text:
George Dowty

Sir George Herbert Dowty (27 March 1901 – 7 December 1975) was an English inventor and businessman.

He founded Dowty Aviation in the 1930s producing aircraft components such as hydraulic systems, undercarriage units, and warning devices.

Early life
Dowty was born in Pershore, Worcestershire in 1901. He was sent to the Royal Grammar School Worcester after losing his right eye at the age of 12 making a firework.

He left in 1916 to take up a job as an apprentice for Heenan & Froude at a factory in Worcester. He later moved to Cheltenham to become a draughtsman for the same company. In 1918 Dowty became a draughtsman with the British Aerial Transport Company in London. He then joined the design office of the A. V. Roe & Company at Hamble near Southampton. In 1924 he went to the Gloster Aircraft Company where he worked on undercarriage design.

Aircraft equipment
In 1931 he set up his own company in Cheltenham making aircraft equipment: for this purpose he leased a factory and bought Arle Court in Cheltenham. Dowty invented the first internally sprung aircraft wheel (used on the Gloster Gladiator) and by the time World War II had broken out the company was known as Dowty Aviation and was making the hydraulic systems in planes in Britain, Canada and the United States. His equipment was also used in the Concorde supersonic airliners.

Dowty retarder
He also invented the "Dowty retarder" for use in railway classification yards, a hydraulic device that regulates the speed of rail cars as they roll down an inclined track. The devices are built for a specified speed, set at the factory. If the rail car is below the set speed, the device offers no resistance. If the car speed is at or greater than the speed setting, an internal valve is activated to provide a resistance to the wheel, thus slowing the car. This keeps cars rolling within a relatively narrow range of speeds.

Honours
In 1956 he was knighted for his services to the industry.

In 1961 he became the President of the Worcester Old Elizabethans' Association and amongst his other awards he was President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, winning the RAeS "British Gold Medal" in 1955, and President of the Worcestershire County Cricket Club. He was given the Freedom of the Borough of Cheltenham and Tewkesbury and was a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He received an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) from the University of Bath in 1966.

He died in 1975 in the Isle of Man and although his company was acquired by TI Group in 1992, an element of it still remains as Messier-Dowty, a subsidiary of the Safran Group and Dowty Propellers, a subsidiary of GE Aviation.

Family
His first wife was Edith Dowty. In 1948 he married Marguerite Anne Gowans. She died on March 24, 2012, at age 87.

title: George Dowty


text: User talk:194.8.54.248

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:194.8.54.248


text:
Talk:Bottom-up parsing

Description of Yacc
I wrote this up a few weeks ago, and perhaps some of it might be incorporated into this page. I hereby give permission for its incorporation, in whole or in part, under the terms of the GNU FDL. - Dominus 16:28, 25 May 2004 (UTC) -

It's easy to understand if you understand the parsing algorithm. Otherwise, it's difficult. I learned the parsing algorithm from running the C debugger on yacc parsers, but I wouldn't recommend that.

I'll try to summarize what's happening.

The parser has two main parts. It has a state machine, and it has a stack. Items on the stack have three parts:

1. a grammar symbol 2. the value of the symbol 3. the state that the parser was in when it pushed the symbol onto the stack

The parser repeats the following loop over and over:

1. look ahead at the next token on the input stream 2. Consult a table to decide what to do next.

The table is indexed by the identity of the upcoming token, and by the current state of the state machine.

There are essentially four different things that the parser can do at each step. The simplest thing to do is to halt successfully. The next simplest is to signal a parse error.

Of the interesting behaviors, the simpler is to do a "shift", which just means that the next symbol is removed from the input stream, and pushed onto the stack. The current state is pushed onto the stack at the same time.

The other thing the parser can do is 'reduce', which corresponds to replacing the right-hand side of a grammar production with the left-hand side. In this case, the symbols on the stack that correspond to the RHS of the production are popped, and a value for the LHS is computed. The parser examines the state of the new top symbol, and uses it to index another table, which tells it what new state to go into. Then it pushes the LHS symbol and its value and the new state onto the stack.

Here's the simplest example grammar I can think of:

%token NUMBER

%%       expr : NUMBER '+' expr { $$ = $1 + $3 } | NUMBER         { $$ = $1 } ;

I'll now explain the bison .output file:

Grammar rule 1   expr -> NUMBER '+' expr rule 2   expr -> NUMBER

This is for debugging; it says what the gammar rules are. Also, later on it'll refer to the rules by number.

Terminals, with rules where they appear

$ (-1)       '+' (43) 1        error (256) NUMBER (257) 1 2

'terminals' are 'terminal symbols' which are produced by the lexer. 'error' is a special fake symbol that the parser sometimes inserts when there is an error. It's an advanced feature, so ignore it. '$' represents the end-of-input condition. Inside of bison, tokens are represented by integers. The lexer function will return one of these integers to indicate what sort of token it has found; it will also set a global variable (I think named 'yylval') to contain the value of the token, if it has one. In this example grammar, NUMBER has a value which is a number.

Nonterminals, with rules where they appear

expr (5) on left: 1 2, on right: 1

The grammar has only one nonterminal symbol, which is 'expr'.

The rest of the .output file describes the state machine and what it will do on every possible input from every possible state. Initially, the state machine is in state 0.

state 0

NUMBER	shift, and go to state 1

expr	go to state 4

Each state has two or three sections. Here the first section is omitted for state 0; we will see it in the explanation of the next state. The second section says what to do if the upcoming token has a certain type. In this case, if the machine is in state 0 and the upcoming token is a NUMBER, the token is shifted (pushed onto the stack) and the state machine goes into state 1. The description doesn't say so explicitly, but if the upcoming token is anything else, the parser will signal an error.

This is what we expect, since valid inputs to this parser must always begin with a NUMBER.

The third section says what to do next if the parser finds itself back here after reducing an 'expr': it should go into state 4 and continue.

state 1

expr ->  NUMBER. '+' expr  (rule 1) expr ->  NUMBER. (rule 2)

'+' 	shift, and go to state 2

$default	reduce using rule 2 (expr)

Here we see all three sections. The first section describes the place in the input that the parser expects to be while in this state. The '.' indicates the current read position in the input stream. The notations here say that when the parser is in state 1, it is either because it is in the middle of processing rule 1 of the grammar, and has already read in the first NUMBER, and is expecting to see a '+' sign followed by an 'expr', or else it has finished processing rule 2, and has already read in the NUMBER.

If the next input token is a '+', the parser concludes that it's actually in the 'rule 1' case rather than the 'rule 2' case. It pushes the '+' onto the stack and continues in state 2. If it sees anything else coming up (such as '$', the end-of-input token) it "reduces using rule 2", which, as you will recall, is

rule 2   expr -> NUMBER

This says that an 'expr' can be a plain NUMBER. The parser has seen the NUMBER and has it on the stack. It pops the number off and pushes an 'expr' symbol on the stack in its place. At this point it runs the associated semantic action to determine the value of the 'expr'. The semantic action is:

{ $$ = $1 }

$1 here refers to the value of the NUMBER; $$ is the resulting value. We said that the value of this expression is the same as the value of the number it comprises.

state 2

expr ->  NUMBER '+'. expr  (rule 1)

NUMBER	shift, and go to state 1

expr	go to state 3

The parser will be in state 2 after having seen the NUMBER and '+' tokens of an expression of the form 'NUMBER + expr'. If it sees another number, it pushes the number onto the stack and returns to state 1. If it sees anything else coming up,, it signals an error.

Let's pause for a moment and look at an example input. Say the input is

NUMBER 3 '+'       NUMBER 4 $

The parser starts in state 0. The next token is 'NUMBER', so the parser shifts the NUMBER onto the stack and goes into state 1.

In state 1, the next token is '+', so the parser shifts the '+' onto the stack and goes into state 2.

In state 2, the next token is 'NUMBER', so the parser shifts the NUMBER onto the stack, and goes back into state 1.

At this point, the stack has

top-> NUMBER (4) (state 2) '+'       (state 1) NUMBER (3) (state 0)

Now we're in state 1, and the next token is '$', which isn't explicitly listed among the shiftable tokens. So the parser takes the '$default' action, which is "reduce using rule 2".

Rule 2 has:

rule 2   expr -> NUMBER

The parser pops the stack and get the value of 4 from the popped symbol. It runs the associated semantic action, { $$ = $1 }. $1 is 4, so $$ is also 4. It pushes the new 'expr' symbol onto the stack with an associated semantic value of 4. The stack has:

top-> expr (4)  (state 2) '+'       (state 1) NUMBER (3) (state 0)

Finally, the parser looks at the state of the last-popped symbol, which was 2, and checks the state 2 tables to see what transition is appropriate when it has just reduced an 'expr'. State 2 says:

expr	go to state 3

so the parser does. It is now in state 3.

state 3

expr ->  NUMBER '+' expr. (rule 1)

$default	reduce using rule 1 (expr)

The upcoming token is '$', so the parser chooses the default action, which is to reduce using rule 1. Here's rule 1:

rule 1   expr -> NUMBER '+' expr

There are three symbols on the RHS, so the parser pops three items off the stack; they are indeed a number, a '+', and an 'expr'. $1 becomes the value of the NUMBER (3). $2 becomes the value of the '+' (garbage). $3 becomes the value of the expr (4). The semantic action associated with rule 1 is executed. It is

{ $$ = $1 + $3 }

so the value of the new symbol is 7. A new symbol of type 'expr' (the LHS of the rule) and value 7 is pushed on the stack:

top-> expr (7)  (state 3)

Moreover, as in the last reduction, the parser looks at the state of the last-popped symbol, which was 0, and checks the state 0 tables to see what transition is appropriate when it has just reduced an 'expr'. State 0 says:

expr	go to state 4

so the parser does.

