972, another ownership group brought baseball into town to replace the group that left to Midland, and brought with it an affiliation with the Milwaukee Brewers, just two years removed from their move to Wisconsin from Seattle. With the affiliation change to the Brewers, the franchise took the parent club's nickname—which it kept despite changes in affiliation to the Cleveland Indians (1973–1975) and Texas Rangers (1976). The Brewers nickname fit the city almost as well as it fit their single-season affiliate in Milwaukee, being the home of the Pearl Brewing Company.

The future major league players continued to pour onto the field through the affiliation changes, and more than 30 San Antonio Brewers made it to the top. Among them was Hall-of-Fame pitcher Dennis Eckersley, an Indians farmhand who tore through the Texas League in 1974.

Los Angeles Dodgers (1977–2000)
The team became the San Antonio Dodgers with a change in affiliation to the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1977. While the franchise kept the Dodger moniker for 11 seasons (1977–1987), locals still referred to them occasionally as the Missions. The Dodgers responded by officially changing their nickname back to Missions for the 1988 season.

The Missions were the Double-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers until 2000, making the relationship the longest-standing major league affiliation held by the San Antonio franchise. During the partnership, Dodgers legends frequented the Alamo City, including Tommy Lasorda. In the 23 years with Los Angeles, some 211 players went on to see time in the majors. That includes players like Ron Washington (1977), Bob Welch (1977), Ron Roenicke (1978–1979), Mike Scioscia (1978), Dave Stewart (1978), Orel Hershiser (1980–1981, 1991), Fernando Valenzuela (1980), Steve Sax (1981), Sid Bream (1982), Sid Fernandez (1983), Franklin Stubbs (1983), Ramón Martínez (1988, 1996), John Wetteland (1988), Eric Karros (1990), Pedro Martínez (1991), Raúl Mondesí (1991–1992), Eric Young (1991), Mike Piazza (1992), Henry Blanco (1993–1996), Todd Hollandsworth (1993), Chan Ho Park (1994), Miguel Cairo (1995), Paul Lo Duca (1995, 1997), Paul Konerko (1996), Alex Cora (1997), Dennys Reyes (1997), Adrián Beltré (1998), and Éric Gagné (1999).

The team played the bulk of its years with the Dodgers at V. J. Keefe Memorial Stadium, which they shared with the St. Mary's University baseball team. In 1994, the team moved into Nelson W. Wolff Municipal Stadium, utilizing a design typical of baseball stadiums build during the late-1980s through the mid-1990s. The new stadium was named in honor of Nelson Wolff, the mayor of San Antonio at the time the stadium was built.

The affiliation with the Dodgers ended after the 2000 season with both clubs mutually agreeing to part.

Seattle Mariners (2001–2006)
From 2001 until 2006, the Seattle Mariners had a player development contract with the team that brought back-to-back Texas League Championships during the 2002 and 2003 seasons.

The Mariners, fresh off a record season, was stocked with talent in a minor league system built by Pat Gillick, who worked with San Antonio as the farm director of the Houston Colt .45s in 1963. Gillick's prospects turned San Antonio into a Texas League powerhouse, boasting future major leaguers Willie Bloomquist, Jeff Farnsworth, J. J. Putz, Rafael Soriano, Greg Dobbs, Julio Mateo, Gil Meche, Cha Seung Baek, Jose Lopez, George Sherrill, Shin-Soo Choo, Félix Hernández, Mike Morse, Aaron Taylor, Aaron Looper, Allan Simpson, and Yuniesky Betancourt.

The 2006 Missions struggled to score runs and finished 60–77 overall (27–41, 33–37). The team was plagued by high player turnover and featured 52 different players over the course of the season.

San Diego Padres (2007–2018)
The Missions entered into a new player development contract with the San Diego Padres beginning in 2007. Randy Ready managed the Missions that season following a promotion from the Class A Fort Wayne Wizards. The first home game as a member of the Padres organization was on April 12, 2007, a 2–0 win against the Tulsa Drillers. Sean Thompson picked up the win and helped score a run. Led by Chase Headley and Josh Geer, who won Player of the Year and Pitcher of the Year honors respectively, the Missions were the 2007 Texas League Champions.

From the beginning of the affiliation with the Padres, the Missions saw nearly a dozen players go on to play the big leagues. Most notably include rising Padres regulars: Chase Headley, Kyle Blanks, Nick Hundley, Tim Stauffer, Mat Latos, Matt Antonelli, Chad Huffman, Will Venable, and Luis Durango.

The 2009 season started out with an exhibition game between players on the Missions roster and members of the Padres' big league Spring Training roster. The result was a 7–3 win for the minor league affiliate, bolstered by a grand slam by San Antonio-native Seth Johnston. Under the leadership of former MLB All-Star Terry Kennedy, the team earned a playoff berth by winning the first-half division title—clinching the berth on the road during an extra-innings win at Corpus Christi on June 23, the last game in the first half of the season.

