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Abebe Bikila

Shambel Abebe Bikila (ሻምበል አበበ ቢቂላ; August 7, 1932 – October 25, 1973) was an Ethiopian marathon runner who was a back-to-back Olympic marathon champion. He was the first Ethiopian Olympic gold medalist, winning his first gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome while running barefoot. At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, he won his second gold medal, making him the first athlete to successfully defend an Olympic marathon title. In both victories, he ran in world record time.

Born in Shewa, Abebe moved to Addis Ababa around 1952 and joined the 5th Infantry Regiment of the Ethiopian Imperial Guard, an elite infantry division that safeguarded the emperor of Ethiopia. Abebe served in the Kagnew Battalion during the Korean War.

Enlisting as a soldier before his athletic career, he rose to the rank of shambel (captain). Abebe participated in a total of sixteen marathons. He placed second on his first marathon in Addis Ababa, won twelve other races, and finished fifth in the 1963 Boston Marathon. In July 1967, he sustained the first of several sports-related leg injuries that prevented him from finishing his last two marathons. Abebe was a pioneer in long-distance running. Mamo Wolde, Juma Ikangaa, Tegla Loroupe, Paul Tergat, and Haile Gebrselassie—all recipients of the New York Road Runners' Abebe Bikila Award—are a few of the athletes who have followed in his footsteps to establish East Africa as a force in long-distance running.

On March 22, 1969, Abebe was paralysed due to a car accident. He regained some upper-body mobility, but he never walked again. While he was receiving medical treatment in England, Abebe competed in archery and table tennis at the 1970 Stoke Mandeville Games in London. Those games were an early predecessor of the Paralympic Games. He competed in both sports at a 1971 competition for disabled people in Norway and won its cross-country sleigh-riding event. Abebe died at age 41 in 1973 of a cerebral haemorrhage related to his accident four years earlier. He received a state funeral, and Emperor Haile Selassie declared a national day of mourning. Many schools, venues, and events, including Abebe Bikila Stadium in Addis Ababa, are named after him. He is the subject of biographies and films documenting his athletic career, and he is often featured in publications about the marathon and the Olympics.

Early life
Abebe Bikila was born on August 7, 1932, in the small community of Jato, then part of the Selale District of Shewa. His birthday coincided with the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic marathon. Abebe was the son of Wudinesh Beneberu and her second husband, Demissie. During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–1937), his family was forced to move to the remote town of Gorro. By then, Wudinesh had divorced Abebe's father and married Temtime Kefelew. The family eventually moved back to Jato (or nearby Jirru), where they had a farm.

As a young boy, Abebe played gena, a traditional long-distance hockey game played with goalposts sometimes kilometres apart. Around 1952, he joined the 5th Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Guard after moving to Addis Ababa the year before. During the mid-1950s, Abebe ran 20 km from the hills of Sululta to Addis Ababa and back every day. Onni Niskanen, a Swedish coach employed by the Ethiopian government to train the Imperial Guard, soon noticed him and began training him for the marathon. In 1956, Abebe finished second to Wami Biratu in the Ethiopian Armed Forces championship. According to biographer Tim Judah, his entry in the Olympics was a "long planned operation" and not a last-minute decision, as was commonly thought.

Abebe was 27 when he married 15-year-old Yewebdar Wolde-Giorgis on March 16, 1960. Although the marriage was arranged by his mother, Abebe was happy and they remained married for the rest of his life.

1960 Rome Olympics
In July 1960, Abebe won his first marathon in Addis Ababa. A month later he won again in Addis Ababa with a time of 2:21:23, which was faster than the existing Olympic record held by Emil Zátopek. Niskanen entered Abebe Bikila and Abebe Wakgira in the marathon at the 1960 Rome Olympics, which would be run on September 10. In Rome, Abebe purchased new running shoes, but they did not fit well and gave him blisters. He consequently decided to run barefoot instead.

Due to Rome's blistering heat, the race started in late-afternoon at the foot of the Capitoline Hill staircase and finished at night at the Arch of Constantine, just outside the Colosseum. The course twice passed Piazza di Porta Capena, where the Obelisk of Axum was then located. When the runners passed the obelisk the first time, Abebe was at the rear of the lead pack, which included Great Britain's Arthur Keily, Moroccan Rhadi Ben Abdesselam, Ireland's Bertie Messitt, and Belgian Aurèle Vandendriessche.

Between 5 km and 20 km, the lead changed hands several times. By about 25 km, however, Abebe and ben Abdesselam moved away from the rest of the pack. Trailing by about two minutes at the 30 km mark were New Zealand's Barry Magee, who was to finish third in 2:17:18.2 and Sergei Popov, the world marathon record holder at the time, who finished fifth.

Abebe and ben Abdesselam remained together until the last 500 m. Nearing the obelisk again, Abebe sprinted to the finish. In the early-evening darkness, his path along the Appian Way was lined with Italian soldiers holding torches. Abebe's winning time was 2:15:16.2, twenty-five seconds faster than ben Abdesselam at 2:15:41.6, and breaking Popov's world record by eight tenths of a second. Immediately after crossing the finish line Abebe began to touch his toes and run in place, and later said that he could have run another 10–15 km.

1960–1964
Abebe returned to his homeland as a hero. He was greeted by a large crowd, many dignitaries and the commander of the Imperial Guard, Brigadier-General Mengistu Neway. Abebe was paraded through the streets of Addis Ababa along a procession route lined with thousands of people and presented to Emperor Haile Selassie. The Emperor awarded him the Star of Ethiopia and promoted him to the rank of asiraleqa (corporal). He was given the use of a chauffeur-driven Volkswagen Beetle (since he did not yet know how to drive) and home, both owned by the guard.

On December 13, 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, Imperial Guard forces led by Mengistu Neway began an unsuccessful coup and briefly proclaimed Selassie's eldest son Asfaw Wossen Taffari emperor. Fighting took place in the heart of Addis Ababa, shells detonated in the Jubilee Palace, and many of those closest to the Emperor were killed. Although Abebe was not directly involved, he was briefly arrested and questioned. Mengistu was later hanged, and his forces (which included many members of the Imperial Guard) were killed in the fighting, arrested or fled.

In the 1961 Athens Classical Marathon, Abebe again won while running barefoot. This was the second and last event in which he competed barefooted. The same year he won the marathons in Osaka and Košice. While in Japan, he was approached by a Japanese shoe company, Onitsuka Tiger, with the possibility of wearing its shoes; they were informed by Niskanen that Abebe had "other commitments". Kihachiro Onitsuka suspected that Abebe had a secret sponsorship deal with Puma, in spite of the now-abandoned rules against such deals.

Abebe ran the 1963 Boston Marathon—which was between his Olympic wins in 1960 and 1964—and finished fifth in 2:24:43. This was the only time in his competitive career that he completed an international marathon without winning. He and countryman Mamo Wolde, who finished 12th, had run together on record pace for 18 miles, until cold winds and the hills in Newton caused both to fall back. The race was won by Belgium's Aurele Vandendriessche in a course record 2:18:58. Abebe returned to Ethiopia and did not compete in another marathon until 1964 in Addis Ababa. He won that race in a time of 2:23:14.8.

1964 Tokyo Olympics

Forty days before the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Abebe began to feel pain while training in Debre Zeit. He was brought to the hospital and diagnosed with acute appendicitis, and had an appendectomy on September 16. Back on his feet in a few days, Abebe left the hospital within a week.

He entered the October 21 marathon wearing Puma shoes. This was in contrast to the previous Olympics in Rome, where he ran barefoot. Abebe began the race right behind the lead pack until about the 10 km mark, when he slowly increased his pace. At 15 km, he was in third place behind Ron Clarke of Australia—who had been upset by Billy Mills in the 10,000 meters—and Jim Hogan of Ireland. Shortly before 20 km, Abebe took the lead; only Hogan was in contention, as Clarke began to slow. By 35 km, Abebe was almost two-and-a-half minutes in front of Hogan and Kokichi Tsuburaya of Japan was 17 seconds behind Hogan in third place. Hogan soon dropped out, exhausted, leaving only Tsuburaya three minutes behind Abebe by the 40 km mark.

Abebe entered the Olympic stadium alone, to the cheers of 75,000 spectators. The crowd had been listening on the radio and anticipated his triumphant entrance. Abebe finished with a time of 2:12:11.2, four minutes and eight seconds ahead of silver medallist Basil Heatley of Great Britain, who passed Tsuburaya inside the stadium. Tsuburaya was third, a few seconds behind Heatley. Abebe did not appear exhausted after the finish, and he again performed a routine of calisthenics, which included touching "his toes twice then [lying] down on his back, cycling his legs in the air".

He was the first runner to successfully defend an Olympic marathon title. Abebe, Waldemar Cierpinski, and Eliud Kipchoge are the only athletes to have won two gold medals in the event, and they all did it back-to-back. For the second time, Abebe received Ethiopia's only gold medal and again returned home to a hero's welcome. The Emperor promoted him to the commissioned-officer rank of metoaleqa (lieutenant). Abebe received the Order of Menelik II, a Volkswagen Beetle and a house.

