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Leigh-on-Sea

Leigh-on-Sea, commonly referred to simply as Leigh, is a town and civil parish in the city of Southend-on-Sea, in the ceremonial county of Essex, England. In 2011 it had a population of 22,509.

Geography
Leigh-on-Sea is on the northern side of the Thames Estuary, a few miles from the open waters of the North Sea to the east, and a similar distance from the Kent coast to the south. The coastal environs of the town feature a nature reserve at Two Tree Island and a centrally located beach adjacent to Bell Wharf. At low tide Leigh's foreshore has a wide expanse of mud flats and creeks, extending offshore towards the deep water channel of the Thames (Yantlet Channel). Leigh is 40 mi from central London via road and rail networks and is part of the London commuter belt.

Origins
Archaeological finds of pottery and coins from Romano-British era in the locality suggest early settlement. From at least the Saxon period a hilltop clearing amidst the woodland that covered much of the surrounding area (the Rochford Hundred) of Essex came to be known as Leigh (Lee in Anglo-Saxon).

A place of minor economic importance at the time of the Norman Conquest, a reference to Leigh (Legra) appears in the Domesday Book survey of 1086 where it lists a population of 9, in the ownership of Ranulf Peverel in the Rochford Hundred.

St Clement's Church was rebuilt in the late 15th century or early 16th century, although the list of rectors dates back 1248. The fabric of the church is of Kentish ragstone and flint rubble, with a Tudor porch constructed of red brick. The mediaeval structure of the church was added to and altered during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The chancel was extended at the east end in 1872 by C. F. Haywood; Ernest Geldart added the south aisle in 1897, and there were a number of alterations made by Sir Charles Nicholson in 1913 and 1919. The tower at the west end was a prominent landmark for shipping on the Thames Estuary, and the building contains a good selection of stained glass dating from between the 18th and 20th centuries. The building is Grade II* listed by Historic England, and a key factor for this rating was the sympathetic nature of the 19th and 20th century additions.

Leigh Hall, a medieval manor house for the parish that was demolished in 1907, was once situated near the ancient eastern manorial boundary of Leigh and Prittlewell.

Robert Eden, who became rector of Leigh in 1837, demolished the previous rectory and commissioned a large new one, which was completed in 1838. One quarter of the building remains today as Leigh Library, as the other wings of the building were demolished by Southend Corporation when they acquired the building and the surrounding land. The rectory and grounds occupied a 6 acre site, and the work carried out by Eden included the construction of Rectory Grove as a public right of way, which replaced an existing cliff-top path called Chess Lane. Leigh Library was designated as a listed building at Grade II in 1974.

'Old Leigh'
In the 11th century Leigh was a marginal community of homesteads. The Domesday Book of 1086 records 'five smallholders above the water who do not hold land', who were probably engaged in fishing thus giving Leigh a claim to nearly a thousand years of activity in the fishing industry.

The main seafood catch from Leigh fishing boats has always been shellfish and whitebait. Many of the local trawlers were at one time bawleys, and two of Old Leigh's pubs – the Peter Boat and Ye Olde Smack – owe their names to types of local fishing boat.

The riverside settlement of 'Old Leigh', or 'The Old Town', is historically significant; it was once on the primary shipping route to London. From the Middle Ages until the turn of the 20th century, Old Leigh hosted the settlement's market square, and high street (known as Leigh Strand). Elizabethan historian William Camden (1551–1623) described Leigh as "a proper fine little towne and verie full of stout and adventurous sailers". By the 1740s however, Leigh's deep water access had become silted up (as attested to by John Wesley) and the village was in decline as an anchorage and port of call.

Modern era
Broadway developed between the 1870s and the 1920s from a residential street to a commercial parade of shopfronts, as the town began to expand. During the 1920s, Broadway was extended further west with the demolition of a large manor house, Black House/Leigh House (built 1620).

In 1983 Leigh gained its own paper, Leigh Times, and in 1996 gained its own Town Council.

During the 1990s and the early 21st century Leigh-on-Sea went through more change: the growing dominance of out-of-town, 24-hour supermarkets and retail parks, as well as the arrival and popularity of retail online shopping, meant that much local business had to reinvent itself, either as venues for socialising, or to offer niche services and products to cater for the town's changing demographic.

Leigh-on-Sea has frequently been cited as one of the best places to live in the UK, owing to factors such as its proximity to London, nearby outstanding Westcliff and Southend grammar schools, good access to sports and arts activities, multiple opportunities to develop skills, and a strong sense of belonging and community spirit. A 2018 survey by Rightmove found that Leigh-on-Sea was the place in the UK where people were happiest living.

On 15 October 2021, Sir David Amess, the local Member of Parliament, was murdered at a constituency surgery being held in Belfairs Methodist Church in the town. Southend was granted city status as a memorial to Amess in 2022.

Transport
Leigh-on-Sea is served by Leigh-on-Sea railway station on the London, Tilbury and Southend line. Regular, daily bus services run between Southend-on-Sea, Benfleet, Canvey Island, Basildon, Rayleigh and Chelmsford. Scheduled flights to national and European destinations operate out of nearby London Southend Airport.

The current railway station is situated near the western end of Old Leigh marina. Built in 1934, it replaced the original station, which was opposite Bell Wharf.

Governance
Leigh-on-Sea is a district of Southend-on-Sea, and includes the electoral wards Belfairs, Blenheim Park, Eastwood Park, Leigh and West Leigh. The two latter Electoral Wards and one Poll District of Belfairs and Blenheim Park Wards are included in the Leigh-on-Sea Town Council area, which is a civil parish. It is represented in Parliament in the Southend West constituency, by Anna Firth.

The population of the entire district taken at the 2011 Census was 38,931.

Festivals and activities
Several annual events have become well established, including Leigh Regatta, Leigh Folk Festival and The Leigh Art Trail. The regatta is held over one weekend in September.

Museums and galleries
Leigh Heritage Centre is located in the Old Smithy and serves as a museum for Old Leigh. It is run by the Leigh Society, who have also opened the next-door Plumbs Cottage, a restored and substantially rebuilt 1850s fisherman's cottage.

Old Leigh Art Studios is a commercial gallery with artists studios. It was established by the artist Sheila Appleton and potter Richard Baxter in 1991. They have since been joined by painter Ian Smith and ceramicist Julie O’Sullivan. The studios participate in the annual Leigh Art Trail.

Notable people

 * John Barber (1919–2004), former Finance Director of Ford of Europe & managing director of British Leyland.
 * Lee Brilleaux, musician
 * Phil Cornwell, actor, comedian and impressionist
 * Stephen Cottrell, Archbishop of York since 2020, born in Leigh-on-Sea
 * Tina Cousins, singer
 * Robert Daws (Born 4 May 1959) is an Actor who is known, for instance, for the portrayal of Dr Gordon Ormerod in the Yorkshire Television (YTV) for ITV 1960's Medical Drama The Royal.
 * Robert Eden, rector of Leigh-on-Sea
 * John Fowles, author
 * Phill Jupitus, comedian, who moved to Leigh in 2000
 * David Lloyd, tennis player and businessman
 * John Lloyd, tennis player
 * Robert King, footballer and rector of Leigh-on-Sea from 1892 to 1950
 * Marie Macarte, equestrian performer
 * Helen Mirren, actress, born in Hammersmith and brought up in Leigh-on-Sea
 * Peggy Mount, actress, born in Leigh-on-Sea on 2 May 1918.
 * Julian Parkhill, geneticist, working with pathogens
 * Vivian Stanshall, artist and musician
 * Alister Watson, mathematician and alleged member of the Cambridge spy ring
 * Rebecca West, author, lived at Marine Parade between 1917 and 1919.
 * Michael Wilding, actor.

title: Leigh-on-Sea


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User:Bgadicha

Balaji Gadicharla resides in the technology capital of the world, the Bay Area, CA.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Bgadicha


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Talk:Leigh-on-Sea

Deletions of statements about history lacking references
The statement about Mayflower was deleted. It sailed from Southampton. Conceivably some of the pilgrims who came from close to Leigh boarded there. A lot of information has been collected about the Pilgrim Fathers. Searching that might add weight to restoring the deletion.

The statement about warding off threats was deleted. Earlier comment about pirates and French does not need repeating. Maybe searching naval history literature dealing with Napoleonic wars might warrant restoring mention. As regards Dutch states "many felt that the Dutch would strike elsewhere along the coast and the bulk of the active English ships were based elsewhere. As the Dutch approached, only three ships guarded the entrance to the Medway and 30 sloops stood by to tow the unmanned English ships further upstream if necessary." Does not seem to imply ships may have been at Leigh. But burden is on protagonist of deleted statement to provide verification if it is to be restored. Michael P. Barnett (talk) 12:12, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leigh-on-Sea


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Small Faces (1967 album)

Small Faces is the second studio album by Small Faces, released through Immediate Records on 23 June 1967. Although this was their first album for new manager Andrew Loog Oldham's Immediate label, recording actually commenced during their tenure with Decca Records, whom they left in January 1967 after severing professional ties with original manager Don Arden. As a result of the switch of label and management, Decca and Arden released an outtakes compilation album, From the Beginning in early June 1967 in order to sabotage the chart success of the Immediate Small Faces release - something that it managed to do to some extent when From the Beginning reached number 17 in the UK charts. The Immediate album shares its name with their 1966 Decca debut album, which has led to some confusion regarding the titles. As a result of this, it has been unofficially dubbed The First Immediate Album by several fans.

