text:
User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive

 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive February 2004
 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive March 2004
 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive March 2004 2
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 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive May 2004
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 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive June 2004 2
 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive July 2004
 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive July 2004 2
 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive August 2004
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 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive Oktober 2004
 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive Oktober 2004 2
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 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive November 2004
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 * User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive Dezember 2004
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive


text:
Scottish Open (snooker)

The Scottish Open is a ranking professional snooker tournament held in the United Kingdom. The tournament had many name changes in its history, as the tournament was formerly called International Open, Matchroom Trophy and Players Championship. Apart from a hiatus in the 1990/1991 and 1991/1992 seasons, the tournament remained a ranking event until 2003/2004. In the 2012/2013 season the tournament was added back to the calendar as part of the Players Tour Championship minor-ranking series.

On 29 April 2015, Barry Hearn announced it would return to the main tour in 2016 at the Emirates Arena Glasgow, as part of the new Home Nations Series with the existing Welsh Open, and the new English Open and Northern Ireland Open tournaments. The winner of the Scottish Open is awarded the Stephen Hendry Trophy, which is named in honour of the Scottish seven-time world champion. The reigning champion is Gary Wilson, for the second time in a row, as he defended his 2022 title in the 2023 edition of the event.

History
The tournament began in 1981 as the International Open at the Assembly Rooms in Derby, and became the following year the second ranking event after the World Championship. The event moved to the Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne. Until 1984 the event was sponsored by Jameson Whiskey.

In 1985 the event moved to the Trentham Gardens in Stoke-on-Trent and was renamed (for this year only) to the Matchroom Trophy due to sponsorship from Matchroom and Goya. The International Open name returned the following year and the sponsorship was overtaken by BCE (1986 and 1989) and Fidelity Unit Trusts (1987 and 1988). After 1989 the event went on a two-year hiatus.

The event returned in the 1992/1993 season with the sponsorship of Sky Sports. The event was moved to the second half of the season and was played at the Plymouth Pavilions. The event was moved again in 1994, this time to the Bournemouth International Centre. After an unsponsored year Sweater Shop took over for 1995 and 1996. In 1997 the event was moved to the Aberdeen Exhibition Centre and it was sponsored by Highland Spring.

In 1998 the event was renamed to Scottish Open, and it was sponsored by Imperial Tobacco through their Regal brand, who also sponsored the Scottish Masters and Welsh Open. In 2003 the event was moved to Royal Highland Centre in Edinburgh. For the first time in twelve years no top 16 player reached the final. The event than was renamed to the Players Championship for 2004, as it became the final event in the LG Electronics Tour. The event was sponsored by Daily Record and held at the SECC in Glasgow. After the event Sky decided not to renew their contract, and without television coverage the event was dropped. The event was added back to the calendar in the 2012/2013 season as minor-ranking tournament and was known as the Scottish Open. It was held at Ravenscraig as the fifth event of the European Tour.

In 2015 Barry Hearn announced that the tournament would return in the 2016/17 season, held in Glasgow, as part of the Home Nations Series events, which would feature tournaments in the other home nations of snooker and have a one million pound bonus.

Steve Davis was the tournament's most prolific winner, with a record 6 wins from 8 finals. This included a 9–0 whitewash of Dennis Taylor in the 1981 final. There have been eight maximum breaks in the history of the tournament, out of which two were made at the 2000 event: one by Stephen Maguire at the first qualifying round against Phaitoon Phonbun, and the other by Ronnie O'Sullivan in the last 32 against Quinten Hann. In 2012 Kurt Maflin achieved a 147 in the last 32 against Stuart Carrington. In 2017, eventual runner-up Cao Yupeng made a maximum break in his first round match against Andrew Higginson, and the following year, John Higgins compiled his ninth career 147 in his second round match against Gerard Greene. In 2020, Zhou Yuelong made a maximum break in his first round match with Peter Lines, and in 2021 Xiao Guodong made the first maximum break of his career in his qualifying match against Fraser Patrick. The most recent maximum break was made in 2022 by Judd Trump in his second-round match against Mitchell Mann.

title: Scottish Open (snooker)


text:
Gao Qi (Ming dynasty)

Gao Qi (, 1336–1374), courtesy name Jidi (季迪), pseudonym Qingqiuzi (青丘子), was a Chinese poet who lived in the early Ming dynasty. He is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest creators of Ming poetry. Gao Qi was born and raised in the shore of Wusong River, north of Puli Town near Suzhou. His life was much influenced by events arising in connection with the fall of the Yuan dynasty and the rise and establishment of the succeeding Ming dynasty.

During the reign of the Hongwu Emperor, Gao Qi was called on as editor of the historical text History of Yuan. Soon afterward, he was promoted to the post of deputy finance minister; but he declined, on pretext that he had no ability to manage finance. He retired to Blue Hill of Puli Town and taught students for a living. The Hongwu Emperor deemed him not cooperative; in 1374 he was accused of involvement in a "rebellion conspiracy" and was executed by being sliced into eight parts, at the age of 39 years old.

Poems

 * Farm House
 * I heard the sound of a spinning wheel,
 * Mingled with sound of flowing water,
 * Sight of wooden bridge,
 * Flowerless trees in hazy spring,
 * Where from the aroma the breeze brought so close?
 * Ah, next neighbor is brewing afternoon tea!
 * (translated by Martin Tai, 1998)

title: Gao Qi (Ming dynasty)


text:
Players Championship

Players Championship may refer to:

 * The Players Championship, a PGA Tour golf event since 1974
 * Players Championship Finals, a PDC darts tournament since 2009
 * Players' Championship, a Grand Slam curling event since 1993
 * PBA Players Championship, a PBA Tour bowling tournament held from 1983-2000, 2011, 2013, and since 2015
 * Players Championship (snooker), a professional snooker tournament since 2017
 * 2004 Players Championship (snooker), a professional snooker tournament held in 2004.
 * Players Tour Championship, a series of snooker tournaments held 2010–2016, and sometimes referred to as the Player's Championship in its first year

title: Players Championship


text:
List of mayors of Saskatoon

This is a list of mayors of Saskatoon, the largest city in the central Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The mayor leads Saskatoon City Council, the city's governing body. The 28th and current mayor is Charlie Clark, who was first elected in 2016.

Background
Saskatoon received a town charter in July 1903, which led to the inception of a town council. In May 1906 the Town of Saskatoon merged with the settlements of Riversdale and Nutana, and the City of Saskatoon was incorporated. Until 1954, Saskatoon's mayor was elected annually. From 1954 until 1970, the mayor was elected biannually. The term was then extended to three years, and in 2012 it was extended to four.

From 1920 to 1926 and from 1938 to 1942, Saskatoon mayors were elected using Instant-runoff voting. All other times First past the post was used.

Until 1976, mayor and council were sworn in during the first meeting of the new year, meaning that terms could be measured in calendar years. From 1976, mayor and council have been sworn in during the first meeting following the election.

title: List of mayors of Saskatoon


text:
User:RedDragon

Userboxes/Programming

Userboxes/Computing

I am interesting in Tolkien works, and translating English articles to Japanese Wiki.

ja:利用者:赤龍館

title: User:RedDragon


text:
Cui Hao (poet)

Cui Hao (, 704?–754 ) was a Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty in China and considered a main early exponent of the regulated verse form of Classical Chinese poetry (also known as jintishi).

Biography
Cui Hao was born in Biànzhōu (汴州, present day Kaifeng, Henan) and passed the imperial examinations in 723. He is known to have traveled extensively as an official, particularly between the years 723–744. He was known for three poetry topic - women, frontier outposts, and natural scenery. His life was initially conventional; along with Wang Wei, he was one of the perfectors of the jintishi form. Later, however, he acquired a reputation for disreputable personal behaviour and passed through several marriages. His later verse is similarly unconstrained.

Poems
Fifteen poems exist on the topic of women and fifteen poems exist on the latter two topics. A famous poem of his is the Yellow Crane Tower; which is one of the four of his poems included in the Three Hundred Tang Poems anthology, written in seven-character-per-line regulated verse, and which was later translated into English by Witter Bynner as "The Yellow Crane Terrace". Also included in the Three Hundred Tang Poems is a seven-character-per-line regular verse form poem written in the huaigu genre style on his passage through Huayin, north of Hua Shan, as well as two old or folk style pieces with erotic overtones.

title: Cui Hao (poet)


text:
User:Leos~enwiki

Hello, mi name is Moisés Leos, I'm 20 years old, and I come form Monterrey NL, Mexico.

I use to read a lot particullary on topics related to Mexican History as well anothers subjetcs related to other Humanities.

Since a time I discover this project, and I consider that it's such a noble way to share information with other cultures.

Mainly I work in the spanish wikipedia due that I'm not as good as I want writing in enlgish. I often make aceptable translations from this wiki to the spanish one. I consider that this wiki is very complete and I hope to make aportations in this wiki even of my dificulties wirting in this lenguage.

Any doubt, aclaration, corrections (please), invitations and so, will be very Welcome.

Saludos y un abrazo.

Talk

title: User:Leos~enwiki


text:
The War Games

The War Games is the seventh and final serial of the sixth season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which originally aired in ten weekly parts from 19 April to 21 June 1969.

In the serial, an unnamed alien race led by the War Lord (Philip Madoc) kidnap and brainwash soldiers from wars throughout Earth's history to fight in war games on another planet as part of the aliens' plot to conquer the galaxy. The time traveller the Second Doctor (Patrick Troughton) and his travelling companions Jamie McCrimmon (Frazer Hines) and Zoe Heriot (Wendy Padbury) form a resistance army to stop this plot and to return the kidnapped soldiers home.

The War Games was the last regular appearance of Troughton as the Doctor and the last serial to be recorded in black and white. It also marks the last regular appearances of Padbury and Hines as companions Zoe and Jamie, and the first appearances of the Doctor's race, the Time Lords, and their home planet, Gallifrey. The latter was not named until The Time Warrior (1973).