1965–1968
On April 21, 1965, as part of the opening ceremonies for the second season of the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, Abebe and fellow athlete and Imperial Guardsman Mamo Wolde, ran a ceremonial half-marathon from the Arsenal in Central Park (at 64th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan) to the Singer Bowl at the fair. They carried a parchment scroll with greetings from Haile Selassie.

The following month, Abebe returned to Japan and won his second Mainichi Marathon, held in Shiga Prefecture. In 1966 he ran marathons at Zarautz and Inchon–Seoul, winning both. The following year, Abebe did not finish the Zarautz International Marathon in July 1967. He had injured his hamstring, an injury from which he would never recover. Abebe had begun to limp, and the 1966 Incheon–Seoul Marathon was the last marathon he ever completed.

In July 1968, he travelled to Germany for treatment of "circulatory ailments" in his legs; the German government refused to accept payment for the medical services. Abebe returned in time to join the rest of the Ethiopian Olympic team training in Asmara, which has an altitude (2200 m) and climate similar to Mexico City (the host of the next Olympic Games).

Seeking a third consecutive gold medal, Abebe entered the October 20 Olympic marathon with Mamo Wolde and Gebru Merawi. Symbolically, he was issued bib number 1 for the race. A week before the race, Abebe developed pain in his left leg. Doctors discovered a fracture in his fibula, and he was advised to stay off his feet until the day of the race. Abebe had to drop out of the race after approximately 16 km and Mamo Wolde won in 2:20:26.4. This was Abebe's last marathon appearance. He was rewarded with a promotion to the rank of shambel (captain) upon his return to Ethiopia.

Accident and death
On the night of March 22, 1969, Abebe lost control of his Volkswagen Beetle and it overturned, trapping him inside. According to biographer Tim Judah, he may have been drinking. Judah quotes Abebe's account of the accident from the biography by his daughter, Tsige Abebe, that he tried "to avoid a fast, oncoming car". Judah wrote that it was difficult to know for certain what happened. Abebe was freed from his car the following morning and brought to the Imperial Guard hospital. The accident left him a quadriplegic, paralysed from the neck down; he never walked again. On March 29 Abebe was transferred to Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England, where he spent eight months receiving treatment. He was visited by Queen Elizabeth II and received get-well cards from all over the world. Although Abebe could not move his head at first, his condition eventually improved to paraplegia, regaining the use of his arms.

In 1970, Abebe began training for wheelchair-athlete archery competitions. In July, he competed in archery and table tennis at the Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games in London. The following April, Abebe participated in games for disabled people in Norway. Although he had been invited as a guest, he competed in archery and table tennis and defeated a field of sixteen in cross-country sled dog racing with a time of 1:16:17.

Abebe was invited to the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich as a special guest, and received a standing ovation during the opening ceremony. His countryman Mamo Wolde did not match his back-to-back Olympic marathon victories, finishing third behind Frank Shorter of the United States and Karel Lismont of Belgium. After Shorter received his gold medal, he shook Abebe's hand.

On October 25, 1973, Abebe died in Addis Ababa at age 41 of a cerebral hemorrhage, a complication related to his accident four years earlier. He was buried with full military honours; his state funeral was attended by an estimated 65,000 people including Emperor Haile Selassie, who proclaimed a day of mourning for the country's national hero. Abebe is interred in a tomb with a bronze statue at Saint Joseph Church in Addis Ababa.

Legacy
Abebe began, and largely inspired, East African preeminence in long-distance running. According to Kenny Moore, a contemporary athlete and writer for Sports Illustrated, he began "the great African distance running avalanche." Abebe brought to the forefront the now-accepted relationship between endurance and high-altitude training in all kinds of sports. Five years after his death, the New York Road Runners inaugurated the annual Abebe Bikila Award for contributions by an individual to long-distance running. East African recipients include Mamo Wolde, Juma Ikangaa, Tegla Loroupe, Paul Tergat, and Haile Gebrselassie.

He is a national hero in Ethiopia, and a stadium in Addis Ababa is named in his honour. In late 1972, the American Community School of Addis Ababa dedicated its gymnasium (which included facilities for disabled people) to Abebe.

On March 21, 2010, the Rome Marathon observed the 50th anniversary of his Olympic victory. The winner, Ethiopian runner Siraj Gena, ran the last 300 m of the race barefoot and received a €5,000 bonus. A plaque commemorating the anniversary is mounted on a wall on the Via di San Gregorio, and a footbridge in Ladispoli was named in Abebe's honour.

According to Abebe's New York Times obituary, Abebe and Yewebdar had three sons, along with their daughter Tsige. In 2010, the Italian company Vibram introduced the "Bikila" model of its FiveFingers line of minimalist shoes. In February 2015, Abebe's surviving children Teferi, Tsige and Yetnayet Abebe Bikila, along with their mother, filed a lawsuit in United States federal court in Tacoma, Washington, claiming Vibram violated federal law and the state's Personality Rights Act. The case was dismissed in October 2016 on the grounds that the plaintiffs were aware of Vibram's use of the name in 2011, but did not file suit until four years later. According to judge Ronald Leighton, "this unreasonable delay prejudiced Vibram."

It came to light in December 2019 that the family of Abebe received his Olympic ring that he lost at the Tokyo Olympic stadium's bathroom. Abebe left his winning ring in a bathroom after he won the Olympic medal. A woman who was working in the bathroom at that time took it home with her. The woman has since died, but her son said his mom later regretted taking the ring and was waiting for an opportunity to return it. He gave the ring to Yetnayet, son of the late Abebe when Yetnayet came to Kasama City in Japan in December 2019 as a guest of honour for the half marathon competition conducted in honour of his father.

In popular culture
Abebe has been featured in several documentaries about his life and the Olympics in general. His victory at the 1964 Olympics was featured in the 1965 documentary, Tokyo Olympiad directed by Kon Ichikawa. Footage from that film was recycled in the 1976 thriller, Marathon Man directed by John Schlesinger and starring Dustin Hoffman. Abebe was the subject of Bud Greenspan's 1972 documentary, The Ethiopians. The documentary was incorporated into "The Marathon", a 1976 episode of Greenspan's The Olympiad television documentary series. "The Marathon", which chronicles Abebe's two Olympic victories, ends with a dedication ceremony for a gymnasium named in Abebe's honour shortly before his death.

In 1992, Yamada Kazuhiro published the first full biography about Abebe, written in Japanese and published in Tokyo; it was entitled Do You Remember Abebe? (アベベを覚えてますか). Since then, there have been at least three biographical works based on his life. Among these is Triumph and Tragedy, written in English by his daughter Tsige Abebe and published in Addis Ababa in 1996. The other two, also written in English, are Paul Rambali's 2007 fictional biographical novel Barefoot Runner and Tim Judah's 2009 Bikila: Ethiopia's Barefoot Olympian. According to the journalist Tim Lewis's comparative review of the two books, Judah's is a more journalistic, less-forgiving biography of Abebe. It refutes the mythical aspects of his life but recognises Abebe's athletic accomplishments. Judah's account of Abebe's life differs significantly from Rambali's, but confirms (and frequently cites) Tsige's biography. For example, Lewis cites the discrepancy in the circumstances surrounding Abebe's car accident:

"Rambali pictures [Abebe] driving to training in his VW Beetle, only to be forced off the road by a group of students ('screaming, blood-covered young men') who are being chased by armed police. The facts uncovered by Judah point to a less poetic explanation: [Abebe] was last seen in a bar at 9 pm, the roads that night were wet and he was inexperienced behind the wheel."

Abebe is also the subject of a 2009 feature film, Atletu (The Athlete), directed by Davey Frankel and Rasselas Lakew. The film starring Rasselas focuses on the final years of Abebe's life: his quest to regain the Olympic title, the accident and his struggle to compete again.

Robin Williams referred to Abebe's barefoot running during his 2009 stand-up comedy tour, Weapons of Self-Destruction: "[Abebe] won the Rome Olympics running barefoot. He was then sponsored by Adidas. He ran the next Olympics; he carried the fucking shoes". Abebe did not carry his shoes but wore them; he was not sponsored by Adidas but was perhaps secretly sponsored by Puma.

title: Abebe Bikila


text: User talk:81.79.140.205

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:81.79.140.205


text: User talk:192.16.204.80

title: User talk:192.16.204.80


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pink Tie

Nonsense. RickK 02:56, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * And patent at that. Delete. - jredmond 05:07, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No vote. But it's true . Andris 05:10, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * So they wear pink ties. But do the aforementioned ties need an article? Delete. DO'Neil 07:02, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into University of Waterloo and delete this page. Meelar 16:19, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No need to merge, pink ties are already mentioned under the "Facts" section, and have been for more than a month. Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 19:53, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No need for seperate article. PMC 21:37, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is a stub, but it could be as interesting an article as Andris's link. I doubt it would last if merged. --Ben Brockert (talk:) 03:26, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete trivia. No reasonable way to expand this to a real article. (Might deserve mention in the main article.) Rossami 03:22, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree, except as Cyrius pointed out it's already there. Andrewa 04:28, 24 May 2004 (UTC)


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Laurier—Sainte-Marie

Laurier—Sainte-Marie  is a federal electoral district in Downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1988. Its population in 2016 was 111,835.