In state 4, the upcoming token is still '$', the end-of-input token, and state 4 says:

state 4

$  	go to state 5

The parser is now in state 5. From there, it goes to state 6.

state 5

$  	go to state 6

In state 6, the parser 'accepts', which means that it signals success:

state 6

$default	accept

The value of the entire expression is the value at the top of the stack, in this case 7.

There are a couple of other points of interest. Sometimes one writes a grammar which is ambiguous. For example, consider:

expr = expr '+' expr | NUMBER ;

If the input is (NUMBER 3) + (NUMBER 4) + (NUMBER 5), then there is an ambiguity in parsing. Here's what the parser will do. First it will shift the NUMBER (3) and immediately reduce it to an 'expr'. Then it will shift the '+', and then it will shift the NUMBER (4) and immeditely reduce that to an 'expr'. The stack now has:

top -> expr (4) '+'              expr (3)

The upcoming token is another '+'. The parser has two possible strategies. It could reduce the tokens on the stack immediately, or it could shift the upcoming '+' immediately and reduce later.

The 'reduce first' strategy goes through the following stacks:

(reduce by rule  expr -> expr '+' expr)

top -> expr (7)

top -> '+' expr (7)

top -> NUMBER (5) '+'              expr (7)

(reduce by rule  expr -> NUMBER)

top -> expr (5) '+'              expr (7)

(reduce by rule  expr -> expr '+' expr)

top -> expr (12)

The 'shift first' strategy foes through the following stacks:

top -> '+' expr (4) '+'              expr (3)

top -> NUMBER (5) '+'              expr (4) '+'              expr (3)

(reduce by rule  expr -> NUMBER)

top -> expr (5) '+'              expr (4) '+'              expr (3)

(reduce by rule  expr -> expr '+' expr)

top -> expr (9) '+'              expr (3)

(reduce by rule  expr -> expr '+' expr)

top -> expr (12)

In this case the results are the same. But if the operator had been subtraction instead of addition, the results would have been different. The "reduce first" strategy would have said that "3 - 4 - 5" was -6, and the "shift first" strategy would have said that "3 - 4 - 5" was 4. In essence, the first strategy interprets the ambiguous expressions "3 + 4 + 5" as "(3 + 4) + 5" and the second as "3 + (4 + 5)". This ambiguity is called a "shift/reduce" conflict. By defeault, Yacc resolves it in favor of the shift. Yacc has directives

%left '+'

which says that '+' should be left-associative, which juts means that this shift/reduce conflict is resolved in favor of reduction instead.

%right '+'

says that '+' should be righty-associative, so this shift/reduce conflict is resolved in favor of 'shift'. (This is the default, but the %right directive also suppresses the warning that you would otherwise get.) Finally, there's a

%nonassoc '+'

which says that the shift/reduce conflict should be resolved by generating a parse error.

I hope this clears up enough of the details that you can trace through some more complicated bison .output files and understand what it going on. Equipped with this description, yo umay also be able to step through the py parser's runs using the Perl debugger and follow what is happening with the stack and the state machine.

The 'py' approach was very successful, and it would probably be easy to do in PHP. I recommend it.

Let me know if you have any questions.

Brute force: Caveat empty string
Hi Perey, good thing you decided to overhaul the article. Are you planning on re-inserting the caveat to the brute force method, namely, the empty string? If the RHS of a production is the empty string, a brute-force shift-reduce parsing attempt will run forever. I think that's rather important. -- UKoch (talk) 22:24, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Why is the Packrat parser a Bottom-Up parser?
The packrat parser is a recusive descent parser. Therefor it is a Top-Down parser.Ceving (talk) 10:11, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Correct, here is a decent source that discusses packrat parsing. It's definitely top-down. https://bford.info/pub/lang/packrat-icfp02.pdf I see no room for doubt so I'll remove it from the list. If someone really insists it's bottom-up they can add it back and link here with Template:Dubious or something. 86.82.133.193 (talk) 11:43, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bottom-up parsing


text:
Filipino Americans

Filipino Americans (Mga Pilipinong Amerikano) are Americans of Filipino ancestry. Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century and other small settlements beginning in the 18th century. Mass migration did not begin until after the end of the Spanish–American War at the end of the 19th century, when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.

As of 2022, there were almost 4.5 million Filipino Americans in the United States with large communities in California, Hawaii, Illinois, Texas, Florida, Nevada, and the New York metropolitan area. Around one third of Filipino-Americans identify as multiracial or multiethnic, with 3 million reporting only Filipino ancestry and 1.5 million reporting Filipino in combination with another group.

Terminology
The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to Fil-Am or Pinoy. Another term which has been used is Philippine Americans. The earliest appearance of the term Pinoy (feminine Pinay), was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin. Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines. Beginning in 2017, started by individuals who identify with the LGBT+ Filipino American population, there is an effort to adopt the term FilipinX; this new term has faced opposition within the broader overseas Filipino diaspora, within the Philippines, and in the United States, with some who are in opposition believing it is an attempt of a "colonial imposition".

Background

Filipino sailors were the first Asians in North America. The first documented presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates back to October 1587 around Morro Bay, California, with the first permanent settlement in Saint Malo, Spanish Louisiana, in 1763, the settlers there were called "Manilamen" and they served in the Battle of New Orleans during the closing stages of the War of 1812, after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed. There were then small settlements of Filipinos beginning in the 18th century, and Filipinos worked as cowboys and ranch hands in the 1800s. There was also a settlement in Plaquemines Parish, which became known as "Manila Village". This area was the center of the shrimp drying industry in Louisiana, and its workforce was composed predominantly of Filipino migrants. Mass migration began in the early 20th century when, for a period following the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was a territory of the United States. By 1904, Filipino peoples of different ethnic backgrounds were imported by the U.S. government onto the Americas and were displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as part of a human zoo. During the 1920s, many Filipinos immigrated to the United States as unskilled labor, to provide better opportunities for their families back at home.

Philippine independence was recognized by the United States on July 4, 1946. After independence in 1946, Filipino American numbers continued to grow. Immigration was reduced significantly during the 1930s, except for those who served in the United States Navy, and increased following immigration reform in the 1960s. The majority of Filipinos who immigrated after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 were skilled professionals and technicians.

The 2010 census counted 3.4 million Filipino Americans; the United States Department of State in 2011 estimated the total at 4 million, or 1.1% of the U.S. population. They are the country's second largest self-reported Asian ancestry group after Chinese Americans according to 2010 American Community Survey. They are also the largest population of Overseas Filipinos. Significant populations of Filipino Americans can be found in California, Florida, Texas, Hawaii, the New York metropolitan area, and Illinois.

Culture
The history of Spanish and American rule and contact with merchants and traders culminated in a unique blend of Eastern and Western cultures in the Philippines.

Filipino American cultural identity has been described as fluid, adopting aspects from various cultures; that said, there has not been significant research into the culture of Filipino Americans. Fashion, dance, music, theater and arts have all had roles in building Filipino American cultural identities and communities.

In areas of sparse Filipino population, they often form loosely-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a "sense of family", which is a key feature of Filipino culture. These organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events. Organizations are often organized into regional associations. The associations are a small part of Filipino American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii. A few communities have "Little Manilas", civic and business districts tailored for the Filipino American community. In a Filipino party, shoes should be left in the front of the house and greet everyone with a hi or hello. When greeting older relatives, ' po'  and 'opo ' must be said in every sentence to show respect.

Some Filipinos have traditional Philippine surnames, such as Bacdayan or Macapagal, while others have surnames derived from Japanese, Indian, and Chinese and reflect centuries of trade with these merchants preceding European and American rule. Reflecting its 333 years of Spanish rule, many Filipinos adopted Hispanic surnames, and celebrate fiestas.

Despite being from Asia, Filipinos are sometimes called "Latinos" due to their historical relationship to Spanish colonialism; this view is not universally accepted. The Philippines experienced both Spanish and American colonial territorial status, with its population seen through each nation's racial constructs. This shared history may also contribute to why some Filipinos choose to also identify as Hispanic or Latino, while others may not and identify more as Asian Americans. In a 2017 Pew Research Survey, only 1% of immigrants from the Philippines identified as Hispanic.

Due to history, the Philippines and the United States are connected culturally.

In 2016, there was $16.5 billion worth of trade between the two countries, with the United States being the largest foreign investor in the Philippines, and more than 40% of remittances came from (or through) the United States. In 2004, the amount of remittances coming from the United States was $5 billion; this is an increase from the $1.16 billion sent in 1991 (then about 80% of total remittances being sent to the Philippines), and the $324 million sent in 1988. Some Filipino Americans have chosen to retire in the Philippines, buying real estate. Filipino Americans, continue to travel back and forth between the United States and the Philippines, making up more than a tenth of all foreign travelers to the Philippines in 2010; when traveling back to the Philippines they often bring cargo boxes known as a balikbayan box.

