text:
1996 British Columbia general election

The 1996 British Columbia general election was the 36th provincial election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on April 30, 1996, and held on May 28, 1996. Voter turnout was 59.1 per cent of all eligible voters. The election is notable for producing a "false-winner" outcome, rewarding a party that got second in the popular vote with a majority government.

New Democratic Party leader and provincial premier Mike Harcourt had resigned as the result of a fundraising scandal involving one of the members of his caucus. Glen Clark was chosen by the party to replace Harcourt. Clark led the party to a second majority government, defeating the Liberal Party of Gordon Campbell, who had become leader of the Liberal Party after Gordon Wilson had been forced out of the position because of his relationship with another Liberal member of the legislature, Judi Tyabji.

After Wilson was defeated by Campbell in the convention to choose a new leader, he and Tyabji left the Liberal Party to establish the Progressive Democratic Alliance. Wilson was able to win re-election, but Tyabji was not, who went down to defeat with all of the other candidates fielded by the new party.

The once-dominant Social Credit Party collapsed. It elected Grace McCarthy as its leader in 1993, but she was unable to make a bid to get into the legislature until 1994, when she lost a by-election in the longtime Socred stronghold of Matsqui. Soon afterward, four of its remaining six members defected to Reform BC, leaving Social Credit without official status in the legislature. One more seat was lost in a by-election, reducing the party's representation to one MLA, Cliff Serwa. Serwa retired before the election, however, leaving the party with no incumbents. Party leader Larry Gillanders withdrew from the race while the campaign was in progress, saying that all right-wing parties should unite to topple the ruling NDP. The Socreds won only 0.4% of the vote and were completely shut out of the legislature. While the party still nominally exists, it has never elected another MLA and even lost its registration from 2013 to 2016. Reform BC held on to two of its four seats.

Although the Liberals won the largest share of the popular vote, most of their votes were wasted in the outer regions of the province, and it won only 8 seats in the Vancouver area. That allowed the NDP to win 6 more seats than the opposition Liberals, eking out a majority government. This was the last election to return an NDP majority until 2020, 24 years later.

MLAs elected
{{legend|#A51B12|Abbotsford: John van Dongen}} {{legend|#F4A460|Alberni: Gerard A. Janssen}} {{legend|#F4A460|Bulkley Valley-Stikine: Bill Goodacre}} {{legend|#F4A460|Burnaby-Edmonds: Fred G. Randall}} {{legend|#F4A460|Burnaby North: Pietro Calendino}} {{legend|#F4A460|Burnaby-Willingdon: Joan Sawicki}} {{legend|#A51B12|Cariboo North: John Wilson}} {{legend|#F4A460|Cariboo South: David Zirnhelt}} {{legend|#A51B12|Chilliwack: Barry Penner}} {{legend|#F4A460|Columbia River-Revelstoke: Jim Doyle}} {{legend|#F4A460|Comox Valley: Evelyn Gillespie}} {{legend|#F4A460|Coquitlam-Maillardville: John Cashore}} {{legend|#F4A460|Cowichan-Ladysmith: Jan Pullinger}} {{legend|#A51B12|Delta North: Reni Masi}} {{legend|#A51B12|Delta South: Fred Gingell}} {{legend|#F4A460|Esquimalt-Metchosin: Moe Sihota}} {{legend|#A51B12|Fort Langley-Aldergrove: Rich Coleman}} {{legend|#F4A460|Kamloops: Cathy McGregor}} {{legend|#A51B12|Kamloops-North Thompson: Kevin Krueger}} {{legend|#F4A460|Kootenay: Erda Walsh}} {{legend|#A51B12|Langley: Lynn Stephens}} {{legend|#F4A460|Malahat-Juan de Fuca: Rick Kasper}} {{legend|#F4A460|Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows: Bill Hartley}} {{legend|#A51B12|Matsqui: Mike de Jong}} {{legend|#F4A460|Mission-Kent: Dennis Streifel}}

{{legend|#F4A460|Nanaimo: Dale Lovick}} {{legend|#F4A460|Nelson-Creston: Corky Evans}} {{legend|#F4A460|New Westminster: Graeme Bowbrick}} {{legend|#F4A460|North Coast: Dan Miller}} {{legend|#F4A460|North Island: Glenn Robertson}} {{legend|#A51B12|North Vancouver-Lonsdale: Katherine Whittred}} {{legend|#A51B12|North Vancouver-Seymour: Daniel Jarvis}} {{legend|#A51B12|Oak Bay-Gordon Head: Ida Chong}} {{legend|#A51B12|Okanagan-Boundary: Bill Barisoff}} {{legend|#A51B12|Okanagan East: John Weisbeck}} {{legend|#A51B12|Okanagan-Penticton: Rick Thorpe}} {{legend|#A51B12|Okanagan-Vernon: April Sanders}} {{legend|#A51B12|Okanagan West: Sindi Hawkins}} {{legend|#A51B12|Parksville-Qualicum: Paul Reitsma}} {{legend|#00BFFF|Peace River North: Richard Neufeld}} {{legend|#00BFFF|Peace River South: Jack Weisgerber}} {{legend|#F4A460|Port Coquitlam: Mike Farnworth}} {{legend|#A51B12|Port Moody-Burnaby Mountain: Christy Clark}} {{legend|#AA99CC|Powell River-Sunshine Coast: Gordon Wilson}} {{legend|#F4A460|Prince George-Mount Robson: Lois Boone}} {{legend|#F4A460|Prince George North: Paul Ramsey}} {{legend|#A51B12|Prince George-Omineca: Paul Nettleton}} {{legend|#A51B12|Richmond Centre: Doug Symons}} {{legend|#A51B12|Richmond East: Linda Reid}} {{legend|#A51B12|Richmond-Steveston: Geoff Plant}}

{{legend|#F4A460|Rossland-Trail: Ed Conroy}} {{legend|#A51B12|Saanich North and the Islands: Murray Coell}} {{legend|#F4A460|Saanich South: Andrew Petter}} {{legend|#A51B12|Shuswap: George Abbott}} {{legend|#F4A460|Skeena: Helmut Giesbrecht}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-Cloverdale: Bonnie McKinnon}} {{legend|#F4A460|Surrey-Green Timbers: Sue Hammell}} {{legend|#F4A460|Surrey-Newton: Penny Priddy}} {{legend|#F4A460|Surrey-Whalley: Joan Smallwood}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-White Rock: Wilf Hurd}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Burrard: Tim Stevenson}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Fraserview: Ian Waddell}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Hastings: Joy MacPhail}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Kensington: Ujjal Dosanjh}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Kingsway: Glen Clark}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Langara: Val Anderson}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Little Mountain: Gary Farrell-Collins}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Mount Pleasant: Jenny Kwan}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Point Grey: Gordon Campbell}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Quilchena: Colin Hansen}} {{legend|#F4A460|Victoria-Beacon Hill: Gretchen Brewin}} {{legend|#F4A460|Victoria-Hillside: Steve Orcherton}} {{legend|#A51B12|West Vancouver-Capilano: Jeremy Dalton}} {{legend|#A51B12|West Vancouver-Garibaldi: Ted Nebbeling}} {{legend|#F4A460|Yale-Lillooet: Harry Lali}}

Synopsis of results

 * = Open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = Incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = Previously incumbent in another riding
 * = Not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = Incumbency arose from by-election gain
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = Multiple candidates

Seats changing hands
Of the 75 seats, 23 were open, of which 21 had members who chose not to stand for reelection, and two arose from MLAs campaigning in another riding. Voters in only 20 seats changed allegiance from the previous election in 1991:

 * NDP to Liberal (12)
 * Cariboo North
 * Delta North
 * Kamloops-North Thompson
 * North Vancouver-Lonsdale
 * Oak Bay-Gordon Head
 * Okanagan-Boundary
 * Okanagan-Penticton
 * Parksville-Qualicum
 * Port Moody-Burnaby Mountain
 * Shuswap
 * Vancouver-Little Mountain
 * Vancouver-Point Grey

 * Social Credit to Liberal (5)
 * Abbotsford
 * Matsqui
 * Okanagan-Vernon
 * Okanagan West
 * Prince George-Omineca

 * Social Credit to Reform (2)
 * Peace River North
 * Peace River South

 * Liberal to Progressive Democrat (1)
 * Powell River-Sunshine Coast

title: 1996 British Columbia general election


text:
Bertrand Piccard

Bertrand Piccard FRSGS (born 1 March 1958) is a Swiss explorer, psychiatrist and environmentalist. Along with Brian Jones, he was the first to complete a non-stop balloon flight around the globe, in a balloon named Breitling Orbiter 3. He was the initiator, chairman, and pilot, with André Borschberg, of Solar Impulse, the first successful round-the-world solar-powered flight. In 2012 Piccard was awarded a Champions of the Earth award by the UN Environment Programme. He is the founder and chairman of the Solar Impulse Foundation.

Early life and education
Piccard was born in Lausanne, Switzerland. His grandfather Auguste Piccard was a balloonist and undersea explorer, and his father Jacques Piccard was an undersea explorer.

As a child, Piccard was taken to the launch of several space flights from Cape Canaveral. Initially afraid of heights, at age 16 he took up hang gliding. He developed early interests in flight and human behaviour in extreme situations. He received a degree from the University of Lausanne in psychiatry.

Career
Piccard has since become a lecturer and supervisor at the Swiss Medical Society for Hypnosis (SMSH).