Geography
The district includes Côte Saint-Louis and the eastern parts of The Plateau and Mile End in the Borough of Le Plateau-Mont-Royal and the eastern part of Downtown Montreal and the western part of Centre-Sud (including part of the neighbourhood of Sainte-Marie) in the Borough of Ville-Marie.

History
In 1987, the district of "Laurier—Sainte-Marie" was created from Laurier, Montreal—Sainte-Marie and Saint-Jacques ridings.

In 2003, Laurier—Sainte-Marie was abolished when it was redistributed into Laurier and Hochelaga ridings.

After the 2004 election, Laurier riding was renamed "Laurier—Sainte-Marie" in 2004.

The name comes from Laurier Avenue, a street in Plateau Mont-Royal named after Wilfrid Laurier, and Sainte-Marie, a former name for Centre-Sud, which in turn came from a parish church dedicated to Saint Mary.

The riding was represented by Gilles Duceppe, leader of the Bloc Québécois, until 2011 when he was defeated by Hélène Laverdière of the New Democratic Party.

This riding lost territory to Outremont and Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs, and gained territory from Hochelaga, Westmount—Ville-Marie and Outremont during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Demographics

 * According to the 2006 Canadian census

Racial groups: 84.9% White, 3.6% Black, 2.9% Latin American, 2.1% Chinese, 1.8% Arab, 1.5% Southeast Asian, 1.4% South Asian

Religions (2001): 68.5% Catholic, 2.8% Muslim, 2.8% Protestant, 1.4% Buddhist, 1.1% Christian Orthodox, 1.0% Other Christian, 21.0% No religion

Average income: $25,079

 * According to the 2016 Canadian census

 * Twenty most common mother tongue languages (2016) : 70.9% French, 10.4% English, 4.1% Spanish, 2.3% Arabic, 1.4% Mandarin, 1.2% Portuguese, 1.2% Cantonese, 0.9% Bengali, 0.7% Farsi, 0.7% Vietnamese, 0.6% Russian, 0.5% Italian, 0.4% German, 0.4% Romanian, 0.3% Creole languages, 0.3% Polish, 0.2% Greek, 0.2% Korean, 0.2% Japanese, 0.2% Turkish

Riding associations
Riding associations are the local branches of political parties:

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Laurier—Sainte-Marie


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Laurier (federal electoral district)

Laurier, a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1988.

It was set up in 1933 from parts of Laurier—Outremont and Saint-Denis ridings. It was abolished in 1987 when it was redistributed into Laurier—Sainte-Marie, Outremont, Rosemont and Saint-Henri—Westmount ridings.

The riding was re-created in 2003, and renamed Laurier—Sainte-Marie in 2004.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Laurier (federal electoral district)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Virtual Private Library

Update: I count 3 votes to delete and 1 abstention. I've deleted The Virtual Private Library. Wile E. Heresiarch 23:33, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

Ad PLUS vanity. Double plus ungood. "Bot pioneer and guru"? RickK 03:13, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: I just edited this to reduce promotional language and POV. Dpbsmith 13:52, 22 May 2004 (UTC) P. S. That does NOT mean I think it should be kept. But anyone who is unsure why it was listed on VfD should refer to the original version. I'm on the fence myself. The real question, in my mind, is whether the contents of the free "information blogs" are valuable enough to warrant mentioning in Wikipedia. For example, how does the the Reference Resources list compare with, say, refdesk? Click, click: Wikipedia isn't included in the Reference Resources. Although it isn't in the Encyclopedias list at Refdesk either, shame, shame! Dpbsmith 20:57, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think even after your edit, it still seems to me like an advert.  I just don't see the relevance or need for this article.  blankfaze | &#9787 00:26, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Still a sales blurb IMO. I think the problem is simply that there isn't anything encyclopedic to say. Andrewa 04:24, 24 May 2004 (UTC)


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Mount Shuksan

Mount Shuksan is a glaciated massif in the North Cascades National Park. Shuksan rises in Whatcom County, Washington immediately to the east of Mount Baker, and 11.6 mi south of the Canada–US border. The mountain's name Shuksan is derived from the Lummi word [šéqsən], said to mean "high peak". The highest point on the mountain is a three-sided peak known as Summit Pyramid.

The mountain is composed of Shuksan greenschist, oceanic basalt that was metamorphosed when the Easton terrane collided with the west coast of North America, approximately 120 million years ago. The mountain is an eroded remnant of a thrust plate formed by the Easton collision. The Mount Baker Highway, State Route 542, is kept open during the winter to support Mt. Baker Ski Area. In late summer, the road to Artist Point allows visitors to travel a few miles higher for a closer view of the peak. Picture Lake is accessible on the highway and reflects the mountain, making it a popular site for photography.

Sulphide Creek Falls, one of the tallest waterfalls in North America, plunges off the southeastern flank of Mount Shuksan. There are four other tall waterfalls that spill off Mount Shuksan and neighboring Jagged Ridge and Seahpo Peak, mostly sourced from small snowfields and glaciers.

The traditional name of Mount Shuksan in the Nooksack language is Shéqsan ("high foot") or Ch’ésqen ("golden eagle"). Both the Nooksack and Lummi are indigenous tribes who have occupied the watersheds of the Nooksack Rivers and Lummi River, respectively. They are both federally recognized tribes in the United States.

The first ascent of Mount Shuksan is usually attributed to Asahel Curtis and W. Montelius Price on September 7, 1906. However, in a 1907 letter to the editor of the Mazamas club journal, C. E. Rusk attributed the first ascent to Joseph Morowits in 1897. He said that he himself would have attempted it in 1903 if he had not been sure that it had already been climbed.

Nearby mountains

 * Mount Triumph
 * Mount Despair
 * Mount Terror
 * Mount Blum
 * Mount Baker
 * Church Mountain

title: Mount Shuksan


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Green-backed camaroptera

The green-backed camaroptera (Camaroptera brachyura), also known as the bleating camaroptera, is a small bird in the family Cisticolidae. This bird is a resident breeder in Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Recent studies suggest this species and the grey-backed camaroptera may be the same species.

This skulking passerine is typically found low in dense cover. The green-backed camaroptera binds large leaves together low in a bush and builds a grass nest within the leaves. The normal clutch is two or three eggs.

These 11.5 cm long warblers have green upperparts. The wings are olive and the underparts whitish grey. The sexes are similar, but juveniles are paler yellow on the breast.

Like most members in the group, green-backed camaroptera is insectivorous.

The green-backed camaroptera was described by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1821 under the binomial name Sylvia brachyura. The type locality is the Cape of Good Hope. The specific epithet brachyura is from the Ancient Greek brakhus for "short" and -ouros for "-tailed".

There are five subspecies:
 * C. b. pileata Reichenow, 1891 – southeast Kenya to southeast Tanzania
 * C. b. fugglescouchmani Moreau, 1939 – northeast Zambia, north Malawi and east Tanzania
 * C. b. bororensis Gunning & Roberts, 1911 – south Tanzania, south Malawi and north Mozambique
 * C. b. constans Clancey, 1952 – southeast Zimbabwe, south Mozambique and northeast South Africa
 * C. b. brachyura (Vieillot, 1821) – south and east South Africa

title: Green-backed camaroptera


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Tatoi Palace

Tatoi (Τατόι, ) was the summer palace and 42 km2 estate of the former Greek royal family. The area is a densely wooded southeast-facing slope of Mount Parnitha, and its ancient and current official name is Dekeleia. It is located 27 km from the city centre of Athens and 2.5 km from Kifissia.

Development of the estate and ownership disputes

King George I purchased the estate in 1872, purchasing it with private funds he had brought from Denmark.

In July 1916, an arson attack ravaged Tatoi Palace. The royal family barely escaped the flames. Among the palace personnel and firefighters who arrived to deal with the blaze, sixteen people were killed.

During the Republican regime in the 1920s, most of the estate was confiscated from its owners. Around 1929-1930 the government allowed Dimitrios Gaziadis to film the movie The Apaches of Athens (1930) at the lavish estate. In 1936, it was returned to King George II of the Hellenes following the monarchy's restoration.

During the Second World War, when the King was in exile and Greeks suffered considerable hardships under German occupation, the woods at Tatoi were chopped down for fuel and corpses were buried in shallow graves.

King George II regained possession of the estate in 1946. It passed down as private property to King Constantine II until 1994, when the royal estates were confiscated by the government of Andreas Papandreou.

In 1973 the property was abandoned completely. Lack of funding resulted in the cows and horses dying of starvation in the stables. The buildings were subject to vandalism and looting, resulting in significant losses. A former cowshed was filled with objects from Rododafni Castle, the mansion at Psychico, Mon Repos palace, and other royal residences. With permission of the Government, in 1993, the ex-King was able to remove nine cargo crates of objects: some of this appeared at auction at Christies in 2007. There remained 17,000 objects, including antiquities, old masters, and a life-size portrait of Queen Anne-Marie that are now in storage at the Ministry of Culture.