The album is considered to be the artistic breakthrough for the group in terms of songwriting and composition, and marks their transition from a mod-influenced blue-eyed soul/R&B band to a psychedelic studio group, which they were then seen as from this point until their breakup in early 1969. 'Small Faces' was recorded over a lengthy (by the standard of the time) period of nine months, during the band's tenure on both Decca and Immediate Records, at two separate studios. It is their first LP to contain solely original compositions. Thirteen of the album's fourteen tracks were either written or co-written by Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane, in contrast to the group's 1966 debut, in which only seven of the twelve tracks are credited to the band, with the remaining tracks being written by artists such as Kenny Lynch and Ian Samwell, or being R&B covers that were parts of the group's early repertoire.

The album incorporates a blend of several different moods and genres of music, ranging from the relatively straight-up R&B of "Talk To You", the blue-eyed soul balladry of "My Way of Giving" and the brass-driven, bouncy soul-pop of "All Our Yesterdays", to the more complex baroque pop of "Show Me the Way" and "Feeling Lonely", and the power pop and psychedelia of tracks such as "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me" and "Green Circles". The album also marks the debut of Ian McLagan as a solo composer, contributing his song "Up the Wooden Hills to Bedfordshire" which is the first of two compositions for the group credited to him alone (the second being "Long Agos and Worlds Apart" from Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake). It is also the first studio album by the group where McLagan plays on all tracks, whereas on their debut album both he and Jimmy Winston are jointly credited as keyboardist (about half of the debut album was recorded with Winston in June–September 1965, with the remaining tracks being recorded after McLagan joined the band in November 1965).

The album reached number 12 on the UK charts, becoming their only original studio album to chart outside the top-10 (both their debut album and Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake reached the top-5). Despite not containing a hit single, it was released in between their smash hits "Here Come the Nice" and "Itchycoo Park" and was highly regarded by other musicians, exerting a strong influence on a number of bands both at home and abroad. The album received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans alike, and has been featured on several best of lists, including Ultimate Classic Rock's list of Top 100 '60s Rock Albums, along with several lists by Mojo magazine. Many fans consider Small Faces to be the group's best album.

Boundary Park incident (1966)
In 1966, the Small Faces managed to chart a top-5 album and four consecutive top-10 singles on the UK Singles Chart, including their number one hit "All or Nothing" which peaked in September 1966. The band had now developed a notable fanbase in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe. In a notable incident, fans of the band had, after a performance at the Boundary Park stadium, attempted breaking into the band's vehicle, even climbing on top of it. Of the occurrence, Ian McLagan stated the following: "'The pitch was already soggy and fans started to surround the car in their hundreds. Kids were climbing on the roof. 'The ground was pretty soft and the car just wouldn't move. It was right in the middle of the pitch and it just started to go down and down and down. The four of us and the driver were getting the real horrors.

The kids' faces were getting mashed up against the windows and I remember seeing one little kid being pushed down and her head disappearing out of sight. We were shouting 'Look out for that kid' and then the roof of the car started to bow inward under the sheer weight of the kids on top. We were holding the roof up which was really starting to cave in and there wasn't much air in the car 'cos we couldn't open the windows which really set a panic in.'"

Leaving Decca and signing to Immediate (1966–1967)
Demand for a new album had increased towards the end of the year, and by late 1966, Small Faces had slowly started to abandon their rhythm and blues roots, in favour of more psychedelic direction. The Beatles' manager Brian Epstein held a party at their residence on 22 Westmoreland Terrace in Pimlico, London, and introduced them to LSD for the first time after serving them spiked orange pieces served on the plate. Most tracks on the album were conceived and written by December 1966 and the earlier parts of 1967 by Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane. Ian McLagan wrote his first solo-song for the band, titled "Up the Wooden Hills to Bedfordshire"; This is the sole composition on the album that was not written or co-written by the Marriott/Lane partnership.

During the later parts of 1966, their affiliation with Don Arden and Decca Records had strained, due to several aspects, including the fact that the band received barely any royalties from their records, and that "My Mind's Eye" had been released without consent by the band. After a messy confrontation with Arden who tried to face down the boys' parents by claiming that the whole band were using drugs, they cut their ties with Arden and Decca. They were almost straight away offered a deal with the newly-established Immediate label, formed by ex-Rolling Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham, which they stayed on until their break-up in 1969.

Recording
Tracks recorded specifically for a follow-up album to their debut commenced by August 1966 when tracks such as "My Mind's Eye", "Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, "My Way of Giving", "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?" and "That Man" were taped at IBC Studios, while the band were still signed to Decca Records. Between 5–7 December of that year, the group cut a song entitled "Picaninny", a three-minute instrumental piece featuring Steve Marriott on harmonica. This track is thought to be a backing track, even though it had received mixes in both mono and stereo. Ultimately it was not included on the album, and got its official release on the compilation cassette Small Faces – Big Music: A Compleat Collection in 1984.

In early December, work on "Get Yourself Together" had started. By 13 December 1966 the group cut the backing track of the song "Green Circles" at IBC, further takes of the songs were recorded at Olympic Studios on 10 January 1967, with vocal takes attempted by both Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane during that session. The following day, the group recorded "All Our Yesterdays", "Just Passing" and 11 takes of a track dubbed "Doolally", which was eventually renamed to "Things Are Going to Get Better" after recording take 14, which became the master track. At this point, the master take of "Get Yourself Together" had been completed. By 16 January, "Talk to You" had been recorded.

By February, the group recorded "Become Like You", "Something I Want to Tell You" and "Feeling Lonely". On 28 February, "Eddie's Dreaming" had been recorded. The same day, "Get Yourself Together" and "Green Circles" had been mixed both in stereo and mono, with the definitive version featuring Ronnie Lane on lead vocals. In March, "My Way of Giving" had been rehauled, and "Up The Wooden Hills To Bedfordshire" had been recorded. The remaining tracks were recorded in April, and mixing had been finalized by May.

Musical content
The album is a huge departure from the sound that made up their previous two albums, their eponymous debut and the compilation From the Beginning. Both albums featured many rhythm and blues covers, alongside originals in order to appeal to the mod audience the group amassed. For Small Faces, they wrote more material that could be classified as pop or psychedelia, which by 1967–1969 had reached its peak popularity. Both "All Our Yesterdays" and "Eddie's Dreaming" incorporate brass instruments as focal points, while many other tracks feature the harpsichord played by Ian McLagan. The instrument is most prevalent on "Feeling Lonely" and "Show Me the Way". The album also features influences from folk rock on "Become Like You" and "Get Yourself Together", the latter of which features Marriott on twelve-string acoustic guitar.

It was by achieving this synthesis that Marriott and the band believed they had now met the criteria expected of them. Ronnie Lane's predilection for a softer, pastoral and more psychedelic sound was heavily evident on songs such as "Show Me The Way" and "All Our Yesterdays". It was the first release to feature Lane as a prevalent songwriter.

"During the Decca period most of the self-penned stuff was 99% Steve. It wasn’t until Immediate that Ronnie became more involved. The first Immediate album is made up of 50% Steve’s songs and 50% of Ronnie’s. They didn’t collaborate as much as people thought. In fact, when they did, they often ended up arguing and fighting.'"

The vocal duty on the album is more varied than on their debut album, where Marriott sang ten of the twelve tracks. On the record, Lane assumes lead vocals on four songs, with Marriott singing lead on six. McLagan sings his sole composition "Up the Wooden Hills to Bedfordshire". Marriott and Lane share lead vocals on "Green Circles" and "Become Like You" while the remaining track "Happy Boys Happy" is an instrumental.

Release
The album was released in both monaural and stereophonic versions on 23 June 1967 (IMLP 008 and IMSP 008, mono and stereo versions respectively) in the United Kingdom, and later, it was released in mainland Europe and Oceania. Even though it was a success, it failed to breach the top 10, peaking at number 12 on the UK Album Chart. This is most likely due to the lack of a hit single accompanying the album. Ultimately, it became the original lineup's only studio effort to fail charting within the top 5 on the UK albums chart, as both their debut and Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake peaked at number 3 and 1 respectively.

The tracks recorded in the sessions from August 1966 ended up in assorted ways; "My Mind's Eye" was issued as a single in November 1966, peaking at number 4. The remainder of the tracks ended up on From the Beginning, an album compiled of singles and unreleased material released by Decca on 2 June 1967. Of these tracks, only "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?" and "My Way of Giving" were issued (in their re-recorded versions) on Small Faces. "Talk to You" was released as the B-Side of "Here Come the Nice" on 2 June, it managed to reach number 12 on UK Singles chart.

Reception
The album was well received and reviewed upon its release. In a retrospective review, AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave it 5 out 5 stars, praising the album for its sophisticated songs, and its pop melodies, stating: "there may be some harpsichords but no outright psychedelia -- but it is bright, colorful, and concentrated, its very brevity playing like snappy pop art. No song runs over three minutes and many clock in under two, a direct contrast to the somewhat extended grooves of their 1966 LP, and an aesthetic that lends this an exceptionally modern feel: all the tunes are sharply cut and precisely tailored, with no wasted moments."

The Classic Rock magazine gave it 8/10 stars, while Mojo granted it 4 stars.

Reissues
LP reissues became the standard format for many years, until it finally became available on compact disc in Japan in 1989. Further CD remasters would reach mainland Europe, UK and the United States, where the album had been unavailable since 1967. Tracks from the album have since been included within compilations, most notably in The Darlings of Wapping Wharf Launderette, a 2-CD compilation of their work on Immediate Records, in which all tracks from it were included. Remasters of the album with a blue tint were sold exclusively at various Sainsbury's locations during 2018.