Piccard obtained licences to fly balloons, airplanes, gliders, and motorized gliders. In Europe, he was one of the pioneers of hang gliding and microlight flying during the 1970s. He became the European hang-glider aerobatics champion in 1985.

Breitling Orbiter
On 1 March 1999, Piccard and Brian Jones took off in the balloon Breitling Orbiter 3, a bright red, carbon-composite, egg-shaped craft measuring sixteen feet long and seven feet in diameter, from Château d'Oex in Switzerland on the first successful non-stop balloon circumnavigation of the globe—- the first in-atmospheric circumnavigation not requiring any fuel for forward motion. Piccard and Jones, in cooperation with a team of meteorologists on the ground, maneuvered into a series of jet streams that carried them 25,361 miles to land in Egypt after a 45755 km flight lasting 19 days, 21 hours, and 47 minutes. In recognition of this accomplishment, Piccard received awards including the Harmon Trophy, the FAI Gold Air Medal and the Charles Green Salver.

Solar Impulse
During November 2003, Piccard announced a project, in cooperation with the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), for a solar-powered, long-range aircraft named Solar Impulse. Piccard began construction in 2007, and conducted brief test flights in 2009 with André Borschberg. By 2006, he had assembled a multi-disciplinary team of fifty specialists from six countries, assisted by approximately one hundred outside advisers.

The project was financed by a number of private companies and individuals in Europe. The first company to fund the project officially was Semper, after Eric Freymond was convinced of its future success by Piccard. Owing to international funding for the project, the Solar Impulse is a European craft, not a Swiss one, despite scientific and medical assistance from the EPFL and Hirslanden Clinique Cecil.

In 2010, Solar Impulse 1 (Si1) made its first nighttime flight. In 2011, it landed at Bourget Field in Paris. In 2012, it made its first intercontinental flight from Switzerland to Morocco in two legs. The first leg in the one-seater aircraft was piloted by Borschberg from Payerne, Switzerland to Madrid, Spain, and the second leg by Piccard from Madrid to Rabat, Morocco. in 2013, he and Borschberg traversed the United States from Mountain View, California to JFK Airport in New York City. There were several stops along the way, including Washington, D.C.

In 2015, Solar Impulse set out to accomplish the first round-the-world solar flight in history. The voyage consisted of multiple flights starting on 9 March and was scheduled to conclude about five months later. In order to switch pilots, stopovers were scheduled at locations in India, Myanmar, China, The United States, and southern Europe or northern Africa. Piccard piloted the ninth segment of the round-the-world trip and landed the Solar Impulse 2 (Si2) in Moffett Field in California on 24 April 2016 after three days of flying from Kalaeloa Airport, Hawaii.

André Borschberg and Piccard completed their circumnavigation of the globe with the solar-powered aircraft Solar Impulse on 26 July 2016. On the same day, they announced the creation of the World Alliance for Clean Technologies.

For his role in delivering and piloting Solar Impulse, Bertrand was awarded the Mungo Park Medal by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 2018. This was awarded jointly with André Borschberg.

The UN and the World Alliance
Piccard was named a Goodwill Ambassador for the UN Environment Programme in December 2015, partway through his solar flight around the world. Four months after the completion of the flight, during the 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Piccard and the Solar Impulse Foundation launched the UNEP-endorsed non-profit World Alliance for Clean Technologies.

In January 2018 Piccard told the Economic Times that in his travels he had collected more than 500 ideas to protect the environment that were also profitable from a total of five continents.

In May 2018, Piccard and his Foundation announced the Efficient Solutions Label, a designation given to qualifying solutions after a four-week evaluation headed by World Alliance experts. In 2021 Piccard told Forbes that the foundation had identified and certified 1000 solutions, profit-making for both companies and consumers.

Hydrogen Car Record
In 2019, Piccard set a record for the most miles driven by a hydrogen car without refueling, driving a Hyundai NEXO hydrogen-powered SUV for a total trip of 778 kilometers (483.4 miles) in Europe, with the goal to promote hydrogen technology.

Solar Impulse Foundation
Following his round-the-world solar flight with Solar Impulse, Piccard launched the Solar Impulse Foundation. Its goal is to select innovative solutions to the environmental crisis and promote them to decision-makers in order to accelerate the transition to a sustainable economy. To select these clean solutions, the Solar Impulse Foundation created the Solar Impulse Efficient Solution Label in May 2018.

This certification is attributed following a strict assessment process made by a pool of independent experts, and it recognizes both the economic profitability and environmental impact of products, processes and services. The Label is awarded to solutions which contribute to the achievement of one of the five Sustainable Development Goals related to water, energy, consumption and production, industry, cities and communities. In April 2021, Piccard and the Solar Impulse Foundation achieved its goal of selecting the first 1000 solutions.

Other activities

 * European Investment Bank (EIB), Member of the Climate and Environment Advisory Council (since 2021)

Family
Piccard's family tree includes four generations of explorers. His grandfather, Auguste Piccard, was the first to fly to the stratosphere, in 1931. His father, Jacques Piccard, was first to descend to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, in 1960. His great uncle Jean Félix Piccard and aunt Jeannette Piccard were also balloonists, and their son Donald Piccard first to fly across the English Channel in a balloon. The family's attitude, Piccard once explained, is that being told that something is impossible is "exactly why we try to do it."

Personal life
Piccard is married with three children.

Awards and honours

 * Honorary Professor and Honorary Doctor of Science and Letters
 * Mungo Park Medal 2018 of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
 * Gold Medal of Youth and Sport
 * Harmon Trophy
 * Hubbard Medal (1999)
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1999)
 * FAI Gold Air Medal
 * Winner of the first trans-Atlantic balloon race (1992 Chrysler Challenge)
 * Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg Légion d'Honneur (Chevalier)
 * Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_Officier_ribbon_(Maroc).svg Officer of the Order of the Alawites
 * Médaille de l'aéronautique

Works

 * Changer d'Altitude (Éditions Stock, Paris) 2014 ISBN 978-2-234-07725-6
 * The Greatest Adventure (Headline, London) 1999 ISBN 0-7472-7128-3 or Around the world in 20 Days (same content published by Wiley, New York) 1999 ISBN 0-471-37820-8 — pictured
 * Quand le vent souffle dans le sens de ton chemin (out of print) 1993 ISBN 2883930104
 * Une trace dans le ciel (Robert Laffont, Paris) 1999 ISBN 2-8289-0881-X

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bertrand Piccard


text: User talk:81.28.38.21

title: User talk:81.28.38.21


text:
Phi Kappa Tau

Phi Kappa Tau (ΦΚΤ), commonly known as Phi Tau, is a collegiate fraternity located in the United States. The fraternity was founded in 1906. As of May 2024, the fraternity has 161 chartered chapters, 83 active chapters, 7 associate chapters, and about 3,900 collegiate members. SeriousFun Children's Network, founded by Beta chapter alumnus Paul Newman, is Phi Kappa Tau's National Philanthropy. According to its Constitution, Phi Kappa Tau is one of the few social fraternities that accepts both graduate students and undergraduates.

History
Phi Kappa Tau Fraternity (commonly called Phi Tau) was founded in the Union Literary Society Hall of Miami University's Old Main Building in Oxford, Ohio on March 17, 1906. The four founders were Taylor A. Borradaile, Clinton D. Boyd, Dwight I. Douglass, and William H. Shideler.

The fraternity was founded as the Non-Fraternity Association to give Miami's non-fraternity men a voice in campus political affairs. The name was changed to Phrenocon on March 6, 1909. The two proposed names were the "Miami Friends" and the "Miami Comrades", which were combined to form "Frenocom". "Phrenocon" was an alternate spelling of "Frenocom", the idea being to make the name sound more Greek.

Phrenocon became "national" in 1911 when an organization of independent men known as the Ohio University Union chose to form the Ohio University chapter of Phrenocon. Additional Phrenocon chapters were established at Ohio State University, Centre College, Mount Union College, and the University of Illinois. At Miami, Phrenocon began to have difficulty retaining members by the early 1910s. Often, men would join Phrenocon, but later withdraw their membership and join Greek-letter fraternities. In fact, the Miami chapters of Delta Tau Delta and Sigma Alpha Epsilon were founded by Phrenocon members. For that reason, the Miami chapter withdrew from the National Phrenocon and adopted the name Phi Kappa Tau on March 9, 1916. Since 1919, Phi Kappa Tau has published a magazine, The Laurel. Previously, the magazine was known as Sidelights. The rest of the chapters agreed to the name change on December 21 of that year and invited Miami to return to the national organization as the Alpha chapter of Phi Kappa Tau. Eta chapter at Muhlenberg College was the first chapter to charter after the change to Phi Kappa Tau. As part of their risk management policy, Phi Kappa Tau prohibits chapters from engaging in hazing and underage drinking. Phi Kappa Tau is committed to ensuring the well-being and safety of its members by implementing measures that prioritize their welfare and promote a positive and supportive environment. The fraternity recognizes a National Hazing Prevention Week in late September.

Phi Kappa Tau has been a member since 1916 of the North American Interfraternity Conference (NIC), a consortium of national men's social fraternities.