Plot
On an alien planet, the Doctor uncovers a plot to conquer the Galaxy with brainwashed soldiers abducted from Earth and forced to fight in simulated "war games", reflecting the periods in history whence they were taken. The aliens' aim is to produce a super-army from the survivors; to this end, they have been aided by a renegade Time Lord, calling himself the War Chief.

Joining forces with rebel soldiers, who have broken their conditioning, the Doctor and his companions foil the plot and end the fighting. The War Chief is apparently killed when the leader of the aliens, the War Lord, realises he has been plotting against him. The Doctor admits he needs the help of the Time Lords to return the soldiers to their own timelines, but in asking, risks capture for his own past crimes, including the theft of his TARDIS. After sending the message he and his companions attempt to evade capture, but are caught.

Having returned the soldiers to Earth, the Time Lords place the War Lord on trial and dematerialise him. They erase Zoe and Jamie's memories of travelling with the Doctor, and return them to the respective point in time when each of them first entered the TARDIS. They then place the Doctor on trial for stealing a TARDIS and breaking the law of non-interference. The Doctor presents a spirited defence, citing his many battles against the evils of the universe. Accepting this defence, the Time Lords proclaim that his punishment is exile to Earth in the 20th century - a planet and period of which he is fond. The Doctor points out he is too well known on Earth, so the Time Lords tell him he will change his appearance, as he has before, and present him with images of four faces. He does not like any of them; impatient, the Time Lords inform him that a decision has been made for him. He cries out indignantly as the forced regeneration is triggered.

Production
As the TARDIS crew try to escape the Time Lords in Episode Ten, brief clips from The Web of Fear and Fury from the Deep are used to show the TARDIS in locations supposedly out of the Time Lords' reach. A model shot from Episode 1 of The Wheel in Space is used after Zoe is sent back to her own time and place by the Time Lords. Since this episode is missing, the shot sampled in The War Games is the only known surviving footage from this episode. Similarly, the shot of the TARDIS landing vertically on the sea is sampled from Fury from the Deep Episode 1, which is the only surviving footage from this episode.

Cast notes
Patrick Troughton's eldest son David made his second appearance in Doctor Who in Episode Six of this story as Private Moor, having first appeared in The Enemy of the World (1968). He subsequently appeared as King Peladon in The Curse of Peladon in 1972, and then as Professor Hobbes in "Midnight" in 2008. Gregg Palmer previously played a Cyberman in The Tenth Planet in 1966. Jane Sherwin who played Lady Jennifer Buckingham was producer Derrick Sherwin's wife.

Terence Bayler had previously played Yendom in The Ark (1966). Hubert Rees had previously appeared in Fury from the Deep (1968) and would return for The Seeds of Doom (1976). Edward Brayshaw had previously played Leon Colbert in The Reign of Terror (1964). James Bree later played Nefred in Full Circle (1980) and the Keeper of the Matrix in The Ultimate Foe (1986). Leslie Schofield later played Calib in The Face of Evil (1977). Peter Craze had previously played Dako in The Space Museum (1965) and would appear again as Costa in Nightmare of Eden (1979). David Savile would later appear as Winser in The Claws of Axos (1971) and as Colonel Crichton in "The Five Doctors" (1983).

Philip Madoc had previously appeared as Eelek in The Krotons (1969), and the film Daleks – Invasion Earth: 2150 A.D. (1966) as Dalek collaborator, Brockley. He would go on to play Doctor Solon in The Brain of Morbius (1976) and Fenner in The Power of Kroll (1979). Bernard Horsfall (First Time Lord) had previously appeared as Lemuel Gulliver in The Mind Robber (1968), and would subsequently play Taron in Planet of the Daleks (1973) and Chancellor Goth in The Deadly Assassin (1976). In 2003 he appeared in Davros, a Doctor Who audio drama produced by Big Finish Productions. David Garfield later played Neeva in The Face of Evil (1977) and Professor Stream in the Sixth Doctor audio drama The Hollows of Time. Vernon Dobtcheff later played Shamur in the Fifth Doctor audio drama The Children of Seth.

Broadcast and reception
The BBC's Audience Research Report showed that The War Games was received positively, though not enthusiastically, by viewers.

Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping wrote of the serial in The Discontinuity Guide (1995), "It might be six episodes too long, but The War Games is pivotal in the history of Doctor Who. The introduction of the Time Lords ... sees the series lose some of its mystery, but gain a new focus." In The Television Companion (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker stated that the serial "gets off to a cracking start", though they noted that "A commonly expressed view is that, after this strong beginning, the story becomes dull and repetitive, picking up again only in the closing stages when the Time Lords are introduced." They praised the design work of the different war zones, the dialogue, and the conclusion. In 2009, Radio Times reviewer Patrick Mulkern was positive towards the detailed scripts and the various villains, especially the War Chief. The A.V. Club reviewer praised the way the serial subverted viewers' expectations of a typical historical story. He noted that there was padding to fill the running time, but felt that it was done well and that it worked better than in The Dalek Invasion of Earth. He also wrote positively of Madoc's War Lord and Jamie and Zoe's departure, and said that the story purposefully "doesn't resolve neatly or satisfyingly". Alasdair Wilkins of io9 praised Troughton's performance and the way that it was structured to "constantly [expand] the story's scope", though he admitted there was still padding. In a 2010 article, Charlie Jane Anders of the same site listed the cliffhanger to the ninth episode — in which the Doctor and his companions escape the base and try to get back to the TARDIS but their movements are slowed down as the Doctor tries to unlock and open the TARDIS doors — as one of the greatest Doctor Who cliffhangers ever.

A viewing of The War Games, and in particular the character of Jamie McCrimmon, inspired author Diana Gabaldon to set her Outlander series in Jacobite Scotland, and to name its protagonist "Jamie".

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Malcolm Hulke, was published by Target Books in September 1979, entitled Doctor Who and The War Games.

In January 2011, an audiobook of the novelisation was released, read by David Troughton.

Home media
This serial was released in the UK in February 1990 in a two-tape set in episodic form. It was re-released in remastered format in September 2002. Since this VHS re-release, better quality film prints of the story were located at the BFI, and were used for the DVD release which occurred on 6 July 2009. This DVD release contained a number of bonus features, including the fan film Devious, which featured the last appearance of Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor.

The "Regenerations" box set, released on 24 June 2013, includes The War Games but with no special features.

title: The War Games


text:
Scottish Open

Scottish Open may refer to:

 * Scottish Open (golf), a golf tournament on the European Tour
 * Scottish Senior Open, a golf tournament on the European Seniors Tour
 * Scottish Open (badminton), an open international badminton championships held in Scotland since 1907
 * Scottish Open (darts), a professional darts tournament first held in 1983
 * Scottish Open (snooker), a professional snooker tournament
 * Scottish Open (fencing), a fencing competition held in Edinburgh in early January
 * Scottish Open (speedway), a motorcycle speedway championship

title: Scottish Open


text:
György Konrád

György (George) Konrád (2 April 1933 – 13 September 2019) was a Hungarian novelist, pundit, essayist and sociologist known as an advocate of individual freedom.

Life
George Konrad was born in Berettyóújfalu, near Debrecen, into a wealthy Jewish family. His father, József Konrád, ran a hardware business; his mother was Róza Klein, a member of a Nagyvárad Jewish middle-class family. His older sister Éva was born in 1930.

Konrad's parents were arrested and deported to Austria after the German invasion of Hungary, and the two children and two cousins travelled to relatives in Budapest, a day before all Jewish inhabitants of Berettyóújfalu were sent to the ghetto in Nagyvárad, and on to Auschwitz. Most of Konrád's classmates died in Birkenau.

In February 1945, George and his sister went back to Berettyóújfalu, and in June their parents were released from Strasshof concentration camp The Konrád family were the only family among the Jewish inhabitants of Berettyóújfalu to survive intact. Konrad started school in 1946 at the Main Reformed Gimnázium in Debrecen, moving on the following year to 1951, he attended the Madách Gimnázium in Budapest. He left in 1951 to study literature, sociology and psychology at the Lenin Institute of Eötvös Loránd University. In 1950, his father's business and their house at Berettyóújfalu were appropriated by the government.

Konrad completed his university education in the Department of Hungarian literature and language at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest. In 1956 he was involved in the Hungarian Uprising, and served in the National Guard, made up mostly of university students. Most of his family left for the west, but Konrád decided to remain in Hungary. The story of Konrád's survival as a child is told in his autobiographical novel Departure and Return.

He made his living through ad hoc jobs: he was a tutor, wrote reader reports, translated, and worked as a factory hand. Beginning in the summer of 1959, he secured steady employment as a children's welfare supervisor in Budapest's seventh District. He remained there for seven years, during which time he amassed the experiences that would serve as the basis for his novel The Case Worker (1969). The book drew a vigorous and mixed response: the official criticism was negative, but the book quickly became very popular and sold out in days.

Between 1960 and 1965 Konrad was employed as a reader at the Magyar Helikon publishing house, where he was chief editor of works by Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Babel, and Balzac. In 1965, he joined the Urban Science and Planning Institute, there undertaking research in urban sociology with the sociological research group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was working closely with urban sociologist Iván Szelényi with whom he wrote a book, On the Sociological Problems of the New Housing Developments (1969), and two extensive works on the management of the country's regional zones, as well as on urbanistic and ecological trends in Hungary.

His experiences as an urbanist provided material for his next novel, The City Builder, in which he radically extended the experiments in language and form that marked The Case Worker. The City Builder was allowed to appear in Hungarian only in censored form from Magvető Publishers in 1977. It was published abroad by Suhrkamp, Seuil, Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, and Philip Roth's Penguin Series, with a foreword by Carlos Fuentes. Konrád lost his job by order of the political police in July 1973. For half a year he worked as a nurse's aide at the work-therapy-based mental institution at Doba.

Together with Iván Szelényi, Konrád published The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power in 1974. Shortly after the completion of The Intellectuals (intended for foreign publication), the political police bugged and searched Szelényi's and Konrád's apartments. A significant part of Konrád's diaries were confiscated and the authors were arrested for incitement against the state. They were placed on probation and informed that they would be permitted to emigrate with their families. Szelényi accepted the offer, while Konrád remained in Hungary, choosing internal emigration and all that it entailed. A smuggled manuscript of The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power was published abroad and it remains on university reading lists.