The season was anticlimactic, however, as the team struggled down the final stretch and into playoffs. The Missions were eliminated by the Midland RockHounds, the eventual Texas League title winners, in four games—managing only to win one playoff game behind the pitching of Will Inman.

Several players stood out at times during the 2009 season, some of them being promoted for their performance. Outfielder Mike Baxter was promoted early on for his assault on Texas League pitching, batting .376 with 23 doubles in 51 games. Pitchers Tim Stauffer, Cesar Carrillo, and Mat Latos were promoted to the Padres after performing well at the Double-A level, though Stauffer and Carrillo both spent a few weeks at the Triple-A level before moving on to the Majors. First baseman Craig Cooper led the team with a .312 average and 11 home runs by the end of the season. Outfielder Luis Durango led the Texas League with 44 stolen bases. Right-hander Ernesto Frieri led the team in most pitching categories, finishing the season protected on the 40-man major league roster.

For the 2010 season, the Missions were managed by Doug Dascenzo, who previously managed Class A Fort Wayne TinCaps to the best regular-season record in Minor League Baseball and a Midwest League title in 2009. The 2010 Texas League All-Star Game featured seven Missions players, including three starters. Pitchers Simón Castro, Wynn Pelzer, Craig Italiano, and Evan Scribner were selected to represent the Missions along with catcher Luis Martinez, first baseman Matt Clark and outfielder Cedric Hunter. Just before the game, Cedric was promoted to the Triple-A Portland Beavers, allowing utility infielder Andy Parrino to attend the All-Star Game in his place.

The Missions got a hot start to the 2011 season, finishing April with the best record in Double-A baseball. They also amassed the most home runs of any team in Minor League Baseball in that time despite playing in the notoriously pitcher-friendly Wolff Stadium. Their early season success can be attributed to a roster filled with some of the top slugging prospects in the Padres' system, including Jaff Decker and Cody Decker (not related). They also had an offensive boost with the return of Kyle Blanks, who played for the Missions in 2008, and rehabbed with the Missions after Tommy John surgery. The Missions won the first-half division title, then won their twelfth Texas League Championship, sweeping the Arkansas Travelers in the Texas League Championship series. During the season, the team hosted the 75th Annual Texas League All-Star Game on June 29, 2011.

In 2012, Nate Freiman played for the Missions and led the league in RBIs (105) and hits (154). He was both a Texas League Mid-Season and Post-Season All-Star, and an MILB.com San Diego Padres All-Star.

The Missions began participation in Copa de la Diversión ("Fun Cup"), an initiative by Minor League Baseball to connect teams with their local Hispanic communities, in 2018. For Copa games, the Missions play as the San Antonio Flying Chanclas. The chancla, the Spanish term for a slipper or flip-flop, was chosen to honor the Hispanic grandmother for her strength, discipline, and love as she uses the footwear to keep her family in-line.

Milwaukee Brewers (2019–2020)
On June 21, 2017, team owner David G. Elmore announced the relocation of the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the Pacific Coast League to San Antonio in 2019. The team would continue use of the Missions nickname, effectively elevating San Antonio to a Triple-A franchise. Meanwhile, the Missions Double-A franchise moved to Amarillo and continued to compete in the Texas League as the Amarillo Sod Poodles.

The Missions signed a two-year player development contract with the Milwaukee Brewers to be their top minor league affiliate through 2020. They played their first Triple-A game on April 4, 2019, a 5–3 win, against the Oklahoma City Dodgers at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City. The winning run was scored in the top of the ninth inning when Jake Hager hit an RBI triple scoring Nate Orf and Corey Ray. They won their first home game 6–5 over the Memphis Redbirds on April 9.

San Diego Padres (2021–present)
In conjunction with Major League Baseball's reorganization of the minors after the 2020 season, the Missions were selected to move back down to Double-A as affiliates of the San Diego Padres. In a further change, they were organized into the Double-A Central. In 2022, the Double-A Central became known as the Texas League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization. Following the 2022 season, the team was purchased by Designated Bidders, LLC, a group of San Antonio business executives.

Season-by-season records
The following is a list of San Antonio's results since the 1968 season.

Rivals
The Missions' chief rival from 2005 to 2018 was the Corpus Christi Hooks. The teams contended to determine which is the better team of South Texas. The Missions were previously rivals with the Round Rock Express, but this was interrupted when the Express joined the PCL in 2005. The Missions and Express competed again in the PCL's American Conference Southern Division from 2019 to 2020.

Signature promotions
Since 1989, during the seventh inning of each game, an auxiliary mascot named Henry the Puffy Taco is chased around the bases by a child from the stands, typically between 6 and 10 years of age. The kid tackles the giant taco to the ground just before reaching home plate (they start at first base), then poses triumphantly over the downed mascot. Henry has only won the race once, in 1992. In that race, Henry mistimed his steps and he inadvertently crossed home plate before his 10-year-old opponent. Nearly 20 years later the Missions hosted a rematch and, on June 24, 2010, the child finally avenged his loss.