Phi Kappa Tau Foundation
The Phi Kappa Tau Foundation was created in 1945 as a separate charitable organization. The Foundation's significant expansion began in 1983 with the announcement of a challenge gift of over $1 million from Ewing T. Boles, a member of fraternity's Delta chapter at Centre College. The Boles gift was the largest gift to a fraternity or sorority foundation up until that time and became the lead gift in a $3.2-million capital campaign. That same year Boles was named an Honorary Founder by Phi Kappa Tau. Boles left an additional bequest of over $3 million to the Foundation upon his death. Its current assets exceed $15 million.

Organization and leadership
Phi Kappa Tau chapters consist of Resident Councils, comprising current collegiate members, and Graduate Councils, which include all alumni or those who have departed from their educational institutions. Each chapter council is granted a vote at the National Convention, the fraternity's supreme governing body that convenes biennially. This convention is responsible for electing the National Council, which acts as the fraternity's board of directors and oversees its governance in the intervals between conventions.

Executive offices of the Phi Kappa Tau Fraternity and Foundation are in Oxford, Ohio. Michael McCrum (Texas State) is national president and Douglas C. Adams (Miami University) is chair of the Phi Kappa Tau Foundation.

Controversies
In 2003, Bradley University student Robert Schmalz, age 22, died from alcohol poisoning during a rush week event. The event happened shortly before the university received a national award for its efforts to reduce alcohol abuse.

In November 2006, the Phi Kappa Tau Upsilon chapter at Nebraska Wesleyan University experienced the death of Ryan Stewart, age 19, and the critical injury of three other students in an early morning house fire. The fraternity's national officers imposed a four year suspension on the chapter after the citation of three chapter members for hazing unrelated to the house fire and the arrest of the chapter's rush president for an incident of attempted first-degree arson occurring the same night as the house fire, but, according to the Lincoln Police Department, unrelated to the house fire itself. Eyewitnesses reported fireworks being lit off earlier that morning, with investigators later finding several fireworks prohibited by University code, and of a type illegal in the state of Nebraska, in and around the house. Investigators also found marijuana, glass pipes, and items covered in blood in the house. The student-body president of the university, a chapter member, repudiated the disciplinary action undertaken by the University and the fraternity's National Convention by noting how the chapter, "[felt] betrayed by our university and by our national council." He added that charges filed by Lincoln Police Department against three of the chapter's members were “completely bogus." The house was renovated and members moved back in the house after a six year gap in a charter from the National Convention and a lack of University recognition. This incident caused sprinklers to be installed in every building affiliated with the University and alcohol to be prohibited from university-recognized Greek housing.

In 2007, Gary DeVercelly Jr., age 18, died from alcohol poisoning while pledging the fraternity at Rider University. The chapter was dissolved, and three students were indicted in the death with one receiving three years' probation. Atypically, two university officials were also indicted, although charges against the officials were later dropped.

In 2012, the College of William & Mary suspended Phi Kappa Tau for three years due to a repeated history of hazing, culminating in an incident when something was stolen from Colonial Williamsburg during a scavenger hunt held for new recruits.

In October 2013, the Phi Kappa Tau chapter at the Georgia Institute of Technology was suspended after an email from one member to other members titled "Luring your rapebait." While the email's author subsequently released an apology, the chapter was suspended by the school's Office of Student Integrity until 2017 after a university investigation concluded that the chapter engaged in a "pattern of sexual violence that suggests a deep-rooted culture within the fraternity that is obscene, indecent and endangers women." A lawsuit was filed in 2014 against the national and local chapter by two plaintiffs who claim they were raped by a fraternity member. The suit states that the alleged rapist has been expelled from Georgia Tech.

In 2016, the Miami University suspended the fraternity for at least four years for forcing pledges to participate in abusive workouts, be held overnight against their will, and act as servants by cleaning members' rooms and writing their papers for them. Phi Kappa Tau's Miami chapter had been previously suspended for a fireworks battle with neighboring Sigma Alpha Epsilon in 2012 which led to police discovering drugs and drug paraphernalia in the groups' houses.

Chapters
As of May 2024, Phi Kappa Tau reports chartering 161 chapters since its founding, with 83 active chapters and 7 Associate chapters.

Further information

 * Anson, Jack L., The Golden Jubilee History of Phi Kappa Tau, Lawhead Press, Athens Ohio: 1957
 * Ball, Charles T., From Old Main to a New Century: A History of Phi Kappa Tau, Heritage Publishers, Phoenix: 1996  ISBN 0-929690-29-X

title: Phi Kappa Tau


text:
Fabricius

Fabricius (smith, Schmied, Schmidt) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * people from the Ancient Roman gens Fabricia:
 * Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, the first of the Fabricii to move to Rome
 * Johann Goldsmid (1587–1616), known by his Latinized name Johann Fabricius, and son of David Fabricius (1564–1617). Astronomer who discovered the variability of the star Mira Ceti in 1596.
 * Carel Fabritius (sometimes spelled Fabricius, 1622–1654), Dutch painter
 * David Fabricius (1564–1617), German theologian and astronomer, discoverer of the variable star Mira
 * Ernst Fabricius (1857–1942), German historian, archaeologist and classical scholar
 * Georg Fabricius (1516–1571), German poet, historian and archaeologist
 * Hieronymus Fabricius or Girolamo Fabrizio (1537–1619), Italian anatomist
 * Hildanus Fabricius (Wilhelm Fabry) (1560–1634), German anatomist and surgeon
 * Jan Fabricius (1871-1964), Dutch journalist and playwright
 * Johan Fabricius (1899–1981), Dutch writer, journalist and adventurer
 * Johann Fabricius (1608-1653), German orientalist, professor of Hebrew at Rostock
 * Johann Albert Fabricius (1668–1736), German classical scholar, publisher, and librarian
 * Johann Phillip Fabricius (1711–1791), German Christian missionary in southern India
 * Johan Christian Fabricius (1745–1808), Danish botanist and entomologist
 * Johannes Fabricius, (1587–1615) Frisian astronomer, discoverer of sunspots, son of David Fabricius
 * Nanna Øland Fabricius (1985–) Danish singer-songwriter, great-great-granddaughter of Otto Fabricius
 * Otto Fabricius (1744–1822) Danish missionary, naturalist, ethnographer and explorer of Greenland
 * Philipp Conrad Fabricius (1714–1774), German botanist
 * Werner Fabricius, German composer, father of Johann Albert Fabricius
 * Wilhelm Fabricius, German ambassador to Romania under Hitler
 * Alexander Carpenter, Latinized Fabricius, (fl. 1429), English religious philosopher and author
 * B. Fabricius, pseudonym of Heinrich Theodor Dittrich, German philologist and librarian

title: Fabricius


text: User talk:193.24.32.36

title: User talk:193.24.32.36


text:
Talk:Farringdon station

Untitled
I changed the claim that it's in the City,. I think the City border is south of there, maybe running along the north side of Smithfield meat market, and if so it is in Islington. I will try and nip round there and check some time but for now I am reasonably confident that this is correct. Nevilley 08:02, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You are right. It is in Islington, just across the road from Camden.  Morwen 08:28, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep. I walked round there on Friday: definitely Islington. Nevilley 00:05, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well spotted - my London street map shows that it's literally a few yards inside Islington! -- ChrisO 09:09, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes - if you walk along Charterhouse St (N side of Smithfield) then the N side of the road is Islington - although of course many of the street signs still say Finsbury! - and the south side is the City. Ansd the road that the station is actually on, whose names escapes me right now, is wholly inside Islington. It's an odd, and very interesting area round there. Nevilley 10:29, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure the new Barbican entrance to the (Elizabeth Line) station is in The City. 82.46.163.160 (talk) 11:15, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

Merger of Farringdon into this article
I have previously contended on Wikipedia that there is no actual area called "Farringdon" in London, other than two wards of the City, Farringdon Within and Farringdon Without. People sometimes call the immediate environs of the station "Farringdon", but then people use rail/tube station names as a handy way of referring to areas all the time - this doesn't mean, for example that Liberty's department store is in an area called Oxford Circus, or that Borough Market is "in" London Bridge. Nor does it mean that there is an area called Farringdon, distinct from Clerkenwell/Holborn/Smithfield Market. Another user (Mrsteviec) brought the following source to my attention:

 * quote from Mills, A., Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names, (2000): "Farringdon, Islington. Station named from Farringdon Road which was constructed in 1845-6, this being a continuation of Farringdon Street in the City which was built over the Fleet river in 1737. All preserve the name Farringdon, one of the ancient wards in the City, which was so called from two of its alderman in the early 13th Century, William and Nicholas de Faringdon."

This supports what I am saying. The Farringdon article has been battled over at length by myself and Mrsteviec, and all this discussion has done is bring me back to my original conention - that there is no such "area" as Farringdon, and that the article should be deleted /merged to here. I propose adding wording to this article on the station to the effect that people often refer to the area around the station (which is in fact in Clerkenwell) as Farringdon, and setting up a redirect here from Farringdon. --SandyDancer 15:02, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The quote doesn't support that Farringdon isn't a placename it all especially given it is from a dictionary of placenemes. See Talk:Farringdon.

