text:
Talk:Surge protector

h-n, h-g, and n-g
I have a surge protector and it says it protects the h-n, h-g, and n-g lines. Any idea what it is telling me? It is for 3 prong US 120 V surge protector. Jrincayc 18:07, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

That probably means it has three MOV's, one each from hot:neutral, hot:ground, and neutral:ground. A spike on any of the three will cause the MOV's to short the spike out. --ssd 03:22, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

iron poor vs. iron core
Nearly all transformers are iron core. (Some are air core.) The article should say iron poor, meaning that the core has less iron in it than necessary to transmit the full current. Please don't confuse these and change it back. --ssd 18:28, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

external links wanted
I would like to see other websites apart from howstuffworks for this article. Anyone taking the bait? I would ask StuRat but I thought it would be better to post it here. -- Kushal one 17:43, 12 April 2006 (UTC).

This article needs an authoritative reference. There are a number of misinformed statements in the article. Its a complex matter but this link provides credible references:

http://www.nist.gov/eeel/quantum/spd.cfm

The anthology is from Francois Martzloff, considered a 'father' of surge protection technology Igsaturation (talk) 18:29, 21 December 2009 (UTC).

The link to Martzloff's anthology is no longer valid. This is the updated link:

http://www.nist.gov/pml/div684/spd.cfm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.18.87.187 (talk) 07:53, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

MOVs do degrade
The page on MOVs (metal oxide varistors) says that they degrade over time. Also, in my personal experience and from the reports of many others, they do fail after time. The way companies get around paying up is to make it really hard to claim the insurance. For example, you need to prove that the damage was done by a power surge, which can be very hard if there are no obvious burn marks. Even the, can you prove it was the surge protector that failed? They also rely on most people not bothering to claim anyway, similar to rebate coupons.
 * Can you prove it? Because if so, it could be included in the article. 205.157.110.11 01:21, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I gather that's an unintended pun :) --68.85.99.144 18:08, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Yes, MOV do degrade, if they are used; the closer they are used to their cutoff voltage, the more they degrade. If not used, they will last indefinitely. If they do 'degrade' MOV become more sensitive, and will self destruct sooner than one that is virgin. There is no indicator to determine if a MOV has experienced a surge or not.

If a company's policy is to not honor their warranty through double talk, its best not to buy it from that maker. The top makers honor their replacement warranties.

Some MOV based SPD designs use inline fuses, and so if a sizeable current is passed, the fuse will blow, should the MOV fail as a short circuit. Igsaturation (talk) 18:34, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Picture
The surge protector pictured is obviously not American. Where is it from and should that be noted in the caption? PrometheusX303 21:03, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It's a CEE 7/4 standard plug. See the Schuko article. I don't think this needs to be mentioned; its proves the point and is possibly a more internationally recognised format than the American style. ―AdamMillerchip 05:40, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Surge arrester
Please see the original schematic from SchneiderElectric: http://d.interbild.net/vstoykov/tmp/shemi/surge_arrester_merlin_gerin.png and my modified verion: http://d.interbild.net/vstoykov/tmp/shemi/surge_arrester_merlin_gerin_MODIFIED.png (The blue line is the mechanical connection between circuit breakers!)

Where i may found free pictures of 1P circuit breakers and surge arresters to draw a free picture? --Valentin Stoykov, 09 October 2006

Silistor, what kind of arrestor is this?
In Japan, they commonly use a "silistor" in these kind of arresting situations, primarily in DC circuits, one leg of the silistor on the negative DC side and one leg on the actuated side, which is + DC. It does not appear that there is a polarity to the device. What is a silistor and how does it work and are they available in the US? 68.84.76.193 15:02, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Apparently, a Silistor is a silicon-based PTC thermistor. It's more of a temperature-sensing device than an abrupt-cutoff protection one, so I'm not sure how it would work.  Can you clarify?  Reference: http://homepage.hik.se/staff/tkuwl/Measure_Sensors/My_Book_Temp_Whole.pdf
 * If it's simply connected across the supply lines, it could be a Silicon avalanche diode, a.k.a. transorb, under an unfamiliar name. A part number would answer the question more definitively.  71.41.210.146 (talk) 05:33, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Joules
A "buying guide" from Tripplite is not a technical resource. Surge protection means spike protection from what would otherwise cause electrical damage. The average lightning strike is 20,000 amps and as large as 200,000 amps. Therefore a nominally sized protector is rated for 40,000 amps or higher which is about 1000 joules. Such protectors will survive about 10 average 20,000 amp lightning strikes, 400 surges of 2000 amps, or the one typically extreme surge. Protectors start at 1000 joules to survive multiple lightning surges or survive the extreme surge.

