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Andrew Wilkie

Andrew Damien Wilkie (born 8 November 1961) is an Australian politician and independent federal member for Clark. Before entering politics Wilkie was an infantry officer in the Australian Army.

Wilkie served with the Australian Army from 1980 to 2004. An officer with the Royal Australian Infantry Corps who had earlier commanded a company of the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, at the time of his entry to public life Wilkie was posted to Australia's Office of National Assessments as an intelligence analyst. In 2003, in the lead-up to the Iraq War, he resigned from his position at ONA because he feared the humanitarian consequences of invasion, such as Saddam Hussein using his weapons of mass destruction or assisting terrorists.

Following his resignation he said: Iraq's "weapons of mass destruction program is very disjointed and contained by the regime that's been in place since the last Gulf War. And there is no hard intelligence linking the Iraqi regime to al-Qaeda in any substantial or worrisome way." He opposed Australia's contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq under the Howard government. Wilkie later argued the Iraq War was based on a "lie".

Wilkie has been active in politics since 2003. He was a Greens candidate for the federal Division of Bennelong in the 2004 federal election and for the Senate in Tasmania at the 2007 federal election. In 2010 he stood as an independent candidate for the state seat of Denison at the Tasmanian state election, narrowly missing out on the final vacancy. Later in the year, again as an independent candidate, he ran for the federal seat of Denison at the 2010 federal election and won, finishing third on the primary vote but winning the seat after the distribution of preferences. Wilkie finished first on the primary vote at both the 2013 federal election and 2016 federal election, increasing his margin each time. In 2019, the Division of Denison was replaced by the Division of Clark, to which Wilkie was transferred. He retained the seat at the 2022 Australian federal election by a margin of 20.82%.

Early life and education
Wilkie attended St Gregory's College, Campbelltown and later trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and graduated in 1984. He joined the Young Liberals while a cadet. He also studied at the University of New South Wales, and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree, a Graduate Diploma of Management, and a Graduate Diploma of Defence Studies. After graduation and being stationed in Brisbane, he joined the Liberal Party before allowing his membership to lapse. His military career spanned 1980–2001 and he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was seconded to the ONA, an Australian intelligence agency, from 1999 until late 2000. After a stint with US defence company Raytheon, Wilkie returned to the ONA shortly after the September 11 attacks.

Military career, 1980–2003
Wilkie joined the Army in 1980, and was first stationed in Brisbane, Queensland. He served in the Royal Australian Infantry Corps and achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was discharged in 2001.

Opposition to Iraq War
In the aftermath of the September 11 Terror Attacks, the United States called upon Australia to assist in enforcing the 1991 Gulf War peace treaty which had been repeatedly breached by Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Iraq failed to comply with demands to allow unfettered arms inspections, and the Howard government elected to send forces to support the 2003 invasion of Iraq. While the Government was considering the case for war, Wilkie was asked to report on humanitarian considerations. According to a leaked report published in the Herald Sun, in December 2002 Wilkie submitted to the government an Office of National Assessments report on the humanitarian implications of war in Iraq. In the report he cautioned against unpredictable and potentially serious humanitarian consequences of war with Iraq, such as the use of weapons of mass destruction against civilians.

In response to widespread opposition to the war, Wilkie gave extensive television interviews and accepted numerous offers of public speaking engagements. He subsequently gave evidence to official British and Australian inquiries into the government's case for involvement in the Iraq war. In 2004, Wilkie published Axis of Deceit, an account of the reasons for his decision and its results. He describes his views on the nature of intelligence agencies and the analyst's work, the history of the Iraq war, the untruths of politicians and the attempts to suppress the truth.

Following Britain's 2016 Chilcot Report which criticised the Blair Government's prosecution of the war, Wilkie said that Howard, Bush and Blair should be brought before an international court, and called for Australia to hold another inquiry into the war. Howard rejected Wilkie's proposition and called him "irrational", telling the media: "Andrew Wilkie said the Iraq invasion was responsible for the Bali attack of 2005. What about the Bali attack of 2002? And he blamed it [the Iraq War] on the Lindt Cafe siege. I mean, this is irrational."

Resignation from ONA (2003)
On 11 March 2003, Wilkie resigned from the ONA, stating that while it was likely that Iraq did possess weapons of mass destruction, its program in this area was contained, that international sanctions were having an effect, and therefore an invasion was premature and also reckless in potentially provoking Saddam Hussein to use those weapons and possibly even begin supporting terrorism. He told the ABC: "I think that invading Iraq at this time would be wrong. For a start, Iraq does not pose a security threat to any other country at this point in time. Its military is very weak, it's a fraction of the size of the military at the time of the invasion of Kuwait. Its weapons of mass destruction program is very disjointed and contained by the regime that's been in place since the last Gulf War. And there is no hard intelligence linking the Iraqi regime to al-Qaeda in any substantial or worrisome way." Wilkie later told the press that in the lead up to his resignation he had increasingly encountered ethical conflict between his duty as an intelligence officer and his "respect for the truth". In 2016, after appearing at the Chilcot enquiry, Wilkie said the notion that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and co-operated with terrorists had been "a lie ... No wonder John Howard and Tony Blair and George W Bush do stand accused of war crimes". He linked the 2005 Bali bombings and the 2014 Lindt Cafe siege to Australia's participation in the invasion of Iraq.

Candidacy for Australian Greens (2004–2008)
Wilkie became a member of the Australian Greens by 2004, and stood as their candidate for the seat of Bennelong in that year's federal election, running against sitting Prime Minister John Howard. He was a supporter of the 'Not happy, John!' campaign which ran during the election campaign. Polling 16.37% of the primary vote, Wilkie achieved the fifth-highest vote percentage for a Greens candidate across the nation at the time. This result was a considerable increase from the Greens' previous election result in Bennelong of 4.03%. Although Wilkie's vote was nowhere near enough to win the seat, there was an overall swing of 3.18% against Howard, who achieved a primary vote of only 49.89%, which resulted in the seat being decided on preferences.

Wilkie did not run again for Bennelong in the 2007 federal election, instead running as the Greens' second Tasmanian candidate for the Australian Senate, behind the party's federal leader, Bob Brown. He was not elected.

He resigned from the party in 2008, criticising it for a lack of professionalism.

Member of Parliament (2010–present)
Wilkie stood as an independent candidate in the state Division of Denison, based around central Hobart, in the 2010 Tasmanian state election. He won 8.44 per cent of first preference votes, and was beaten by 315 votes by Liberal candidate Elise Archer after distribution of preferences.
 * Gillard–Rudd government

Wilkie stood as an independent for the federal Division of Denison, which has the same boundaries as the state division, in the 2010 federal election and won more than 20 per cent of the primary vote. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation declared Wilkie the winner on election night, predicting that Wilkie would be vaulted into second place on Green preferences and ultimately take the seat on Liberal preferences. On the third count, he picked up enough Green preferences to put him in second place, ahead of the Liberal candidate. On the fourth count, more than 79 percent of the Liberal candidate's preferences flowed to Wilkie, allowing him to win the seat with just over 51 per cent of the two-candidate-preferred vote. Reportedly, Wilkie benefited from what was perceived to have been a lacklustre campaign by Labor's candidate, Jonathan Jackson, the son of former longtime state Labor minister Judy Jackson; Labor lost almost a quarter of its primary vote from 2007, and Labor theoretically tallied a two-party vote of more than 65 percent.

Following the election, he declared that he would back the Labor minority government, in return for Julia Gillard's administration committing $340 million to the Royal Hobart Hospital and a commitment to reduce problem gambling. In contrast the Coalition offered A$1 billion in funding for the same hospital in their offer to Wilkie, which was perceived by Wilkie as "almost reckless". Wilkie described this as being part of the evidence that Labor would better be able to offer a more stable, competent and ethical government than the Coalition. The agreement to support the government only extended to issues of supply and no confidence motions.

Wilkie was unexpectedly admitted to hospital on 12 November 2010 to have his gall bladder removed. This did not interfere with his ability to attend Parliamentary sittings and he was present at the debate on same-sex marriage on 15 November, where he seconded the motion raised by Greens member Adam Bandt.

In April 2011, during push for gambling reform initiated by Wilkie, News Limited media reported allegations by a former Duntroon army cadet that in 1983 Wilkie had forced junior cadets to salute to Adolf Hitler on the 50th anniversary of the latter's rise to power. In response, Wilkie said he had been "involved in bastardisation of teenage army cadets" at Duntroon during the 1980s, and apologised for this "inappropriate behaviour", but could not recall the specific incident alleged. With regard to the allegation and its publication, he accused pro-Pokies advocates of running a smear campaign against him.

On 21 January 2012, Wilkie announced that he was withdrawing his support for the Labor government after it broke the agreement he had signed with Julia Gillard to implement mandatory pre-commitment for all poker machines by 2014. He stated that he would support the government's alternative plan to trial pre-commitment in the ACT and require that pre-commitment technology be installed in all poker machines built from 2013, but that this fell short of what he had been promised in return for supporting the government. Gillard and Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs Jenny Macklin argued that there was not enough support in the House of Representatives for Wilkie's preferred option for it to be passed, and that they had been advised it was technically infeasible to implement mandatory commitment within the time frame he had specified. In making his announcement, Wilkie stated that he would only support motions of no confidence against the government "in the event of serious misconduct" and would "consider budget measures on their merits".