 * Yes. I agree that Farringdon is a placename. The place in question being a railway station. That is why Mills refers to "Farringdon, Islington. Station named from Farringdon Road" - the dictionary emhpatically does notsay that Farringdon is a district/area/locale of London. Just read it again with a cool head. --SandyDancer 18:14, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Whether the area was named after the area or both were named after the road is immaterial both now exist as separate entities. 62.49.61.203 15:40, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry forgot to sign in Wilmot1 15:42, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Having worked extensively on the Smithfield, London article (and having tried to sort out a similar problem, i.e. how to distinguish the area from the market), I second Wilmot1 in that today the Farringdon area exists independenly of the station, witness the number of people, companies, services, pubs and restaurants, venues that refer to Farringdon as the area where they are located. Whether the Farringdon article has enough materials to live on its own has little to do with the fact that the area exists with this name and is perceived as such by the people who live and work there. My suggestion would be to expand the historical/geographical sections in the Farringdon article and move to the present article all materials that are only relevant to rail and tube transport. E.g. the impact of the planned Crossrail station on the area would definitely need to stay under the Farringdon station article, whereas more general materials on the history of this area and its relation to adjacent areas (Smithfield, Clerkenwel) should go to the other article. --DarTar (talk) 23:17, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * "there is no actual area called "Farringdon" in London"
 * "people use rail/tube station names as a handy way of referring to areas all the time"
 * Self-contradiction. 82.46.163.160 (talk) 11:18, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Crossrail icon.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:00, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Making references more useful and informative
This fixes a number of issues:
 * Convert bare references to use cite template to make them more informative and to avoid linkrot.
 * Add archiveurl and archivedate to all web references in case the original referenced material ceases to be available.
 * Remove redundant accessdate information.

 * References that include the article title, author, publication name, publisher and publication date are much more useful to readers than a bare URL. The cite template provides a simple way to add that extra information.
 * Replace web with news for newspaper references.
 * Add PDF or DOC after the url parameter where appropriate.
 * Archiving the referenced web content also preserves a separate copy just in case the original URL stops working.
 * Adding archive data to references through the archiveurl and archivedate parameters is further aided by the fact that the Internet Archive Wayback Machine now supports on-demand archiving of content.
 * Once the original publication date and/or archivedate have been recorded, the accessdate is irrelevant and should be removed.

Similar work is needed on the majority of rail and tube station pages, but there is just too much of it for one person to tackle in a reasonable timeframe.

Any volunteers? -- 79.67.255.56 (talk) 13:44, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

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The Screaming Spectre
I heard Farringdon Station is (supposedly) haunted by a ghost called 'The Screaming Spectre'. Can we include that? VenomousConcept (talk) 22:03, 3 May 2020 (UTC)
 * , if you can provide a reliable source for it, then in principle yes. -mattbuck (Talk) 22:11, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

Digression
The paragraphs about The Elizabeth Line (Crossrail) and 4 lines modernisation and Thameslink are not especially relevant to Farringdon and go into detail that would make more sense in separate articles about those projects/railways. 82.46.163.160 (talk) 10:32, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

Sub Surface Lines
I think this section is not appropriate to an article on a particular station served by the SSL, but I have nevertheless undertaken a clarification.

The four so-called 'lines' of the SSL are better understood as service patterns on the SSL network. During engineering works, for example, diversionary routes are used that don't follow the usual coloured line routes, and there's no technical reason why trains shouldn't run from (say) Upminster to Uxbridge. Hypothetically, the H&C line could cease to exist - it is either sharing track the Circle (and Met) Line or the District Line (with the small exception of Aldgate <-> Liverpool Street.)

The four lines have not been grouped together for modernisation - they are a single (sub) network and where two or three "lines" are sharing track, platforms, etc, they must share a signalling system. The upgrade will of course be phased, but that can't be done in "line" based phases. 82.46.163.160 (talk) 11:32, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Farringdon station


text:
Scratch

Scratch or scratching may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Scratch (programming language), an educational programming language developed by the MIT Media Lab
 * Scratch space, space on the hard disk drive that is dedicated for only temporary storage
 * Scratching, a technique used in recrystallization
 * Scratch reflex, a response to activation of sensory neurons
 * "Scratches", a synonym for mud fever, an infection occurring in horses

Fictional characters

 * Scratch (robot), in the TV show Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog
 * Scratch, from the Gobots series
 * Scratch, a skid-steer digger in Bob the Builder
 * Scratch (The Ghost and Molly McGee), the titular ghost in the animated television series The Ghost and Molly McGee

Films

 * Scratch (2001 film), a documentary film about disc jockeys and hip-hop culture
 * Scratch (2008 film), a Polish drama film
 * Scratch (2010 film), a short film produced by Breakthru Films
 * Scratch (2015 film), a Canadian musical drama film

Concepts

 * Scratch, a technique of playing dampened guitar strings
 * Scratching, moving a vinyl record back and forth on a turntable
 * A participatory public performance such as Scratch Messiah
 * Scratch band, a band that plays fungi music

Groups and musicians

 * Scratch (musician), American hip-hop artist
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry (1936-2021), Jamaican reggae and dub artist
 * Scratch Orchestra, an English experimental musical ensemble
 * Scratch Track, an American band

Albums

 * Scratch (Kenny Barron album), 1985
 * Scratch (Kaela Kimura album), 2000
 * Scratch (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the 2001 documentary Scratch
 * Scratch, 1974 live album by The Crusaders
 * Peter Gabriel (1978 album), a self-titled album also referred to as Scratch

Songs

 * "Scratch", by Crash Crew from the album The Crash Crew
 * "Scratch", by Morphine from the album Yes
 * "Scratch", by The Surfaris from the album Hit City '64

Visual art

 * Scratchboard, a visual arts medium
 * Scratching, a technique or variation of graffiti (street art)

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Scratch (magazine), a hip-hop magazine
 * Scratch Radio, a community radio station in Birmingham, England
 * Scratches (video game), a horror adventure game released in 2006

Sports

 * Scratch (horse), a French Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Scratch in horse racing, the removal of a horse from a race before it is run
 * Scratch in pocket billiards games, the pocketing of the cue ball
 * Scratch golfer, a golfer with a handicap of zero
 * Scratch race, a track cycling race in which all riders start together
 * Scratch track (disambiguation), several meanings

Other uses

 * Scratch, a small amount of extra money
 * Old Scratch or Mr Scratch, a figure in American mythology representing the devil
 * Scratch building, creation, from raw materials, of architectural scale models
 * Scratchcard (or scratch card, or scratcher), a small card with one or more areas containing concealed information which can be revealed by scratching off an opaque covering
 * Scratchings, a snack made from pork rind
 * Scratch reflex, a response to activation of sensory neurons
 * Scratchpad (disambiguation)

title: Scratch


text:
Talk:Ladakh

Religion in ladakh
In Ladakh there are only two religions 1st Islam 2nd Buddhism.And in this UT there are no Hindus but in the article it shows 12% of population are Hindus ,it's totally wrong Murtaza Mutahhary (talk) 08:27, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Nope, it isn't wrong. There are many, per census 2011. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 12:17, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 March 2024
There are two religions mainly in Ladakh ,Islam and Buddhism. And in this UT there are no Hindus and other religion. Kindly make it correct immediately.Change X to Y Murtaza Mutahhary (talk) 19:51, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * According to the last official census in 2011, there were more than 12% Hindus in the region. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 19:53, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Census of 2011
this census shows incorrect data about the religion. Murtaza Mutahhary (talk) 19:54, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * No it doesn't. It is official. So either you are trolling or have an agneda against a particular religious group. Stop pushing this again and again. You might get reported. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 19:56, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 April 2024
محمد شفیع ساگر (talk) 01:16, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ The infobox needed cleanup per 'Demographics' section. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 10:42, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ladakh


text:
Nowa Huta

Nowa Huta (, literally "The New Steel Mill") is the easternmost district of Kraków, Poland. With more than 200,000 inhabitants, it is one of the most populous areas of the city. Until 1990, the neighbouring districts were considered expansions of the original Nowa Huta district, and were linked by the same tramway system. They are now separate districts of Kraków.

Nowa Huta is one of the largest planned socialist realist settlements or districts ever built (another being Magnitogorsk in Russia) and "one of the most renowned examples of deliberate social engineering" in the entire world. Built as a utopian ideal city, its street hierarchy, layout and certain grandeur of buildings often resemble Paris or London. The high abundance of parks and green areas in Nowa Huta make it the greenest corner of Kraków.

History
The historic area of present-day Nowa Huta is one of the few places in Poland settled continuously since the neolithic age. Archaeological research has discovered a large Celtic and West Slavic settlement. In the 8th century, a mound was erected nearby by the Vistulans tribe. According to legend, the Wanda Mound is a tomb of Wanda, daughter of Krakus, a mythical founder of Kraków. In the 13th century, a Cistercian monastery in the village of Mogiła was built.

In the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century, during the partitions of Poland and up to World War I, the outskirts of Nowa Huta constituted a border between territories controlled by Austria-Hungary and Russia. One can find historic Austro-Hungarian fortresses there, as well as one of Europe's oldest permanent airfields (Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport, currently housing the Polish Aviation Museum).

Following the Vistula–Oder Offensive in 1945, the Socialist government had encountered substantial resistance to their new regime from middle-class residents of Kraków. A referendum held by the authorities was soundly defeated by the people of Kraków – a major cause of embarrassment to the government. To "correct the class imbalance", the authorities commenced building a satellite industrial city to attract people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to the region, such as peasants and the working-class.

Nowa Huta was created in 1949 as a separate city near Kraków, on terrain repossessed by the Socialist government from the former villages of Mogiła, Pleszów and Krzesławice. It was planned as a colossal center of heavy industry. The city was intended to become an ideal city for Socialist propaganda, and populated primarily by industrial workers. In 1951, it became a part of the city of Kraków as its new district, and in the following year, construction of tramway connections was underway.

