text:
Talk:Urinal

Miscellaneous
Sorry i dont know where to put this, never used wikipedia before, but... Could someone add a section on how to avoid backsplash/splashing when using a urinal? this is a very common problem and that info would probably be more useful than 95% of the other stuff on this page... Thanks :)

What exactly is meant by "regular people?" I believe it would be less offensive to disabled and short people to simply say "most people" or "most adults." Fledchen 01:37, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure this should even be a page - it doesn't seem it'll ever be more than a dictionary definition - but I had to rewrite it, since the previous version made it sound like you stand in a urinal to use it! -DavidWBrooks 18:21, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Anyone know the history or inventor of the urinal?

 * Andrew Ranking Patente4d The Urinal. I Do Not Kknow Who Invented It.

 * __21:34, 19 May 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.131.190.6 (talk)

Urinal (restroom)
"In African cultures, most men swing and exit. Due to lack of water and sanitation, hand washing is not an option, unlike the sanitation opportunities offered to the male African-American population." The above statement is blatantly racist! It has no business being in Wikipedia! Someone with a better knowledge of Wikipedia should clean it up (pardon the pun)

Head rest
Some better equipped toilets also have forehead rests above the urinals to make the use more comfortable. Worth an inclusion? 89.143.46.83 (talk) 23:15, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I was very dubious about this, but websearching for "urinal headrest" turns up quite a few credible-looking pictures. Several are on Flickr, and potentially usable on Wikipedia, though I don't have any expertise on uploading or image rights. Reify-tech (talk) 16:22, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

Roman Urinal
I don't mean to nit-pick, but the image called "Roman urinal" is not of urinals at all, but public toilets. The ancient romans did have urinals though, I believe that tanners set up public urinals in the streets of cities with the purpose of collecting urine to use in the process of making leather. Why doesn't someone find an image of an actual ancient urinal or include some verifiable info about the real Roman urinals.

 * I have heard this, in terms of the histories of both leather and wool processing, but haven't found much in terms of images of the collection process or fixtures. Reify-tech (talk) 16:43, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

Waterless Urinal videos
There are a few Waterless urinal videos here: http://www.plumbersurplus.com/Videos/ --216.70.141.161 17:40, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Pronounce it
How do the British pronounce Urinal?

yoo RYE nil or YOO ri nil?

 * It all depends on what your accent actually is (Britain has as many (if not more) different accents as the US does), but the most common pronunciation I've heard is you RYE nal, although I have heard YUR in al this is noticably different to "normal".
 * see also Regional accents of English speakers. Thryduulf 15:05, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

yu-ruy-NIL (in my standard-ish english) you-IIII-nul (in scourse, perhaps) ya-reyn-ILL (in wessex?)

The common pronunciation of urinal in the U.S. is yer ri nal

you-RYE-nal is the standard pronunciation for RP English and British English. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.211.136.212 (talk) 21:27, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The inflection presented here is wrong: Where I'm from, urinal is pronounced, "YÛR•ĭ•nəl". Farglesword (talk) 02:55, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Marcel Duchamp: Fountain
The following link in the main article was dead and has been removed: "Marcel Duchamp: Fountain (about his 'found art' which is a signed urinal)"

The following two URIs seem to be close to the original target of the link, I don't think either one is sufficiently on-topic or intersting to be included in the article, though.

--midg3t 15:09, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) http://collections.sfmoma.org/Obj25853$29358
 * 2) http://www.sfmoma.org/msoma/artworks/1466.html

 * Wikipedia has now it's own page for Fountain (Duchamp). Added that to the Curiosities section with reference link to BBC News. Talamus 11:00, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Foot-activated flush mechanisms
For addition of a photo of a foot pedal or floor button flush lever to the 'Manual handles' section. User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 13:06, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Ice
Why was the part about ice in urinals removed? It is relevant as it's fairly common practice. Turboduded 21:13, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

i concur. i came here specifically to find out what that is all about! 66.105.218.15 (talk) 19:13, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

Dirt
Why I can't do a dirt in there? BoratSagdiyev 00:04, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Dude just use a toilet! [User:trainboy3] October 28 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.244.42.137 (talk) 15:04, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Weird links re strawberry urinal cakes
There is something about "strawberry flavoured urinal cake" and the link on strawberry goes to an article on "shortcake". This makes no sense.

George Michael
Is the bit about George Michael really relevant to this page? The connection with urinals is extremely tennuous. Thryduulf 08:56, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it is, he notably spoofed on his arrest/incident in one of his videos by mirror ball tiling urinals.  ALKIVAR ™ 17:21, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

How is his arrest for lewd conduct relavent to the article? Chrisbrl88 14:46, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

How do you Use one?
I know, it's pathetic. But how do you use a urinal? Like how do you go about it? 66.252.38.94 01:59, 27 December 2006 (UTC)Dirk

OK, I'll bite on this one.

 * Approach an unoccupied urinal with confidence.
 * Open the fly of your pants.
 * Remove your penis.
 * Aim penis into urinal.
 * Urinate.   [experiment with angles until you find one that doesn't splash you.]
 * Replace your penis in your pants.
 * Re-Fasten your fly carefully.
 * Flush.
 * Wash & Dry your hands.
 * Go about your day.

BigFatDave 20:10, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

 * you forgot about the jiggle at the end of point 5. 69.244.226.101 23:32, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

But if you remove your penis,you will have to go to the hospital to get it re-attached. lol and judging by how specific you make your directions,you forgot to say,"leave the restroom",meaning that the retard reading the directions would think he's imprisoned there.

OK, for those who have a penchant for removing their organs in public restrooms, I have used "extrude" instead of "remove". You never know with some people. And just in case, I've added directions to go to the hospital as well. LudBob 09:02, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Request for picture showing usage
I think we should have a pic of how to use a urinal. Like of a guy using one or something. Cause I've never used one. (Kinda shy) And when I do use one I dont wanna look like an idot.

That's the silliest thing I have ever read. I really hope you are not an adult.

The picture of the multiperson (multi-student) urinal in a high school in China has been captioned "A rather primitive urinal" since this article was created. I changed it to "A multiperson urinal..." because I attended a primary (elementary) school, built in the 1940s, that had a urinal almost identical to this one, with a tile wall, trough, and an overflow-timed flush. The design was, and is, thoroughly practical for the purpose intended--lots of boys needing to use the facility all at once. Neither the one at my school in southern California, USA, 50-some years ago or the one in the photograph from China deserves the pejorative "rather primitive". —Preceding unsigned comment added by LM6407 (talk • contribs) 04:58, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Flower urinals
http://www.clarkmade.com/urinals.html CyberAnth 08:27, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

"female-bodied people"
Since I've already reverted this once and I don't want to start an edit war, User:Ftmichael has edited the external links from "women" to "female-bodied people." I'm thinking that we should leave it the way it was... Moogle10000 00:03, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Boys Bathroom Image can be taken as offensive by some
It is considered impolite to take pictures of people in the bathroom without their express permission. Even though no "body parts" are showing, I think it is very inconsiderate of the picture-taker to apparently sneak in and take a picture. Bathrooms are protected by privacy rights. Therefore, I am taking it off the Urinals article. If you got permission from the people, please indicate you did so on your image page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.176.14.246 (talk) 03:06, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * There's the legal issue of publicity rights. As I understand it (IANAL), a photographer may own the copyright, but he does not own the publicity/privacy rights of the people depicted in the photograph.  In general, IIRC, people in public places have little expectation of privacy, and therefore photographers of street scenes, e.g., do not require model releases from everyone in their pictures of Times Square.  Though not a lawyer, I'd venture to guess that people in restrooms have every expectation of privacy.  Model releases may be required to use this image legally. (Again, IANAL.)  I seem to recall reading in a photography magazine that releases may be required even if the individual cannot be recognized.  FWIW.  --Kbh3rd talk  03:18, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. A photo of an underage exposed boy does have legal issues, regardless offensive or not. Xuz (talk) 20:53, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Yes I  agree. But same thing goes  with  a  Female  Restroom. But yes  it  is  really  Innapropriate  and  does no  Privacy.

184.163.238.18 (talk) 22:17, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

"Urinals regarded by some as politically incorrect"
If some women don't like the idea of men standing up to just doing their normal function, like "standing up" and "peeing"; well... nothing stops them from using the female-versions of the urinals and "standing up" at the same time.

I think this idea should be added, to balance the argument of "political correctness".

88.105.80.120 12:30, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Germany, urinals, and the feminist debate about urinals (featuring hilarious talking devices) that supposedly goes on there
Right, this section appears to be populated by urban legend. When you Google for this supposed debate (and the humorous device voiced by Schröder) on the German-speaking internet, you find nothing. The debate exists only on the English speaking internet, where people react to this supposed bit of news "from Germany". The main source of info seem to be this site. It refers to the product by name and manufacturer, Patentwert, but a quick check shows that Patentwert is the inventor's "print on demand" equivalent, manufacturing nothing, but helping anyone with an idea to get a patent.