 * Abbott-Turnbull government

Wilkie was re-elected in the 2013 federal election, gaining a swing of 15 points to increase his majority to 65 percent.

In October 2014, Wilkie wrote to the International Criminal Court, seeking to prosecute Prime Minister Tony Abbott and the 19 members of his cabinet for crimes against humanity, with particular concerns relating to the treatment of asylum seekers.

In February 2020, Wilkie and fellow MP George Christensen travelled to the UK to meet Australian Wikileaks founder Julian Assange. Both MPs called for Assange to be released.
 * Morrison government

Political views
In the 2010 Tasmanian state election, Wilkie made the removal of poker machines his primary campaign issue. He strongly opposed the Gunns pulp mill in the Tamar Valley. Wilkie is a supporter of voluntary euthanasia, provided that there are safeguards in place. He is also in favour of same-sex marriage and access to abortion. He supported a National Broadband Network, and also opposed the Howard government's WorkChoices industrial relations reforms.

During Wilkie's maiden speech to federal parliament on 30 September 2010, he called for withdrawal of Australian troops from Afghanistan. He said Australia should be more willing to say "no" more often to the United States, and that there could be no hope for peace in Afghanistan until foreign troops are withdrawn: "No-one should be fooled by the Australian Government's periodic efforts to tinker around the edges with Australia's commitment to Afghanistan" and that "The reality is that the best plan the Australian Government can come up with so far is simply to continue to support whatever the US Government comes up with and that alone is no plan—it's just reinforcing failure."

Wilkie's comments came amid opposition calls for more support for Australia's troops in Afghanistan. During his speech Wilkie also canvassed his push for legislation to protect whistleblowers, measures to tackle problem gambling and a more humane approach to asylum seekers.

In March 2011, he called Liberal MPs Cory Bernardi and Scott Morrison "a disgrace to high office", calling on party leader Tony Abbott to sack them both. In a speech to the House of Representatives, he spoke of the "racism that eats at the Liberal Party".

Pokies and pre-commitment
Wilkie campaigned heavily against poker machines (colloquially "pokies") at the 2010 federal election, and immediately began forging ties with independent anti-pokies Senator Nick Xenophon. Wilkie claimed that problem gamblers in Australia lose $5 billion each year on pokies. The Labor government gave two commitments regarding pokies in exchange for Wilkie's support. The first was mandatory "pre-commitment" technology, which required a better to commit how much they were willing to bet before starting. The second commitment was to introduce $1 maximum bet per spin machines that would not require pre-commitment. Wilkie argued these $1 maximum machines would be safer. The Abbott Coalition opposed the plans, with Abbott saying "it is not Liberal Party policy" and it will be "expensive and ineffective". According to polling, Wilkie's proposals were supported by a clear majority of voters across the spectrum. Wilkie and Xenophon argued that "$12 billion a year is lost on the pokies. 100,000 Australians are problem gamblers and an additional 200,000 are significantly at risk of developing a full-blown addiction", and that the legislation is necessary to "[help] those who sometimes lose up to $1200 an hour on the pokies." The Labor government withdrew their promised support for Wilkies's plan when their strength in parliament improved through a change of Speaker.

The plan came under sustained attack from clubs, hotels and other businesses which financially benefit from pokies. Xenophon responded by accusing them of misrepresenting plans and creating hype around the issue. Strategy papers erroneously placed on the Clubs Queensland public website seemed to indicate that clubs were deliberately and purposefully exaggerating the impact that the pre-commitment reforms will have on their services. The same papers outlined some strategies that the clubs could use to exploit loopholes in the proposed reform.

The National Rugby League (NRL) aligned themselves with the campaign in opposing the pre-commitment plans, as did some prominent Australian Football League (AFL) people. Commentators from the Nine Network gave planned political arguments without disclosure during commentary of a Semi-final NRL game, prompting the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) to investigate, stating "Channel Nine broadcast political material without adequately identifying it as such during the NRL first preliminary final". One of the accused commentators stated that the remarks were a "directive from up top that it be read by at least somebody". Investigations were predicted to take months. Andrew Demetriou, chief executive officer of the AFL, rejected suggestions that the AFL was joining Clubs Australia in their media campaign despite opposition to the plan by Collingwood president Eddie McGuire. Other high-profile club bosses including Jeff Kennett (Hawthorn) and David Smorgon (Bulldogs), and also stated "The fellow from Clubs Australia, I don't even know his name, but please, stop talking on our behalf, just shut up, that'd be a good help". Activist group GetUp! attempted to counter the anti-pre-commitment campaign by running political commercials during the NRL grand final but all three major commercial television stations refused to air more of them.

On the 28th of November, Wilkie introduced a bill targeting loot boxes in video games, stating they "[groom children] for future gambling". The bill would make all games targeting at children that include any form of in-game gambling be mandatorally rated R18+, restricting their purchase to exclusively adults.

Personal life
Wilkie was married to a fellow army officer Simone Wilkie (née Burt) from 1991 to 2003.

He married Kate (now Charlie ) Burton in 2004, with whom he has two daughters. However, they separated in 2012 and divorced the following year, with Wilkie citing stress from the 2010–2013 hung parliament as the main cause of the breakdown.

Wilkie became engaged to Clare Ballingall in late 2018, and the pair married in June 2020.

title: Andrew Wilkie


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Category:Alice Cooper (band) members

Members of the band Alice Cooper, fronted by the singer of the same name.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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text: Category:Heavy metal musicians

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The Animation Show

The Animation Show is a touring festival of animated short films that was first held in fall 2003. It was sponsored by MTV, and was created by award-winning animators Mike Judge and Don Hertzfeldt.

Following the demise of other American touring festivals of animation, such as Spike and Mike's Classic Festival of Animation, the stated purpose of the Animation Show was to bring animated short films back into proper cinemas, where most of them were intended to be seen, and to "free these artists from the dungeons of Internet exhibition". It was the first-ever festival of animation to be curated by working animators and was described as a "passion project" by its creators, not something intended to turn a giant profit. A sister series of Animation Show DVD volumes are also available from MTV Home Video and Paramount Home Entertainment, but the producers stress that the theatrical and DVD lineups are intentionally a little bit different, to encourage audiences to not just wait for the DVD but to visit the cinema and view these films properly. As stated on the Animation Show programs and flyers, once the current edition of the Show is out of theaters, it's "gone forever".

Mike Judge and Don Hertzfeldt programmed the first three Animation Show programs together. Don Hertzfeldt parted ways with the festival in 2008 and the fourth season of the Animation Show was released without his involvement.

2003
The first season's 2003 tour visited over 200 North American theaters with occasional appearances from the producers (Mike Judge and Don Hertzfeldt) and Q&A's with many of the award-winning filmmakers involved. The program included "everything from forgotten classics to the very latest in computer animation". This included many current Academy Award nominees, as well as the restoration of a 5-minute excerpt from Ward Kimball's 1957 Disney film, "Mars and Beyond". The tour concluded with the DVD release of Animation Show, Volume One.

2005
The second Animation Show toured throughout 2005, featuring Bill Plympton's Guard Dog, the 1999 National Film Board of Canada's classic When the Day Breaks, Don Hertzfeldt's The Meaning of Life and new films by animators Peter Cornwell, Georges Schwizgebel and PES.

2007
The third season of The Animation Show began its nationwide release in January 2007, featuring the return of Mike Judge's Beavis and Butt-Head. The third tour also showcased new work by animators Joanna Quinn, PES, Bill Plympton, and Don Hertzfeldt.

2008
The fourth Animation Show was released in 2008. It included new work by animators PES, Bill Plympton and Georges Schwizgebel as well as the Academy Award nominated short This Way Up.

title: The Animation Show


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Echinops

Echinops is a genus of about 130 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, commonly known as globe thistles. They have spiny foliage and produce blue or white spherical flower heads. They are distributed from central Asia, Mongolia and north-eastern China to the Mediterranean basin, temperate regions of Eurasia, reaching to Indian subcontinent and tropical Africa. Globe thistle is the host plant of weevil Larinus vulpes. Many species belonging to the genus Echinops are traditionally used as medicinals mainly in Africa and Asia. The genus is reported to contain diverse secondary metabolites. More than 151 secondary metabolites have been reported in this genus which thiophenic compounds held the biggest share. Various extracts, essential oils, and isolated compounds from members of this genus are shown to exhibit different biological effects mainly anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory. However, there are a number of species in this genus that are claimed to have traditional medicinal uses but their biological effect not yet been evaluated.

The common traditional uses can fall into three general groups. The frequently described application is to treat symptoms like inflammation, pain, and fever. The other common traditional uses is to treat ailments related to respiratory tract including cough and sore throat. Members of the genus have been used as an aphrodisiac, facilitation of expulsion of retained placenta and delivery, as an abortifacient, treatment of uterus tumor and leucorrhoea.