Language
Filipino and English are constitutionally established as official languages in the Philippines, and Filipino is designated as the national language, with English in wide use. Many Filipinos speak Philippine English, a dialect derived from American English due to American colonial influence in the country's education system and due to limited Spanish education. Among Asian Americans in 1990, Filipino Americans had the smallest percentage of individuals who had problems with English. In 2000, among U.S.-born Filipino Americans, three quarters responded that English is their primary language; nearly half of Filipino Americans speak English exclusively.

In 2003, Tagalog was the fifth most-spoken language in the United States, with 1.262 million speakers; by 2011, it was the fourth most-spoken language in the United States. Tagalog usage is significant in California, Nevada, and Washington, while Ilocano usage is significant in Hawaii. Many of California's public announcements and documents are translated into Tagalog. Tagalog is also taught in some public schools in the United States, as well as at some colleges. Other significant Filipino languages are Ilocano and Cebuano. Other languages spoken in Filipino American households include Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Hiligaynon, Bicolano and Waray. However, fluency in Philippine languages tends to be lost among second- and third-generation Filipino Americans. Other languages of the community include Spanish and Chinese (Hokkien and Mandarin). The demonym, Filipinx, is a gender-neutral term that is applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora, specifically Filipino-Americans. The term is not applied to Filipinos in the Philippines.

Religion
The Philippines is 90% Christian, one of only two predominantly Christian countries in Southeast Asia, along with East Timor. Following the European arrival to the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan, Spaniards made a concerted effort to convert Filipinos to Catholicism; outside of the Muslim sultanates and animist societies, missionaries were able to convert large numbers of Filipinos. and the majority are Roman Catholic, giving Catholicism a major impact on Filipino culture. Other Christian denominations include Protestants (Aglipayan, Episcopalian, and others), and nontrinitarians (Iglesia ni Cristo and Jehovah's Witnesses). Additionally there are those Filipinos who are Muslims, Buddhist or nonreligious; religion has served as a dividing factor within the Philippines and Filipino American communities.

During the early part of the United States governance in the Philippines, there was a concerted effort to convert Filipinos into Protestants, and the results came with varying success. Alt URL

As Filipinos began to migrate to the United States, Filipino Roman Catholics were often not embraced by their American Catholic brethren, nor were they sympathetic to a Filipino-ized Catholicism, in the early 20th century. This led to creation of ethnic-specific parishes; one such parish was St. Columban's Church in Los Angeles. In 1997, the Filipino oratory was dedicated at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, owing to increased diversity within the congregations of American Catholic parishes. The first-ever American Church for Filipinos, San Lorenzo Ruiz Church in New York City, is named after the first saint from the Philippines, San Lorenzo Ruiz. This was officially designated as a church for Filipinos in July 2005, the first in the United States, and the second in the world, after a church in Rome.

In 2010, Filipino American Catholics were the largest population of Asian American Catholics, making up more than three fourths of Asian American Catholics. In 2015, a majority (65%) of Filipino Americans identify as Catholic; this is down slightly from 2004 (68%). Filipino Americans, who are first generation immigrants were more likely to attend mass weekly, and tended to be more conservative, than those who were born in the United States. Culturally, some traditions and beliefs rooted from the original indigenous religions of Filipinos are still known among the Filipino diaspora.

Cuisine
The number of Filipino restaurants does not reflect the size of the population. Due to the restaurant business not being a major source of income for the community, few non-Filipinos are familiar with the cuisine. Although American cuisine influenced Filipino cuisine, it has been criticized by non-Filipinos. Even on Oahu where there is a significant Filipino American population, Filipino cuisine is not as noticeable as other Asian cuisines. One study found that Filipino cuisine was not often listed in Food frequency questionnaires. On television, Filipino cuisine has been criticized, such as on Fear Factor, and praised, such as on Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations, and Bizarre Foods America.

Yet Filipino cuisine deserves appreciation and understanding on its own terms, beyond Western expectations. Criticism regarding Filipino cuisine often stems from a Western perspective, focusing on the “weird” and “unusual” while overlooking its richness and culture. It is important to recognize that it is a representation of traditions, diverse cultures, and regional flairs.

While “new” Filipino restaurants and fusion-type places have been opening up, traditionally, “native cuisine proved itself strong and resistant to 'fraternization' with foreign invaders. The original dishes have retained their ingredients, cooking methods, and spirit.”

Filipino cuisine is much like its culture, a blend of many influences through the years of colonization. Popular Filipino dishes such as pancit has Hokkien roots, adobo from Spain and Mexico, and the use of bagoong and patis, fermented sauces that stem from Malay origins.

Filipino American chefs cook in many fine dining restaurants, including Cristeta Comerford who is the executive chef in the White House, though many do not serve Filipino cuisine in their restaurants. Reasons given for the lack of Filipino cuisine in the U.S. include colonial mentality, lack of a clear identity, a preference for cooking at home, a continuing preference of Filipino Americans for cuisines other than their own, and the nebulous nature of Filipino cuisine itself due to its historical influences. Filipino cuisine remains prevalent among Filipino immigrants, with restaurants and grocery stores catering to the Filipino American community,

including Jollibee, a Philippines-based fast-food chain.

In the 2010s, successful and critically reviewed Filipino American restaurants were featured in The New York Times. That same decade began a Filipino Food movement in the United States;

it has been criticized for gentrification of the cuisine. Bon Appetit named Bad Saint in Washington, D.C. "the second best new restaurant in the United States" in 2016. Food & Wine named Lasa, in Los Angeles, one of its restaurants of the year in 2018. With this emergence of Filipino American restaurants, food critics like Andrew Zimmern have predicted that Filipino food will be "the next big thing" in American cuisine. Yet in 2017, Vogue described the cuisine as "misunderstood and neglected"; SF Weekly in 2019, later described the cuisine as "marginal, underappreciated, and prone to weird booms-and-busts".

Family
Filipino Americans undergo experiences that are unique to their own identities. These experiences derive from both the Filipino culture and American cultures individually and the dueling of these identities as well. These stressors, if great enough, can lead Filipino Americans into suicidal behaviors. Members of the Filipino community learn early on about kapwa, which is defined as "interpersonal connectedness or togetherness".

With kapwa, many Filipino Americans have a strong sense of needing to repay their family members for the opportunities that they have been able to receive. An example of this is a new college graduate feeling the need to find a job that will allow them to financially support their family and themselves. This notion comes from "utang na loob," defined as a debt that must be repaid to those who have supported the individual.

With kapwa and utang na loob as strong forces enacting on the individual, there is an "all or nothing" mentality that is being played out. In order to bring success back to one's family, there is a desire to succeed for one's family through living out a family's wants as opposed to one's own true desires. This can manifest as one entering a career path that they are not passionate in, but select in order to help support their family.

Despite many of the stressors for these students deriving from family, it also becomes apparent that these are the reasons that these students are resilient. When family conflict rises in Filipino American families, there is a negative association with suicide attempts. This suggests that though family is a presenting stressor in a Filipino American's life, it also plays a role for their resilience. In a study conducted by Yusuke Kuroki, family connectedness, whether defined as positive or negative to each individual, served as one means of lowering suicide attempts.

Media
Beginning in the late 1800s, Filipino Americans began publishing books in the United States. The growth of publications for the masses in the Philippines accelerated during the American period. Ethnic media serving Filipino Americans dates back to the beginning of the 20th Century. In 1905, pensionados at University of California, Berkeley published The Filipino Students' Magazine. One of the earliest Filipino American newspapers published in the United States, was the Philippine Independent of Salinas, California, which began publishing in 1921. Newspapers from the Philippines, to include The Manila Times, also served the Filipino diaspora in the United States. In 1961, the Philippine News was started by Alex Esclamado, which by the 1980s had a national reach and at the time was the largest English-language Filipino newspaper. While many areas with Filipino Americans have local Filipino newspapers, one of the largest concentrations of these newspapers occur in Southern California. Beginning in 1992, Filipinas began publication, and was unique in that it focused on American born Filipino Americans of the second and third generation. Filipinas ended its run in 2010, however it was succeeded by Positively Filipino in 2012 which included some of the staff from Filipinas. The Filipino diaspora in the United States are able to watch programming from the Philippines on television through GMA Pinoy TV and The Filipino Channel.

Politics
Filipino Americans have traditionally been socially conservative, particularly with "second wave" immigrants; the first Filipino American elected to office was Peter Aduja. In the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election Republican president George W. Bush won the Filipino American vote over John Kerry by nearly a two-to-one ratio, which followed strong support in the 2000 election. However, during the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election, Filipino Americans voted majority Democratic, with 50% to 58% of the community voting for President Barack Obama and 42% to 46% voting for Senator John McCain. The 2008 election marked the first time that a majority of Filipino Americans voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.

According to the 2012 National Asian American Survey, conducted in September 2012, 45% of Filipinos were independent or nonpartisan, 27% were Republican, and 24% were Democrats. Additionally, Filipino Americans had the largest proportions of Republicans among Asian Americans polled, a position normally held by Vietnamese Americans, leading up to the 2012 election, and had the lowest job approval opinion of Obama among Asian Americans. In a survey of Asian Americans from thirty seven cities conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, it found that of the Filipino American respondents, 65% voted for Obama. According to an exit poll conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, it found that 71% of responding Filipino Americans voted for Hillary Clinton during the 2016 general election.