The team has two unique giveaway nights—Shirt Off Your Back and Used Car Giveaway. In the first, often held on or near the last game of the season, the jerseys worn by the players during the game are raffled off to fans in the stands (raffle tickets are offered at no charge, and each fan is limited to one entry). The same raffle format is used for the Used Car Giveaway, where more than 10 used cars are given away throughout the night. In 2010, the prizes included a 2001 Ford Mustang and a 2001 Volvo S60.

Former Missions with MLB experience
More than 700 former San Antonio baseball players have reached the major leagues, if only for a "cup of coffee". Some of the more notable players include:

 * Adrián Beltré
 * Shin-Soo Choo
 * Alex Cora
 * Cody Decker
 * Luis Durango
 * Dennis Eckersley
 * Eric Gagne
 * Dirk Hayhurst
 * Chase Headley
 * Félix Hernández
 * Orel Hershiser
 * Ken Hubbs
 * Nick Hundley
 * Adam Jones
 * Eric Karros
 * Sean Kazmar
 * Corey Kluber
 * Paul Konerko
 * Mat Latos
 * Ted Lilly
 * Paul Lo Duca
 * Jose Lopez
 * Pedro Martínez
 * Ramón Martínez
 * Joe Morgan
 * Jeff Newman
 * Mike Piazza
 * Aaron Poreda
 * Daniel Robertson
 * Brooks Robinson
 * Fernando Tatis Jr.
 * Fernando Valenzuela
 * Will Venable
 * John Wetteland

In addition, Brian Anderson—the former radio voice of the San Antonio Missions—has reached the big leagues as the broadcaster for the Milwaukee Brewers.

Ballpark
The Missions play their home games at Nelson W. Wolff Municipal Stadium which opened in 1994. The ballpark seats more than 6,200 spectators and holds more than 9,000 people with additional outfield grass berm seating. The team has sought a new stadium since 2009, and continues to do so, though the team moved to the Triple-A Pacific Coast League in 2019.

Tickets for Missions games are priced on par with other minor league parks, ranging from $11 to $30 based on the section of the ballpark or $10 for berm seating.

title: San Antonio Missions


text:
Cyd Ho

Cyd Ho Sau-lan is a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (Legco) for the Hong Kong Island constituency.

She is a founding member of the Labour Party, since December 2011, and currently holds the position of vice-chairwoman. Previously, she was a founding member of The Frontier, another pro-democracy political group. Since 2006, she has been a founding councillor of the World Future Council.

She has garnered a reputation for promoting universal suffrage, rule of law, human rights, and equal opportunity, as well as advancement in the interests of women, homosexuals and other minority groups.

Education
Ho studied at the University of Waterloo, Canada. She worked in the textile trading industry from 1979 to 1995.

Career
In 1991, Ho helped Emily Lau during the election campaign, the first open direct election of Legco in Hong Kong. In 1993, she founded the liberal pressure group 'United Ants' with other pro-democracy political activists. In 1995, she worked as an assistant to Margaret Ng, a lawmaker representing the legal profession in Legco. In 1996, along with other political activists, she founded The Frontier.

She was elected a legislative councillor for the geographical constituency of New Territories East in 1998 in the first Legco election since the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the UK to China. She was re-elected in the c in 2000. She chaired bills committees such as the 2004 Education (Revised) Bill and the 2004 Examination Authority Bill, and was vice-chair of the panel on environmental affairs. She chaired the Sub-committee under the Home Affair Panel to study questions of discrimination based on sexual orientation between 2000 and 2004.

She was elected as a District Council member of the Central and Western district via the Kwun Lung (觀龍) constituency in November 2003, unseating veteran Ip Kwok-him of the DAB with a margin of 64 votes. She also supported members of other pro-democracy political groups such as Civic Act-up, which were also contesting seats in the Wanchai district council.

In 2004, she, together with James To Kun Sun, Frederick Fung Kin Kee, Wong Sing Chi, Mak Kwok Fung, attempted to cross the border and meet Beijing officials at Shenzhen, to request a faster pace of democratisation in Hong Kong.

2004 Legco election
The 2004 Legislative Council election returned candidates to office based on a party-list proportional representation system. There were four viable tickets running for election for the Hong Kong Island constituency. The left was represented by the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong's ticket, consisting of Ma Lik and Choy So-yuk; and the centrist ticket was represented by Rita Fan.

The pan-democratic camp decided, after strategising, to put up two tickets for election: the Democratic Party's ticket with Martin Lee and Yeung Sum, and Audrey Eu and Cyd Ho's ticket. The thinking was that the remainder vote on both these tickets was sufficient to return all four candidates to office, providing that voters in the pan-democratic camp were coordinated effectively. Cyd Ho was defeated by a slim margin (815 out of a total of about 350,000, or 0.23%) to her nearest DAB rival, Choy So-yuk.