He was published in Hungarian samizdat and by publishers in the West. Virtually from this period until 1989, Konrád was a forbidden author in Hungary, deprived of all legal income. He made a living from honoraria abroad. His works were placed in restricted sections in libraries. Naturally he was also forbidden to speak on radio or television. When the restriction of travel expired in 1976, Konrád spent a year in Berlin on a DAAD fellowship, and another year in the U.S., on a stipend from his American publisher. During this period, he wrote his novel The Loser.

Between 1977 and 1982, two volumes of Konrád's essays appeared: The Temptation of Autonomy (not translated into English) and Antipolitics. These works called into question the European political status quo. Antipolitics portrayed the Yalta Agreement and the spheres of influence system as the potential cause of a possible Third World War. The book's subtitle was Central-European Meditations, and it was to become one of the voices demanding that region's secession from the Soviet bloc as a requisite for peace in Europe. Konrád was one of the first to predict the imminent disappearance of the Iron Curtain. In 1984, he read his essay Does the Dream of Central Europe Still Exist? in the Schwarzenberg Palace as he received the Herder Prize from the University of Vienna. Critics have compared his essays to the writings of Adam Michnik, Milan Kundera, Václav Havel, Czeslaw Milos and Danilo Kiš.

The years between 1973 and 1989 witnessed the evolution of a dissident political and artistic subculture, independent of official culture. Konrád was one of the determining voices in the democratic opposition. His works appeared in the underground so-called samizdat journals of the opposition. In interviews given to Radio Free Europe, Konrad's ideas reached a wider Hungarian audience. Beginning in September 1982, he was a year-long guest at the Wissenschaft-skolleg zu Berlin; the following year he received a fellowship at the New York Institute for the Humanities. Over the four years that followed, Konrád wrote A Feast in the Garden (Hungarian version 1985). Now released from the official prohibition against publication, he sent the manuscript to the Magvető publishing house in Hungary.

In 1986 Konrad received an invitation from the Jerusalem Literary Fund, spending a month in that city. This was the period when Konrád primarily penned those essays and diary entries that would be collected for the volume The Invisible Voice (Hungarian version 1997). Konrád returned to Israel in 1992 and 1996. During his first visit he gave a long biographical interview for the University of Jerusalem, while on the second, he gave a lecture entitled "Judaism’s Three Paths" at the Ben Gurion University in Beer Sheva. In 1988 he taught world literature at Colorado College in Colorado Springs.

In the first years after the fall of the old regime, beginning in 1989, Konrád took an active part in public life in Hungary, and was one of the thinkers who paved the way for the transition to democracy. He was a founding member of the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), and one of the founders and spokespeople for the Democratic Charter. He made frequent appearances in both the print and electronic media. In the spring of 1990 Konrád was elected President of PEN International, holding this office for the full term until 1993. He made strenuous efforts on behalf of imprisoned and persecuted writers and called the writers of disintegrating nations together to roundtable conferences in the interest of peace.

Between 1997 and 2003, Konrád was twice elected President of the Academy of Arts, Berlin. As the first foreigner to hold that post, Konrád was an effective contributor to the intellectual rapprochement between the East and West of Europe, and did much to introduce writers and other creative figures from Central Europe, and particularly from Hungary, to the West. His efforts were greeted by an appreciative German public. During his presidency, he received the Internationale Karlspreis zu Aachen (2001) and the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2003). Though Konrád frequently portrayed his Berettyóúfalu childhood in his novels, and particularly in The Feast in the Garden, he attempted to present this period in a more precise documentary form in two books, Departure and Return (2001) and Up on the Hill During a Solar Eclipse (2003). The first of these books treats a single year – 1944–45 – while the second covers fifty, after beginning with a reflection on the final years of the twentieth century, more precisely the morning solar eclipse of 1999, experienced from the peak of St. György Hill. These books were published separately in Europe, and together in New York as A Guest in My Own Country (2007). The year 2006 saw the publication of his volume Figures of Wonder, subtitled "Portraits and Snapshots". These portraits are modeled primarily on friends, some still living – descriptions that constitute a continuation of the series presented by Konrád in his book The Writer and the City (2004) together with longer essays. His books The Rooster’s Sorrow (2005), Pendulum (2008), The Chimes (2009), and The Visitor’s Book (2013) present his philosophy of life with a near-poetic density.

Konrád was married three times. In 1955 he married Vera Varsa, with whom he lived until 1963, then married Júlia Lángh, with whom he had two children, Anna Dóra in 1965, and Miklós István in 1967. From 1979, Konrád lived with Judith Lakner, his third wife, and together they had three children, Áron (1986), József (1987), and Zsuzsanna (1994).

Death
György Konrád died at his home in Budapest. His family stated that he had been gravely ill.

Awards and honors

 * Herder Prize (1983)
 * Charles Veillon Prize (1985)
 * Manes-Sperber Prize (1990)
 * Kossuth Prize (1990)
 * Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels (1991)
 * Goethe Medal (2000)
 * Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen (2001)
 * Franz Werfel Human Rights Award (2007)
 * National Jewish Book Award in the memoir category (2008)

György Konrád received the highest state distinctions awarded by France, Hungary, and Germany: Officier de l’Ordre national de la Légion d’Honneur (1996); the Hungarian Republic Legion of Honor Middle Cross with Star (2003); Das Grosse Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (2003). He held honorary doctorates from the University of Antwerp (1990) and the University of Novi Sad (2003). He was an honorary citizen of Berettyóújfalu (2003) and of Budapest (2004).

Fiction

 * The Case Worker
 * The City Builder
 * The Loser
 * A Feast in the Garden
 * The Stone Dial

Non-fiction

 * The Intellectual on the Road to Class Power (1978), with Iván Szelényi
 * Antipolitics (1984)
 * The Melancholy of Rebirth (1995)
 * The Invisible Voice: Meditations on Jewish Themes
 * A jugoszláviai háború (és ami utána jöhet) (1999)
 * Jugoslovenski rat (i ono što posle može da usledi)  (2000)
 * A Guest in My Own Country: A Hungarian Life (2003)
 *  Departure and Return (2011)

Articles

 * “The Intelligentsia and Social Structure”. Telos 38 (Winter 1978–79). New York: Telos Press.

title: György Konrád


text:
Smartdust

Smartdust is a system of many tiny microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) such as sensors, robots, or other devices, that can detect, for example, light, temperature, vibration, magnetism, or chemicals. They are usually operated on a computer network wirelessly and are distributed over some area to perform tasks, usually sensing through radio-frequency identification. Without an antenna of much greater size the range of tiny smart dust communication devices is measured in a few millimeters and they may be vulnerable to electromagnetic disablement and destruction by microwave exposure.

Design and engineering
The concepts for Smart Dust emerged from a workshop at RAND in 1992 and a series of DARPA ISAT studies in the mid-1990s due to the potential military applications of the technology. The work was strongly influenced by work at UCLA and the University of Michigan during that period, as well as science fiction authors Stanislaw Lem (in novels The Invincible in 1964 and Peace on Earth in 1985), Neal Stephenson and Vernor Vinge. The first public presentation of the concept by that name was at the American Vacuum Society meeting in Anaheim in 1996.

A Smart Dust research proposal was presented to DARPA written by Kristofer S. J. Pister, Joe Kahn, and Bernhard Boser, all from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1997. The proposal, to build wireless sensor nodes with a volume of one cubic millimeter, was selected for funding in 1998. The project led to a working mote smaller than a grain of rice, and larger "COTS Dust" devices kicked off the TinyOS effort at Berkeley.

The concept was later expanded upon by Kris Pister in 2001. A recent review discusses various techniques to take smartdust in sensor networks beyond millimeter dimensions to the micrometre level.

The Ultra-Fast Systems component of the Nanoelectronics Research Centre at the University of Glasgow is a founding member of a large international consortium which is developing a related concept: smart specks.

Smart Dust entered the Gartner Hype Cycle on Emerging Technologies in 2003, and returned in 2013, as the most speculative entrant.

In 2022, a Nature paper written by Shyamnath Gollakota, Vikram Iyer, Hans Gaensbauer and Thomas Daniel, all from the University of Washington, presented tiny light-weight programmable battery-free wireless sensors that can be dispersed in the wind. These devices were inspired by Dandelion seeds that can travel as far as a kilometer in dry, windy, and warm conditions.

Examples
Dust Networks started a project exploring the application of Smartdust, which included:

 * Defense-related sensor networks such as battlefield surveillance, treaty monitoring, transportation monitoring, and scud hunting.

 * Virtual keyboard sensors: by attaching miniature remotes to each fingernail, accelerometers could then sense the orientation and motion of each fingertip, and communicate this data to a computer in a wristwatch.
 * Inventory control: by placing miniature sensors on each object in the inventory system (product package, carton, pallet, truck warehouse, internet), each component could "talk" to the next component in the system. This evolved into today's RFID inventory control systems.
 * Product quality monitoring: temperature and humidity monitoring of perishables such as meat, produce, and dairy.
 * Impact, vibration and temperature monitoring of consumer electronics, for failure analysis and diagnostic information, e.g. monitoring the vibration of bearings to detect frequency signatures that may indicate imminent failure.

title: Smartdust


text:
TinyOS

TinyOS is an embedded, component-based operating system and platform for low-power wireless devices, such as those used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), smartdust, ubiquitous computing, personal area networks, building automation, and smart meters. It is written in the programming language nesC, as a set of cooperating tasks and processes. It began as a collaboration between the University of California, Berkeley, Intel Research, and Crossbow Technology, was released as free and open-source software under a BSD license, and has since grown into an international consortium, the TinyOS Alliance.

TinyOS has been used in space, being implemented in ESTCube-1.

Implementation
TinyOS applications are written in the programming language nesC, a dialect of the C language optimized for the memory limits of sensor networks. Its supplementary tools are mainly in the form of Java and shell script front-ends. Associated libraries and tools, such as the nesC compiler and Atmel AVR binutils toolchains, are mostly written in C.