If this is real, surely SOME of the people in its supposed country of origin would be aware of it? I'm removing this section until we can see some credible sources. Amphis 14:36, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Criticism of Urinals
Why did someone remove this...I felt it was very well worded....and the article doesnt address the fact that most people dont agree with urinals —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.111.99.20 (talk) 00:00, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

section on "Social aspects of urinals"
I was amused, to say the least to read this. I would like to know, exactly how did anyone find this out? I think there should be a major rewrite, and some stuff shouldnt be gone into such details. I also want to see some sources too. 220.240.198.191 (talk) 16:23, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * lol, I know. As if there are rules to how to use a urinal besides like don't be creepy and look. There's even rules divided up into culutures now Blammo77 —Preceding undated comment was added at 07:47, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Move back Urinal (disambiguation) to Urinal
This article was recently moved to Urinal (restroom) by one of the authors of an article listed at Urinal (disambiguation). While having Urinal redirect to or be the location of the disambiguation page increases visibility of articles listed there, the primary topic articles should not be moved solely for the purpose of the promotional desires of one editor. Instead, the location of these articles were already optimized. If the proposed move back is uncontroversial, the Urinal article which redirects here could be deleted under WP:SPEEDY G6 and this article's previous location can be restored. —Tokek (talk) 22:42, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not quite sure what you're asking, but personally I think the dab page should keep its name and this article should be located at Urinal (rather than with the disambiguated title)—i.e., it should be moved back over the redirect. The only other article that could be claimed to be a 'common' topic is Urinal (health care), but it's still far less common than this, and not the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. r ʨ anaɢ talk/contribs 23:06, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Urinals in health care are just as common as urinals in restrooms. Given that they are about equally common (which is hard to guage exactly), the title "Urinal" by itself should be the disambiguation page ("Mercury" and "Joker" examples on WP:DAB). Tatterfly (talk) 15:47, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I would dispute that. I know what healthcare urinals are, but AFAIK they are generally only used by sick people, and I had never even heard of or seen one until I was a teenager. Restroom urinals are far more common. Just as one example, if you do a google image search for "urinal", the entire front page of results is restroom urinals. r ʨ anaɢ talk/contribs 15:24, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Privacy Walls
Urinal privacy walls are now generally required per building codes (most US states). While older facilities may be grandfathered, new and remodeled facilites require them, right down to the dimensiions, etc. The article seems skim over this requirement by saying privacy walls "may" be built, where in fact they are now required. Readers should know why they are so common. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.181.228.249 (talk) 16:57, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Piss tubes
I don't know about more recent conflicts, but in Nam, piss tubes were mDe from the metal tubes artillery ammunition was stored in, not some type of water bottleWschart (talk) 01:26, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 05:58, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

Urinal (restroom) → Urinal – Clear primary topic. restroom: 10,599, medical equipment: 691, band (partial title match): 588, film (partial title match): 897. Marcus  Qwertyus   05:01, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Endorse I suspect the other uses exist because of the primary one here. OSbornarfcontribs. 05:07, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Or to Urinal (toilet): Here in England (UK) a restroom is a room for resting in and not a lavatory. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:32, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. Seems to clearly be the primary topic. Jenks24 (talk) 07:06, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose The urinals that are seen in health care are just as commonplace. Anyone who has worked in health care or been a patient should know that. For this reason, it is best to use "urinal" as the dab. I do however support the possibility of renaming this to urinal (toilet). Tatterfly (talk) 11:57, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. Both because it's by far the most common usage and, per Jenks24, because in the UK a restroom is somewhere we go to rest (and a bathroom is somewhere we go to have a bath); we don't feel the need to invent euphemisms for toilets. -- Necrothesp (talk) 22:37, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Support seems reasonable. 65.93.15.213 (talk) 05:46, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Support: about an order of magnitude more traffic = WP:PRIMARYTOPIC to me. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 06:29, 24 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Low Mounted Urinals
The article states that these are mounted lower for the benefit of short individuals and boys. I have no doubt that accounts for the majority of use by those who choose them over the standard mounting height, but working in the construction field I learned that this is a legal requirement to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act. I know, I know, I've never seen anyone in a wheelchair use a urinal. But that's the law. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.140.101.160 (talk) 23:04, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Dubious claim about trough urinal popularization
I added the tag to the claim trough urinals were made famous by two US sports facilities. This article as with many has some clear signs of a Western and particularly US bias. This is one of the most signs. While trough urinals may only generally be found in sports complexes in some countries, in others trough urinals may be found in shopping complexes or even schools. So while people in a number of Western countries may only be familiar with trough urinals from sports complexes (altho probably not those two if you aren't from the US and trough urinals aren't an uncommon sight outside sports complexes in NZ), in others they may be nothing remarkable or requiring to be 'made famous' Nil Einne (talk) 02:37, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Piss tubes something different
Pisstubes are containers used by the crews of vehicles such as aircraft which regularly carry out long duration missions, such as the fifties V-bombers, where there is no spece for a conventional toilet. Often there is an unofficial agrreement that if a member of aircrew has to use one he makes a small donation to the grounf cew benevolent fund. 86.158.174.53 (talk) 14:44, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Needed: History section
I feel like this article is rather unfocused and disjointed in general. Adding a history section would be a start towards improving it. Polyglottalstop (talk) 02:14, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I think there used to be a section that described various theories about the invention of urinals. One theory was that a woman invented urinals in a misguided attempt to emasculate men. — Ian01 (talk) 05:30, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

 * There definitely needs to be a history section. I came here specifically wondering about their invention and history, and was of course disappointed to find no such information. Ouizardus (talk) 17:02, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

Request for urinal etiquette section
I'd like to see a urinal etiquette section added to the article. It could include info on the privacy partitions, the 'rule' about not using adjacent urinals if there are no partitions, and where users usually gaze while they use the urinal. — Ian01 (talk) 05:28, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

Someone pooped in the urinal! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.147.24.166 (talk) 00:05, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

Those containers used by hospitals are also called URINALS
This needs to be added to the article — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:C518:6C40:343B:BA61:AA6C:74C2 (talk) 04:41, 25 June 2014 (UTC) http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=What+is+the+plastic+container+called+that+you+urinate+in+that+hospitals+use&FORM=HDRSC2#view=detail&id=14C67BD395CE11F1E842F96E0BEEF57D60E1A016&selectedIndex=8 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:C518:6C40:343B:BA61:AA6C:74C2 (talk) 04:46, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

Remove the section on "See also"
I suggest we remove the link section under "see also" as it doesn't really conform with Wikipedia article style. I would rather suggest that the relevant terms are integrated into the text of the article. EvM-Susana (talk) 17:25, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

More information on waterless urinals
I have just added more information from Germany about waterless urinals, as the current section was rather focussed on the US only. I would like to also include 1-2 photos of the commonly used one-way valves uses in waterless urinals (like the EcoSmellStop device), unless others think this would go into too much technical detail? EvM-Susana (talk) 17:25, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

Waterless Urinals can damage buildings.
These waterless urinal suppliers DO NOT warn clients that undiluted urine will eat through copper pipes and leak into the building fabric. The other problem is they remove water supply (not just turn it off) so client is forced to continue using even if displeased. 78.147.239.36 (talk) 13:43, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

 * I've wondered about this risk, just from the basic (actually, acidic!) chemistry. Leakage from corrosion already occurs, usually in an exposed metallic trap installed below the fixture, but at least the problem is visible and straightforwardly repaired. Can anyone find a WP:RS documenting this problem?  Reify-tech (talk) 18:22, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

Exchange photo in the lead?
This article has many very good urinal photos. I just wonder if the one chosen for the lead is quite ideal. Why highlight this pink urinal cake, which is not actually THAT common? I would rather take a photo that shows several urinals in a row as that is a very common arrangement. EvM-Susana (talk) 16:40, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi Reify-tech, you've made a lot of changes to the article, which is good, but you didn't provide many comments in the description field for the changes (or doing intermediate savings of your edits). This makes it a little hard to follow your reasoning why you have changed something. For example, I don't think your choice of photo for the lead is a good one. The lead photo should be a typical photo of a urinal. Unisex urinals are certainly not at all "typical", they are very rare. Let's exchange it with a photo that reflects more the content of this article. Also, why have you removed the photo of the unisex portable urinal in Kenya? EvM-Susana (talk) 10:15, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

 * As you can see from my edit history, I work on a wide and eclectic range of topics, and enjoy finding interesting and unexpected connections among items that are not obviously related. I spent a few hours looking through the hundreds of images of urinals in WikiMedia Commons, and selected photos showing a diverse range of designs. I also kept an eye out for a "typical" everyday urinal installation for the lede, but didn't find anything that struck me as particularly suitable. I tentatively settled on the unisex urinals picture, as somewhat typical and neutral, and as a mild pushback against the notion that these plumbing fixtures are "for men only". You're certainly welcome to look for or to upload a better picture than I was able to find.

 * I removed the first Kenya photo because it seemed cluttered, and the nominal subject wasn't that clearly depicted. I replaced it with another photo depicting the portable urinal more clearly, and also added a couple of pictures from Kenya showing basic fixed installations. In general, I have taken care to add more photos from developing countries, which were completely absent from the article previously.

 * I defer to your evident interest and focus in sanitation, including developing countries, and appreciate the contributions and suggestions you have made so far. I have built the navigation bar Template:HVAC from scratch, in an attempt to organize and coordinate the many disparate articles related to that subject. Building the navbar helped reveal significant gaps and redundancies in Wikipedia's coverage of HVAC and related topics. I (and other editors) have also noted that the articles on Plumbing, Water supply, Sewage, and Sanitation have similar problems (for example, see Talk:Plumbing and Talk:Tap water). I would like to build up another navigation bar in a similar manner; your help with this project would be much appreciated, if you can give it.

 * Your detailed comments on your edits are useful. I sometimes have a different style, especially when doing a major restructuring or expansion to an article.  I prefer to focus intensely on the work at hand, and I often try and then reject various alternatives that never get saved out.  I guess I'm just reluctant to break my train of thought.  Saving out more frequently would certainly increase my edit count dramatically, but I haven't been concerned about that.  There are certainly other advantages to saving out frequently, including better  resistance to crashes and outages.  Perhaps with your example and influence, I will modify my editing style somewhat, but I'm not likely to make a sudden and drastic change in this. I've noticed that other editors vary considerably in how often they save out changes, and there doesn't seem to be any official Wikipedia policy recommendation one way of the other.

 * I look forward to seeing what you will contribute to the Sanitation and Water cluster of Wikipedia articles, which definitely could use the help. Cheers! Reify-tech (talk) 14:23, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks for these detailed explanations, Reify-tech, much appreciated. I will find another photo for the lead though. Whilst urinals for females are interesting, they really haven't taken off (or is it different in your country?) and therefore I would find it misleading to put such a photo into the lead. If 99% of installed urinals are for male users then this should be reflected in the photo of the lead.