On July 22, 1954, the Vladimir Lenin Steelworks was opened, and in less than twenty years, the factory became the largest steel mill in Poland. In the 1960s, the city expanded rapidly. The monumental architecture of the Plac Centralny (Central Square) was surrounded by colossal apartment blocks. In the 1970s, steel production reached seven million tons annually. At the same time, the largest tobacco factory in Poland was opened there, as well as a colossal cement factory.

The reasons for building such an industrial city near Kraków were primarily ideological, because coal needed to be transported from Silesia, and iron ore needed to be transported from the Soviet Union, while the products were shipped to other parts of Poland, due to local demand for steel being relatively small. Such disadvantages became visible in the 1980s, when the economic crisis halted the city's growth. Nevertheless, the primacy of political reasons for choosing this location is not obvious. Kraków was a center of learning, with established schools of engineering and scientific research departments, providing the necessary expertise along with qualified staff. The presence of good railway links for bringing raw materials and the proximity of the river to supply water also played a role. The site was elevated high enough to avoid flooding, and the historic villages that it replaced were relatively small. All of the above factors quickly made the investment pay off.

In line with the then policy of state atheism, one significant type of building lacking from the original urban design of Nowa Huta was a Roman Catholic church. However, the public campaign to construct such a building lasted several years. As early as 1960, inhabitants of Nowa Huta began applying for consent to build a church. During the same year, violent street demonstrations with riot police erupted over a wooden cross that was erected without a permit. The locals were supported by then Bishop Karol Wojtyla, the future Pope John Paul II, who began hosting outdoor Christmas Eve Midnight Masses in 1959, regardless of weather, and replaced the cross every time that it was removed. In 1967, permits to build the desired church were granted, and the Arka Pana (Lord's Ark) Church was under construction from 1969 to 1977. The complex was consecrated by Wojtyla in May 1977. Wojtyla himself, after his ascension to the papacy in 1978, intended to visit Nowa Huta during his first papal pilgrimage in 1979, but was not permitted to do so.

During the 1980s, Nowa Huta became a city of many demonstrations and violent street protests of the Solidarity movement, fought by the police. At that time, almost 29,000 of the 38,000 workers of the Lenin Steelworks belonged to the Solidarity trade union.

Before 1956 (socialist realism)
The design movement of socialist realism in Poland, as in other member-states of the Warsaw Pact, was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular accomplishments were made in the field of architecture. The main lines of this new trend were very precisely indicated in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was an extremely important weapon to the creators of a new social order. It was intended to help to form a socialist theme – the ideas sparking citizens' consciousness and outlook on life. During this great work, a crucial role fell to the architect, who wasn't perceived as merely an engineer creating streets and edifices, but as an "engineer of the human soul". The general outlook of a building was more valued than its simple aesthetics. It needed to express social ideas, to arouse a feeling of persistence and power.

Since the style of the Renaissance was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also intended to become Poland's socialist national format. However, in the course of incorporating the principles of socialist realism, there were a number of deviations observed. One of these was to more closely reflect Soviet architecture, which resulted in the majority of works blending into one another; and finally, the general acceptance of the classicist form. From 1953, critical opinions were increasingly frequently heard, and the doctrine was finally given up in 1956. To this day, the socrealist city center is considered a monument of architecture.

After 1956
Following the political liberalization of the Polish October in 1956, it became possible to introduce modernist style in architecture. Polish architects were allowed to visit Stockholm to learn about the newest solutions in urban design. As a result, the so-named "Swedish" apartment block was developed according to Le Corbusier guidelines. Among other buildings from that era, the Światowid cinema is worth noting. In the 1980s, the first postmodernist buildings were built, a notable example being the Centrum E housing estate. In the 1970s and 1980s, many apartment blocks were built using plattenbau.

Nowa Huta's central "Avenue of Roses" featured a nationally known statue of Vladimir Lenin, unveiled on April 28, 1973. The bronze monument was pulled down in 1989 by the city, as a result of numerous protests by local citizens. Several thousand onlookers came to watch the dismantling.

Sacral architecture should also be noted, particularly the Arka Pana (Lord's Ark) Church, which was built to resemble Noah's Ark. It was designed by the architects Wojciech Pietrzyk and Jan Grabacki, with the design being influenced by Le Corbusier's Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp.

Nowa Huta today
Since the fall of the USSR, the city that was once a showpiece for Stalinism now boasts many tributes to ardent opponents of the ideology. Streets formerly named after Vladimir Lenin and the Cuban Revolution have been renamed to honor Pope John Paul II and the Polish World War II hero Władysław Anders. Other streets were renamed after Edward Rydz-Śmigły and Ignacy Mościcki, politicians of the pre-World War II Sanation government. In 2004, Plac Centralny, Nowa Huta's central square, which once was home to a giant statue of Lenin – on display at the High Chaparral Museum in Hillerstorp, Sweden, was renamed ''Plac Centralny im. Ronalda Reagana'' (Ronald Reagan Central Square) in honor of the former US President. However, this decision led to many objections, and the traditional name is still widely used. In 2014, a bright green statue of a urinating Lenin was installed as part of an arts festival.

Cultural significance

 * Nowa Huta is the location of an award-winning film by Andrzej Wajda, titled Man of Marble (Człowiek z marmuru), based on the true story of the rise and fall of a Stakhanovite bricklayer who helped build the new model socialist city during the course of Stalinism in Poland. Man of Marble, made in the mid-1970s, presaged the Solidarity labour union movement in Gdańsk that was ultimately responsible for overthrowing the Stalinist regime in Poland, as the film begins in Nowa Huta and ends in Gdańsk. The term "Man of Marble" presented in this film also contrasts the name of Joseph Stalin himself, whose last name means "Man of Steel".

 * When the district was built in the 1950s, songs promoted by propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland included the widely popular hit single: "O Nowej to Hucie piosenka" ("This Song is about Nowa Huta"), still widely remembered to this day, especially by many older Poles.
 * Nowa Huta has figured prominently in Polish literature since its very beginning. The earliest works focused on ideological progress and on the conflict between the "bourgeois city" (Kraków) and its new Socialist district of Nowa Huta (a "Party bastion"). Among writers on this topic were Marian Brandys (Początek opowieści, 1951) and Tadeusz Konwicki (Przy budowie, 1950). A hefty supply of short poems included Jalu Kurek's "Z nowej Huty pocztówka" (1953; a city park (pl) was named after him for this particular work), and future Nobel laureate Wisława Szymborska ("Na powitanie budowy socjalistycznego miasta", 1952, from the collection of Stalinist paeans of praise known as "Dlatego żyjemy"). Although Nowa Huta disappeared from literary narratives after the period of Socialist realism, it returned during the 1980s when it became the hotbed of struggle against Socialism, and later, during the 1990s, when it became a symbol of the new post-Socialist reality stemming from both its socialist and anti-socialist past.
 * Poland's first ever opera, written in 1794 by Wojciech Bogusławski, known as "The Presumed Miracle, or the Krakovians and the Highlanders" (Cud mniemany, czyli Krakowiacy i Górale), is set in the historic village of Mogiła, which Nowa Huta was built over. The two newest housing estates are named after the play: osiedle Krakowiaków ("Krakóvians Estate") and osiedle Górali ("Highlanders Estate"). The opera by Bogusławski was also the first theater production played at the opening of the district's legendary Teatr Ludowy ("People's Theater").
 * "Oedipus – a tragedy from Nowa Huta" is a play based on the ancient Greek myth of Oedipus, premiered in Łaźnia Nowa Theater, under direction of Bartosz Szydłowski.

Cultural venues

 * Teatr Ludowy (People's Theater), Nowa Huta's original theater venue.
 *  art-house cinema
 * Cyprian Norwid Cultural Center
 * Cyprian Norwid Cultural Center
 * Cyprian Norwid Cultural Center

Landmarks

 * Wanda Mound (Kopiec Wandy)
 * Mogiła Abbey (Cistercian abbey) (1225)
 * Jan Matejko Manor, Krzesławice
 * Branice Manor
 * Church of Saint Wenceslaus (1226)
 * Church of Saint Bartholomew (1466)
 * Austro-Hungarian fortresses: Batowice, Mistrzejowice, Dłubnia, Krzesławice, Grębałów, Mogiła
 * Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks (formerly Huta Lenina im. Kraków (Vladimir Lenin Steelworks))
 * Plac Centralny, and Aleja Róż (Avenue of Roses) architecture
 * Arka Pana (Lord's Ark) Church and Chapel of Conciliation, Bieńczyce
 * Polish Aviation Museum, Czyżyny
 * Branch of the Historical Museum of Kraków, History of Nowa Huta

Notable people

 * Marcin Cabaj
 * Jerzy Fedorowicz
 * Michał Pazdan
 * Ireneusz Raś
 * Paulina Dudek (Dudziszon)
 * Józef Szajna
 * Marcin Wasilewski

Industry

 * Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks (Huta im. Tadeusza Sendzimira), owned by Mittal Steel Company
 * Kraków Power Station (Elektrociepłownia Kraków)
 * Philip Morris Cigarette Company
 * Comarch, an international software house
 * INTERIA.PL, a company operating Poland's third-largest web portal

Education

 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology
 * Academy of Physical Education (AWF)

Sport
Nowa Huta is home to several of Kraków's notable sports clubs. Rich in history, Hutnik Nowa Huta football club has sizeable support in the city, as does Kraków's only speedway club, Wanda Kraków.