TinyOS programs are built of software components, some of which present hardware abstractions. Components are connected to each other using interfaces. TinyOS provides interfaces and components for common abstractions such as packet communication, routing, sensing, actuation and storage.

TinyOS is fully non-blocking: it has one call stack. Thus, all input/output (I/O) operations that last longer than a few hundred microseconds are asynchronous and have a callback. To enable the native compiler to better optimize across call boundaries, TinyOS uses nesC's features to link these callbacks, called events, statically. While being non-blocking enables TinyOS to maintain high concurrency with one stack, it forces programmers to write complex logic by stitching together many small event handlers. To support larger computations, TinyOS provides tasks, which are similar to a Deferred Procedure Call and interrupt handler bottom halves. A TinyOS component can post a task, which the OS will schedule to run later. Tasks are non-preemptive and run in first in, first out order. This simple concurrency model is typically sufficient for I/O centric applications, but its difficulty with CPU-heavy applications has led to developing a thread library for the OS, named TOSThreads. TOSThreads are unmaintained and have been deprecated.

TinyOS code is statically linked with program code and is compiled into a small binary, using a custom GNU toolchain. Associated utilities are provided to complete a development platform for working with TinyOS.

History
TinyOS began as a project at UC Berkeley as part of the DARPA NEST program. It has since grown to involve thousands of academic and commercial developers and users worldwide. (list in reverse chronological order)
 * August 2012: TinyOS 2.1.2 released
 * April 2010: TinyOS 2.1.1 released.
 * August 2008: TinyOS 2.1.0 released.
 * July 2007: TinyOS 2.0.2 released. Work on TinyOS 2.1, which involves slight changes to a few interfaces, begins.
 * April 2007: TinyOS 2.0.1 released at the 4th TinyOS Technology Exchange in Cambridge, MA.
 * November 2006: TinyOS 2.0 released at the SenSys conference in Boulder, CO.
 * July 2006: TinyOS 2.0 beta2 released.
 * February 2006: TinyOS 2.0 beta1 released at the 3rd TinyOS Technology Exchange in Stanford, CA.
 * December 2005: TinyOS 1.1.15, the last 1.1 version, is released.
 * July 2005: NEST project concludes.
 * June 2004: Working group forms on next steps for TinyOS, based on experiences porting to new platforms. Group agrees to start work on 2.0.
 * September 2003 – December 2005: TinyOS begins a periodic minor release process.
 * August 2003: TinyOS version 1.1 is released, which includes new nesC features including data race detection.
 * September 2002: TinyOS version 1.0, implemented in nesC, is released.
 * April 2002: Work on the nesC programming language begins as a collaboration between Intel Research and UC Berkeley.
 * February 2002: Berkeley distributes 1000 mica nodes to other participants in the NEST project.
 * 2001: Berkeley develops the mica platform and releases TinyOS version 0.6.
 * 2000: Berkeley designs the rene platform and partners with Crossbow, Inc., who mass-produces the hardware. TinyOS version 0.43 is made available to the public via SourceForge. Pre-1.0 versions of TinyOS are a mix of C and Perl scripts.
 * 1999: First TinyOS platform (WeC) and OS implementations are developed at Berkeley.

Integrated development environments
As of 2010, three integrated development environments (IDEs) are available for TinyOS, as plug-ins for Eclipse:
 * YETI 2, ETH Zürich (development stopped)
 * XPairtise by Rasmus Pedersen, Copenhagen Business School
 * TinyDT, Vanderbilt University

title: TinyOS


text:
Nahwa

Nahwa is a territory that forms part of the Emirate of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates. It is a counter-enclave (or second-order enclave) within the Omani territory of Madha, which is itself an exclave of Oman and an enclave within the United Arab Emirates.

Access to the village of Nahwa is through the northernmost road into the Madha enclave south of Khor Fakkan which leads to New Madha. From New Madha, there is a paved but winding road (about 5 km) leading to Nahwa.

Entering Nahwa, there is an Emirati police outpost some 80 m after the boundary marker. The village itself is further up the road, on the same side as the police outpost. It consists of about 40 buildings and has its own clinic. This part of the village is called New Nahwa, and there are more houses further down the road in Old Nahwa. The third part of Nahwa is the village of Shis.

While the situation is uncommon, Nahwa is not the only exclave in the world surrounded by another enclave; some exclaves of Dutch Baarle-Nassau are embedded in Belgian Baarle-Hertog enclaves.

History
Nahwa's counter-enclave was formed as a result of Madha's decision to declare allegiance to Oman instead of Al Qawasim of Sharjah, Al Qawasim of Ras Al Khaimah, or Al Sharqi of Fujairah which today all form part of the United Arab Emirates.

In the late 1930s or early 1940s the leaders of the four rival clans who ruled the Musandam Peninsula (Al Qassimi of Ras Al Khaimah, Al Qassimi of Sharjah, Al Sharqi of Fujairah, and the Bu Said of Oman) gathered a group of village elders of the nearby village of Madha and posed the question as to which sheikhdom the Madhanis would declare allegiance. While Madha chose Oman, Nahwa chose to stay loyal to Al Qawasim of Sharjah, effectively making them a counter enclave within the exclave of Madha. Following consultations between the area's tribes and Julian F. Walker, the British representative to the Trucial States, the borders were established and later finalized in 1969.

title: Nahwa


text:
Okinawa woodpecker

The Okinawa woodpecker (Dendrocopos noguchii), (ノグチゲラ) is a woodpecker endemic to the Okinawa Prefecture of Japan.

Taxonomy
Other common names for this species are Noguchi's woodpecker, Okinawan woodpecker, Pryer's woodpecker and Ryukyu woodpecker. Some taxonomic authorities place this species in the monotypic genus Sapheopipo.

Description
This is a medium-sized (31 cm), dark woodpecker. It is dark brown in color with red-tipped feathers. It has white spots on the primaries. The head is a paler brown, with a dark red crown on the male and a blackish-brown one on the female. The call is a sharp whit call and a variable kyu-kyu kup kup kup or kyu kyu kup.

Habitat
Their breeding habitat is subtropical, evergreen broad-leaved forest that is at least 30 years old on Okinawa Island, with tall trees of more than 20 cm in diameter. Nesting is between late February and May.

Conservation
This woodpecker is critically endangered. It has a single tiny, declining population which is threatened by habitat loss of mature forest due to logging, dam construction, agriculture, military and golf course developments. A major problem now is that one of their main habitats is being destroyed. The current population is estimated at less than 600. This species is suspected to be declining at a rate of 10-19% over ten years, as a result of ongoing clearance of old-growth forests.

This woodpecker is legally protected in Japan. It occurs in Yonaha-dake Prefecture Protection Area and small protected areas on Mount Ibu and Mount Nishime and conservation organisations have purchased sites where it occurs, but it is mainly found in the Okinawa Prefecture. In 1996, Yambaru was designated as a national park.

Threats to the species
The habitat of the Okinawa woodpecker is threatened by the construction of six new American helipads located about 9.5 km Southwest of the Yanbaru forest of Takae. The lives of the birds themselves are also put at risk by the flights of V-22 Ospreys over the island.

title: Okinawa woodpecker


text:
Madha

The Omani territory of Madha (مَدْحَاء) or Wādī Madḥāʾ (وَادِي مَدْحَاء) is an exclave of the Musandam Governorate, enclaved by the United Arab Emirates (UAE); inside it, there is a second-order enclave: Nahwa, which is part of the UAE Emirate of Sharjah. Madha is located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the rest of Oman.

The exclave is on the Fujairah–Khor Fakkan road, which is mostly in the Emirate of Sharjah, and covers approximately 75 km2. There are two exits to Madha on the Fujairah–Khorfakkan road. This territory is the only territory between UAE and Oman which is not lined with any barrier and there is no border crossing between Madha, Nahwa, or the UAE.

History
At the start of the 19th century, Madha belonged to the Qawasim of Ras Al Khaimah but the Shihuh of Dibba Bai'ah took it by force some time between 1869 and 1900. From that point, they had been aligned with the Shihuh from Dibba Bai'ah and their leader Muhammad bin Salih. The Madhanis determined that there was no point of staying with him and they needed a stronger government.

In the late 1930s or early 1940s, the leaders of the four rival clans who ruled the Musandam Peninsula (Al Qassimi of Ras Al Khaimah, Al Qassimi of Sharjah, Al Sharqi of Fujairah, and the Bu Said of Oman) gathered a group of village elders of Madha and posed a question as to which sheikhdom the Madhanis wanted to have allegiance to. While all the other villages and towns around them (including the village of Nahwa that is within Madha) aligned themselves with the ruling families of Sharjah, Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah, the Madhanis were swayed by the local representative, or wali, of the sultan of Oman Hamad bin Saif Al bu Sa'idi. The Madhanis chose Oman in the 1930s based on the firm belief that Oman was wealthier, had a stronger government, and would be better placed to protect the village's water supply. The boundary was settled in 1969 and Madha residents' decision to align with Oman made them an exclave of the Sultanate of Oman.

Madha is mostly empty, with the developed portion, called "New Madha", containing roads, a school, post office, an 'Eid ground, police station, an Omani bank, electricity and water supply, and an airstrip. There is also a Royal Oman Police patrol.

The population is less than 3,000.

In 2014, it was announced that a museum would be built to house the collection of local historian Mohammed bin Salem al Mad’hani.

Climate
Madha is a mountainous area with rugged terrain, and the climate is hot and dry in the summers and mild in winters.

Water springs
In the Wilayat of Madha there are some water springs, such as: Ain Al-Samay, which has a flow rate of three liters per second, and Ain Hajar Bani Hamid, which has a flow rate of about four liters per second.

Sarooj Dam
The Sarooj Dam, which is situated in the Madha wilayat of the Musandam Governorate, is one of the city's main attractions. Following the recent rains, the dam has significantly filled up, creating a lake of fresh water, making it a well-liked destination for travelers who wish to take in the gorgeous views and the fresh water.

Madha Fort
A number of historical structures can be found in Madha, including the Madha Fort, which is thought to have been constructed in the 17th century under the rule of Sultan bin Saif Al-Yarubi. The fort is a must-see for history aficionados and a superb illustration of traditional Omani architecture.