A 200 or 400 joules protector is too small to protect from one average lightning surge. The www.tripplite.com/EN/buying-guides/technology-primers/surge-suppressor-how-it-works.cfm "buying guide"  mentions lightning as a surge. But it balks at asserting protection. A 400 joules protector is too small to protect from one lightning surge. Survival, as varistor manufacturers define, means the protector is not damaged. "Buying guide" numbers are too small but are what that manufacturer markets.

When sized to survive the typical destructive surge, the protector is rated for 40,000 amps. Charts from varistor manufacturers define this as 1000 joules or larger. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.123.49.22 (talk) 21:19, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

The joule is a misleading parameter for gauging a SPD. The amps and voltages quoted here are possible, but they occur in microseconds to nanoseconds. A well designed SPD does not require the MOV to absorb that energy and dissipate it, any device will do so will generate heat and if too much potentially melt the casing or explode, rather it should blow gracefully, like a fuse, and sacrifice itself to protect your home or equipment. Therefore, a low joule rating is not a pejorative, but is more a feature IF the manufacture honors and provides a lifetime warranty, so you can easily replace the SPD.

A higher joule rating allows the SPD to absorb more energy without self destructing, thus the SPD is still alive. However, as mentioned before, repeated exposures degrade a MOV, so it will likely blow at lower energy level at an unknown date; futher 'containing' this energy means the potential energy will be released as kinetic energy, and more joules = violent reaction. Makers make higher joule rating SPD by putting MOVs in parallel. The problem is MOV have non-linear responses and when exposed to the same overvoltage near its threshold voltage, some individual MOV can be more sensitive that others, causing that one MOV to conduct more than others, leading to its premature failure. If an inline fuse is placed as a power-off safety feature, which good SPDs do, then it will trip, and fail your SPD even if the other MOV are still intact. Thus, multiple MOV will be useless, and placed in series with a fast acting fuse, the fuse will likely blow before the MOV. Igsaturation (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 16:07, 22 December 2009 (UTC).

 * The section on joule rating spends much of the time telling us that joule rating isn't useful. If everything else is constant, higher joule rating should be better. It is volts times amps times time, or an integral when they aren't constant. An MOV conducts to keep the voltage across itself more or less constant.  Yes a higher voltage means more power (and joules), but one should choose the appropriate MOV voltage.  The usual failure mode for MOV is to short out, that is sacrificing itself for your protection, assuming something else, such as a fuse or circuit breaker then shuts off. Otherwise, all the energy goes into heating up the MOV, which has to not melt before the surge goes away. Gah4 (talk) 23:23, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

The idea of a joule rating as a figure of merit assumes that the clamp voltage stays about the same. While this is true of MOVs, it is NOT true of spark gaps or gas discharge tubes, both of which have a much lower voltage after being tripped. This makes them much harder for the lightning to destroy. It should also be kept in mind that every surge protector has spark gap protection whether you want it or not -- a high enough voltage arcs across the wires in the wall of in the power cord. This limits how much energy a nearby lightning strike can deliver. Guy Macon 13:59, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

References to show these things actually work?
I have been trying for years to find some genuine tests of surge protectors that show they actually work as advertised. There are loads of "reviews" which consist of "they offer $$$ insurance and nothing blew up when I tested it", but no serious, scientific tests as far as I can tell. All the ratings on the units are simply safety related, i.e. "will not explode if hit by X volts".

I have lost devices that were supposed to be protected, and there is a lot of anecdotal evidence that actually trying to claim on the compensation offers is next to impossible. Again, no hard data though. Can anyone provide any kind of reference for this sort of thing? Without it, all surge protectors amount to little more than snake oil since presumably if they actually worked the manufacturers would have had independent tests carried out. Mojo-chan (talk) 14:03, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

There is a lot of misinformation in the SPD sales literature.

Although I wrote this review regarding one brand of SPD, the background contains details on the impropriety within the industry:

http://www.epinions.com/review/APC_11_OUT_SURG_W_TEL_COA_EA_APNP11VNT3_Surge_Suppressor/content_453665328772

Some tests are made by law offices, as a malfunctioning SPD can at times lead to a fire, and hence major product liability. Here is one URL.

http://www.sfowler.com/investigations/Surge%20Protectors.htm

Igsaturation (talk) 18:44, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

The Wirecutter has done some extensive testing of the most popular models. Testing methodology is solid, includes teardowns, and has some really good straightforward independent consumer information if you read the whole article.

http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-surge-protector/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.194.187.100 (talk) 17:36, 15 July 2016 (UTC)

Service protectors or plug-in protectors
"Surge protectors" come in 2 basic varieties - service suppressors installed where service wires enter a building - plug-in suppressors that protect equipment plugged in downstream

The article header says "a surge protector (or surge suppressor) is an appliance". That implies the article is about plug-in suppressors.