In a survey conducted by the advocacy group Asian Americans Advancing Justice in September 2020, of the 263 Filipino American respondents, 46% identified as Democrats, 28% identified as Republicans, and 16% as independent. According to interviews conducted by academic Anthony Ocampo, Filipino American supporters of Donald Trump cited their support for the former President based on support for building a border wall, tax cuts to businesses, legal immigration, school choice, opposition to abortion, opposition to affirmative action, antagonism towards the Peoples' Republic of China, and viewing Trump as a non-racist. There was an age divide among Filipino Americans, with older Filipino Americans more likely to support Trump or be Republicans, and younger Filipino Americans more likely to support Biden or be Democrats. In the 2020 presidential election, Philippines Ambassador Jose Manuel Romualdez alleged that 60% of Filipino Americans reportedly voted for Joe Biden. A Filipino American was among those who were at the 2021 United States Capitol attack. The news site Rappler reported the next day that Filipino American media has heavily repeated QAnon conspiracies. Rappler further reported that many Filipino Americans who voted for Trump and adhere to QAnon cite similar political opinions in the Philippines regarding Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and anti-Chinese sentiment since China has been building artificial reefs in the South China Sea near the Philippines in the 2010s, and have recently seen the Republican Party as more hardline against the Chinese government's actions. Filipino Americans have also been more receptive to gun rights compared to other Asian American ethnic groups. This is in part due to the lax gun laws in the Philippines.

Due to scattered living patterns, it is nearly impossible for Filipino American candidates to win an election solely based on the Filipino American vote. Filipino American politicians have increased their visibility over the past few decades. Ben Cayetano (Democrat), former governor of Hawaii, became the first governor of Filipino descent in the United States. The number of Congressional members of Filipino descent doubled to numbers not reached since 1937, two when the Philippine Islands were represented by non-voting Resident Commissioners, due to the 2000 Senatorial Election. In 2009 three Congress-members claimed at least one-eighth Filipino ethnicity; the largest number to date. Since the resignation of Senator John Ensign in 2011 (the only Filipino American to have been a member of the Senate), and Representative Steve Austria (the only Asian Pacific American Republican in the 112th Congress ) choosing not to seek reelection and retire, Representative Robert C. Scott was the only Filipino American in the 113th Congress. In the 116th United States Congress, Scott was joined by Rep. TJ Cox, bringing the number of Filipino Americans in Congress to two. In the 117th United States Congress, Scott once again became the sole Filipino-American Representative after Cox was defeated in a rematch against David Valadao.

Immigration
The Citizenship Retention and Re-Acquisition Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9225) made Filipino Americans eligible for dual citizenship in the United States and the Philippines. Overseas suffrage was first employed in the May 2004 elections in which Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was reelected to a second term.

By 2005, about 6,000 Filipino Americans had become dual citizens of the two countries. One effect of this act was to allow Filipino Americans to invest in the Philippines through land purchases, which are limited to Filipino citizens, and, with some limitations, former citizens. ), vote in Philippine elections, retire in the Philippines, and participate in representing the Philippine flag. In 2013, for the Philippine general election there were 125,604 registered Filipino voters in the United States and Caribbean, of which only 13,976 voted.

Dual citizens have been recruited to participate in international sports events including athletes representing the Philippines who competed in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, and the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008.

The Philippine government actively encourages Filipino Americans to visit or return permanently to the Philippines via the "Balikbayan" program and to invest in the country.

Filipinos remain one of the largest immigrant groups to date with over 40,000 arriving annually since 1979. The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has a preference system for issuing visas to non-citizen family members of U.S. citizens, with preference based generally on familial closeness. Some non-citizen relatives of U.S. citizens spend long periods on waiting lists. Petitions for immigrant visas, particularly for siblings of previously naturalized Filipinos that date back to 1984, were not granted until 2006. , over 380 thousand Filipinos were on the visa wait list, second only to Mexico and ahead of India, Vietnam and China. Filipinos have the longest waiting times for family reunification visas, as Filipinos disproportionately apply for family visas; this has led to visa petitions filed in July 1989 still waiting to be processed in March 2013.

Illegal immigration
It has been documented that Filipinos were among those naturalized due to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. In 2009, the Department of Homeland Security estimated that 270,000 Filipino were "unauthorized immigrants". This was an increase of 70,000 from a previous estimate in 2000. In both years, Filipinos accounted for 2% of the total. , Filipinos were the fifth-largest community of illegal immigrants behind Mexico (6.65 million, 62%), El Salvador (530,000, 5%), Guatemala (480,000, 4%), and Honduras (320,000, 3%). In January 2011, the Department of Homeland Security estimate of "unauthorized immigrants" from the Philippines remained at 270,000. By 2017, the number of Filipinos who were in the United States illegally increased to 310,000. Filipinos who reside in the United States illegally are known within the Filipino community as "TnT's" (tago nang tago 'hide and hide').

Identity
Filipino Americans may be mistaken for members of other racial/ethnic groups, such as Latinos or Pacific Islanders; this may lead to "mistaken" discrimination that is not specific to Asian Americans. Filipino Americans additionally, have had difficulty being categorized, termed by one source as being in "perpetual absence".

In the period, prior to 1946, Filipinos were taught that they were American, and presented with an idealized America. They had official status as United States nationals. When ill-treated and discriminated by other Americans, Filipinos were faced with the racism of that period, which undermined these ideals. Carlos Bulosan later wrote about this experience in America is in the Heart. Even pensionados, who immigrated on government scholarships, were treated poorly.

In Hawaii, Filipino Americans often have little identification with their heritage, and it has been documented that many disclaim their ethnicity. This may be due to the "colonial mentality", or the idea that Western ideals and physical characteristics are superior to their own. Although categorized as Asian Americans, Filipino Americans have not fully embraced being part of this racial category due to marginalization by other Asian American groups and or the dominant American society. This created a struggle within Filipino American communities over how far to assimilate. The term "white-washed" has been applied to those seeking to further assimilate. Those who disclaim their ethnicity lose the positive adjustment to outcomes that are found in those who have a strong, positive, ethnic identity.

Of the ten largest immigrant groups, Filipino Americans have the highest rate of assimilation, with the exception of cuisine. Filipino Americans have been described as the most "Americanized" of the Asian American ethnicities. However, even though Filipino Americans are the second largest group among Asian Americans, community activists have described the ethnicity as "invisible", claiming that the group is virtually unknown to the American public, and is often not seen as significant even among its members. Another term for this status is forgotten minority.

This description has also been used in the political arena, given the lack of political mobilization. In the mid-1990s it was estimated that some one hundred Filipino Americans have been elected or appointed to public office. This lack of political representation contributes to the perception that Filipino Americans are invisible.

The concept is also used to describe how the ethnicity has assimilated. Few affirmative action programs target the group although affirmative action programs rarely target Asian Americans in general. Assimilation was easier given that the group is majority religiously Christian, fluent in English, and have high levels of education. The concept was in greater use in the past, before the post-1965 wave of arrivals.

The term invisible minority has been used for Asian Americans as a whole, and the term "model minority" has been applied to Filipinos as well as other Asian American groups.

Filipino critics allege that Filipino Americans are ignored in immigration literature and studies.

As with fellow Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are viewed as "perpetual foreigners", even for those born in the United States. This has resulted in physical attacks on Filipino Americans, as well as non-violent forms of discrimination.

In college and high school campuses, many Filipino American student organizations put on annual Pilipino Culture Nights to showcase dances, perform skits, and comment on issues such as identity and lack of cultural awareness due to assimilation and colonization.

Filipino American gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual identities are often shaped by immigration status, generation, religion, and racial formation.

Suicide ideation and depression
Mental health is a topic that is seldom spoken about among the Filipino American community because of the stigma that is attached to it. In the documentary "Silent Sacrifices: Voices of the Filipino American Family" Patricia Heras points out that a lack of communication between 1st generation and 2nd generation Filipino American immigrants can lead to family members not understanding the personal hardships that each one goes through. Some of the main topics of discussion in this documentary are depression and suicide ideation experienced by the 2nd generation youth. These topics are supported by a study that was conducted in 1997 by the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that revealed that 45.6% of Filipina American teenage students in San Diego public schools had seriously thought about committing suicide. Half of those students had actually attempted suicide. Although depression cannot be said to cause suicide, the high scores of depression and low self-esteem show a relation to the high scores of suicidal thoughts among Filipinos.

Depression in Filipinos can sometimes be difficult to notice without digging deeper into their feelings. Filipinos can display their depression in many ways such as showing extreme suffering or smiling even when it may not seem authentic. Some of the common causes of depression include: financial worries, family separation during the immigration process, and cultural conflict. One of these cultural conflicts is the belief that one must base decisions on what will "save face" for the family. A study was published in 2018 by Janet Chang and Frank Samson about Filipino American youth and their non-Filipino friends. They had found that Filipino American youth with three or more close non-Filipino friends were more likely to experience depression and anxiety more so than Filipino American youth with two or less non-Filipino friends that they considered to be close. Although having friends of diverse backgrounds gave these Filipinos a sense of inclusion among their peers, they also gained a heightened awareness of discrimination.