 * What did you mean by "I would like to build up another navigation bar in a similar manner"? We have already a few navigation bars for the topic of sanitation, like the ones I have listed here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sanitation#Content_related . What kind of additional navigation bar would you say is missing? . I like to focus in my edits on the links to sanitation and also ensuring that issues that pertain to developing countries are properly included. I'd be happy to help with anything that touches on that.:-) EvM-Susana (talk) 07:52, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

 * There are clusters of articles that can be loosely categorized as Plumbing, Water supply, and Sewage/Sanitation, which have both gaps and redundancies in coverage. I don't know of a comprehensive listing of such articles; in fact, this is a reason I think that a navbar is needed. Thank you for the link you just gave me above; I will look at the categories in detail when I have time. I think there is a significant number of Wikipedia articles that have fallen outside the net of the navbars in the listing, and will have to compile a list of them; indeed a navbar is such a list, organized and made more visible to readers and editors. For example, the Template:HVAC helps both readers and editors to see what coverage exists (a large number of related but poorly-connected articles were discovered just in the process of compiling the navbar), and some progress has been made towards cleaning up both the revealed gaps and redundancies in coverage. Reify-tech (talk) 18:03, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

How about merging the article on Pissoirs to here?
I have added a history section and realised that the historical information can be found on the page for pissoir which contains only that information. Therefore, I would propose to merge the content of the pissoir page to here under street urinal and under history respectively. I have also proposed it on the talk page of pissoirs. Thoughts anyone? - Mind you, the French version of the article for pissoirs is a lot more detailed though - not surprisingly. Would that speak for keeping it a separate article? EvM-Susana (talk) 20:00, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I'd be more inclined to leave it separate, as it is now, so that it could be expanded with material from the extensive French article. The French make a distinction between pissoirs, and urinoirs or urinettes, with separate fully-developed articles for each. Reify-tech (talk) 03:24, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Well I am also a bit undecided although just because the French differentiate pissoirs and urinoirs doesn't mean the English have to do it as well (in fact they don't, I have never seen the use of pissoir in the English language?). Also in German we don't use it except as a historical term. Therefore, it would need to make clear(er) what our definition is of the difference between a street urinal and a pissoir. In my opinion there is no difference, except that pissoir is the historical French term for what we now call street urinal (or public toilet urinal? Or public urinal?). EvM-Susana (talk) 10:19, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't think the British have a word for street urinal because we don't really have street urinals (or at least not like the French do). I see there are some images of British street urinals in the page, but I have never seen one outside of London. "Pisser" is a slang term for toilet, not specifically for street urinals as far as I know JMWt (talk) 10:28, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree that pissoir is more a historical French term, not widely used in English (and often italicized as a foreign term). The English Wikipedia article should probably be renamed to "Street urinal" or something similar. I think that leaving it unmerged might be better, because there is potential for expanding the article considerably, and don't want the article here to become too unwieldy. Reify-tech (talk) 16:12, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

How about merging into here the page on Urilift?
I just came across this page: urilift. It's only a stub and maybe just an advertising piece? How about integrating the little bit of content into the page on urinal rather? — Preceding unsigned comment added by EvM-Susana (talk • contribs) 19:28, 22 August 2015
 * Done. – Wbm1058 (talk) 14:21, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

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Add information about use of urinals in Muslim countries?
Moved this to here to get more attention for it (also asked on the talk page of public toilet: EMsmile (talk) 03:17, 3 June 2019 (UTC) I think we should add something about where (public) urinals are common. As far as I know, urinals are not used much in Muslim countries as many Muslims practice cleaning with water after urination and they also don't like the idea that urine could splash back onto them. I don't have a source to cite ready at hand but if someone else knows more about it, can you add it? We could say something along the lines that urinals are common in countries in Europe, the US, Canada, Japan, India (??) etc but not common in the Middle East, Northern Africa, i.e. Muslim countries (??) EvM-Susana (talk) 16:40, 9 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that there should be more coverage of this; sorry that I don't have much expertise on that topic. Look at the article on Bidets and related topics, where there is some coverage of customs in Muslim traditions.  Reify-tech (talk) 14:23, 10 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I have started a little survey about this topic here on a discussion forum. A picture is emerging that they are not common in Muslim countries but I am still trying to find a good, reliable reference for this. EvM-Susana (talk) 19:58, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia has an article about Islamic toilet etiquette, but it doesn't mention urinals. Jarble (talk) 00:00, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 November 2022
Please add the following to the History section:

The modern urinal was first patented in 1866 by Andrew Rankin. https://patents.google.com/patent/US53488A/en Jschussler (talk) 01:47, 18 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Not done. That patent is for a device to deodorize urinals; what makes that the "modern urinal" as opposed to the devices this patent was to improve? --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 02:31, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Urinal


text:
User:Iamblichus

Hi, this encyclopedia is a really neat idea.

title: User:Iamblichus


text:
Michael DiSalle

Michael Vincent DiSalle (January 6, 1908 –September 16, 1981) was the 60th governor of Ohio, serving from 1959 to 1963. A Democrat, he was a member of the Toledo City Council and served as the 46th mayor of Toledo from 1948 to 1950.

Early life
DiSalle was born on January 6, 1908, in New York City, to Italian-American immigrant parents, Anthony and Assunta DiSalle. His family moved to Toledo, Ohio, when he was three years old. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from Georgetown University in 1931. He married Myrtle E. England; the couple had four daughters and one son.

DiSalle was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1932. In 1949, the University of Notre Dame conferred him an honorary doctorate of law.

Political career
In 1936, DiSalle was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives; he served one term and lost an election for the Ohio Senate in 1938.

Following the loss, DiSalle held a series of offices in the city government of Toledo, Ohio. He was assistant law director from 1939 to 1941. In 1941, he was elected to the Toledo City Council; the council selected him as vice-mayor in 1943 and 1945.

In 1946, DiSalle ran in the U.S. House election in the Toledo-based 9th district, but he lost narrowly to the Republican incumbent, Homer A. Ramey.

DiSalle was elected as mayor of Toledo in 1947 and re-elected in 1949, and served from 1948 until his resignation on November 30, 1950, to accept a federal appointment. During his mayoralty, Toledo fully re-paid its debts.

In 1950, he ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate. He lost to then-state auditor Joseph T. Ferguson, who in turn lost the general election to the Republican incumbent, Robert A. Taft. In December 1950, President Harry S. Truman appointed DiSalle as director of the Office of Price Stabilization, a sub-agency of the Korean War-era Economic Stabilization Agency which established and enforced war-time price controls. DiSalle resigned as director on January 23, 1952, in order to run again for U.S. Senate. He won the Democratic nomination but lost the general election to the Republican incumbent, John W. Bricker.

In December 1952, President Truman (now a lame duck) appointed DiSalle as director of the Economic Stabilization Agency, replacing Roger Putnam. The appointment lasted less than one month, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower abolished the agency on April 30, 1953.

In 1956, DiSalle was the Democratic nominee for governor of Ohio, losing to then-state attorney general C. William O'Neill. In their 1958 re-match, DiSalle defeated O'Neill. The gubernatorial term had in 1954 been lengthened from two years to four years, starting with the 1958 election; so DiSalle served as governor from 1959 to 1963.

In July 1959, DiSalle signed a bill designating "with God, all things are possible" as the official motto of the State of Ohio. The motto is derived from the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 19, verse 26.

DiSalle was a favorite son candidate for the Democratic nomination for President in 1960. He ran only in the Ohio primary, which he won with 60.25% of the vote against Albert S. Porter, who had run against him in the gubernatorial primary in 1958. Of the total popular vote in the primaries, DiSalle placed sixth behind eventual nominee Sen. John F. Kennedy, as well as Gov. Pat Brown, perennial candidate George H. McLain, Sen. Hubert Humphrey, and Sen. George Smathers.

In 1962, DiSalle lost re-election as governor to then-state auditor Jim Rhodes, after voters disapproved of several aspects of his administration, including his opposition to capital punishment, a tax increase, and a policy which billed wards of state for living necessities.

Opposition to capital punishment
DiSalle was an opponent of the death penalty and commuted a number of sentences, despite allowing six executions as governor. DiSalle personally investigated all cases of people scheduled to be executed by electric chair and even personally met with some of them. "To demonstrate his faith in rehabilitation, [DiSalle] made it a point to hire convicted murderers to serve on his household staff."

One of DiSalle's primary concerns regarding the death penalty was that poorer defendants did not have the same access to counsel as rich defendants, and therefore would suffer the death penalty disproportionately. He recalled: "I found that the men in death row had one thing in common: they were penniless".

After leaving the governorship, DiSalle co-founded and served as a chairman of the National Committee to Abolish Federal Death Penalty. His 1965 book, The Power of Life or Death, discusses this issue and chronicles his difficult experiences as the man charged with making the final decision regarding a sentence commutation. He is quoted in the book Mercy on Trial: What It Means to Stop an Execution as saying, "No one who has never watched the hands of a clock marking the last minutes of a condemned man's existence, knowing that he alone has the temporary Godlike power to stop the clock, can realize the agony of deciding an appeal for executive clemency".

Later life
In 1966, he joined the Washington, D.C., law firm of Chapman, Duff, and Paul. In 1979, he co-founded the Washington, D.C., law firm of DiSalle & Staudinger.

The same year, DiSalle also authored the book Second Choice, a history of the U.S. vice presidency.

DiSalle led a draft movement for a potential 1968 presidential campaign by Sen. Ted Kennedy. He served as the honorary chairman of Kennedy's 1980 presidential campaign.

DiSalle died on September 16, 1981, of a heart attack while vacationing in Pescara, Italy.

Legacy
DiSalle has two current structures in Ohio named for him:

 * Toledo – Michael DiSalle Government Center housing federal, state, county, and city governmental offices.
 * Toledo – Michael V. DiSalle Bridge carrying I-75 across the Maumee River.

Also, the DiSalle Center (no longer standing) at the Ohio Expo Center and the Ohio State Fair in Columbus, Ohio, was named in honor of DiSalle.

title: Michael DiSalle


text:
User:Matthewbischoff

= Bio =

Matthew Bischoff (they/them) is a designer and developer in New York City. They are a founder and partner at Lickability, a software studio known for its apps and work for clients like The Atlantic, Houseparty, and Meetup.