Some of the text applies to communications suppressors that are applied at the entrance to a building.

The discussion for power wiring is essentially for plug-in suppressors except "Important specifications" was hijacked some time ago to be for "surge protector for AC mains". Some of the specifications are incorrect for plug-in suppressors.

What is the intent of the article? Service suppressors Plug-in suppressors Both

Some of the header, which appears to not be editable, is not correct for plug-in suppressors.

BudKey (talk) 19:40, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Section on degradation needed
This article needs to include a section on degradation of these devices over time. Typofixer76 (talk) 20:45, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

IEC Standards
The article could do with references to IEC standards and please remember not all of the globe is on ANSI / NEMA standards nor on 60hz —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.195.94.134 (talk) 00:11, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

GDT and MOV in series?
One of my coworkers was recently advised by a GDT manufacturer's application engineer to connect the GDT in series with a MOV. This is a new one one me; I typically use a GDT across the line, then series inductors, then a MOV. (the inductors slow the rise time so that the MOV doesn't fire first and clamp the voltage, stopping the GDT from firing). The GDT should self-extinguish at the next zero crossing as discussed in http://www.comptronic.se/files/documents/AN-111.pdf

I am researching this, and once I get a good anwer from reliable sources, I hope to add the info to this Wikipedia article. I haven't been able to find the kind of high-quality references I need to write it up, so I am putting my preliminary research here in the hope that someone else knows of some better references.

I started this by thinking that this doesn't make any sense at all. A GDT is a slow high current device and a MOV is a fast low(er) current device. Put them in series and it seems that you would get the low current capability of the MOV and the slow turn-on of the GDT. Am I missing something here?

To start with, UL mentions it here:

http://www.ul.com/global/eng/pages/offerings/industries/hightech/consumerelectronics/pag/pag142/

Quote: "The combination of an MOV in series with a GDT provides a fast reaction time and long life for high voltage and high current transient protection applications."

Next, United States Patent 5388021 (Voltage surge suppression power circuits) says this:

"To clip the surge remnant, a common practice is to insert an L-section suppression circuit in the line following the gas tube. This circuit consists of a series impedance and a voltage clamping device, such as a MOV or a silicon avalanche suppressor, connected across the power line. The series impedance is connected between the gas tube and the clamp and can simply be a resistor or an inductor, or both; a resistor being suitable only for low voltage, low current applications. The impedance must be high enough in value to guarantee gas tube breakover so that the clamp only clips and diverts the energy in the remnant, not the energy in the entire surge. A major problem associated with gas tubes is "follow-on" current, the current from the power source which continues flowing through the gas tube after the surge current terminates. In ac circuits, the follow-on current clears when the line current goes through zero but the gas tube could be re-ignited on the next cycle. A typical gas tube is rated to handle a 60 Hz, one-half cycle peak current of only 20 amperes, hence, if the power source can deliver much higher currents, i.e., a 460 V ac power line, the gas tube could be destroyed, particularly if it breaks over at the beginning of a cycle. In dc applications, a separate means for extinguishing the arc must be included in the circuit. Frequently, the follow-on current is limited to a safe value by connecting a low value resistor or a clamp such as a MOV in series with the gas tube. This technique, however, can significantly raise the clamping voltage if the surge current level is high."

The first part sounds like the GDT/Inductor/MOV circuit that I have been using for years, but note the bit at the end about the MOV in series with the GDT.

United States Patent 3973224 also mentions my usual circuit, but without any reference to a series GDT/MOV.

United States Patent 4677518 ( http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4677518.pdf ) has a good explanation in the "detailed description of the preferred embodiment" section:

"Referring now to the drawing, with particular attention to FIG. 1, a transient surge suppressor according to the invention utilizes a breakdown device, for example, a gas discharge tube 12 connected in series with a non-linear resistance element, such as, for example, a varistor 14. The series-connected elements 12 and 14 are connected across a pair of lines to be protected, such as a power main 16."