Restoration and reopening
In June 2007, the Government of Greece said it intended to turn the former palace and grounds into a museum. However, it was reported in September 2012 that the government now intended to sell the palace and its estate in the face of mounting financial pressure. Founded in 2012, the "Friends of Tatoi Association" has set itself the goal to restore the former royal estate and convert it to a museum and public venue, while facing political indifference and lack of money.

In 2015 ten cars which were kept in the former royal estate of Tatoi, were designated as cultural monuments by the Central Council for Modern Monuments (ΚΣΝΜ). However, the cars, as well as the carriages (which were not included in the decision) remained in the ruins, with parts of the roof falling on the cars in 2016. However, as of 2020, the cars and carriages have now been removed and restored as part of greater restoration efforts by the Greek government.

For several years, the Greek government had no planned efforts for preservation of the Tatoi Palace, neighbouring buildings and the natural area around the Tatoi, and the estate suffered from extensive age and weather damage. The Greek state had renamed the area as metropolitan area. A political idea to convert the former royal estate to a private winery or a resort with restaurants and barbecue was met with criticism by private persons and organisations, who feared it could erase the historical elements of the property, and who preferred to open Tatoi as a museum for the public. The former royal estate of Polydendri is also completely abandoned, and the buildings are in a state of decay.

In late 2019, the Greek culture ministry moved ahead with plans to finally restore the palace. After approximately a year of conservation work had been undertaken, the Greek government announced that the estate would become a mixed-use development after the completion of restoration. Plans are centered on the conversion of the main house into a museum of the royal family, as well as the construction of a new luxury hotel and spa. The 2021 forest fires were catastrophic for the estate: 42000 acre were burnt, with a fire breaking out in the Palace itself. While it was saved, two adjoining storage containers containing objects were destroyed. The area of the Royal Cemetery burned, but the Mausoleum and the Church of the Resurrection were saved. A number of estate buildings, including the Directorate building (which was being used to store furniture), the caretaker's house, the Telegraph Office and Sturm House, were lost.

Following the death and funeral of Constantine II, it was announced by Lina Mendoni, the Minister of Culture and Sports, that the government intended to have Tatoi transformed into a museum by 2025. Points of interest are renovating the exterior and tidying up the royal gardens. The project comes following clean-up crews' efforts to clean Tatoi Palace and its surroundings for the burial of Constantine II. The forest started recovering by 2024 and plans were announced for the restoration of the palace gardens. The renovations are expected to be completed by late 2025.

Buried at Tatoi
Tatoi Royal Cemetery is a private cemetery located on the south end of the estate in a large wooded area.

Buried in the Tatoi Royal Cemetery are:
 * 1) Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (1880–1880)
 * 2) Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, Grand Duchess of Russia (1870–1891) – (wife of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia)
 * 3) George I of Greece (1845–1913)
 * 4) Alexander of Greece (1893–1920)
 * 5) Constantine I of Greece (1868–1923)
 * 6) Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia, Queen of the Hellenes (1851–1926) – (wife of George I of Greece)
 * 7) Princess Sophia of Prussia, Queen of the Hellenes (1870–1932) – (wife of Constantine I of Greece)
 * 8) Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark (1872–1938)
 * 9) Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark (1888–1940)
 * 10) Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark, Grand Duchess of Russia (1876–1940) – (wife of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia)
 * 11) Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944) (father of the Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Queen Elizabeth II)
 * 12) George II of Greece (1890–1947)
 * 13) Princess Françoise of Orléans (1902–1953) – (wife of Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark)
 * 14) Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (1882–1957) – (wife of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark)
 * 15) Prince George of Greece and Denmark (1869–1957)
 * 16) Princess Marie Bonaparte (1882–1962) – (wife of Prince George of Greece and Denmark)
 * 17) Paul of Greece (1901–1964)
 * 18) Aspasia Manos, Princess of Greece and Denmark (1896–1972) – (wife of Alexander of Greece)
 * 19) Princess Frederica of Hanover, Queen of the Hellenes (1917–1981) – (wife of Paul of Greece)
 * 20) Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark, Lady Katherine Brandram  (1913–2007) – (daughter of Constantine I of Greece, wife of Richard Brandram)
 * 21) Constantine II of Greece (1940–2023)

A mausoleum was built to house the bodies of Constantine I, Sophia and Alexander, seen in the image above. The remaining members are buried in tombs with crosses near the Resurrection Church.

Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, Queen of Yugoslavia (1921–1993) was buried here from 1993 until 2013, when her remains were exhumed and returned to Serbia, where they were reburied at Oplenac in 2013.

Climate
Tatoi has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. The lowest temperature ever recorded is -8.9 C on 9 January 2019.

European temperature record
Tatoi was until 2021 one of the areas in the Athens Metropolitan Area (the other one was Elefsina) which held the record of the highest ever officially recorded temperature in Europe for 44 years with a reading of 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) on 10 July 1977.

title: Tatoi Palace


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Talk:Specification and Design Language

This topic should be renamed to "Specification and Description Language" as this is the proper expansion of the acronym SDL, when it refers to ITU-T Z.100. Moreover, SDL is now used to mean "System Design Language(s)" as usage changed somewhat over the years, so that SDL covers using the ITU-T Z.100 language with other ITU-T languages such as ASN.1, MSC and TTCN.

I agree. Thus I have swapped the content of "Specification and Description Language" and "Specifciation and Design Language" MJ 19. 12. 2006 "Specifciation and Design Language" now redirects to "Specification and Description Language". I think SDL refered at beginning to the term "Specifciation and Design Language", if this is the case, please make a note on the "Specification and Description Language" page.

title: Talk:Specification and Design Language


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Senegal eremomela

The Senegal eremomela (Eremomela pusilla) is a member of the African warbler family, the Cisticolidae. It occurs in the savannas of western Sub-Saharan Africa.

Taxonomy
The Senegal eremomela was described by the German ornithologist Gustav Hartlaub in 1857 and given its current binomial name Eremomela pusilla. The type locality is Senegal. The species has been treated as conspecific with the green-backed eremomela, as they hybridizes in a narrow zone of sympatry along the Cameroon-Central African Republic border.

Description
The Senegal eremomela is a small bird with a pale brownish grey head and a pale white supercilium. The back and mantle are green, becoming a brighter yellowish green on the rump, the throat and upper breast are white becoming bright lemon yellow on the lower breast, belly and vent. Blackish bill with a pale lower mandible and pale brownish legs.

Voice
The territorial call is a rarely heard harsh and rapid chattering. It trills constantly when foraging. It joins the morning chorus with a dull monotonous and rhythmic "whup-whup-whup" sand from a perch before and at the start of the breeding season.

Distribution
Western Africa from extreme southern Mauritania and Senegal to north western Cameroon, south-western Chad and far north-western Central African Republic.

Habits and habitat
The Senegal eremomela occurs in small parties which actively forage in wooded savanna, cultivated areas and orchards. It is arboreal and insectivorous feeding on ants, beetles, caterpillars and other larvae, as well as some fruit. It breeds in the first half of the year in the west, although egg laying has been recorded as late as October in the Ivory Coast.

title: Senegal eremomela


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Bachman–Turner Overdrive II

Bachman–Turner Overdrive II is the second album by Canadian rock band Bachman–Turner Overdrive, released in 1973. The album reached #4 in the US and #6 in Canada.

Bachman–Turner Overdrive II includes BTO's first Top 40 single, "Let It Ride", which peaked at #23 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The album's second and bigger hit single is "Takin' Care of Business". Though it never cracked the Top 10 on the US singles charts (reaching #12 in 1974), it became one of the band's most enduring anthems and stayed on the Billboard chart for 20 weeks. Both singles reached #3 on the Canadian RPM chart.

Personnel

 * Randy Bachman - lead guitar, lead (2, 6, 8) and backing vocals
 * Tim Bachman - second lead guitar, backing and lead (1,7) vocals
 * Fred Turner - bass, lead (3, 4, 5) and backing vocals
 * Robbie Bachman - drums, percussion

Guest musician

 * Norman Durkee - piano (8)

Production

 * Producer: Randy Bachman
 * Engineer: Buzz Richmond
 * Assistant engineer: Mark Sterling
 * Mastering: Tom "Curly" Ruff
 * Equipment: John Austin
 * Design: John Youssi
 * Art direction: Jim Ladwig
 * Photography: Dave Roels

title: Bachman–Turner Overdrive II


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Graydon Carter

Edward Graydon Carter, CM (born July 14, 1949) is a Canadian journalist who served as the editor of Vanity Fair from 1992 until 2017. He also co-founded, with Kurt Andersen and Tom Phillips, the satirical monthly magazine Spy in 1986. In 2019, he co-launched a weekly newsletter with Alessandra Stanley called Air Mail, which is for "worldly cosmopolitans". His current net worth is 12 million dollars.

Career
After high school in Trenton, Ontario, Carter attended the University of Ottawa followed by Carleton University, but never graduated from either school. In 1973, Carter co-founded The Canadian Review, a monthly general interest magazine. By 1977, The Canadian Review had become award-winning and the third-largest circulating magazine in Canada. Despite its success, The Canadian Review was bankrupt by 1978.