== Characteristics ==

Vegetative charactreistic
The globe thistle species are perennial herbaceous plants. They form rhizomes as perennial organs. The independently upright stems are angular. The alternately arranged leaves are one to two-pinnately divided and white, woolly and tomentose on the underside.

Generative features
The capitulas are single-flowered, have a hermaphrodite tubular flower and are surrounded by a multi-rowed sheath. Numerous capitulas form spherical inflorescences of the second order, which have a diameter of 4 to 8 centimeters. The capitulas bloom from top to bottom within a head. The corolla is tubular, divided almost to the base. The flower color is steel blue to white, the inflorescences as a whole are usually bluish. The stamens are blue-gray. The achenes are cylindrical, pentagonal and hairy. The pappus has short scales.

Selected species
Species include:

 * Echinops adenocaulos
 * Echinops amplexicaulis
 * Echinops bannaticus
 * Echinops ceratophorus
 * Echinops chantavicus
 * Echinops echinatus
 * Echinops exaltatus
 * Echinops giganteus
 * Echinops gmelinii
 * Echinops graecus
 * Echinops humilis
 * Echinops kotschyi
 * Echinops latifolius
 * Echinops longisetus"
 * Echinops macrophyllus
 * Echinops nivens
 * Echinops niveus
 * Echinops orientalis
 * Echinops persepolitanus
 * Echinops ritro (syn. Echinops ruthenicus)
 * Echinops sahyadricus
 * Echinops setifer
 * Echinops sphaerocephalus
 * Echinops spinosissimus
 * Echinops tournefortii
 * Echinops tschimganicus

title: Echinops


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Unterschleißheim

Unterschleißheim (Central Bavarian: Untaschleißheim) is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located about 17 km north of Munich central, and has a resident population of 29,464 (December 31, 2021).

History
Originally, the area was called Schleissheim ("Sleizheim") for centuries. Not until the 19th Century was it divided into (upper) Oberschleissheim and (lower) Unterschleissheim for population and political reasons. The small hamlet of Mittenheim lay between the two communities.

There is evidence that the area was inhabited as far back as the Bronze Age. Remnents of a road marker and a Villa Rustica were found from the Roman Era.

The first surviving document in which Schleißheim is mentioned comes from the year 785 AD in which Rihpalt von Slivesheim donated his estate to the diocese of Freising. The hamlet “Schleyßaim” was already a village as early as the 12th century.

The small church of St. Martin in Mallertshofen, (a Romanesque church) was built in the Schleissheim area in the first half of the 13th century.

The catholic church building of St. Ulrich was first built in 1518.

The community suffered heavy losses during the Thirty Years' War (1618-48).

The Palace Complex in Schleissheim was built over a period of 130 years, (from the 1590s by the Dukes of Bavaria, to the 1720s by the Electors of Bavaria). The palace was mostly used as a summer residence for the Bavarian rulers of the House of Wittelsbach.

As part of the administrative reforms in Bavaria in 1818, Unterschleissheim became an independent political community, (thus separated from the community of Oberschleissheim with its Palace Complex).

From 1856 to 1858 the first railway line from Munich to Landshut passed through Unterschleissheim, with a station in the nearby village of Lohhof.

During the late 19th century, the area between Unterschleissheim and Dachau was considered a 'Painter's Paradise' for nature artists. Painters and illustrators such as Otto Hupp, Frank Behrens, Max Hein-Neufeld and Heinz Katzenberger should be mentioned.

During the Nazi Era, a forced labor facility was built in Lohhof to grow and process flax for the textile industry. About 300 women were forced to work here until the facility was destroyed by the Americans during the Liberation of Dachau and Munich in 1945.

After 1945, the community's population grew dramatically. Many apartment buildings and industries have been developed since then. The city was given an official coat of arms in 1965.

In 1979 and 1980, the Autobahn (A92) was constructed just west of Unterschleissheim.

City Symbol
Unterschleißheim's coat of arms symbolises the city's past and present. The shield of the coat of arms is divided. The upper part shows a golden zigzag line on a blue background. The lower part incorporates a green branch of a spruce and a green oak leaf on a golden background.

Industry
Unterschleissheim is home to several large industries such as Baxter International, Linde Gas AG, Baader Bank AG, EDAG Engineering GmbH, Orterer Gruppe and Keller & Kalmbach. It was also the former home to Microsoft Germany from the 1980s until it moved to Munich in 2016. The European aerospace conglomerate EADS also had facilities in Unterschleissheim before they closed in 2013.

Recreation
Lake Unterschleißheim was created from 1979–1980 by extracting fill to build the Autobahn (A92). Over the past 3 decades it has become an almost natural lake, with an ecologically balanced zone, a conservation area for seabirds during the nesting season, and a damp biotop covering 26 acre of land, of which roughly 18 acre is used for sunbathing. With numerous shallow areas this is a popular summer gathering area for families with children, and used frequently for ice skating and curling in the winter.

The “Valentinspark”, covering roughly 30 acre which was made possible at the instigation of former mayor Rolf Zeitler and opened on July 22nd, 2000, was rededicated on January 12th, 2024 as “Rudolf-Zeitler-Park”, in memory of him and his achievements.

Transport
Unterschleissheim is nestled between two major roads and an autobahn, forming a rough triangular border formation: the Autobahn (A92) to the west, the Federal Road (B13) to the east and the Federal Road (B471) to the south. The Autobahn (A92) gives direct access to the Munich Airport Franz Josef Strauß. Two S-Bahn stations on the Munich–Regensburg line, served by S1 trains, connect Unterschleißheim with the regional rail system.

Twin towns – sister cities
Unterschleißheim is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Le Crès, France
 * 🇭🇺 Zengőalja (microregion), Hungary

title: Unterschleißheim


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Henry Holiday

Henry Holiday (17 June 1839 –15 April 1927) was an English Victorian painter of historical genre and landscapes, also a stained-glass designer, illustrator, and sculptor. He was influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, many of whom he knew.

Early years and training
Holiday was born in London. He showed an early aptitude for art and was given lessons by William Cave Thomas. He attended Leigh's art academy (where a fellow student was Frederick Walker) and in 1855, at the age of 15, was admitted to the Royal Academy Schools. Through his friendship with Albert Moore and Simeon Solomon he was introduced to the artists Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. This movement was to be pivotal in his future artistic and political life.

In the same year, 1855, Holiday made a journey to the Lake District. This was to be the first of many trips to the area, where he would often holiday for long periods of time. Whilst there, he spent much of his time sketching the views which were to be seen from the various hills and mountains. He wrote, "For concentrated loveliness, I know nothing that can quite compare with the lakes and mountains of Westmorland, Cumberland and Lancashire".

Paintings
Holiday worked in both oils and watercolours. In 1858, his first picture, a landscape painting, was exhibited at the Royal Academy and immediately sold; from that year his work was frequently shown at the Academy and elsewhere. Other pictures include:

 * The Burgess of Calais (1859).
 * The Bride and the Daughters of Jerusalem (1861–63). In his Reminiscences, Holiday explains that the painting was 'more ambitious than anything I had hitherto undertaken'. It showed the daughters of Jerusalem asking the Bride where her Beloved had gone (see Song of Solomon 6:1) and stood at 4 feet 6 inches by 3 feet, containing seven figures (including a little girl) and a full background of foliage. He began work on it among the scenery of North Wales in 1861 but in 1863 it was rejected by the Royal Academy selection committee, unlike his two previous figure paintings. Holiday described this as 'a heavy blow' but 'the rejections this year were of so extraordinary a character, and the show of the work on the walls was so poor, that there was a general storm of indignation' (Reminiscences p 95). At the suggestion of Holman Hunt, a number of rejected paintings were exhibited instead at the Cosmopolitan Club, which attracted attention and acclaim from visitors including William Makepeace Thackeray (p. 96). James McNeill Whistler singled out Holiday's painting and said "Do you mean to say they rejected that!". Richard Redgrave, himself a member of the Royal Academy, attempted to apologise for and explain the Royal Academy's selection, saying 'You know they can't hang everything that comes in higgledy-piggledy'; to which Whistler replied 'Why, what do you call your present exhibition, isn't that higgledy – and particularly piggledy?' (p. 96). The painting was bought from the artist by Thomas Milward Kitchin, later of Great Down in Seale, Surrey, but has now disappeared. There is, however, a full page illustration of it between pp 96–97 of the Reminiscences.
 * The Rhine Maidens (1879). The subject matter was taken from Wagner's opera Das Rheingold. In order to properly visualise the picture, Holiday modelled the three Rhine maidens in clay and placed them in a tank of blue-green tinted water together with clay "rocks".
 * Dante and Beatrice, exhibited at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1883. In 1881, Holiday had travelled to Florence in order to make studies for this picture, and carried out meticulous research to ensure that the correct buildings and architectural features were present. He also created rough clay models of some of the buildings to set the scene. The pigeons in the picture were painted by John Trivett Nettleship.
 * Charity, a stained-glass window design (1887, Royal Academy), Terpsichore, Cleopatra, Sleep, The Lute player, The Temple of Philae, Hawes Water (1918, watercolour) and many others.