Originally, the slogan "1+1=4" was taken as a way to strategically allocate votes between the two pan-democratic camp tickets, namely that a spouse from each couple would vote for each ticket. Conspiracy theorists claim that, during the final days leading up to the election, the Democratic Party believed it could secure a seat for their third candidate, Lai Chi-Keung. The Democratic Party hence allegedly requested all supporters of the pan-democratic camp in the Hong Kong Island geographical constituency to vote for them, claiming that Audrey Eu's star presence on the other ticket was strong enough to skew votes to the other ticket.

In the end, Lai ended up a few hundred votes short of Cyd Ho, costing them both the chance for a seat. This ultimately benefited Cyd Ho's DAB rival Choy So-yuk. A number of disgruntled voters of the pan-democratic camp demanded that then-DP chairman Yeung Sum and Founding chairman Martin Lee Chu-ming both step down in consequence.

Post-election
In addition to remaining as a key member of the Frontier until 2006, Ho hosted weekly radio programmes on two local radio stations in 2006 – on RTHK and PRHK. She hosted a radio show on the internet radio station My Radio on Thursday nights (2200–2300 HKT).

In 2006, she quit the Frontier and became the chairperson of the Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor and the co-convener of Project Civil Referendum, a scheme to pilot and promote the idea of holding a referendum in Hong Kong.

In 2007, when the death of Ma Lik vacated a Hong Kong Island Legislative Council seat, she originally decided to run in the by-election, but later she decided against. Also, she declined to stand again for her district council seat to prepare for her 2008 Legco election campaign.

2008 Legco election
Ho stood for and was returned in the Hong Kong Island geographical constituency for the 2008 Hong Kong legislative election. She finished with the fifth highest number of votes in the six-member constituency, 30,887, or 9.85%. Her running mate in 2004, Audrey Eu of the Civic Party, obtained 30,362.

Labour Party
In December 2011, after The Frontier had failed to pass its own resolution to dissolve, she joined with Lee Cheuk-yan, Cheung Kwok-che and others to form the Labour Party, taking up the position of vice-chairwoman. She was re-elected in 2012 elections.

LGBT rights
In 2012, soon after Ho re-elected as member of Legco, she put forward a proposal calling for public consultation on legislation to outlaw discrimination based on sexual orientation. This proposal was supported by most of the pro-democrats and some pro-Beijing lawmakers, but was veto by Democratic Party lawmaker James To (who voted abstained) and pro-Beijing conservative parties. During her terms, Ho is one of only few legislators to openly support same-sex marriage and other LGBT rights, conservative parties and groups criticised her on this issue. Though most of the pro-democrats support non-discrimination laws, they are less openly discuss and talk about this issue, as the pro-democrats have many supporters with many social conservative views.

2016 Legco election
She lost in the 2016 Hong Kong legislative election with 19,376 votes, placed ninth in the Hong Kong Island constituency, along with the former party chairman Lee Cheuk-yan, leaving the Labour Party only one representative in the legislature.

2020 arrest
On 18 April 2020, Ho was arrested as one of 15 Hong Kong high-profile democracy figures, on suspicion of organising, publicising or taking part in several unauthorised assemblies between August and October 2019 in the course of the anti-extradition bill protests. Following protocol, the police statement did not disclose the names of the accused, however others arrested include veteran lawyers Martin Lee and Margaret Ng.

title: Cyd Ho


text:
Tulsa Drillers

The Tulsa Drillers are a minor league baseball team based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The team, which plays in the Texas League, is the Double-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers major-league club.

Stadium
The Drillers play at ONEOK Field (pronounced "one-oak"), in downtown Tulsa's Greenwood district. The team previously played at Drillers Stadium on the Tulsa County Fairgrounds at 15th and Yale in midtown Tulsa. The Drillers held their first home opener at ONEOK Field on April 8, 2010, losing 7–0 to the Corpus Christi Hooks in front of an over-capacity crowd of 8,665. In their first season in the new ballpark, the Drillers drew total attendance of 408,183, the highest season figure in the history of Tulsa professional baseball.

History
The Drillers came into being in 1977, when the two-year-old Lafayette Drillers were moved to Tulsa from Louisiana. Before that time, the Triple-A Tulsa Oilers had been the city's minor league club, but owner A. Ray Smith moved that team to New Orleans due to concerns over the dilapidated condition of Oiler Park. The new team opted to keep the Drillers name carried over from Lafayette—appropriate given the importance of oil to the Tulsa economy. Apart from World War II, professional baseball has been played in Tulsa continuously since 1932.

The Drillers set up shop at Oiler Park, which was renamed Driller Park. However, it was obvious that the old stadium was at the end of its useful life, and plans were already underway for a replacement. Tulsa County completed 8,000 seat Robert B. Sutton Stadium in 1981, naming it for its chief benefactor, a local oil executive. Sutton, however, was convicted in 1982 of fraud, and as a result the County renamed the park Tulsa County Stadium, and renamed it Drillers Stadium in 1989.