The Kraków Speedway Stadium is a 12,000 all-seated stadium on Odmogile road. It has hosted notable events such as the 1960 Poland versus England international that attracted a crowd of 25,000 and a qualifying round of the Speedway World Team Cup in 1964.

title: Nowa Huta


text:
Kristy McNichol

Christina Ann McNichol (born September 11, 1962) is an American former actress. Beginning her career as a child actress, she rose to fame in 1976 with her portrayal of teenaged daughter Letitia "Buddy" Lawrence in the TV drama Family for which she won two Emmy Awards. Subsequent roles included Angel in the film Little Darlings, Polly in Only When I Laugh, and Barbara Weston in the TV sitcom Empty Nest. McNichol retired from acting in 2001.

Early life, family and education

McNichol was born on September 11, 1962, in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of James and Carolyn McNichol. Her father was a carpenter and her mother worked odd jobs to support the family, including as a secretary, cosmetics salesperson, and movie extra. McNichol is Scottish/Irish on her father's side and her mother is of Lebanese descent.

Career
She appeared with her brother Jimmy McNichol in commercials and later, on her own, in guest appearances on such other series as Starsky & Hutch, The Bionic Woman, Love, American Style, and The Love Boat, thanks to family friend Desi Arnaz. Her first stint as a series regular came in the role of Patricia Apple in the short-lived television series Apple's Way (1974).

In 1976, she was cast as Letitia "Buddy" Lawrence in the television drama series Family (1976–80). She was nominated for the Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Dramatic Series three years in a row (1977–79), winning in 1977 and 1979. In 1980, she was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Family.

In 1977, she appeared in the TV special The Carpenters at Christmas, performing several musical numbers with the duo. In 1978, Jimmy and she made their foray into music, recording the album Kristy and Jimmy McNichol for RCA Records (AFL1-2875). Produced by Phil Margo and Mitch Margo, it included the singles "He's So Fine" (a cover of The Chiffons' 1963 hit), which peaked at number 70 on the Billboard chart and "Page by Page". The McNichols promoted the album at New York's Studio 54 discothèque with other celebrities. In 1978, McNichol performed with Jimmy in a second Carpenters' holiday special, titled The Carpenters: A Christmas Portrait.

McNichol was one of the bigger teen stars of that era. She appeared on talk shows such as The Mike Douglas Show and Dinah!, and made several appearances on Battle of the Network Stars and other celebrity-based sports shows. In 1978, she starred in the acclaimed TV movie Summer of My German Soldier.

McNichol began her film career in 1977 in Black Sunday, but her scenes were cut. In 1978, she starred with Burt Reynolds and Sally Field in the black comedy The End.

In 1980, she played one of the leading roles in the hit coming-of-age movie Little Darlings, which also starred Tatum O'Neal, with Matt Dillon and Cynthia Nixon in supporting roles. Her performance was acclaimed by many reviewers, including those who disliked the film. Later in 1980, she appeared with Dennis Quaid and Mark Hamill in The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia, for which she received a six-figure salary—unprecedented for a teenager. In 1981, she co-starred in Neil Simon's Only When I Laugh and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.

McNichol was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her performance in the 1982 movie The Pirate Movie. The same year, she suffered an emotional breakdown while playing the lead role in the comedy-drama Just the Way You Are that was being filmed in France. She later told People magazine that she could not sleep and she cried the entire time she was in France. She had nightmares when she did sleep and she cried on set. She did not return to the production after Christmas to finish the movie; filming had to be interrupted for a year while McNichol recovered. She later said that the breakdown had been caused by the pressures of her childhood career, as well as the pressure to hide her sexuality from the public..

In 1986, McNichol appeared in Women of Valor, a TV movie about American nurses in a World War II Japanese POW camp. She made two theatrical films in 1988: You Can't Hurry Love and Two Moon Junction.

In the same year, she began the role of Barbara Weston on Empty Nest, a spin-off of The Golden Girls. She left the show in 1992 after being diagnosed with bipolar disorder but returned for its final episode in 1995. It was her last on-screen performance. However, she later voiced characters in the animated TV series Extreme Ghostbusters (1997) and Invasion America (1998).

Later life
In June 2001, McNichol announced that she had retired from acting. Her publicist released this statement: "A lot of people have wondered what I've been up to. I retired from my career after 24 years. My feeling was that it was time to play my biggest part – myself! I must say that it has been the best thing that ever happened to me. So many fans are disappointed that I'm not currently acting; however, some may not realize that the process I'm in at this time is necessary and vital for my personal happiness and well-being."

After her retirement, McNichol taught acting at a private school in Los Angeles and devoted much of her time to charity work. In 2012, McNichol ended years of speculation when she revealed that she is a lesbian and has lived with her partner Martie Allen since the early 1990s. She made the statement in the hopes that her openness would help young people who are bullied because of their sexual orientation. McNichol also made it clear in the same statement that she has no plans to return to acting.

Wins

 * 1977 :Emmy for Family
 * 1979 :Emmy for Family
 * 1980 :People's Choice Award for "Favorite Young Motion Picture Actress"
 * 1982 :Young Artist Award for Only When I Laugh

Nominations

 * 1978 :Emmy for Family
 * 1979 :Golden Globe for Family
 * 1980 :Emmy for Family
 * Young Artist Award for Family

 * 1981 :Young Artist Award for My Old Man and Little Darlings
 * 1982 :Golden Globe for Only When I Laugh

title: Kristy McNichol


text:
User:Auximines/sandbox

Differentiate x squared
$f(x) = x^2$

$\frac{d}{dx}(f(x)) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}$

$ \begin{alignat}{4} \frac{d}{dx}(x^2)\,\, &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{(x+h)^2 - x^2}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{x^2 + 2xh + h^2 - x^2}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{2xh + h^2}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} 2x + h \\ &= 2x \end{alignat} $

Differentiate x cubed
$f(x) = x^3$

$\frac{d}{dx}(f(x)) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}$

$ \begin{alignat}{4} \frac{d}{dx}(x^3)\,\, &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{(x+h)^3 - x^3}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{x^3 + 3x^2h + 3xh^2 + h^3 - x^3}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{3x^2h + 3xh^2 + h^3}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} 3x^2 + 3xh + h^2 \\ &= 3x^2 \end{alignat} $

Differentiate x^n
$f(x) = x^n$

$\frac{d}{dx}(f(x)) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}$

$ \begin{alignat}{4} \frac{d}{dx}(x^n)\,\, &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{(x+h)^n - x^n}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{x^n + nx^{n-1}h + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}x^{n-2}h^2 + \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3!}x^{n-3}h^3 +\,... - x^n}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{nx^{n-1}h + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}x^{n-2}h^2 + \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3!}x^{n-3}h^3 +\,...}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} nx^{n-1} + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}x^{n-2}h + \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3!}x^{n-3}h^2 +\,... \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} nx^{n-1} \\ \frac{d}{dx}(x^n)\,\, &= nx^{n-1} \end{alignat} $

Differentiate sin x
$f(x) = \sin x$

$\frac{d}{dx}(f(x)) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}$

$\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\sin h}{h} = 1$
 * $\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos h}{h} = 0$

$\sin(a+b) = \sin a \cos b + \cos a \sin b$

$ \begin{alignat}{3} \frac{d}{dx}(\sin x)\,\, &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\sin(x+h) - \sin x}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\sin x \cos h + \cos x \sin h - \sin x}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \sin x \frac{\cos h - 1}{h} + \lim_{h \to 0} \cos x \frac{\sin h}{h} \\ \end{alignat} $

Multiple Angle
$ \begin{cases} \sin 2\theta = 2 \sin \theta \cos \theta \\ \cos 2\theta = 2 \cos^2 \theta - 1 \\ \end{cases} $

 * $\cos 3\theta = ?$
 * $\sin 4\theta = ?$
 * $\cos 12\theta = ?$

 * $e^{i x} = \cos x+ i \sin x$

 * $e^{3i \theta}$
 * $e^{3i \theta} = {(e^{i \theta})}^{3}$

\begin{alignat}{4} \cos 3\theta + i \sin 3\theta \,\, &= \\ \cos 3\theta + i \sin 3\theta \,\, &= (\cos \theta + i \sin \theta)^3 \\ &= \cos^3 \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta + 3 \cos^2 \theta \, i \sin \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta + 3 \cos^2 \theta \, i \sin \theta + 3 \cos \theta \, i^2 \sin^2 \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta + 3 \cos^2 \theta \, i \sin \theta + 3 \cos \theta \, i^2 \sin^2 \theta + i^3 \sin^3 \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta + 3 \cos^2 \theta \, {\color{red}i} \sin \theta + 3 \cos \theta \, i^2 \sin^2 \theta + i^3 \sin^3 \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta + 3 \cos^2 \theta \, i \sin \theta + 3 \cos \theta \, {\color{red}i^2} \sin^2 \theta + i^3 \sin^3 \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta + 3 \cos^2 \theta \, i \sin \theta + 3 \cos \theta \, i^2 \sin^2 \theta + {\color{red}i^3} \sin^3 \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta + 3i \cos^2 \theta \sin \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta + 3i \cos^2 \theta \sin \theta - 3 \cos \theta \sin^2 \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta + 3i \cos^2 \theta \sin \theta - 3 \cos \theta \sin^2 \theta - i \sin^3 \theta \\ \cos 3\theta + i \sin 3\theta \,\, &= (\cos^3 \theta - 3 \cos \theta \sin^2 \theta) + i(3 \cos^2 \theta \sin \theta - \sin^3 \theta) (1)\\ \end{alignat} $

\begin{alignat}{4} \cos 3\theta \,\, &= \cos^3 \theta - 3 \cos \theta \sin^2 \theta \\ &= \cos^3 \theta - 3 \cos \theta (1 - \cos^2 \theta) \\ &= 4 \cos^3 \theta - 3 \cos \theta \\ \end{alignat} $

\begin{alignat}{4} \sin 3\theta \,\, &= 3 \cos^2 \theta \sin \theta - \sin^3 \theta \\ &= 3 (1 - \sin^2 \theta) \sin \theta - \sin^3 \theta \\ &= 3 \sin \theta - 4 \sin^3 \theta \\ \end{alignat} $