"Assuming that the power main 16 is a 120 volt RMS AC 60-cycle power main, the peak voltage applied across the series combination of the gas discharge tube 12 and the varistor 14 is 120 volts times the square root of two, or approximately 170 volts. Thus, the component values of the gas tube 12 and the varistor 14 should be chosen such that the gas tube 14 is not triggered by the peaks of the line voltage. Thus, if a gas discharge tube having a trigger voltage of 145 volts is selected as the gas discharge tube 12, and a varistor having a nominal voltage of 100 volts, such as for example, the ERZ-C20DK101 manufactured by Panasonic, is used as the varistor 14, the series combination will not be triggered by the 170 volt peaks of the alternating current wave. However, if a transient appears on the line 16, such as a transient illustrated by the line 20 (FIG. 2), the gas discharge tube 12 will trigger when the voltage across its terminals exceeds 145 volts, which corresponds to approximately 245 volts across the series combination of the tube 12 and varistor 14, as is illustrated by the point 22 of FIG. 2. When the gas discharge tube 12 triggers, the gas in the tube ionizes, the negative resistance phenomenon occurs and the voltage across the tube drops to the glow voltage, nominally about 60 to 75 volts. This reduces the voltage across the series combination to about 160 volts, as illustrated by the plateau 24 in the graph of FIG. 2."

"As the current through the discharge tube 12 increases further, the tube is driven into its arc mode wherein the voltage across its terminals drops further. Typically, the arc mode voltage or arc voltage of a gas discharge tube is nominally 15 volts, and the voltage across the series combination is then reduced to approximately 115 volts as is illustrated by the point 26 of FIG. 2."

"As the transient continues and the current through the gas discharge tube 12 and the varistor 14 increases due to its dynamic resistance, the voltage across the varistor 14 will increase, first at a fairly gradual rate, and then more rapidly as the current through the varistor 14 increases. This results in a gradual increase in the voltage across the combination, as is illustrated by the curve 28 of FIG. 2. This voltage will continue to rise to a maximum point 30 which is determined by the maximum current produced by the transient. Once the transient energy has been dissipated, the current through the gas discharge tube produced by the power line voltage will drop below the level necessary to sustain ionization. Also, since a substantial portion of the power line voltage will appear across the non-linear resistance device, the voltage present across the gas discharge tube will be below the voltage needed to sustain conduction. Thus, the discharge tube will switch to its nonconductive state; and because the values of the voltages of the discharge tube and the varistor have been chosen such that the peak of the line voltage will not cause the discharge tube to be triggered, the tube will remain nonconductive until the next transient occurs."

Looking at the above, the question arises of how this is better than a MOV alone. If I am understanding the above correctly, the primary advantage is the ability to select a MOV with a much lower clamping voltage, which lowers the energy that the MOV must dissipate. Guy Macon 15:08, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

The reason for the GDT+MOV combination has nothing to with improving the electrical performance, your suspicions are correct it will degrade performance. It is for safety reasons. Standards like IEC 60950, IEC 6236 and probably others prohibit the use of a just MOV between a primary circuit (line OR neutral) and earth, except under very restrictive situations. The reason for this MOVs are not good insulators (sort of by design!) hence will leak small current under normal conditions and certainly lots under transients. this leakage can increase over time. If the earth wire of the product in question failed open the chassis would then be live. The reason the GDT+MOV is for primary to line/neutral to earth is acceptable is the GDT will not have any leakage current below its breakdown voltage. Latter versions of the standard require the GDT pass the withstand voltage test (2.5kV for typical 220-240V products). This means you'd need a GDT with a DC break down higher than this maybe 2.7kV to 3kV allowing for tolerance. So it would barely activate at 4kV under actual fast rise time conditions. So very questionable if its worth the hassle.

Between Line and Neutral this safety aspect is not applicable so just a MOV is suitable for safety and best for performance. A bit of leakage here wont result in a shock but does have fire risks so other rules apply like fuses, flammability of nearby parts etc. -- ~59.167.102.209 (talk) 00:32, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

Extensive cleanup done, but much work remains
I tried to rebalance the article away from a "MOV-centric" point of view, by placing alternative technologies in a better context while still acknowledging that MOVs are the dominant tech in simple low-cost equipment. More info should be added on the relative costs and tradeoffs among various surge suppression methods. Also, I tried to clarify the distinction between protective devices that shunt spikes and those that try to block them in series. Lastly, I did a lot of copyediting to clean up awkward, confusing, or erroneous wording.

I think Guy_Macon's analysis above is relevant and cogent, and his preferred GDT/inductors/MOV configuration (mentioned at the beginning of his writeup) is a good basic setup to combine the best features of the 3 technologies in a synergistic manner. The "negative resistance" characteristic of GDTs and the suppression of "follow-on" current is an important consideration in using GDTs, and should at least be mentioned in the article. I encourage Guy to contribute his practical wisdom to this article.