In 1978, Carter moved to the United States and began working for Time as a writer-trainee, where he met Kurt Andersen. Carter spent five years writing for Time on the topics of business, law, and entertainment before moving to Life in 1983. In 1986, Carter and Andersen founded Spy, which ran for 12 years before it ultimately ceased publication in 1998. Carter was then editor at The New York Observer before being invited by Vanity Fair to take over for Tina Brown, who left for The New Yorker. He was the editor from July 1992 until late in 2017. Accolades during his tenure include his having won 14 National Magazine Awards and being named to the Magazine Editors' Hall of Fame.

Carter is the author of What We've Lost (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, September 2004), a comprehensive critical examination of the Bush administration.

Carter's Vanity Fair combined high-profile celebrity cover stories with serious journalism. His often idiosyncratic personal style was depicted in How to Lose Friends & Alienate People, a book by former Vanity Fair contributing editor Toby Young. Jeff Bridges played a character based on Carter in the 2008 film adaptation.

Carter was a producer of I'll Eat You Last, a one-woman play starring Bette Midler, about legendary Hollywood talent agent Sue Mengers. The show, directed by Tony Award-winner Joe Mantello, opened at the Booth Theatre in New York City in April 2013, and at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles on December 3.

Carter has co-produced two documentaries for HBO, Public Speaking (2010), directed by Martin Scorsese, which spotlights writer Fran Lebowitz, and His Way (2011), about Hollywood producer Jerry Weintraub, which was nominated for a Primetime Emmy. He also was a producer of Chicago 10, a documentary which premiered on the opening night of the Sundance Film Festival in early 2007. He was also a producer of Surfwise, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2007, and Gonzo, a biographical documentary of Hunter S. Thompson directed by Alex Gibney.

Carter was an executive producer of 9/11, a film by Jules and Gedeon Naudet about the September 11 terrorist attacks, which aired on CBS. Carter received an Emmy Award for 9/11, as well as a Peabody Award. He also produced the documentary adaptation of the book The Kid Stays in the Picture, about the legendary Hollywood producer Robert Evans. It premiered at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival, screened at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival and opened in theaters in July of that year. In 2012, Carter had a minor role in Arbitrage.

In 2017, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston for "contributions to popular culture and current affairs as a skilled editor and publisher".

On September 7, 2017, Carter announced his departure from the editorship of Vanity Fair. He was on gardening leave until the end of 2017.

In 2019, Carter co-launched a weekly newsletter with Alessandra Stanley called Air Mail.

Jeffrey Epstein allegations
In 2003, Carter assigned Vanity Fair journalist Vicky Ward to write a profile of financier Jeffrey Epstein. During the course of her reporting, Ward became aware of sex abuse and trafficking allegations against Epstein, later stating that almost all of her sources mentioned "the girls, as an aside". In her 2015 article for The Daily Beast, "I Tried to Warn You About Sleazy Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein in 2003", written following Epstein's conviction in Florida, Ward revealed that she had interviewed the family of two young sisters (later identified as Annie and Maria Farmer) and discovered credible reports of molestation against Epstein, but according to Ward, the allegations were removed from the piece by then-editor Carter:"'It came down to my sources' word against Epstein's... and at the time Graydon believed Epstein. In my notebook I have him saying, 'I believe him... I'm Canadian."

Personal life
Carter was born in Toronto. He has been married three times. His first wife was a Canadian; the marriage was dissolved before Carter moved to the United States at the age of 28. His second marriage to Cynthia Williamson lasted 18 years and they had four children. The couple divorced in 2000. Carter married Anna Scott in 2005. They have a daughter.

Former President of the United States Donald Trump has criticized him on Twitter, attacking his restaurant and tenure at Vanity Fair.

Carter splits his time between Greenwich Village and Roxbury, Connecticut, where he works "from a sun-drenched studio that occupies the top floor of the detached barn and looks onto a garden and the serene hills beyond." He is a co-owner of The Waverly Inn at 16 Bank Street in the West Village.

In 2009 Carter and Jeff Klein became partners in the Monkey Bar, a New York City bar and restaurant eatery with a history dating to 1936. Both men sold their interest in the property in 2020.

In 2003 Carter has described himself as "very much a libertarian."

title: Graydon Carter


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/VP3.2 Public License

Contains only the text of the licence. -- Jim Regan 05:25, 22 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Cabot, Cabot & Forbes

Cabot, Cabot & Forbes (CC&F) is a real estate development firm in Alewife, Massachusetts. It was founded by Francis Murray Forbes of the Boston Brahmin Forbes family in 1897 as a real estate management firm. Jay Doherty purchased the company in 2004 from its previous owners, the Marshall Field Family and is serving as the present CEO of the firm.

History
The firm was founded in 1897 by two members of Boston's Cabot family and F. Murray Forbes, originally to manage the real estate assets of the two families. In the 1940s, CC&F started developing industrial parks.

In 1948, the firm developed the 300-acre New England Industrial Center in Needham, Massachusetts.

In the early 1950s, the firm entered the real estate development business, led by Alexander C. Forbes and Gerald W. Blakeley Jr. In 1956, the firm was bought by Blakely.

In 1979, it was bought by Field Enterprises, whose ownership passed to Marshall Field V in 1984.

In 1959, CC&F partnered with Paine Webber to form the Laguna Niguel Corporation, which developed Laguna Niguel, one of California's first master planned communities. Cabot Road and Forbes Road in Laguna Hills and Laguna Niguel is named after the firm.

As of 1987, CC&F owned 15 million square feet of industrial and office space in 20 states.

In May 2014, CC&F and Boston Andes Capital purchased a two-acre site across from the Quincy Adams subway station in Quincy, Massachusetts, for $10.3 million, planning to build 180 apartments., a project they completed in 2016.

In November 2017, the firm purchased the locally well-known site of Boston Cab for $51 million.

In 2020, CC&F completed a $300 million redevelopment project to rebuild the St. Gabriel’s Monastery in Brighton as 555 luxury apartments.

From 1960 to the first few years of the new millennium, Cabot, Cabot & Forbes had developed more than 60 million square feet of commercial space across the country, including doing master planning for more than 100 industrial and office parks.

Among notable American business leaders who have worked at the firm: Mortimer Zuckerman (1962-1970), Gerald Blakeley, Edward H. Linde, and Charles H. Spaulding (founder of Spaulding & Slye).

Westwood Station
In 2006, Cabot, Cabot and Forbes and partner Commonfund Realty Inc., announced the conceived Westwood Station, a 150-acre mixed-use community of office buildings, retail stores and luxury condominiums, located near Route 128 and the MBTA rail station in Westwood, Massachusetts, with an estimated cost of $1.5 billion. The original project planning included 1.5 million square feet of office buildings, 1.35 million square feet of retail, one thousand residential units and two hotels. Over the following years, the developers failed to find financing for the project, facing different problems, and affected by the credit market crash of late 2008.

In 2009, the developers announced halting the project as they were unable to secure a construction loan for the first phase, which was a planned 1.7 million square feet of land, at a $700 million estimated cost.

In September 2010, the Dublin-based Anglo Irish Bank, the project's primary lender, pushed to exit the deal. On October, the Woburn-based Eastern Real Estate LLC bought the project.

In 2013, Cabot, Cabot and Forbes sold the property to New England Development for $45 million. Following the selling, the project changed into the University Station, less than half size of the original project. It was opened in 2015.

Boston Area

 * New England Industrial Center, Needham, (1948)
 * Technology Square, Cambridge (1963)
 * 28 State Street (1969)
 * One Boston Place (1970, 6th-tallest building in Boston)
 * 100 Summer Street (1974, sold to EQ Office in 1998)
 * 60 State Street (1977)

Other

 * King of Prussia Industrial Park, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (1955 on)
 * Field Enterprises Inc., Illinois (1979)
 * 250 West Pratt Street, Baltimore (completed 1986)

title: Cabot, Cabot & Forbes


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Kurt Andersen

Kurt Andersen (born August 22, 1954) is an American writer, the author of novels and nonfiction as well as a writer for television and the theater.

He was also a co-founder of Spy magazine, as well as co-creator and for its 20-year run host of the weekly Peabody Award-winning public radio program and podcast Studio 360.

Early life and education
Andersen was born in Omaha, Nebraska. Growing up, he lived across the street from Ginni Thomas. He graduated from Westside High School. While a student at Harvard College, he was an editor and vice-president of the Harvard Lampoon. He graduated magna cum laude from Harvard.

Journalism
In 1986, with E. Graydon Carter and Thomas L. Phillips Jr., he co-founded Spy. In Spy, Andersen and Carter in 1988 coined the notable epithet "short-fingered vulgarian Donald Trump" for the future U.S. president.