Madha Banyan Trees
In the farming area a group of well-established banyan trees are found. The farming area is watered by falaj system with water coming from the mountain springs.

Madha House Museum
Muhammad bin Salem Al Madhani founded it and started gathering his exhibits in 1976 AD. Numerous items and antiques from before the birth of Christ can be found at the museum, including pottery, coinage, and agricultural implements.

Inscriptions on stones, fragments of arrows, spears, and other ancient weaponry as well as seals, timepieces, and various Omani rocks are also included.

The museum displays a number of documents, manuscripts, and historical coins dating back to the tenth century AD, such as: a Greek silver coin used during the reign of Alexander the Great, a very small coin with a star made of stone on both sides, and a group of coins that were minted during the Umayyad and State eras. Abbasia.

Cultural festivals
Additionally, Madha is well-known for its annual cultural festivals. These celebrations feature traditional music and dance performances, culinary festivals, and arts and crafts exhibitions as they honor the region's rich history and culture.

title: Madha


text:
Talk:Mountain gorilla

Conservation: Threats and Conservation Methods updated
We have made a number of updates to the Conservation section as a whole. We felt that each of the threats needed to have more depth and analysis (i.e. references to scientific literature) in order to understand any conservation activities.
 * Poaching - inclusion of a referenced case study (the 'Taiping 4').
 * Habitat loss - addition of information regarding the impact of pyrethrum growth, isolation of groups or 'clans' of the sub-population and the resulting lack of genetic diversity.
 * Disease - discussion of the dangers of human contact with gorillas given their genetic similarities and the increased risk of disease transmission - also a note about how this danger can be minimised with good management. The impact of livestock in the region is also noted.
 * War and Civil Unrest - this section was only very briefly addressed previously, despite the obvious effects that regional instability would have had on the subpopulation. We have included information about simulation modelling of the impact of war and unrest on habitat and population, along with information about direct impacts such as increases in poaching, pressures of increased population on ecologically vulnerable regions through the influx of refugees and the effect of land mines.

Following on from this, we updated the section on conservation methods. The information about Community-based conservation was minimal in spite of its significant role in protecting the gorilla habitat - as such, we have included further information about collaborative management processes and community engagement. There was also very little information about the impact of eco-tourism which has been particularly significant in providing the resources to carry out effective conservation. The previous separation of 'active' and 'theoretical' conservation made it difficult to discuss their impacts as the two halves of an holistic approach.

Update to conservation introduction
Updated conservation introduction to include overall impact on population size of conservation efforts over the past 2 decades and indicate conflicts between researchers about these figures — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cinderski (talk • contribs) 02:43, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

I would talk about virunga national park

Corrections to first paragraph
I'm going to make some corrections to the first paragraph - since the Bwindi population has yet to be firmly classified as a separate subspecies, they deserve to be included in the count, meaning that we can add their 320 in to make 700 in the world.

Edit Summary - 21 May 2004
I added the taxobox and updated the classifications. The article contents is only a very rough beginning, and I will continue to work on it. (I have seen works in progress dealt with in a few different ways, if one is preferred, please let me know.) The following thoughts are in addition/response to the guidelines given at WikiProject Primates and used in primate articles (see Lemurine Owl Monkey & White-throated Capuchin -- both great examples).

- ''where does it live? how broadly does it roam? maps are good'' Some articles group habitat and diet as a heading. Again, these should be separated. Possibly. There are a few different angles that a description of habitat could be approach from, including:
 * Description (physical, behavioral) - what makes this (group of) critter(s) different from its close relatives? Include here evidence about cognitive capacities. These descriptions should be separated (at least for any/all of the Hominids), both due to the amount of living places

 * Research & Population Estimates -  Include here any significant field research and census data. This (along with the following) is my addition to the list.

 * Conservation - What impact have humans had on this species? Include here any threats (habitat destruction, poaching, disease, etc.) and conservation work. Unless I have missed something, they are either vague or absent from the current one. The importance to/impact on humans should be addressed here.

 * Cultural, Religious, Economic, etc. Importance - what impact has it had on humans? Include here use for experimental purposes that do not relate to other headings. Experimental purposes and/or captive life are significant topics (again, at least for the Hominids) for reasons which include: the majority of gorilla subspecies do not survive in captivity, the knowledge gained from lab research.

These thoughts are primarily in reference to the Mountain Gorilla article, but may apply to the others (esp. those mentioned). I would appreciate any (constructive) comments. Lea 13:50, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I changed my mind about / reworked some of the things I mentioned above. Regardless, I have put up what I have so far. I know it needs a little work as far as format (at least). Lea 03:51, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Sleep Habits
The current article says "Only infants sleep in the same nest as their mothers." But Dian Fossey, in Gorillas in the Mist, describes adults sleeping together on numerous occasions. --DavidNYC 20:09, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Tourism
Should this article maybe go into more detail about Gorilla Tourism? and possibly threats to the Gorilla with regards to the Rwanda War? One of the reasons for the gorillas continued surivial is arugably due to the gorilla tourism and the exposure it creates and economic benefits for the local communities? I'm not a expert, but maybe an expert could create a section on this? --Mezaco 16:20, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Scientific name
There are tons of conflictions from sources regarding the scientific name of the mountain gorilla. Anyone know which one is actually acurate? Cabound 22:55, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The listed name is correct, according to the last few publications at least. - UtherSRG (talk) 03:49, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Good article candidate
I've nominated this article for GA status. I actually just came across it randomly while looking at endangered species. It looks to be stable, well-sourced, well-written, and overall a very interesting read. ♠ SG →Talk 14:05, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Indeed, I passed it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alientraveller (talk • contribs) 17:01, 4 June 2007

Kenny vs. Spenny
They had a competition for "Who can wear a gorilla costume the longest" and Spenny talked about the Mountain Gorilla throught the whole episode, should it be mentioned? KingRaven (>$.$)> (talk) 07:10, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Stray refs
These were at the top of the article, not sure why.

- Peregrine Fisher (talk) 15:59, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Referencing a reproduction of this page?
I'm pretty sure the reference: is just a reproduction of this page, and therefore is referencing itself. Jack (talk) 13:49, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Interactions with Poachers
In the Behavior/Social Structure section there is a sentence pertaining to the silverback's ability to remove snares from other gorilla's feet and feet. However this behavior was recently observed in juveniles as well (source). I am unsure of where in the article this information would best be placed and I'd love to hear anyone's thoughts. Thanks, FifthCrow (talk) 18:40, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Comments
The mountain gorilla article is cited as a formerly good article. Upon reading, there are a few citations needed. The two largest sections are conservation and behavior, respectively. The behaviors are broken down into subsections including social structure, aggression, affiliation, vocalization, and fears. The behaviors are described in death and include citations. Within the subcategory of social structure, there is explanation of relatedness among group members in detail. Exploring the social relationships within a group and relating it to behavioral evolution can describe this even further. There should be a relationship between the altruism of members of a various group and their relatedness. The talk section has more short entries about edits and fewer posts regarding fact checking and source data. Historically, this article has been edited several times within the same month and was first established in 2004. Katims90 (talk) 19:46, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

Lifespan? Age to sexual maturity? Gestation period? Number of offspring? How long offspring remain with mother? More? 74.127.201.16 (talk) 19:57, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Male gorillas are not only 4 feet 11 inches tall
Someone needs to change the average height listing because im pretty sure male mountain gorillas are taller than 5 feet. a more accurate average is around 5 ft 6 - 5 ft 7 inches tall for males. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bron668 (talk • contribs) 21:29, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Please look at Average HiLo48 (talk) 02:51, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

Strength
While the African Wildlife Foundation does say that the Mountain Gorilla is 10 times stronger than the biggest American football players, this shouldn't be stated in the article because no one has ever tested gorilla strength - even if it had, the African Wildlife Foundation doesn't make any reference to it. Also, other organizations have different estimates. It's obvious they're probably much stronger than any human but since we can only guess it seems like a good idea to remove the mention of it. 69.158.136.218 (talk) 06:04, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

Koko
Koko should not be mentioned in the fear section or anywhere in this article because she is a western lowland gorilla, not a mountain gorilla. 202.123.130.53 (talk) 12:02, 25 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the explanation. It seems unlikely that information is really verified by the cited source; just go ahead and remove it.--Cúchullain t/ c 12:55, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

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Stop citing guinness book of world records.
There is no source to it and the book isn't even fucking visible, lol. Like I said it is also contradicted in the exact same paragraph.

 Fully erect, males reach 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) in height, with an arm span of 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) and weigh 155 kg (342 lb).[11]  Even though no study was mentioned there, it is still more recent and more reliable than some goofy shit from 40 years ago. Or, if there's no sources for their height...don't give random numbers from stupid websites and keep it blank. Kikiopae (talk) 00:19, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * WP:PAYWALL is clear that simply because you can't access it isn't reason to remove it, especially when it is such information as this. Please employ polite language. If sources contradict each other, we ought to take that into account. 155 kg is within the given range. But anyway, we ought to find more modern material on this, instead of removing the information entirely. RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 17:06, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree! And: whatever is written in the guinness book, is based on sources that was earlier published elsewhere. Lets look for these earlier sources. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 17:11, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * It deleted my reply, this system is irritating. The weight broadly matches but the height is 8 inches shorter and even juvenile gorillas seem taller than that, see selfies with rangers. In addition the largest height given with a source is huge compared to that size. Adult chimpanzees have been sourced as 150cm, something to note. Kikiopae (talk) 17:16, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I looked for some sources, but I don't think I have access to journals in the field with my institution, so I have the following:
 * "SIZE: Standing height: 4 to 6 feet WEIGHT: 300 to 485 pounds" (no median/average/dimorphism details given)
 * "Physical Description Gorillas are the largest primate, with average lengths of 150 cm for females and 185 cm for males. They are highly sexually dimorphic, with females weighing 70 to 114 kg and males averaging 160 kg."
 * "HEIGHT 4 to 5 ½ feet when standing on two feet WEIGHT up to 440 lbs" (same limitations at NatGeo)
 * Both of the sources already in the article seem to not be too far off. We just need to reconcile this information together (of course, extreme examples such as "unconfirmed record of another individual, shot in 1932, that was 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) and weighed 218.6 kg (482 lb)" are not representative). RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 18:44, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * The content on these websites is also taken from reliable sources, i.e. publications in a scientific journal. Selfies with rangers are not citeable here. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 18:53, 6 April 2021 (UTC) > I hope my revision solved this dispute. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 19:33, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mountain gorilla


text:
D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson

Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson CB FRS FRSE (2 May 1860 – 21 June 1948) was a Scottish biologist, mathematician and classics scholar. He was a pioneer of mathematical and theoretical biology, travelled on expeditions to the Bering Strait and held the position of Professor of Natural History at University College, Dundee for 32 years, then at St Andrews for 31 years. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, was knighted, and received the Darwin Medal and the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal.