However, the most prevalent and well-known of these reissues is the 2012 Deluxe Edition, which features several previously unreleased tracks, along with various A-sides and B-sides of the group's 1967 singles. On this remaster is the track "Don't Burst My Bubble", recorded in February 1968. Paul Weller cited it as an inspiration for the title track of the Jam's 1982 studio album The Gift.

In popular culture
The album is a favourite of Paul Weller, who named the album in his 'Top Ten of All-Time' in 1992. The Jam had covered "Get Yourself Together" between 1981–1982.

Donovan (a friend of the Small Faces) recorded "Hurdy Gurdy Man" in 1968, a song that both musically and thematically references "Green Circles."

British singer Chris Farlowe released a cover of "My Way of Giving" as a single in early 1967. His version stayed on the UK Singles Chart for a single week, peaking at number 48.

"My Way of Giving" was also covered by Rod Stewart for his 1970 album Gasoline Alley backed by, as the personnel credits on the LP reveal, The Faces. The Faces featured former Small Faces Lane, Jones and McLagan, alongside Stewart and Ronnie Wood. Lane, Jones and McLagan are therefore effectively covering their own song, albeit it in a quite different, more uptempo 'Motown' style arrangement.

Track listing
All tracks written by Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane unless noted.

2012 Deluxe edition
The album was completely remastered in 2012 and reissued as compact discs with previously unreleased material, along with various A-sides and B-sides from 1967.

Personnel

 * Small Faces
 * Steve Marriott – lead, harmony, and backing vocals, guitars, piano on "Things Are Going to Get Better" and "Show Me the Way"
 * Ronnie Lane – lead, harmony, and backing vocals, bass guitar
 * Kenney Jones – drums, percussion
 * Ian McLagan – lead, harmony, and backing vocals, keyboards, bass guitar on "Show Me the Way", guitar and bass guitar on "Up the Wooden Hills to Bedfordshire"
 * Technica;
 * Glyn Johns, George Chkiantz, Eddie Kramer – studio engineers
 * Stephen Hill – cover design
 * Stephen Bobroff –  photography

title: Small Faces (1967 album)


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Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Identity (failed proposal)

This is a proposed Wikipedia guideline for dealing with issues of labeling people and organizations in Wikipedia articles. It doesn't address the use of proper names for individuals. For the guideline on referring to individuals by name, see Manual of Style/Biographies. For Wikipedia's active guideline on identity-related matters, see Manual of Style. For the general guideline on naming conventions for biographical articles, see Naming conventions (people).

Labeling in a manner which is neither offensive nor contrary to the wishes of those about whom we are writing articles is not only good etiquette, but also helps to reduce editorial conflicts about which specific labels should be used in a given article.

General guidelines
When in doubt, or when editing a controversial article, take the time to read the article's talk page before editing. Often, compromises on specific articles or terms have been hashed out at considerable cost in terms of personal time and effort. Aim for consensus.

Self-identification
Use the name(s) and terminology that the individual or organization themselves use.

 * Self-identification: When naming or writing an article about specific groups or their members always use the terminology which those individuals or organizations themselves use. Transsexual people, for example, should be referred to using the personal pronouns (male, female, or another) that they themselves prefer.
 * Do not assume that a different term is more inclusive or accurate. For example, a person who appears female or who was born female may identify as male or something else other than female.

Be specific
Be as specific as possible.

 * Use the most specific terminology available. If someone is of Ethiopian descent, describe them as "Ethiopian", not "African",
 * Almost always use terms as adjectives rather than nouns, thus, black people, not blacks, gay people, not gays, person with albinism, not albino, and so on. Note that there are exceptions to this rule: "Jews" is the standard plural.

Be neutral
Where there is doubt, aim for neutrality.

 * Some terms are considered pejorative, or have negative associations, even if they are quite commonly used. Even though people may use these terms themselves, they may not appreciate being referred to by such terms by others.  Note that neutral terminology is not necessarily the most common term — a term that the person or their cultural group does not accept for themselves is not neutral even if it remains the most widely used term among outsiders.
 * However, do not be so general as to render terms meaningless.

Avoid gratuitous references
Do not call more attention to a person's identity labels than is strictly necessary.

 * While it is often appropriate for an article to note that a person is African-American, gay, Christian, etc., if the fact is related to their notability, and to discuss the ways in which those identities have impacted their work, it is never necessary or appropriate for an article to constantly qualify the person as a "gay writer" or an "African-American linguist".
 * It is only rarely, if ever, necessary for a reference to a person's cultural, religious, sexual or gender identities to be present in the very first sentence of the article before their occupation has even been mentioned. For example, it is usually more appropriate for an article to begin "John Smith is an American writer", and then discuss his sexual orientation later in the article, than for the article to begin "John Smith is a gay writer from the United States." Similarly, it is almost never necessary for the very first sentence of an article to point out that the subject is female.

Pay attention to the person's specific cultural context
Do not impose a label that you think should be used by the cultural group in question, if it's not the label that is used by the group in question.

 * While "Colored" is now considered inappropriate as an racial label in the United States, "Coloured" it is the normal designation of a specific cultural group in South Africa which uses that term for itself. Do not impose an alternate term that would be considered more acceptable in the United States but is not known or recognized by these South Africans.
 * Similarly, while "African American" is sometimes preferred to "black" in the United States, demographic differences in Canada — where 71 per cent of the country's black population are of Caribbean rather than more-immediately African origin — mean that "African Canadian" be used as a substitute for "Black Canadian" in most cases. Although "African American" is broadly used synonymously with "black" in the United States, sometimes even disregarding origin (African, Caribbean, Latin American, or otherwise), the term may not be the correct choice. Also, "black" should never be replaced with "African American" if the subject is not American.
 * The prefix "Afro-" is often conventionally used for specific multi-ethnic groups (e.g. Afro-Brazilian, Afro-Cuban) outside the US, but is disfavored in that country; avoid "Afro-American".

Ethnic and national identities

 * Avoid outdated terms when referring to present-day people. However, historic terms can be appropriate when describing historic usage, or in description of past eras.
 * Avoid unclarified use of ambiguous terms. For example, "Asian" can be a continent-wide term, or may more specifically connote South Asian in the United Kingdom, but East Asian in the United States. Wiki-linking the term, if it must be used by itself, is a good idea: ,  . Otherwise, simply be more specific.  When making first reference to someone from India or having an Indian background as "Indian", wikilink the term as  , unless no confusion of this usage with its usage in reference to indigenous peoples of the Americas is likely to result in the context. "Russian" should not be used as a stand-in for "Soviet" when referring to a person from the era of the USSR whose ethnic identity is not known more specifically.
 * Physical anthropology terms such as "Caucasoid", "Negroid", and "Mongoloid" are not appropriate for contemporary ethnic, national or social identities, and should be used only in their correct scientific or historical context.
 * "Caucasian" in the meaning of "pertaining to the Caucasus region" is correct, though clarification distinguishing this usage from that of Caucasian race may be helpful. "Caucasian" should not be used to mean "white" in the ethnic/racial sense, except in quoted material, due the ambiguity and its disuse in this sense outside the US.
 * "Chinese" or "Chinese person" are preferred over "Chinaman", which is outdated and has racist connotations; . The same may apply to similar constructions such as "Irishman";.
 * "Roma" or "Romani" is preferred over "Gypsy" when referring to the ethnic group, although the terms are not always synonymous (especially when "gypsy" is lower-case and used to refer to itinerant people of unclear ethnicity). Avoid "Gypsy" when a more specific name in available. Even Roma/Romani may not always be correct (see, e.g., Lom people, Dom people).
 * "Kosovan" and "Kosovar":.

Indigenous peoples

 * A 1996 survey revealed that a majority of persons from indigenous populations in the United States preferred "American Indian" to "Native American," although the latter is also generally acceptable. Neither of these terms is generally used in Alaska, where the term Eskimo is sometimes offensive, and Alaska Native is usually preferred.
 * In Canada, the term "Aboriginal peoples" is preferred over "natives" as a collective term. "Aboriginal" encompasses First Nations, the Métis, and the Inuit; the term "First Nations" refers to "Indian" groups and does  encompass the latter two groups. "Indian" and "Eskimo" are not generally considered acceptable. Note that it is never appropriate to describe an aboriginal Canadian as "American Indian" or "Native American".
 * Although terms such as "American Indian" or "Native American" are commonly used within the United States to collectively denote all indigenous peoples of North and South America regardless of which country they reside in, the terms are widely rejected by people outside of that country due to the potential ambiguity of the word "American". The terms should only be used on Wikipedia in the narrow context of the United States. For cases where the article is a broad, transnational summary of very general aspects of indigenous North and South American cultures, use constructions such as indigenous peoples of the Americas.
 * It is always preferable to refer to groups and individuals as specifically as is appropriate in the context. The specific culture to which a person belongs (e.g., Inuit, Navajo, Anishnaabe, Abenaki, Maya, etc.) should be used of broad umbrella terms such as "Indian", "native" or "First Nations" whenever possible.
 * In Australia, both "Aboriginal" and "Indigenous" are used as collective adjectives; individual people and institutions should be referred to, as specifically as is appropriate in the context, by the groups with which they identify . However, "Aborigine" is strongly deprecated as a noun.

Gender and sexual identities

 * For people, the terms "gay" (often used for males only) and "lesbian" (which is used for females only) are preferred over "homosexual", which has clinical associations and may even be considered pejorative. However, homosexual may be used in describing people in certain instances, in particular in historical and legal contexts.
 * When referring to the broader community of all people who identify with one of the "minority sexual and gender identities", the inclusive term lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender is preferred rather than referring simply to the "gay community". This may subsequently be abbreviated as "LGBT", although for clarity's sake the term should be spelled out in full the first time it appears in an article. Subsequent occurrences can also be explained in situ, with the template: , which displays as LGBT, with a mouse-over tooltip.  This is especially useful in sections, which may be independently reached via links, below the original appearance of the full phrase.
 * For sexual behaviors, "homosexual" may be acceptable, although in many cases "same-sex" can and should be used instead. For instance, articles discussing the question of legalizing or banning marriage between two people of the same gender should refer to same-sex marriage rather than "homosexual marriage" or "gay marriage". Various statutes use the specific term "homosexual", and this should be preserved in context.
 * Two-spirit is preferred over berdache. However, the latter term is appropriate in historical contexts, specifically when discussing the defined and specific role of the berdache within historical aboriginal cultures.
 * Transgender people should be referred to using pronouns consistent with their current gender identification. If unsure, it may be acceptable to employ terms consistent with the person's gender presentation: for example, if a person lives as female and appears female, it is probably fine to describe her using female pronouns. Note that it is  necessary for a person to have had or even to have contemplated sex reassignment surgery — use the pronouns consistent with the person's public gender presentation, regardless of the current configuration of their genitals. A person's current gender identity should be adopted when referring to any phase of that person's life, unless this usage is overridden by that person's own expressed preference. Watch, however, for situations where this may create confusion (e.g. "she fathered her first child") — instead, such a sentence should be rewritten to avoid references to gender (e.g. "Smith became a parent for the first time").   This section has been superseded by the more specific and non-draft guideline at MOS:IDENTITY.
 * Neologisms, like transman and transwoman, should be used carefully, as many terms defining gender minorities have somewhat fluid inclusion criteria and are umbrella terms defining those outside gender-binary roles and identities.


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Ostrołęka County

Ostrołęka County (powiat ostrołęcki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Ostrołęka, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only town in Ostrołęka County is Myszyniec, which lies 38 km north of Ostrołęka.

The county covers an area of 2099.32 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 88,717, out of which the population of Myszyniec is 3,408 and the rural population is 85,309.

Neighbouring counties
Apart from the city of Ostrołęka, Ostrołęka County is also bordered by Pisz County and Kolno County to the north, Łomża County to the east, Ostrów Mazowiecka County to the south-east, Wyszków County to the south, Maków County to the south-west, Przasnysz County to the west, and Szczytno County to the north-west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into 11 gminas (one urban-rural and 10 rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Ostrołęka County


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Macross Zero

Macross Zero (マクロス ゼロ) is an anime prequel OVA to The Super Dimension Fortress Macross released for the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Macross franchise during 2002 in Japan. It was created and directed by Shoji Kawamori and produced by Satelight.

Premise
Macross Zero is set in 2008 A.D., one year before the events of the original Macross series, depicting the final battles of the U.N. Wars between the U.N. Spacy and the Anti-UN forces, and is also set in the South Pacific, where a gigantic alien spaceship crash landed 9 years earlier. Amidst the violence, a U.N. Spacy F-14 KAI pilot named Shin Kudo is attacked by a strange enemy aircraft that can transform itself into a robot. Crash landing on Mayan Island he learns that this remote island and its peaceful native inhabitants hold a great secret linking them to the alien space ship and would become the focus of the war, whether they like it or not. Shin eventually returns to his carrier fleet and joins the Skull Squadron, who also operate brand new transforming fighters, the VF-0 Phoenix. He trains and engages Anti-UN forces operating from a converted ballistic missile submarine as both sides fight to locate and control alien artifacts, with the peaceful and agrarian Mayan caught in the middle of the war.

Characters

 * Shin Kudo (工藤 シン): Japanese-American fighter pilot flying for the UN. Lost his parents early in the U.N. Wars. Voiced by Kenichi Suzumura.
 * Sara Nome: Priestess of Mayan Island. Highly skeptical of outsiders and the violence they bring with them. Voiced by Sanae Kobayashi.
 * Mao Nome: Sara's younger sister. Cheerful and outgoing, and longing to see the outside world. Also has a very obvious crush on Shin. Voiced by Yuuka Nanri.
 * Roy Föcker: Famed UN ace and test pilot for the new and experimental variable fighter, the VF-0. Voiced by Akira Kamiya.
 * Edgar LaSalle: Shynn's Radar Intercept Officer and best friend. Voiced by Sousuke Komori.
 * D.D. Ivanov: Ace pilot flying for the Anti-UN forces. Roy Föcker's former instructor turned rival. Flies the SV-51 Anti-U.N. variable fighter. Voiced by Ryūzaburō Ōtomo.
 * Nora Polyansky: Ivanov's wingmate. A ruthless and highly skilled warrior dedicated to the Anti-UN cause. Voiced by Minami Takayama.
 * Aries Turner: A 26-year-old government researcher known for her genius-level intelligence. She studies and gives top secret seminars about the Protoculture research being undertaken by the U.N. She has known Roy Föcker in the past, before the events that will take place in the South Pacific Ocean one year before Space War I. Voiced by Naomi Shindō.
 * Nutouk: The Mayan Island tribal chief. Voiced by Tamio Ōki.
 * Dr. Hasford: The Anti-UN scientist who theories that intelligent life on Earth might have originated off world from the Protoculture, a race of ancient aliens. Voiced by Nachi Nozawa.
 * The Bird-Human: Code named by the U.N. Spacy scientists as A.F.O.S. (Artifact From Outer Space), the Bird-Human is a powerful semi-sentient alien biomecha which was left on Earth by the true creators of humanity, the Protoculture. The mecha was created to check the evolution of humankind and was programmed to destroy it in case it became belligerent like the previous creation of the Protoculture, the Zentradi.

Production
The OVA was released in 2002 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Macross franchise in Japan. New mechanical designs inspired by those of the first Macross series were developed by Shoji Kawamori and Junya Ishikagi, while mecha and sci-fi illustrator Hidetaka Tenjin worked as an animation artist for the CGI mecha action sequences. A Blu-ray box was released on August 22, 2008, which added Sheryl Nome's earrings in a shot at the Nome beach house, to better connect the series with Macross Frontier.

Soundtrack
Composed by Kuniaki Haishima, the OVA's soundtrack is orchestral with some tribal influences. One track, titled "VF-Zero", borrows a section of "Klendathu Drop" by Basil Poledouris, from the Starship Troopers soundtrack. The ending theme for episodes 1 and 5 is "Arkan" (which means "star" in the fictional Mayan language), performed by Holy Raz. "Life Song", the ending theme for episode 2, is by Yen Chang and Holy Raz. Yuuka Nanri performs the episode 3 ending theme "Yanyan".

Two volumes of the soundtrack were released in Japan by Victor Entertainment.

International release
Due to a current legal dispute over the distribution rights of the Macross franchise, involving Studio Nue and Big West against Harmony Gold, much of the Macross merchandise post 1999, including Macross Zero, have not received an international release.

OVA series notes
Mao Nome's reminiscences have become part of the pre-Space War legendarium of the expanding Human and Zentradi exploration of the Galaxy. The events of the movie paint the story in the style of Tales of the South Pacific, romantic and beautiful in the time before the Zentradi nearly annihilated all life on Earth during one of the most cataclysmic battles of the War. The people of the galaxy know this story as 'Bird-Human'.

During the third Macross TV series, Macross Frontier, the 10th episode ("Legend of Zero") retells the events of the OVA series as Bird Human, a movie made in on one of the colony's city ships for the entertainment of the populace. The Four Romances: one completely doomed (Captain Nora and Captain Ivanov), one tragic (Dr. Aries Turner and Captain Roy Föcker - which led to his depression and incipient alcoholism only later broken by Claudia LaSalle), one impossible but real (Mao Nome's love of Shynn Kudo), and one transcendental (Sara Nome and Lt. Shynn Kudo) make for a story of mysticism, love, music, and courage. The adaptation stars Miranda Merin (the reigning Miss Macross Frontier) as Sara Nome and Ranka Lee as Mao Nome (after the original actress is injured in a car accident on the way to the filming location). Alto Saotome, the main protagonist of Frontier, is the stunt double for the actor playing Shynn Kudo (as the actor does not do underwater scenes, as stated in his contract). Incidentally, the film's director bears a striking resemblance to series creator Shoji Kawamori.

Later episodes explicitly state that Macross Frontier singer Sheryl Nome is the granddaughter of Dr. Mao Nome, and showed a photograph of a much older but still recognizable Mao with glasses, clearly now a venerable survivor of Space War I.

All That VF - Macross 25th Anniversary Air Show (Zero Edition)
Coinciding with both the 25th anniversary of Macross and the Blu-ray releases of volume one of Macross Frontier and Macross Zero box set, the official website of Macross Frontier posted two newly animated short films featuring Air Show style demonstrations for both series. People who purchased the first pressings of either Macross Zero or Macross Frontier received a unique code to enter into the website and therefore able to watch the short film of the respective anime.

The music track for this clip was an excerpt from an orchestral track of Macross Frontier titled "Vital Force" composed by Yoko Kanno.

title: Macross Zero


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Office of Special Investigations (United States Department of Justice)

The Office of Special Investigations (OSI) of the U.S Justice Department was created in 1979 to identify and expel, from the United States, those who assisted Nazis in persecuting "any person because of race, religion, national origin, or political opinion." This involved gathering, verifying, and presenting in court eyewitness and documentary evidence of decades-old crimes. The evidence was incomplete and scattered around the world. Much of it was then in Eastern Europe, behind the Iron Curtain. Nonetheless, the OSI investigated 1,700 persons suspected of being involved in Nazi war crimes. Over 300 have been prosecuted with at least 100 stripped of their U.S. citizenship and 70 deported, the most recent in 2021. Others have left voluntarily, fled, or have been blocked from entering the United States.

In the 1980s, at least seven men facing investigation or prosecution from the OSI committed suicide.

Immediately after World War II, Americans chose not to dwell upon the war's atrocities, and Cold War threats caused governments to recruit former Nazis for intelligence work. Newly formulated U.S. immigration policies and prejudice created obstacles for entering the United States by people displaced by the war. As a result, it became easier for former Nazis and their collaborators to enter the U.S. than for Holocaust survivors. Sometimes protected by U.S. Intelligence officials, war criminals found a safe haven in America. OSI was founded to ferret them out. It operated as a separate unit until 2010 when it was merged with the Domestic Security Section of the Justice Department Criminal Division to form a new unit, the Human Rights and Special Prosecutions Section (HRSP). According to The Washington Post, the United States has successfully prosecuted more Nazis than all other countries combined and is "widely deemed to have the world's most aggressive and effective Nazi-hunting operation." While efforts continue to prosecute those involved in atrocities during World War II, the principal focus of HRSP's human rights enforcement work is now on prosecuting war criminals from postwar conflicts including those in Bosnia, Serbia, Rwanda, and Guatemala.

A thorough history of OSI was produced by legal historian Judith Feigin of the Justice department in 2006. It concluded that, in addition to having obtained some measure of justice for wartime atrocities, OSI set international standards for prosecuting perpetrators of genocide and made substantial contributions to the historical record that "stand as a permanent and irrefutable response to those who would deny the Holocaust and its horrors." Further, "the message resonating from OSI's cases is that the United States does not choose to add to its populace persons whose actions victimized innocent civilians."

Braunsteiner-Ryan case
In 1964, it was discovered that Hermine Braunsteiner, a former SS guard in the concentration camps Ravensbrück and Majdanek, was living in the United States. She had met Russel Ryan while he was on holiday in Austria, and she entered the United States in 1959 shortly after their marriage. The case caused an outcry and, as a result, the Special Litigation Unit was set up at the immigration authority. This group was to identify other war criminals from the Nazi-era who lived in the United States. The unit was transferred from INS to the Justice Department in September 1979.

Initiative by Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman
New York Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman called for and actively promoted strengthening the special unit to prosecute war criminals residing in the United States. The Office of Special Investigations (OSI) was established in 1979 within the US Department of Justice. Its task consisted of processing the accumulated cases and the resumption of the search for war criminals in the United States. The OSI was equipped with broad powers that enabled it to take all necessary steps to accomplish its mission including investigation, litigation, negotiating with foreign governments, and calling for support from other U.S. authorities.

Early leadership
As an assistant to the US solicitor general, Allan Ryan had been arguing cases before the Supreme Court on behalf of the government. By chance, he was assigned a case already lost by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to strip Feodor Fedorenko, of his US citizenship and deport him to the Soviet Union. Fedorenko was alleged to have been a guard at a Jewish ghetto and at Treblinka extermination camp, where a total of 800,000 Jews had been murdered by the Nazis. Ryan considered himself a prosecutor rather than a Nazi-hunter, but he came to believe the case was important and recommended that it be pursued. He won the case in the court of appeals, and the Supreme Court later upheld the appeals court's ruling. That case, Fedorenko v. United States, became OSI's seminal case that set important legal precedent and led to Ryan's being asked to serve as the second Director of OSI, following the brief tenure of Walter Rockler. In 1984, Fedorenko was deported to the Soviet Union after being denaturalized. There, he was arrested and put on trial for treason, war crimes, and collaborationism for working in Treblinka extermination camp. Fedorenko was found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed in 1987.

Early challenges
Ryan led the organization during its formative years, from 1980 to 1983, navigating a difficult political landscape. He established the importance of historical research in addition to criminal investigation and won precedent-setting cases. OSI's approach was to identify those who met the criteria for being Nazi war criminals, determine whether they had lied about their wartime activities when applying for entry into the U.S or for U.S. citizenship and, if so, strip them of their citizenship and deport them. Initial leads came passively from existing INS cases, Jewish organizations also searching for war criminals, and individuals who by chance come across their former tormentors. OSI emphasis on historical research soon enabled the organization to become proactive in developing leads and it ultimately becoming a resource for Holocaust and other World War II research well beyond OSI's mandate to prosecute.

Disagreements over OSI operations
As the work began, OSI faced widespread disagreement on many important issues. Some felt the effort to expel World War II war criminals was important both to achieve justice and to set precedent for the future, while others felt that the time had passed for pursuit of these aims. Some Justice Department officials felt OSI should have a Jewish Director, while others did not want the office to be viewed as a Jewish organization and favored Ryan as director in part because he was not Jewish. Eastern European nationality groups opposed OSI's use of evidence from the USSR, which had an interest in discrediting Baltic State, Ukrainian, and other emigre groups and might well provide false information and forged documents to achieve their aims. These emigre groups also challenged the use of the lower standard of evidence involved in civil trials compared to criminal trials, even though citizenship revocation and deportation were civil issues and US law at the time did not provide for criminal penalties for crimes committed on foreign soil unless against US citizens. The emigres also feared that OSI might seek to deport anyone who had lied on their entry applications, not just the wartime persecutors that OSI sought to expel. In contrast, Jewish groups were pressing for more determined action by OSI than INS had demonstrated. It became clear that leading OSI was going to involve a lot of public relations work as well as research and prosecution.

Disagreements over who should be prosecuted
From the beginning, OSI had to deal with disagreements over who should be prosecuted. In contrast to the Fedorenko case, which the INS had lost and OSI had won on appeal, the Walus case had been lost on appeal by the U.S. Attorney's Office in Chicago with the court ordering a retrial. Director Ryan counseled against pursuing the case. The documentary evidence was weak and the eyewitnesses, forty years after the fact, were unconvincing. It was even possible that this was a case of mistaken identity. According to Judith Feigin, OSI's historian, it took courage in 1981 for OSI to dismiss the Walus case. Frank Walus had come to the attention of INS in 1974 by a letter from Simon Wiesenthal, a highly respected Holocaust survivor and acclaimed Nazi hunter. Several Holocaust survivors had traveled to America from Israel and emotionally confronted Walus, whom they believed to be their former tormentor, in court. Furthermore, OSI had not yet won the confidence of the Jewish community, whose support could be important for the organization's success. OSI could expect a negative reaction for not pursuing Walus.

Representative cases prosecuted
By the middle of 1984, forty cases had been filed by OSI against war criminals then living in America. Through the next few years, OSI successfully prosecuted over 130 other cases involving persons complicit in Nazi war crimes and subsequently living quietly in America. Many of these cases are discussed in detail in the OSI history produced in 2006. Three such cases in which OSI sought expulsion reached the Supreme Court.

Most cases involved relatively low level camp guards who had beaten or executed prisoners or had led them to places of execution. Juozas Kungys, for example, was prosecuted because OSI determined he had "rounded up and transported thousands of Jews to an execution site, distributed firearms and ammunition to an execution squad, forced the victims into a mass grave, shot some of them, and exhorted the execution squad to do the same. Other cases involved high-ranking officials and prominent Nazi collaborators.

In many cases, the individual charged left the U.S. voluntarily rather than face deportation proceedings. In many other cases, naturalized individuals agreed to give up U.S. citizenship but were allowed to remain in the U.S due to ill health rather than be deported. In some cases deportation was complicated by there being no country willing to accept the deportee.

Not every case was brought to a satisfactory conclusion. Case law evolved over time with various court rulings regarding legally complex matters of interpretation of statutes and sufficiency of evidence. Sometimes compromises were required. In the case of Kungys, an agreement was reached for him to give up his citizenship but not be deported. Due to the delayed pursuit of justice, many subjects of OSI prosecution died before their cases could be taken to completion in the U.S. or in other countries.

Some representative cases are included below. The dates in parentheses indicate the period during which INS, OSI, or HRSP were pursuing legal action against the individual.

Andrija Artuković (1951–1986)
Andrija Artuković was a construction worker in California. During the war, he had been a senior official in occupied Croatia. His decrees called for internment and execution of "undesirables" such as Serbs Jews, Gypsies, Orthodox Christians, and Communists. Hundreds of thousands of Serbs and Jews were massacred as a result. He was extradited to Yugoslavia in 1986, tried, convicted, and sentenced to death by firing squad. Due to his poor health, execution was deferred, and he died of natural causes in 1988 in a prison hospital. The litigation over this high ranking Nazi collaborator was the longest experienced by INS and OSI.

Valerian Trifa (1975–1982)
Valerian Trifa, as archbishop of the Romanian Orthodox Episcopate in Grass Lake, Michigan, was a powerful and influential religious figure in the U.S. At one point, he even presented the opening invocation for the U.S. Senate. During the war, he had been a propagandist and member of Romania's fascist Iron Guard. His anti-Semitic writings provoked riots resulting in torture and murder of hundreds of Jews. As OSI was preparing to take him to trial, Trifa surrendered his citizenship and was ultimately deported to Portugal. Portugal later tried to deport him as well, but he died of a heart attack before this could be completed.

Wolodymir Osidach (1979–1981)
Wolodymir Osidach was a retired slaughterhouse worker in Philadelphia who, during the war, had been an officer in the Ukrainian police force at Rava Raska that helped the Germans round up 14,000 Jews for transportation to the Belzec extermination camp. In November 1979, the OSI filed a complaint that Osidach had lied about his wartime activities when he successfully applied for entry into the United States in 1949 as a Displaced Person. This was the first case handled by the newly created OSI from beginning to end and the first it took to trial. Without determining whether Osidach was responsible for specific atrocities, the judge agreed that Osidach had fraudulently entered the US and subsequently obtained US citizenship. Accordingly, in 1981, the judge stripped Osidach of his naturalized citizenship, opening the way for his deportation. Osidach died of a heart attack before deportation hearings commenced.

Otto von Bolschwing (1979–1982)
Otto von Bolschwing worked for a computer leasing company in California where he rose to the level of vice president. During the war, he had been the chief SS intelligence officer in Romania. He worked with Adolf Eichmann to devise programs that persecuted Germany's Jews. After the war, he worked for the Central Intelligence Agency before emigrating to America. Rather than contest the OSI complaint against him, Bolschwing agreed to surrender his citizenship. He died before deportation proceedings were initiated. He was the highest ranking German prosecuted by OSI.

Karl Linnas (1979–1987)
Karl Linnas worked as a land surveyor living in Greenlawn, New York. During the war, he had been head of an Estonian concentration camp during the Nazi occupation. Kneeling prisoners were shot on his orders. The Soviets convicted him in absentia for having taken an active part in 12,000 murders and wanted him extradited. After extensive legal proceedings, Linnas was ultimately sent to the U.S.S.R., where he died in a prison hospital.

Johann Breyer (1992–2014)
Johann Breyer was a tool and die maker for an engineering company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the war, he had been a member of the Death's Head Battalion of the Waffen-SS acting as a guard at Buchenwald and Auschwitz, at which he was accused as an accessory in the murder of 216,000 Jews. He came to the U.S. in 1952 and became a naturalized citizen in 1957. Denaturalization proceedings were complicated by his mother's claim that she had been born in the U.S. and that Breyer was only seventeen years old when he began service with the SS. After the "most arcane and convoluted litigation in OSI history," the courts ultimately blocked OSI's efforts to strip Breyer of his U.S. citizenship. No deportation proceedings were then possible. In 2013, however, Germany requested that Breyer be extradited. He was arrested but died at age 89 before an extradition hearing could begin.

Juozas Budreika (1994–1996)
Juozas Budreika was a retired cook in Gulfport, Florida. During the war he had been a member of the 2nd/12th Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft (Protective Detachment) Battalion, a mobile killing unit that murdered thousands of unarmed Jews and other civilians in Lithuania and Byelorussia. He agreed to forfeit his citizenship and relocate to Lithuania, where he died shortly after his arrival.

Algimantas Dailidė (1994–2003)
Algimantas Dailidė was a retired Cleveland, Ohio real estate agent living in Gulfport, Florida. During the war, he was a member of the Lithuanian Security Police (the Saugumas) that arrested Jews who attempted to escape from the Vilnius ghetto and turned them over to the Nazis. Such people were generally shot outside Vilnius at the Paneriai execution pits, where about 50,000 Jews were murdered. His U.S. citizenship was revoked in 1997, and he was ordered deported to Lithuania in 2002. In 2006, he was convicted by a Lithuanian court of persecuting civilians but, because of his age, he was not sentenced to prison. He died in Europe in 2015 and was buried in Ohio.

Demjanjuk controversy (1975–2009)
A highly controversial and widely publicized case involved Ivan (aka John) Demjanjuk, who was ultimately convicted in 2011 in Germany as an accessory in the murder of 28,000 Jews while a guard at Sobibor extermination camp in occupied Poland. This conviction was the culmination of determined prosecutorial efforts over thirty years in three countries. Legal scholar Lawrence Douglas, who wrote a detailed history of the Demjanjuk case, concluded in 2016 that, in spite of serious missteps along the way, the German verdict brought the case "to a worthy and just conclusion" that "never would have happened without the stubborn exertions of the OSI.

The controversy stemmed from OSI's initially mistaking Demjanjuk's identity and proceeding with denaturalization action against him in the belief that he was the notorious, sadistic guard known as "Ivan the Terrible" at Treblinka extermination camp. OSI had obtained conflicting evidence from documents and eyewitnesses as to Demjanjuk's description and location during the war that led one member of the prosecution team to recommend not pursuing the case. Others were convinced at the time that Demjunjuk was "Ivan" and the case went forward. At his U.S. denaturalization trial in 1981, Demjanjuk was judged to be the Treblinka guard "Ivan" and the U.S. citizenship he had obtained in 1958 was revoked. In separate, subsequent proceedings, it was further determined that he was deportable and extraditable. At the request of the government of Israel, he was extradited to face trial there for war crimes. In 1988, after a fourteen-month trial, it was again determined that Demjanjuk was "Ivan the Terrible." He was found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death.

During the period that Demjunjuk's Israeli conviction was on appeal, the Soviet Union collapsed. New evidence became available in 1991 from behind the former Iron Curtain that strongly indicated that Demjunjuk had not been at Treblinka (and therefore was not "Ivan the Terrible") but had been at other notorious camps, including Trawniki, Sobibor, Flossenburg and Majdaek. Demjunjuk's defense team in the U.S. used this new evidence, along with allegations of improprieties by the OSI, to overturn both the denaturalization decision as well as the later extradition decision. In 1993, the Israeli Supreme court also acquitted Demjanjuk of charges related to the actions of "Ivan the Terrible," even though there was considerable evidence of his being involved with war crimes at other camps. Demjanjuk was freed and, although no longer a U.S. citizen, he was returned to the United States.

In obtaining this favorable result for their client, Demjanjuk's defense teams in the U.S. and Israel accused OSI of improperly withholding evidence that should have been disclosed because it was potentially useful to their client. They further accused OSI of intentionally presenting falsified evidence, and improperly influencing witnesses. OSI denied all these charges.

These accusations prompted seven separate investigations looking for evidence of prosecutorial or ethical misconduct. They were conducted by three separate investigative bodies between 1987 and 1993. First, the Appeals Court appointed a Special Master, Federal District Court Judge Thomas A. Wiseman, Jr., who conducted a six-month inquiry resulting in a 210-page report. Wiseman concluded that OSI prosecutors "did not intend to violate the Rules or their ethical obligations." They had cooperated fully in his investigation, testified truthfully, and were "principled, albeit fallible." Wiseman found no prosecutorial misconduct. Second, the District of Columbia Bar reviewed the conduct of both director Ryan and the attorney assigned to the case. It also found no wrongdoing. Third, the Department of Justice (DOJ) Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) conducted a total of five internal inquiries into various aspects of the prosecution. One was at the request of OSI itself and another at the request of Demjanjuk's defense team. These investigations also concluded that there had been no improper conduct. Another OPR investigation was made at the request of Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Gilbert S. Merritt, Jr., who had presided during the Demjanjuk denaturalization hearing and was highly critical of the prosecution, including a charge that "Jewish special interest groups" had influenced Ryan and the OSI. OPR found no merit to these charges. In short, all investigations, internal and external, of OSI's conduct in the prosecution of Demjanjuk concluded that there had been no intentional wrongdoing.

Nonetheless, the Appeals Court concluded that the government had defined too narrowly its duty to disclose potentially useful documents to the defense. Accordingly, in 1998, the Appeals Court rescinded its extradition order. In subsequent actions, based on the determination of the Appeals Court, Demjanjuk's deportation order was nullified and his U.S. citizenship restored. Further, the Court ruled that, because the civil actions regarding denaturalization and deportation were based upon allegations of criminal activity on the part of a defendant, henceforth OSI would have to use the more exacting rules of disclosure required by criminal proceedings. Lawrence Douglas characterized the court's action as "surprising" and particularly remarkable since the court "admonished the OSI for failing to satisfy a standard that the court had only just imposed."

Undeterred, and using the documents that became available since 1991 that had helped Demjanjuk establish he was not Ivan The Terrible, OSI filed a new complaint in 1999 seeking denaturalization, now based upon Demjanjuk's correct identity and his service at Trawniki, Sobibor, Majdanek, and Flossenburg. For a second time, Demjanjuk was stripped of his citizenship. Through multiple appeals and other legal maneuvering, Demjanjuk's defense team successfully delayed his deportation, this time to Germany, until 2009 and delayed conclusion of his trial there until 2011. After 91 days of trial, he was convicted on 16 counts as an accessory to the murder of over 28,000 Jews at Sobibor extermination camp during 1943. Accordingly, he was sentenced to five years in prison.

Again Demjanjuk appealed, but he died before the appeal was heard. His attorneys unsuccessfully appealed to have his citizenship restored posthumously. His relatives successfully arranged for his burial in Ohio, near where he used to live.

The controversy surrounding Demjanjuk's mistaken identity received extensive publicity in the U.S. His ultimate conviction for war crimes decades later in Germany did not. As a result, according to historian Judith Feigin, "many members of the public still know of OSI [only] as the mistaken prosecutor of Ivan the Terrible" and not the successful prosecutor of a Nazi war criminal.

Report on Klaus Barbie (1983)
In 1983, near the end of Allan Ryan's directorship at OSI, he was asked to investigate the relationship between Klaus Barbie and the U.S. government following World War II. As Gestapo chief in Lyon, France, Barbie personally beat and tortured men, women, and children, reportedly laughing as he did so. His methods included whipping, electric shocks, breaking arms and legs, and sexual abuse, earning him the title "Butcher of Lyon." He also deported Jewish children to Auschwitz concentration camp, where they were murdered. Barbie was ultimately found in Bolivia, extradited to France, convicted of crimes against humanity, and sentenced to life imprisonment. The questions about American involvement were, as America's focus shifted from the threat from Nazis to the threat from communism, was Barbie recruited to serve as a U.S. agent in Germany and, when French officials sought to bring Barbie to justice, did the U.S. government help him escape to Bolivia.

Ryan's thoroughly researched report to the Attorney General concluded that "officers of the United States government were directly responsible for protecting a person wanted by the government of France on criminal charges and in arranging his escape from the law." Ryan felt that the initial decision for the U.S. Government to use Barbie during Cold War counter-intelligence work, while reprehensible in light of his war-crimes, might be defended in light of national security interests. Doing so was no different from what other World War II victor nations were doing at the time, and it may have been done without thorough knowledge of Barbie's atrocities in Lyon. After those atrocities became well publicized, however, Ryan regarded it as indefensible for U.S. Counter Intelligence Corp. personnel to lie to higher U.S. authorities and help Barbie escape Europe to Bolivia rather than honor an outstanding French warrant for his arrest.

As a result of Ryan's report and personal recommendation, the U.S. government made a formal apology to France for enabling Barbie to escape French justice for thirty-three years. Although some politicians and commentators did not agree with all the conclusions or believe the apology was justified, reaction to the report was generally highly favorable, both in the U.S. and abroad. The Washington Post applauded the report's "candor and balance" and regarded it as "a credit to the Justice Department and particularly to its principal author, Allan A. Ryan, Jr." The New York Times believed the report would be one that "serves history and invites us to learn from it." The Times further wrote "How rare it is for a proud and powerful nation to admit shabby behavior." French and German newspapers also praised the report, with one noting America's "powerful and impressive capacity for democratic self-purging." The quality of Ryan's report on Klaus Barbie, in the words of OSI historian Judith Feigin, "helped establish OSI as an essential resource for persons dealing with World War II issues."

Directors of OSI
Walter Rockler was the first director of OSI, serving for seven months in 1979 and 1980. From 1947 to 1949, he had successfully prosecuted Nazi-era German bankers and industrialists during the Nuremberg trials. Allan Ryan was the second director and served during its formative years from 1980 to 1983. Neal Sher was the third OSI director, serving from 1983 to 1994. He left OSI to head the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). The last Director was Eli Rosenbaum, who had served as a trial attorney for OSI from 1980 to 1984. After time as a corporate litigator and general counsel, he returned to OSI in 1988 as Deputy Director. He became Director in 1995 and served in that capacity until 2010, when OSI was merged with the Domestic Security Section of the Justice Department Criminal Division to form a new unit, the Human Rights and Special Prosecutions Section. Rosenbaum then became the Director of Human Rights Enforcement Strategy and Policy at HRSP.

Awards
OSI was a 2021 recipient of The Elie Wiesel Award, the highest award of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The award was established in 2011 and recognizes "internationally prominent individuals whose actions embody the Museum's vision of a world where people confront hate, prevent genocide, and promote human dignity."

Principal sources

 * Feigin, Judy, "The Office of Special Investigations: Striving for Accountability in the Aftermath of the Holocaust", U.S. Department of Justice, 2006. (The appendix includes case histories for 134 Nazi persecutors that OSI sought to have removed from the U.S.)
 * Ryan, Allan A., Jr,, Quiet Neighbors- Prosecuting Nazi War Criminals In America, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984. (This is a history of OSI through the period that Ryan was director.)
 * Douglas, Lawrence, The Right Wrong Man- John Demjanjuk and the Last Great Nazi War Crimes Trial, Princeton University Press, 2016.


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New Utrecht Reformed Church

New Utrecht Reformed Church is the fourth oldest Reformed Church in America congregation and is located in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York. The church was established in 1677 by ethnic Dutch residents in the town of New Utrecht, Brooklyn, several years after the English took over New Netherland. It is affiliated with the Reformed Church in America, a Protestant denomination. The cemetery was consecrated in 1654; 1300 dead are interred there. The Liberty Pole, the sixth on the site of the present church, was originally erected in 1783 at the end of the Revolutionary War to harass departing British troops.

The present church was built in 1828 of stones taken from the original church, built in 1700. Construction was supervised by US Army engineer, Rene Edward De Russy, who led the construction of Fort Hamilton at New York harbor. The parish house was built in 1892 and the parsonage in 1906.

The church was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1966; the parish house and the cemetery received landmark status in 1998. Both the church and the cemetery are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

title: New Utrecht Reformed Church


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Cucumber sandwich

The traditional cucumber sandwich is a crustless tea sandwich (or finger sandwich) composed of thin slices of cucumber situated between two thin slices of lightly buttered white bread. The sandwich originated in the United Kingdom, and modern variants, largely of United States origin, introduce cream cheese, mayonnaise, chopped dill or spices, and salmon, and may substitute brown bread. One specific US variant includes benedictine, a green soft spread made from cucumbers and cream cheese.

Cucumber sandwiches are most often served for a light snack or for afternoon tea, a formal light meal served in the late afternoon, or in the early evening before the main supper. Cucumber sandwiches are also traditionally served in the tea break at club cricket matches in England.

Cultural and historical associations
Cucumber sandwiches formed an integral part of the stereotypical afternoon tea affair. By contrast, people of the era's lower working classes were thought to prefer a coarser but more satisfying protein-filled sandwich, in a "meat tea" that might substitute for supper.

Some writers have attempted to draw out an association between the daintiness of the sandwich and the perceived effeteness of the UK's aristocracy. Cucumber sandwiches are often used as a kind of shorthand in novels and films to identify upper-class people, occasionally in a derogatory manner. In the first act of Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), cucumber sandwiches that have expressly been ordered and prepared for Lady Bracknell's expected visit are all voraciously eaten beforehand by her nephew and host, Algernon Moncrieff; consequently he is forced to tell a little lie, with his butler's connivance: namely that "there were no cucumbers in the market this morning... not even for ready money". In addition, the sandwiches were once considered appropriate delicacies to offer to visiting clergy, in times when such visits were still a common feature of English middle class life.

The popularity of the cucumber sandwich as an upper-class "dainty" reached its zenith in the Edwardian era, when cheap labour and plentiful coal enabled new techniques of producing cucumbers in hotbeds under glass through most of the year. With the declining popularity of tea as a meal in the United Kingdom, there was a corresponding decline in the popularity of cucumber sandwiches, but they are still frequently served at teas, luncheons, and gatherings. Most English cricket clubs supply malt vinegar and ground pepper to dash inside the sandwich, and this is the simplest form commonly used in England.

Cucumber sandwiches are often eaten in the summer months or in warmer climates, such as in parts of India. The English influence on Indian culture has made the sandwiches popular during cricket matches and weekend picnics. The Indian variant is flavoured with green chutney and sometimes contains slices of boiled potatoes. Indian Airlines served cucumber sandwiches as part of its usual vegetarian inflight meal in short-haul domestic flights, until its merger in 2011.

Preparation
A wide-bladed knife is used to obtain thin slices from a Pullman loaf. According to one measure, daylight should pass through the resulting fine pores of the bread. The slices of bread are buttered all the way to the edges in the thinnest coating, which is only to prevent the bread from becoming damp with cucumber juice, and the slices of peeled cucumber, which have been dashed with salt and lemon juice, are placed in the sandwich just before serving to prevent the sandwich from becoming damp. The crusts of the bread are cut away cleanly, creating tea sandwiches.

title: Cucumber sandwich


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Regions of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is divided into 12 regions (viloyatlar, singular – viloyat, viloyati in compound, e.g. Toshkent viloyati), 1 autonomous republic (respublika, respublikasi in compound, e.g. Qaraqalpaqstan Avtonom Respublikasi), and 1 independent city (shahar or shahri in compounds, e.g. Toshkent shahri).

List
Names are given below in the Uzbek language, although numerous variations of the transliterations of each name exist. The regions in turn are divided into 175 districts (tumanlar, singular tuman).

Enclaves and exclaves
There are four Uzbek exclaves, all of them surrounded by Kyrgyz territory in the Fergana Valley region where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet. Two of them are the towns of Sokh, area of 325 km2 with a population of 42,800 in 1993 (with some estimates as high as 70,000, of which 99% are Tajiks and the remainder Uzbeks ) and Shohimardon, area of 90 km2 with a population of 5,100 in 1993 (91% are Uzbeks and the remainder Kyrgyz). The other two are the tiny territories of Chon-Kara (or Qalacha), roughly 3 km long and 1 km wide, and Jani-Ayil (or Dzhangail), a dot of land barely 3 km across. Chon-Kara is on the Sokh river, between the Uzbek border and the Sokh exclave.

Uzbekistan has a Tajikistan enclave, the village of Sarvan, which includes a narrow, long strip of land about 15 km long and 1 km wide, along the road from Angren to Kokand.

The Kyrgyz village of Barak (population 627) lies 15 km north of Osh. In August 1999, the area around Barak was occupied by Uzbekistan, cutting it off from Kyrgyz territory. Uzbek forces dug up and blockaded the road to Ak-Tash while also allegedly seizing large areas of Kyrgyz land that had been loaned in the Soviet era but never returned. They entrenched themselves within much of Kyrgyz border territory and refused to leave. Barak became a de facto enclave only 1.5 km from the shifted main border. (Map) In August 2018 Kyrgyz and Uzbek authorities agreed to a land swap that would eliminate the exclave. The exchange process may take up to two years.

title: Regions of Uzbekistan


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Talk:Bisphosphonate

This article mentions that bisphosphonate is synonymous with diphosphonate. I'm not a pharmacologist, but aren't these distinct classes of molecules (biochemically-speaking)? I'm thinking of the difference between bisphosphate and diphosphate — bis refers to phosphates separately bound to a parent group, while di refers to a chain of phosphates linked to the parent group. I'd suspect that the same terminology applies here as well. Of course, maybe I just can't recall enough college biochem ;-) --Diberri | Talk 23:19, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

Diphosphate definition
Diphosphate: An ester of phosphoric acid containing two phosphate groups.

Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. http://dictionary.reference.com/search?r=66&q=diphosphate

 * sofixit JFW | T@lk  07:23, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Bisphosphonate is the chemically correct name for the drug. They were originally designed as analogues of pyrophosphate and incorrectly named disphosphonate. The disphosphonate name is historical, but I think it is useful that it is cited here. Dr Aaron 23:41, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

The side effects section of this page requires a citation. The listed frequencies for the osteonecrosis of the jaw side-effect are contradicted in this article at NYTimes.com ( http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/02/health/02jaw.html?hp&ex=1149307200&en=add01a0366c2bcf3&ei=5094&partner=homepage).

This article states that reliable data on the frequency of the noted side-effect are non-existent. As such the list frequency (80% for some situations) may be a misleading and cause undue panic about these drugs. The frequency cited in this article is 1-10% for cancer patients, because they recieve higher doses (likely by IV), and this data is considered uncertain (as indicated by such a large range). 63.251.131.90 13:31, 2 June 2006 (UTC) --Mercutio.Wilder 13:34, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * ONJ (osteonecrosis of the jaw) is a relatively new phenomenon. Based on discussion at the "What's New in Bisphosphonates" conference in Davos Switzerland (2006), it was generally agreed that it is a real effect, although there is debate on how common it is. As far as I'm aware, virtually all the cases of bisphosphonate-induced ONJ are associated with dental extractions in cancer patients. Dr Aaron 23:41, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

We need to be vary careful how we present this. has tried to link osteonecrosis of the jaw to osteonecrosis or to phossy jaw. Both are related but different conditions, and I suspect we need a new article to document this phenomenon. Phossy jaw is (by definition) caused by white phosphorus, and osteonecrosis of other bones has not been linked to bisphonates. The evidence is quite incontrovertible; if there is a view that states that cancer patients have abnormal bone metabolism (especially in myeloma) we should cover this too. JFW | T@lk  10:37, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

I have deleted and "has an excellent safety record." I have not researched the connection with osteonecrosis, but the drugs do cause ulcers, which are a serious health condition. The citation given for this assertion requires a $130 subscription to NEJM, so I can't check what the author, Elizabeth Shane, says about safety. It's certainly not in the first couple of paragraphs. Furthermore, you CAN see her disclosure forms and her research is funded by the makers of bisphonates, so she is hardly a disinterested source of information. Eperotao (talk) 16:56, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

An extra 5 years of life an unexpected benefit of osteoporosis treatment
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Abstract: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jc.2010-2730v1 Press release: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/ra-ae5020111.php —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.162.148 (talk) 07:47, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

MOA section is poor
"Bisphosphonates' mechanisms of action all stem from their structures' similarity to pyrophosphate (see figure above). A bisphosphonate group mimics pyrophosphate's structure, thereby inhibiting activation of enzymes that utilize pyrophosphate." This MOA explanation is poor. Could someone beef up this section with a more detailed MOA for bisphosphonates? --159.178.231.56 (talk) 12:47, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

Location of FPPS in mevolonate pathway (compared to statin inhibition)?
Where is FPPS located in the mevolonate pathway? I was wondering where N-bisphosphonate-based FPPS inhibition lies in comparison to statin-based HMG-CoA — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jimw338 (talk • contribs) 15:25, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Removal of femoral fragility fractures
This diff reverted my summary of the conclusions of this review of Biphosphonate-induced femoral fragility fractures. The conclusions of a peer reviewed, review article that is the most recent available do not fall under WP:NOTHOWTO. WP:YOU was cited, but there is no speaking in the 2nd person.

This reason given though: "there is an association, but the benefits with regards to other fractures outweigh the small absolute risk of femoral shaft fractures" is WP:OR. You cannot censor reliable information because you believe it contradicts what you believe. Please read the paper and address your complaints to whether or not I have provided an accurate summary of the material, and not whether the material is correct or not. Whoever wrote this article has, in a misguided attempt to promote the positive effects of BPs, censored meaningful and relevant information. It is clear from the facts present that the benefits far outweigh the fragility fractures, what is surprising is that by the tone of this article it appears as though someone is arguing otherwise. This article seems to try and defend BPs, but I am unaware of anyone criticizing BPs, they do not need defending, so please stop trying to defend them here, they have already proven themselves and you are making it sound like a controversial drug.AerobicFox (talk) 04:02, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It wasn't so much the reference but the fact that you wrote "clinicians should be aware", which is an odd thing for an encyclopedia to say. In addition to this, the complication is already mentioned so there is none of that promotion that you accuse me of. I have removed the "clinicians should be aware" thing, because it adds nothing, but have retained the option of teriparatide. JFW | T@lk  08:06, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

A big error in this article leading patients to distrust doctors' prescriptions of bisophosponates
This error reminds me of the error in the folinic acid article that claims the prescribing folic acid for methotrexate rescue therapy is a medical error.

I'm not an MD and I'm not a pharmacist, so I'm not going to make the change because I don't feel I'm qualified. But from publicly accessible information it appears to me, a patient with an electrical engineering background, that this article is clearly in error.

On bisphosophonates: "Evidence shows that they reduce the risk of osteoporotic fracture in those who have had previous fractures. However, they do not reduce fracture risk in those with osteoporosis who have not previously had a fracture.[1][2]"

In fact footnote [1] contradicts what this article says: "In women who have already been diagnosed with low bone density putting them at risk for fracture or have already had a fracture in the bones of their spine, risedronate: - probably prevents fractures in the bones of the spine and in bones other than in the spine; - may prevent hip fractures; - may not lead to any difference in wrist fractures." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004523.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+9+June+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+BST+%2805%3A00-07%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance

Footnote [2] also says that bisphosophonates work and says nothing about needing to have had previous fractures. Footnote [2] says they work and explores alternative theories about how they work.

"Heretofore, the discrepancy between the antifracture efficacy of bisphosphonates and the absence of any effect on the number of osteoclasts has been attributed to the imprecision of histomorphometric indexes of bone resorption.11 Indeed, osteoclasts in normal persons occupy less than 1% of the cancellous perimeter, so that a decrease in their number might be difficult to detect.13 Alternative explanations for this discrepancy include a greater effect of the drugs on cortical than on cancellous bone, a bisphosphonate-induced decrease in the rate of bone resorption by osteoclasts, and nonadherence to long-term drug therapy.1" http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802633#t=articleDiscussion 50.71.203.92 (talk) 01:34, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Medical Letter 2014
Good review of osteoporosis drugs including bisphosphonates: https://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-1452a Drugs for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 56(1452):91-96. September 29, 2014 Abramowicz M http://medicalletter.wordpress.com/2014/09/11/osteoporosis-a-big-problem/ Osteoporosis: A Big Problem More@MedLetter. September 11, 2014 --Nbauman (talk) 12:19, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

risk of oral cancer
Hello, I removed this primary content: ''The risk of oesophageal cancer increases with 10 or more prescriptions for oral bisphosphonates over a five-year period. In Europe and North America, the incidence of oesophageal cancer at age 60-79 is typically 1 per 1000 population over five years, and this is estimated to increase to about 2 per 1000 with five years' use of oral bisphosphonates. '' Further down the article it says: "Three meta analyses have evaluated whether bisphosphonate use is associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer. Two studies concluded that there was no evidence of increased risk.[34][35][36]"

Thanks,JenOttawa (talk) 00:53, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bisphosphonate


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Queen Gwendolen

Gwendolen, also known as Gwendolin, or Gwendolyn (Latin: Guendoloēna) was a legendary ruler of ancient Britain. She came to power in 1115BC.

As told by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his historical account Historia Regum Britanniae, she was the repudiated queen of King Locrinus until she defeated her husband in battle at the River Stour. This river was the dividing line between Cornwall and Loegria, two key locations in ancient Britain. After defeating the king, she took on the leadership of the Britons, becoming their first queen regnant.

Life
According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, Gwendolen was one of the daughters of Corineus, king of Cornwall, and one of Brutus's warriors. Gwendolen was married to Locrinus, the eldest of King Brutus' three sons, and had a son named Maddan. Upon her father Corineus' death, Locrinus divorced her in favour of his Germanic mistress, Estrildis (by whom he already had a daughter who was named Habren). Gwendolen then fled to Cornwall, where she lived for a few years. After having built up a large army, she waged war against her ex-husband, King Locrinus. In a battle near the River Stour, Locrinus was killed. Gwendolen then assumed his throne and ruled independently, as her father had reigned in Cornwall. After having both her husband's mistress, Estrildis, and her daughter, Habren, drowned in the River Severn (Old Welsh: Habren), the ancient British monarch reigned peacefully for fifteen years. She then abdicated in favour of her son and lived out the remainder of her life in Cornwall.

Legacy
The Historia Regum Britanniae says that at the time of her death Samuel was judge in Judaea, Aeneas Silvius was ruling Alba Longa, and Homer was gaining fame in Greece. She is mentioned in Spenser's poem The Faerie Queene (1590) as Gwendolene, and appears in the mythopoeic writings of William Blake as one of the twelve Daughters of Albion. In the 20th century feminist critics have cited her as an example of a powerful woman healing a fractured Britain with her rule.

title: Queen Gwendolen