Matt began blogging and podcasting in 2003 and got their start in tech as IT Director of PodcastPeople at age 13. After high school, they studied human-computer interaction at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, before dropping out to join the mobile team at The New York Times. They worked at Tumblr during its heyday, as an engineer, engineering manager, and product manager.

All the while, Matt and their business partners were working to grow Lickability from a side project into the ten-person team it is today. In 2015, Matt went full-time at the company, and since then, they’ve worn multiple hats as a product manager, software engineer, sales lead, and office prankster (they may have connected a rotating light to HomeKit 🚨).

Matt is an acclaimed speaker, giving talks at conferences around the globe focused on the intersections of technology and culture. They write about these topics and others here on their website and the Lickability blog.

In their spare time, Matt enjoys making (and drinking) classic cocktails, going to the theatre, trawling Wikipedia for interesting facts, and volunteering for Trans Lifeline. They are proud to be a member of the bisexual, transgender, and nonbinary communities. Oh yeah, and they were on Jeopardy! once.

title: User:Matthewbischoff


text:
Lyman House Memorial Museum

The Lyman House Memorial Museum, also known as the Lyman Museum and Lyman House, is a Hilo, Hawaii-based natural history museum founded in 1931 in the Lyman family mission house, originally built in 1838. The main collections were moved to an adjacent modern building in the 1960s, while the house is open for tours as the island's oldest surviving wood-framed building.

The mission
Reverend David Belden Lyman and his wife, Sarah Joiner Lyman, arrived in 1832, missionaries from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. It was one of the first houses on the island to be built in the style of their native New England, using native koa and ohia woods. Guests included Mark Twain and Isabella Bird. In 1854 - 1859 the new Haili Church was built across the street, replacing the thatched structures that served previously for the congregation.

The mission house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1978, as site 78001012. It is located at 276 Haili Street in Hilo, coordinates 19.72167°N, -155.09111°W.

The museum
Almost a century after the missionaries' arrival, a museum was founded in 1931 by their descendants.

In the late 1960s, architect Vladimir Ossipoff designed and built a Museum building adjacent to the mission house. Upon its completion, the Museum moved there and expanded its exhibits. It has extensive displays on Hawaiian culture and is renowned for its collection of shells and minerals, including a specimen of orlymanite, named for Orlando Hammond Lyman (1903–1986), the museum's founder and great grandson of David and Sarah Lyman. The Museum has been an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution since 2002.

title: Lyman House Memorial Museum


text:
L'Osservatore Romano

L'Osservatore Romano (, 'The Roman Observer') is the daily newspaper of Vatican City State which reports on the activities of the Holy See and events taking place in the Catholic Church and the world. It is owned by the Holy See but is not an official publication, a role reserved for the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, which acts as a government gazette. The views expressed in the Osservatore are those of individual authors unless they appear under the specific titles "Nostre Informazioni" or "Santa Sede".

Available in nine languages, the paper prints two Latin mottos under the masthead of each edition: Unicuique suum ("To each his own") and Non praevalebunt ("[The gates of Hell] shall not prevail"). The current editor-in-chief is Andrea Monda.

Editions
L'Osservatore Romano is published in eight different languages (listed by date of first publication):
 * Daily and weekly in Italian (1861/1950)
 * Weekly in French (1949)
 * Weekly in English (1968)
 * Weekly in Spanish (1969)
 * Weekly in Portuguese (1970)
 * Weekly in German (1971)
 * Monthly in Polish (1980)
 * Weekly in Malayalam (2007)

The daily Italian edition of L'Osservatore Romano is published in the afternoon, but with a cover date of the following day, a convention that sometimes results in confusion. The weekly English edition is distributed in more than 129 countries, including both English-speaking countries and locales where English is used as the general means of communication.

L'Osservatore della Domenica
L'Osservatore della Domenica is a weekly publication in Vatican City. It is the Sunday supplement to the L'Osservatore Romano. Founded in 1934, an illustrated weekly was published with the title L'Osservatore romano della Domenica (since 1951 L'Osservatore della Domenica). In 1979 it was reduced to a Sunday supplement.

L'Osservatore di Strada
Since 29 June 2022, another edition of L'Osservatore Romano is published: L'Osservatore di Strada. It is published the first Sunday of every month. On 29 June 2022, its first print publication was distributed to those present at Saint Peter's Square. On the same day, at the end of the Pope's service, the Pope made a remark at the end of his marian prayer praising the newspaper.

19th century
The first issue of L'Osservatore Romano was published in Rome on 1 July 1861, a few months after the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed on 17 March 1861. The original intent of the newspaper was unabashedly polemical and propagandistic in defence of the Papal States, adopting the name of a private pamphlet financed by a French Catholic legitimist group. The 18 September 1860 defeat of papal troops at Castelfidardo substantially reduced the temporal power of the Pope, prompting Catholic intellectuals to present themselves in Rome for the service of Pope Pius IX. This agenda supported the notion of a daily publication to champion the opinions of the Holy See.

By July 1860, the deputy Minister of the Interior, Marcantonio Pacelli (grandfather of the future Pope Pius XII), had plans to supplement the official bulletin of the Catholic Church Giornale di Roma with a semi-official "rhetorical" publication. In early 1861, controversialist Nicola Zanchini and journalist Giuseppe Bastia were granted editorial direction of Pacelli's newspaper. Official permission to publish was sought on 22 June 1861, and four days later, on 26 June, Pius IX gave his approval for the regulation of L'Osservatore.

The first edition was entitled "L'Osservatore Romano – a political and moral paper" and cost five baiocchi. The "political and moral paper" epithet was dropped before 1862, adding instead the two Latin mottoes that still appear under the masthead today.

After the breach of Porta Pia by Italian troops in September 1870, L'Osservatore Romano solidified its opposition to the Kingdom of Italy, affirming obedience to the Pope and adherence to his directives, stating it would remain faithful "to that unchangeable principle of religion and morals which recognises as its sole depository and claimant the Vicar of Jesus Christ on earth".

20th century
The Osservatore continued to be published as a newspaper in Vatican City, but in 1904, Acta Sanctae Sedis, which had existed since 1865, was declared the formal organ of the Holy See in that all documents printed in it were considered "authentic and official". Acta Sanctae Sedis ceased publication four years later and on 29 September 1908 Acta Apostolicae Sedis became the official publication of the Holy See.

The English weekly edition was first published on 4 April 1968. On 7 January 1998, that edition became the first to be printed outside of Rome, when for North American subscribers, it began to be printed in Baltimore. The edition was printed by the Cathedral Foundation, publishers of The Catholic Review.

21st century
As of 1 July 2011, the English language edition of the L'Osservatore Romano for North American subscribers is once again published in Rome.

In the 21st century, the paper has taken a more objective and subdued stance than at the time of its foundation, priding itself in "presenting the genuine face of the church and the ideals of freedom", following the statement by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone in an October 2006 speech inaugurating a new exhibit dedicated to the founding and history of the newspaper. He further described the publication as "an instrument for spreading the teachings of the successor of Peter and for information about church events".

On 27 June 2015, Pope Francis, in an apostolic letter, established the Secretariat for Communications, a new part of the Roman Curia, and included L'Osservatore Romano under its management.

Relation with the Magisterium
It is a common error to assume that the contents of the L'Osservatore Romano represent the views of the Magisterium, or the official position of the Holy See. In general, this is not the case, and the only parts of the Osservatore which represent the views of the Holy See are those that appear under the titles "Nostre Informazioni" or "Santa Sede". At times the Magisterium disputes the contents of the Osservatore, e.g. a 2008 article expressed the desire that the debate on brain death be re‑opened because of new developments in the medical world. An official spokesman said that the article presented a personal opinion of the author and "did not reflect a change in the Catholic Church's position".

Leadership

 * Editors-in-chief
 * Nicola Zanchini and Giuseppe Bastia (1861–1866)
 * Augusto Baviera (1866–1884)
 * Cesare Crispolti (1884–1890)
 * Giovan Battista Casoni (1890–1900)
 * Giuseppe Angelini (1900–1919)
 * Giuseppe Dalla Torre di Sanguinetto (1920–1960)
 * Raimondo Manzini (1960–1978)
 * Valerio Volpini (1978–1984)
 * Mario Agnes (1984–2007)
 * Giovanni Maria Vian (2007–2018)
 * Andrea Monda (2018–present)

title: L'Osservatore Romano


text:
C. William O'Neill

C. William O'Neill (February 14, 1916 – August 20, 1978) was an American Republican politician, who served as the 59th governor of Ohio.

Biography
He was born in Marietta, Ohio. He was the 59th Governor of Ohio. He graduated from both Marietta College (1938) and Ohio State University Moritz College of Law (1942). While at Marietta he joined The Delta Upsilon University.

O'Neill served as a state representative and as Speaker of the House. He was then elected the State Attorney General in 1950, being the youngest person elected to the office at age 34. He served from 1951 to 1957, when he was elected to the governorship. O'Neill served until 1959. He was defeated for re-election due to his support of the controversial proposed "right to work" amendment to the Ohio Constitution. He served on the Ohio Supreme Court from 1960 until his death serving as an associate justice, then chief justice. O'Neill was the only Ohioan to serve in top leadership positions in the legislative, executive and judicial branches of Ohio.

O'Neill was married to Betty Hewson on July 29, 1945, and they had two children. He died August 20, 1978, and his funeral service was at First Community Church in Columbus. He was buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in Marietta.