Thompson is remembered as the author of the 1917 book On Growth and Form, which led the way for the scientific explanation of morphogenesis, the process by which patterns and body structures are formed in plants and animals.

Thompson's description of the mathematical beauty of nature, and the mathematical basis of the forms of animals and plants, stimulated thinkers as diverse as Julian Huxley, C. H. Waddington, Alan Turing, René Thom, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Eduardo Paolozzi, Le Corbusier, Christopher Alexander and Mies van der Rohe.

Early life
Thompson was born at 3 Brandon Street in Edinburgh to Fanny Gamgee (sister of Sampson Gamgee) and D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1829–1902), Classics Master at Edinburgh Academy and later Professor of Greek at Queen's College, Galway. His mother, Fanny Gamgee (1840–1860), died 9 days after his birth as a result of complications and he was brought up by his maternal grandfather Joseph Gamgee (1801–1895), a veterinary surgeon. He lived with his grandfather and uncle, John Gamgee, at 12 Castle Terrace, facing north onto Edinburgh Castle.

From 1870 to 1877 he attended The Edinburgh Academy and won the 1st Edinburgh Academical Club Prize in 1877. In 1878, he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. Two years later, he moved to Trinity College, Cambridge to study zoology. As a student at Cambridge, D'Arcy Thompson was first a sizar, and then received a scholarship. To earn money to support his education he translated Hermann Müller's work on the fertilisation of flowers, because the topic appealed to him. His translation was published in 1883, and included an introduction by Charles Darwin. He speculated later, that if he had chosen to translate Wilhelm Olbers Focke's hybridisation of flowers, he "might have anticipated the discovery of Mendel by twenty years". He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Science in 1883.

Career

From 1883 to 1884, Thompson stayed in Cambridge as a Junior Demonstrator in physiology, teaching students. In 1884, he was appointed Professor of Biology (later Natural History) at University College, Dundee, a post he held for 32 years. One of his first tasks was to create a Zoology Museum for teaching and research, now named after him.

In 1885 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Patrick Geddes, Frank W. Young, William Evans Hoyle and Daniel John Cunningham. He served as vice president to the Society from 1916 to 1919 and as president from 1934 to 1939.

In 1896 and 1897, he went on expeditions to the Bering Straits, representing the British Government in an international inquiry into the fur seal industry to assess the fur seal's declining numbers. "Thompson's diplomacy avoided an international incident" between Russia and the United States which both had hunting interests in this area.

His final report for the government drew attention also to the near extinction of the sea otter and whale populations. He became one of the first to press for conservation agreements, and his recommendations contributed to the issuing of species protection orders. He subsequently was appointed Scientific Adviser to the Fisheries Board of Scotland and later, representative to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.

He took the opportunity to collect many valuable specimens for his museum, one of the largest in the country at the time, specialising in Arctic zoology, through his links to the Dundee whalers. The D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum still has (in 2012) the Japanese spider crab that he collected, and the rare skeleton of a Steller's Sea Cow.

Whilst in Dundee, Thompson sat on the committee of management of the Dundee Private Hospital for Women. He was a founder member of the Dundee Social Union and pressed for it "to buy four slum properties in the town", which they renovated so that "the poorest families of Dundee could live there." He encouraged and supported the social reformer Mary Lily Walker in her work with the social union.

In 1917, aged 57, Thompson was appointed to the Chair of Natural History at the University of St Andrews, where he remained for the last 31 years of his life. In 1918 he delivered the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on The Fish of the Sea. The German British mathematician Walter Ledermann described in his memoir how, as an assistant in Mathematics, he met the biology Professor Thompson at St Andrews in the mid 1930s and how Thompson "was fond of exercising his skills as an amateur of mathematics", that "he used quite sophisticated mathematical methods to elucidate the shapes that occur in the living world" and "[...] differential equations, a subject which evidently lay outside d'Arcy Thompson's fields of knowledge at that time." Ledermann wrote how on one occasion he helped him, working and writing out the answer to his question.

In Country Life magazine in October 1923, he wrote:

"'This is but a little town, and our lives are somewhat narrow who dwell therein; but its traditions are not lost, nor the lessons of its long history thrown away.... the stones cry out to us as we pass.... only last week I went down to the little ancient church of Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre in Paris, and passed through it to stand for a moment (as I often do) in the deserted garden whence one looks across the river and gets the finest view of all of Notre Dame.... here have been civilization, religion and learning for a few short centuries longer than in St Andrews.... yet these two spots have a like influence on my mind and rejoice my heart with a train of shadowy memories.'"

Family

On 4 July 1901 Thompson married Maureen, elder daughter of William Drury, of Dublin. His wife and three daughters survived him.

He died at his home in St Andrews after flying home from India in 1948, at the age of 87, having attended the Science Congress at Delhi, and staying in India for some months. Upon returning, "he suffered a breakdown in health, from which he never fully recovered." He is buried with his maternal grandparents, the Gamgees, and half-sisters in Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh.

History of Animals
In 1910, Thompson published his translation of Aristotle's History of Animals. He had worked on the enormous task intermittently for many years. It was not the first translation of the book into English, but the earlier attempts by Thomas Taylor (1809) and Richard Cresswell (1862) were inaccurate, and criticised at the time as showing "not only an inadequate knowledge of Greek, but an extremely imperfect acquaintance with zoology". Thompson's version benefited from his excellent Greek, his expertise in zoology, his "full" knowledge of Aristotle's biology, and his command of the English language, resulting in a fine translation, "correct, free and .. idiomatic". More recently, the evolutionary biologist Armand Leroi admired Thompson's translation:

"In Thompson's hands, Aristotle's worried prose acquires a subdued grandeur. 'All viviparous quadrupeds, then, are furnished with an oesophagus and a windpipe, situated as in man; the same statement is applicable to oviparous quadrupeds and birds, only that the latter present diversities in the shapes of these organs.'"

On Growth and Form

Thompson's most famous work, On Growth and Form, led the way for the scientific explanation of morphogenesis, the process by which patterns and body structures are formed in plants and animals. It was written in Dundee, mostly in 1915, though wartime shortages and his many last-minute alterations delayed publication until 1917. The central theme of the book is that biologists of its author's day overemphasized evolution as the fundamental determinant of the form and structure of living organisms, and underemphasized the roles of physical laws and mechanics. He had previously criticized Darwinism in his paper Some Difficulties of Darwinism in an 1884 meeting for the British Association for the Advancement of Science. On Growth and Form explained in detail why he believed Darwinism to be an inadequate explanation for the origin of new species. He did not openly reject natural selection, but regarded it as secondary to the origin of biological form. Instead, he advocated structuralism as an alternative to natural selection in governing the form of species, with a hint that vitalism was the unseen driving force.

On the concept of allometry, the study of the relationship of body size and shape, Thompson wrote: "An organism is so complex a thing, and growth so complex a phenomenon, that for growth to be so uniform and constant in all the parts as to keep the whole shape unchanged would indeed be an unlikely and an unusual circumstance. Rates vary, proportions change, and the whole configuration alters accordingly."

Using a mass of examples, Thompson pointed out correlations between biological forms and mechanical phenomena. He showed the similarity in the forms of jellyfish and the forms of drops of liquid falling into viscous fluid, and between the internal supporting structures in the hollow bones of birds and well-known engineering truss designs. He described phyllotaxis (numerical relationships between spiral structures in plants) and its relationship to the Fibonacci sequence.

Perhaps the most famous part of the work is chapter XVII, "The Comparison of Related Forms," where Thompson explored the degree to which differences in the forms of related animals could be described by means of relatively simple mathematical transformations.

The book is a work in the "descriptive" tradition; Thompson did not articulate his insights in the form of experimental hypotheses that can be tested. He was aware of this, saying that "This book of mine has little need of preface, for indeed it is 'all preface' from beginning to end."

Honours
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1916, elected an International honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1928, knighted in 1937 and received the Gold Medal of the Linnean Society in 1938. In 1941, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. He was awarded the Darwin Medal in 1946. For his revised On Growth and Form, he was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1942. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1885, and was active in the Society over many years, serving as president from 1934 to 1939.

Interdisciplinary influence
On Growth and Form has inspired thinkers including the biologists Julian Huxley, Conrad Hal Waddington and Stephen Jay Gould, the mathematicians Alan Turing and René Thom, the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss and artists including Richard Hamilton, Eduardo Paolozzi, and Ben Nicholson with his ideas on the mathematical basis of the forms of animals, and perhaps especially on morphogenesis. Jackson Pollock owned a copy. Waddington and other developmental biologists were struck particularly by the chapter on Thompson's "Theory of Transformations", where he showed that the various shapes of related species (such as of fish) could be presented as geometric transformations, anticipating the evolutionary developmental biology of a century later. The book led Turing to write a famous paper "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" on how patterns such as those seen on the skins of animals can emerge from a simple chemical system. Lévi-Strauss cites Thompson in his 1963 book Structural Anthropology.

On Growth and Form is seen as a classic text in architecture and is admired by architects "for its exploration of natural geometries in the dynamics of growth and physical processes." The architects and designers Le Corbusier, László Moholy-Nagy and Mies van der Rohe were inspired by the book. Peter Medawar, the 1960 Nobel Laureate in Medicine, called it "the finest work of literature in all the annals of science that have been recorded in the English tongue".