"It's pretty safe to say," author Dave Eggers wrote in the mid-1990s, "that Spy was the most influential magazine of the 1980s. It might have remade New York's cultural landscape; it definitely changed the whole tone of magazine journalism. It was cruel, brilliant, beautifully written and perfectly designed, and feared by all. There's no magazine I know of that's so continually referenced, held up as a benchmark; and whose demise is so lamented." In 2006, novelist Christopher Buckley wrote that "Spy didn't capture the zeitgeist — it was the zeitgeist," that it was "deliciously vicious" and "despised by all the right people, primus inter pares, Donald Trump." Media critic Jack Shafer wrote in 2009 that Spy was one of "a handful of 20th-century American magazines...whose glory days continue to influence editors." And in a 2017 paper about Spy, Marist College journalism professor and department chair Kevin M. Lerner wrote that "a whole generation of journalists was raised with the Spy attitude ingrained not just into their writing but into their world view," and that "more than anything, Spy invented the painstakingly reported – but still funny – satirical magazine feature. It was as funny as Mad, and as well-reported as The New Yorker. "

Andersen co-wrote and co-produced two hour-long prime-time Spy specials for NBC, in 1991 Spy Magazine Presents How to Be Famous, hosted by Jerry Seinfeld, and The Spy Magazine Hit List: The 100 Most Annoying and Alarming People and Events of 1992, hosted by Julia Louis-Dreyfus. Andersen and his partners sold Spy in 1991, and he left the magazine in 1993; it continued publishing until 1998.

Earlier, Andersen had worked as a writer for the Today Show critic and interviewer Gene Shalit. Before, during and after Spy, he wrote for Time, including nine years as its architecture and design critic. From 1996 to 1999 he was a staff writer and columnist ("The Culture Industry") for The New Yorker, and from 2004 to 2008 a columnist for New York ("The Imperial City").

After he became editor-in-chief of New York in 1994, its circulation and advertising revenue quickly rose. In early 1996, according to a New York Times article quoting Andersen, Henry Kravis, the head of KKR, the financial firm that controlled New York's publishing company, asked him to kill a story about a rivalry between Felix Rohatyn and Steven Rattner for control of the Lazard investment bank, and to stop covering Wall Street altogether. Andersen demurred, and was fired five months later.

In 1999, he co-founded an online media and entertainment news website and biweekly magazine Inside. In 2001, he and his co-founders merged Inside with a site and magazine founded by Steven Brill. The merged enterprise was subsequently acquired by Primedia, but Primedia closed the Brill site in October 2001, and later Inside as well.

From 2001 to 2004, Andersen served as a senior creative consultant to Barry Diller's Universal Television, where he co-created the entertainment and arts channel Trio with Michael Jackson, Lauren Zalaznick and Andy Cohen. From 2003 to 2005 he was editorial director of Colors magazine, and in 2006, with his former colleague Jackson and Bonnie Siegler (and Diller's IAC) co-founded the daily email cultural curation service Very Short List. In 2007 and 2008 he was an editor-at-large for Random House, and in 2011 a guest op-ed columnist for The New York Times.

He had co-created Studio 360, a weekly program covering the arts and culture, which he hosted from its launch in 1999 to its last episode in 2020. Originally a co-production of Public Radio International and WNYC, it was broadcast on 240 U.S. public radio stations to a weekly audience of more than 500,000 radio listeners, with an additional podcast audience during the 2010s. In 2005 it won a Peabody Award for an hour-long documentary about Moby Dick, the first of its 17 American Icons hours, each exploring one cultural work––including The Autobiography of Malcolm X, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Monticello, and Disneyland and EPCOT. Studio 360 remains available as a podcast.

In 2021 he co-produced, wrote and narrated Nixon At War, a seven-episode podcast about how Richard Nixon's responses to the Vietnam War resulted in his downfall and ultimately the contemporary polarization of U.S. society. The podcast, funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and distributed by PRX/Public Radio Exchange, was drawn from hundreds of archival recordings unearthed from the Nixon and Lyndon Johnson presidencies.

Literary works
Andersen is the author of four novels. His first was Turn of the Century (Random House, 1999), which was a national bestseller and New York Times Notable Book of the Year. Heyday (Random House, 2007) was also a New York Times bestseller, and won the Langum Prize for the best American historical novel of 2007. True Believers (Random House, 2012) was named one of the best novels of that year by the San Francisco Chronicle and the Washington Post. His most recent novel, You Can't Spell America Without Me: The Really Tremendous Inside Story of My Fantastic First Year As President (Penguin, 2017) is a fictional memoir "by" Donald Trump co-authored by Andersen with Alec Baldwin. It was a New York Times bestseller. Andersen's short fiction has been published in anthologies such as Neil Gaiman's Stories: All-New Tales (HarperCollins, 2010).

Andersen's first book was a collection of humorous essays, The Real Thing (Doubleday, 1980; Holt, 1982; Bison Press, 2008), around the idea of "quintessentialism", and he co-authored two humor books, Tools of Power (Viking, 1980), a parody of self-help books on becoming successful, and Loose Lips (Simon & Schuster, 1995), an anthology of edited transcripts of real-life conversations involving celebrated people; it was based on an off-Broadway play of the same name that he created with Lisa Birnbach and Jamie Malanowski. Along with Carter and George Kalogerakis, Andersen wrote and assembled a history and greatest-hits anthology of Spy called Spy: The Funny Years, published in 2006 by Miramax Books.

He also wrote Reset (Random House, 2009), an essay about the causes and aftermath of the Great Recession, and he has contributed to many other books, such as Spark: How Creativity Works (HarperCollins, 2011), drawn from his interviews for Studio 360, an introduction to Heinrich Boll's novel The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum (Peinguin, 2010), and Fields of Vision: The Photographs of John Vachon (Library of Congress, 2010).

In 2017, he published Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire: A 500-Year History, which explains American society's peculiar susceptibility to falsehoods and illusions, and how that eventually led to Trump's election and the transformation of the Republican Party and the right in general. (Random House) Excerpts from Fantasyland appeared as a cover story in The Atlantic, and in Slate. Fantasyland, which the Times Book Review called "a great revisionist history of America," reached #3 on the New York Times nonfiction bestseller list.

In August 2020, he published Evil Geniuses: The Unmaking of America, another New York Times bestseller that Andersen described as a "companion" to Fantasyland, a "de facto volume two in my history of the fuckening of America." Evil Geniuses examines the coordinated efforts to achieve conservative economic and political changes in the United States from the 1970s through 2020, and discusses how the resulting unfettered laissez-faire approach to capitalism has produced an extreme level of economic inequality and disempowered majority.

The film director Steven Soderbergh initiated conversations with Andersen about Evil Geniuses when it was published, which led to the two of them co-creating Command Z, a satirical sci-fi series starring Michael Cera, Liev Schreiber and Roy Wood Jr. Soderbergh directed the eight episodes, which were released in July 2023 on his web site; all proceeds are going to charity.

Personal life
Andersen lives in New York City with his wife, author Anne Kreamer. They have two daughters, Katherine Kreamer Andersen and Lucy Kreamer Andersen.

Books

 * Novels
 * Turn of the Century (Random House, 1999)
 * Heyday (Random House, 2007)
 * True Believers (Random House, 2012)
 * You Can't Spell America Without Me: The Really Tremendous Inside Story of My Fantastic First Year As President (with Alec Baldwin) (Penguin, 2017)

 * Humor
 * The Real Thing (Doubleday, 1980; Holt, 1982; Bison Press, 2008)
 * Tools of Power: The Elitist's Guide to the Ruthless Exploitation of Everybody and Everything (Viking, 1980)
 * Loose Lips: Real Words, Real People, Real Funny (with Jamie Malanowski and Lisa Birnbach) (Simon & Schuster, 1995)
 * Spy : The Funny Years (with George Kalogerakis and Graydon Carter) (Miramax Books, 2006)
 * Hasta La Vista America: Trump's Farewell Address (Pushkin Industries, 2021)

 * Non-fiction
 * Reset (Random House, 2009)
 * Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire: A 500-Year History (Random House, 2017) ISBN 9781400067213
 * Evil Geniuses: The Unmaking of America: A Recent History (Penguin Random House, 2020)

Essays, reporting, and other contributions

 * Andersen, Kurt, The Anti-vaccine Right Brought Human Sacrifice to America, The Atlantic, January 25, 2022
 * Andersen, Kurt, The Anti-vaccine Right Brought Human Sacrifice to America, The Atlantic, January 25, 2022

title: Kurt Andersen


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Exposition Universelle (1889)

The Exposition Universelle of 1889, better known in English as the 1889 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 6 May to 31 October 1889. It was the fifth of ten major expositions held in the city between 1855 and 1937. It attracted more than thirty-two million visitors. The most famous structure created for the exposition, and still remaining, is the Eiffel Tower.

Organization
The exposition was held to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille, which marked the beginning of French Revolution, and was also seen as a way to stimulate the economy and pull France out of an economic recession. The exposition attracted 61,722 official exhibitors, of whom twenty-five thousand were from outside of France.

Admission price
Admission to the exposition cost forty centimes, at a time when the price of an "economy" plate of meat and vegetables in a Paris cafe was ten centimes. Visitors paid an additional price for several of the exposition's most popular attractions. Climbing the Eiffel Tower cost five Francs; admission to the popular panoramas, theatres and concerts was one franc. Visitors from the French provinces could buy a ticket which included the train fare and entry into the exposition. The total cost of exposition was 41,500,000 francs, while income was 49,500,000 francs. It was the last of the Paris world's fairs to make a profit.

