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Jackie Milburn

John Edward Thompson "Jackie" Milburn (11 May 1924 – 9 October 1988) was an English football player principally associated with Newcastle United and England, though he also spent four seasons at Linfield. He was also known as Wor Jackie (particularly in North East England, a Geordie dialectal).

Cousin to the mother of Jack and Bobby Charlton, Milburn played two trial matches at St James' Park as a 19-year-old in 1943. In the second of these, he scored six second half goals. Milburn made his competitive debut in the FA Cup in the 1945–46 season and was initially deployed on the left wing as a supplier to Charlie Wayman. However, Wayman was dropped before a 4–0 defeat to eventual winners Charlton Athletic in a 1947 FA Cup semi-final and when he afterwards vowed not to play for United again, manager George Martin made the decision to switch Milburn to centre forward. In his next match, on 18 October 1947, Milburn wore the number nine shirt for the first time and scored a hat-trick.

Milburn's subsequent achievements, particularly his two goals which won the 1951 FA Cup Final and his 45-second opener in the 1955 FA Cup Final which was the fastest ever Wembley FA Cup Final goal until it was beaten by Roberto Di Matteo in 1997, brought him national recognition and afforded him iconic status on Tyneside. In total, Milburn played in three FA Cup winning finals for United; 1951, 1952 and 1955. Despite his achievements, Milburn was reportedly a very shy and self-deprecating individual, whose modesty further endeared him to Newcastle United supporters, though according to Tom Finney, this stemmed from an "innate inferiority complex".

By the time Milburn left Newcastle in 1957, he had become the highest goalscorer in Newcastle United's history. He remained so until he was surpassed by Alan Shearer in February 2006. Milburn remains Newcastle's second highest goalscorer, having scored 200 competitive goals. Milburn's transfer to Linfield in 1957 was almost jeopardised when the Newcastle board demanded a substantial signing fee, and much to the anger of fans, Milburn was not immediately granted a testimonial. His signing for Linfield "added thousands to the gate" and he made 54 appearances, scoring 68 goals in four seasons in all competitions for the club. He was finally granted a testimonial ten years later, in 1967.

Milburn died of lung cancer on 9 October 1988, aged 64. His funeral took place on 13 October, and was attended by over 1,000 mourners at St Nicholas's Cathedral in Newcastle. Tens of thousands of people lined the streets to watch the cortège pass. A statue of Milburn, costing £35,000 and paid for by donations received from Newcastle United supporters was erected on Newcastle's Northumberland Street before it was relocated in 1999 to St James' Boulevard and then moved again to its present position on Strawberry Place, just outside St James' Park.

Milburn was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in October 2006. In 2009, Goal.com listed Milburn as 43rd in their list of the top English players of all time.

Early life
Milburn was born on 11 May 1924 in the upstairs flat of his grandparents' house at 14 Sixth Row in Ashington to Annie ("Nance") Thompson and Alexander ("Alec") Milburn. Alexander Milburn was the uncle of four professional footballing brothers Jack Milburn (born 1908; played for Leeds United and Bradford City), George Milburn (born 1910; played for Leeds United and Chesterfield), Jimmy Milburn (born 1919; played for Leeds United and Bradford City), and Stan Milburn (born 1926; played for Chesterfield, Leicester City and Rochdale), who were brothers of Jack and Bobby Charlton's mother Elizabeth "Cissie" Milburn (born 1912).

Alexander Milburn worked as a coal cutter at the nearby colliery. Jackie Milburn later told his son, Jack Jr., that "I used to shiver as he disappeared into that deep shaft leading to the coalface". When he was eight years old, Milburn was given his first pair of football boots as a Christmas present from his parents and from that point "football dominated his life". The young Milburn idolised Joe Hulme, and hoped to emulate him. Although an initially confident boy, Milburn recalled an incident where, having already won the sprint, sprint relay, long jump and high jump at his school sports day, his father arrived just in time to see him win the 440 yard race. Exhausted, he collapsed to the floor – a gesture his father mistook for showboating and resulted in him receiving "a real hiding". Reflecting later, Milburn contended that "maybe my father's intentions were the best in the world...but that thrashing laid the foundations for an inferiority complex I've fought all my life to overcome". When he was twelve, Milburn moved to Hirst East Senior Boys School and was selected to play right-wing for the school football team. His father promised to award him a penny for every goal he scored. He duly earned two pence for scoring twice on his debut in a 6–4 win against Linton School. He was selected for East Northumberland Schools, and he scored in a 3–2 semi-final defeat by Lancashire at Maine Road.

Milburn left school at fourteen and, telling his father that he was too claustrophobic to follow him into coal-mining, he found employment stacking shelves and filling sugar bags on eight-shillings a week, after an abortive spell as a pantry boy in London. In 1939, he attempted to join the Royal Navy but was rejected for being an inch too short. Milburn joined the Ashington Air Training Corps instead. At sixteen, Milburn accepted an apprenticeship as a fitter at a local colliery. This meant that he was not conscripted during the war as 'fitter' was a reserved occupation.

Milburn, along with his old schoolfriend Ronnie Coulson, began entering local sprint races to earn money, clocking a 9.7 second personal best for the 100 yard dash. In 1940, he entered the Powderhall Sprint and won his first race. Milburn was then instructed to run poorly in the semi-final so to artificially conflate his handicap in the 1941 renewal, where his odds would be higher and he would be better prepared. Milburn duly came last, allegedly with a dozen pennies weighing down his left running shoe, causing him to "run like a lop-sided whippet with three legs". Milburn continued to play football for the Air Training Corps and, told one afternoon that a scout from Newcastle United was in attendance, he duly scored five in an 8–3 win. When he was told afterwards that the promised scout had failed to arrive, Milburn described it as "a bitter pill to swallow".

Trial and signing
Milburn and his Northumberland ATC teammates were invited to St James' Park by Newcastle United director Wilf Taylor, after a match against Yorkshire ATC in 1943. Milburn, along with his friend and teammate Raymond Poxton, attended United's final home game of the season. Milburn was distinctly unimpressed with what he saw, turning to his friend and saying "Raymond, we could play better than this, surely?" Soon after, he responded to an advertisement for trialists published in the North Mail Newspaper by Newcastle United prior to the 1943–44 season. The first trial was held in midweek and Milburn scored two goals in one half, earning an invitation to return on Saturday for a public trial at St James' and an 'amateur contract'. He arrived long before the 2pm kick-off with a pair of borrowed football boots wrapped in brown paper, and his lunch – two pies and a bottle of pop. Milburn's team of fellow trialists ('The Stripes') played against a Newcastle United First XI featuring Albert Stubbins and Jimmy Gordon ('The Blues'). The Stripes trailed 3–0 at half time and Joe Richardson told Milburn: "you'd better buck your ideas up son, if you want to come here". Switched to centre forward in the second half, Milburn scored six times as his side won 9–3. The Sunday Sun reported that "United's second trial proved a triumph for Milburn, the Ashington inside-left, who was signed as an amateur earlier in the week. Milburn, a tall youth, showed a capacity for opportunism. Twice Milburn scored two goals within a minute".

Newcastle's manager, Stan Seymour, was sufficiently impressed by Milburn's performance that, according to author Mike Kirkup, he "asked him to sign on the spot". Milburn, now 19, had been told by his father not to sign anything until he had first shown it to him and so he refused, instead promising to return in due course with a signed professional contract once his father had approved it. Seymour, apparently concerned that news of Miburn's trial performance might alert other clubs, decided not to wait and on the Sunday following the trial he arrived, unannounced, on the Milburns' doorstep in Ashington. Seymour patiently put his case to Milburn's father, Alec, explaining that he would be taken on part-time because of his continuing pit work, on thirty shillings a week, plus two shillings and sixpence a game "for his tea", and the same amount again for his bus fare to and from the ground. At this point, as Milburn Sr. was considering the terms, Seymour reportedly began rubbing two five pound notes together behind his back. The rustling caught Alec's attention and persuaded him to allow Jackie to sign. Seymour, elated, invited everyone to the West End Club for a celebratory drink, later exclaiming that "I had secured my finest ever signing for ten quid and a couple of rounds of Newcastle Brown Ale". Milburn's official registration as a Newcastle United player came on 23 August 1938.

Debut and wartime football
In 1943, Newcastle were participants in the Northern First Championship as the Football League had been suspended due to the outbreak of the Second World War. Milburn attended his first training session the day after his signing, and immediately impressed his new teammates by out-sprinting Albert Stubbins in a 100-yard dash. Milburn joined the playing squad for United's next match against Bradford City at Valley Parade on 28 August 1943. Seymour invited Milburn's father to accompany him and Jackie recalled later that this was "to give me confidence on such a momentous day". Milburn started at inside-forward in the number 10 shirt and later recalled that this was "the most memorable moment of my career, even those Wembley victories can't match it. To pull on the black and white jersey for the first time was something special". Milburn and United were beaten 2–1, with a nervous Milburn heading wide of an open goal in the early moments. The Bradford goals were both scored by half-back Joe Harvey. Milburn, disappointed to have made little impact, was consoled afterwards by Seymour, who assured him "you'll be in the side next week". A return fixture was played against Bradford City at St James' Park on 4 September 1943 and Milburn scored his first ever goal for United – with a left-footed strike inside the opening two minutes of a 3–2 win. It was Milburn's first touch of the match. Milburn later recalled that "the Sunday papers said it was an excellent goal but...I saw the ball in a cluster of players and dashed up and belted it". Milburn continued to combine his football career with his work at the colliery. As author Roger Hutchinson later explained: "None of those wartime footballers could be counted as full-time professionals during the war". By the turn of 1943 he had almost completed his apprenticeship at the colliery and was transferred to Woodhorn Colliery. Milburn used to combine his work at Woodhorn with training on two or occasionally three evenings a week, and there were some instances where Milburn would work a double shift on a Friday, so he would be free to play for United on the following Saturday.

As a player, Milburn continued to develop; football historian Paul Joannou described him as "a raw talent who learned the rudiments of professional football rapidly". Milburn continued to initially play as an inside forward, on either the left or right flank. In the season 1944–45 United finished 35th of 54 teams in the Wartime League. It was in that season that, due to a player shortage, Milburn made two guest appearances for Newcastle's local rivals Sunderland. Milburn failed to score in either game. Milburn also made guest appearances for Sheffield United during the season. For the 1945–46 season Milburn was moved to the right-wing to accommodate new signing Charlie Wayman. Milburn publicly declared that he had no qualms with his move, stating that "I must make it quite clear that for the thirty shillings I receive per match...I consider Newcastle have the right to play me in any position". Alongside the form of Albert Stubbins, the move lead to a marked increase in United's goalscoring potency; in their first game together, Milburn and Wayman combined to help Newcastle beat Middlesbrough 8–2 and other wins included beating Bradford City 11–0 and a 9–1 win over Stoke City at St James' Park Milburn's natural pace was well-suited to his new position – The Journal's sports correspondent Ken McKenzie reported after one performance that "Milburn's speed astonished the crowd", whilst Joannou later reflected that "his pace always troubled opposing full-backs while he could also hit pinpoint crosses". Milburn continued to score goals himself and finished the season as United's second highest scorer with 14 goals, as Newcastle finished 6th in the Northern War League.

In total, Milburn made 95 appearances for Newcastle United in War League matches, scoring 38 goals. These goals do not count for official purposes as War League matches are designated as friendly matches.

Cup run and promotion (1946–1948)
United manager Stan Seymour almost entirely rebuilt his Second Division squad during the war so when United played Barnsley at St James' Park in the third round of the resumed FA Cup on 5 January 1946, Milburn, Bobby Cowell, Charlie Crowe, Joe Harvey and Charlie Wayman were five of nine players making their competitive debut. 60,284 spectators saw Milburn score twice – his first official goals for the club – in a 4–2 win. However, ties were contested over two legs that season and the return leg saw United beaten 3–0 and 4–5 on aggregate.

Competitive league football re-commenced for the 1946–47 season (although Milburn remained a fitter at Hazelrigg Colliery). United began at Millwall on 31 August 1946. United won 4–1, with Milburn and new signing Roy Bentley (2) scoring their first league goals for the club and another added by Stubbins. That was to prove Stubbins' last United goal as he was transferred to Liverpool on 12 September for £13,000. Stubbins' replacement, Len Shackleton, scored six on his debut in a 13–0 win on 5 October at St James' Park against Newport County. Milburn also scored twice in the match. The winning margin (13) remains a Football League record. With Milburn deployed on the right wing supplying crosses for Shackleton and Wayman, United lost only three league games from the start of the season to Christmas Eve 1946 and led the table. However, three consecutive defeats over the Christmas period checked their momentum and during the extremely harsh winter of 1947 Newcastle's form noticeably dipped and they fell out of promotion contention. Attention turned instead to the FA Cup. Milburn had been sidelined through injury until late February 1947 but he returned for the 5th round replay at Leicester City and helped United to a 2–1 win. On 1 March 1947, Milburn, playing at outside right, scored Newcastle's second goal in a 2–0 quarter final win at Sheffield United. In the semi-final against Charlton Athletic at Elland Road on 29 March United were beaten 4–0 amid reports of significant pre-match dressing-room acrimony. United eventually finished their league campaign in fifth-place. Milburn, who had played on the right flank for almost the entire season, made 27 appearances in all competitions and scored 8 goals.

The 1947–48 season began with a new manager after George Martin took charge after Seymour stepped down. Hutchinson claimed that: "the pressure on United to get out of Division Two was enormous" but they opened the season with a 6–1 win against Plymouth Argyle, with Milburn scoring. Leading scorer Wayman was sold to Southampton in October, leading to a discussion between Martin, Seymour (now a director), Harvey, trainer Norman Smith and Milburn about his replacement:"Martin: 'Jackie's the man'. Smith: 'No, keep him at inside-left or on the wing'. Harvey: 'Aye, he's not good enough in the air for centre-forward'. Milburn (violently shaking his head): 'They're right. I'm not cut out to lead the attack. I'm happy where I am'. Martin: 'You're wrong, all of you. Jackie will make a centre-forward and will get a cap into the bargain!'" Milburn, who later described Martin as "one of the most astute managers I've ever met", reluctantly accepted the decision and he later admitted that the switch "changed my life". Despite suffering a sleepless night through nerves, in the very next match against Bury, Milburn scored a hat-trick in a 5–3 win. In his next two games Milburn scored three more goals. By January–1948 Milburn's goals had helped Newcastle to second place in the league. According to Hutchinson, Luton Town arrived on 3–January "to face 64,931 fans and a Jackie Milburn blitzkrieg". Milburn scored a hat-trick, prompting the Sunday Sun to write: "Milburn's refreshing pace and enterprise dominated proceedings...his speed and abandon encourage high hopes that he will spearhead United to promotion". Despite defeat at Charlton Athletic in the FA Cup and the controversial sale of Shackleton to Sunderland in February, a Milburn goal to beat Bury 1–0 in March kept Newcastle in third place. United lost just one game from January to the end of the season, conceding just twice at home in that time, and were promoted in second place with a game to spare. Milburn finished the season as top-scorer with 20 goals in 40 matches.

Playing in the First Division (1948–1950)
Prior to the start of the 1948–49 season, Milburn was diagnosed at the Royal Victoria Infirmary with external otitis which prevented him from working underground at Hazelrigg, though he continued surface work. On the pitch, according to Joannou, "Milburn went off like a bomb". He scored in the first home game of the season, for the fourth season running, in a 2–2 draw with Chelsea on 25 August 1948, and then scored five in his next six league matches. Milburn's form was such that he won his first England cap on 9 October. Two weeks later, Milburn put a transfer request to the Newcastle board, stating that: "I need to get away from Tyneside as my wife's health is suffering". The request "sent Tyneside into a panic" but was soon withdrawn after an intervention by Stan Seymour. Milburn later explained that he had been swayed by his international colleagues to believe that "big money could be made...outside of soccer if I moved to another club...on reflection, I realised what a foolish young chap I'd been". Meanwhile, United were "enjoying themselves back at the top"; on Christmas Eve 1948, Newcastle led the Division One table by a point. However, despite signing Bobby Mitchell and George Robledo in January 1949 and Milburn's continued good form (including a hat-trick at Aston Villa in a 3–2 win), United were knocked out of the FA Cup in the third round by Bradford Park Avenue and their title hopes were effectively ended when eventual champions Portsmouth left St James' Park with a 5–0 win on 6 April. Milburn did not play that match due to international duty. Newcastle eventually finished in 4th place and Milburn top-scored again with 19 goals in all competitions.

In the summer of 1949, Newcastle United embarked upon a tour of the United States. The arrival of United, and Milburn especially, was widely reported; the Winnipeg Free Press reported: "Newcastle United is a magic name, a name forever in lights. Jackie Milburn, a pit electrician and the club's present centre-forward, is considered the fastest player in English soccer and is of international class." Milburn lived up to his reputation; in ten matches played United won all ten and Milburn scored 31 goals. The 1949–50 season started poorly with three straight defeats but as Milburn and Robledo began to develop as a partnership, and Harvey and Brennan returned from injury, form and results began to improve. A Milburn goal, and another from George Hannah on his debut helped beat Manchester City 4–2 at St James' on 17 September 1949. Despite what Hutchinson described as "some promising wins", including a 4–2 win over Stoke City and a 5–1 win over West Bromwich Albion, with Milburn scoring three in those games, United were unable to fully recover from their poor start though they finished the season in 5th place without ever seriously threatening to challenge for the league title and their interest in the FA Cup was ended by a 4th round defeat at Chelsea in the 4th round. Milburn was top-scorer once more with 18 league and 1 FA Cup goals and, according to Joannou, "he now had become accustomed to the centre-forward's trade, looked the part...and had become the countries new rising star".

FA Cup glory (1950–1952)
Milburn put aside the disappointment of the 1950 World Cup by scoring twice to help beat Stoke City in Newcastle's opening game of the 1950–51 season. Milburn's goalscoring form, which included a hat-trick in a 6–0 win against Huddersfield Town, helped United to a ten-game unbeaten start to the season and took them to the top the table. They were finally beaten at Villa Park 3–0 on 7 October 1950. Milburn missed the match as he sat at Windsor Park as an unused substitute for England. United recovered with four straight wins but when they travelled to White Hart Lane to face second-placed Tottenham Hotspur on 18 November they were beaten 7–0 and manager Martin resigned. He was immediately replaced by Stan Seymour.

On 13 January 1951, Newcastle, at one stage title favourites, were beaten 3–1 at Stamford Bridge and had fallen to fifth in the league, five points from top spot. They then turned their attentions to the FA Cup. Milburn scored one of the four goals which beat Bury in the 3rd round. Bolton Wanderers, inspired by two assists from Nat Lofthouse, led 2–1 early in the second half of the 4th round tie at St James'. Milburn settled "a terrific meeting" with two second half goals; the first after a sharp turn and shot from 15 yards and the second saw him beat the offside trap to run clear and score. He was denied a hat-trick when a late header struck the bar and rebounded to safety. A Robledo brace and another goal from Milburn helped beat Stoke City 4–2 in the next round and another Milburn strike helped defeat Bristol Rovers 3–1 in a sixth-round replay. In the semi-final against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 10 March at Hillborough, Milburn had a goal ruled out for offside in a tense 0–0 draw. In the replay four days later at Huddersfield, United recovered from a 1–0 deficit to win 2–1 thanks to another Milburn goal and a winner from Brennan after he was put clear by Milburn. Milburn score six goals up to the final and scored in every round played.

United's cup run had coincided with a return to good league form and the press responded to Newcastle's semi-final win with speculation of a possible league and cup double; they lay fifth in the table, six points behind leaders Tottenham but with three games in-hand. However, when Seymour told his players in the dressing room after the semi-final win: "whatever happens, you fellows who brought us this far will play at Wembley", he inadvertently encouraged a malaise which destroyed Newcastle's title chances. Milburn later said that "quite unconsciously, every man who is going to play in a great match doesn't put everything he possesses into ordinary league games before the great day" and he, Taylor and Harvey were just three of the senior players who found themselves 'rested' in the games prior to the final as Newcastle "tottered from one defeat to another" to end their title chances.

Newcastle's form was so poor that by 28 April 1951, the day of the 1951 FA Cup Final, United had been replaced as favourites by their opponents Blackpool, who finished the season in 3rd place, one place higher than United, in Division One. Blackpool were also the popular choice among the public and press, many of whom had christened the fixture "The Matthews Final" hoping to see 36-year-old Stanley Matthews win the FA Cup for the first time. Milburn, annoyed by Blackpool's favoured status, later described his determination "to spoil Matthews' Wembley party". In the first half of the match, Milburn had a goal ruled out by referee William Ling for handball. Milburn later argued that "he was wrong – I never touched it!" – a claim vindicated by slow-motion replays. The goalless first half was a "disappointing encounter for the neutral" as Blackpool frustrated United and Milburn with a well-drilled offside trap. However, five minutes into the second half Robledo played a through-ball to Milburn who broke the offside trap, raced clear and sidefooted home to put United 1–0 up. Five minutes later, Milburn scored again. After a passing move on the right wing, the ball was played to Ernie Taylor who immediately back-heeled the ball to Milburn 25 yards from goal who in turn hit a first time, left-footed shot into the top corner of the Blackpool net with such force that he fell over in striking it. Milburn's second goal was of such quality that Blackpool forward Stan Mortensen held up the restart for several seconds in order to congratulate the scorer and told him "that's just about the greatest goal I've ever seen. It deserves to win the cup". United held on comfortably to win the match 2–0 and Matthews was in no doubt as to why United had won, telling the press afterwards: "It was definitely Milburn's match! His terrific speed made the first. The second was right out of the world! It was the greatest goal I have ever seen and certainly the finest scored at Wembley. A goal every player dreams about." Milburn's brace took his season's FA Cup total to 8 goals in 8 games. He also top-scored in the league with 17 goals.

After a fractious pre-season which saw several players sold, United began the 1951–52 season in very good form despite Milburn missing several matches due to pulled leg muscle. In their first four home matches of the season, United scored 20 goals and conceded three. When fit again, Milburn asked to be selected for the reserves so as to not disturb a winning side, later explaining that "I thought it unfair that the forward line should be changed to accommodate me and Mr. Seymour accepted my request". Milburn returned to the first-team in time to score in the 1–2 defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in the 1951 FA Charity Shield and by 12 January 1952, Milburn had scored 16 league goals which, along with Robledo's 26 goals, meant United were in 4th place in Division One (with a game in hand) and once more tipped among the press for a league and cup double. However, United's hopes of retaining the FA Cup almost ended in round three when Aston Villa led 0–2 and 1–3 at St James' Park. Three goals in the last nine minutes of the match gave Newcastle a 4–2 win.

Prior to Milburn scoring his 100th competitive Newcastle goal in a 1–2 defeat at Burnley on 20 January, Milburn had been linked with a move to league champions Tottenham Hotspur. Milburn afterwards pledged his future to United, telling reporters "I object to these stories that have persistently linked me with other clubs. I have never been happier than I am now with Newcastle United, If I leave Newcastle it will happen because they have kicked me out". Now four points behind Manchester United in the league but with three games in hand, United travelled to White Hart Lane in the 4th round of the FA Cup and beat the champions 3–0. before winning a 5th round tie at Swansea Town 1–0. In contrast to the previous campaign, Milburn had failed to score in the competition prior to a quarter-final meeting with Portsmouth at Fratton Park on 8 March. In a match described by The People as "the cup-tie of the decade", Milburn scored what author Younger later called "a stunning hat-trick" in helping United to a 4–2 win. In their report the following day, the Sunday Express exclaimed; "without exaggerating I should say that Milburn turned in one of the best centre-forward displays of all time". After a 0–0 draw against Blackburn Rovers in the semi-final at Hillsborough, Milburn provided an assist early in the second half of the replay to help Newcastle to a 2–1 victory and a second successive cup final.

However, progress in the FA Cup triggered another collapse in league form. After the victory against Spurs in the 4th round of the cup, United played 16 further league games and accumulated 11 points; Sunday Times reporter Arthur Appleton recalled that: "The BBC asked me to record the sound of a Newcastle goal being acclaimed by the crowd. I followed them from match to match and they never scored a goal; they were keeping themselves for Wembley." United eventually finished in 8th place, 12 points behind champions Manchester United. On 3 May 1952, Newcastle and Milburn travelled to Wembley to play Arsenal in the FA Cup final. In the 24th minute, Arsenal right back Wally Barnes suffered a serious injury after his studs were caught in the Wembley turf. As substitutes were not permitted, the injury meant Arsenal had to play with ten men for the rest of the match. Milburn had a quiet match, though he almost scored with a header which was cleared off the goal line, a goal from Robledo five minutes from time meant Newcastle became the first team in the 20th century to retain the cup.

Milburn scored 25 league goals during the season and was the second highest scorer at the club behind George Robledo.

Transition and a third cup win: 1952–1955
Milburn joined his teammates on a tour of South Africa in the summer of 1952, but suffered a series of niggling injuries which limited his appearances to just five of the seventeen games United played, and he also missed the 2–4 defeat to Manchester United in the 1952 FA Charity Shield. Injuries continued to limit his appearances – he didn't score a goal until he converted a penalty in a 2–0 win over Manchester City on 27 September 1952.

Later career
In June 1957, Milburn left the Magpies to join Belfast club Linfield as player-manager at Windsor Park, where he won 9 trophies (including an Irish League title and Irish Cup win), and finished as the league's top goalscorer in both the 1957–58 and 1958–59 seasons to become the first non-Irishman to become the Irish League's top scorer. When he left Linfield, he dropped down to non-league level, and played for Southern Football League Division One club Yiewsley for two seasons.

After retiring as a player, he went on to briefly manage Ipswich Town, before returning to Tyneside to become a sports journalist for the News of the World. According to author Dylan Younger, he also acted as 'an unofficial advisor to Newcastle managers', including forming a close relationship with former teammate Joe Harvey. He would work for the News of the World for the next 23 years.

In 1967, he was given a belated testimonial match by Newcastle. Milburn had worried that ten years after leaving the club, people would have forgotten, but he needn't have worried, as almost 50,000 turned out at St. James' Park for the match. It featured a host of stars including his cousins, the famous World Cup winning brothers, Jack and Bobby Charlton, and the great Hungarian player Ferenc Puskás.

In 1980, Milburn was the first footballer to be made a Freeman of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne – an honour later also bestowed on former opponent Bobby Robson, and the man who surpassed his Newcastle United goalscoring records, Alan Shearer. He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1981, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the studios of Tyne Tees Television in Newcastle.

Legacy
In 1987, Newcastle United opened their new West Stand at St James' Park. This was named the Milburn Stand, in honour of Jackie.This remains the only stand named after a player at St James' Park.

Three statues of Milburn were commissioned. One was placed in Station Road in his birthplace Ashington. The funds were raised by the Civic Head, Cllr. Michael George Ferrigon during his term of Office. It now stands at Ashington Leisure Centre in Lintonville Terrace. A second statue of Milburn was unveiled by Laura Milburn on Newcastle's Northumberland Street in 1991. It was designed by sculptor Susanna Robinson and cost £35,000. The fee was raised after an appeal by the local newspaper attracted donations from local businesses and Newcastle United supporters. The statue stands 12 feet high and the inscription reads: John Edward Thompson Milburn, footballer and gentleman. It was relocated in 1999 to St James' Boulevard, and then moved again to its present position on Strawberry Place, just outside St James' Park.

The whereabouts of the third statue had caused some local consternation in 2011, when the local newspaper recounted a fibreglass statue of Milburn located outside St James' Park between 1996 and 1998, but which had since vanished. The statue was 'found' in the garden of the sculptor who had created it, Tom Maley, who had held it after it was returned to him by Newcastle United to cast in bronze – an arrangement which was cancelled when the club was sold to Mike Ashley in 2007.

In 1987, Milburn was voted the 'greatest post-war North East footballer' by the local press. In 1991, a steam locomotive which had previously hauled coal at Ashington Colliery where Milburn had worked was renamed Jackie Milburn in his honour. After a fundraising initiative launched in 2006, by Jack Milburn Jr to restore the locomotive, it was displayed in Milburn's hometown again in 2011. In 2006, Milburn was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his contribution to English football. In 2008, Excelsior Academy School in Newcastle's West End was assigned the official name 'Milburn School of Sport and Health-related Studies'. In 2009, Goal.com listed Milburn 43rd in their list of the 'top English players of all time'. A feature in the Belfast Telegraph to celebrate the 125th anniversary of Linfield, listed Milburn as the second greatest player to have ever represented the club. In 2012, a survey by the Evening Chronicle placed Milburn first, ahead of Bobby Robson and Catherine Cookson, in their list of '100 Greatest Geordies'. Sport Newcastle's 'Young Talent' award is entitled the Wor Jackie Award in honour of Milburn.

He was also the subject of a 53-minute documentary, "A Tribute to Jackie Milburn: Tyneside's Favourite Son", produced by Tyne Tees Television, and later released in 1989 by Video Gems on VHS. It covered his life, times, and career with Newcastle United.

Personal life
In 1947, Milburn was staying at a Letchworth hotel with his Newcastle teammates, when he met Laura Blackwood – a silver-service waitress working at the hotel. According to Blackwood, she was serving him breakfast when he 'asked her out' and they went to the cinema. Three months later, she travelled to the family home in Ashington and Milburn proposed. They married on 16 February 1948 at Willesden Register Office in North London. They had three children – Linda, Betty and Jackie Jr – and six grandchildren.

As a player
Newcastle United
 * FA Cup: 1950–51, 1951–52, 1954–55

Linfield
 * Irish League championship: 1958–59, 1959–60
 * Irish Cup: 1959–60

Individual
 * Ulster Footballer of the Year: 1957–58
 * English Football Hall of Fame Inductee: 2006

title: Jackie Milburn


text:
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 * Hall Road railway station, in England, National Rail station code
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 * Hong Lok Road stop, Hong Kong, MTR station code
 * The Human Life Review, an anti-abortion publication.
 * Human Lunar Return study
 * Harvard Law Review, legal publication
 * Yoakum–DeFrenn Army Heliport, in Texas, US, ICO and FAA LID code

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HLR


text:
Pontécoulant

Pontécoulant is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Launay and Pontécoulant.

The communes single watercourse is the River, La Druance.

The commune is completely enclosed within the commune of Condé-en-Normandie.

National heritage sites

 * Château à Pontécoulant is a seventeenth century Chateau that is open to the public to visit, after its owners in 1908 left it to the department. The chateau was listed as a Monument historique in 1927.

Notable People

 * Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (1764 – 1853) a French politician, was count of Pontécoulant.
 * Philippe Gustave le Doulcet, Comte de Pontécoulant - (1795–1874) a French astronomer, count of Pontécoulant and died here.
 * Louis Adolphe le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (1794 – 1882) a French soldier and musicologist was count of Pontécoulant.

title: Pontécoulant


text:
Pont-Farcy

Pont-Farcy is a former commune in the Manche department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. Before 1 January 2018, it was part of the Calvados department. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune of Tessy-Bocage.

History
Pont-Farcy has its origins in Gallo-Roman times: the town has always been an important crossing place due to its bridge over the River Vire. It was also passed through by the Dukes of Normandy. Before the 20th century, there is little evidence to suggest the village held much more than peasants; it probably wasn't considered a particularly important spot, as Saint-Sever-Calvados was. During the 20th century, the village became a thriving river port, and a tow path for barges starts here and reaches as far as the Baie de Seine and the Normandy landing beaches. The village originally had a railway bridge over the Vire, but this was blown up by the Nazis upon their retreat from the village in 1944. Pont-Farcy was liberated by the American 35th Infantry Division on 2 August 1944.

In the latter half of the 20th century the population has dropped from nearly 1,000 to about 500, although in recent years it has grown slightly. This has a lot to do with the Autoroute which passes just north of the village.

Population
Its inhabitants are known as Farcy-Pontains.

Geography
The village is located on the D307a road, and the nearest sizable villages are Villedieu-les-Poêles to the southwest, Saint-Martin-des-Besaces to the northeast, Tessy-sur-Vire and Saint-Lô to the north, and Sainte-Marie-Outre-l'Eau, Beaumesnil and Vire to the south.

Pont-Farcy is a small rural village, surrounded by many small hamlets (some of which are no more than a single farm); sizable settlements neighbouring Pont-Farcy are named above. Pont-Farcy has a petrol station, a bar and newsagents, a hotel and restaurant called "Le Coq Hardi", a church with graveyard and a separate cemetery, the latter of which practices the French custom of naming the living on the tombstones (leaving the year of death blank). There is also a campsite along the banks of the River Vire, with an outdoor pursuits centre from which bikes and canoes can be hired.

Personalities
One of the village's most famous residents is the Russian-born artist Timur D'Vatz, who is currently exhibiting in London, Venice, New York City and Paris.

title: Pont-Farcy


text:
Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados

Pont-l'Évêque is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is known for Pont-l'Évêque cheese, a type of soft cheese, the oldest Normandy cheese in production.

During World War II, the town was severely damaged by a two-day battle in August 1944. On 1 January 2019, the former commune of Coudray-Rabut was merged into Pont-l'Évêque.

The town serves as the setting for Gustave Flaubert's story Un cœur simple and features heavily in the book 13 - Lucky For Some which is about the history of the 13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion. There are many then and now photographs as well as maps and diagrams of battles that took place in the region.

Geography and toponymy
The river Touques flows through Pont-l'Évêque, which takes its name from a bridge (pont) built over the river. Starting in the 10th century, the local bishop (évêque) took responsibility for building and repairing the bridges and roads in France. Pont-l'Évêque thus means "Bishop Bridge". It was Latinised as Pons-Episcopi. Pont-l'Évêque station has rail connections to Paris, Deauville, Évreux and Lisieux.

Transport

 * A13 autoroute
 * A132 autoroute
 * Route nationale 177
 * Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest

Twin Towns

 * 🇬🇧 Ottery St Mary, United Kingdom (since 1977)
 * 🇩🇪 Veitshöchheim, Germany (since 1994)

Personalities
Pont-l'Évêque was the birthplace of:
 * Roger de Pont L'Evêque (c. 1115–1181) – Archdeacon of Canterbury, and later Archbishop of York
 * Dière de Dièreville (c. 1670–?) – surgeon, botanist and writer who wrote about his 1699–1700 voyage to Acadia
 * Jacques Guillaume Thouret (1746–1794) – revolutionary, lawyer, president of the National Constituent Assembly
 * Ferdinand Alphonse Hamelin (1796–1864) – Navy officer, Admiral and Minister of Marine

title: Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados


text:
Dollhouse

A dollhouse or doll's house is a toy house made in miniature. Since the early 20th century dollhouses have primarily been the domain of children, but their collection and crafting is also a hobby for many adults. English-speakers in North America commonly use the term dollhouse, but in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries the term is doll's house (or, less commonly, dolls' house). They are often built to put dolls in.

The history of today's dollhouses can be traced back about four hundred years to the baby house display cases of Europe, which showed idealized interiors. Smaller dollhouses with more realistic exteriors appeared in Europe in the 18th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but following the Industrial Revolution and World War II, they were increasingly mass-produced and became more standardized and affordable. Dollhouses can range from simple boxes stacked together used as rooms for play, to multi-million dollar structures displayed in museums.

Contemporary children's play dollhouses are mostly on a 1:18 (or 2/3") scale, while a 1:12 (or 1") scale is common for dollhouses made for adult collectors.

History
Miniature homes, furnished with domestic articles and resident inhabitants, both people and animals, have been made for thousands of years. The earliest known examples were found in the Egyptian tombs of the Old Kingdom, created nearly five thousand years ago. These wooden models of servants, furnishings, boats, livestock and pets placed in the Pyramids almost certainly were made for religious purposes.

The earliest known European dollhouses were the baby houses from the 16th century, which consisted of cabinet display cases made up of individual rooms. The term “baby” in baby house is coined from the old English word meaning doll. Dollhouses of this period showed idealized interiors complete with detailed furnishings and accessories. The cabinets were built by hand with architectural details, filled with miniature household items and were solely intended for adults. The baby moniker referred to the scale of the houses rather than the demographic it was aimed at. They were off-limits to children, not because of safety concerns for the child but to protect the dollhouse. Such cabinet houses were trophy collections owned by the few matrons living in the cities of Holland, England and Germany who were wealthy enough to afford them and, fully furnished, were worth the price of a modest full-size house's construction.

The earliest known recorded baby house was commissioned from 1557-1558 by Albrecht V, Duke of Bavaria.

Smaller doll houses, such as the Tate house with more realistic exteriors, appeared in Europe in the 18th century. Nuremberg kitchens, a type of single-room dollhouse, date back at least to 1572, when one was given to Dorothea and Anna, the Princesses of Saxony, daughters of Augustus, Elector of Saxony aged five and ten.

The early European dollhouses were each unique, constructed on a custom basis by individual craftsmen. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, factories began mass producing toys, including dollhouses and miniatures suitable for furnishing them. German companies noted for their dollhouses included Christian Hacker, Moritz Gottschalk, Elastolin, and Moritz Reichel. The list of important English companies includes Silber & Fleming, Evans & Cartwright, and Lines Brothers (which became Tri-ang). By the end of the 19th century American dollhouses were being made in the United States by The Bliss Manufacturing Company. In France, the Deauville dollhouses were made by the manufacturer Villard & Weill in the first quarter of the 20th century.

Germany produced the most prized dollhouses and doll house miniatures up until World War I. The doll houses were produced in Nuremberg, Germany; which, since the sixteenth century, was coined as the 'toy city'. Their baby houses were thought to be the origin for the basic standards of contemporary doll houses. Notable German miniature companies included Märklin, Rock and Graner and others. Their products were not only avidly collected in Central Europe, but regularly exported to Britain and North America. Germany's involvement in WWI seriously impeded both production and export. New manufacturers arose in other countries.

France produced the dollhouses known as Deauville Dollhouses. They were made by the VILLARD & WEILL company, mainly between 1905 and 1925. This toys manufacturer won prices in Sydney, Paris and St Louis World Fairs.

The TynieToy Company of Providence, Rhode Island, made authentic replicas of American antique houses and furniture in a uniform scale beginning in about 1917. Other American companies of the early 20th century were Roger Williams Toys, Tootsietoy, Schoenhut, and the Wisconsin Toy Co. Dollhouse dolls and miniatures were also produced in Japan, mostly by copying original German designs.

After World War II, dollshouses were mass-produced in factories on a much larger scale with less detailed craftsmanship than before. By the 1950s, the typical dollhouse sold commercially was made of painted sheet metal filled with plastic furniture. Such houses cost little enough that the great majority of girls from the developed western countries which were not struggling with rebuilding after World War II could own one.

Standard scales
The baby houses of the 17th and 18th centuries, and the toy dollhouses of the 19th and early 20th century rarely had uniform scales, even for the features or contents of any individual house. Although a number of manufacturers made lines of miniature toy furniture in the 19th century, the products were not made to a strict scale.

Children's play dollhouses from most of the 20th and 21st centuries are 1:18 or two third inch scale (where 1 foot is represented by 2/3 of an inch). Common brands include Lundby (Sweden), Renwal, Plasco, Marx, Petite Princess, and T. Cohn (all American) and Caroline's Home, Barton, Dol-Toi and Tri-ang (English). A few brands use 1:16 or 3/4"-scale.

The most common standard for adult collectors is 1:12 scale, also called 1" or one inch scale (where 1 foot is represented by 1 inch.) Among adult collectors there are also smaller scales which are much more common in the United States than in Britain. 1:24 or half inch scale (1 foot is 1/2") was popular in Marx dollhouses in the 1950s but only became widely available in collectible houses after 2002, about the same time that even smaller scales became more popular, like 1:48 or quarter inch scale (1 foot is 1/4") and 1:144 or "dollhouse for a dollhouse" scale. 1/24th scale dolls houses, and those in smaller scales, may be considered as just one species of miniature houses of this size. 1/24th (or the almost indistinguishable 1/25th) is used for a variety of models including display models and what are coming to be known as 'house portraits'.  These typically focus on the exterior detail rather than the rooms inside, though there is no reason why a dolls house should not have a realistic exterior or a house portrait include interior details.

In Germany during the middle part of the 20th century 1:10 scale became popular based on the metric system. Dollhouses coming out of Germany today remain closer in scale to 1:10 than 1:12.

The largest common size for dollhouses is 1:6 which is proportionate for Barbie, Ken, Blythe and other dolls 11-12 inches tall, and furniture and accessories such as Re-Ment.

Construction
In the United States, most houses have an open back and a fancy facade, while British houses are more likely to have a hinged front that opens to reveal the rooms.

Children's dollhouses during the 20th century have been made from a variety of materials, including metal (tin litho), fibreboard, plastic, and wood. With the exception of Lundby, 1:18 scale furniture for children's dollhouses has most often been made of plastic.

Contemporary kit and fully built houses are typically made of plywood or medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Tab-and-slot kits use a thinner plywood and are held together by a system of tabs and slots (plus glue). These houses are usually light-weight and lower cost but often require siding, shingles, or other exterior treatments to look realistic. Kits made from heavier plywood or MDF are held together with nails and glue.

As a hobby
The dolls house hobby has two main focuses: construction and/or purchase of dolls houses made by or for adult enthusiasts, and collection of contemporary, vintage or antique dolls houses which were often originally made for children.

Dolls houses made by or for adult enthusiasts
Dollhouses for hobbyists and collectors are available in different forms, from ready made and decorated houses to kits to custom built houses made to the customer's design. Some design and build their own dollhouse. Simpler designs might consist of boxes stacked together and used as rooms. Miniature objects used for decoration inside dollhouses include furniture, interior decorations, dolls and items like books, couches, furniture, wallpaper, and even clocks. Some include functional kitchen appliances to create miniature food. Dollhouses for enthusiasts are available ready made and in kits, but may also be homemade.

Dozens of miniature trade shows are held by various miniature organizations and enthusiasts throughout the year, where artisans and dealers display and sell miniatures. Often, how-to seminars and workshops are part of the show features. Stores that sell miniatures also hold classes. Enthusiasts share images online and use Internet forums, blogs and other online social media to share information about dollhouses and miniatures.

Collection of vintage or antique dolls houses
Recognition of the value and enjoyment of collecting vintage and antique dolls houses as a hobby is due largely to the publications of two experts, Vivien Greene (1904-2003) in the UK, and Flora Gill Jacobs (1918-2006) in the US. Vivien Greene's first book, English Dolls' Houses of the 18th and 19th Centuries, was published in 1955; in the same year, an exhibition of period dolls houses from several countries was held in London. Flora Gill Jacobs' first book, A History of Dolls’ Houses, was published in 1953. Both collectors opened museums dedicated to dolls houses, the Rotunda (1962-1998) in Oxford, England, and the Washington Dolls’ House & Toy Museum (1975-2004), in Washington D.C., US.

Through print publications such as the International Dolls' House News (c 1969-2002) American Miniaturist, and Dolls House and Miniature Scene, collectors around the world shared photos, tips, queries and information; today, websites, blogs, social media, and online forums allow even more collectors to share their hobby.

Notable dollhouses
Anna Köferlin’s (no longer existing) Nuremberg doll house was commissioned in 1631 and was publicly displayed and advertised by Köferlin in the form of original verses composed on broadsheet.

Surviving Dutch 17th century notable cabinet dollhouses include the Amsterdam, Netherlands 18th century dollhouses of Sara Rothé; one is in the Frans Hals Museum, and one is in the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag; the dollhouse of Petronella de la Court in Centraal Museum, and the dollhouse of Petronella Oortman in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The Rijksmuseum estimates that Petronella Oortman spent twenty to thirty thousand guilders on her miniature house, which was nearly the price of a real house along one of Amsterdam's canals at that time. All these dollhouses shows the linen room (laundry room), kitchen, and bedrooms in great detail.

In Tampere in Finland, the Moomin Museum displays the Moomin house, a dollhouse created around the Moomin characters of Tove Jansson. The house was built by Jansson, Tuulikki Pietilä and Pentti Eistola and later donated to the town of Tampere. The museum also contains dozens of roomboxes with Moomin characters, all made by Tuulikki Pietilä. The Dollhouse Museum (Puppenhausmuseum) in Basel, Switzerland is the largest museum of its kind in Europe.

In Russia, the most famous was made for  (1830s, now in the collection of National Pushkin Museum). In the United Kingdom, the Uppark Baby-house (ca. 1730) is on exhibit at Uppark, West Sussex, owned by The National Trust. The Nostell Priory Baby-house (ca. 1730) is on exhibit at Nostell Priory, Yorkshire, also owned by The National Trust. The Tate House (1760) is on exhibit in the Museum of Childhood in London, England.

Queen Mary's Dolls' House was designed for Queen Mary in 1924 by Sir Edwin Lutyens, a leading architect of the time, and is on display at Windsor Castle. When first put on display it was visited by 1.6 million people in seven months. It is approximately 5' tall, contains 16 rooms, and required 4 years to construct. The dollhouse has working plumbing and lights and is filled with miniature items of the finest and most modern goods of the period. Writers like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Rudyard Kipling contributed special books which were written and bound in scale size.

Titania's Palace is on display in Egeskov Castle in Denmark, a miniature castle that was hand-built by James Hicks & Sons, Irish Cabinet Makers who were commissioned by Sir Neville Wilkinson from 1907 to 1922. The palace is 4' 1" tall, contains 18 rooms, and required 15 years to construct. It was built in Ireland but was won by Denmark in a bidding war in 1978 at Sotheby's London Auction house. Tara's Palace is located in the Tara's Palace Museum of Childhood in the grounds of Powerscourt Estate near Enniskerry, Ireland. It required 10 years to build, is 4'6" in height, contains 22 rooms, and was built by Ron McDonnell beginning in 1978 after he failed to secure the return of Titania's Palace to Ireland. It is furnished with miniature antiques.

The Stettheimer Dollhouse was constructed in New York City by Carrie Walter Stettheimer between 1916 and 1935. Many contemporary artists made miniatures of their art for the dollhouse, including Marcel Duchamp, Alexander Archipenko, George Bellows, Gaston Lachaise, and Marguerite Zorach. It is 28" high and contains 12 rooms, and is now located at the Museum of the City of New York. The 68 miniature Thorne Rooms room boxes, each with a different theme, were designed by Narcissa Niblack Thorne and furniture for them was created by craftsmen in the 1930s and 40s. They are now at the Art Institute of Chicago, Phoenix Art Museum and the Knoxville Museum of Art in Knoxville, Tennessee. American silent film actress Colleen Moore's dollhouse is called the Fairy Castle. It is 7' tall, has twelve rooms, and required 7 years to construct, beginning in 1928. In 2012 dollars, the fairy Castle would cost $7 million and when first put on tour it generated $9 million in revenue over a four-year period. It has been on display since the 1950s at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois and is visited by an estimated 1.5 million people each year.

The Astolat Dollhouse Castle was inspired by Alfred Tennyson's poetry about the Lady of the Lake and built between 1974 and 1987 by miniaturist Elaine Diehl. It was appraised over $1 million in 2006 and at $8.5 million in 2015 primarily because of the upgrade to the interiors and pieces. It is 9' tall, has 29 rooms and is on display at the Nassau County Museum of Art on Long Island, New York. The Colleen Moore fairy Castle Dollhouse and the Astolat Dollhouse Castle were designed with fixed contiguous exterior walls to create a three-dimensional viewing effect.

Women and doll houses
As interest in doll houses expanded during the seventeenth century, there was also a shift in the gender-oriented organization of the miniature houses towards a more feminine focus. There is a shift of viewing doll houses as a collectible “male-oriented artefact to a female-organized model of domesticity”. Dutch doll houses resembled cabinets with separate compartments of fully furnished rooms than actual houses, which represented the domestic household, “through the inclusion of amply-stocked linen rooms and kitchens”.

title: Dollhouse


text:
Count of Tripoli

The count of Tripoli was the ruler of the County of Tripoli, a crusader state from 1102 through to 1289. Of the four major crusader states in the Levant, Tripoli was created last.

The history of the counts of Tripoli began with Raymond IV of Toulouse, who led the Siege of Tripoli. The first count was his son Bertrand, who pushed his claim over that of his cousin William II Jordan of Berga and Cerdenya. After the death of Raymond III shortly after the Battle of Hattin, the title of count of Tripoli was passed to the princes of Antioch until the fall of the city in 1289.

Count Raymond IV of Toulouse, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, founded the county in 1102 during a lengthy war with the Banu Ammar emirs of Tripoli (theoretically vassals of the Fatimid caliphs in Cairo). The county gradually grew as the crusaders seized much of their territory and besieged Banu Ammar within Tripoli itself. Raymond died in 1105, leaving his infant son Alfonso-Jordan as his heir, with a cousin, William-Jordan of Cerdenya, as regent. William-Jordan continued the siege of Tripoli until 1109, when the elder son of Raymond, Bertrand arrived in the east, leaving Toulouse to Alfonso-Jordan and his mother, who returned to France. Bertrand and William-Jordan, with mediation from King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, came to an agreement whereby each would keep control of their own conquests. Bertrand captured Tripoli later that year. When William-Jordan died a few months later Bertrand became sole ruler.

The county of Tripoli continued to exist as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Count Raymond III, who reigned from 1152 to 1187, was an important figure in the history of the Kingdom to the south due to his close relationship to its kings (his mother Hodierna was a daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem) and to his own position as Prince of Galilee through his wife. He acted twice as Regent for the kingdom, first for the young Baldwin IV from 1174 to 1177, and then again for Baldwin V from 1185 to 1186. He also acted as the leader of the local nobility in their opposition to Baldwin IV's Courtenay relations with the Knights Templar, Guy of Lusignan, and Reynald of Châtillon. Raymond unsuccessfully argued in favor of peace with Saladin, but, ironically, it was Saladin's siege of Raymond's Countess in Tiberias that led the Crusader army into Galilee before its defeat at Hattin in 1187. Although Raymond survived the battle, he died soon afterward.

Despite the Muslim leader's string of victories, the county avoided being conquered by Saladin. Bohemond IV, second son of Bohemond III of Antioch, succeeded to the Countship upon Raymond's death. After Bohemond III died in 1201, the county was in personal union with Antioch for all but three years (1216–1219) until Antioch's fall to the Mamluks in 1268. Tripoli survived for a few more years.

The death of the unpopular Count Bohemond VII in 1287 led to a dispute between his heir, his sister Lucia, and the city's commune, which put itself under the protection of the Genoese. Eventually, Lucia came to an agreement with the Genoese and the Commune, which displeased the Venetians and the ambitious Bartholomew Embriaco, the Genoese mayor of the city, who called in the Mameluke Sultan Qalawun to their aid. Qalawun razed the city after a siege in 1289, bringing the history of the county to an end.

Counts of Tripoli, 1102–1289

 * Raymond I (1102–1105)
 * Alfonso Jordan (1105–1109)
 * William II Jordan, regent (1105–1109)
 * Bertrand (1109–1112)
 * Pons (1112–1137)
 * Raymond II (1137–1152)
 * Raymond III (1152–1187)
 * Raymond IV (1187–1189)
 * Bohemond IV (1189–1233, also Prince of Antioch 1201–1216 and 1219–1233)
 * Bohemond V (1233–1252, also Prince of Antioch)
 * Bohemond VI (1252–1275, also Prince of Antioch 1252–1268)
 * Bohemond VII (1275–1287)
 * Lucia (1287–1289)

title: Count of Tripoli


text:
Bali myna

The Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi), also known as Rothschild's mynah, Bali starling, or Bali mynah, locally known as jalak Bali, is a medium-sized (up to 25 cm long), stocky myna, almost wholly white with a long, drooping crest, and black tips on the wings and tail. The bird has blue bare skin around the eyes, greyish legs and a yellow bill. Both sexes are similar. It is critically endangered and in 2020, fewer than 50 adults were assumed to exist in the wild.

Taxonomy and systematics
The Bali myna was formally described in 1912 by the German ornithologist Erwin Stresemann based on a female specimen collected on the island of Bali in Indonesia. He introduced a new genus Leucopsar and coined the binomial name Leucopsar rothschildi. The genus name combines the Ancient greek leukos meaning "white" with psar meaning "starling". The specific epithet was chosen to honour Walter Rothschild who had allowed Stresemann to examine birds at his museum in Tring, Hertfordshire, England. The Bali myna remains the only species placed in the genus Leucopsar. It appears to be most closely related to Sturnia and the brahminy starling which was initially placed in Sturnus then later moved by a study in 2008 to Sturnia, as Sturnus as delimited was highly paraphyletic.

Description

The Bali myna is a medium-large starling around 25 cm in length. It is almost wholly white with a long, drooping crest, black wing-tips and tail tip. It has a yellow bill with blue bare skin around the eyes and legs. The sexes are similar in appearance but the male has a longer crest than the female. The black-winged myna (Acridotheres melanopterus), a similar species, has a shorter crest and a much larger area of black on wings and tail, plus a yellow eye-ring (without feathers) and legs.

Distribution and habitat
The Bali myna is restricted to the northwest Bali (and its offshore islands) in Indonesia, where it is the island's only endemic vertebrate species. In 1991, the bird was designated the faunal emblem of Bali. Featured on the Indonesian 200 rupiah coin, its local name is jalak Bali (Balinese script: ᬚᬮᬓ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ).

Behaviour and ecology
In its natural habitat it is inconspicuous, using tree tops for cover and–unlike other starlings–usually coming to the ground only to drink or to find nesting materials; this would seem to be an adaptation to its noticeability to predators when out in the open. The Bali mynah often gathers in groups when it is young to better locate food and watch out for predators. The vocalizations are a variety of sharp chattering calls and an emphatic tweet.

The Bali myna's diet includes fruit, seeds, worms and insects.

Breeding
During the breeding season (the rainy season of Bali), males attract females by calling loudly and bobbing up and down. The birds nest in tree cavities, with the female laying and incubating two or three eggs. Both males and females bring food to the nest for chicks after hatching.

Status and conservation
The Bali myna is critically endangered, and the wild population has been close to extinction since at least 1994. As of 2015, less than 100 adults are assumed to exist in the wild, with about 1,000 believed to survive in captivity. The Bali myna is listed in Appendix I of CITES. Trade even in captive-bred specimens is strictly regulated and the species is not generally available legally to private individuals. However, experienced aviculturalists may become affiliated with captive-breeding programs, allowing them to legally keep this species. The number of captive birds bought on the black market is estimated to be twice the number of legally acquired individuals in the captive breeding programs.

In 2018, there were three locations on Bali where the birds existed in the wild: the West Bali National Park; Bali's small island of Nusa Penida and Begawan Foundation's breeding and release site at Melinggih Kelod, Payangan.

Bali myna breeding program
A "breeding loan" involves 12 breeders who each received 15 male and 15 female myna birds from the Association of Starling Conservationists in Bogor, West Java. As collateral every breeder must put up a cow in case all the birds died. The breeders are obliged to release 10 percent of the brood into West Bali National Park and the rest can be sold off privately. There is one pair of Bali Mynas at the National Aviary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that are part of the Species Survival Program.

West Bali National Park
There were an estimated 350 birds in the West Bali National Park in the 1980s. During the 1990s over 400 cage-bred birds were released into the park to increase their numbers. But by 2005, the park authorities estimated the number to have fallen to less than 10. This decline was caused primarily by poachers responding to the lucrative demand for rare birds in the caged bird market.

Nusa Penida island
A population of Bali mynas now exists on the island of Nusa Penida and its sister islands of Nusa Ceningan, Nusa Lembongan, which are 14 km off the south east coast of Bali. The islands have been transformed into an unofficial bird sanctuary by Friends of National Parks Foundation (FNPF), an Indonesian NGO based in Bali. This was achieved by FNPF working for many years with the 40+ villages on the islands and persuading every village to pass a traditional Balinese village regulation to protect birds, and effectively removing the threat of poachers. Since then, FNPF has rehabilitated and released several endangered birds onto the island of Nusa Penida, including many Bali mynas supplied from multiple breeders.

The Begawan Foundation began its Bali Starling Breeding Program in Begawan Giri in 1999 with two pairs, which had grown to a population of 97 in 2005. A release program was started on Nusa Penida, where 64 individuals were released in 2006 and 2007. Monitoring of the released birds suggests that their numbers had increased to +100 by 2009, and had spread across Penida, with small numbers also breeding on Ceningan and Lembongan. A number of further captive-bred individuals have since been rewilded, including 6 individuals on neighboring Nusa Lembongan. The foundation expects to release approximately 10 Bali mynas each year. The birds will continue to be sourced from different breeders to increase the genetic diversity of the growing wild population on Nusa Penida. Begawan Foundation field staff have monitored the released birds on a daily basis since their release and have a dedicated Field Officer since 2010. Findings are regularly reported to the Forestry Department, with photos and films taken of the birds' activities.

However, according to an audit undertaken by Begawan Foundation on both Nusa Penida and Nusa Lembongan in February and March 2015, less than 15 birds were seen to be flying in the wild. Calculations undertaken suggest that by 2015, even taking natural predation and death of older birds into account, there should be at least 200 birds flying on Nusa Penida today, indicating that illegal wildlife trade is heavily impacting the population.

Sibang, Central Bali
In 2010, Begawan Foundation made a decision to move all its captive breeding Bali starlings from Nusa Penida to a new site at Sibang, near Ubud. The breeding program then recommenced with the aim to research new release sites close by. During 2011, a total of 23 Bali starlings were donated to BF's breeding program. Three birds were donated by Jurong Bird Park, and 20 came from a variety of zoos across Europe, members of the European Endangered Species Program, whose contributions of birds meant that new genetic lines would be introduced when the imported birds were paired with the local birds held at the breeding centre in Bali.

In November 2012, Begawan Foundation released four pairs of Bali starlings at its breeding site in Sibang. These birds were observed and their daily habits recorded by staff of the Foundation and students of the adjacent Green School. A program of conservation was undertaken with the local villages prior to the release and has the full support of the King of Sibang. Each bird has been ringed in order to identify it as it adapts to life in the wild. As this was a soft release, the birds often take the opportunity to return to the breeding site to find food and water. However, it is evident that new sources of fruit and a variety of insects are available in the immediate vicinity that provide a full and healthy diet for these birds and their offspring.

In 2014, there were three releases by Begawan Foundation at their site in Sibang. Three male birds and one female were released in April, with support from the local community. In June, Dr. Jane Goodall, during her visit to Bali, assisted in the release of two Bali starlings.

Melinggih Kelod, Payangan
In late 2017, Begawan Foundation decided to concentrate its programs in Melinggih Kelod, Payangan, north of Ubud. A community-based conservation program began in the village in late 2017, providing local residents with the opportunity to breed Bali Starlings, and to be able to release F2 generation offspring within two years, and again in subsequent years. It is also envisaged that the community will be responsible for the safety of the Bali Starlings in the wild through serious monitoring and village traditional law enforcement. The Village officiated an "awik-awik" (local law) in November 2018, which has been signed by the Village Head as well as the Kelians (heads) of the banjars (village sections). The local law states that shooting/trapping/hunting the Bali Starling or any other protected wildlife in the area is prohibited. Any person from the community that is caught doing any of the above will pay a penalty of Rp10,000,000. The Foundation also released a number of Starlings in late 2018, creating a wild flock of Bali Starlings in the Village, which is protected by the community. It is hoped that the soft releases will give the offspring the chance to reproduce in the wild and that a program of eco-tourism can be developed to provide income for the village. Along with the community-based conservation program in Melinggih Kelod Village, the Foundation's Breeding and Release Centre has been relocated and is now centred in Banjar Begawan, one of the districts in the Village. This centre is open to the local community and the general public.

title: Bali myna


text:
Port-en-Bessin-Huppain

Port-en-Bessin-Huppain is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

The commune contains the two towns of Port-en-Bessin and Huppain.

History
The name Huppain stems from Norse/Norwegian Oppheim, reflecting the general Viking history of Normandy.

The town was captured by Royal Marines of No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando in Operation Aubery during the Normandy landings and used as the terminal for PLUTO (Pipe-Lines Under The Ocean).

Media

Port-en-Bessin was used to represent nearby Ouistreham in the 1962 film The Longest Day.

Sister cities

 * [[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px|France]] Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, (France), since 1976.

title: Port-en-Bessin-Huppain


text:
WNBA Most Valuable Player Award

The Women's National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) award given since the league's inaugural season in 1997. MVP voting takes place immediately following the regular season. The award recipient is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States. Panel members were asked to select their top five choices for the award, with 10 points being awarded for a first place vote, seven for second, five for third, three for fourth and one for fifth.

In 2008, fans could also have a say in who won the award. Fans were able to vote online for their top five MVP picks. These selections accounted for 25% of the total vote, while the media panel's selections accounted for the other 75%.

Sheryl Swoopes, Lisa Leslie and Lauren Jackson have won the award the most times, with three selections each. Two players have won the award with different franchises—Elena Delle Donne in 2015 with the Chicago Sky and 2019 with the Washington Mystics, and Breanna Stewart in 2018 with the Seattle Storm and 2023 with the New York Liberty. Cynthia Cooper, Candace Parker, and A'ja Wilson have also won the award twice.

Candace Parker is the only player to win Rookie of the Year and MVP in the same season—2008.

Jackson, both born and trained in Australia, is the only award winner trained outside the United States.

The sculptor of the WNBA MVP Award is Marc Mellon, who is also the sculptor of the NBA MVP Trophy.

title: WNBA Most Valuable Player Award


text:
Diekirch District

The District of Diekirch was one of three districts of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Immediately prior to its abolition on 3 October 2015, it contained five cantons divided into 43 communes:

 * 1) Clervaux
 * 2) *Clervaux
 * 3) *Consthum
 * 4) *Heinerscheid
 * 5) *Hosingen
 * 6) *Munshausen
 * 7) *Troisvierges
 * 8) *Weiswampach
 * 9) *Wincrange
 * 10) Diekirch
 * 11) *Bettendorf
 * 12) *Bourscheid
 * 13) *Diekirch
 * 14) *Ermsdorf
 * 15) *Erpeldange
 * 16) *Ettelbruck
 * 17) *Feulen
 * 18) *Hoscheid
 * 19) *Medernach
 * 20) *Mertzig
 * 21) *Reisdorf
 * 22) *Schieren
 * 23) Redange
 * 24) *Beckerich
 * 25) *Ell
 * 26) *Grosbous
 * 27) *Préizerdaul
 * 28) *Rambrouch
 * 29) *Redange
 * 30) *Saeul
 * 31) *Useldange
 * 32) *Vichten
 * 33) *Wahl
 * 34) Vianden
 * 35) *Putscheid
 * 36) *Tandel
 * 37) *Vianden
 * 38) Wiltz
 * 39) *Boulaide
 * 40) *Esch-sur-Sûre
 * 41) *Eschweiler
 * 42) *Goesdorf
 * 43) *Heiderscheid
 * 44) *Kiischpelt
 * 45) *Lac de la Haute-Sûre
 * 46) *Neunhausen
 * 47) *Wiltz
 * 48) *Winseler

To its west, the district of Diekirch bordered the Belgian province of Luxembourg in the region of Wallonia, whilst to its north was the Belgian providence of Liège. To its south could be found the district of Luxembourg with the district of Grevenmacher to its south-east. Finally, the German State of Rhineland-Palatinate bordered the east of the district of Diekirch. It had a per capita income of $49,000.

title: Diekirch District


text:
Potigny

Potigny is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

International relations
Potigny is twinned with the village of Banwell in Somerset.

title: Potigny


text:
Poussy-la-Campagne

Poussy-la-Campagne is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Valambray.

title: Poussy-la-Campagne


text:
Le Pré-d'Auge

Le Pré-d'Auge (, literally The Meadow of Auge) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Pré-d'Auge


text:
EIR

EIR may refer to:
 * Effective interest rate, a banking term
 * Entrepreneur In Residence or Executive In Residence, a term in venture capital and business education
 * Environmental Information Regulations 2004, a UK Statutory Instrument
 * Equipment Identity Register, in a Network Switching Subsystem
 * Extended information rate, burstable bandwidth in a Frame Relay network
 * Establishment Inspection Report, the result of an investigation by the US FDA.
 * Environmental Impact Report, see Environmental impact assessment
 * Executive Intelligence Review, the flagship publication of the LaRouche movement
 * Kodak Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR film, a type of Color Infrared film
 * Ethniko Idryma Radiofonias, the National Radio Foundation of Greece
 * East Indian Railway Company, introduced railways to eastern and northern India, later known as East Indian Railway (EIR)
 * East Indian rosewood, one of the common names for Dalbergia latifolia and its hardwood

Eir may refer to
 * Eir, a goddess in Norse mythology
 * Eir (telecommunications), a major provider of telecommunications in Ireland
 * Eir, a Spivak pronoun
 * Eir, a character from the mobile video game Fire Emblem Heroes
 * Eir Aoi, Japanese singer

title: EIR


text:
Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland

Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland are only possible by way of referendum. A proposal to amend the Constitution of Ireland must be initiated as a bill in Dáil Éireann, be passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament), then submitted to a referendum, and finally signed into law by the president of Ireland. Since the constitution entered into force on 29 December 1937, there have been 32 amendments to the constitution.

Aside from amendments to the Constitution itself, the Constitution also provides for referendums on ordinary bills; this is known as an ordinary referendum. This provision has never been used.

Referendum
The procedure for amending the constitution is specified in Article 46. A proposed amendment must take the form of a bill to amend the constitution initiated in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas. It must then be passed or deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas. The Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1958, a proposal to alter the voting system, did not pass the Seanad but was deemed to have passed the Seanad 90 days after it was sent by the Dáil. After passage through the Houses of the Oireachtas, the Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage must set a date for the referendum not less than thirty days and not more than ninety days after the date of the order.

The Electoral Commission has functions to give a general explanation of the subject matter and text of the referendum and promote public awareness of the referendum and encourage the public to vote. From 1998 to 2023, these functions were previously carried out by a Referendum Commission established for each referendum.

A simple majority of votes cast is sufficient to carry an amendment, with no minimum turnout required for a constitutional referendum to be considered valid. The vote is conducted by secret ballot. A proposal to amend the constitution put to a referendum must not contain any other proposal. While British citizens resident in the state may vote in a general election, only Irish citizens can participate in a referendum.

After the referendum
Once the referendum count has concluded the referendum returning officer signs a provisional referendum certificate, and publishes a copy in Iris Oifigiúil. Anyone wishing to challenge the results of the referendum then has seven days to apply to the High Court for leave to present a referendum petition. If no one makes such an application, if leave is not granted, or if a petition is dismissed, the referendum certificate becomes final.

When the referendum passed and the final certificate has issued, the amendment must be signed into law by the President "forthwith". Provided that the correct procedure has been complied with, the President cannot veto an amendment. The dates given for the amendments listed in this article are, unless otherwise stated, the dates on which they were signed into law. The shortest gap between the referendum and signing into law was twelve days for the 18th, 19th and 20th amendments. The longest was 899 days for the 31st amendment. No referendum has ever been annulled by the courts.

Transitional and conditional amendments
The Nineteenth Amendment, passed in May 1998, introduced a novel method of amendment. Its provisions allowed the later amendment to Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution in 1999. The Nineteenth Amendment did not itself amend those articles, but rather introduced a temporary special mechanism by which the Government could order their amendment once it was satisfied that certain commitments made by other parties to the Good Friday Agreement had been complied with. The sections added to the text of the Constitution which provided for this later amendment to Articles no longer appear in the published official text of the Constitution, in line with their own provisions.

A similar method would have been used with the Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2001 to restrict abortion, which was rejected. The proposed Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2013 to abolish Seanad Éireann involved later amendments which would have taken effect after the next general election.

The Thirty-third Amendment that established the Court of Appeal had amendments which became part of the text only on the later establishment of the Court, and transitory provisions which would not appear in later printed official versions.

Historical methods
As a transitional measure, for the first three years after the election of the first President of Ireland a bill to amend the Constitution could be passed by the Oireachtas as an ordinary act. An amendment bill the election of the first President (on 25 June 1938)  have required a referendum. To prevent the Oireachtas abusing this provision, the President had the power to refer such a bill to the people. The First and Second Amendments were adopted in this way; President Douglas Hyde chose to sign each into law without referendum. The three-year limit was entrenched to prevent it being extended without referendum. Since 25 June 1941, the third anniversary of President Hyde's election, every amendment has had to be put to a referendum after its passage through the Oireachtas.

List of amendments and referendums
The following table lists all amendments to the Constitution, and all past referendums relating to the Constitution. In general it does not list proposed amendments which were not passed by the Oireachtas, for which see the separate list of failed amendments to the Constitution of Ireland. The exception is the 2001 Twenty-second Amendment Bill, listed below to explain the gap in the numbering of subsequent amendments.

Color key:
 * {{legend|#ddffdd|outline=#AAA|Referendum passed}}
 * {{legend|#ffe8e8|outline=#AAA|Amendment defeated by referendum}}
 * {{legend|#dfdfdf|outline=#AAA|Referendum pending or not held}}

 * Note:

Proposed amendments
A referendum was planned to be held on 7 June 2024 on ratification of the Agreement on the Unified Patent Court. However, in April 2024, the government indicated that it was considering postponing the referendum.

The following bills have been on the order paper for consideration in the Oireachtas.

Rights of defendants and trial rights
In People (AG) v. O'Callaghan (1966), the Supreme Court held that the right to liberty would permit the denial of bail in limited circumstances only, where there was sufficient evidence before the Court that the accused was likely to interfere with the course of justice; specifically, that bail could not be because of the likelihood of the commission of further offences while on bail. This decision was overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment in 1996 which inserted Article 40.4.7°, allowing for the refusal of bail by a court to a person charged with a serious offence where it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent the commission of a serious offence by that person. The Amendment was passed by 75% to 25%.

In Maguire v. Ardagh (2002), the Supreme Court held that Oireachtas Inquiries did not have the power to compel witnesses to attend and to make findings against them. The Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2011 proposed to allow Oireachtas Inquiries to make findings of fact and to balance the rights of the individual against the public interest; this referendum was defeated by 53% to 47%.

Electoral matters
In O'Donovan v. the Attorney-General (1961), the Supreme Court held that the Electoral Amendment Act 1959 was unconstitutional and suggested that the ratio of representation to population across constituencies should differ by no more than 5%. The Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1968 would have allowed a variation of up to 16.7% across constituencies. It was rejected in a referendum by 61% to 39%.

In Re Article 26 and the Electoral (Amendment) Bill 1983 (1984), the Supreme Court held that the proposed bill to extend voting rights in Dáil elections to British citizens was unconstitutional. The Ninth Amendment was passed in June 1984, which allowed the franchise to be extended beyond Irish citizens.

International sovereignty
The Third Amendment, passed in 1972, allowed Ireland to accede to the European Communities. In 1986, the government signed the Single European Act (SEA). However, Raymond Crotty sought an injunction against ratification by the state. In Crotty v. An Taoiseach (1987), the Supreme Court held that the further transfer of powers from the state to the European institutions within the SEA was not "necessitated by the obligations of membership of the Communities" as provided for by the Third Amendment. Consequently, the Constitution required further amendment, before the SEA could be ratified. This was done in a referendum later in 1987. On the same basis, further referendums on European Treaties were held on the Maastricht Treaty (in 1992), on the Amsterdam Treaty (in 1998), on the Nice Treaty (in 2001 and in 2002), and on the Lisbon Treaty (in 2008 and in 2009). Referendums were also held to the allow the State to be bound by the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, and to ratify the International Criminal Court in 2001 and the Stability Treaty in 2012.

Abortion
In McGee v. The Attorney General (1974), the Supreme Court found that provisions of Articles 40 and 41 guaranteed a right to marital privacy, and that contraception on prescription could not be prohibited to a married couple. In Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the United States Supreme Court came to a similar result, before finding for a general right to abortion in the first trimester in Roe v. Wade (1973). The Eighth Amendment in 1983 gave constitutional protection to the life of the unborn, and therefore prohibiting abortion. This had been partly to guard against the Supreme Court finding the same right that their American counterparts had.

In March 1992, the Supreme Court ruled in Attorney General v. X, commonly known as the "X Case", that a teenage girl was entitled to an abortion as there was a risk to her life from suicide. Opponents of abortion feared that this ruling could only be enforced in a way that would lead to an expansive abortion regime of the kind found in many other countries. There were two failed amendments that would have excluded suicide as grounds for abortion, the Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1992 and the Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2001. The Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 made provisions for the finding of the court in the X Case, allowing abortion where the life of the woman was at risk, including a risk of suicide.

The Thirteenth Amendment was passed in 1992, to guarantee a right to travel. This addressed the injunction which the High Court had granted in the X Case to order the return of the girl to the country. Though the injunction was lifted by the Supreme Court, a majority of the Court had found that were it not for the risk to life of the defendant, an injunction would have been maintained.

The Fourteenth Amendment was passed on the same day in 1992, to guarantee that the ban on abortion would not limit freedom to obtain or make available information relating to services lawfully available in another state. This was in response to two cases: Attorney General (Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (Ireland) Ltd.) v Open Door Counselling Ltd. and Dublin Wellwoman Centre Ltd. (1988), which granted an injunction restraining two counseling agencies from assisting women to travel abroad to obtain abortions or informing them of the methods of communications with such clinics, and Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (Ireland) Ltd. v Grogan (1989), which placed an injunction restraining three students' unions from distributing information in relation to abortion available outside the state.

The Eighth Amendment was repealed in 2018 with the passage of the Thirty-sixth Amendment, thus allowing abortion to be legalised again.

Amendments to previous constitutions
Before the adoption of the Constitution of Ireland, Ireland had two previous Constitutions: the Dáil Constitution of the short-lived 1919–1922 Irish Republic, and the constitution of the 1922–1937 Irish Free State.

The Dáil Constitution was enacted by Dáil Éireann (which was at that time a single chamber assembly).

The Constitution of the Irish Free State was adopted in October 1922 and came in force on 6 December 1922. It originally provided for a process of amendment by means of a referendum. However the constitution could initially be amended by the Oireachtas for eight years. The Oireachtas chose to extend that period, meaning that for the duration of its existence, the Free State constitution could be amended at will by parliament. By virtue of the 1922 Constitution Act, the constitution could not be amended in a way with conflicted with the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 ratified by both the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. However the Statute of Westminster removed that restriction in 1931 as far as British (but not Irish) law was concerned. It was amended 24 times between 1925 and 1936.


text:
WNBA Rookie of the Year Award

The Women's National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) award given since the 1998 WNBA season, to the top rookie of the regular season. The winner is selected by a panel of sportswriters throughout the United States, each of whom casts a vote for first, second and third place selections. Each first-place vote is worth five points; each second-place vote is worth three points; and each third-place vote is worth one point. The player(s) with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award.

The 2003 award winner Cheryl Ford and 2011 award winner Maya Moore are the only players to win both the WNBA Rookie of the Year award and a WNBA championship in the same season.

The 2008 award winner was Candace Parker who became the first player to win the award after garnering all possible votes and also the first player to win the WNBA Most Valuable Player Award in the same season. In the NBA, only Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld have won the Most Valuable Player Award and Rookie of the Year Award in the same season.

The 2020 award winner, Crystal Dangerfield, is the first who was not chosen in the first round of the draft; she was chosen in the second round in 2020 as the 16th overall pick.

As of 2019, eight Rookie of the Year recipients have gone on to become a member of a WNBA championship team.

title: WNBA Rookie of the Year Award


text:
Presles

Presles is the name or part of the name of several places:

In France

 * Presles, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Presles, Isère, in the Isère département
 * Presles, Val-d'Oise, in the Val-d'Oise département
 * Presles-en-Brie, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Presles-et-Boves, in the Aisne département
 * Presles-et-Thierny, in the Aisne département

In Belgium

 * Presles, Belgium, a village in the municipality of Aiseau-Presles, Hainaut

title: Presles