150th anniversary
In 2010, the 150th anniversary of his birth was celebrated with events and exhibitions at the Universities of Dundee and St Andrews; the main lecture theatre in the University of Dundee's Tower Building was renamed in his honour, a publication exploring his work in Dundee and the history of his Zoology Museum was published by University of Dundee Museum Services, and an exhibition on his work was held in the city.

Museum and archives
The original Zoology Museum at Dundee became neglected after his move to St Andrews. In 1956 the building, which it was housed in, was scheduled for demolition and the museum collection was dispersed, with some parts going to the British Museum. A teaching collection was retained and forms the core of the University of Dundee's current D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum. In 2011, the University of Dundee was awarded a £100,000 grant by The Art Fund to build a collection of art inspired by his ideas and collections, much of it displayed in the Museum.

Special Collections at the University of St Andrews hold Thompson's personal papers which include over 30,000 items. Archive Services at the University of Dundee hold records of his time at Dundee, and a collection of papers relating to Thompson collected by Professor Alexander David Peacock, a later holder of the chair of Natural History at University College, Dundee.

In 1892 D'Arcy Thompson donated Davis Straits specimens of crustaceans, pycnogonids, and other invertebrates to the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology.

Selected publications
D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson published around 300 articles and books during his career.

 * 1885. A bibliography of Protozoa, sponges, Coelenterata, and worms, including also the Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, and Tunicata, for the years 1861–1883. Cambridge University Press.
 * 1895. Glossary of Greek Birds. Oxford University Press.
 * 1897. "Report by Professor D'Arcy Thompson on his mission to the Behring Sea in 1896." Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
 * 1910. Aristotle's The History of Animals (translation).
 * 1913. On Aristotle as a biologist with a prooemion on Herbert Spencer. Oxford University Press. Being the Herbert Spencer lecture delivered before the University of Oxford, 14 February 1913.
 * 1917. On Growth and Form. Cambridge University Press.
 * — 1945 Edition at archive.org

 * 1940. Science and the Classics, Oxford University Press, 264 pp.
 * 1947. Glossary of Greek Fishes.

title: D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson


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Guido Knopp

Guido Knopp (born 29 January 1948 in Treysa, Hesse) is a German journalist and author. He is well known in Germany, mainly because he has produced a great number of TV documentaries, predominantly about the "Third Reich" and National Socialism, but also about other topics, such as Stalinism.

Life and work
After earning his doctoral degree in history and political science, Knopp worked as a newspaper editor at the Welt am Sonntag and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. In 1978 he took up employment at the German TV station ZDF. Since then, he has produced many documentaries about the Nazi dictatorship like Hitlers Helfer ("Hitler's Henchmen"), Hitler-Eine Bilanz ("Hitler-taking stock") or Die SS: Eine Warnung der Geschichte ("The SS: A warning from history"), but also, for example, Vatikan (about the power of the popes) or Kanzler: Die Mächtigen der Republik (about Germany's post-war federal chancellors). Knopp hosts a weekly German television program, usually broadcast on Sundays, called History. In 1999, he produced a series called 100 Jahre – der Countdown, which sums up the whole 20th century, year by year, and is still sometimes broadcast during holidays by the Phoenix television station. For the publication of his book Top Spies – Traitors in the Secret War (1994), Knopp worked with the German Federal Intelligence Service and several retired spies to present their personal story and explain their work to a broad public.

Knopp's history films are often criticised for presenting the Third Reich too superficially and for "editing history" to play down the role of the German public in building and supporting Hitler's regime. He was condemned for rewriting history by leaving out the role of the Wehrmacht (former German Army) in the cruelties of World War II. In 2004, a group of international historians warned that documentaries like the ones produced by Knopp could reduce important historic facts to mere infotainment.

In 2003, Knopp pleaded for Konrad Adenauer to be featured in the Unsere Besten list of greatest Germans, compiled by ZDF-TV. In 2004, he received the Goldene Kamera and the Bavarian and European TV award for his work. He teaches journalism at the Gustav-Siewerth-Akademie in Weilheim-Bierbronnen (Baden-Württemberg) and lives in Mainz. His publishing house is the German Random House group (Bertelsmann group). In 2008 Knopp worked on a movie about failed Hitler assassin Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg.

Published books

 * (1998) Hitler's Henchmen. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3781-5
 * (2001) Hitler's Holocaust. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2700-3
 * (2002) Hitler's Hitmen. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2602-3
 * (2002) Hitler's Children. ISBN 0-7509-2732-1
 * (2003) Hitler's Women. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-94730-8
 * (2007) Die Wehrmacht: Eine Bilanz. C. Bertelsmann Verlag. ISBN 978-3-570-00975-8
 * (2008) Hitler's Warriors. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-750-9260-1-0.
 * (2002) In German Die SS: Eine Warnung der Geschichte. ("The SS: A historical warning") ISBN 3-570-00621-2, In Swedish SS - ondskans redskap ("SS - the tool of evil") ISBN 9789185377244
 * (2007) In German Göring – Eine Karriere ("Göring - A career") ISBN 3-570-00891-6

title: Guido Knopp


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Amami thrush

The Amami thrush (Zoothera major) is a member of the thrush family Turdidae. It is endemic to the islands of Amami Ōshima and Kakeroma island in the northern Nansei Islands of Japan.

Description
This large, heavily patterned thrush is similar in appearance to the scaly thrush, to which was considered a subspecies. It has warm olive-brown to buff upperparts and whitish underparts with heavy black scaling. It has twelve tail feathers. The scaly thrush is smaller and has fourteen tail feathers. It has a cheerful song similar to the Siberian thrush. The Amami thrush ranges in length from 29 to 31 cm and weighs approximately 172 g. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 16.4 to 17.3 cm, the bill is 3.1 to 3.3 cm and the tarsus is 4.1 to 4.5 cm.

Behaviour and ecology
Its breeding habitat is mature subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest around humid valleys. Its diet includes invertebrates and fruit. It breeds in May and June, laying 3-4 eggs.

Status
The breeding population is estimated by Amami Ornithologists' Club (NPO, Japan) all over the island every late March since 1999.

title: Amami thrush


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User talk:Lea Mai

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

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Again, welcome! --ALargeElk 08:47, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Phish Rift.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it might be deleted by adminstrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 15:19, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lea Mai


text:
List of mayors of Winnipeg

The mayor of Winnipeg is a member of Winnipeg City Council, but does not represent a ward. The position of mayor was created in 1873 following the incorporation of Winnipeg. Since 1998, the term of office has been for four years.

The 44th and current mayor of Winnipeg is Scott Gillingham, elected on October 26, 2022.

History
The position of mayor was created in 1873 following the incorporation of Winnipeg (renamed from Fort Garry), now the provincial capital of Manitoba. From 1874 to 1955, the mayor of Winnipeg was elected for one year only; then, from 1955 until 1972, the term of office was extended to two years.

The election of the first City Council was held on 6 October 1971 and the new City of Winnipeg was amalgamated on 1 January 1972. Thereafter, the new Council consisted of 50 councillors—elected from each of Winnipeg's wards—and 1 mayor, who is elected by the city as a whole. From 1972 onward, the mayor held office for a term of three years. Finally, in 1998, the term of office was extended to four years.

19th century

 * 1874         Francis Evans Cornish, Q. C.
 * 1875–76 William Nassau Kennedy
 * 1877–78 Thomas Scott
 * 1879–80 Alexander Logan
 * 1881     Elias George Conklin
 * 1882     Braeden Barnabe
 * 1883     Benjamin Dusik
 * 1884     Josh Richards
 * 1885     Charles Edward Hamilton
 * 1886     Henry Shaver Wesbrook
 * 1887–88 Lyman Melvin Jones
 * 1889     Thomas Ryan
 * 1890–91 Alfred Pearson
 * 1892     Alexander Macdonald
 * 1893–94 Thomas William Taylor
 * 1895     Thomas Gilroy
 * 1896     Richard Willis Jameson
 * 1897     William F. McCreary
 * 1898–99 A.J. Andrews

20th century

 * 1900     Horace Wilson
 * 1901–03 John Arbuthnot
 * 1904–06 Thomas Sharpe
 * 1907–08 James Henry Ashdown
 * 1909–11 William Sanford Evans
 * 1912     Richard Deans Waugh
 * 1913–14 Thomas Russ Deacon
 * 1915–16 Richard Deans Waugh
 * 1917     David J. Dyson
 * Unseated on recount, January 5, 1917
 * 1917     Frederick Harvey Davidson
 * Declared elected on recount, January 8, 1917
 * 1918     Frederick Harvey Davidson
 * 1919–20 Charles Frederick Gray
 * 1921     Edward Parnell
 * 1922     Edward Parnell
 * Died June 9, 1922
 * 1922     Frank Oliver Fowler
 * Elected June 20, 1922
 * 1923–24 Seymour Farmer
 * 1925–27 Lt. Col. Ralph Webb, D.S.O., M.C.
 * 1928–29 Lt. Col. Daniel McLean
 * 1930–34 Lt. Col. Ralph Webb, D.S.O., M.C.
 * 1935–36 John Queen, M. L. A.
 * 1937     Frederick Edgar Warriner, D. D. S.
 * 1938–40 John Queen, M. L. A.
 * 1941–42 John Queen
 * 1943–54 Garnet Coulter, Q. C.
 * 1955–56 George Edward Sharpe
 * 1957–59 Stephen Juba, M. L. A.
 * 1960–77 Stephen Juba, OC
 * 1977–79 Robert Steen, Q. C.
 * Died May 10, 1979
 * 1979–92 William Norrie, Q. C.
 * Elected June 21, 1979
 * 1992–98 Susan Ann Thompson
 * 1998–2000   Glen Murray

21st century

 * 2000–2004 Glen Murray
 * Resigned May 11, 2004
 * 2004–2014 Sam Katz
 * 2014–2022 Brian Bowman
 * 2022–present Scott Gillingham

title: List of mayors of Winnipeg


text:
Victoria de los Ángeles

Victoria de los Ángeles López García (1 November 1923 – 15 January 2005) was a Catalan Spanish operatic lyric soprano and recitalist whose career began after the Second World War and reached its height in the years from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s.