Holiday spent much time at the studios of Sir Edward Burne-Jones, where groups of artists would meet to discuss, exchange and pool ideas. The influence of Burne-Jones can be seen in Holiday's work.

Stained glass
In 1861, Holiday accepted the position of stained glass window designer for Powell's Glass Works, after Burne-Jones had left to work for Morris & Co. During his time there he fulfilled over 300 commissions, mostly for customers in the United States. He left in 1891 to set up his own glass works in Hampstead, producing stained glass, mosaics, enamels and sacerdotal objects.

Holiday's stained glass work can be found all over Britain. Some of his best is at the chapel of Worcester College, Oxford (c.1865); Westminster Abbey (the Isambard Kingdom Brunel memorial window, 1868); St Luke's Church, Kentish Town; St Mary Magdalene, Paddington (1869); and Chartered Accountants' Hall, Moorgate. In 2018, four of his stained-glass windows were reinstalled in Chartered Accountants' Hall after being lost for almost 50 years following their removal for an extension in 1970.

Examples in the United States of Holiday's work may be seen in the sacristy of St. John's Chapel, Groton School (Groton, Massachusetts—panels by Holiday repurposed from the School's original chapel), and in Grace Church in New York City.

Other work and personal life
Holiday also created some sculpture, in 1861 producing a piece called Sleep which attracted favourable critical interest.

Holiday worked for architect William Burges for a period, including providing wall and ceiling paintings for Worcester College, Oxford (1863–64) and furniture paintings – including Sleeping Beauty for the headboard in the bedroom – at Burges's London home, The Tower House. The Sleeping Beauty bed is now in the collection of the Higgins Art Gallery & Museum, Bedford. Holiday has four oil paintings in British national public collections.

In October 1864, Holiday married Catherine Raven (1866-1949) and they moved to Bayswater, London. His wife was a talented embroiderer who worked for Morris & Co. They had one daughter, Winifred (1866–1949).

In 1867, Holiday visited Italy for the first time and was inspired by the originality of the Renaissance artists he saw on display there. In 1871 he went to Ceylon as part of the "Eclipse Expedition". His astronomical drawings were subsequently published in the national press and attracted great interest.

On his return to England in 1872, he commissioned architect Basil Champneys to design a new family home in Branch Hill, Hampstead, which was named "Oak Tree House". In 1888, William Gladstone was a visitor.

In July 1875, Holiday was commissioned by Lewis Carroll to illustrate The Hunting of the Snark. He remained a friend of the author throughout his life. Carroll died in 1898. Holiday's illustration to the chapter The Banker's Fate might contain pictorial references to the etching The Image Breakers by Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, to William Sidney Mount's painting The Bone Player, and to a photograph by Benjamin Duchenne used for a drawing in Charles Darwin's The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals.

From 1899, Holiday worked with Jessie Mothersole as studio assistant and she remained closely associated with the family until Holiday's death. In 1906 Holiday gave Mothersole a drawing of his daughter Winifred, which later was acquired by the British Museum.

In 1907, Holiday went to Egypt, painting a series of watercolours and illustrations on ancient Egyptian themes. These were exhibited at Walker's Gallery, London, in March 1908 jointly with Mothersole who had been working on Egyptian archaeological drawings and watercolours since 1903/4. In 1907–08, he commissioned the building of a holiday home, Betty Fold, in his favourite part of the Lake District.

Between 1912 and 1919 he painted the apse of the east end of St Benedict's Church at Small Heath, Birmingham, depicting Christ in Glory with angels, and saints in arcading, below, in Byzantine style.

Holiday had been a socialist throughout his life and, together with his wife Kate and daughter Winifred, supported the Suffragette movement. The family were close acquaintances of Myra Sadd Brown and Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter, and had organised local suffragette meetings in the Lake District.

Holiday died on 15 April 1927 in London, two years after his wife, Kate. His nephew, Gilbert Holiday (1879–1937), son of Sir Frederick Holiday, was also an artist who also has paintings in British collections.

title: Henry Holiday


text:
Category talk:Geometric topology

I think low-dimensional topology is more acsaptable. so this page sould be removed and exachanged to low-dim top. Tosha 22:35, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with that. I think Geometric topology is better name for the category. 194.44.31.210 (talk) 12:37, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Geometric topology


text:
Abortion in Finland

Abortion is legal and free of charge upon request in Finland in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy since 1 September 2023. Between 1970 and 2023, abortion was widely accessible in practice for a variety of reasons (including socioeconomic factors), but nevertheless, the law required the pregnant woman to state her motivations and get approval from one or two doctors.

By international standards, political controversy in Finland regarding abortion has been mild, and incidence is low. Abortions in Finland have been decreasing since the 1960s. In 2021, around 7,600 abortions were performed.

Legal framework
On 26 October 2022, the Finnish Parliament voted by 125–41 to reform the 1970 abortion law. The reform was initiated by a citizens' initiative which collected the required 50,000 signatures in 2020 for the issue to be dealt with by lawmakers. The law was modified so that abortion is available upon request, with no restrictions up until the end of the 12th week of pregnancy. After the gestational limit of the first 12 weeks, the bill allows pregnancy to be terminated at the pregnant woman's request if continuing the pregnancy or giving birth would endanger her health or life, for example because of illness or disability. The President of the Republic signed the bill into law on 20 December 2022. The law was officially published on 28 December 2022, and went into effect from 1 September 2023.

Prior to this, abortion laws in Finland were among the strictest in the European Union. Approval for an abortion required signatures by one or two physicians, depending on the specifics of the patient's case, and in some cases, additional permission from the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira). Additionally, if a woman was impregnated as a result of rape, the pregnancy could not be terminated if charges had not been prosecuted against the alleged rapist. Therefore, officially, abortion was not legal upon request, though in reality, any pregnant woman got an abortion if it was requested before the 12th week of pregnancy, as the grounds for abortion were numerous.

History
In Finland, abortion was illegal until 1950, when the Parliament of Finland legalized abortions to preserve the physical or mental health of the woman, if the woman was under 16, if the fetus might be deformed, or if the woman had been raped. Under pressure from the women's liberation movement and supportive editorials from most national newspapers, Finnish law was further liberalized in 1970. The 1970 law allowed abortion up to 16 weeks of pregnancy for broad socio-economic reasons, if the woman was younger than 17, if the woman was older than 40, if the woman had already had four children, or if at least one parent would be unable to raise the child owing to disease or mental disturbance.

The time limit was lowered from 16 to 12 weeks in 1979. The 1970 law also allowed abortion up to 20 weeks of pregnancy in the event of fetal deformity or a physical threat to the woman's health. A 1985 bill allowed abortion up to 20 weeks of pregnancy for under-aged girls, and up to the 24th week if an amniocentesis or ultrasound found serious impairment in the fetus.

In 2008, there were 10,423 abortions in Finland. There has been a gradual decrease in abortions over time, largely attributable to a decrease in the under-20 age group, the abortion rate was 10.4 abortions per 1000 women aged 15-44 years.

Abortions are provided free of charge in public hospitals. It is illegal to perform abortions in private clinics, though doctors are empowered to provide abortions outside of hospitals in emergency circumstances. Illegal abortions remain very rare because, due to the generality of the conditions specified in the law, in practice, a woman can get an abortion under almost any circumstance.

Political controversy since the 1970 law has been mild. Members of parliament from rightist parties, notably the Finns Party, periodically make statements decrying abortion as "immoral". Still, there has been no focused political campaign to significantly restrict abortion since legalization. In 2020, a citizens' initiative led by the Feminist Association, with the aim of updating the law and allowing elective abortion in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, has gathered over 50,000 signatures, the necessary threshold to compel the Parliament to consider the proposal.

title: Abortion in Finland


text:
Profiterole

A profiterole, cream puff (US), or chou à la crème is a filled French choux pastry ball with a typically sweet and moist filling of whipped cream, custard, pastry cream, or ice cream. The puffs may be decorated or left plain or garnished with chocolate sauce, caramel, or a dusting of powdered sugar. Savory profiterole are also made, filled with pureed meats, cheese, and so on. These were formerly common garnishes for soups.

The various names may be associated with particular variants of filling or sauce in different places.

Preparation
Choux pastry dough is piped through a pastry bag or dropped with a pair of spoons into small balls and baked to form largely hollow puffs. After cooling, the baked profiteroles are injected with filling using a pastry bag and narrow piping tip, or by slicing off the top, filling them, and reassembling. For sweet profiteroles, additional glazes or decorations may then be added.

Presentation
The most common presentations are pastry cream, whipped cream, or ice cream filling, topped with powdered sugar or chocolate ganache and possibly more whipped cream. They are also served plain, with a crisp caramel glaze, iced, or with fruit.

Filled and glazed with caramel, they are assembled into a type of pièce montée called croquembouches, often served at weddings in France and Italy, during the Christmas holiday in France, and are served during important celebrations in Gibraltar. Profiteroles are also used as the outer wall of St. Honoré Cake.

History
The French word profiterole 'small profit, gratification' has been used in cuisine since the 16th century.