$ \begin{cases} \cos 3\theta = 4 \cos^3 \theta - 3 \cos \theta \\ \sin 3\theta = 3 \sin \theta - 4 \sin^3 \theta \\ \end{cases} $

Powers

 * $a^n = \underbrace{a \times a \times \cdots \times a \times a}_{n}$
 * $a^1 = a $
 * $a^2 = a \times a$
 * $a^3 = a \times a \times a$
 * $a^4 = a \times a \times a \times a$
 * $a^5 = a \times a \times a \times a \times a$

 * $a^n = a^{n-1} \times a$
 * $a^{n-1} = \frac{a^n}{a}$

 * $a^0 = \frac{a^1}{a} = 1$
 * $a^{-1} = \frac{a^0}{a} = \frac{1}{a}$
 * $a^{-2} = \frac{a^{-1}}{a} = \frac{\frac{1}{a}}{a} = \frac{1}{a^2}$
 * $a^{-n} = \frac{1}{a^n}$

 * undefined

Misc

 * $e$ is Euler's number, the base of natural logarithms,
 * $i$ is the imaginary unit, which satisfies $i^{2} = −1$, and
 * $\pi$ is pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2      & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\ -(n+1)/2 & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}\\ \end{cases} $$

\begin{cases} n/2      & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\ -(n+1)/2 & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}\\ \end{cases} $$

title: User:Auximines/sandbox


text:
Ignimbrite

Ignimbrite is a type of volcanic rock, consisting of hardened tuff. Ignimbrites form from the deposits of pyroclastic flows, which are a hot suspension of particles and gases flowing rapidly from a volcano, driven by being denser than the surrounding atmosphere. New Zealand geologist Patrick Marshall (1869–1950) coined the term ignimbrite from the Latin igni- [fire] and imbri- [rain].

Ignimbrites are made of a very poorly sorted mixture of volcanic ash (or tuff when lithified) and pumice lapilli, commonly with scattered lithic fragments. The ash is composed of glass shards and crystal fragments. Ignimbrites may be loose and unconsolidated, or lithified (solidified) rock called lapilli-tuff. Near the volcanic source, ignimbrites often contain thick accumulations of lithic blocks, and distally, many show meter-thick accumulations of rounded cobbles of pumice. Ignimbrites may be white, grey, pink, beige, brown, or black depending on their composition and density. Many pale ignimbrites are dacitic or rhyolitic. Darker-coloured ignimbrites may be densely welded volcanic glass or, less commonly, mafic in composition.

Deposition
Two main models have been proposed to explain the deposition of ignimbrites from a pyroclastic density current: the en masse deposition and the progressive aggradation models.

En masse model
The en masse model was proposed by volcanologist Stephen Sparks in 1976. Sparks attributed the poor sorting in ignimbrites to laminar flows of very high particle concentration. Pyroclastic flows were envisioned as being similar to debris flows, with a body undergoing laminar flow and then stopping en masse. The flow would travel as a plug flow, with an essentially non-deforming mass travelling on a thin shear zone, and the en masse freezing occurs when the driving stress falls below a certain level. This would produce a massive unit with an inversely graded base.

There are several problems with the en masse model. Since ignimbrite is a deposit, its characteristics cannot completely represent the flow, and the deposit may only record the depositional process. Vertical chemical zonation in ignimbrites is interpreted as recording incremental changes in the deposition, and the zonation rarely correlates with flow unit boundaries and may occur within flow units. It has been posited that the chemical changes are recording progressive aggradation at the base of the flow from an eruption whose composition changes with time. For this to be so, the base of the flow cannot be turbulent. The instantaneous deposition of an entire body of material is not possible because displacement of the fluid is not possible instantaneously. Any displacement of the fluid would mobilize the upper part of the flow, and en masse deposition would not occur. Instantaneously cessation of the flow would cause local compression and extension, which would be evident in the form of tension cracks and small scale thrusting, which is not seen in most ignimbrites.

An adaptation of the en masse theory suggests that the ignimbrite records progressive aggradation from a sustained current and that the differences observed between ignimbrites and within an ignimbrite are the result of temporal changes to the nature of the flow that deposited it.

Rheomorphic flow model
Rheomorphic structures are only observed in high grade ignimbrites. There are two types of rheomorphic flow; post-depositional re-mobilization, and late stage viscous flow. While there is currently debate in the field of the relative importance of either mechanism, there is agreement that both mechanisms have an effect. A vertical variation in orientation of the structures is compelling evidence against post-depositional re-mobilization being responsible for the majority of the structures, but more work needs to be carried out to discover if the majority of ignimbrites have these vertical variations in order to say which process is the most common.

A model based on observations at the Wall Mountain Tuff at Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument in Colorado suggests that the rheomorphic structures such as foliation and pyroclasts were formed during laminar viscous flow as the density current comes to a halt. A change from particulate flow to a viscous fluid could cause the rapid en masse cooling in the last few meters. It is also theorized that transformation occurs at a boundary layer at the base of the flow and that all the materials pass through this layer during deposition.

Another model proposed is that the density current became stationary before the rheomorphic structures form. Structures such as pervasive foliation are a result of load compaction, and other structures are the result of remobilization by load and deposition on inclined topography. The tuff deposited at Wagontire Mountain in Oregon and Bishop Tuff in California show evidence of late stage viscous flow. These tuffs have a similar chemistry and so must have undergone the same compaction process to have the same foliation.

The Green Tuff in Pantelleria contains rheomorphic structures which are held to be a result of post-depositional re-mobilization because at that time the Green Tuff was believed to be a fall deposit which has no lateral transport. Similarities between the structures in the Green Tuff and ignimbrites on Gran Canaria suggest post-depositional re-mobilization. This interpretation of the deposition of the Green Tuff has been disputed, suggesting that it is an ignimbrite, and structures such as imbricate fiamme, observed in the Green Tuff, were the result of late stage primary viscous flow. Similar structures observed on Gran Canaria had been interpreted as syn-depositional flow.

Sheathfolds and other rheomorphic structures may be the result of a single stage of shear. Shear possibly occurred as the density current passed over the forming deposit. Vertical variations in the orientations of sheathfolds are evidence that rheomorphism and welding can occur syn-depositionally. It has been disputed that the shear between the density current and the forming deposit is significant enough to cause all of the rheomorphic structures observed in ignimbrites, although the shear could be responsible for some of the structures such as imbricate fiamme.

Petrology
Ignimbrite is primarily composed of a matrix of volcanic ash (tephra) which is composed of shards and fragments of volcanic glass, pumice fragments, and crystals. The crystal fragments are commonly blown apart by the explosive eruption. Most are phenocrysts that grew in the magma, but some may be exotic crystals such as xenocrysts, derived from other magmas, igneous rocks, or from country rock.

The ash matrix typically contains varying amounts of pea- to cobble-sized rock fragments called lithic inclusions. They are mostly bits of older solidified volcanic debris entrained from conduit walls or from the land surface. More rarely, clasts are cognate material from the magma chamber.

If sufficiently hot when deposited, the particles in an ignimbrite may weld together, and the deposit is transformed into a 'welded ignimbrite', made of eutaxitic lapilli-tuff. When this happens, the pumice lapilli commonly flatten, and these appear on rock surfaces as dark lens shapes, known as fiamme. Intensely welded ignimbrite may have glassy zones near the base and top, called lower and upper 'vitrophyres', but central parts are microcrystalline ('lithoidal').

Mineralogy
The mineralogy of an ignimbrite is controlled primarily by the chemistry of the source magma.

The typical range of phenocrysts in ignimbrites are biotite, quartz, sanidine or other alkali feldspar, occasionally hornblende, rarely pyroxene and in the case of phonolite tuffs, the feldspathoid minerals such as nepheline and leucite.

Commonly in most felsic ignimbrites the quartz polymorphs cristobalite and tridymite are usually found within the welded tuffs and breccias. In the majority of cases, it appears that these high-temperature polymorphs of quartz occurred post-eruption as part of an autogenic post-eruptive alteration in some metastable form. Thus although tridymite and cristobalite are common minerals in ignimbrites, they may not be primary magmatic minerals.

Geochemistry
Most ignimbrites are silicic, with generally over 65% SiO2. The chemistry of the ignimbrites, like all felsic rocks, and the resultant mineralogy of phenocryst populations within them, is related mostly to the varying contents of sodium, potassium, calcium, the lesser amounts of iron and magnesium.

Some rare ignimbrites are andesitic, and may even be formed from volatile saturated basalt, where the ignimbrite would have the geochemistry of a normal basalt.

Alteration
Large hot ignimbrites can create some form of hydrothermal activity as they tend to blanket the wet soil and bury watercourses and rivers. The water from such substrates will exit the ignimbrite blanket in fumaroles, geysers and the like, a process which may take several years, for example after the Novarupta tuff eruption. In the process of boiling off this water, the ignimbrite layer may become metasomatised (altered). This tends to form chimneys and pockets of kaolin-altered rock.

Welding
Welding is a common form of ignimbrite alteration. There are two types of welding, primary and secondary. If the density current is sufficiently hot the particles will agglutinate and weld at the surface of sedimentation to form a viscous fluid; this is primary welding. If during transport and deposition the temperature is low, then the particles will not agglutinate and weld, although welding may occur later if compaction or other factors reduce the minimum welding temperature to below the temperature of the glassy particles; this is secondary welding. This secondary welding is most common and suggests that the temperature of most pyroclastic density currents is below the softening point of the particles.

The factor that determines whether an ignimbrite has primary welding, secondary welding or no welding is debated:
 * Different chemical compositions will lower the viscosity and enable primary weld.
 * There is not enough variation in the composition of primary and secondary welded ignimbrites for this to be a major factor.
 * Cooling during transport is negligible, so if the eruption temperature is high enough then primary welding will occur. Lateral variations in degree of welding are not a result of cooling during transport.
 * Lithostatic load is responsible for the intensity of welding because the Tiribi ignimbrite is most densely welded where the thickness is greatest. The correlation is not perfect, and that other factors may have an influence.
 * There are two lines of evidence for the relative unimportance of lithostatic load in determining the intensity of welding; lateral changes in the degree of welding irrespective of thickness and cases where the degree of welding correlates with the chemical zoning. Welding is determined by a combination of factors including compositional changes, volatile content, temperature, grain size population and lithic content.

Morphology and occurrence
Landscapes formed by erosion in hardened ignimbrite can be remarkably similar to those formed on granitic rocks. In Sierra de Lihuel Calel, La Pampa Province, Argentina, various landforms typical of granites can be observed in ignimbrite. These landforms are inselbergs, flared slopes, domes, nubbins, tors, tafonis and gnammas. In addition, just like in granite landscapes landforms in ignimbrites may be influenced by joint systems.

Distribution
Ignimbrites occur worldwide associated with many volcanic provinces having high-silica content magma and the resulting explosive eruptions.

Ignimbrite occurs very commonly around the lower Hunter Region of the Australian state of New South Wales. The ignimbrite quarried in the Hunter region at locations such as Martins Creek, Brandy Hill, Seaham (Boral) and at abandoned quarry at Raymond Terrace is a volcanic sedimentation rock of Carboniferous age (280–345 million years). It had an extremely violent origin. This material built up to considerable depth and must have taken years to cool down completely. In the process the materials that made up this mixture fused together into a very tough rock of medium density.

Ignimbrite also occurs in the Coromandel region of New Zealand, where the striking orange-brown ignimbrite cliffs form a distinctive feature of the landscape. The nearby Taupō Volcanic Zone is covered in extensive flat sheets of ignimbrite erupted from caldera volcanoes during the Pleistocene and Holocene. The exposed ignimbrite cliffs at Hinuera (Waikato) mark the edges of the ancient Waikato River course which flowed through the valley before the last major Taupō eruption 1,800 years ago (the Hatepe eruption). The west cliffs are quarried to get blocks of Hinuera Stone, the name given to welded ignimbrite used for building cladding. The stone is light grey with traces of green and is slightly porous.

Huge deposits of ignimbrite form large parts of the Sierra Madre Occidental in western Mexico. In the western United States, massive ignimbrite deposits up to several hundred metres thick occur in the Basin and Range Province, largely in Nevada, western Utah, southern Arizona, and north-central and southern New Mexico, and the Snake River Plain. The magmatism in the Basin and Range Province included a massive flare-up of ignimbrite which began about 40 million years ago and largely ended 25 million years ago: the magmatism followed the end of the Laramide orogeny, when deformation and magmatism occurred far east of the plate boundary. Additional eruptions of ignimbrite continued in Nevada until roughly 14 million years ago. Individual eruptions were often enormous, sometimes up to thousands of cubic kilometres in volume, giving them a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8, comparable to Yellowstone Caldera and Lake Toba eruptions.

Successions of ignimbrites make up a large part of post-erosional rocks in Tenerife and Gran Canaria islands.

Use
Yucca Mountain Repository, a U.S. Department of Energy terminal storage facility for spent nuclear reactor and other radioactive waste, is in a deposit of ignimbrite and tuff.

The layering of ignimbrites is used when the stone is worked, as it sometimes splits into convenient slabs, useful for flagstones and in garden edge landscaping.

In the Hunter region of New South Wales, ignimbrite serves as an excellent aggregate or "blue metal" for road surfacing and construction purposes.

title: Ignimbrite


text:
Rexdale

Rexdale is a neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located north-west of the central core, in the district of Etobicoke. Rexdale defines an area of several official neighbourhoods north of Highway 401 and east of Highway 427. Rexdale was originally a post World War II residential development within Etobicoke, and today is applied to a general area from Malton and Toronto Pearson International Airport in the City of Mississauga to the west, Highway 401 to the south, Steeles Avenue to the north, and the Humber River to the east. It is centred on Rexdale Boulevard and Islington Avenue.

Character

Neighbourhoods in Rexdale include:
 * The Elms
 * Humberwood
 * Smithfield
 * Thistletown

Institutions and attractions located in Rexdale include the Canadian Standards Association, Toronto Congress Centre, Woodbine Centre, and Woodbine Racetrack.

History
Rexdale was named after local real estate developer Rex Heslop, who purchased farmland in the area in 1955 for a cost of $110,000, and installed water mains, streets and sewers, as well as houses that listed for sale at either $9,000 or $10,000. The homes sold well, and soon 330 families were living in the development. In 1956, Heslop opened the Rexdale Plaza (once home to Eaton's and also Towers Department Stores and since demolished and replaced by a power centre). By then, 70 industries and 3,600 homes were located in Rexdale.

Rexdale's first residents were mostly English and Scottish, Italian but it evolved into a multicultural neighbourhood in the following decades, led by those from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent. The population of Rexdale, according to the 2006 Census, is 94,469 living in 30,238 households. The population grows at a rate comparable to surrounding communities.

In 2006, Christopher Hume, a journalist with the Toronto Star, wrote that Rexdale "has become shorthand for suburban blight, social breakdown and gang violence. In 2005 alone, five young men were shot dead in the area, a grey landscape of highways and highrises, shopping malls and churches." Hume wrote that children who lived in Rexdale had nothing to do, and were "wandering around the anonymous streets of this place". The vision of Rexdale's planners, Hume wrote, was a patchwork of separate precincts for working, living, shopping and playing, connected by expressways. However, this single-use zoning, separation, industrial-scale development and reliance on cars contributed to Rexdale's problems. Joyce Lau of the South China Morning Post stated in 2015 that in Rexdale "other immigrants live in poverty, surrounded by crime."

In 2006, Toronto Police conducted a gang sweep, apprehending 106 alleged members of The Jamestown Crew, "a violent street gang that spreads violence, chaos and drugs in Rexdale".

Education

Notable schools located in Rexdale include:

Toronto District School Board: Toronto Catholic District School Board:
 * North Albion Collegiate Institute
 * Thistletown Collegiate Institute
 * West Humber Collegiate Institute
 * Humbergrove Secondary School (defunct, now occupied by the TCDSB - see below)
 * Elmbank Junior Middle Academy
 * Melody Village Junior Public School
 * St. Andrew Catholic School
 * Father Henry Carr Catholic Secondary School
 * Monsignor Percy Johnson Catholic Secondary School
 * Don Bosco Catholic Secondary School, now closed
 * Marian Academy, now closed, was located in Rexdale, within an area that, in 2001, was the poorest area of Rexdale.

The North Campus of Humber College is located within Rexdale. The same campus also hosts the University of Guelph-Humber, a post-secondary institution operated by Humber College, and the University of Guelph. The Rexdale branch of the Toronto Public Library is located in the area.

Notable people

 * Dalano Banton, professional basketball player
 * Carlo Colaiacovo, professional hockey player
 * Ghetto Concept, hip hop group
 * John Hallett, politician
 * Dave Huntley, former professional lacrosse player
 * Infinite, hip hop musician
 * Jelleestone, hip hop musician
 * K'naan, hip hop musician
 * King Bach, actor, comedian, and director
 * Dean McDermott, actor and producer
 * Bruce McDonald, film and television director
 * NAV, hip hop recording artist and record producer
 * Colin Patterson, professional hockey player
 * Vera Peters, oncologist and clinical investigator
 * Pvrx, hip hop musician
 * Rheostatics, rock band
 * Spek Won, hip hop musician
 * Jordan Subban, professional hockey player
 * Malcolm Subban, professional hockey player
 * P. K. Subban, professional hockey player

In popular culture
In 2006, Rexdale was the setting of the TV movie Doomstown. The youth TV series How to Be Indie took place in Rexdale.

title: Rexdale