Legacy
The O'Neill Building at the Ohio Expo Center and State Fair in Columbus, Ohio, is named in honor of O'Neill. Additionally, The C. William O'Neill Senior Citizens Center in Marietta, Ohio is named in his honor.

title: C. William O'Neill


text:
Wikipedia:Historical archive/Petition for the return of the Old Wikipedia

This is the petition page for the return of the Old Wikipedia. Recently, during a server upgrade, Wikipedia obtained a new look, in which it was seemingly redesigned with style more in mind than usefulness and accessability. '''Please note: It is possible to change back to something resembling the 'old' look by editing your 'preferences' bar. This page is for those who would like to make the old look standard.''' Our requests:

 * 1) Font-size and font-family (at least for the main text) determined by the browser of the reader.
 * 2) No distracting background.
 * 3) A solid "printable page" option that removes navigation and possibly colliding floating things etc.
 * 4) No features that slow down loading the page unless really necessary.
 * 5) The wikilinks should have a permanent bar under them, so we can tell what they are. They're simply harder to see than before.
 * 6) The tabs should all be put back where they go. Whose idea was it to put them all at the top of the page, in type too small to see?
 * 7) The Wikipedia won two (prominent!) Internet awards looking just the way it did. What people look for in an encyclopedia are ease of reference and content. The content is, as always, good, but the ease of reference, it seems to me, has lessened somewhat with all this flashy nonsense they've added.
 * 8) Make the preferences editor easier to use.

(Original list thought up by Kornelis, and has since been modified by Litefantastic.)

Any more requests should be posted on General complaints.

Any specific questions or comments should be directed to Litefantastic

Our banner:

Support

 * 1) Litefantastic 18:35, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Monedula 21:57, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Rissa of the saiya-jin 23:34, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Dunc_Harris|☺ 11:15, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC) New layout is horrible.  And if the font sizes are messed up then we're violating the W3 accessibility standards.
 * 5) --    ALargeElk | Talk 11:27, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC) With reservations, which is why I won't be using the banner on my user page. I don't endorse points 6 (I like the tabs) or 8 (I've had no trouble with the preferences page). I'd also like to thank the designers for the work they've put in - I just think that, on this occasion, they largely got it wrong.
 * 6) --Kornelis 17:05, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC) I think the new style is flawed, but I'm sure some peoply will like it's glossy look anyway. Could at least easy access to the standard style on the page itself be added? (more in Wikipedia talk:Petition for the return of the Old Wikipedia)
 * 7) Patcat88 23:03, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC) I cant figure out how to use the new skin, the old one u instantly kno how to use, even on first sight, the new one takes too much time and experimentaion to learn, most newbees will give up and leave when they cant do something
 * 8) Trilobite 09:03, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Tomwalden 19:17, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) --AndreyF 05:27, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC) Is there any way to get a printable version of pages under the new skin? Yes (see comment from Lexor below).
 * 11) miernik
 * 12) ☞spencer195 05:50, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Taku. This is just my preference. I have nothing against the new look.
 * 14) --Henrygb 00:15, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) I think the monobook default will discourage casual visitors.  I tried it for four weeks and then tried to adjust it to meet my need.  I failed and am happily back on Standard, except when I visit other languages.  In particular the monobook font is too small and difficult to read, and the links are less obvious.
 * 15) Chuck SMITH 00:10, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC) I'm using the old computer at my parents house and I have to wait a long time for the pages to load.  Also, I tend to work in six Wikipedia languages (although I work in a lot less due to the slow loading of the pages), so when I log in to each individual language, I have to wait a long time.  This is really unnecessary.
 * 16) Frazzydee 00:14, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC): I realize that I can change my prefs, and I have done so.  However, I believe the old look definately had everything in the right place, and was much more accessible.  Also, the background for the new look isn't viewable, since there is always something covering it.
 * 17) Valmi 21:06, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC) – the only advantage of the "new look" is it was the final argument that convinced me into signing up (to get rid of it)
 * 18) Rafał Pocztarski 04:21, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 19) --Yath 16:02, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC) -- Some below say, change your preferences. This ignores the main reason to change back to the old look: the new look gives the wrong impression to visitors. It shows that we have no regard for their preferences, and that we prefer a flashy appearance to usability. It resembles many high-profile websites, such as news sites, and replicates their sins. The sans-serif fonts and the swooshy background serve to create an initial pleasing visual effect that has nothing to do with actually reading articles, and in fact detracts from it. I realize after the voting results came out overwhelmingly in favor of leaving the default font typeface and not having little icon doohickies on links, and these things did not change, that editor opinion counts for little in these decisions, but I can at least make it clear that I'm not the cause of these flawed design elements.
 * 20) [[User:Eequor| ᓛᖁ  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ ᑐ ]]] 06:47, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 21) -- Scott Burley 03:35, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * 22) Vanderesch 23:38, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC) When not logged in, and thus preferences not functioning, it is just unmanageable. Horrible fonts and my system just doesn't want to know about it. Colours too aren't rendered (how's that???). Please give the old wikipedia back.
 * 23) Oliver Keenan July 2, 2005 15:23 (UTC)
 * 24) Wereon July 7, 2005 17:40 (UTC)
 * 25)  Эйрон Кинни  04:00, 11 December 2005 (UTC). Printable, and clean pages are the best way to go. I think the old version would be much better than the current per the aforementioned rationale.
 * 26) Tyler Nelson Feburary 5, 2007 08:13 CST (no dst)
 * 27) I miss you old wiki! Ian159 (talk) 14:13, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Oppose

 * 1) Hydroksyde 06:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Wapcaplet 19:11, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC) I think the new look is a definite improvement over the old one. Much more professional and attractive, and far more customizable. I vote to keep monobook as the default skin.
 * 3) RickK 04:42, Jun 17, 2004 (UTC).  Set your Preferences to Standard.
 * 4) My name is J Alexander D Atkins and I live in London, UK, but I don't have a user account yet.  I like the new look. 13:12, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) I have reasonably often visited Wikipedia in the past. When I noticed the new layout, I became a contributor (since then I've made ~800 edits in less than 3 weeks). Coincidence? I think not. David Remahl 13:17, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Not only am I enjoying it (after initially balking, like this petition's supporters) but friends of mine hte web design field say they like it so well, they're patterning sites they're currently building on this style.  I call that a success. Jwrosenzweig 19:43, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) You can always set your preferences to use the Standard skin if you don't like it, it only affects the default view when not logged in and in general (immediately after it was introduced, most of the comments on Talk:Main Page were pretty positive, as I recall).  Also there was considerable discussion on meta and Talk:Main Page before the switch. Last comment to AndreyF: yes you can get printable pages, simply select the "Print" function in your browser, you can "print" to a file or "Print Preview" which should give you an idea about how it looks. --Lexor|Talk 12:41, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Changing my vote. It took me ages to get used to it but now I prefer it. Before I saw it as style over substance, but I have come to realise that a lot of effort has gone into making the XHTML and CSS validate and making sure there is a good prinatable version etc. "Set your preferences to standard" is just no good however, as this is all very well for us signed in users who can change our preferences, but what I opposed was what I saw as a poor layout which the vast majority of visitors who can't do such a thing would see. Anyway, I have changed my mind about most of this layout. I still hate the horrible box symbol that accompanies external links. — Trilobite (Talk) 13:24, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Again, preferences. WhisperToMe 05:58, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) I actually disliked the new look when I first saw it, but now I got kind of used to it. What's done is done. Think of all the new users that never saw the old look - for them the good old look would be the new look. --romanm (talk) 09:51, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) I like the new layout. Fuelbottle | Talk 11:15, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) The new layout is very nice, actually, although I do believe the current default style should have a way to access a printable version of the page. Vanieter 04:22, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) I think the new look is far more professional and should be used by default. Those that prefer the old can set it as a preference.   – Andre ( talk )  00:22, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) Preferences. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 20:32, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) Set your preferences to use the Standard. The new look is so much better. --mav 23:09, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) Most of the listed complaints are suggestions to improve the skin. The current skin isn't so broken that we need to "revert" it, to use the Wikipedia parlance. And I agree with many of the above users; the new look is a great improvement. --Slowking Man 05:50, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 17) I prefer professionalism than living in a shop full of brown second hand furniture and net curtains. CheeseDreams 01:02, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 18) While I would prefer a non-fixed font, in all other points monobook is a great improvement. -- AlexR 02:05, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 19) Just change your preference setting! jni 11:47, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 20) I'm going to have to agree with these folks; I think until viewing the old page is no longer an option, you don't have much of an argument to make. --BDD
 * 21) New mistakes that have been made with the new default look are par for the course, and an important part of the learning process.  The Wikipedia is built upon the idea that changes occasionally have flaws but that we'll iterate toward correctness by changing things often.  I agree with Slowking Man's comment above that the change isn't terrible enough to warrant reversion.  Overall, I think the change is a positive one—whatever flaws are remaining can be addressed on a case-by-case basis.  I certainly think the new look gives a much better impression to new users. --Milkmandan

 * 1) 67.167.90.83 02:14, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC). Change it if you want don't impose upon others.
 * 2) B-101 19:01, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC) - You guys have to accept change. Going back to old Wikipedia would mean trying to curve the evolution of this wonderful, wonderful website. Maybe we could combine the new/old wikis and find a compromise.
 * 3) Jobe6 July 8, 2005 23:24 (UTC) This new look is 10 times better than the old and much easier to use.
 * 4) Pyrosim 06:47, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Safay 08:48, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 6)  Da Gizza  Chat (c) 09:00, 25 November 2005 (UTC) Just feels better
 * 7) Presentation to new visitors is important. The old look may seem a bit bland and a bit overwhelming. The new look is more userfriendly while the old look is like a black and white textbook and may make people feel uncomfortable. Also, if you do not like it, you can change it at any time using the preferences section. SandBoxer 20:00, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) IMHO, the old wikipedia looks, not so nice. If this skin bothers anyone then change it!  Ban  e  s  08:26, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 9) Strong oppose this looks absolutely ugly.  I think we should get an even newer look to commerate the creation of the 1,000,000 article (when it happens).  ε  γκυκλοπ  αίδεια  *  22:48, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 10)   Joe I  03:46, 25 January 2006 (UTC)


text:
John William Brown

John William Brown (December 28, 1913 – October 29, 1993) was an American Republican politician from Ohio. He briefly served as the 58th governor of Ohio from January 3, 1957 to January 14, 1957 and served as the 51st and 54th lieutenant governor of Ohio.