Veterans

During World War II, some 250,000 to 400,000 Filipinos served in the United States Military, in units including the Philippine Scouts, Philippine Commonwealth Army under U.S. Command, and recognized guerrillas during the Japanese Occupation. In January 2013, ten thousand surviving Filipino American veterans of World War II lived in the United States, and a further fourteen thousand in the Philippines, although some estimates found eighteen thousand or fewer surviving veterans.

The U.S. government promised these soldiers all of the benefits afforded to other veterans. However, in 1946, the United States Congress passed the Rescission Act of 1946 which stripped Filipino veterans of the promised benefits. One estimate claims that monies due to these veterans for back pay and other benefits exceeds one billion dollars. Of the sixty-six countries allied with the United States during the war, the Philippines is the only country that did not receive military benefits from the United States. The phrase "Second Class Veterans" has been used to describe their status.

Many Filipino veterans traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for these benefits. Since 1993, numerous bills have been introduced in Congress to pay the benefits, but all died in committee. As recently as 2018, these bills have received bipartisan support.

Representative Hanabusa submitted legislation to award Filipino Veterans with a Congressional Gold Medal. Known as the Filipino Veterans of World War II Congressional Gold Medal Act, it was referred to the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on House Administration. As of February 2012 had attracted 41 cosponsors. In January 2017, the medal was approved.

There was a proposed lawsuit to be filed in 2011 by The Justice for Filipino American Veterans against the Department of Veterans Affairs.

In the late 1980s, efforts towards reinstating benefits first succeeded with the incorporation of Filipino veteran naturalization in the Immigration Act of 1990. Over 30,000 such veterans had immigrated, with mostly American citizens, receiving benefits relating to their service.

Similar language to those bills was inserted by the Senate into the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 which provided a one time payment of at least 9,000 USD to eligible non-US Citizens and US$15,000 to eligible US Citizens via the Filipino Veterans Equity Compensation Fund. These payments went to those recognized as soldiers or guerrillas or their spouses. The list of eligibles is smaller than the list recognized by the Philippines. Additionally, recipients had to waive all rights to possible future benefits. As of March 2011, 42 percent (24,385) of claims had been rejected; By 2017, more than 22,000 people received about $226 million in one time payments.

In the 113th Congress, Representative Joe Heck reintroduced his legislation to allow documents from the Philippine government and the U.S. Army to be accepted as proof of eligibility. Known as H.R. 481, it was referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. In 2013, the U.S. released a previously classified report detailing guerrilla activities, including guerrilla units not on the "Missouri list".

In September 2012, the Social Security Administration announced that non-resident Filipino World War II veterans were eligible for certain social security benefits; however an eligible veteran would lose those benefits if they visited for more than one month in a year, or immigrated.

Beginning in 2008, a bipartisan effort started by Mike Thompson and Tom Udall an effort began to recognize the contributions of Filipinos during World War 2; by the time Barack Obama signed the effort into law in 2016, a mere fifteen thousand of those veterans were estimated to be alive. Of those living Filipino veterans of World War II, there were an estimated 6,000 living in the United States. Finally in October 2017, the recognition occurred with the awarding of a Congressional Gold Medal. When the medal was presented by the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, several surviving veterans were at the ceremony. The medal now resides in the National Museum of American History.

Holidays
Congress established Asian Pacific American Heritage Month in May to commemorate Filipino American and other Asian American cultures. Upon becoming the largest Asian American group in California, October was established as Filipino American History Month to acknowledge the first landing of Filipinos on October 18, 1587 in Morro Bay, California. It is widely celebrated by Fil-Ams.

title: Filipino Americans


text:
Kirk Stevens

Kirk Stevens (born August 17, 1958) is a Canadian former professional snooker player.

Career
Stevens started playing young, achieving his first aged just 12. He turned professional aged 20, and reached the semi-finals of the World Championship aged 21. In 1984 he achieved a maximum 147 break in a televised match against Jimmy White in the Benson & Hedges Masters, which remained the only such break ever made in the competition until Ding Junhui achieved the same feat in 2007. His stylish choice of attire (he often appeared at major tournaments wearing an all-white suit, as opposed to the traditional black suit with a white shirt) and his youthful 'popstar' good looks made him a ladies' favourite.

In 1985 he was wrongfully accused of taking stimulants before the final of the Dulux British Open Snooker Championship by South African Silvino Francisco. Stevens lost 9–12. Francisco was subsequently fined by the world governing body of snooker, the WPBSA, for the comments. The WPBSA, accepted that the accusation was false and it is on record that Stevens has never failed a drugs test in the history of his career. Shortly after the comments were made public, Stevens admitted to an addiction to cocaine in his personal life.

Although he underwent treatment, his career never really recovered. He dropped out of the top 16 in 1986/87, but continued to play on until 1992/93, before returning home to Canada and retiring from professional tournament play on the world circuit.

After returning to Canada Stevens won the Canadian Amateur Championship in 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2008. In 2011 he returned to the Crucible Theatre for the first time since 1988 to play in a "Snooker Legends" exhibition event.

On September 23, 2019, Jimmy White published an apology to Stevens on White's official Facebook page stating that in his autobiography Second Wind he misremembered a few stories as occurring with Stevens that in fact did not. These events were widely broadcast in the media and White wanted to make the apology public to prevent them from being repeated. White further stated that he did not intend his words to be interpreted as meaning that Stevens introduced him to crack cocaine or that Stevens ever played WPBSA snooker under the influence of drugs.

title: Kirk Stevens


text:
Vincent J. McMahon

Vincent James McMahon (July 6, 1914 – May 24, 1984), also referred to as Vince McMahon Sr., was an American professional wrestling promoter. He is best known for running the Capitol Wrestling Corporation, later known as the World Wide Wrestling Federation and the World Wrestling Federation (and now known as WWE). His father Jess McMahon and his son Vince McMahon were also professional wrestling promoters.

Early life
Vincent James McMahon was born on July 6, 1914, in Harlem, New York to Rose (née Davis) and Roderick James "Jess" McMahon, a successful boxing, wrestling and concert promoter, who had worked with legendary Madison Square Garden promoter Tex Rickard. His parents were both of Irish descent. He had an older brother, Roderick James Jr., and a younger sister, Dorothy.

Professional wrestling
McMahon saw the tremendous potential for growth that the professional wrestling industry had in the era following World War II, especially with the development of television and its need for new programming. Similar to boxing, wrestling took place primarily within a small ring and could be covered adequately by one or two cameras, and venues for it could readily be assembled in television studios, lessening production costs.

McMahon's group, the Capitol Wrestling Corporation, which was later renamed World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), came to dominate professional wrestling in the 1950s and 1960s in the nation's most populous area, the Northeast. His control was primarily in Baltimore, New York, and New Jersey. Despite its name, the WWWF was, like all professional wrestling promotions of that era, mostly a regional operation. It was however the one that came to dominate the most lucrative region. In 1956, McMahon began airing his matches on television on Wednesday nights on the DuMont Network. The telecast originated from an old barn in Washington, D.C. It was one of the struggling network's last live sports telecasts before it went out of business the following year; however, WABD, DuMont's flagship station in New York (Now Fox-owned WNYW), kept the show after becoming an independent station, airing wrestling on Saturday nights until 1971.

In her biography, wrestler The Fabulous Moolah claimed that McMahon was one of the first promoters to split gate proceeds with his wrestlers. Unlike his son, McMahon believed that the job of a promoter should be kept backstage or behind the scenes and should never interfere with the action in the ring. As a result, McMahon almost never came down to the squared circle. He can however clearly be seen standing ringside during the infamous Madison Square Garden "Alley Fight" between Sgt. Slaughter and Pat Patterson. Though McMahon appeared in the movie The Wrestler in a cast that was dominated by contemporary wrestlers, he believed that wrestlers should remain wrestlers and not branch off into other forms of media. Accordingly, he disapproved of Hulk Hogan's appearance in Rocky III in 1982, leading to Hogan's temporary departure from the WWF for Verne Gagne's American Wrestling Association. When his son purchased the WWF, he felt differently than his father on the issue. He rehired Hogan as his top star and avidly supported wrestlers branching out into other fields, as well as cross-promotions with various musicians, actors, and other personalities outside of wrestling. In 1982, McMahon sold the parent company of the World Wrestling Federation to his son Vincent K. McMahon and his company Titan Sports, Inc. His son, much to his father's initial concern, set out to make the WWF national and eventually worldwide in scope. "Had my father known what I was going to do", the younger McMahon told Sports Illustrated in 1991, "he never would have sold his stock to me." The younger McMahon's competitive tactics were successful, and the WWF quickly became the most prominent exponent of "sports entertainment". His son Vince has been at the helm of the McMahon family promotion, which since 2002 has been called World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). McMahon's grandchildren Shane and Stephanie used to work for the WWF/E. McMahon was posthumously inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame Class of 1996, by his grandson, Shane.

Personal life and death
McMahon had two sons with his first wife Victoria "Vicky" H. Askew (née Hanner; 1920–2022): Roderick James "Rod" McMahon III (1943–2021) and Vincent K. McMahon (born 1945). He married his second wife, Juanita Wynne Johnston (1916–1998), and the couple retired to Fort Lauderdale, Florida. McMahon would not live to see his company grow from a territorial promotion to what is now a worldwide organization. On May 24, 1984, McMahon died at age 69 from pancreatic cancer. McMahon and his wife Juanita are buried at Our Lady Queen of Heaven Catholic Cemetery in Fort Lauderdale.