From 1977 to 2002, the Drillers were the Double-A affiliate of the Texas Rangers. In 2002, Rangers owner Tom Hicks purchased the Shreveport, Louisiana Texas League franchise with the intention of moving the team to Frisco, Texas, a suburban city north of Dallas, Texas. At the time, the Shreveport Swamp Dragons were affiliated with the San Francisco Giants; Hicks cast aside this association and bought out the remaining two years of Tulsa's Player Development Contract. The Drillers then signed a two-year agreement with the Colorado Rockies. After the 2014 season they signed an affiliation agreement with the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Batting coach Mike Coolbaugh was killed in a freak accident on July 22, 2007. While standing in the first base coach box, he was hit in the head by a line drive. Although CPR was administered at the scene, he died less than an hour later. The Drillers and Travelers suspended their game, which the Travelers had been leading, 7–3, in the ninth inning. The Drillers also postponed their game the following night. The coroner concluded that Coolbaugh was actually hit in the neck with the line drive instead of the head, which ruptured an artery in his neck, killing him. As a result of this event, Major League Baseball began making helmets for base coaches mandatory in 2008.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Drillers were organized into the Double-A Central. In 2022, the Double-A Central became known as the Texas League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

On October 3, 2023, the club announced that it had sold majority ownership to Diamond Baseball Holdings.

Championship seasons
The Drillers were Texas League champions four times: in 1982, 1988, 1998 and in 2018. They won the Eastern Division championship in 1999 and 2002. The Drillers also appeared in the Texas League playoffs during the 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2017 seasons.

Ownership
Tulsa businessman Bill Rollings acquired the Lafayette franchise and moved it to Tulsa in 1977. Country music entertainer Roy Clark was a co-owner of the team for six years. Went Hubbard bought the team in 1986. In March 2006, Chuck Lamson (a former Drillers pitcher and executive) bought out much of Hubbard's stock in the team; Lamson became president and majority owner of the team. In December 2010, Lamson sold his stock back to Hubbard. This transaction made Hubbard the sole owner of the team; his sons, Dale and Jeff, became co-chairmen. Went and Dale Hubbard are residents of Walpole, New Hampshire; Jeff Hubbard, a former player (in 1987) and coach (in 1991) for the Drillers, lives in Durham, North Carolina. Went Hubbard died in September 2012.

Media
ESPN SportsCenter anchor John Anderson has often alluded to team alumni as "former Driller(s)" on-air. Anderson was a weekend sports anchor for Tulsa CBS affiliate KOTV before joining ESPN.

For 13 years the Tulsa Drillers' radio (and sometime television) announcer was Mark Neely, but in January 2009 it was announced that Neely had been hired to be the new TV play-by-play announcer for the San Diego Padres. In February the Drillers announced that Neely's replacement would be Dennis Higgins, former announcer for the Wichita Wranglers. Since the 2005 season, the Drillers have been broadcast on KTBZ (AM), Sports Radio 1430, "The Buzz" in Tulsa.

Notable former players

 * Ubaldo Jiménez, pitcher
 * Troy Tulowitzki, shortstop
 * Brad Hawpe, outfielder
 * Jeff Francis, pitcher
 * Ryan Speier, pitcher
 * Matt Holliday, outfielder
 * Dexter Fowler, outfielder
 * Ian Stewart, third baseman
 * Chris Iannetta, catcher
 * Gabe Kapler, outfielder
 * Iván Rodríguez, catcher
 * Sammy Sosa, outfielder
 * Fernando Tatis Sr., shortstop
 * Carlos Pena, outfielder
 * Charlie Blackmon, outfielder
 * Nolan Arenado, third baseman
 * Corey Seager, shortstop
 * Cody Bellinger, first baseman, outfielder
 * Walker Buehler, pitcher

title: Tulsa Drillers


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Wichita Wranglers

The Wichita Wranglers were a minor league baseball team based in Wichita, Kansas. The team, which played in the Texas League, was the Double-A affiliate of Major League Baseball's San Diego Padres from 1987 to 1994 and the Kansas City Royals from 1995 to 2007. The Wranglers played in Wichita's Lawrence–Dumont Stadium. Built in 1934 and renovated for the second time in 2001, the park held 6,400 people as of the Wranglers' last season.

Following the completion of the 2007 season, the team was relocated to Springdale, Arkansas, where it became the Northwest Arkansas Naturals, which continue to play in the Texas League as the Double-A affiliate of the Royals.

The Wranglers won the Texas League Championship in 1987, 1992, and 1999. In 1995, Wichita's Johnny Damon won the Texas League Player of the Year Award. Alex Gordon won the award in 2006. Andy Benes was selected as the league's Pitcher of the Year in 1989.

title: Wichita Wranglers


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Krafla

Krafla is a volcanic caldera of about 10 km in diameter with a 90 km long fissure zone. It is located in the north of Iceland in the Mývatn region and is situated on the Iceland hotspot atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which forms the divergent boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Its highest peak reaches up to 818 m and it is 2 km in depth. There have been 29 reported eruptions in recorded history.

Overview

Iceland sits astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; the western part of the island nation is part of the roughly westward-moving North American plate, while the eastern part of the island is part of the roughly eastward-moving Eurasian Plate. The north–south axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge splits Iceland in two, roughly north to south. Along this ridge many of Iceland's most active volcanoes are located; Krafla is one of these.

Krafla includes the crater Víti, which contains a green lake. South of the Krafla area is Námafjall, a mountain, at the foot of which is Hverir , a geothermal area with boiling mudpools and steaming fumaroles.

History
The Mývatn fires occurred between 1724 and 1729, when many of the fissure vents opened up. The lava fountains could be seen in the south of the island, and a lava flow destroyed three farms near the village of Reykjahlíð, although nobody was harmed.

Between 1975 and 1984, a series of volcanic events known as the Krafla fires took place within the Krafla caldera. There were nine volcanic eruptions and fifteen uplift and subsidence events. During these events a large magma chamber was identified at depth by analysing the seismic activity. Some of the lava fountaining during these eruptions was caught on film by Maurice and Katia Krafft, and features in the 2022 film, Fire of Love.

Since 1977 the Krafla area has been the source of the geothermal energy used by a 60 MWe power station. A survey undertaken in 2006 indicated very high temperatures at depths of between 3 and 5 km, and these favourable conditions led to the development of the first well from the Iceland Deep Drilling Project, IDDP-1, that found molten rhyolite magma 2.1 km deep beneath the surface in 2009. The Krafla fires interrupted some of the geothermal drilling work in the area.

Krafla magma testbed
Following on from the encounter with molten rock during the drilling of IDDP-1, the Krafla Magma Testbed (KMT ) concept has been developed, which envisages the creation of an 'international magma observatory' and further scientific drilling at Krafla in order to deliberately drill into the magma body.

title: Krafla


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The Black Family

The Black Family is a professional wrestling face / tecnico stable that has been working in AAA since 2000. Originally a heel / rudo stable, The Black Family currently consists of original member Dark Cuervo as well as the later additions of Dark Ozz, and Dark Espíritu. The group is also referred to as the Dark Family, mainly became all members added the word "Dark " to their names in 2007, the two names are used interchangeably. The Black Family is often part of a much larger stables such as Lucha Libre Latina (LLL) or La Secta De Mesias but act as a unit within the larger stable. Members of the group has held the AAA World Tag Team Championship once and the Mexican National Atómicos Championship three times in two different combinations. In October 2010 the stable turned tecnico for the first time. In 2015 Dark Ozz and Espiritu left AAA and Cuervo and Scoria reformed the Black Family.

History
The Black Family was created in 2000 when Charly Manson, Chessman Escoria and Cuervo were teamed up to form a rudo (Heel or "bad guy") group that shared a Goth-inspired look, reflected in their ring clothes and painted faces. In 2001 the masked wrestler Path Finder was repackaged as Ozz and joined the Black Family following a career threatening injury to Charly Manson that forced him out of the ring for several months. In late 2001 Charly Manson returned while still not fully recovered, and began a war of words with the Black Family as Chessman had taken over his leadership role in Manson's absence. The storyline did not develop further as Manson left AAA altogether. When Chessman took over leadership of the group the Black Family joined Lucha Libre Latina (LLL), the Mexican version of the New World Order, a group led by Chessman's long time friend Cibernético. Even though they were part of a much larger group the four men still worked as a unit, a stable within the stable.

The Black Family made their first major show appearance at the 2001 Verano de Escandalo where they lost an elimination match to Los Vatos Locos (Espíritu, Nygma, Silver Cat & Picudo), also in the match were Los Vipers (Psicosis II, Histeria, Maniaco & Mosco de la Merced) and Los Exoticos. the team did not make another major show appearance until a year later when they unsuccessfully challenged Los Vatos Locos for the Mexican National Atómicos Championship at Verano de Escandalo (2002). that challenge was the first of many as the Black Family began chasing the Atómicos title and feuding with Los Vatos Locos. when Los Vatos Locos lost the titles to someone else in late 2002 the Black Family started to target the new champions Oscar Sevilla and Los Barrio Boys (Alan, Billy Boy and Decnis). When Charly Manson returned to action he sided with Los Vipers instead of the Black Family leading to a match at Guerra de Titanes 2002 where the Black Family defeated Manson, Histeria, Mosco de la Merced and Psicosis II. On July 18, 2003 the Black Family won their first championship as a unit when they defeated Oscar Sevilla and Los Barrio Boys for the Atómicos title, but their run only lasted 31 days before Sevilla and Los Barrio Boys regained the titles. It would be just over a year before the Black Family got another opportunity to hold the titles as they won them on August 20, 2004.

La Secta
In 2005 Cibernético formed a new group called La Secta Cibernetica that included his friends Charly Manson and Chessman and through Chessman's membership the Black Family was also invited to join this new supergroup. The group assisted Cibernético in his fight with La Parka (the AAA version), being unable to prevent him from being unmasked at Triplemanía XII. Later in the year Muerta Cibernetica was brought in to get revenge on La Parka. When Cibernético suffered a severe knee injury Muerta Cibernetica took over the group and kicked Cibernético out. Muerta Cibernetica was himself unmasked by La Parka 2 years after Cibernético was unmasked. After holding the Atómicos titles for 789 days the Black Family lost to the Mexican Powers (Crazy Boy, Juventud Guerrera, Joe Lider and Psicosis II) on October 18, 2006. Not long after they lost the tag team titles Chessman turned "Technicó" and sided with Cibernético and Charly Manson to form "Los Hell Brothers" fighting against La Secta, now known as "La Secta del Mesias" as Muerta Cibernetica changed his name to "EL Mesias". With Chessman out of the Black Family the team invited Espíritu to leave Los Vatos Locos and join them, the invitation was accepted without any friction from the rest of Los Vatos Locos. During 2006 La Secta del Mesias became part of the super group of "Rudós" known as La Legión Extranjera making the Black Family a sub-group of a sub-group. Sometime in 2006 all four members of the Black Family changed their names slightly adding the word "Dark" in front of their names, thus Ozz became 'Dark Ozz although the names are use interchangeably. In early 2007 Ozz teamed with Cuervo to compete in a 16 team tournament to crown the first ever AAA World Tag Team Champions. in the end four teams met in the finals at the Rey de Reyes (2007) event. Dark Ozz and Dark Cuervo defeated The Mexican Powers (Crazy Boy and Joe Lider), Los Guapos (Alan Stone and Zumbido) and Real Fuerza Aérea AAA (Pegasso and Super Fly) in an elimination match to win the titles. Ozz became a double champion when the Black Family won the Atómicos titles from the Mexican Powers on May 20, 2007. The dual title situation only lasted until Triplemanía XV where the Mexican Powers team of Crazy Boy and Joe Lider won the Tag Team Championship.

End of La Secta
In early 2008 El Mesias and the rest of La Secta were kicked out of La Legión Extranjera with La Legión putting El Mesias out of commission for a while. When El Mesias returned to active competition, tension began to build between the Black Family and El Mesias. The tensions culminated after El Mesias lost a Steel Cage "Street Fight" Match to Vampiro at Verano de Escandalo (2008) which led to the Black Family attacking El Mesias, officially severing their relationship. After breaking up La Secta del Mesias, Dark Ozz assumed leadership of the group as they began to feud with El Mesias. During the fall and winter of 2008 both Charly Manson and Chessman made hints at them possibly returning to the Black Family but Manson got injured and taken off TV while Chessman turned on the group after feinting friendship. On January 9, 2009, Chessman teamed with the Psycho Circus (Killer Clown, Psycho Clown and Zombie Clown) to end the Black Family's Atómicos title run. Since the loss of the Atómicos title the Black Family has been without a general purpose, working mid-card matches and filling in when needed without a specific storyline in the works.

El Inframundo
On October 1, 2010, at Héroes Inmortales IV, The Black Family turned technico for the first time, when Ozz and Cuervo represented AAA in its battle against La Sociedad. On October 20, 2010, Escoria officially left The Black Family to join Cibernético and Taboo in the new Los Bizarros stable. In May 2011, the rest of The Black Family joined La Parka and Drago to form El Inframundo ("The Underworld") and battle Los Bizarros.

Dark Family
On March 31, 2017, Cuervo and Scoria won the AAA World Tag Team Championship, which they held until May 26. They regained the titles on December 16, 2017.

Championships and accomplishments

 * AAA
 * AAA World Tag Team Championship (4 times) – Cuervo and Ozz (1), and Cuervo and Scoria (3)
 * Mexican National Atómicos Championship (3 times) – Ozz, Escoria, Cuervo and Chessman (2), Ozz, Escoria, Cuervo and Espíritu (1)
 * All Japan Pro Wrestling
 * World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Cuervo and Ozz
 * Kaoz Lucha Libre
 * Kaoz Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – (Cuervo and Escoria)

title: The Black Family


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Ramparts (magazine)

Ramparts was a glossy illustrated American political and literary magazine, published from 1962 to 1975 and closely associated with the New Left political movement. Unlike most of the radical magazines of the day, Ramparts was expensively produced and graphically sophisticated.

Establishment
Ramparts was established in June 1962 by Edward Michael Keating Sr. in Menlo Park, California, as a "showcase for the creative writer and as a forum for the mature American Catholic". The magazine declared its intent to publish "fiction, poetry, art, criticism and essays of distinction, reflecting those positive principles of the Hellenic-Christian tradition which have shaped and sustained our civilization for the past two thousand years, and which are needed still to guide us in an age grown increasingly secular, bewildered, and afraid".

The founding location was an office space at 1182 Chestnut Street, Menlo Park, California. Edward Keating and his wife Helen (née English) personally financed the magazine. The early magazine included pieces by Thomas Merton and John Howard Griffin, but one observer compared its design to "the poetry annual of a Midwestern girls school".

Under editor Warren Hinckle, the magazine upgraded its look, converted to a monthly news magazine, and moved to San Francisco. It once occupied the historic Colombo Building. Robert Scheer became managing editor, and Dugald Stermer was hired as art director.

Activities
Ramparts was an early opponent of the Vietnam War. Its April 1966 cover article concerned the Michigan State University Group, a technical assistance program in South Vietnam that Ramparts claimed was a front for CIA covert operations. For that story, Ramparts won the George Polk Award for Magazine Reporting. In August 1966, managing editor James F. Colaianni wrote the first national article denouncing the US use of napalm in that conflict. "The Children of Vietnam", a January 1967 photo-essay by William F. Pepper, depicted some of the injuries inflicted on Vietnamese children by U.S. attacks. That piece led Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to oppose the war publicly for the first time, and he offered Ramparts the sole rights to publish the text of his speech.

In March 1967, Ramparts revealed links between the CIA and the National Student Association (NSA), raising concerns about CIA involvement in domestic issues. The CIA knew about the revelations in advance, and tried their best to limit the extent of the scandal. Nevertheless, financial clues led to further stories by the press, revealing CIA ties to groups like Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty and the Asia Foundation. In the estimation of historian John Prados, the ensuing scandal "marked a sea change for the agency".

One of the magazine's most controversial covers depicted the hands of four of its editors holding burning draft cards, with their names clearly visible. Ramparts also covered conspiracy theories about the Kennedy assassination. The magazine published Che Guevara's diaries, with an introduction by Fidel Castro, and the prison diaries of Eldridge Cleaver, later republished as Soul on Ice. Upon his release from prison, Cleaver became a Ramparts staff writer.

The magazine's size and influence grew dramatically over these years. Moving to monthly production, combined subscriptions and newsstand sales increased from just under 100,000 at the end of 1966 to nearly 250,000 in 1968, a figure more than double that of the liberal weekly, The Nation.

Beginning in 1966, American authorities began investigating the magazine's funding, suspecting Soviet financial connections. CIA Director William Raborn asked for a report, and files were gathered on many of the editors and writers. According to a book published in 2008, it was the first time the CIA had targeted a US publication, a violation of the National Security Act of 1947. The CIA failed to find communist ties.

The magazine also published articles written by Anthony Russo, one of the men involved in the leaking of the Pentagon Papers, about the RAND Corporation.

Decline
Despite its impressive circulation figures, high production and promotional costs made Ramparts operate at a heavy financial loss during the last years of the 1960s, with its operating deficit topping $500,000 a year in both 1967 and 1968. Bankruptcy and a temporary cessation of production followed. The magazine's temporary shift to a biweekly format and an expensive trip to cover the 1968 Democratic National Convention led to financial instability, as did a drop in subscriptions. With a reduced budget and a smaller staff, Ramparts continued publication.

In 1970, Ramparts contributor Susan Lydon wrote "The Politics of Orgasm". The male editorial board first laughed at Lydon's proposed article, but she persisted. Upon publication, the article sparked widespread discussion of the fake orgasm, and it was later brought into the scholarly literature about women's sexuality. Ramparts editor Robert Scheer acknowledged "The Politics of Orgasm" as "one of our great articles."

In June 1972, the magazine printed the wiring schematics necessary to create a mute box (a variant of the blue box). All sold issues were recalled or seized from newsstands by police and officials of Pacific Bell, causing financial loss to the magazine. The magazine ceased operations for good in 1975.

Legacy
Several former staffers went on to found their own magazines. Jann Wenner and Ralph J. Gleason founded Rolling Stone in 1967. Adam Hochschild, Richard Parker, and Paul Jacobs created Mother Jones in 1976. At Scanlan's Monthly, editor Warren Hinckle paired Hunter S. Thompson and illustrator Ralph Steadman for what is widely regarded as the first example of Gonzo journalism. Robert Scheer later became a featured columnist in the Los Angeles Times, edited the Truthdig website, and appeared on the NPR program Left, Right and Center. Another Ramparts editor, James Ridgeway, was a senior correspondent in the Washington, D.C. bureau of Mother Jones.

James F. Colaianni later represented the radical Catholic perspective with the books Married Priests & Married Nuns and The Catholic Left. Three editors, David Horowitz, Sol Stern and Peter Collier, later denounced the left and became critics of liberal progressivism. For a brief time, the magazine's Washington correspondent was Brit Hume, now working for Fox News. Former correspondent Eldridge Cleaver would continue his advocacy of black nationalism until his return to America from exile; from then on, Cleaver identified himself as a conservative Republican and Mormon. Sandra Levinson became a co-founder and executive director of the Center for Cuban Studies, and the founder and curator of the Cuban Art Space gallery.

In popular culture

 * The magazine is mentioned in the 1999 film The Insider. In the movie, Lowell Bergman, a former radical journalist with Rampart magazine who later started working for the CBS, was played by Al Pacino.

title: Ramparts (magazine)


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Jerseyville

Jerseyville may refer to:

 * Jerseyville, Illinois, United States
 * Jerseyville, New Jersey, United States
 * Jerseyville, Ontario, Canada
 * Jerseyville, New South Wales, Australia

title: Jerseyville