In the 17th century, profiteroles were small hollow bread rolls filled with a mixture of sweetbreads, truffles, artichoke bottoms, mushrooms, pieces of partridge, pheasant, or various poultry, accompanied by garnish. They could also be served in a soup.

François Massialot in Le Cuisinier royal et bourgeois (1698) gives several recipes for profiterole soup, with fillings of minced ham and poultry on a stew of mushrooms, asparagus, artichoke bottoms, rooster crests, sweetbreads, and truffles. The profiteroles are made of bread dough.

Joseph Menon in his Traité de cuisine (1732) and François Marin in Les Dons de Comus (1750) give other examples of savory recipes while keeping the same principle.

The profiteroles we know today, using choux pastry, were created in the 19th century.

Jules Gouffé in his Livre de cuisine (1870) explains that a profiterole is a small choux pastry. Gustave Garlin in Le Cuisinier moderne (1887) mentions profiteroles filled with cream and glazed with chocolate or coffee, worked to be smooth and shiny.

A widely-repeated legend claims that choux pastry, the key ingredient of profiteroles, was invented by the head chef to the court of Catherine de' Medici. But this is a 19th-century invention.

The pastry cook's art of choux pastry began to develop around the 17th century. The patissier Jean Avice developed the pastry further in the middle of the eighteenth century and created choux buns, with the dough becoming known as 'pâte à choux', since only choux buns were made from it. In the 19th century, Antoine Carême developed the recipe used today.

United States
Cream puffs have appeared on U.S. restaurant menus since at least 1851.

The Wisconsin State Fair is known for its giant cream puffs.

In Hawaii, coco puffs (not to be confused with Cocoa Puffs) made by Liliha Bakery are a popular dessert. They are filled with chocolate creme patissiere and topped with a frosting known as "chantilly" (similar to German chocolate cake sans coconut and nuts).

In popular culture
In the Japanese murder mystery sound novel series Higurashi When They Cry, the character Hanyū enjoys cream puffs, singing in one song that "I love, I love, I really love chou à la crème!".

In the Japanese manga series Mashle, main character Mash Burnedead has an obsession for cream puffs.

In the 1989 film The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover, profiteroles are a favorite treat of the titular wife, Georgina Spica.

Profiteroles are served in the banquet scene in the 2017 film Victoria & Abdul, in which Queen Victoria is seen to be taking great pleasure in devouring her serving of them.

title: Profiterole


text: Category:Numerical analysis

title: Category:Numerical analysis


text:
Talk:The Matrix Revolutions

Interpretation
This section seems like it belongs in the discussion page. Everything is theories and POV without sources. Any thoughts? --Graveenib 01:27, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps, but then it gives links to online forums as "sources". Also, if you read the article about the Deus Ex Machina, this appears to give a clear and reasonable explanation of how Smith is deleted, thus the theories are all wrong and unnecessary.

"After a duel in the Matrix, Neo submits to Smith, allowing the rogue program to copy himself over him. Now directly connected, the Deus Ex Machina suddenly pulls the plug from Neo/Smith's head jack, effectively killing Neo, and returning both The One and Smith to The Source, completely erasing Smith."'

Smith imprinting himself onto Neo allowed Smith to be deleted as he was briefly connected to the Source through Neo's body (for programs to be deleted they must return to the source). It seems a simple and logical explanation to me, and considering it's presentation as fact in that article, I see no need for the theories in the Interpretation section, most of which are probably unverified and original research anyway. - Chipstick 16:48, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That "reasonable explanation" requires a huge amount of interpretation and it's entirely wrong because it's contrary to the facts as presented in the film. Neo is seen losing consciousness, at least his body goes limp, after the assimilation and after the light is emitted, and after his body disappears from the Matrix and after the shots of the explosions of white light spreading across the city, which all occur prior to Neo's body in the real world having the jack removed from the back of its head. Waerloeg (talk) 20:27, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

The answer is the most basic concept of algebra. The Architect refers to neo as the result of an unbalanced equation, and the oracle makes a similar comment. The oracle explains to Neo that he and Smith are on opposite sides of a mathematical equation. They justify eachother and are necessary for eachother to exist, thus, if Neo dies, Smith dies.

Think of it this way: X = X (Keep in mind that X > 0 in this context.) Neo is X on the left, Smith is X on the right. If you subtract X from the left, the equation will be unbalanced, and won't make any sense. The only way to balance the equation is to subtract X from both sides. Thus, if X on the left (Neo) is subtracted (subtraction representing Neo's death here) then X must also be automatically subtracted from the right (representing Smith's death).

When Neo asks what Smith is, the Oracle says: He is you. Your opposite, your negative. The result of the equation trying to balance itself out.

Thus, Neo and Smith's existences are inexorably connected. They both exist as two parts of an equation, necessary to balance eachother out. If one dies, the other is automatically killed as well to keep the equation balanced.

I hope this sheds some light on the ending and why Smith dies.

Theo88 (talk) 05:32, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

"Last Exile" reference
I deleted the comments re "Last Exile". First, discussion belongs here, not in the article. Second, Wikipedia has a policy of no No Original Research. I don't have a problem with the comment in and of itself; just find a valid source, and then feel free to put it back in.

Spoiler tags
The plot section needs them. The caption for the screenshot of the final shot in the film is quite spoilerific.
 * Wikipedia is not cencored WP:NOT.--DFS454 (talk) 16:38, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Matrix Revolutions Cover.jpg
Image:Matrix Revolutions Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:39, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Mobil Avenue in Plot
Due to the deletion of Mobil Ave (The Matrix), we should try to expand on the idea of Mobil Avenue in the Plot Section. Mobil Avenue was an important metaphorical object in The Matrix Revolutions. Areas that could be expanded; the Mobil Avenue metaphor, the Limbo analogy, the fact that the Prime Program code that Neo (The Matrix) carries as The One is useless, and the fact that the station was created and is maintained by the Trainman.

http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:zr7cYY5ToAMJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_Ave+Mobil+Ave

--HockeyInJune (talk) 13:41, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Plot - Ending
Towards the end, when Neo is lying incapacitated on the ground, Agent Smith takes the time to re-enact his prophesy. In the article the quote of him is this, "everything that has a beginning has an end," However it leaves out him saying Neo. Agent Smith saying Neo was an important detail in that throughout most of the trilogy Neo is always referred to as Mr.Anderson. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.245.239.34 (talk) 18:16, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Plot - that's not Neo
"The Neo-Smith and the rest of the clones then explode, restoring The Matrix and its citizens to normal. Neo is left lying dead in the crater full of water."

Who we actually see there is the Oracle. It may not be easy to see her face through all the rain, but the bracelet doesn't lie. I'm not really sure how to alter the article though, because it would seem the Oracle isn't dead. I'll just try to make something out of it. - [unsigned/undated]

 * I think the point here is actually that the Oracle isn't dead - she and all the other Smith copies were restored to normal. Perhaps Smith chose that copy to fight with because if Neo had somehow killed him physically he'd have killed her? Wnt (talk) 07:21, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Her face can be seen clearly enough as can her hair, she is is lying on her back, her clothes can be made out to be a dress not a coat and she has the silhouette of someone with much larger than average male size mammary glands. Diverging into off topic territory: Why it's fitting that Oracle-Smith does the fighting instead of original-Smith isn't spelled. It's not necessary for Smith to have assimilated the Oracle to gain prophetic powers as he could have gained them as one of the changes from merging with Neo who also had visions of the future though perhaps assimilating her gave Smith much greater powers. But it leads to Oracle-Smith repeating the Oracle's line "Everything that has a beginning has an end" and finishing that with "Neo" instead of Smith's normal "Mr Anderson". Hearing this unsettles Smith greatly and prompts Neo to accept assimilation which leads to Smith's dissolution Waerloeg (talk) 20:07, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

Eleusinian Mysteries?
To me there seems some connection between this and the Eleusinian Mysteries, with Sati = Iris, Persephone = Persephone?, Merovingian = Hades, Architect = Zeus, etc. There are bits and pieces of such comparison around the Web and even Wikipedia, but nothing resembling a solid sourced statement. Could the experts here nail down a clear connection? This is fairly important to the interpretation e.g. I was originally thinking that the Oracle and Architect were ex?-spouses but by this mythology they're siblings. Wnt (talk) 07:08, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Did Neo die or ascend?
The article states, "Neo, having sacrificed himself to save both the Machines and humans, is unplugged from the Matrix and his body is carried away by the Machines." However, scenes portraying Neo in orange as an "angel" (still glowing after his 'death'), and with white light bursting out of him in the machine world just as in the Matrix, lead me to the contrary interpretation that he has ascended from the fantasy of the machine-world.