Early life
She was born Victoria de los Ángeles López García in the porter's lodge of the University of Barcelona, to Bernardo Lopez Gómez (or Gamez), a university caretaker, and Victoria García. She studied voice under Dolores Frau, and guitar with Graciano Tarragó, at the Barcelona Conservatory, graduating in 1941 after just three years, at the age of 18.

Career in music
In 1941, while still a student, she made her operatic debut as Mimì in La bohème at the Liceu, afterwards resuming her musical studies. In 1945, she returned to the Liceu to make her professional debut as the Countess in The Marriage of Figaro.

After winning first prize in the Geneva International Music Competition in 1947, she sang Salud in Falla's La vida breve with the BBC in London in 1948. She was accompanied on many of her early recordings by both Graciano Tarragó and his daughter, the guitarist Renata Tarragó.

In her early years in particular, she also sang a lot of florid music (music antiche). While she later made fewer appearances in opera, she continued to give recitals focusing on mostly French, German Lieder and Spanish art songs or songs with Nahuatl texts by Mexican composer Salvador Moreno Manzano into the 1990s.

In 1949, she made her first appearance in the Paris Opéra as Marguerite. The following year, she made her debut in Salzburg and at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden as Mimì, and in the United States with a recital at Carnegie Hall. In March 1951, she made her Metropolitan Opera debut in New York as Marguérite, and she went on to sing with the company for ten years. In 1952, she became an instant favourite in Buenos Aires at the Teatro Colón as the title role in Madama Butterfly. She returned to Buenos Aires many times until 1979. She sang at La Scala in Milan from 1950 to 1956 and, in 1957, she sang at the Vienna State Opera.

After making her debut at the Bayreuth Festival as Elisabeth in Tannhäuser in 1961, she devoted herself principally to a concert career. However, for the next twenty years, she continued to make occasional appearances in one of her favourite operatic roles, Bizet's Carmen. She was among the first Spanish-born operatic singers to record the complete opera, having done so in 1958 in a recording conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham, using the recitatives added by Ernest Guiraud after Bizet's death. Though Carmen lay comfortably in her range, she nevertheless also sang major soprano roles, the best known of which were Donna Anna, Manon, Nedda, Desdemona, Cio-Cio-San, Mimi, Violetta and Mélisande.

James Hinton, Jr. praised the curious means she used to achieve her characterisation of Rosina in the 1954 Met's The Barber of Seville:
 * ...she — almost literally – does nothing at all that is in the conventional sense 'effective'. She is rapidly becoming one of those great rarities... a personality who makes everyone believe in her characterizations. Even in that there is a flaw, for she really offers no characterization. The personality is always the same... Yet the audience believes... that this is the way whichever character she happens to be dressed as must have been..."

De los Ángeles performed regularly in song recitals with pianists Gerald Moore and Geoffrey Parsons, occasionally appearing with other eminent singers, such as Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. Her recitals of Spanish songs with the pianist Alicia de Larrocha, a fellow Barcelona native who was her close friend, were also legendary. She sang at the closing ceremony of the 1992 Summer Olympics, aged 68.

She made many widely acclaimed recordings, including those of La vida breve, La bohème, Pagliacci, and Madama Butterfly. The last three paired her with the outstanding tenor Jussi Björling. She was particularly appreciative of Björling's unique talent. In de los Ángeles' biography by Peter Roberts, de los Ángeles noted that "in despite of technical developments, none of the Jussi Björling recordings give you the true sound of his voice. It was a far, far more beautiful voice than you can hear on the recordings he left".

The government of France named her a Chevalier the Légion d'honneur in 1994.

Personal life and death
She married Enrique Magriña in 1948. He and one of their two sons predeceased her.

She was hospitalized for a bronchial infection on December 31, 2004, and died of respiratory failure on 15 January 2005, aged 81. She was buried in the Montjuïc Cemetery, Barcelona.

Recognition
Her obituary in The Times (UK) noted that she must be counted “among the finest singers of the second half of the 20th century". James Hinton, Jr. praised her "meltingly lovely middle voice". Elizabeth Forbes, writing in UK's The Independent, also noted that "It is impossible to imagine a more purely beautiful voice than that of Victoria de los Ángeles at the height of her career in the 1950s and early 1960s". She was ranked number 3, after Maria Callas and Dame Joan Sutherland, in the BBC Music Magazine's List of The Top Twenty Sopranos of All Time (2007).

The municipal music school of Sant Cugat del Vallès is named for her (Escola Municipal de Música Victòria dels Àngels) and is located on a plaza bearing her name (Plaça Victòria dels Àngels). This school preserves her first grand piano, a Steck no. 49253 from 1913, purchased in Barcelona in 1948, which has a beautiful sound. Several other municipalities in Catalonia and many other in all of Spain have streets named after her.

In 2007 a private foundation was established in order to preserve her legacy and promote her figure, named Fundació Victoria de los Ángeles.

Partial discography

 * 1952: "Il Barbiere di Siviglia": Tullio Serafin (cond.) Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano; Gino Bechi (Figaro); Nicola Monti (Il Conte Almaviva). EMI
 * 1953: "Pagliacci": Renato Cellini (cond.) RCA Victor Orchestra; Jussi Björling (Canio); Leonard Warren (Tonio); Robert Merrill (Silvio). RCA Victor
 * 1953: "La Vida Breve" (complete): Manuel de Falla, EMI, HMV ALP1150-1151/RCA Victor Red Seal, LM-6017, 1953, with Emilio Payá (baritone), Rosario Gomez (mezzo-soprano), Pablo Civil (tenor). Ernesto Halffter, conductor, with the Orquestra Simfònica de l'Òpera de Barcelona
 * 1953: "Faust": André Cluytens (cond.) L'Opéra de Paris orchestra; Nicolai Gedda (Faust); Boris Christoff (Mephistopheles). EMI.
 * 1954: "Madama Butterfly": Gianandrea Gavazzeni (cond.) Teatro dell'Opera de Roma Orchestra: Tito Gobbi (Sharpless); Giuseppe di Stefano (Pinkerton). EMI Records.
 * 1955: "Les nuits d'été": Hector Berlioz, Charles Munch (cond.), Boston Symphony Orchestra. RCA Victor/EMI.
 * 1955: "Manon": Pierre Monteux (cond.) Chorus and Orchestra of the Théâtre-National de l'Opéra-Comique. EMI.
 * 1956: "La bohème": Thomas Beecham (cond.) RCA Victor Orchestra; Jussi Bjorling (Rodolfo); Robert Merrill (Marcello); Giorgio Tozzi (Colline); Lucine Amara (Musetta). RCA Victor/EMI.
 * 1958: "Faust": André Cluytens (cond.) L'Opéra de Paris orchestra; Nicolai Gedda (Faust); Boris Christoff (Mephistopheles). EMI.
 * 1959: "Carmen": Thomas Beecham (cond.) Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France; Nicolai Gedda (Don José); Janine Micheau (Micaëla); Ernest Blanc (Escamillo). EMI.
 * 1959: "La traviata": Tullio Serafin (cond.) Teatro dell'Opera de Roma Orchestra: Carlo del Monte (Alfredo); Mario Sereni (Germont). EMI.
 * 1959: "Madama Butterfly": Gabriele Santini (cond.) Teatro dell'Opera de Roma Orchestra: Jussi Björling (Pinkerton); Mario Sereni (Sharpless). EMI
 * 1962: "Cavalleria rusticana": Gabriele Santini (cond.) Teatro dell'Opera de Roma Orchestra: Franco Corelli (Turiddu); Mario Sereni (Alfio). EMI
 * 1962: "Il Barbiere di Siviglia": Vittorio Gui (cond.) Royal Philharmonic Orchestra: Sesto Bruscantini (Figaro); Luigi Alva (Il Conte Almaviva). EMI
 * 1962: "Requiem" (Fauré): André Cluytens (cond.) Paris Conservatoire Orchestra: Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. EMI.
 * 1964: "Les Contes d'Hoffmann": André Cluytens (cond.) Paris Conservatoire Orchestra: Nicolai Gedda (Hoffmann), Jean-Christophe Benoît (Nicklausse), Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (Giulietta), Gianna d'Angelo (Olimpia), Jacques Loreau (Andres\Cochenille\Frantz\Pittichinaccio). EMI.
 * 1965: "La Vida Breve" (complete): Manuel de Falla, EMI CD M 7 69590 2, Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (cond.) Orquesta Nacional de España, Orfeón Donostiarra; Inés Rivadeneira (la abuela); Carlo Cossutta (Paco); Ana Maria Higueras (Carmela).
 * 1965: "Dido and Aeneas": John Barbirolli (cond.) English Chamber Orchestra; Peter Glossop (Aeneas); Heather Harper (Belinda). EMI
 * 1966: "L'enfance du Christ": André Cluytens (cond.) Paris Conservatoire Orchestra; Nicolai Gedda; Ernest Blanc; Roger Soyer; Xavier Depraz. EMI
 * 1968-69: "Werther": Georges Prêtre (cond.) Orchestre de Paris; Nicolai Gedda (Werther); Mady Mesplé (Sophie). EMI
 * 1977: "Orlando Furioso": Claudio Scimone (cond.) I Solisti Veneti; Marilyn Horne (Orlando); Lucia Valentini-Terrani (Alcina). Erato
 * 1990: "Chants d'Auvergne": Joseph Canteloube, EMI Studio DRM CD M 7 63176 2, Jean-Pierre Jacquillat (cond.) Orchestre des Concerts Lamoureux
 * 1992: "Traditional Catalan Songs", with Geoffrey Parsons (pianist). Collins Classics
 * 1993: "The Fabulous Victoria de los Angeles" (4 CD boxed set, with recordings from 1960 through 1993), EMI.
 * 2008: "Victoria de los Angeles: The Voice of an Angel" (Overview of career on 7 CDS / 165 tracks on mp3) EMI.

title: Victoria de los Ángeles