Awards and accomplishments

 * Madison Square Garden
 * Madison Square Garden Hall of Fame (Class of 1984)
 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
 * Class of 2004
 * World Wrestling Federation
 * WWF Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

title: Vincent J. McMahon


text:
Robert Gordon's College

Robert Gordon's College is a co-educational private school for day pupils in Aberdeen, Scotland. The school caters for pupils from Nursery through to S6.

History
Robert Gordon, an Aberdeen merchant, made his fortune in 18th century Poland trading from the Baltic port of Danzig, (Gdansk). Upon his death in 1731, he left his entire estate in a  'Deed of Mortification, dated 13 December 1729, for the foundation of Robert Gordon's Hospital,' a residential school for poor boys. The fine building, designed by William Adam, was completed by 1732, but lay empty until the Governors had sufficient funds to complete the interior. A statue of the Founder was added in 1753 in a niche above the door. During the Jacobite Rising in 1746, the building was requisitioned by Hanoverian troops under the command of the Duke of Cumberland and was known as Fort Cumberland. The hospital opened its doors to its first 14 pupils in July 1750. East and West wings with classical colonnades, designed by the architect John Smith, were added in 1830–33, partly funded by the generous bequest of Alexander Simpson of Collyhill.

Robert Gordon's intention was to found “an Hospital for the maintenance, aliment, entertainment and education of young boys, whose parents are poor and indigent and not able to maintain them at schools and put them to trades and employment”, in other words, to give poor boys of Aberdeen a solid education and foundation for life. Until 1881, the pupils received their education, board and lodging and a uniform free of charge but in 1881, the status of the institution changed and it became a fee-paying day school with the new name of Robert Gordon's College. The charitable aspect continued, with Foundations and Bursaries being available for boys whose parents could not afford to send them to be educated there. In 1882, evening and day classes in vocational subjects were instituted and made available to adults who were seeking to further their education. In 1903, the vocational arm was designated a Central Institution. Its name changed in 1910 to Robert Gordon's Technical College and, in 1965, to Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology. In 1992, RGIT gained university status and became the Robert Gordon University. The school has continued to be known as Robert Gordon's College.

Boarding facilities for pupils returned in 1937 with the establishment of Sillerton House in the west end of Aberdeen. It closed in 1995. In 1989, RGC became a co-educational school. In 2010, the new Junior School was officially opened and six years later, the Wood Centre for Science and Technology and the Craig Centre for Performing Arts were officially opened by HRH The Princess Royal.

Robert Gordon's College consists of a Nursery, Junior School and Senior School for children aged 3 to 18 years. Robert Gordon's College follows the Scottish curriculum.

Arms and motto
The coat of arms shows the boar of the Gordon family, and a fort or keep on a red background, similar to the towers on a red background on the coat of arms of Aberdeen.

The current coat of arms dates from 1917. They were changed when it was discovered that the college had not registered the coat of arms that were previously in use as was legally required. A new college seal was produced once new arms had been approved by the Lord Lyon.

The Latin motto of the college, "Omni nunc arte magistra" translates to "Now is the time for all your masterly skill"; it is more commonly presented as "Be The Best That You Can Be". It dates from 1882, after the school had been converted into a day school and a new coat of arms and seal came into use. The motto was suggested by William Geddes, a professor of Greek at Aberdeen University, and comes from the Aeneid, reporting the words of the god Vulcan. The original seal of the hospital contained the motto "Imperat hoc natura potens", translating as "by nature's sovereign command", which was taken from the Satires of Horace.

House system
The school has four houses, to one of which each student is allocated upon entering the school. The houses compete in various activities (such as netball, football, mathematics, cross country, poetry, and various other events) throughout the year and gain points which contribute to the annual John Reid Trophy award. The house system was introduced at Christmas 1928 to encourage competition in various sports.

The four houses are:
 * Blackfriars – named for the Dominican friars (or black friars due to their garb), that once had a convent adjacent to the school grounds.
 * Collyhill – named for Alexander Simpson of Collyhill who bequeathed a large sum of money to the school, which allowed for more boys to join the school.
 * Sillerton – The origin of the Sillerton house name is not clear, but it is believed that, in Robert Gordon's lifetime, he was known as Gordon of Silverton (siller being Scots for silver), and on a 1746 map, the school is identified as Sillerton Hospital.
 * Straloch – named for Robert Gordon of Straloch, one of the first graduates of Marischal College, studying humanities, mathematics and philosophy.

Notable former pupils

Former pupils include:
 * Michael Benton FRS, vertebrate palaeontologist
 * Ian Black was a Commonwealth Games gold medalist, and BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1958 at the age of only seventeen. He later returned to RGC as Headmaster of the Junior School.
 * Kirsty Blackman, MP for Aberdeen North (2015–present), Deputy Leader of the SNP Group in the House of Commons (2017–2020)
 * Martin Buchan, former footballer and captain with Manchester United, Aberdeen and Scotland
 * David Carry, Commonwealth gold medal winner
 * John Macqueen Cowan FRSE, botanist
 * Ernest Cruickshank and his twin brother Martin Melvin Cruickshank, surgeons
 * Chris Cusiter, Ruaridh Jackson and Stuart Grimes, Scottish rugby players
 * John Shaw Dawson, Scottish-born Kansas Attorney General and Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
 * Anneliese Dodds, MP for Oxford East (2017–present), Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer (2020–2021), and Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities (2021–present)
 * Francis Findlay, cricketer
 * Tom Findlay, cricketer
 * Dave Flett, guitarist with Manfred Mann and Thin Lizzy
 * Ian Frazer, Key developer of the HPV vaccine
 * Michael Gove, former journalist for The Times, MP for Surrey Heath (2005–present), Secretary of State for Education (2010–2014), Government Chief Whip (2014–2015), Lord Chancellor (2015–2016), Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2017–2019), Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (2019–present), Minister for the Cabinet Office (2020–2021), and Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (2021–present)
 * Arthur Keith, anatomist, anthropologist and co-discoverer of the sinoatrial node
 * J. Michael Kosterlitz, awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Murray Macleod, lead singer and guitarist for the rock band The Xcerts
 * William Dickie Niven, theologian
 * Alan Pattillo, film editor, director and producer
 * Robbie Shepherd, BBC Radio Scotland presenter
 * Captain Archibald Bisset Smith, VC
 * Jordan Smith, bass guitarist for the rock band The Xcerts
 * Nicol Stephen, politician
 * Alastair Storey, chairman and CEO of Westbury Street Holdings
 * Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, academic and public servant
 * John Alexander Third, mathematician
 * Robert A. Thom, steam locomotive engineer
 * Sandi Thom, singer
 * Professor Andrew Topping CMG FRSE public health expert and major figure in the revival of European hospitals after the Second World War
 * John West, Depute Provost of Aberdeen (elected at the age of 18).
 * Sir Ian Wood, Scottish businessman and Chancellor of Robert Gordon University

title: Robert Gordon's College


text:
Talk:Abby Wambach

POB Pitsford or Rochester?
http://web.archive.org/web/20031001173751/http://www.wusa.com/players_coaches/players/abby_wambach/ says "Hometown: Rochester, NY Born: June 2, 1980 Pittsford, NY, USA" http://www.abbywambach.com/abby/bio.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.54.17.165 (talk) 15:10, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * There are no hospitals in Pittsford, so chances are good she was born within the Rochester city limits. On the other hand, her family was no doubt living in Pittsford at the time she was born, and she may actually have been born at home. On the other other hand, hometowns are often listed as "Rochester" because it's unnecessary to get more specific when addressing an audience unfamiliar with the area. Powers T 17:23, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Bubble Player
What is a "bubble player"? --Anthony (talk) 06:07, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Usually it means being 1 of the last players to be cut from or to make a team.99.140.62.240 (talk) 07:22, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

List of international goals by Abby Wambach up for deletion
Hello, as this article is directly related to List of international goals scored by Abby Wambach, please consider sharing your input in this discussion: Articles for deletion/List of international goals scored by Abby Wambach Hmlarson (talk) 17:56, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

sexuality
I put this here before but clearly someone took offense and removed it: Is there any information as to Wambach's sexuality? I personally don't care what her orientation is one way or another, simply for the sake of improving the article. 74.69.121.132 (talk) 01:55, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi there. No, to my knowledge there isn't and because of wikipedia's "biography of living persons" policy we have to be quite careful about stuff like this. Until she says something about it publicly like Megan Rapinoe and one or two others, we can't put anything in. She seems happy enough to keep her private life private and we have to respect that! Clavdia chauchat (talk) 17:52, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

goals in international tournaments
There reads: All together, she has played in 29 matches and scored 22 goals at these five international tournaments.

However, FIFA Women%27s World Cup has 22 goals credited to her already in World Cup. That would make 22+9 =31 goals altogether. 82.141.126.42 (talk) 04:02, 28 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Fifa page showed vandalism. Fixed it. -Koppapa (talk) 04:57, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

Action shot from 2015
Here is a photo we may want to use when a World Cup 2015 section is created. Taken at one of the "warm up" games leading up to the WC. — Noah  16:42, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, this would be a great addition. -- AstroU (talk) 01:20, 24 June 2015 (UTC)

Excellent article, TNKS
Thanks for the work on this article, well done. Pictures are good. Click on 'images' under a Google-search for more pictures. -- AstroU (talk) 22:21, 23 June 2015 (UTC) --  PS: I'll be 'watching' and helping edit.