Brown also served as mayor of Medina, in the Ohio House, and in the Ohio Senate.

Lieutenant governor
John W. Brown is Ohio's longest serving lieutenant governor, having served under three different governors from 1953 to 1957 and 1963 to 1975. In 1952, he unseated the incumbent lieutenant governor, Democrat George D. Nye, and took office in 1953. (At the time, the office of lieutenant governor was elected separately from the office of governor). Brown defeated Nye again in 1954 to win a second two-year term.

In 1956, instead of seeking another term as lieutenant governor, Brown ran for the gubernatorial nomination against state Attorney General C. William O'Neill. Brown lost badly in the primary, getting only 27.5% of the vote to O'Neill's 72.5%.

Governor of Ohio
In January 1957, as Brown was about to leave the lieutenant governorship, Frank J. Lausche, the Democratic governor of Ohio, resigned to take a seat in the United States Senate, which he had won in the 1956 general election. Brown, thus, was elevated to the office of governor. Lausche's successor, C. William O'Neill (who had defeated Brown in the gubernatorial primary), had already been elected, at the same time that Lausche won his Senate seat; however, at the time, the U.S. Senate term began on January 3, but the Ohio gubernatorial term did not end until January 14.

Into the breach stepped the outgoing lieutenant governor. Brown took his eleven-day-long governorship very seriously. He moved into the governor's mansion, summoned the General Assembly to hear his state of the state address, demanded and received the governor's salary for the eleven days, and deposited five boxes of gubernatorial papers with the Ohio Historical Society. Among papers was a letter, on gubernatorial letter-head, to Columbus mayor M. E. Sensenbrenner, asking him to take care of a parking ticket. There was also a letter to then-President Eisenhower asking for a federal job after his eleven days in the governor's office were complete.

Later career
In 1958, Brown was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, where he served from 1959 to 1961. He won election to the lieutenant governorship again in 1962, and served another three terms (by this time, the lieutenant governor's term had been extended to four years), from 1963 to 1975. In 1974, Brown lost his bid for another term to Richard F. Celeste.

After serving as lieutenant governor, Brown worked to reactivate, and became the first commandant of, the Ohio Naval Militia.

Legacy
Brown Arena at the Ohio Expo Center and State Fair in Columbus, Ohio, is named in honor of Brown.

title: John William Brown


text: Template:Goodolddays

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Template:Goodolddays


text: Talk:Eddie Vedder

title: Talk:Eddie Vedder


text:
National Treasure (film)

National Treasure is a 2004 American action-adventure heist film released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was written by Jim Kouf and the Wibberleys, produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, and directed by Jon Turteltaub. It is the first film in the National Treasure franchise and stars Nicolas Cage in the lead role, Harvey Keitel, Jon Voight, Diane Kruger, Sean Bean, Justin Bartha and Christopher Plummer. In the film, Benjamin Franklin Gates, a historian, along with computer expert Riley Poole and archivist Abigail Chase, search for a massive lost Freemason treasure, which includes a map hidden on the back of the United States Declaration of Independence.

National Treasure was released worldwide on November 19, 2004. The film grossed $347 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the action scenes and performances but criticized the premise and screenplay. A sequel, National Treasure: Book of Secrets, was released in 2007.

At the 2022 D23 Expo, a sequel television series, National Treasure: Edge of History, was announced. It was released on the Disney+ streaming service from December 14, 2022 to February 8, 2023.

Plot
Benjamin Franklin Gates is an American historian, cryptographer, and treasure hunter. When Ben was young, his grandfather John told him that, in 1832, Charles Carroll passed on a secret clue to their ancestor of a fabled treasure hidden in America from ancient times to the Knights Templar, Founding Fathers and Freemasons. Carroll's clue leads anyone to the treasure with the phrase "the secret lies with Charlotte". While Ben is convinced by the story, his skeptical father, Patrick, dismisses it as nonsense.

Ben and his friend, computer expert Riley Poole, head an expedition financed by wealthy Ian Howe to find the Charlotte, revealed to be a ship lost in the Arctic. Within the ship, they find a meerschaum pipe, whose engravings reveal the next clue is on the Declaration of Independence. When Ian reveals himself as a crime boss and suggests stealing the Declaration, a fight ensues, and the group splits. Ben and Riley report Ian's plan to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Abigail Chase of the National Archives, but they don't believe them. Ben decides to protect the Declaration by removing it from the Archives' preservation room during a gala event before Ian does. Obtaining Abigail's fingerprints, he successfully obtains the Declaration, but he is spotted by Ian's group just as they break in to steal it. Ben tries to leave via the gift shop but has to pay for the Declaration when the cashier mistakes it for a souvenir copy. Suspecting something amiss, Abigail confronts Ben and takes back the document. Ian promptly kidnaps her, but Ben and Riley rescue Abigail, tricking Ian by leaving behind a souvenir copy of the Declaration. The FBI, led by Agent Sadusky, begins tracking Ben.

Going to Patrick's house, the trio studies the Declaration and discovers a book cipher written in invisible ink. The message refers to Benjamin Franklin's Silence Dogood letters. Patrick formerly owned them but donated them to the Franklin Institute. Paying a schoolboy to view the letters and decipher the code for them, Ben, Riley, and Abigail discover a message pointing to the bell tower of Independence Hall. Pursued by Ian, they find a brick containing a pair of spectacles with multiple colored lenses, which, when used to read the back of the Declaration, reveal a clue pointing to Trinity Church. Ian's associates chase the trio through Philadelphia until the FBI arrests Ben. Abigail and Riley lose the Declaration to Ian, but Abigail convinces Ian to help them rescue Ben in exchange for the next clue. Ian agrees, contacts the FBI, and arranges a meeting at the USS Intrepid, where they help Ben evade the FBI.

Ian returns the Declaration and asks for the next clue, but when Ben remains coy, Ian reveals he has taken Patrick hostage. They travel to the Trinity Church, where they find an underground passage that appears to lead to a dead end, lit by a lone lantern. Patrick claims it is a reference to the Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, pointing Ian to the Old North Church in Boston, a claim which Ben supports. Ian traps the group in the chamber and leaves for Boston, after which Ben and Patrick reveal it was a false clue to get him out of the way. Ben then finds a notch the meerschaum pipe fits into, opening a large chamber containing the treasure, with a staircase to the surface. Ben meets up with Sadusky—who is actually a Freemason—at ground level to return the Declaration. In exchange for dropping the charges on him and Abigail, Ben wants to donate the treasure to museums worldwide, crediting the Gates family and Riley for the discovery and Ian's arrest in place of his own. On a tip from Ben, the FBI finds Ian in Boston, breaking into the Old North Church, and arrests him on the spot.

Later, Ben and Abigail start a relationship, and Riley is somewhat upset that Ben turned down the 10% finder's fee for the treasure. However, the 1% he "did" accept has still netted them all significant wealth.

Cast

 * Nicolas Cage as Benjamin Franklin Gates: An American treasure hunter and cryptographer.
 * Hunter Gomez as young Benjamin Gates
 * Sean Bean as Ian Howe: An entrepreneur, crime boss and treasure hunter who is a former friend of Benjamin Gates.
 * Diane Kruger as Dr. Abigail Chase: An archivist at the National Archives who aids Benjamin Gates in treasure hunting.
 * Justin Bartha as Riley Poole: A sardonic computer expert and friend of Benjamin Gates.
 * Jon Voight as Patrick Henry Gates: A former treasure hunter and the father of Benjamin Gates.
 * Harvey Keitel as Agent Peter Sadusky: An FBI Special Agent in pursuit of the stolen Declaration of Independence.
 * Christopher Plummer as John Adams Gates: The father of Patrick Gates and the grandfather of Benjamin Gates.
 * Deborah Yates as Rebecca

David Dayan Fisher appears as Shaw, Stewart Finlay-McLennan as Powell, Oleg Taktarov as Viktor Shippen, and Stephen Pope as Phil McGregor (Ian's henchmen); Annie Parisse, Mark Pellegrino, Armando Riesco, and Erik King play agents Dawes, Ted Johnson, Hendricks, and Colfax, respectively. Don McManus appears as Dr. Stan Herbert, Arabella Field appears as Abigail's secretary. Sharon Wilkins portrays a butcher. Jason Earles portrays Thomas Gates, and Terrence Currier portrays a young version of Founding Father Charles Carroll.

Development
By early 1999, it was revealed that Jon Turteltaub was developing National Treasure based upon an idea developed by Oren Aviv and Charles Segars in 1997, with a script by Jim Kouf. By 2001, the project was relocated to Touchstone Pictures.

In May 2003, Nicolas Cage was cast as the lead. New drafts were written by nine scribers, including Cormac and Marianne Wibberley, E. Max Frye, and Jon Turteltaub. By October, Sean Bean was cast.

Filming locations
National Treasure was filmed primarily in Los Angeles, Washington, New York, Philadelphia and Utah. Most scenes were filmed on location, with the exceptions of the Independence Hall scene, portions of which were filmed at the replica of Independence Hall at Knott's Berry Farm, and the Arctic scene, which was filmed in Utah.

Portrayal of Declaration of Independence
The film's suggestion that the original Declaration of Independence still has clearly visible ink is inaccurate. The document's ink faded over time due to exposure to damaging lighting, with little ink still existing by 1876.

Box office
National Treasure earned $11 million on its opening day in the United States, ahead of Paramount & Nickelodeon's The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (which earned $9,559,752). It grossed $35,142,554 during its opening weekend, on 4,300 screens at 3,243 theaters, averaging $11,648 per venue. The film had the best opening weekend for a Disney film released in November until it was surpassed by Chicken Little in 2005. It held on to the No. 1 spot for three weekends. In Japan, National Treasure bested the double-billing MegaMan NT Warrior: Program of Light and Dark and Duel Masters: Curse of the Deathphoenix, grossing $11,666,763 in its first week. The film closed on June 2, 2005, with a domestic gross of $173,008,894 and earning $174,503,424 internationally. Worldwide, National Treasure grossed over $347,512,318, against a budget of $100 million.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 46% based on 179 reviews, and an average rating of 5.30/10. The site's consensus reads, "National Treasure is no treasure, but it's a fun ride for those who can forgive its highly improbable plot." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film 2/4 stars, calling it "so silly that the Monty Python version could use the same screenplay, line for line." Academic David Bordwell has expressed a liking for the film, placing it in the tradition of 1950s Disney children's adventure movies, and using it as the basis for an essay on scene transitions in classical Hollywood cinema.

Home media
National Treasure was released on Disney DVD in May 2005. In keeping with the movie's theme, the DVD contains a "Bonus Treasure Hunt": viewers who watch the Special Features on the disc are rewarded with puzzles and codes that unlock more features.

Collector's Edition DVD
To help promote Book of Secrets, a special collector's edition, two-disc DVD set of the movie was released on December 18, 2007. The set features a bonus disc containing additional deleted scenes and documentaries.

Blu-ray
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Blu-ray versions of National Treasure and its sequel, National Treasure 2: Book of Secrets, on May 20, 2008.

Sequels
Although the DVD commentary stated that there were no plans for a sequel, the film's box office gross of an unexpected $347.5 million worldwide warranted a second film, which was given the green light in 2005. National Treasure: Book of Secrets was released on December 21, 2007.

In 2008, director Jon Turteltaub said that the filmmaking team would take its time on another National Treasure sequel. In October 2013, Turteltaub confirmed that he, the studio, producer Jerry Bruckheimer, and the actors all wanted to do a third film, saying: "We want to do the movie, Disney wants to do the movie. We're just having the damnedest time writing it. I'll bet that within two years, we'll be shooting that movie. I'd say we're about halfway there." In May 2016, Cage confirmed the film was still in the writing process, and in July 2018, Turtletaub reiterated that a script for a possible third film was "close", but Disney still was not completely sold on it. In January 2020, it was announced that Chris Bremner, the writer of Bad Boys for Life, would write a new script.

In May 2020, Jerry Bruckheimer confirmed that, not only was there a third film in development with the original cast returning, but also that a Disney+ series was in the works with the same premise as the original, but focusing on a much younger cast.

In an April 2022 "Ask Me Anything" thread on Reddit, Cage responded to a question about his involvement in possible future installments: "No, the priority was to turn it into a TV show so I would say probably not."

title: National Treasure (film)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Historical archive/Petition for the return of the Old Wikipedia

For a November 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Petition for the return of the Old Wikipedia

I don't really like a few things about new skin, and I especially don't like the way it was sprung on everyone with no warning and without being fully tested. However, now that it is deployed, I think the issues are getting systematically resolved and that reverting now would cause more problems than it's worth. -Lommer 22:34, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

As a new contributor to Wikipedia (with experience of other wikis), I just want to say that I have started contributing because of the better layout. It is now a joy to use... David Remahl 18:42, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

There is some discussion at:

http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_1.3_comments_and_bug_reports

For what it's worth, I found the default font too small, but discovered a handy "minimum font size" option in Mozilla preferences.

I use the "standard" skin in IE 6.0, and it looks just as it always has. You might want to try it. Meelar 22:00, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, change your skin :) Dysprosia 11:38, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * But then I'd have to log in every time, and I hardly ever do. Hans Zarkov 08:46, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

In my original complaint on General complaints I did not press for the immeadiate removal of the new design, first of all because I do not know why the change was made (am curious though), and secondly because I would not be suprised to learn that quite a few people actually like the glossy look. Therefore I suggested that at least it should be made really easy (not only for those with an account but other visitors as well) to change the look to a basic style (I'm thinking, one mouseclick on a link in the top of the page). But if really a lot of people are unhappy with the new look, that must mean something. Even the glossy look (which is somewhat in the eye of the beholder) aside, I fear that the style makes too many presumptions about the kind of browser and the kind of fonts the reader is using, and that the intricate layout may be easily broken (at least I saw the tabs dissappear when tried a browser I do not normally use, Konqueror 3.14).

I agree with the additional points of Litefantastic, even point 6, because I like the accassibility of the links on the top, which with the new style are removed for the tabs (like "printable version" and the other languages the article is in - I actually look at two other languages regularly, besides English). However, since I don't know what exactly is going on with regard to the new style, for now I wont display the banner that asks for its immeadiate removal. I do ask for easy access to something as solid as the old standard, and feel personally that the new style is flawed. --Kornelis 16:40, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

In response: Thank you all for helping me, and contributing your POVs. I have read them all (thus far) and wish to make a suggested change to our petition: That the old style be made the default, and that the (currently) new style be made an optional skin under 'preferences'. Sound good? It is possible to revert to something resembling the old look by fiddling with formatting, but I'd still like it put back as default. But that's just me; as always the call goes to the majority. -Litefantastic 18:15, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, as long as we're voting, I think I'll go ahead and make mine "keep the new look." -- Wapcaplet 19:12, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Old Wikipedia? Do you mean this ( http://web.archive.org/web/20010405113633/http://www.wikipedia.com/ )? Maximus Rex 18:12, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * No. Not quite that old. Just before this skin change. -Litefantastic 15:59, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps we should mention also this:

— Monedula 23:21, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * But that's the problem. Or a problem anyway; God knows we have enough of them. The Pedia doesn't work as well in some browsers; charactrs don't work, the font bothers you, etc. -Litefantastic 01:02, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

This new Wikipedia skin doesn't have to be that bad. Of course, it looks like Windows XP, but with some changes (well, quite a lot) I could even accept it, if it weren't for one thing: Was the Wikipedia community ever informed of the skin change before it happend? Was there ever a big note at the top of the Main Page encouraging Wikipedians to vote in this matter? Well, at least I didn't see one. I've finally found a voting page, but it was hidden in a list under Community Portal/Current polls. This is a MAJOR change to Wikipedia. A notice should have been placed on the Main Page with a link to a voting page at least a week before the change. –The Phoenix 09:08, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Preferences editor
What is meant by "Make the preferences editor easier to use" ? --Yath 19:58, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Opera
I strongly recommend the Opera browser. The different Wikipedia skins work and it's possible to zoom the size of the entire page (fonts and images both) up to 100's of times over if required. Opera can also emulate a text-only browser or a "nostalgia" browser (makes it look like the web ten years ago). Most useful of all, a magic wand system remembers to log you in automatically each session (if you tell it to) in a much more reliable way than IE browsers.

--wayland 14:13, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Screenshots
Does anyone have screenshots of the old Wikipedia? I never saw it, so I would like to see what it was like before I vote. Ryan 10:28, August 7, 2005 (UTC)


text:
BankBoston

BankBoston was a bank based in Boston, Massachusetts, which was created by the 1996 merger of Bank of Boston and BayBank. One of its predecessor banks started in 1784, but the merged BankBoston was short-lived, being acquired by FleetBoston Financial in 1999. In 2005, FleetBoston was purchased by, and merged into, Bank of America of Charlotte, North Carolina.

After the sale of its Latin American branches in 2006, BankBoston currently exists solely as a subsidiary private bank owned by Bank of America.

History
The history of BankBoston represents the combination of dozens of banks throughout the New England region acquired over the course of more than two centuries. Among its notable predecessors were the Massachusetts Bank, the First National Bank of Boston, the Old Colony Trust Company and BayBank.

The Massachusetts Bank
Bank of Boston traced its roots back to The Massachusetts Bank founded in 1784. The Massachusetts Bank was the first federally chartered joint-stock owned bank in the United States and only the second bank to receive a charter in the United States, after the Bank of North America. The bank's charter was signed by John Hancock and among its early account holders were such notable figures as Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, John Hancock and Henry Knox. The bank's founders were largely made up of merchants who wanted to use a U.S., rather than British bank to send money abroad. It was first headquartered at the old Manufactory House, near Boston Common. The bank was the only bank in the city of Boston until the Union Bank (later the Bank of New England) was founded in 1792.

In 1786, the Massachusetts Bank financed the first U.S. trade mission to China, and in 1791, it financed the first voyage of an American ship to Argentina, establishing what would become a long-standing presence in Latin America. Bank of Boston would later become the largest foreign bank in several major Latin American cities.

In 1864, The Massachusetts Bank was renamed the Massachusetts National Bank.

First National Bank of Boston

In 1903, The Massachusetts Bank merged with The First National Bank of Boston amidst a wave of consolidation in the banking industry at the start of the 20th century. First National had been founded in 1859 as Safety Fund Bank, changing its name in 1864 when it joined the national bank system. After a year operating as The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, the combined firm dropped the usage of "Massachusetts" in the name.

On December 24, 1927, Bank of Boston's headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina, were blown up by the Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, in the frame of the international campaign supporting Sacco and Vanzetti.

Despite the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the First National Bank of Boston continued to grow in 1929, purchasing the Old Colony Trust Company. However, following the passage of the Glass–Steagall legislation in 1933, which prohibited commercial banks from engaging in investment banking and securities dealing, First National Bank of Boston was forced to divest its investment banking arm, the First Boston Corporation.

In 1970 the Bank of Boston reorganized under a new holding company, First National Boston Corporation, and began a series of acquisitions of regional banks through the 1970s and 1980s. In 1978, the bank challenged a Massachusetts law limiting bank contributions to political issues. The U.S. Supreme Court sided with the bank that their First Amendment rights were being restricted, in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti. In 1982, the bank renamed itself Bank of Boston. In 1985 Bank of Boston acquired Connecticut-based Colonial Bancorp and in 1987 acquired BankVermont Corporation.

Acquisition of BayBank to form BankBoston
By the 1990s, Bank of Boston was looking to make another large acquisition, hoping to make itself too rich to be acquired by a much larger player. However, the bank lost the bidding in 1991 for the failed Bank of New England to Fleet Bank, and its attempted merger with Shawmut Bank collapsed in early 1992. In 1994, Bank of Boston entered into discussions with Fleet about a potential merger but ultimately Fleet chose to merge with Shawmut in 1995. This merger made Fleet the largest bank in Boston and New England.

In 1995, Bank of Boston announced a merger with BayBank, another local financial institution. Although still smaller than its failed takeover targets earlier in the decade, BayBank had a strong retail banking operation, with 205 branches and over a thousand ATMs. Baybanks was founded in 1928 when a Massachusetts asset manager with controlling stakes in nine banks reorganized itself as Old Colony Trust. After successfully weathering the Great Depression, Old Colony Trust changed its name to Baystate Corporation. This reflected the widening scope of operations and services the firm provided throughout Massachusetts. In the 1950s and 1960s, Baystate engaged in an aggressive acquisitions strategy and bought more than 40 banks. In 1976 the bank's name was changed from Baystate to BayBanks, Inc. BayBanks derived 80 percent of its revenues from its retail business, with 31% of households in eastern Massachusetts, and 25% across the entire state, having at least one BayBanks account.

Following the merger, the combined Bank of Boston did regain the title as the largest bank in the city of Boston from its rival Fleet Bank although Fleet was still the larger bank overall. With the addition of BayBank's $11 billion of assets, the combined bank had total assets of over $62 billion at the end of 1996.

The combined bank, rebranded BankBoston in 1996, was a major financial institution both domestically and internationally, due in part to the Latin American holdings of Bank of Boston, where the old name was still used. Nonetheless, it would soon be subsumed by one of the many U.S. bank mergers that proliferated in the 1990s.

In August 1998 BankBoston acquired Robertson Stephens & Co. from BankAmerica Corporation for approximately $800 million. The transaction represented the second largest acquisition in company history, after the purchase of BayBank.

Bank of New York
On 26 October 1999, Bank of New York gained BankBoston Panama as its subcustodian bank in Panama. Beginning in 1996, the 1973 established BankBoston Panama provided custody services to non-resident investors in Panama.

Merger with Fleet
Boston-based Fleet Bank (originally Providence Bank, founded in Rhode Island in 1791) acquired BankBoston in 1999, on the heels of acquiring Shawmut Bank just a few years earlier. Fleet now dominated the New England market, yet saw the value in maintaining the old Bank of Boston brand in Latin America.

The combination of Fleet and BankBoston resulted in what was the eighth largest bank in the United States at the time, with assets of over $190 billion. Between the acquisitions by Fleet and BankBoston, the combined bank had consumed eight of the ten largest banks in New England at the start of the 1990s.

The merged entity, FleetBoston Financial, adopted BankBoston's former Boston headquarters as its own. The bank had branches throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic states. In 2000, FleetBoston acquired Summit Bancorp of Princeton, New Jersey. The acquisition of Summit, New Jersey's largest remaining bank at the time, vaulted FleetBoston into the #1 market-share position in the state of New Jersey and provided critical mass in the Philadelphia metro area.

Acquisition by Bank of America
In 2004, FleetBoston in turn was purchased by Bank of America, which was looking to expand its East Coast presence. Bank of America chose to unload Bank of Boston's historic Latin American assets (still branded as BankBoston), in order to focus on becoming one of the largest U.S. domestic banks.

On 17 December 2004, Bank of America sold its BankBoston (BKB) operations in Peru, Colombia, and Panama to the 1955 established Panamanian private equity bank Banco General.

In 2006, Bank of America sold all BankBoston's Brazilian assets to Brazilian bank Banco Itaú, in exchange for Itaú shares. The BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction and, as part of the sale agreement, cannot be used by Bank of America. In August 2006, Itaú purchased BankBoston assets in Chile and Uruguay. Operations in these countries continued to use the BankBoston brand until Banco Itau completed its takeover in Chile on February 27, 2007, and in Uruguay on March 23, 2007.

In December 2006, Argentina's central bank approved Bank of America's sale of BankBoston Argentina to South Africa's Standard Bank. With the finalization of the sale on April 3, 2007, the BankBoston brand ceased to exist in any branches (in 2012 an 80% stake was sold by Standard Bank to Industrial and Commercial Bank of China).

BankBoston currently exists solely as an international private bank, a subsidiary owned by Bank of America.

title: BankBoston


text:
Category:Cardiac electrophysiology

Cardiac electrophysiology is the study of the electrical system of the heart. It deals with the treatment of both bradycardias (slow rhythms of the heart) and tachycardias (fast rhythms of the heart).

Cardiac electrophysiology is a subspecialty of cardiology.

title: Category:Cardiac electrophysiology


text:
Ernest Holmes

Ernest Shurtleff Holmes (January 21, 1887 – April 7, 1960) was an American New Thought writer, teacher, and leader. He was the founder of a spiritual movement known as Religious Science, part of the greater New Thought movement, whose spiritual philosophy is known as "The Science of Mind." He was the author of The Science of Mind and numerous other metaphysical books, and the founder of Science of Mind magazine, in continuous publication since 1927. His books remain in print, and the principles he taught as "Science of Mind" have inspired and influenced many generations of metaphysical students and teachers. Holmes had previously studied another New Thought teaching, Divine Science, and was an ordained Divine Science Minister. His influence beyond New Thought can be seen in the self-help movement.

Biography
Holmes was born January 21, 1887, in Lincoln, Maine, to a poor family. He was the son of Anna Columbia (Heath) and William Nelson Holmes. He left school and his family in Maine for Boston at the age of 15. From 1908 to 1910 he worked in a store to pay for his tuition at the Leland Powers School of Expression in Boston. There he was introduced to Mary Baker Eddy's Science and Health, as well as Christian Science.

In 1912 Holmes joined his brother Fenwicke in Venice, California. In addition to taking up a job with the city government, Holmes and his brother, a Congregationalist minister, studied the writings of Thomas Troward, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Walker Atkinson, and Christian D. Larson.

In 1927 Holmes married Hazel Durkee Foster. She died in 1957. He died on April 7, 1960.

Religious Science/Science of Mind
After leading small private meetings throughout the city, in 1916 Holmes was invited to speak at the Metaphysical Library in Los Angeles. This led him to repeat engagements, and on a nationwide tour. In 1919 he published his first book, The Creative Mind, and after almost a decade of touring, Holmes committed to remaining in the L.A. area to complete his major work, The Science of Mind. It was published in 1926.

That year Holmes started speaking each Sunday morning in a theatre in the Ambassador Hotel that seated 625. In November 1927, they moved to the 1,295-seat Ebell Theatre. Subsequently, Holmes' lectures continued moving to ever-larger spaces, including the Biltmore Hotel, and the Wiltern Theatre, which seats more than 2800. In February 1927, Holmes incorporated the Institute of Religious Science and School of Philosophy, Inc., and later that year he began publishing Science of Mind magazine. In 1935 he reincorporated his organization as the Institute of Religious Science and Philosophy, and in 1954 it was reestablished again as a religious organization called the Church of Religious Science.

Today his Science of Mind/Religious Science teachings are continued by the Centers for Spiritual Living, the Affiliated New Thought Network, the Global Religious Science Ministries, Independent Religious Science ministries, and other organizations. In 2015, his books Creative Mind and Creative Mind and Success were narrated by Hillary Hawkins and published in audiobook form.

Philosophy
Holmes taught New Thought in a Christian context in his church. The primary teaching of New Thought is that physical form is created by a Universal Mind, or God, which manifests—or literally reflects—the dominant belief system of all living persons. In his book, The Science of Mind, Holmes described this God-force as follows: "There is a Universal Mind, Spirit, Intelligence, that is the origin of everything: It is First Cause. It is God.  This Universal Life and Energy finds an outlet in and through all that is energized, and through everything that lives." Holmes argued that human beings have access to the power of this Universal Mind by directing their thoughts—in particular, their beliefs about the present or the future. In his book, he described this as follows: "Experience has taught us that the subjective tendency of this intelligent Law of creative force may consciously be directed and definitively used. This is the greatest discovery of all time." In his book, The Science of Mind, Holmes explains how it is possible to direct this power by controlling one's thoughts. A sustained belief in a particular outcome will invariably create that outcome. In other words, good events proceed from a belief in good. Evil events proceed from a belief in evil. In The Science of Mind, Holmes emphasized the importance of only focusing on good: "Never look at that which you do not wish to experience. No matter what the false condition may be, it must be refuted. The proper kind of denial is based upon the recognition that, in reality, there is no limitation, for Mind can as easily make a planet as an acorn.  The Infinite knows no difference between a million dollars and a penny.  It only knows that IT IS."

In order to get results, Holmes emphasized that it was necessary to think one specific thought, with complete certainty. If one is continually thinking different thoughts, the Universal Mind will not have a dominant belief that it can manifest, or create, in the physical world. Holmes explained this idea as follows, in his book, Creative Mind:

"So plastic is mind, so receptive, that the slightest thought makes an impression upon it. People who think many kinds of thought must expect to receive a confused manifestation in their lives. If a gardener plants a thousand kinds of seeds, he will get a thousand kinds of plants; it is the same in mind."

Statement of Beliefs
In the 1920s, Holmes published the following statement of beliefs:

Through his research, Holmes created a "structure of concepts" based on the religions and philosophies of human history, sometimes correlating his findings with the then-emerging "new" physics. He named the teaching a science because he believed that its principles were scientifically provable in practice. He wrote, "I would rather see a student of this Science prove its Principle than to have him repeat all the words of wisdom that have ever been uttered."

Holmes ultimately came to believe in a "core concept" – what he saw as a "Golden thread of truth" that ran through all of the world's religions as well as in science and philosophy.

Recognition
Holmes received a variety of recognitions for his work. In 1945, he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Andhra University in India. The California College of Medicine, and the Foundation Academic University of Spiritual Understanding in Venice, Italy, awarded him a Doctor of Letters. In 1942, he was bestowed with the Cross of the Commander of the Grand Humanitarian Prize of Belgium, and in 1944 he was named an honorary member of the Eugene Field Society.

Biographies

 * Armor, R. C., R. Llast and A. Vergara (2000), That was Ernest: The story of Ernest Holmes and the Religious Science movement. DeVorss Publications.
 * Holmes, F. L. (1970), Ernest Holmes: His life and times. Dodd and Mead Publishers.

title: Ernest Holmes