National participation and boycotts
The countries that officially participated in the exposition were Andorra, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, the United States, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Japan, Morocco, Mexico, Monaco, Nicaragua, Norway, Paraguay, Persia, Saint-Martin, El Salvador, Serbia, Siam, the South African Republic, Switzerland, Uruguay and Venezuela. The British dominions of New Zealand and Tasmania also took part.

Because of the theme of the exposition, celebrating the overthrow of the French monarchy, nearly all European countries with monarchies officially boycotted the exposition. The boycotting nations were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia and Sweden.

Nonetheless, many citizens and companies from those countries participated, and a number of countries had their participation entirely funded by private sponsors. They included Germany and Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, China, Denmark, Egypt, Spain, the United Kingdom and its colonies, Haiti, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Finland and Sweden.

Exposition sites

The exposition occupied two large sites. The main site was on Champs de Mars on the Left Bank, which had been the parade ground of the Ecole Militaire, and had been occupied by the 1878 Universal Exposition. This was the site of the major part of the exposition, including the Eiffel Tower, Palace of Machines, and the Palaces of Fine Arts and Liberal Arts. The exposition extended across the Seine to the right bank, to the Trocadero Palace, which had been built on the heights for the 1878 Exposition. The slope from the Trocadero Palace down to the Seine was filled with terrace, fountains, gardens and horticultural exhibits.

A separate, smaller site was located on the esplanade of Les Invalides, which hosted the pavilions of the French colonies. This section featured a large assortment of outdoor restaurants and cafes with foods from Indochina, North Africa, and other cuisines from around the world. The colonial pavilions conveyed the multiculturalism of France's colonies, the largest of them being the Palais Central des Colonies, designed by Stephen Sauvestre, who notably contributed to the design of the Eiffel Tower. In addition to the architectural displays of France's colonies, the exposition showcased a construction of villages inhabited by natives of the colonies, to be observed by viewers. The colonized people had their daily lives displayed for the exposition visitors, which made some of them uncomfortable. Samba Lawbé Thiam, a jeweler from Senegal who was part of the 1889 Exposition, said the following:

"We are very humiliated to be exhibited this way, in huts like savages; these straw and mud huts do not give an idea of Senegal. In Senegal ... we have large buildings, railroad stations, railroads; we light them with electricity. The Bureau of Hygiene does not tolerate the construction of this type of hovel. Those [existing ones] that fall into disrepair are not replaced."

The incorporation of indigenous colonized individuals in the exposition was intended to be an educational element, but has also historically been framed as an exploitative and patronizing display of colonized people without their consent.

This colonial section of the exposition was linked to the Champs de Mars site by a corridor of pavilions along the left Bank. This corridor, at the foot of the Eiffel Tower, also featured a display called "The History of Human Habitation", with model houses depicting the history of domestic architecture, designed with much imagination by Charles Garnier, architect of the Paris Opera.

There were twenty-two different entrances to the exposition, around its perimeter. They were open from 8 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. for the major exhibits and palaces, and until 11:00 in the evening for the illuminated greens and restaurants. The major ceremonial entrance was located at Les Invalides consisting of two tall pylons with colorful ornament, like giant candelabras.

The Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower, built especially for the exposition, was the tallest structure in the world at the time. A competition to build what was simply called "A tower of three hundred meters" with a base one hundred meters wide, was announced in 1886. It was won by the construction firm of Gustave Eiffel, which had recently built the iron frame of the Statue of Liberty. The Eiffel firm had advance knowledge of the project and, beginning in 1884, had already designed a tower exactly to those dimensions. The structural design was created by two Eiffel engineers, Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, who along with Eiffel himself, received the patent for the plan. An Eiffel architect, Stephen Sauvestre, designed the curving form and decoration which gave the tower its distinctive appearance. Eiffel was granted exclusive rights for twenty years to operate the tower and its restaurants and viewing platforms. A site next to the River was chosen, despite the infiltration of river water, since that land was owned by the City of Paris, and the tower could be kept in place after the exposition was completed.

The construction lasted two years, two months and five days, and involved five hundred workers, who assembled eighteen thousand iron pieces, each of five meters and carefully numbered, which had been made at a factory in Levallois-Perret, a Paris suburb. Speaking of the tower construction workers, the son-in-law of Eiffel, declared, "no soldier on the battle field deserved better mention than these humble toilers, who, will never go down in history." During the exposition, no one other than construction personnel were allowed higher than the second viewing platform.

In the first week of the exposition, 29,922 persons climbed the tower to the viewing platform, though the elevators were not yet in service, and they had to climb by a narrow winding stairway. By the time the exposition finished, after 173 days, 1,968,287 persons had ascended the tower.

When the exposition ended, the tower was used for a time as a weather station. In 1904, Eiffel proposed to the French military that a radio transmitter, designed by the pioneer radio engineer Edouard Branly, be placed on the third level. In 1909, when Eiffel's concession formally ended, it was decided to preserve the Tower permanently.

The Gallery of Machines
A second monumental building on the site was the Galerie des machines, by the architect Ferdinand Dutert and engineer Victor Contamin, which had originally been built for the 1878 Universal Exposition. It was a huge iron and glass structure which contained the industrial displays. It occupied the entire width of the exposition site, the land between the avenue de la Bourdonnais and the present avenue de Suffren, and covered 77,000 square meters, with 34,700 square meters of glass windows. At 111 meters, the Gallery covered the longest interior space in the world at the time, It cost 7,430,000 Francs, or seven times the cost of the Eiffel Tower. It was later used again at the 1900 Universal Exposition and then destroyed in 1910.

The Gallery of Machines used a system of hinged arches (like a series of bridge spans placed not end-to-end but parallel) made of steel or iron. Although often described as being constructed of steel, it was actually made of iron.

Science and technology
One important goal of the exposition was to present the latest in science and technology. Thomas Edison visited the exposition to visit a pavilion devoted to his recent inventions, including an improved phonograph with clearer sound quality.

Another new technology that was promoted at the exposition was the safety elevator, developed by a new American company, Otis Elevator. Otis built the elevators carrying passengers up the legs of the Eiffel Tower to the first level. When journalists expressed concern about the safety of the elevators, Otis technicians filled one elevator with three thousand kilograms of lead, simulating passengers, and then, with journalists from around the world watching, cut the cable with an axe. The elevator's fall was halted ten feet above the ground by the Otis safety brakes.

There were pavilions especially devoted to the telephone and to electricity, and others devoted to maritime navigation, and another, the Palais de Guerre or Palace of War, to developments in military technology, such as naval artillery.

Prefabricated metal housing was another technology that appeared at the exposition. Gustave Eiffel developed a series of houses with roof and walls of galvanised steel, and wooden interiors, which could be rapidly put together or taken apart, largely for use in French colony of Indochina. Some of them served as ticket booths at the 1889 exposition; one of these old booths, now used as a shelter for hikers, can now be found in the Forest of Dampierre.

The Palaces of Fine Arts and Liberal Arts
Other major buildings included the Palaces of Liberal and Fine Arts, each with a richly decorated dome, facing each other across a garden and reflecting pool between the Eiffel Tower and the Palace of Machines. Both were designed by Jean-Camille Formigé with a similar plan. Both buildings had modern iron frames abundance of glass, but were completely covered with colorful ceramic tiles and sculpted decoration.

The exposition included a building by the Paris architect Pierre-Henri Picq. This was an elaborate iron and glass structure decorated with ceramic tiles in a Byzantine-Egyptian-Romanesque style. After the exposition the building was shipped to Fort de France and reassembled there, the work being completed by 1893. Known as the Schœlcher Library, initially it contained the 10,000 books that Victor Schœlcher had donated to the island. Today, it houses over 250,000 books and an ethnographic museum, and stands as a tribute to the man it is named after who led the movement to abolish slavery in Martinique.

Fountains
The exposition featured numerous fountains and reflecting pools, particularly in the mall that ran between the Eiffel Tower and the Palace of Machines. The largest fountain, near the Eiffel Tower, was entitled "The City of Paris enlightens the world with its torch." The fountain was designed by Jean-Camille Formigé, who designed the nearby Palaces of Fine Arts and Liberal Arts. The other major fountain, not far away, was "The Five Parts of the World", illustrating the continents. It was designed by Francis de Saint-Vidal.

The "Street of Cairo" and exotic habitations
The Rue de Caire ("Street of Cairo") was a popular attraction designed to recreate the architecture and street life of Cairo. It provided a striking contrast to the very modern Palace of Machines, next to it. It was the idea of Baron Delort Gléon, an art collector and specialist in Egyptian art, with financial support from Charles De Lesseps, the head of the Egyptian committee for the exposition, and son of Ferdinand De Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal. It was a winding street, with buildings at odd angles, and featured, among other buildings, a minaret, two mosques, a school and two ornamental gateways. The doors, windows, and architectural fittings and decoration were real, imported from demolished buildings in Cairo. The street was populated by real Egyptians in costumes, including musicians, belly dancers, artists, craftsmen, and vendors of various Egyptian foods and delicacies.

The exposition featured several other examples of picturesque habitations and villages from around the world, including a Javanese village and recreated houses of villages from Senegal, Benin, and other colonies, with costumed residents.

The Pavilions of the participating nations and special industries
The Pavilions of the participating nations were located along the edge of the Champ de Mars. The Latin American nations had particularly colorful and lavish structures.