Needs a section for 2015 international soccer!
Can someone add: "2.2.7 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup" to be current? -- AstroU (talk) 00:42, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 July 2015
Although she has stated that this previous World Cup would be her last, she has yet to rule out retirement from the national team. Therefore, please remove "2015" as her last year playing for the national team; it should be "2001-".

Babolat9292 (talk) 14:00, 14 July 2015 (UTC)

✅ you did not cite a source but Abby Wambach not ready to make decision on retirement justifies your statement. - Arjayay (talk) 12:32, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

Unexplained edits
Wihout explanation, User:Hmlarson removed and replaced a very reliable source (Portland Tribune) verifying Wambach's full name, and reinserted the names of the four women who previously won it. I kept the very good source Hmlarson added to verify the name, but re-added the original source. In terms of including the names of all the prior female winners of the award Wambach won, it's simply unecessary; this article is about Wambach. That's why I changed it to "Wambach was named the 2012 FIFA World Player of the Year, becoming the fourth woman ever, and the first American since Mia Hamm 10 years earlier, to win the award." Dirroli (talk) 21:53, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Without explanation, I also collaborated with a number of editors to improve this article to good article status. Hmlarson (talk) 23:09, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, those edits were without any explanation as to why you made them. Saying only "ce" is not an explanation. The fact that you collaborated with other editors on other content, while very admirable, is completely irrelevant with regard to this particular matter. You cannot just remove and replace a reliable source or restore previously-removed content without saying why you're doing it. Dirroli (talk) 01:05, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * According to who or what? You seem intent on using that reference in the infobox for some unstated reason... care to clarify? Hmlarson (talk) 02:06, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * You still have yet to acknowledge that you offered zero explanation for your edits. It's very interesting that you keep diverting from what is clearly at the heart of this matter. Actually, you seem to be the one who was intent on removing the only source that was there in the first place, and replacing it with your own. I simply added a source from one of her hometown newspapers to verify her name in the infobox. You then removed it and put your own. So the one who needs to explain would clearly be you, not me. Dirroli (talk) 03:23, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Interesting comments from an editor with an account that is two weeks old. Hmlarson (talk) 04:26, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Interesting diversion from an editor with an account that is years old; attacking the edtior instead of addressing the editing issue. And according to who or what, you ask? According to Always provide an edit summary, which says, "It is considered good practice to provide a summary for every edit, especially when reverting (undoing) the actions of other editors or deleting existing text; otherwise, people may question your motives for the edit. Edits that do not have an edit summary are more likely to be reverted, because it may not be obvious what the purpose of the edit was." So don't go around removing, relocating, or restoring content without explaining why you're doing it. Dirroli (talk) 04:38, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, yet you still haven't provided clarification for why you insist that the DUII ref be included in the info box as a citation for her full name ... here, nor in any edit summary. There's no mention of the DUII in her info box - so it's irrelevant and inappropriate. It belongs where the DUII is mentioned in the article. Hmlarson (talk) 17:15, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * As has been clearly explained to you, here and in the original edit summary, the source was added to verify her full name. The fact that the topic of the source story happens to be about her arrest is irrelevant. But yet again, you divert from the real issue of your covert changes improperly disguised as "ce". If you have nothing to hide, there's no reason not to provide a clear explanation of your edits. Dirroli (talk) 18:41, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * There is nothing covert about using ce as an optional edit summary. Your tone and accusations are over the top. Hmlarson (talk) 01:57, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

One of these is wrong
"Carli Lloyd delivered the armband to Wambach as she entered the final against Japan with eleven minutes remaining, and Wambach in turn passed it over to Rampone as she entered at the 43rd minute"

One of these is wrong. You can't enter a game in the 79th minute and then hand the armband to someone else in the 43rd minute. 24.137.115.238 (talk) 01:39, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Abby Wambach. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130721170108/http://blogs.democratandchronicle.com/devo/?p=9183 to http://blogs.democratandchronicle.com/devo/?p=9183
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071221105458/http://www.fifa.com/womenworldcup/news/newsid%3D595129.html?cid=rssfeed&att= to http://www.fifa.com/womenworldcup/news/newsid%3D595129.html?cid=rssfeed&att=
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060153/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/760673-espn-espy-awards-2011-news-predictions-and-winners-from-the-big-night/entry/107482-espn-espy-awards-2011-abby-wambach-scores-big-for-team-usa-with-best-play to http://bleacherreport.com/articles/760673-espn-espy-awards-2011-news-predictions-and-winners-from-the-big-night/entry/107482-espn-espy-awards-2011-abby-wambach-scores-big-for-team-usa-with-best-play
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060153/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/760673-espn-espy-awards-2011-news-predictions-and-winners-from-the-big-night/entry/107482-espn-espy-awards-2011-abby-wambach-scores-big-for-team-usa-with-best-play to http://bleacherreport.com/articles/760673-espn-espy-awards-2011-news-predictions-and-winners-from-the-big-night/entry/107482-espn-espy-awards-2011-abby-wambach-scores-big-for-team-usa-with-best-play
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060510/http://www.cityofrochester.gov/wambachway/ to http://www.cityofrochester.gov/wambachway/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155836/http://www.athleteally.org/news/abby-wambach-megan-rapinoe-join-athlete-ally-16-fellow-national-womens-soccer-league-players/ to http://www.athleteally.org/news/abby-wambach-megan-rapinoe-join-athlete-ally-16-fellow-national-womens-soccer-league-players/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:00, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Abby Wambach. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140103222212/http://www.gatorsports.com/article/20110717/articles/110719681 to http://www.gatorsports.com/article/20110717/articles/110719681
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090514065444/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/dc/news/press_releases/0904280-wambach-named-potw.aspx to http://www.womensprosoccer.com/dc/news/press_releases/0904280-wambach-named-potw.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090511055909/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/press_releases/090507-commissioner-statement-wsh-stl.aspx to http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/press_releases/090507-commissioner-statement-wsh-stl.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:43, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Honors section
Wambach's honors section is written as a series of paragraphs instead of as a list, unlike almost all other Honors & Awards sections are across football biographies. Should this be changed? Kelsiesmith7 (talk) 04:44, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abby Wambach


text:
Black Mischief

Black Mischief was Evelyn Waugh's third novel, published in 1932. Expanded from a novella, 'Seth', the novel chronicles the efforts of the British-educated Emperor Seth, assisted by a fellow Oxford graduate, Basil Seal, to modernise his Empire, the fictional African island of Azania, located in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa.

The novel was written by Waugh whilst staying as a house guest at Madresfield Court in Worcestershire. The old nursery had been converted into a writing room for Waugh. The novel is dedicated to the Lygon sisters, who had the run of the place (their father, William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp, having been forced into exile in 1931 under threat of prosecution for his homosexuality), and posed for some of the drawings Waugh did for the first edition.

When Black Mischief was published in 1932, the editor of the Catholic journal The Tablet, Ernest Oldmeadow, launched a violent attack on the book and its author, stating that the novel was "a disgrace to anybody professing the Catholic name". Waugh, wrote Oldmeadow, "was intent on elaborating a work outrageous not only to Catholic but to ordinary standards of modesty". Waugh made no public rebuttal of these charges; an open letter to the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster was prepared, but on the advice of Waugh's friends was not sent.

The novel has been published in the United Kingdom by Penguin Classics (ISBN 9780141183985), and in the U.S.A. by Back Bay Books (ISBN 0316917338).

Plot synopsis
After winning a civil war against his late father Seyid (who is unfortunately eaten by his own soldiers), Seth, Oxford-educated emperor of the fictional nation of Azania, makes it his goal to modernise his country. He recruits Basil Seal, a shiftless college friend and heir to an English political family in the country after stealing his mother’s jewellery to pay for his ticket, to preside over the newly established Ministry of Modernization, with the help of Krikor Yokoumian, a successful Armenian shopkeeper and fixer. Basil enters into the society of the capital, Debra Dowa. This consists mainly of various heads of society and government, including the head of the Army, General Connolly. Connolly was a former Irish game-warden who had taken a local wife, whom he refers to as "Black Bitch", as the Duke & Duchess of Ukaka; the Minister of the Interior Viscount Boaz, and the Earl of Ngumo; the representatives of the British diplomatic corps, interested only in the legation garden and gossip from home at the expense of any interest in local affairs, headed by a failed career diplomat Sir Samson Courteney; Monsieur Ballon, the French freemason consul, determined that all actions on the part of the British are in fact coded pieces of a great master plan and his wife, generally believed to be having an affair with General Connolly after French agents overhear a game of consequences at a party; and two members of the RSPCA, Dame Mildred Porch and Miss Sarah Tin, who the Azanians believe are there to assist in creating more efficient ways to be cruel to animals.

After a period of rapid but haphazard modernisation, including renaming the street the Anglican Cathedral is on "Place Marie Stopes", Emperor Seth launches his own currency. This last act is the start of his downfall. Unbeknownst to Seth and the Ministry, the French consul Ballon plans a coup d'état. At a "Birth Control Parade" organised by Seth, Ballon and several religious leaders overthrow the Emperor and install his senile uncle Achon. The British nationals in Debra Dowa flee the town to impose on Sir Samson’s grudging hospitality. Blind, senile Achon dies upon coronation, having spent 50 years in prison after supposedly being eaten by lions, and Seth dies in hiding, killed by his own Minister, who is in turn killed on Basil’s orders. Basil attends Seth's funeral feast and discovers afterwards that he has eaten the stewed remains of his girlfriend Prudence Courteney, the coddled daughter of the British Minister, whose plane had vanished after the evacuation of the British compound. With no heir to the monarchy, the League of Nations steps in and claims the country as a League of Nations Mandate. Basil returns to England and disturbs his old friends because he has become serious.

title: Black Mischief


text:
Capitol Wrestling Corporation

Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC) was an American sports promotion company. Run by Vincent J. McMahon from the 1950s until the 1980s, the company was originally a professional wrestling and boxing promotion and later became the holding company for the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), later the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). In 1982, the CWC was acquired by Titan Sports, Inc., owned by Vincent J.'s son Vincent K. McMahon. The CWC was the precursor to today's WWE, currently run by Nick Khan as president and owned by TKO Group Holdings.

Early history (1953–1963)
Jess McMahon was a successful professional boxing promoter who began working with Tex Rickard in 1926. With the help of Rickard, he began promoting boxing at the third Madison Square Garden. McMahon would later take over the wrestling side of Rickard's promotional business; Rickard was noted for disliking wrestling and prevented wrestling events from being held at Madison Square Garden. A few years prior to 1926, professional wrestler Toots Mondt had created a new style of professional wrestling that he called “Slam Bang Western Style Wrestling”. The advent of Slam Bang Western Style Wrestling ultimately transformed professional wrestling from a legitimate combat sport into a series of predetermined pseudo-competitive exhibitions. Mondt convinced wrestler Ed Lewis, who then held the World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship, and his manager Billy Sandow to embrace this new predetermined style of wrestling, with the three men forming a business partnership dubbed the "Gold Dust Trio". The Gold Dust Trio formed what is considered the first modern promotion in professional wrestling history and were successful in getting many wrestlers of the time to sign contracts with their promotion. After much success, a power struggle amongst its members caused the trio to dissolve and, with it, their promotion. Mondt later formed partnerships with several other promoters, including Jack Curley in New York City. Curley's ill health led to Mondt, aided by Jess McMahon and others, taking over the New York City wrestling scene. Mondt's control over wrestling in New York City ended after promoter Jack Pfefer revealed the predetermined nature of wrestling to the area's sports writers, harming wrestling's popularity in the city. Mondt additionally had major disagreements with his top star Antonino Rocca, which led to Mondt's partner Ray Fabiani aligning with other promoters to appease Rocca.

On January 7, 1953, the first show under the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC) banner was produced. It is not certain who the founder of the CWC was. Some sources state that it was Jess' son Vincent J. McMahon while other sources (including the website of the CWC's successor, WWE) credit Jess himself as the founder of the CWC. Shortly after its founding, the CWC joined the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Mondt soon after joined the CWC. Together, Vincent J. McMahon and Toots Mondt were very successful and controlled approximately 70% of the NWA board's booking decisions, largely due to their dominance in the heavily populated northeastern United States.

World Wide Wrestling Federation (1963–1979)
In early 1963, the CWC pulled out of the NWA and transformed into the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), the precursor to current-day WWE, following a dispute over CWC wrestler Buddy Rogers being booked to lose the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to Lou Thesz. McMahon and Mondt continued to promote Rogers as the NWA World Heavyweight Champion, despite his loss to Thesz, until April 11 when they awarded him the inaugural WWWF World Heavyweight Championship. Rogers lost the WWWF title to Bruno Sammartino on May 17. Despite the change in the promotion's trade name, the company was still known legally as Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd., which served as the holding company for the WWWF and later the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) until 1982.

The WWWF operated in a conservative manner compared to other wrestling promotions of its time; it ran its major arenas monthly rather than weekly or bi-weekly, usually featuring a babyface champion wrestling various heels in programs that consisted of one to three matches. After gaining a television deal and turning the well-known tag team wrestler Lou Albano into a manager for Sammartino's heel opponents, the WWWF began doing sell out business and, by 1970, became one of the largest promotions of wrestling's territorial era.

After disagreements over television deals which were compounded by issues caused by his gambling addiction, Mondt was "muscled out" of the leadership of the WWWF and ultimately sold off his shares to McMahon in the mid-1960s. McMahon later made Mondt a salaried employee of the WWWF, an arrangement that continued until Mondt's death on June 11, 1976. The WWWF rejoined the NWA in 1971.

Rebranding and sale to Titan Sports (1979–1982)
By March 1979, for marketing purposes, the World Wide Wrestling Federation was renamed the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The following year, Vincent J. McMahon's son, Vincent K. McMahon, founded Titan Sports, Inc., which incorporated on February 21, 1980, originally in Massachusetts. Vincent K. McMahon had served as a ring announcer and commentator for WWWF television programs since 1969. Beginning in 1971, he began promoting events for his father in isolated regions of the WWWF territory, primarily in Maine.

In 1982, Titan Sports, Inc. acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd., effectively relocating its headquarters from New York City to Greenwich, Connecticut. At the annual meeting of the NWA in 1983, the McMahons and WWF employee Jim Barnett all withdrew from the organization. In 1984, in an attempt to make the WWF the premier wrestling promotion in the world, McMahon began a national (and later international) expansion that fundamentally changed the wrestling industry and brought an end to its territorial era. By 1985, Titan Sports moved its headquarters to Titan Towers in Stamford, Connecticut and, in 1987, reincorporated itself under Delaware General Corporation Law. Titan Sports later changed its name to World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. in 1999, and World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE) in 2002. Vincent J. McMahon would not live to see his company transform from a territorial Northeast-based wrestling promotion into a worldwide entertainment organization. He died from pancreatic cancer at 69 years old on May 24, 1984.

Legacy
In October 2020, WWE's NXT brand introduced the "Capitol Wrestling Center", a new home studio in Orlando, Florida within the WWE Performance Center training facility, which was named as a tribute to the CWC.

title: Capitol Wrestling Corporation


text:
Élisabeth de Rothschild

Élisabeth, Baroness de Rothschild (née Pelletier de Chambure; a.k.a. Lili; 9 March 1902 – 23 March 1945) was a member by marriage of the wine-making branch of the Rothschild family and Holocaust victim.

Biography
Born in Paris as Élisabeth Pelletier de Chambure, into a wealthy Catholic family whose roots were in the Burgundy region. Her ancestors included the Napoleonic general Laurent Augustin Pelletier de Chambure. Known as Lily, she was the daughter of Auguste Pelletier de Chambure, a mayor of Escragnolles, and his wife, née Camille Marie Courtois Desquibes.

In 1923, Élisabeth Pelletier de Chambure married Jonkheer, a Belgian aristocrat. They had a son, Edouard Jacques Marie Augustin (1924-1984), and a daughter, Philippine Mathilde Camille (1933-2014), though the latter's biological father was French baron Philippe de Rothschild. Rothschild was a member of the prominent banking family and the owner of one of France's most famous vineyards, Château Mouton Rothschild in Pauillac in the Médoc; he was also a cousin by marriage of her husband.

On 22 January 1934, immediately after her divorce from Becker-Rémy, Élisabeth married Philippe de Rothschild. She converted to Judaism from Catholicism, and the religious ceremony was conducted by Julien Weill, the grand rabbi of Paris. In addition to their daughter, the Rothschilds had a son, Charles Henri (born and died in 1938). Philippe's memoirs (Milady Vine, written in collaboration with British director Joan Littlewood) describe his marriage to Élisabeth as one of great passion but also enormous tempestuousness and despair. The couple's difficulties increased when their son was born deformed and soon died. They eventually separated acrimoniously, and by 1939, the baroness reverted to using her maiden name of Pelletier de Chambure.

Following the German occupation of France in World War II, she and her estranged husband were arrested by the Vichy government and the vineyard property seized. They were then released, whereupon Philippe left France, moving to England, to join the Free French Forces and support General Charles de Gaulle. In 1941, the Gestapo arrested Élisabeth on charges of attempting to cross the line of demarcation with a forged permit and sent her to Ravensbrück concentration camp, located about 50 miles north of Berlin. An alternative story has it that, attending a 1941 showing of couturier Elsa Schiaparelli's new seasonal designs, Élisabeth found herself seated next to the wife of German Ambassador to the Vichy government, Heinrich Otto Abetz. Finding her proximity to Abetz's wife objectionable, Élisabeth changed seats, a social slight which offended the woman. Shortly thereafter, Élisabeth was imprisoned in Ravensbrück.

On his return to France following the Allies' liberation, Philippe de Rothschild learned that the Gestapo had, on charges of attempting to cross a line of demarcation with a forged permit, deported his estranged wife in 1941 to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she died – the cause of her death remains unresolved – on 23 March 1945. Élisabeth reportedly died of epidemic typhus on 23 March 1945 at Ravensbrück, though Philippe's memoir states that she was thrown into a concentration-camp oven, alive.

title: Élisabeth de Rothschild