Of course, there's not much I can do with two unsourced interpretations against one another, but it's another point to try to find some kind of source to weigh in on. Wnt (talk) 07:44, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * You've presented a false dichotomy. A third option is that Neo simply falls unconscious. He already did that when shutting down the squiddies in the second film. Nothing indicates he is dead. The Oracle's body is seen in the water after the fight. The Neo-Smith body disappears from the Matrix while emitting light. There's nothing special about Neo's body not being in the water as we have frequently seen characters leave the Matrix and their bodies disappear. Absence of the fade to green and transparency normally seen when characters exit is easily masked by the white light special effect. Extra-canonically, in the Matrix Online game requests for the machines to return Neo's body are not honoured and it is rumoured that Neo is alive. The game went offline before those story arcs were resolved. Waerloeg (talk) 20:19, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

The Wachowskis/Wachowski Brothers
In view of the inconsistency in regards to how the Wachowskis are referred to among related articles I have started a discussion at Talk:The Matrix Reloaded in attempt to resolve the issue. Betty Logan (talk) 09:13, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

Request for Comment - Crediting The Wachowskis
Please help us decide the best way to credit the Wachowskis in article leads and infoboxes:

Talk:The_Matrix_(franchise)

WanderingWanda (talk) 06:47, 29 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Just a few days left on this RfC and opinions remain sharply divided. Have any insight into this issue or good conflict resolution skills? Your input could be very valuable. Wandering Wanda  (talk) 05:54, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

The footnote credit for "Credited as The Wachowski Brothers"
How the footnote should appear in relevant Wachowski film articles is being discussed at Talk:The Matrix (franchise)/Archive 3. Please join the discussion and weigh in with your thoughts and suggestions. Thank you. --GoneIn60 (talk) 15:55, 16 March 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:52, 16 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Warner Bros Studios, Statues from Matrix.jpg

title: Talk:The Matrix Revolutions


text: User:Duncharris/vanity page

title: User:Duncharris/vanity page


text:
José de Espronceda

José Ignacio Javier Oriol Encarnación de Espronceda y Delgado (25 March 1808 – 23 May 1842) was a Romantic Spanish poet, one of the most representative authors of the 19th century. He was influenced by Eugenio de Ochoa, Federico Madrazo, Alfred Tennyson, Richard Chenevix Trench and Diego de Alvear.

Life
Espronceda was born in Almendralejo, at the Province of Badajoz. As a youth, he studied at the Colegio San Mateo at Madrid, having Alberto Lista as a teacher. When he was 15 years old, he formed a secret society named "Los Numantinos" alongside his friends Ventura de la Vega and Patricio de la Escosura, conspiring against Ferdinand VII and intending to avenge the death of Rafael del Riego. For this, he was imprisoned in a monastery and exiled. Afterward, he left Spain and lived in Lisbon, Belgium, France, England and Holland. On his return to Spain in 1833, he became active in the extreme left-wing of Spanish political culture. Espronceda is also known for his affair with Teresa Mancha, for whom he wrote "Canto a Teresa" (from El diablo mundo). He died of diphtheria in 1842.

In 1902, his body was moved to Panteón de Hombres Ilustres, Spain.

Literary production
Having been inspired to a literary career by his teacher Alberto Lista, Espronceda began to write the historical poem El Pelayo during his stay in the monastery. The poem was never completed. Later he wrote the novel Sancho Saldaña. His other important works include El estudiante de Salamanca, whose main character is Don Félix de Montemar, El mendigo, ¡Guerra!, Al dos de mayo and El diablo mundo, long lyric poems, the latter remained unfinished. Also important were A Jarifa en una orgía, El verdugo, El canto del cosaco, La canción del pirata and Himno al sol. Many of his works display the tendencies of Romanticism, and along with José Zorrilla he is considered Spain's most important Romantic poet, as well as the most rebellious. In 2006 Diego Martinez Torron has published the first annotated edition of the complete works of José de Espronceda with unpublished text, and with also unpublished text in El otro Espronceda.

title: José de Espronceda


text:
Talk:Venice, Los Angeles

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2019 and 6 October 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mscott23.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:18, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Talk
The US Postal Service recognizes Venice as not being part of Los Angeles. Annexation occurred in the early 1930s and not 1904. The Venice secession movement is Los Angeles' oldest and prior to the Valley secession campaign it was the most well known. - A Venetian

 * I agree; I live here and drive, too - and the only place in Venice I ever see congestion is Route 1/Lincoln, and that traffic has little to do with Venice itself. This should be changed.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.168.51.139 (talk) 19:50, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

I added the information re Shoreline Crips to flesh out the information about Oakwood. Also, I do not think of Venice as being particularly congested. Other then on beach days traffic to and from Venice is moderate. Trust me I drive hear everyday.--Veniceslug1 03:29, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Actually, Venice was consolidated into the City of Los Angeles on Nov. 25, 1925  Legalalien (talk) 23:36, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Yes, thank you for getting that cleared up. Does anyone mind if I remove the right-alignment on the Table of Contents (ToC)? Took me quite a while to figure out where it was. Tom 20:47, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

Women in Recovery
Is this organization notable enough to warrant a mention in the Venice, Los Angeles article? Even though it's a non-profit, its inclusion here seems a bit like an advertisement to me. Norvy 13:03, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Removed. Norvy 18:43, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Homes based on Political Contributions
Used fundrace.org to find other famous names in Venice. Fitch 21:11, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

lifeguards
Seems to me that the section about the LA county lifeguards should be on its own page, since much of the information there isn't specifically about venice.. Venicebeach 21:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's grown to the point that it's ready to be on it's own. I recommend Los Angeles County Fire Department Lifeguard Division, a ponderous but accurate title. Go for it. Cheers, -Willmcw 22:06, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Yes. When will this happen? Last discussion about his was 2005! Five 5 fingers 8:38, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

First paragraph: "Venice Beach is the headquarters of the Lifeguard Division of the Los Angeles County Fire Department. It is located at 2300 Ocean Front Walk. It is the nation's largest ocean lifeguard organization with over 200 full-time and 700 part-time or seasonal lifeguards. Third paragraph: "Lifeguard Division employs 120 full-time and 600 seasonal lifeguards" Resolve discrepancy? 207.171.191.60 (talk) 15:31, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Missing is some of the colorful Beatnik / Hippie history
In the '50's, '60's and '70's Venice was known for its bohemian, artsy, anti-establishment culture. This boomed particularly in the Hippie period between '66 and '72.

Things I remember about that era:

'Ocean Park pier, closed for over a year prior to being reopened as Pacific Ocean Park 'Up to late '60's - the open trams that ran from Santa Monica Pier to Windward '64 (?) Aragon Ballroom converted to a skating rink '65, Venice West Coffee House closes '65, No War Toys Sandpile with Joan Baez '69 - '72 Venice Canal Festival '69 - local beachfront concerts at the A&W, players like early James Taylor '70's - Venice P.D. moves to Marina, old Venice P.D. jail becomes kind of a museum & movie site

Attractions and neighborhoods needs canals
How 'bout a section in Attractions and neighborhoods about the canals, that's a big attraction. 'cept all I could say is, "Built by Abbott Kinney… uhhh…" —Fitch 00:09, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Film in Venice
A skateboard movie Thrashin with Josh Brolin was film in Venice.

Venice beach needs more detail
Almost nothing is said about Venice Beach counter culture atmospher. I suggest the following but it was removed.

Venice Beach is well known for its ecliptic environment. Venice Beach has a gritty appearance and is known for showing a diversity of cultures and races which sets it apart from it neighboring yuppie beaches. Known for being popular with the eccentric and those inclined to counter culture, Venice is also host to numerous street performers, tattoo shops, psychic readers, head shops, alternative clothing shop, drum circle, skate dancing, and basket ball, graffiti pit among other.

 * First off, Venice is not "ecliptic", nor is it gritty. Second, some of this material is already covered in the preceding paragraph. Third, these are your opinions (unless you can cite someone for all of these "knowns"). Lastly, the grammar is poor. -Will Beback 21:17, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm agree with the first comment, more should be said about Venice Beach.. And sure Venice is gritty, it sure aint pretty. Opinions and grammar aside, Venice is quite different from others beaches and deserves a better description about it.

I am on Venice beach 4 days a week and there is no place like venice
 * Venice's alleys are gritty, and Oakwood and East Venice still have their grit, but the Boardwalk could no longer be said to be "gritty" like it was in the 1970s or 1980s.

Adding Venice Forum, deleting Oakwood "resisting" gentrification.
I added the Venice Forum, and online resource for news about Venice. I deleted the section about Oakwood "resisting" gentrification. It has not. I can walk down the street and see half the houses are either for sale or being torn down to make way for mini-mansions. In addition, the organizations listed in that section either have absolutely nothing to do with gentrification (one is made up of boardwalk performers), is non-existant, or the description violates Wikipedia's ideal of neutrality.

 * That section was referenced with 3rd-party sources. Sources trump personal experience. Please stop deleting it. Also, forums aren't considered suitable links. Please stop adding it. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 20:30, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Here's are some third party sources - http://www.lacitybeat.com/article.php?id=4124&IssueNum=165 From this article you'll see that the Venice Beach Free Expression Protection Working Group is an organization made up of boardwalk performers and has nothing to do with gentrification in Oakwood.

http://www.lacitybeat.com/article.php?id=362&IssueNum=22 This is an LA Citybeat article about how gentrification in Oakwood has fundementally changed Venice gang culture.

Additional edits.....
I removed, "Many white elderly residents have lost their homes and been forced into convalescence homes, or into living homeless in cars on vacant lots, while new, affluent residents have built prominent, modern homes in the area."