The Pavilion of Argentina was one of the largest and most decorative pavilions in the exposition. It was designed by the French architect Albert Ballu, who won the 1887 design competition. It covered 1,600 square meters, and was fifty meters high, topped by five iron and glass cupolas and surrounded by a frieze of mosaics, ceramics and coloured glass ornaments. After the exposition closed, it was taken apart and shipped to Buenos Aires, where it stood until it was dismantled in 1952.

In addition to the nations, there were pavilions of specialized industries, such as the Suez Canal company, the pavilion of the Transatlantic steamship company, the telephone and electricity pavilions, and the Pavilions of gas and oil. The Palace of Food Products was a very large and ornate structure, presenting French food and wine products. One of its highlights was an enormous sculpted wooden barrel from Champagne Mercier that could hold 200,000 bottles of champagne.

Charles Garnier's History of Habitation
An unusual display was the "History of Habitation", designed by Charles Garnier, the architect of the Paris opera house named for him. He was then 61 and had designed very few other major projects since the Opera. Although he had also signed a petition, along with other prominent writers and artists, that denounced the Eiffel Tower as an atrocity, he agreed to design a series of houses to illustrate the history of human habitation. The houses, separated by gardens, were placed close to the Eiffel Tower on a narrow strip of land along Quai D'Orsay and the banks of the Seine.

The houses were arranged by century and by continent, beginning with Garnier's idea of prehistoric dwellings and huts, through the Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and other early civilizations, through the Middle Ages and Renaissance to the modern then houses from Japan, and China and the homes of Eskimos, and dwellings from Africa, Japan, China and Lapland, and dwellings of Native Americans, Aztecs and Incas. The dwellings were designed by Garnier with more imagination than strict historical accuracy, but they were picturesque and very popular. The Roman House had a special function, as the residence of the President of France when he visited the exposition.

Other buildings
Many smaller but picturesque buildings were included within or adjacent to the exposition. The architect Hector Guimard, then just twenty-two years old, built his first two buildings for the exposition; The cafe-restaurant Au Grand Neptune at 148 Quai Louis-Bleriot (Paris 16th arrondissement), and a small Pavillon of Electricity for an electrician named Ferdinand de Boyéres, located just outside the exposition site at avenue de Suffren. The Pavilion of electricity was demolished immediately after the exposition, and the cafe was torn down in 1910.

"the exhibition will be famous for four distinctive features. In the first place, for its buildings, especially the Eiffel tower and the Machinery Hall; in the second place, for its Colonial Exhibition, which for the first time brings vividly to the appreciation of the Frenchmen that they are masters of lands beyond the sea; thirdly, it will be remembered for its great collection of war material, the most absorbing subject now-a-days, unfortunately, to governments if not to individuals; and fourthly, it will be remembered, and with good cause by many, for the extraordinary manner in which South American countries are represented."

Music and entertainment
The exposition itself included several large theatres for concerts and spectacles, including one for the dancers of Les Follies Parisiens. A separate theatre presented the music and dance of the French colonies in Indochina. Operas and concerts were also given in the grand hall of the Trocadero Palace.
 * The Opéra Comique premiered on 14 May 1889 with a work specially composed for that event: Jules Massenet's Esclarmonde (debuting American soprano Sybil Sanderson).
 * The Barnum and Bailey Circus performed during the exposition in the Salle des Fetes of the Palais des Machines.
 * At the exposition, the French composer Claude Debussy first heard Javanese gamelan music, performed by an ensemble from Java. This influenced some of his later compositions.

 * Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov conducted concerts of Russian music by the Mighty Five, introducing them to Paris.

Outside the exposition, other theatres and venues presented a range of spectacles including Buffalo Bill Cody and his Wild West Show, with the sharpshooter Annie Oakley.

Transportation – the miniature train
Transport around the exposition was partly provided by the 3 kilometre (1.9 mi) gauge Decauville railway at Exposition Universelle. The exposition railroad was reported to have carried 6,342,446 visitors in just six months of operation. Some of the locomotives used on this line later saw service on the Chemins de fer du Calvados and the Diégo Suarez Decauville railway.

Notable visitors and special events
Celebrities and dignitaries from around the world visited the exposition. Thomas Edison, with his wife and daughter, visited the exposition on August 14, 1889, his third day in France, to visit the exhibit where his improved phonograph was being demonstrated. He also ascended to the viewing platform of the Eiffel Tower, where he was met by a group of Sioux Indians who were at the exposition to perform in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. He returned to the Eiffel Tower later in his visit (Sept 10), where he was hosted for a lunch in Eiffel's private apartment on the Tower, along with the composer Charles Gounod.
 * A "Negro village" (village nègre) where 400 people were displayed was a popular attraction.

Other prominent visitors included the Shah of Persia Nasereddin Shah, Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII) and his wife, Princess Alexandra; artists Antoni Gaudi, James McNeill Whistler, Edvard Munch, Rosa Bonheur and Paul Gauguin; U.S. journalist and diplomat Whitelaw Reid; author Henry James; Filipino patriots José Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar; and inventor Nikola Tesla.

A central attraction in the French section was the Imperial Diamond, at the time the largest diamond in the world.

The Mexican pavilion featured a model of an exotic (for Europeans) Aztec temple, a "combination of archeology, history, architecture, and technology."

The presentation of Joseph Farcot's steam engine, that had already won a prize in 1878.

Statistics

 * Expenses: 41,500,000 Francs
 * Receipts: 49,500,000 Francs
 * Visitors: 32,250,297
 * Exhibitors: over 61,722, of whom 55% were French
 * Countries represented: 35

Legacy
Most of the buildings were on military land or city-owned park land, and they were demolished shortly after the exposition closed. The most notable survivor was the Eiffel Tower, which had been deliberately built on Paris city-owned land, to avoid demolition.

The Exhibition included a building by the Paris architect Pierre-Henri Picq. This was an elaborate iron and glass structure decorated with ceramic tiles in a Byzantine-Egyptian-Romanesque style. After the exposition, the building was shipped to Fort-de-France in Martinique and reassembled there, the work being completed by 1893. Known as the Schœlcher Library, initially it contained the 10,000 books that Victor Schœlcher had donated to the island. Today, it houses over 250,000 books and an ethnographic museum, and stands as a tribute to the man it is named after who led the movement to abolish slavery in Martinique.

title: Exposition Universelle (1889)


text:
Bubble Tape

Bubble Tape is a type of Hubba Bubba bubble gum produced by Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, and introduced in 1988. It experienced its greatest popularity in the early 1990s, due to its unique packaging and direct marketing to preteen children ("it's six feet of bubble gum - for you, not them"—"them" referring to parents or just adults in general). At the peak of its popularity, over 1 million containers for Bubble Tape were being manufactured a week.

Bubble Tape comes in a small, round, plastic container similar in size to a hockey puck. This contains six feet (1.8 m) of gum wrapped in a spiral. The container functions much like a tape dispenser, although the top half can be removed or broken off.

Flavors
Most flavors are those available from the regular Hubba Bubba chewing gum line:
 * Awesome Original
 * Sour Green Apple
 * Sour Watermelon
 * Sour Blue Raspberry
 * Cotton Candy
 * Strapping Strawberry
 * Juicy Fruit
 * Gushing Grape
 * Snappy Strawberry
 * Triple Treat (also titled 'Triple Mix') – A mix of strawberry, blueberry, and watermelon
 * Sugar Free Very Berry – A dentist-recommended version of Bubble Tape, a mix of grape and blue raspberry
 * Candy Cane – A seasonal flavor
 * Tangy Tropical
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Also available in

 * Mega Roll – 10 ft of Bubble Tape gum
 * King Size – 9 ft of Bubble Tape gum

title: Bubble Tape


text:
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine

Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine (formerly known as Lachine—Notre-Dame-de-Grâce) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2015. Its population in 2006 was 104,715.

Geography
The district included the cities of Dorval and Montreal West, the borough of Lachine and the part of the neighbourhood of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce west of Hingston Avenue in the City of Montreal. The neighbouring ridings were Mount Royal, Westmount—Ville-Marie, LaSalle—Émard, Châteauguay—Saint-Constant, Lac-Saint-Louis, Pierrefonds—Dollard, and Saint-Laurent—Cartierville.

Political geography
The Liberals had their strongest support in NDG, but also had a lot of support in most of Lachine and Dorval. The Conservatives failed to win any polls, but were the strongest in Lachine and Dorval. The Bloc, despite finishing third in 2008, was very strong in eastern Lachine including Ville Saint-Pierre. The riding was won by the NDP in its 2011 sweep of the province.

History
The electoral district of "Lachine—Notre-Dame-de-Grâce" was created in 1996 from parts of Lachine—Lac-Saint-Louis and Notre-Dame-de-Grâce ridings. The name was changed to Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine in 1997 before the 1997 election was held.

Member of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results

 * align="left" colspan=2|Liberal hold
 * align="right"|Swing
 * align="right"| +1.0
 * align="right"|

 * align="left" colspan=2|Liberal hold
 * align="right"|Swing
 * align="right"| -3.85
 * align="right"|

Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

title: Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine