text:
Talk:Smarty Jones

Injury
Smarty banged his skull pretty badly on a starting gate while rearing up during training before he had actually entered any races (9 months ago). He was knocked unconscious, and darn near killed himself.

He made a full recovery, and is undefeated going into the Preakness.

"Born of a very ordinary pedigree" - I think this "fact" is highly disputable - It seems that his "immediate" pedigree doesn't look impressive, but his bloodlines contain some great horses, notably Secretariat

1.http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/sports/8535377.htm?1c - from the article:"There is no shortage of stamina in Smarty Jones' breeding. His third-generation sires are Raise a Native, the sire of the great Mr. Prospector, and Secretariat, Northern Dancer, and Sir Ivor."

2.http://tcm.bloodhorse.com/viewstory_plain.asp?id=21438 - from the article: Going in straight tail-female line, Smarty Jone's seventh dam is La Troienne, the mother of all blue-hen broodmares in North America. More than 800 stakes winners can be traced back through her bloodlines, and she appears twice in Smarty Jones pedigree. La Troienne is the fourth dam of Glowing Tribute (dam of 1993 Derby winner Sea Hero), who is the dam of Elusive Quality's broodmare sire, Hero's Honor --Confuzion 01:26, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've added some details that belie,and simultaneously removed,the "very ordinary pedigree" reference.I left in the puffery about the KDerby,though I have always considered the Belmont more important and think the Breeders' Cup Classic is certainly in its own way more "prestigious".--Louis Epstein/User:12.144.5.2/le@put.com

I'll miss Smarty. It's a shame that one loss in his short career kept him from winning the Triple Crown.

 * He didn't lose per se--he was jobbed. Some of the other jockeys blockaded him because they didn't want him to win the TC.  They sabotaged their own sport--a TC winner is good for the sport--because they were jealous.64.132.218.4 19:19, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

TV documentry on Smarty Jones
hi, i just saw a documentry on smart jones and it really moved me. i just wanted to know is there a way to obtain that video??? it was super sports i think. i searched the internet but i am currently unable to get the same documentry even on youtube. ???? anyone saw that??? 66.198.31.2 11:31, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

POV re Man O'War
The opinion he was the greatest racehorse of the twentieth century is disputed by many racing fans. I removed the opinion.--Susan Nunes

Fair use rationale for Image:SmartyJones-SImagazine.jpg
Image:SmartyJones-SImagazine.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:42, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Eclipse award3.jpg
Image:Eclipse award3.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:41, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Injuries Section?
It doesn't really make sense to me that Smarty Jones' injuries are listed under "Winning Spree." Would a section over injuries and a section over his racing record make more sense? Or at least change the title of the "Winning Spree" segment to something more logical. Carsinmotion (talk) 22:12, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Pedigree
Here's my source of information about my claim regarding inbreeding to Native Dancer:

http://www.pedigreequery.com/smarty+jones

That should also dispel any claims regarding his "ordinary" pedigree.

He's actually inbred to Native Dancer & Secretariat both.

EnglishHornDude (talk) 20:54, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Tagged for tone
Good to see a substantial article, but the tone is hardly neutral. Some of the comments on the Belmont have to go immediately as they essentially accuse two living jockeys of cheating.  Tigerboy1966  09:25, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Smarty Jones


text:
User:PaulSlinski

I'm only here for the beer. What? No beer? Aw hell, let's edit some articles then.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:PaulSlinski


text:
Carrs-Safeway

Carrs–Safeway (formerly Carrs Quality Centers) is a supermarket chain that is based in Anchorage, Alaska, and is a subsidiary of Albertsons. It was acquired in April 1999 by former parent Safeway from an employee ownership group, who itself had purchased the company from founder Larry Carr and his partner Barney Gottstein in 1990.

The proposed acquisition led to an antitrust lawsuit filed by the Alaska Public Interest Research Group, which was resolved by a consent decree reached between Safeway and the Alaska Attorney General's office which required the company to divest seven stores. Those stores re-opened as the grocery chain Alaska Marketplace, which closed at the end of 2000. One of those stores, the Foodland Shopping Circle in Fairbanks, one of the earliest stores in the Carrs chain, has remained largely vacant since.

As of 2010, there are 24 stores in Alaska, including: Anchorage, Fairbanks (both in multiple locations), Juneau, Kenai, Homer, Ketchikan, Kodiak, Nome, North Pole, Palmer, Seward, Soldotna, Valdez, Wasilla and Unalaska.

Beginning
Laurence John "Larry" Carr (July 28, 1929 – May 12, 2011) moved to Anchorage, Alaska, in 1947 after graduating from high school in San Bernardino, California. After a short stint in management at the Alaska Railroad commissary, in which he hoped to make enough money to return to California and open a grocery store there, he instead became a competitor in the grocery business in Anchorage.

Carr opened his first store in a Quonset hut, located on the southern end of Gambell Street in the Eastchester (now known as Fairview) neighborhood of Anchorage, in February 1950. The location would prove to be beneficial, as Gambell Street, which became Potter Road after leaving the townsite limits and dead-ended several miles south of town at a railroad section house, soon became the northern terminus of the Seward Highway.

The name Carrs was derived from the original operating partnership of Larry Carr and his brother, Bernard Joseph Carr, Jr. They were joined by their father, Bernard Joseph "Pop" Carr, following his retirement from the Santa Fe Railroad in 1954. The senior Carr left the company in 1964 to launch a successful campaign for the Alaska House of Representatives.

Another person involved in the company during its early days was Bernard J. "Barney" Gottstein. His father, Jacob B. Gottstein, started a wholesale grocery business in Anchorage when the town was founded in 1915. Carr and Gottstein began their formal business partnership in 1960, integrating retail and wholesale grocery operations and real estate development (particularly construction of shopping centers) into one company. Carr and Gottstein were also heavily involved during the 1960s in promoting the business and political career of a recent young arrival to Alaska named Mike Gravel.

1960s–1980s
The second Carrs location and associated construction, the Aurora Village Shopping Center, was built in 1966. The Mall at Sears, an enclosed mall with an interior motif resembling a downtown sidewalk, was built the following year. Both were built along Northern Lights Boulevard, which being a section line arterial, was mostly known for illegal drag racing and associated businesses such as drive-in restaurants, as the vast majority of Anchorage's retail landscape was located downtown at the time. The construction of these two malls, combined with the Northern Lights Center constructed by Wally Hickel in 1960, started the shift in customer traffic away from downtown and towards the outlying areas of Anchorage.

These two malls began a pattern of Carrs Grocery and strip mall construction which followed for most of the next two decades. By the mid-1970s, there were Carrs stores throughout southcentral Alaska, as well as the Foodland Shopping Circle in downtown Fairbanks. Carrs operated a warehouse market called Prairie Market in the 1970s and 1980s, with two locations close to the Old Seward Highway in Anchorage.

1990s
Carrs stores were primarily located throughout the "Railbelt" area of Alaska. A subsidiary, Eagle Quality Centers, operated in numerous mid-sized and smaller Alaskan communities, both within and outside of the Railbelt. The company branched out into Southeast Alaska in the early 1990s, opening stores in Juneau and Ketchikan.

Carr and Gottstein sold their business in a leveraged buyout to two senior executives of Carr-Gottstein: John Cairns, the company's general manager, and Mark Williams, Carr-Gottstein's vice-president of operations. The price was 250–300 million dollars for 13 Carrs Quality Centers, 15 Oaken Keg liquor stores, 3 Eagle Quality Centers, Gottstein wholesale food business, freight operations, and Carr-Gottstein Properties, a real estate development firm. The company purchased the Fairbanks supermarket chain Super Valu (formerly Market Basket) in 1992.

Safeway merger
In 1999, Safeway, Inc. acquired Carrs. Due to strong customer loyalty to the Carrs name, the chain was renamed Carrs-Safeway, and customers could opt to use a loyalty card.

C&S Wholesale Grocers, LLC
On September 8, 2023, Kroger and Albertsons announced plans to sell off the Carrs brand name, along with 14 stores, to C&S Wholesale Grocers, as a condition of Kroger and Albertsons merger. In July 2024, an updated plan to divest 18 stores was announced. This included all 11 Carrs locations, the 2 Safeway locations in Fairbanks, the Safeway locations in North Pole, Soldotna, Kenai, and Juneau, and the Eagle location in Girdwood.

Fuel stations
Carrs/Safeway customers receive fuel discounts when shopping at any participating Carrs/Safeway Store, They must use a Club Card in order to receive points that eventually over time can turn into a discount unless you spent $100 or over in a transaction. A Customer earns points every dollar spent, spend $100 in one transaction and receive a discount for 10 Cents off a gallon up to 25 gallons, These discounts then can be racked up over time to save up to $1.00 off per gallon. Here is an example for points: ~100 Points=10 cents off ~200 Points=20 cents off ~300 Points=30 cents off and can lead up to 1000 points to equal $1.00 off per gallon at the pump. You can use your Carrs/Safeway Club Card at any Safeway store including Canada to earn points. To locate a Carrs/Safeway Fuel Center please visit the link below or to learn more about Carrs/Safeway Fuel Center

Carrs/Safeway Fuel Rewards has been effective since mid 2011. Safeway adjusted the program in July 2012 for discounts and dropped the "Always get 3 cents off per gallon" discount as well as made the discount gallons drop from 30 gallons to 25 gallons; limiting customers on fuel.

This information is available at CarrsQC Fuel Reward Points.

Since 2007 they have operated the 7 store chain "The Great Alaska Tobacco Co" as stand alone stores it is a division of Carrs.

title: Carrs-Safeway


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Youth work

Youth work is a community support activity aimed at older children and adolescents. Depending upon the culture and the community, different services and institutions may exist for this purpose. In general, it provides an environment where young people can engage in informal educational activities. Throughout the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada, youth work is "to facilitate personal, educational, and social development." Through participative activities and coordinated programs, it seeks to enable young people in "gaining a voice, influence, and place in society in a period of their transition from dependence to independence." By nature and design these activities would be inclusive, educative, and empowering, and based on partnership, equality of opportunity, and respecting diversity.

Overview

"Youth work" is defined as activities that intentionally seek to impact young people. This is primarily a set of loosely affiliated activities that have been defined, redefined, examined, and reinvented in subsequent generations.

In Ireland the Youth Work Act of 2001 states that,

 * 'Youth work' means a planned programme of education designed for the purpose of aiding and enhancing the personal and social development of young persons through their voluntary participation, and which (a) complements their formal, academic, or vocational education and training; and (b) is provided primarily by voluntary youth work organisations."

However, critics of this particular definition report need for expansion of the limited view,

 * "Youth work should aim to engage with society and bring about social change in an unequal society."

Some critics report that youth work should seek youth participation in justice, equality, and youth empowerment through political engagement. They say youth should be liberated with orientation in critical analysis of local and global influences (globalization) in their lives and in their communities. Others like Julius Nyerere say education, the educative aspect of youth work should be a voluntary pursuit of the youth for it to be a tool of personal and social liberation.

Youth work is historically said to focus on five areas, including a focus on young people; an emphasis on voluntary participation and relationship; a commitment to association by youth and adults; friendly and informal atmospheres, and; acting with integrity.

History

Youth work often emphasises the need to involve young people in the running of their own services through a process of youth-led youth work. Historically there are a number of different motives for the development of youth work in the UK. First, early youth workers, often from the middle classes, frequently saw working with deserving young people as an expression of their Christian faith. Secondly there was a concern to instill a middle class set of values in working class youth.

This early approach to youth work has actually been around since the birth of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, which was the first time that young men left their own homes and cottage industries to migrate to the big towns. The result of this migration was an emergent youth culture in urban areas, which locally was responded to by the efforts of local people. Although with the formation of the YMCA (and later Scouting) organisations were founded whose sole aim was to address these issues, the emphasis was always on providing for young people.

A government review of the Youth Service, set up in November 1958 and chaired by Lady Albemarle, was published in 1960. It argued cogently for specific kinds of provision to be provided by local councils and ushered in a significant building boom of new premises for youth work. Often thought of as a golden age, the period following the Albemarle report was a time of thriving centre-based youth work.

Today (as outlined in the Transforming Youth Work document released in 1998 by the DfES) it is the statutory duty of all local government organisations to provide a youth service in their region. Also for the first time the youth service has national targets that have to be met with regard to the reach (initial contact) with young people, the number of relationships developed with young people and the number of accredited learning programmes achieved through the youth service.

In 1999 in the UK the main national professional organisations and trades union (CYWU) agreed to join other professional bodies representing informal education practitioners (community workers, community based adult educators, community educators), to create a UK wide National Training Organisation called PAULO (named in honour of the educator Paulo Freire. PAULO was formally approved by the Government to set the occupational training standards for all people working in this employment sector. In 2002 PAULO formed part of the Lifelong Learning UK Sector Skills Council.

Community youth work
Community youth workers provide community-based activities for young people in a variety of settings throughout local communities, including places of worship, nonprofit organizations and government agencies.

Youth empowerment
Youth empowerment is the deliberate granting of authority to young people by adults. This may take the form of youth leadership in program or organizational planning, research, design, facilitation or evaluation. This youth-centered approach has been shown to be particularly effective at promoting and sustaining youth engagement and for its efficacy across cultural, social and other boundaries.

Schemes associated with youth empowerment include programs various types of youth participation throughout organizations, governments and schools. This includes involving youth as planners, researchers, teachers, evaluators, decision-makers and advocates.

Centre-based youth work
This youth work is carried out at a dedicated premises, which may include facilities such as drop-in coffee bars, sports facilities and advice centres. Most youth clubs fall under this fairly wide category. It is reliant on young people choosing to come to the centre, but in some cases may be linked with outreach or school-based youth work.

Faith-based youth work
This youth work is carried out from a foundation of religious morals and may be for the purpose of sharing or engendering religious views. In the Christian church the main purpose of faith-based youth work may be derived from the biblical commandment to "love your neighbour." In many faith-based situations the main agenda or purpose of youth work is aligned with the spiritual goals of the religion, or the perceived progress of a young person toward these goals. In Northern Ireland, 64% of youth work is faith-based.

Detached youth work
In its purest form, detached youth work is a form of street-based youth work provision that operates without the use of a centre and takes place where young people "are at" both geographically and developmentally. It is often confused with outreach work because of the similar principles, i.e. making contact on the streets with those "hard to reach" or "unattached" young people. Detached work is seen as more than trying to encourage young people to utilise existing provision (which is the often used definition of Outreach work) and is used as a method of delivering informal and social education and is concerned with addressing whatever needs are presented to or perceived by the youth worker.

Also referred to as "street work" by some European, North and South American practitioners, modern detached work appears to have been influenced in Great Britain and Ireland by early contributions from the United States, and in particular, accounts of the work carried out by the Welfare Council of New York with street gangs in the 1950s became some of the earliest literature available on the subject of street-based work. Street work has, however, always, since its earliest incarnations, had a role to play in youth work.

However, it is important to note that contributors on the subject, such as those referenced above, e.g. (Kaufman, 2001) & (Smith, 1996.) have discussed the ambiguity surrounding the titling of such forms of work and the regular confusion around which form of work is which and indeed as Smith himself states "There has been a good deal of dispute over how to label the work described here. The problem with notions such as 'detached' is that it could still be seen as making the youth centre or traditional youth organization the basic reference point. (These are what the workers are detached from). Furthermore, the titling adds to the stereotypical view of detached workers as 'mavericks' who float free of attachment. The reality of practice is that a central feature of the work is the process of becoming attached - to a neighbourhood, groups of young people, local community members and so on. To this can be added the pretty pointless debate between 'detached' and 'outreach' work. The latter, it is sometimes said, is mainly concerned with bringing people into existing organizations and activities; the former is about 'working with people where they are at'. In reality most 'detached' workers have to use existing organizations, and have a range of activities that people can plug into. Some care is needed around this area...Most detached workers have some sort of office and base (with group rooms etc.) Furthermore their contact making may well be 'off the street' in schools, various commercial leisure environments, and in people's homes".

Reproduced from the encyclopaedia of informal education http://www.infed.org

Adding to this debate is the fact that while there exists much support for street-based provision there is few definitions in existence to clearly distinguish the differences (if any) between 'Outreach' and 'Detached' work. That said, the Scottish Executive in 1998 commissioned The Princes Trust to carry out a National Development Project to develop Best Practice guidelines and methods to monitor, evaluate and create a National focus for Outreach and Detached Youth Work. Through their research they offered this clear and simple definition for detached work, that is adequate for all those who are unfamiliar with this type of youth work provision, "Detached youth work is a model of youth work practice, targeted at vulnerable young people, which takes place on young people’s own territory such as streets, cafes, parks and pubs at times that are appropriate to them and on their terms. It begins from where young people are in terms of their values, attitudes, issues and ambitions and is concerned with their personal and social development. It is characterised by purposeful interaction between youth workers and young people and utilises a range of youth and community work methods".

Outreach youth work
Similar to detached youth work, outreach is a form of youth work that takes place on young people’s own territory and is a method of work that supports and compliments new and existing centre/project based youth work. Primarily used to inform young people of services that exist in their locality and to encourage them to use such services, Outreach can also seek to identify, through consultation with young people, any gaps that exist in services aimed at meeting their needs.As opposed to Detached Youth Work, Outreach is seen as an extension to centre-based work , Outreach work takes place when workers who are usually centre based go onto the streets with an agenda of their own to pursue, usually to encourage young people to attend their club.

As highlighted above there are few definitions available to clearly distinguish the differences between Outreach and Detached work and according to The Princes Trust's research for the Scottish Executive, the reason for this may be partly due to the similarities in the places where the work is carried out (on the streets, in parks and cafes) and the fact that both models work with the same target groups of young people (those who are disaffected or alienated). Furthermore, the research points out that "There is even some evidence from fieldwork that there can be an occasional overlap in practice between the two modes of work. For these and other reasons, definitions have received less emphasis in the literature than the principles and intentions of each of these modes of work".

School-based work
This form of youth work is carried out in schools and is provided directly for the pupils, often by an organisation external from the school. It may include lessons, assemblies, after-school clubs, one to one mentoring etc. There may be a link with other non-school youth activities.

Youth development
Youth development programs seek to identify the needs of young people from a social/educational perspective, and to meet those needs through structured, intentional activities that satisfy those needs. This area includes community youth development and positive youth development activities.

Youth worker
Youth workers are people active in the field of youth work. The work includes orientation of young people to the adult world through socialisation, dismantling exclusion, and connecting them with resources needed for growth and development. Hence youth workers would hold different roles and use different set of skills and resources to attain youth work objectives. Different types of youth work is facilitated through centre-based work, detached work, school-based work, religion based work, etc.

title: Youth work


text:
User:Weda

 * I fix things where I can.
 * I have encylopedia-itis.
 * I am really too busy to be addicted to Wikipedia but it's a slippery slope.
 * I click the random button a lot.
 * I'm intruiged by Secretlondon.

title: User:Weda


text:
Talk:Masherbrum

Pakistan ranking
I am planning on removing the Pakistan elevation ranking from the infobox per reasons given at Talk:K2. Reply at the K2 talk page or here if there's an objection. -- Racer X11 Talk to me Stalk me  00:51, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Masherbrum exploration
Masherbrum's earliest Western explorer was Haversham Godwin-Austen (1834-1923), of the Kashmir Survey. I n 1860, he explored and mapped its southern versant from Hushe, up to about 6000m. In August 1861, while surveying K2, he climbed a northern spur of Masherbrum to a point about 1000m above Urdukas, on the Baltoro.

Source: Catherine Moorehead: 'The K2 Man (and his Molluscs)', In Pinn, Glasgow, 2013

title: Talk:Masherbrum


text:
User:Daeron/Critique

Critique of West Papua article by John and Wik and activity

Article and Dispute history
My name is Andrew Johnson, I have used the Network handle (which was the fashion of the day) of 'Daeron' since 1992, according to the Wikipedia database I first found Wikipedia and wrote an 'West Papua' article in Nov. 2001. For over two years it has peacefully existed under that name, been indexed by Google and from time to time I and others have updated the article.

Around 14/Apr, I decided that a major update was now possible & desirable, so I wrote some initial comments on the discussion page before-hand, both about the nature of Melanesia and later about how the word "province" as defined in Wikipedia was an inappropiate opening description for West Papua.

 * I can not explain why Wik and then John became so fascinated West Papua at this time; though I suspect it has more to do with having a smaller number of authors than pages like Jersulem do, and therefore easiler to 'beat' off those authors. Of course the reason there have been few authors is a combination of little awareness of the country outside its region (Melanesia, Ausraliasia, Indonesia) and the need for indeepth resource and understanding of the divergant cultures involved.

Wik ignored the discussion page and re-inserted "province" as the opening line on 18/Apr. He did a around of edits, later I observed the updates and edited in accord, days later Wik reverted the article 24/Apr, and kept reverting. I kept trying to update the article, not just 'revert' to my previous version. I don't care who wrote the article, just that it is truthfull and does not give mis-leading impressions.

On 27/Apr John arrived, and re-word the entire article, fine. But unknown to me John has a habit of moving articles to new names he deems 'official'; and soon did so with this one, after which both I and Tannin objected and John appears to have started working in cooperation with Wik to prevent Tannin or myself from further contribution.

I had in fact STOPPED editing the article on 24/Apr when both Wik's reverts made it impossible to edit, and I decided to wait until he was finished his edits. You will see my 'edit' on "12:52, 27 Apr 2004" was only an effort to write to Wik because I realised he does NOT read discussion pages, but DOES read the comments in the page history; the system did not seem to accept a null-edit so I removed a small item Tannin had written which is no longer valid.

Note, around this time John & Wik are accusing me of maintaining massive bais POV; I hadn't even been editing the article in days.

Also the fact they they continue to revert while I have been updating (ie adding new material and open to suggestions and input from anybody; including Wik & John, Wik found a newer map of provinces that's good, and John has come up with a good turn of phase I like in his Intro that I'd like to consider once this edit siege of the article stops), should speak volumes. I would much prefer to spend this time improving the articles instead of dealing with some personality or mistaken country pride issues.

Critique
For consistancy I shall refer to the version which both Wik and then John reverted to without discussion; although effectively all the text was originally written by myself, Wik and John have been editing it out of context since 18/Apr and over the past two weeks have driven myself and Tannin away from contribution.

My version which I would appreciate constructive http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Daeron/Scratch feedback on.

The version which both Wik and John have reverted to during May is: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Papua_(Indonesian_province)&oldid=3420420

 * 1) In accord with my discussion at Manual_of_Style I believe it is inappropiate to liable the political sovergnty in the opening sentence.
 * 2) In according with Wikipedia popular policy the article name should be returned to its original 'West Papua' name
 * 3) "Like inhabitants of other Pacific islands, Papuans are Melanesian", John & Wik may be unfamiliar with Pacific cultures; Hawaiians and Maori are polynesian, for example.
 * 4) Papuans are Melanesian, and share similarities - see Melanesia article, they share more than 'similarities'.
 * 5) "253 known languages" which I did originally write but later found the Indonesians admit there are 312 different languages, just that they did not consider 59 of them to be big enough tribes for Indonesian to count. So Indonesia is not going to object to the correct figure of 312 being used in its correct context.
 * 6) "It is believed the first Europeans to sight New Guinea were the Portuguese" - If Wik or John had an honest interest in this subject they would have, like I, updated this line with the information which they keep reverting out on the Papua_(disambiguation) page contributed by Pm67nz.
 * 7) The Dutch half of New Guinea became part of the colony of Dutch East Indies.
 * 8) I don't know about you, but that term reminds me of the Dutch East Indies Company, and makes me think West Papua must have been administrated by that company for a while? This is not true. Unlike Maluku where I exlain the trade problems which the companu caused for the Melanesians there; West Papua never came under the trade restriction of that company, as a result West Papuans and the Dutch retained a peacefull co-existance from 1898-1962.
 * 9) I have avoided the term "colony" with reguards to the Dutch because at no time did they ever undertake any of the colonization activies in West Papua. They did not settle their own population into the country, only a small number of people people moved there; they did not exploit the country with disregard to the native rights; and so forth. THey did in fact assist the Papuans for ten years so that they could form a united national government of their own in 1961. As happen with East Timor 14 years later, Indonesia invaded within days of their independance being claimed.
 * 10) Next paragraph: "The 1930s saw the first stirrings of a West New Guinean nationalist movement, which grew out of Dutch missionary schools, notably through Rev. Izaak Samuel Kijne who taught Pan-Papuan nationalism and composed the anthem Hai Tanahku Papua-"Oh My Land Papua"."
 * 11) This is NOT Hollywood, the Rev. Kijne did not lead dumb Papuans into a separatist movement with a sing-song. Back in context, it was a teachers college teaching a full range of subjects including Dutch history and politics; it was the graduate teachers who then started discussing a need for a 'Pan-Papuan nationalism' with other Papuans. Please refer to my article Section : Government - Papuan Representatives in Exile - Background.
 * 12) Next paragraph: "In 1942 the northern coast of New Guinea and the nearby islands were occupied by the Japanese Empire. The war years introduced many Papuans to the reality of an outside world"
 * 13) A reader would be forgiven for imagining that Papuans suffering under Japanese occupation, with images of treatment like that dished out to the POW Allies by the Japanese. The truth is that within weeks of meeting these Japanese trained to be brutal, the Papuans simply avoided them.
 * 14) "reality of an outside world" ? . What on earth do they imagine? Melanesians have been sailing and trading for tens of thousands of years; the reason the Portuguese & Dutch went searching for the 'Spice Islands' was to find the source of these rare and unique spices, see article Maluku. I submit a person could probably support a statement that the Melanesians knew that there was an 'outside world' well before caucasians or asians. Papuans certainly knew there was an outside world. The only thing the Japanese 'introduced' as a practical demonstration of the automatic weapons Papuans had already heard of from the Dutch.
 * 15) Hollywood paragraph: "Allied forces, mainly Australian and American and significantly aided by the native people, gradually expelled the Japanese through" - Where to begin. He must have though the bit about Australians would make it sound authentic and acceptable to Tannin and myself as well? What a joke.
 * 16) The main Australian push was in the east, PNG not West Papua. The eviction of the Japanese in West Papua absolutely predominantly an US operation. While Papuans were vital for the Australians, that was because the Australians were coming over-land and only the Papuans were accustomed to the climate, the Papuans carried the Australians equipment hundreds of kilometers so that the Australians could fight the Japanese from the north coast of PNG; the Japanese aparantly also found the climate difficult, and having spent a month in one of the Tokyo cities during summer that's saying something.;-)
 * 17) The Americans were interested in West Papua as a means to take back the Phillipines. The Americans landed by sea; I have maps showing those troop movements if you like.
 * 18) in my article, after the Allies take West Papua, the Papuans helped the Allies build the base at Hollandia. The reason I said that is to reflect that the Papuans a) permitted it, and b) welcome and often gave a hand in the physical construction. Because the Americans were well behaved, the Papuans welcome them; when Americans found some of the highland tablelands the Papuans there found the Americans to be amusing and entertaining. If for example one of these funny visitors to the highlands asked the tribe for help erecting some tall poles for the passing aircraft, these Papuans too saw no problem with giving them a hand.
 * 19) " After the war ended, the Dutch regained possession of the territory " - I think 'regained' is a liitle strong under the circumstances being that no-one including the Papuans disputed the Dutch claim at that time. Matter ofjudgement that one.
 * 20) "In 1949, the rest of the Dutch East Indies gained independence as the Republic of Indonesia." - back into the land of fantasy. He must have found out that Dutch-Borneo came under Indonesian control about that time; but he's got his facts wrong again.
 * 21) triva item: first name used in 1945 claim was "United States of Indonesia". A tid bit of trivia that John would no doubt rush in if he knew of it; just not germane in the West PApua article I thought.
 * 22) The Indonesian claim in 1949 upon Dutch-Borneo was also rejected by Holland. But as the natives of Borneo were Malay like the Javanese were; and some of them were Muslim, and the cultures were not that different; the Dutch did not fight that issue too much. BUT it is totally untrue to claim Indonesia consisted of the 'rest' of the Dutch East Indies when it made its claim on 'West Papua' 4000Km away.
 * 23) The people of Borneo did not gain independance; they gained a new master, whom they have fought since then to this day. Why do you think they be-headed an Indonesian settlement village to scare the Indonesians away. Even these CNN reports should reveil that for him.
 * 24) "The Indonesian government immediately demanded possession of Dutch New Guinea, but it was retained by the Dutch as the separate colony of" - This smacks of bias to the informed reader, definitely infers a colony/colonization relationship and paints Holland as un-reasonable to a 'government' demand. I also doubt very much that the Indonesian (a zenophobic culture) public shared a desire that a race of black Christians who had no cultural or other connection to them, should be indicted into their nation. Afterwards, when they are earning big monies from the world's largest gold mine and the clear felling of rainforests, I have no doubt most Indonesian s now insist West Papua remain a part of their nation; but not when the claim was made. I've known Indonesian people, wonderful and nice and wouldn't have bar of this non-sense; but the Indonesian culture is another matter and is also subject to strong control by its military (not visa versa as in western societies where governments control their military) which also owns most Indonesian business interests in West Papua.
 * 25) "The date for independence of Netherlands New Guinea was set for 1970." - - This is much less than honest, during the 1950's from around 1957 I believe Holland and Australia had been talking and in agreement on a desire for the whole of Papua (east & west halves) to become independant, preferably as one nation, and come up with 1970 as the latest date for that. -- One could probably write an interesting book on the reasons for this, but it appears in short that West Papua was much more prepared for forming a national government and having that authority supported by the vast majority of its population; where as PNG to this day is probably still more probamatic than West Papua was then (I have some theories on that subject). In any event Holland aids Papuans wish to form a national congress, but instead of years it took only months for agreement on a range of issues; by the end of 1961 Holland has dropped the 1970 plan and wishing an independant UN assisted transition to a fully self sufficent independant state to occure (just as was done with East Timor 2000/2001). Instead, as the State Dept. doc. and letter from JFK to the Dutch PM now both confirm, the US interceded to have West Papua transferred as payment to Indonesia not to invite the Soviets into S.E.Asia.
 * 26) Removed in document links to both the US Dept. of State summary of Foreign Policies S.E.Asia 1962 and the letter from JFK to the Dutch PM in Apr 1962; without those two referrences the validity of the entire article would be destroyed as far as many American would be concerned - I doubt very much that many are aware of what the US thought it had to do at that point in history.

Should be more than enough to point out significant flaws in what they have put up on Wikipedia; I would very much appreciate if something more like my current update was allowed onto Wikipedia so that it can be cleaned up and improved where ever possible. I would hope to have finished the Geography, Ecology, Demographics, and be into the first part of a Cultures section by now if not for the above activity. Plenty of subjects for everyone to contribute; I don't want to cut anybody out, just stop awful mis-information; there's been enough of that for forty years, time someone created a decent encyclopedia article for others to consider. - - As for the 'Regions' section (needs better name) I hope to reduce its size a little and have it point to a separate article that could accommodate info on the twelve Regencies. Much like the 'genocide' related stuff, I did not want to deny it, but did not want the West Papua article to suffer on account of it so I decided to give it it's own article.

Conclusion

 * 1) I submit; the past two weeks reverting, non-productive use of the discussion page, and statements to the effect of preventing Tannin and I assume myself from contributing to the subject; constitutes a requirement for page protection at this time.
 * 2) As should be increasingly clear, a considerable amount of background knowledge is required to understand the subject in question.

I trust that 'protection' would mean interested persons can still have unfretted use of the discussion pages, and that would-be contributors such as myself and others can submit updates for the page.

title: User:Daeron/Critique


text:
Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond

Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, 1st Duke of Lennox (29 July 1672 – 27 May 1723), of Goodwood House near Chichester in Sussex, was the youngest of the seven illegitimate sons of King Charles II, and was that king's only son by his French-born mistress Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. He was appointed Hereditary Constable of Inverness Castle.

On his mother's side, he was descended from the Seigneurs of the Château de Kéroual, a castle built in the 16th century in Kerouat-Bihan, Guilers, Finistère, Brittany, France, as well as the House of Plœuc and Kergorlay noble family of Brittany.

Titles
Various titles became eligible for re-grant following the death in 1672 of King Charles II's childless 4th cousin (both being descended in the male line from John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox, the paternal grandfather of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, father of King James I of England) Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, 6th Duke of Lennox (1639–1672), KG, 12th Seigneur d'Aubigny in France, of Cobham Hall in Kent and of Richmond House in Whitehall, London.

This Anglicised branch of the Scottish family of "Stewart of Darnley" had been beloved by King James I & VI, whose favourite had been the Franco-Scottish Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox, 1st Earl of Lennox (1542–1583), 7th Seigneur d'Aubigny, his father's first cousin (and great-grandfather of the last in the male line Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, 6th Duke of Lennox).

Thus, the Lennox and Richmond titles and the French Seigneurie d'Aubigny (effectively the lordship of the manor of the Château d'Aubigny in Aubigny-sur-Nère) held special significance for the Stuart monarchs. Moreover, the title Earl of Richmond had merged into the crown on the accession to the throne in 1485 of King Henry VII, formerly Earl of Richmond, and the Scottish title Earl of Lennox had merged into the crown of Great Britain, as King James I of England and VI of Scotland was effectively the 5th Earl of Lennox, being the heir of his paternal grandfather Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox.

On 9 August 1675, King Charles II's illegitimate son (by Louise de Kérouaille) who had been given the surname "Lennox", was created Duke of Richmond, Earl of March, and Baron Settrington in the Peerage of England; and on 9 September 1675, he was created Duke of Lennox, Earl of Darnley, and Baron Methuen of Torbolten in the Peerage of Scotland. He was invested as a Knight of the Garter on 18 April 1681. In 1684, at the request of King Charles II, the French King Louis XIV created Louise de Kérouaille "Duchesse d'Aubigny" in the Peerage of France, with remainder to her descendants.

As the 1st Duke predeceased his mother, he never held the French dukedom, which was however inherited by his son, the duchess's grandson. He was appointed Lord High Admiral of Scotland, under reservation of the commission granted to James, Duke of Albany and York (later James VII), as Lord High Admiral for life. The appointment was therefore only effective between 1701 and 1705, when Lennox resigned all of his Scottish lands and offices.

He was Master of a Lodge in Chichester in 1696, and so was one of the few known seventeenth-century freemasons. His son followed him into the Freemasons.

Marriage and issue
On 8 January 1692 he married Anne Brudenell (d. 9 December 1722), a daughter of Francis Brudenell, Lord Brudenell (d. 1698), eldest son and heir apparent of Robert Brudenell, 2nd Earl of Cardigan. By his wife he had issue one son and two daughters:
 * Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 2nd Duc d'Aubigny (1701–1750), son and heir, known during his father's lifetime by the courtesy title of Earl of March;
 * Lady Louisa Lennox (Countess of Berkeley), who married James Berkeley, 3rd Earl of Berkeley;
 * Lady Anne Lennox (Countess of Albemarle), who married Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle.

By his mistress Jacqueline de Mézières he had a daughter, Renée Lennox (1709–1774), mistress of her half-first-cousin Charles Beauclerk, 2nd Duke of St Albans, the son and heir of the sixth illegitimate son of King Charles II (by his mistress Nell Gwyn).

Patron of cricket
He was a patron of the game of cricket, then becoming a leading professional sport, and did much to develop it in Sussex. It is almost certain that he was involved with the earliest known "great match", which took place in the 1697 season and was the first to be reported by the press. The report was in the Foreign Post dated Wednesday, 7 July 1697:

"'The middle of last week a great match at cricket was played in Sussex; there were eleven of a side, and they played for fifty guineas apiece'."

The stakes on offer confirm the importance of the fixture and the fact that it was eleven-a-side suggests that two strong and well-balanced teams were assembled. No other details were given but the report provides evidence that cricket, in the form of "great matches" played for high stakes, was in vogue at the time. It was possibly an inter-county match: i.e., a Sussex XI versus a Kent XI or a Surrey XI. Richmond sponsored a team in the 1702 season against an Arundel side. His son Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond inherited his interest in cricket and became the patron of both Sussex county cricket teams and Slindon Cricket Club.

Death and burial
He died on 27 May 1723 and was buried on 7 June 1723 in the Richmond Chapel (Henry VII Chapel) of Westminster Abbey, which chapel had been built by King Henry VII, formerly Earl of Richmond. His body was reinterred on 16 August 1750 in the Lady Chapel of Chichester Cathedral in Sussex.

Legacy
Richmond County, New York (coextensive with Staten Island), and Richmond County, Virginia, were named after Charles Lennox, whilst other US counties called "Richmond" were named after later Dukes.

Through his daughter, Anne, he is an ancestor of Queen Camilla of the United Kingdom and through both Anne and his elder son of the late Diana, Princess of Wales.

title: Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond


text:
Bootloader

A bootloader, also spelled as boot loader or called bootstrap loader, is a computer program that is responsible for booting a computer. If it also provides an interactive menu with multiple boot choices then it's often called a boot manager.

When a computer is turned off, its software—including operating systems, application code, and data—remains stored on non-volatile memory. When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in random-access memory (RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in read-only memory (ROM, and later EEPROM, NOR flash) along with some needed data, to initialize RAM (especially on x86 systems), to access the nonvolatile device (usually block device, e.g., NAND flash) or devices from which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM.

Some earlier computer systems, upon receiving a boot signal from a human operator or a peripheral device, may load a very small number of fixed instructions into memory at a specific location, initialize at least one CPU, and then point the CPU to the instructions and start their execution. These instructions typically start an input operation from some peripheral device (which may be switch-selectable by the operator). Other systems may send hardware commands directly to peripheral devices or I/O controllers that cause an extremely simple input operation (such as "read sector zero of the system device into memory starting at location 1000") to be carried out, effectively loading a small number of boot loader instructions into memory; a completion signal from the I/O device may then be used to start execution of the instructions by the CPU.

Smaller computers often use less flexible but more automatic boot loader mechanisms to ensure that the computer starts quickly and with a predetermined software configuration. In many desktop computers, for example, the bootstrapping process begins with the CPU executing software contained in ROM (for example, the BIOS of an IBM PC or an IBM PC compatible) at a predefined address (some CPUs, including the Intel x86 series, are designed to execute this software after reset without outside help). This software contains rudimentary functionality to search for devices eligible to participate in booting, and load a small program from a special section (most commonly the boot sector) of the most promising device, typically starting at a fixed entry point such as the start of the sector.

First-stage boot loader
Boot loaders may face peculiar constraints, especially in size; for instance, on the earlier IBM PC and compatibles, a boot sector should typically work with 510 bytes of code (or less) and in only 32 KiB (later relaxed to 64 KiB ) of system memory and only use instructions supported by the original 8088/8086 processors. The first stage of PC boot loaders (FSBL, first-stage boot loader) located on fixed disks and removable drives must fit into the first 446 bytes of the Master boot record in order to leave room for the default 64-byte partition table with four partition entries and the two-byte boot signature, which the BIOS requires for a proper boot loader — or even less, when additional features like more than four partition entries (up to 16 with 16 bytes each), a disk signature (6 bytes), a disk timestamp (6 bytes), an Advanced Active Partition (18 bytes) or special multi-boot loaders have to be supported as well in some environments.

In floppy and superfloppy volume boot records, up to 59 bytes are occupied for the extended BIOS parameter block on FAT12 and FAT16 volumes since DOS 4.0, whereas the FAT32 EBPB introduced with DOS 7.1 requires even 87 bytes, leaving only 423 bytes for the boot loader when assuming a sector size of 512 bytes. Microsoft boot sectors, therefore, traditionally imposed certain restrictions on the boot process. For example, the boot file had to be located at a fixed position in the root directory of the file system and stored within consecutive sectors, conditions taken care of by the   command and slightly relaxed in later versions of DOS. The boot loader was then able to load the first three sectors of the file into memory, which happened to contain another embedded boot loader able to load the remainder of the file into memory. When Microsoft added LBA and FAT32 support, they switched to a boot loader reaching over two physical sectors, using 386 instructions for size reasons. At the same time, other vendors managed to squeeze much more functionality into a single boot sector without relaxing the original constraints on only minimal available memory (32 KiB) and processor support (8088/8086). For example, DR-DOS boot sectors are able to locate the boot file in the FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 file systems, and load it into memory as a whole via CHS or LBA, even if the file is not stored in a fixed location and in consecutive sectors.

BIOS and UEFI can not only load multiple operating systems from a non-volatile device, they can also initialize system hardware for the loaded operating systems.

Examples of first-stage bootloaders include BIOS, UEFI, coreboot, Libreboot, and Das U-Boot.

Second-stage boot loader
Second-stage boot loaders, such as GNU GRUB, rEFInd, BOOTMGR, Syslinux, NTLDR or iBoot, are not themselves operating systems, but are able to load an operating system properly and transfer execution to it; the operating system subsequently initializes itself and may load extra device drivers. The second-stage boot loader does not need drivers for its own operation, but may instead use generic storage access methods provided by system firmware such as the BIOS or Open Firmware, though typically with restricted hardware functionality and lower performance.

Many boot loaders can be configured to give the user multiple booting choices. These choices can include different operating systems (for dual or multi-booting from different partitions or drives), different versions of the same operating system (in case a new version has unexpected problems), different operating system loading options (e.g., booting into a rescue or safe mode), and some standalone programs that can function without an operating system, such as memory testers (e.g., memtest86+), a basic shell (as in GNU GRUB), or even games (see List of PC Booter games). Some boot loaders can also load other boot loaders; for example, GRUB loads BOOTMGR instead of loading Windows directly. Usually, a default choice is preselected with a time delay during which a user can press a key to change the choice; after this delay, the default choice is automatically run so normal booting can occur without interaction.

The boot process can be considered complete when the computer is ready to interact with the user, or the operating system is capable of running system programs or application programs.

Embedded and multi-stage boot loaders
Many embedded systems must boot immediately. For example, waiting a minute for a digital television or a GPS navigation device to start is generally unacceptable. Therefore, such devices have software systems in ROM or flash memory so the device can begin functioning immediately; little or no loading is necessary, because the loading can be precomputed and stored on the ROM when the device is made.

Large and complex systems may have boot procedures that proceed in multiple phases until finally the operating system and other programs are loaded and ready to execute. Because operating systems are designed as if they never start or stop, a boot loader might load the operating system, configure itself as a mere process within that system, and then irrevocably transfer control to the operating system. The boot loader then terminates normally as any other process would.

Network booting
Most computers are also capable of booting over a computer network. In this scenario, the operating system is stored on the disk of a server, and certain parts of it are transferred to the client using a simple protocol such as the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). After these parts have been transferred, the operating system takes over the control of the booting process.

As with the second-stage boot loader, network booting begins by using generic network access methods provided by the network interface's boot ROM, which typically contains a Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) image. No drivers are required, but the system functionality is limited until the operating system kernel and drivers are transferred and started. As a result, once the ROM-based booting has completed it is entirely possible to network boot into an operating system that itself does not have the ability to use the network interface.

title: Bootloader


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ScaffoldingofRhetoric

Original text by Winston Churchill, 1897. Move to Wikisource and delete? -- Chris 73 | Talk 03:17, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * - ooooh, it looks quite interesting, but it's not an article is it? "The crowd anticipate the conclusion and the last words fall amid a thunder of assent." Delete! --bodnotbod 21:01, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * I briefly considered adding this myself. (I added mention of this unpublished essay to Winston Churchill.) It should be preserved, and I'd love to give it space -- but ultimately, it's source text (copyright unclear) and does not belong in an encyclopedia. Delete. Cribcage 03:14, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Laz

Laz or LAZ may refer to:

Czech Republic

 * Láz (Příbram District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
 * Láz (Třebíč District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region
 * Láz, a village and part of Nová Pec in the South Bohemian Region
 * Láz, a village and part of Radomyšl in the South Bohemian Region

France

 * Laz, Finistère

Germany

 * Lohsa (Sorbian: Łaz)

Iran

 * Laz, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province

Montenegro

 * Laz, Montenegro

Poland

 * Łaz, Masovian Voivodeship
 * Łaz, Żary County
 * Łaz, Zielona Góra County

Romania

 * Laz (river), Arad County
 * Laz, a village in Săsciori Commune, Alba County
 * Laz, a village in Vințu de Jos Commune, Alba County
 * Laz, a village in Dezna Commune, Arad County
 * Laz-Firtănuș and Laz-Șoimuș, villages in Avrămești Commune, Harghita County

People

 * Laz people of the Black Sea area
 * Laz language

First name

 * Laz Alonso (born 1975), American actor
 * Laz Barrera (1924–1991), Cuban-born American racehorse trainer
 * Laz-D (born 1982), American rapper
 * Laz Díaz (born 1963), American baseball umpire

Surname

 * Don Laz (1929–1997), American pole vaulter
 * Wolfgang Laz (1514–1565), Austrian humanist
 * Jesse Laz (born 1983), American musician with the band Locksley

Other uses

 * .laz computer file format, used to compress and transfer Lidar data, used interchangeably with the .las format
 * Laz language, spoken by the Laz people of Turkey and Georgia
 * LAZ, ICAO code for Balkan Bulgarian Airlines
 * LAZ, brand name for the Lviv Bus Factory
 * Laz, wife of the Babylonian god Nergal
 * Laz Lackerson, a fictional character in the television series Life on a Stick

title: Laz


text:
Newly licensed driver plate

An L-plate is a square plate bearing a sans-serif letter L, for learner, which must be affixed to the front and/or back of a vehicle in many countries if its driver is a learner under instruction, or a motorcycle rider with provisional entitlement to ride restricted motorcycles.

Australia
In Australia the rules vary from state to state. A new driver holds a Learner licence/permit which has a minimum age of 16, or 15 and 9 months in some areas. This must then be held for a certain amount of time before a driving examination can be undertaken, usually 12 months later. After passing, the driver must display 'P' plates. Holders of a provisional/probationary licence may be restricted compared to fully licensed drivers in speed, blood alcohol limits, limits on the type and power of their car's engine (i.e., no more than 6 cylinders, no forced induction, kW per ton limits), and number of demerit points that can be accrued. VicRoads, the Victorian road authority, publish information for learner drivers on the L-Site.

Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) first commenced in Australia in the mid-1960s with New South Wales introducing learner and provisional licences on January 4, 1966. In all states, newly licensed drivers are required by law to display P-plates for varying lengths of time. The P is usually a red or green letter on a white background or a white letter on a red or green background (Victoria and Western Australia only). In New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria there are two classes of provisional/probationary licence: red P-plates are for the first year after passing the Learner test, and then after passing a computerised test they are green for two to three years. Western Australia requires six months of red P-plates, where provisional drivers are under a 12midnight–5am curfew, and one and a half years of green P-plates.

On 1 July 2000, New South Wales introduced a three-stage Graduated Licensing Scheme (GLS):
 * 1) Stage one is a learner licence with the requirement to complete 120 hours of supervised driving, including 20 hours of nighttime driving.  A learner licence must be held for a minimum of 12 months before a practical driving test can be taken in order to proceed to a P1 probationary licence.
 * 2) Stage two is a one-year P1 probationary licence (with red P plates).
 * 3) Stage three is a two-year P2 probationary licence (with green P plates).

On 1 July 2008, Victoria introduced the Graduated Licensing Systems (GLS).
 * 1) Stage one is a one-year P1 probationary licence (with red P plates).
 * 2) Stage two is a three-year P2 probationary licence (with green P plates).
 * 3) P1 drivers are prohibited from using a mobile phone of any kind.
 * 4) P1 drivers are banned from towing, except for work or when supervised.
 * 5) P1 drivers can carry no more than one passenger aged between 16 years of age and less than 22 years, unless the passengers are immediate family members.
 * 6) A good driving record will be necessary to progress to the next licence stage.

As of July 2007, newly issued Queensland drivers licences have new restrictions for those under 25 years of age. Learners must first log 100 hours of driving experience (of which 10 must be undertaken at night) before taking their practical driving examination. Learners can boost this experience by taking professional lessons, which counts for 3 times the hours, for up to 10 hours (or 30 logbook hours.) After a period of one year, provisional drivers must then pass a hazard-perception test to move from red to green P-Plates, where previously only a 3-year duration was required. New restrictions also prevent any under-25, Queensland provisional licence-holder from carrying more than one passenger under the age of 21 who is not an immediate family member, between the hours of 11pm and 5am.

Speed limits
L-platers and provisional drivers (P-platers) are restricted in some states to a maximum speed of 90 km/h (in NSW) or 110 km/h (elsewhere), depending on the presence of an instructor. 100 km/h is allowed in certain states and territories, such as South Australia.

Queensland, Victoria, and the ACT make no speed restrictions beyond the speed limits applicable to all drivers.

Canada
Motor vehicles are provincially regulated in Canada, and so regulations vary by province. In British Columbia, following the instructional phase and after passing a road test, new drivers are required to show a green N (for novice) plate until they have passed an additional road test, usually after 24 months.

In British Columbia, a red L (for learner) plate is required for 12 months before the N can be issued, and new drivers with this marking are not permitted to drive without a licensed driver over the age of 25 present in the vehicle.

France
After learners pass their driving test, they must display a A-plate (for apprenti), of round shape with white background and red letter, for three years (shortened to two years for those who took part in the conduite accompagnée program – a program allowing learner to drive with a licensed driver in the passenger seat and starting three years before the minimum driving age). They must follow a different speed limit: 110 km/h on highways (instead of 130 km/h) and 80 km/h on national roads with road dividers (instead of 90 km/h)

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, a person is allowed to apply for a learners' licence for private cars, light good vehicles, motorcycles and motor tricycles once he or she has reached 18 years old. For learners' licence of other vehicle classes, applicants must be over 21 years old and hold a valid full driving licence or a probationary driving license for one year. Holders of a learners' licence in Hong Kong must be accompanied by a licensed driving instructor (except for people driving motorcycles and motor tricycles) and must display L-plates at front and rear of the vehicle while driving. The L-plate is printed red on a white background with an alphabet "L" and a Chinese character "學", which literally means "learning".

A one-year probationary period has been applied to newly qualified motorcycle drivers since 2000 and to private car/light goods vehicle drivers since 2009. During the probationary period, drivers must display a red P-plate at the front and back of the car, must not exceed a speed of 70 km/h if the speed limit of the road is higher than 70 km/h, and must not use the rightmost lane on expressways having three or more lanes. Motorcycle riders may not carry passengers during the probational period. A driver who commits a minor traffic offence during the probationary period will see his period extended by six months, and a second minor offence or a single serious offence will cancel the license entirely, forcing him to retake the driving test for another probationary licence. Drivers who complete the probationary period without committing any offences are eligible for a full-class driving licence. Licences for all other classes of vehicles require the applicant to have held a full private car/light goods vehicle driving licence for at least two years.

India
All new drivers in India, upon receipt of a provisional licence, must display L plates at all times (usually on the front and rear of the vehicle) and be accompanied by another driver who has held a full and valid licence for the type of vehicle being driven and also be in a position to control the vehicle.

After learners have passed the driving test for the appropriate vehicle, they can switch to a permanent driving license.

Isle of Man
Licences may be obtained from the age of 16 and provisional licences require the display of L-plates (similarly to Ireland and the UK). For one year after obtaining a full licence, R-plates (for restricted) must be displayed and speed is restricted to 50 mph (even on unrestricted Manx roads). Unlike the R-plate in Northern Ireland, an Isle of Man R-plate is a red R on a square white plate.

Ireland
In Ireland, the minimum age for a learner's permit is seventeen. Before being awarded this permit, the applicant must pass a computerized Driver Theory Test, and after passing the test, the probationer must display L-plates (one front, and one rear) and be accompanied by a driver who has held a full licence for at least two years. Since 2008, all learner drivers have faced a fine of up to €1,000 for a first offence and €2,000 for a second if they fail to display L-plates.

All learner permit holders, with the exception of those who hold learner permits in category W (work vehicles/land tractors), must display 'L' plates while they are driving. The letter L should be at least 15 cm high and appear as red on a white background, in clearly visible vertical positions to the front and rear of the vehicle.

A learner's permit is valid for two years, and may be renewed once without the holder having sat a driving test. After this, proof of an upcoming test appointment or a recent test failure is required for further renewal. A permit holder may not sit a test for at least six months after receiving their permit.

Prior to October 2007, a "provisional licence" was issued which had more lax restrictions - on its first renewal, the holder could drive unaccompanied (but must continue to display L plates), and the accompanying driver did not need any experience, just a full licence. The third or further renewals of the licence - e.g. after failing a test and the expiration of the second licence - brought back the accompaniment requirement. This unusual arrangement led to a situation where a learner driver, having failed his driving test on a 2nd Provisional, could legally drive away from the test center unaccompanied.

Prior to December 2007 an L-plate was not required for motorcyclists. A fluorescent tabard displaying an 'L' on the rear is now required for motorcyclists using a provisional licence or learner permit.

The new measures were introduced in an effort to improve road safety, and will be followed by the introduction of 'tiered licensing', with harsher rules applying to those holding a full licence for less than two years. However, the changes were not retroactive.

From 1 August 2014, a person granted a first full driving licence must display N-plates (Novice) on the vehicle for a period of 2 years. The legal requirements for an N plate are that it is not less than 15 centimetres (6") high in red on a white ground, in clearly visible vertical positions to the front and rear of the vehicle. However, there has been a trend amongst drivers, younger males in particular, who want to keep N plates discreet, whereby they trim the white background on the N plates, leaving just a narrow white border around the letter N or no border at all. The somewhat vague legal requirement implies that the prior may be legal as it does not specify a width for the border. Trimming of N plates generally occurs due to a perceived ‘embarrassment’ of them or the driver is driving a modified vehicle that they do not want attention drawn to.

During the studies
In Israel, the driving tutoring has to be performed by a special teacher, named "Driving teacher" (מורה נהיגה). The lessons are performed on a modified vehicle with additional controlling pedals at the front passenger seat: this allows the teacher to control the vehicle during lessons and prevent accidents. Additionally, auxiliary mirrors are fixed atop of side rear-view mirrors, providing the teacher with the rear views.

It is the teacher's responsibility to affix the L-plate before each lesson and to remove it after the lesson, therefore the L-plates are usually printed on PVC panels with magnetic base, which eases affixing and removal.

The Israeli L-plate shares the general design of Israeli information signs (square form, blue background). On the blue background is placed a white triangle pointing upwards, with black Hebrew letter "ל" in it, from למידה — "Learning".

After passing the exam
For two years after passing the exam, the driver is required to affix a rectangle P-plate bearing the words "new driver" in Hebrew (נהג חדש; optionally, נהגת חדשה for female driver, or נהג\ת חדש\ה that suits both male and female drivers). The law defines the plate as light-reflective with yellow background and black letters. It has to be fixed in a corner of the rear window, and there are lower limits on plate's size and width of the letters. The law restricts the usage of P-plates to new drivers only; the P-plate has to be affixed if and only if the person that drives the vehicle is a new driver.

There are several restrictions on the new driver. For the first three months after receiving the license, he may drive only if there is an experienced driver sitting in the front passenger's seat, and the law additionally defines the requirements for the driver to be called "experienced". The charges for violating traffic laws are much more heavy on the new driver; there is a list of traffic law violations that immediately cancel the new driver's license. Additional limitations apply on young drivers: if the new driver is younger than 21 years old, he may not transport more than two passengers without an experienced driver accompanying him in the front passenger's seat.

Japan
In Japan, new drivers must display a Shoshinsha mark (初心者マーク) (or Wakaba mark (若葉マーク)) on the front and rear of their vehicle for their first year, although drivers who consider themselves to be beginners are allowed to continue to display the mark after the year has passed. Although not related to driving experience, the Koreisha mark (高齢者マーク) is optional for drivers 70 years old or over and mandatory for 75 years or more. It would theoretically be possible to simultaneously display both a shoshinsha mark and a koreisha mark, for example if a 70-year-old were to be newly licensed.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, only cars approved by driving schools may be driven by Learner Drivers after passing the theory test. The car (typically a Perodua Kancil or Perodua Viva) is required to have at least one L-plate at the front and the back. In the case of motorcycles, Learner riders must affix an L-sticker onto the front and rear of their motorcycles. The learner's driving licence is renewable every 3 or 6 months but cannot be possessed for more than 2 years.

The L-plate is very similar to those used in the United Kingdom and Singapore, with the exception being that two background colors are issued which are blue color background (for all vehicles except motorcycles) and white color background (for motorcycles only). They are allowed to take their practical driving test after 1 month of obtaining the Learner's license.

After the learner drivers pass their practical driving tests, they are put under the 2-year probationary period before they may possess the Competent Driving Licence. During the probationary period, they are issued with Probationary Driving Licence and are required to place P-plates at the front and the back of their respective vehicles. They are subject to the Kejara demerit system, where those accumulating 10 points or more during the 2-year probationary period may risk their licences to be revoked. The P-plate design is similar to its L-counterpart, except that the background colour is red and the letter P is white. After the probationary period ends, the drivers are given a one-year grace period to upgrade their licences to Competent Driving Licence.

Spain
New drivers must display a standardized (15 cm × 19.5 cm; 6" x 8"), reflective green and white "L" plate on the lower left corner of the rear window for one year after obtaining their first driving license. They no longer have an additional speed restriction. Alcohol levels allowed are lower the first two years, and are the same as those for "professional" drivers.

Driving school cars sport a permanent blue and white "L" plate with the word prácticas 'practice' in red.

Sweden
All new drivers learning to drive need to display a green sign (or a red plate if driving with a driving school) with the text "övningskörning" (driving practice) and need to drive with a supervisor who needs to be at least 24 years of age has been a licensed driver for at least 5 consecutive years during the last 10 years. After passing both the theoretical and practical driving tests, the driver gets a provisional license for two years. If a holder of a provisional license commits a violation that would result in a suspension of a normal drivers license, the license is revoked, and the driver must retake the driving tests to be reinstated.

United Kingdom
All new drivers in the United Kingdom, upon receipt of a provisional licence, must display L plates at all times and be accompanied by another driver who is over 21 years of age and has held a full and valid licence for the type of vehicle being driven for at least three years. In Wales either red L plates or red D plates (dysgwr, 'learner') are permitted, due to the bilingual legislation in force within the country, while a learner is driving the vehicle. In Northern Ireland, drivers with L plates must not exceed 45 mph.

After learners have passed a driving test for the appropriate vehicle, they may opt to display green P-plates (P for probationary) (in England, Scotland or Wales) to show that they have less experience than other drivers. These plates are voluntary and not required by law or the Highway Code.

L plates are required to be displayed at all times whilst riding a motorcycle or moped of no more than 125 cc after passing motorcycle compulsory basic training (CBT) but before passing a full motorcycle test.

Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, for one year after the passing of a car driving test, the driver is defined as a "restricted driver" who must not exceed 45 mph and must display an "R-plate" consisting of an amber sans-serif R on a white background. Riders of medium-sized (category A2) and large (category A) motorcycles who pass their test after 19 January 2013 can ride at speeds in excess of 45 mph but will still be required to clearly display R plates. L-plates in Northern Ireland commonly have an R-plate as a reverse side.

New Jersey
In New Jersey, effective May 1, 2010, drivers under the age of 21 holding a learner's permit or probationary license must display 1 x detachable red decals on the front and back license plates of their vehicles.

Similar plates
Elsewhere in the world, varying designs are used. In Germany, a usually red plate displaying the word Fahrschule (driving school) is placed on the vehicles during instruction. In Sweden, the plate is green or red (for driving schools) with the text övningskör (driving practice). In Czechoslovakia, a white L on a blue field, similar to the Swiss one, had been used, but many driving schools have stopped using them recently, instead tagging their cars with the word autoškola ("car school"). In Italy, driving schools' cars are tagged with the words scuola guida ("driving school"), and private cars with beginner drivers are tagged with a "P" capital letter: both signs are black on white reflective background. In Finland, a white triangle (equilateral with 16–25 cm sides) is required in the back of a vehicle used to give driving instruction. Between 1972 and 1996, new drivers were limited to less than 80 km/h in the first year, and had to use a white round "80" plaque (colloquially kahdeksankympin lätkä) in the rear window or as a sticker on the back of the vehicle.

UK Legislation
mandating the design of "L" and "D" plates (not the original legislation which introduced the mark)

title: Newly licensed driver plate


text:
Battle Garegga

Battle Garegga (バトルガレッガ) is a vertically scrolling shoot'em up arcade game developed by Raizing and published by Eighting in 1996. It was later ported to the Sega Saturn in 1998, and an updated version, Battle Garegga Rev.2016 was released in 2016.

It was followed by a spiritual successor titled Battle Bakraid in 1999.

Gameplay
In addition to the player's main shot, picking up green Option power-ups will add up to four support pods to the craft. The formation of these Options can be changed to one of five presets and there are additional secret formations that can be accessed by dropping a certain number of power-ups before picking up the next. Both shot and options are fired by holding the A button.

Upon killing a regular enemy on the ground, a red Small Bomber token will appear. Picking up enough of these gives the player one Large Bomber token, but the player can use their remaining Small Bombers without a Large Bomber in stock; the duration or strength of the bomb will merely be reduced according to the percentage of a full bomb that was used. Up to five Large Bombers can be in stock at any one time, after which each Small token is worth 100 points.

Power-ups drop randomly from popcorn enemies, along with Medals. Every time a Medal is collected, the next one that spawns will be worth more, from 100 to 10,000 points, but if a medal falls off the bottom of the screen, the next one to spawn will be of the lowest value. Medals can also be found upon using a bomb on certain items of scenery.

The game features an adjustable difficulty system that will increase difficulty based on the actions of the player. Uncontrolled increase of the game's rank can quickly turn it into a manic shooter. Firing and powering up the main weapon, as well as picking up various items, will increase the difficulty of the game. Losing a life will decrease the difficulty (rank) of the game. The fewer lives a player has when they die, the more rank is decreased, thus, the game rewards a player who doesn't stock up many lives at a time. Players are thus "forced" to keep themselves powered down, conserve shots, and lose lives on purpose in order to keep the last few stages of the game playable, though it is possible to finish the game in one life given an intricate knowledge of the game's rank system and an ultra-prudent playstyle.

Unlike in most other scrolling shooter games, where bullets are often brightly colored to distinguish from the background, bullets are realistically colored, making it difficult for players to see them. Exploding enemies and objects also create flying debris, further camouflaging incoming fire. This was ameliorated to some extent in the Type 2 version, which replaces most of the standard bullets with yellow dots.

Plot
Mathew Wayne, a resident of a small country town, was a mechanical genius whose aptitude and skills were passed down to his sons, Brian and Jason. After gaining leadership of his automobile factory from him, the brothers' skills became renowned throughout the country. Eventually, the Federation approached the brothers with an extremely profitable contract to help produce military vehicles for it. The Wayne brothers accepted the contract and created weapons without peer.

A short time later, the skies turned dark with the Federation's encroaching airfleet, and towns and cities everywhere were ravaged by these armies—including Brian and Jason's home town. To their horror, the Federation was using the weapons and vehicles they themselves had designed to reshape the land to their pitiless will. Taking up planes whose designs had never been submitted to the Federation, the Wayne brothers prepare to destroy the Federation's mad scheme.

Development
Programmer Shinobu Yagawa worked on this game, and he had previously worked on the game Recca in 1992. He would later work on games like Ibara and its sequel, Pink Sweets.

Release
The original arcade game was released on February 3, 1996, and released on Sega Saturn on February 26, 1998. The Sega Saturn version has become a rare game, and in 2014 it was listed as costing £100 in the United Kingdom. The Saturn version is also the final game on the system, and by extension any Sega console, to be published in any capacity by Electronic Arts.

In December 2016 M2 released a new version of the game called Battle Garegga Rev.2016 to PlayStation 4 as part of their M2 Shot Triggers publishing label. An Xbox One version was released the following year, along with an English version for both platforms.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Battle Garegga on their March 15, 1996 issue as being the eighth most-successful arcade game of the month.

Three reviewers from the Japanese Sega Saturn Magazine gave it an 8/10 each.

German magazine Maniac gave the Saturn version a score of 57% and the PS4 version a score of 81%.

Famitsu gave Battle Garegga Rev.2016, a score of 32 out of 40.

In 2012, Hardcore Gaming 101 called the game "an absolute classic". In 2016, Eurogamer summarized: "For all its routine, slightly drab looks, this is a game of exquisite artistic intention." IGN Japan gave the PS4 version 8.9 out of 10. Reviewing the PS4 version, Push Square said: "It may be an acquired taste these days – to be fair, the same could be said of the original back in 1996 – but Battle Garegga remains a defining release in the shmup canon, and this is without a shadow of a doubt the best way to experience it."

title: Battle Garegga