This is completely unsubstantiated and violates wikipedia nuetrality. Elderly residents who owned their own homes and moved have sold those homes for hundreds of thousands more than they paid for them. Elderly and disabled renters have often received substantial relocation packages (it's been reported that the Lincoln Place tenants received upwards of $30,000 to move). Issues of affordable housing and homelessness are city-wide issues and not unique to Venice.

I removed, "Lincoln Place, was built nearby by the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles to accommodate GI's returning from the war and in need of affordable housing. It later came to house working class families of many ethnicities, including a large contingent of African American residents." In fact, Lincoln Place was a red-lined community, like much of LA. African American and other people of color were not allowed to rent in Lincoln Place until well into the 1960's, and even then this was quite rare.

I added, "Only 13 tenants remain, all of them elderly or disabled." This information was provided by Councilman Bill Rosendahl's office.

Lincoln Place is NOT in Oakwood......
It's east of Lincoln Blvd., so I moved it to the "East Venice" section. Oakwood is west of Lincoln Blvd, bordered by Main st., Rose Ave. and California Ave.

More information is needed to the Milwood neighborhood.
It said on the article that it's south of Oakwood, but what are the specific boundaries to the area? Agtax 11:27, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Between California Ave. on the north, Venice Blvd. on the south, Lincoln Blvd. on the east and Abbott Kinney on the west. It is south of the Oakwood neighborhood of Venice, and north of the President's Row neighborhood of Venice.   It does have similarities to Oakwood but has been more gentrified, probably due to the lack of housing projects and closer proximity to South Venice, Marina Del Rey, and the canals.

Once upon a time, Milwood Avenue in the 800 block was probably the gateway to the neighborhood. This is a particularly wide boulevard with long rows of tall palm trees. Milwood Avenue today has probably the highest concentration of 21st Century modern architecture in Venice. It is only 4 blocks long.

Notable residents and businesses
I removed reference to Frank Gehry's plan to build his personal residence in Venice. It was announced in the L.A. Times on March 1, 2009 that he "abandoned plans to build a house for himself and his family on three contiguous lots in Venice." Gehry has resided in a bungalow on 22nd Street in Santa Monica since the late 1970's. —Preceding unsigned comment added by M23 (talk • contribs) 08:05, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Walter Thompson
Where did this information on Walter Thompson and early Venice "locals" come from? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.246.76.188 (talk) 03:31, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Removed April 10, 2009 entry. Bogus.Emargie (talk) 06:41, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 19:45, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

Venice in the media
Would anyone mind if we split the lengthy "Venice in the media" material into a standalone article? My main concern is that it's all unsourced.  Will Beback   talk    10:42, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm ready to split it. There seems to be no strong objection.  You want to do the honors or should I?— alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 03:34, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Go for it.   Will Beback    talk    04:57, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I've been thinking about it, though, and it seems as if it might be better to just delete all the unsourced stuff per WP:POPCULTURE, except for the few films that actually satisfy it, like the Chaplin ones, which can be sourced. I don't actually fancy the idea of creating a list article with absolutely no sources, and I'm not much in the mood to find sources for most of the crap on the list now.  So if there's no objection here in a few days, I'll just start deleting stuff from here, and anyone who thinks we need a list with what's taken out can make a new article using the article history. The books I think should be split into a further reading section and trimmed down too.  I'm going to go ahead and do that now.— alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 05:02, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

Error in LAT source that Eames material is cited to
There's probably nothing to be done about it, but the Times article that says that Abbott Kinney Blvd was "part of Washington Blvd" is wrong. It was formerly West Washington Blvd, which was a different street altogether from Washington Blvd. Just thought I'd note it here.— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 18:42, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

Relation to Santa Monica
Venice was never part of Santa Monica, was it? I removed such a claim at https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venice,_Los_Angeles&diff=next&oldid=605235049. GeorgeLouis (talk) 17:19, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

 * It seems quite complicated to sort out. First, the source that it was formerly cited to,, actually says explicitly that Venice was part of Santa Monica.  However, I can't find anything in the LAT about this supposed 1911 election, and in fact there's an article from 1911 that discusses a proposal to merge Ocean Park and Santa Monica into a single municipality.  That's here: GREATER CITY NOW PLANNED.: Would Weld Tiny Towns Into Big Municipality; Sentiment Grows in Favor of the Project; Chamber of Commerce Back of Proposition. Los Angeles Times 29 May 1911: II6. This states explicitly that Ocean Park was a separate municipality from Santa Monica at that time, and it's clear from a zillion sources that Venice was officially known as Ocean Park at the time.  In fact they explicitly changed the name to Venice in May 1911.  Perhaps this is the election Elayne Alexander is thinking of?  That's here: WILL CALL TOWN VENICE.: Electors of Ocean Park Determine to Make Change in the Nomenclature of Their City--Special Election Held Yesterday. Los Angeles Times (1886-1922) 30 May 1911: I14..   On the other hand, in 1904 Ocean Park was trying to annex parts of Santa Monica, see here: OCEAN PARK.: DIGGING FOR "VENICE." CUT-OFF CARS SOON. THEY'RE BUILDING. HIGHER LICENSE. MORE TERRITORY. Los Angeles Times (1886-1922) 07 July 1904: A9.  This article makes it seem extremely unlikely that Ocean Park/Venice was part of Santa Monica at that time because the part they were trying to annex was between Navy and Marine streets, and that area is presently part of Santa Monica.  On the other other hand, this: OCEAN PARK.: A. KINNEY'S HOBBY. PIER SCHEME. OCEAN PARK NOTES. Los Angeles Times (1886-1922) 18 Apr 1904: 15 says explicitly that by 1904 there had been three distinct areas called "Ocean Park," one of which, by 1904, was part of Santa Monica, and Kinney's, different from that one, would be the fourth.  My guess therefore is that Elayne Alexander got confused about which Ocean Park was which and also about whatever happened in 1911.  I can't prove it, though.  And I don't have the heart to dig through any more of these old articles because no matter what kind of search terms I try I invariably end up with 95% society notes about cotillions and such-like.  Sigh...— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 19:31, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Source for Kinney and Bouck column faces
I was unable to find the original reference source for the faces. The closest I could come was a mention or an original source published in the January 2nd, 1975 edition of The Argonaut, in an article titled “The face on Windward Avenue" by Tom Moran.

If anyone is able to locate this article, and add it to the references, that would be most appreciated! — Safety Cap (talk) 18:43, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Tobacco millionaire
Kinney made his fortune in selling tobacco, as explained in his article. He wasn't a developer until he already had a bunch of money. BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 21:04, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

Venice Art Walls
With the creation of Venice Art Walls, we might want to trim the Venice,_Los_Angeles section. --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 20:12, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Venice, Los Angeles


text:
Category:Metric geometry

Metric geometry is a branch of geometry with metric spaces as the main object of study. It is applied mostly to Riemannian geometry and group theory.

title: Category:Metric geometry


text:
Category:Syllabary writing systems

This category contains writing systems which use syllabaries, in which each symbol or grapheme represents a consonant and a vowel, or only a vowel, in some cases followed by a consonant or tone. For other writing systems which share some of the characteristics of syllabary systems, see Category:Abugida writing systems (systems where symbols represent consonants, but the symbols are varied depending on the following vowel), and Category:Abjad writing systems (systems where symbols represent consonants, and vowel marking is absent or optional).

This categorization follows the classification introduced by Peter T. Daniels (b.1951).

title: Category:Syllabary writing systems


text:
Stucco

Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture. Stucco can be applied on construction materials such as metal, expanded metal lath, concrete, cinder block, or clay brick and adobe for decorative and structural purposes.

In English, "stucco" sometimes refers to a coating for the outside of a building and "plaster" to a coating for interiors. As described below, however, the materials themselves often have little or no difference. Other European languages, notably Italian, do not have the same distinction: stucco means plaster in Italian and serves for both.

Composition

The basic composition of stucco is cement, water, and sand.

The difference in nomenclature between stucco, plaster, and mortar is based more on use than composition. Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, it was common that plaster, which was used inside a building, and stucco, which was used outside, would consist of the same primary materials: lime and sand (which are also used in mortar). Animal or plant fibers were often added for additional strength. In the latter nineteenth century, Portland cement was added with increasing frequency in an attempt to improve the durability of stucco. At the same time, traditional lime plasters were being replaced by gypsum plaster.

Traditional stucco is made of lime, sand, and water. Modern stucco is made of Portland cement, sand, and water. Lime is added to increase the permeability and workability of modern stucco. Sometimes additives such as acrylics and glass fibers are added to improve the structural properties of the stucco. This is usually done with what is considered a one-coat stucco system, as opposed to the traditional three-coat method.

Lime stucco is a relatively hard material that can be broken or chipped by hand without too much difficulty. The lime itself is usually white; color comes from the aggregate or any added pigments. Lime stucco has the property of being self-healing to a limited degree because of the slight water solubility of lime (which in solution can be deposited in cracks, where it solidifies). Portland cement stucco is very hard and brittle and can easily crack if the base on which it is applied is not stable. Typically its color was gray, from the innate color of most Portland cement, but white Portland cement is also used. Today's stucco manufacturers offer a very wide range of colors that can be mixed integrally in the finish coat. Other materials such as stone and glass chips are sometimes "dashed" onto the finish coat before drying, with the finished product commonly known as "rock dash", "pebble dash", or also as roughcast if the stones are incorporated directly into the stucco, used mainly from the early 20th through the early 21st centuries.

Traditional stucco
As a building material, stucco is a durable, attractive, and weather-resistant wall covering. It was traditionally used as both an interior and exterior finish applied in one or two thin layers directly over a solid masonry, brick, or stone surface. The finish coat usually contained an integral color and was typically textured for appearance.

Then with the introduction and development of heavy timber and light wood-framed construction methods, stucco was adapted for this new use by adding a reinforcement lattice, or lath, attached to and spanning between the structural supports and by increasing the thickness and number of layers of the total system. The lath added support for the wet plaster and tensile strength to the brittle, cured stucco; while the increased thickness and number of layers helped control cracking.

The traditional application of stucco and lath occurs in three coats—the scratch coat, the brown coat and the finish coat. The two base coats of plaster are either hand-applied or machine sprayed. The finish coat can be troweled smooth, hand-textured, floated to a sand finish or sprayed.

Originally, the lath material was strips of wood installed horizontally on the wall, with spaces between, that would support the wet plaster until it cured. This lath and plaster technique became widely used.

In exterior wall applications, the lath is installed over a weather-resistant asphalt-impregnated felt or paper sheet that protects the framing from the moisture that can pass through the porous stucco.

Following World War II, the introduction of metal wire mesh, or netting, replaced the use of wood lath. Galvanizing the wire made it corrosion resistant and suitable for exterior wall applications. At the beginning of the 21st century, this "traditional" method of wire mesh lath and three coats of exterior plaster was still widely used.

In some parts of the United States with a warmer climate (like California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and Florida), stucco is the predominant exterior for both residential and commercial construction. Stucco exterior (with wood frame interior) became a popular alternative in the southwestern United States during the 1970s, as the masonry labor costs for adobe rose.

Sculptural and architectural use

Stucco has also been used as a sculptural and artistic material. Stucco relief was used in the architectural decoration schemes of many ancient cultures. Examples of Egyptian, Minoan, and Etruscan stucco reliefs remain extant. In the art of Mesopotamia and ancient Persian art there was a widespread tradition of figurative and ornamental internal stucco reliefs, which continued into Islamic art, for example in Abbasid Samarra, now using geometrical and plant-based ornament. As the arabesque reached its full maturity, carved stucco remained a very common medium for decoration and calligraphic inscriptions. Indian architecture used stucco as a material for sculpture in an architectural context. It is rare in the countryside.

In Roman art of the late Republic and early Empire, stucco was used extensively for the decoration of vaults. Though marble was the preferred sculptural medium in most regards, stucco was better for use in vaults because it was lighter and better suited to adapt to the curvature of the ceiling. Baroque and Rococo architecture makes heavy use of stucco. Examples can be found in churches and palaces, where stucco is mostly used to provide a smooth, decorative transition from walls to ceiling, decorating and giving measure to ceiling surfaces. Stucco is an integral part of the art of belcomposto, the Baroque concept that integrates the three classic arts, architecture, sculpture, and painting.

The Greco-Buddhist art of modern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan made extensive use in monasteries and temples of stucco for three-dimensional monumental sculpture as well as reliefs. These were usually carved from a rough modelling over a framework and then painted. Similar techniques are used for the life-size statues decorating the gopurams of Hindu temples in modern South Asia.

Since stucco can be used for decoration as well as for figurative representation, it provides an ideal transitive link from architectural details to wall paintings such as the typically Baroque trompe-l'œil ceilings, as in the work of the Wessobrunner School. Here, the real architecture of the church is visually extended into a heavenly architecture with a depiction of Christ, the Virgin Mary or the Last Judgment at the center. Stucco is used to form a semi-plastic extension of the real architecture that merges into the painted architecture.

Because of its "aristocratic" appearance, Baroque-looking stucco decoration was used frequently in upper-class apartments of the 19th and early 20th century.

Beginning in the 1920s, stucco, especially in its Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque materialization, became increasingly unpopular with modern architects in some countries, resulting not only in new buildings without stucco but also in a widespread to remove the stucco from existing tenements.

Stucco was still employed in the 1950s in molded forms for decorating the joints between walls and ceilings inside houses. It was generally painted the same colour as the ceiling and used in designs where a picture rail or rat rail was in use.

Modern stucco
Modern stucco is used as an exterior cement plaster wall covering. It is usually a mix of sand, Portland cement, lime and water, but may also consist of a proprietary mix of additives including fibers and synthetic acrylics that add strength and flexibility. Modern synthetic stucco can be applied as one base layer and a finish layer, which is thinner and faster to apply, compared to the traditional application of three-coat stucco. Imitation stone stucco can also be produced using the traditional application, but with marble dust being added to the mixture.

As with any cement-based material, stucco must be reinforced to resist movement cracking. Plastic or wire mesh lath, attached with nails or screws to the structural framing, is embedded into the base coat to provide stiffening for the stucco.

Where stucco is to be applied to a structure of wood-framing or light-gauge steel framing, the framing is protected from moisture damage by applying a cement based primer, or a vapor-permeable, water-resistant weather barrier; typically an asphalt-saturated paper or one of a variety of manufactured plastic-based sheets, known as "building wraps" or "stucco wraps". The properties of the weather barrier must not only protect the framing from rain and moisture, but at the same time allow the free passage of any water vapor generated inside the building to escape through the wall.

A wide variety of stucco accessories, such as weep screeds, control and expansion joints, corner-aids and architectural reveals are sometimes also incorporated into the lath. Wire lath is used to give the plaster something to attach to and to add strength. Types include expanded-metal lath, woven-wire lath, and welded-wire lath.

If applied during very dry weather, the layers of stucco are sprayed with water for one or more days to keep a level of moisture within the stucco while it cures, a process known as "moist curing". If the stucco dries too soon, the chemical hardening ("hydration") will be incomplete, resulting in a weaker and brittler stucco.

authors: ਪਿੰਡ ਮੌੜੇ ਖੁਰਦ

title: Stucco


text:
Talk:Thin-film transistor

If you are removing statements from text, you better explain it in Talk. Otherwise how can we distinguish a serious person from a random vandal? 217.227.30.236 wrote: ''Transparency is NOT an instrinsic property of TFTs. There is some recent research on Transparent TFTs based on Zink-Oxide, but In fact the TFTs in your TFT display are not transparent..)''
 * OK. But how can you explain this (deleted) statement about transparency found in some other texts as well. Are some of them transparent? Were the first TFTs transparent? Is transparency a goal? (Actually, I start recalling that conductors are easily made transparent. Is it correct?) If TFT transparency is a common misunderstanding, it makes sense to discuss it here. Thank you for the contribution. Mikkalai 22:44, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, I noticed you contribute from different IP addresses. Would you like to register yourself, so that it will easier both for you to track your own contributions and for us to know a bit whom are we talking to? Mikkalai 22:44, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * The TFT is just a small part of a pixel and is often oblique. This is illustrated here: http://www.de.tomshardware.com/display/19990614/images/image15.jpg Probably the entire entry should be rewritten. I may look into that once i find some time, and yes i will register too.

Att: Removed spam-links
Removed links, because they pointed to a companies site and their mailing list. The site offered consulting services in the TFT area. This is obviously spam and should not be tolerated. The companies name was o*cad.

Expand please
Someone add more information! Thanks!!! --80.6.88.162 08:21, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

All panels
Saying all color panels use this technology is dubious. The mobile phone I recently purchased clearly has a passive matrix panel in it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Grock2 (talk • contribs) 17:54, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Many?
"As of 2008[update], many color LCD TVs and monitors use this technology." - I believe there is not a single LCD TV that doesn't use TFT.

The characteristics of a silicon-based TFT depend on the silicon's crystalline state ?
Then how can semiconductor layer be made up of amorphous silicon ?

title: Talk:Thin-film transistor


text:
Elk River

Elk River may refer to:

Municipalities

 * Elk River, California - a small community located at the edge of Eureka, California
 * Elk River, California, former name of Elk, Mendocino County, California
 * Elk River, Idaho
 * Elk River, Minnesota

Canada

 * Elk River (Alberta)
 * Elk River (British Columbia)
 * Elk River (Northwest Territories), see List of rivers of the Northwest Territories
 * Elk River (Vancouver Island), on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
 * Elk River Mountains, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

Poland

 * Ełk River

United States

 * Elk River (California)
 * Elk River (Colorado)
 * Elk River (Iowa)
 * Elk River (Kansas)
 * Elk River (Maryland)
 * Elk River (Michigan)
 * Elk River (Minnesota)
 * Elk River (North Carolina)
 * Elk River (Oklahoma), a stream in Oklahoma and Missouri
 * Elk River (Oregon)
 * Elk River (Tennessee)
 * Elk River (Washington)
 * Elk River (Wisconsin)
 * Elk River (West Virginia)

title: Elk River