As mentioned earlier by BudKey, a distinction should be made between "service panel protectors" and "plug-in protectors" right at the beginning of the article. This article appears to be focussed mostly on consumer-level plug-in protectors. More coverage on industrial and power utility protectors could be added, or pointed to elsewhere. This article should at least acknowledge these related fields of knowledge, even if not covered here.

A lot more work is needed, especially in the section regarding specifications and testing. A neutral, unbiased specialist in surge protection is badly needed there. Reify-tech (talk) 05:17, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I've done a lot of the work I proposed earlier, and I think the article is now much clearer and less ambiguous. But I may have inadvertently made some errors clearer, too.  Please review the article for technical correctness.

 * I think it would be useful to have a simple table comparing the relative tradeoffs among the different surge suppression technologies. It would have columns to compare relative cost, speed, capacitive loading, energy dissipation capacity, ease of installation, expected lifetime, failure modes, etc.  Has anybody seen such a comparison table anywhere?Reify-tech (talk) 22:42, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Hello all, this page indeed does look good! I would agree, the addition of industrial scale SPDs would be a good inclusion here.  If this page were expanded to do such, also with inclusion of the Lightning arrester page, it would do much to expand the knowledge of the general category of Lightning Protection Systems.   Borealdreams (talk) 14:52, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Relocated 2011 comments
Everyone who participated in upgrading this topic since I was last here in 2009 needs congratulations. Its far better. Best to you all Igsaturation (talk) 20:42, 9 June 2011 (UTC).

I'd like to use a 120 volt surge protector (purchased in the United States) in a 220 volt European style outlet with an adapter. The appliances plugged into the surge protector would be 220 volt capable. Will the surge protector be able to withstand 220 volts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Emilclu (talk • contribs) 22:49, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

120V USA surge protectors shouldn't be used in 220V. Surge protectors have a cutoff voltage < 330VAC peak which is very close to the operating voltage peak of 220V, 311VAC peak, so it may survive being plugged in, but depending on the type of MOVs installed its inevitable it will blow. Better surge protectors use much lower clamping voltages, far below 330V. Igsaturation (talk) 20:42, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Merge Spike buster with Surge Protector?
There seems to be no difference between the two, from what i can tell. Furthermore that article is an orphan that cites no references. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sckolar (talk • contribs) 12:03, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Support - First of all, the Talk pointer on the Merge notice at Spike buster did not point anywhere; I have pointed it here. Secondly, thanks for pointing out the orphan article; I was unaware of its existence, and never would have though of searching under that slang term.  What little content the stub article contains should be merged in here.

 * Note that proper WP:MERGE protocol calls for a merge notice at the target article as well as the source article. You seem to be new at this, so I encourage you to read the guidelines and follow them. If you are unable to do so, I or some other editor will eventually  clean this up, but I encourage you to finish the job if you can. Also, please sign your articles with four tildes (~).  Reify-tech (talk) 17:25, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Support and redirect created. There was nothing accurate or useful out of this to merge to Surge protector. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:58, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Once again you have merged two articles and not followed the correct procedure (at WP:MERGE) as recently drawn to your attention via an ANI. However: on this occasion, I am going to let it go.  This is because, as noted, there was nothing salvegeable from the source article and none of it has, in fact, been merged.  There is thus no edit history to preserve.  85.255.234.139 (talk) 07:29, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

} I'm beginning to wonder if you even know what an "edit history" is in the context of Wikipedia. --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:57, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

Ratings
I have encountered several discrepancies with this article and other sources of information around the various ratings for a surge protector, including, but not limited to, a buying guide published by Home Depot, an article on Lifehacker, How Stuff Works, and numerous other articles. I recommend that this article should clarify why there is a discrepancy, if it is justified, or an expert be brought in to resolve the problem. 161.31.231.60 (talk) 19:09, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

Radioactive GDTs
The paragraph that mentions gas-discharge tubes "formerly produced by C P Clare" uses the word "radioactive." Is the word used in the usual sense of ionizing radiation emitted by the gas, or is it a mistaken attempt (by a non-native English speaker?) to derive a word for the light sensitivity? If the former, should the information be moved elsewhere in the article? --SoledadKabocha (talk) 04:03, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Apparently some do contain radioactive materials, mostly to help initiate ionization and therefore a quicker strike.. Some data sheets  explicitly guarantee the tube to be radioactive-free for this reason. SpinningSpark 18:03, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Okay; sorry for being too lazy to find/check the sources myself. Perhaps it might help just to insert a paragraph break before the sentence in question. --SoledadKabocha (talk) 18:28, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

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Broken & incorrect reference links
I don't really know the subject matter, so, beyond "uhh... link no worky!", most of my comments below are based on the notoriously unreliable combination of cursory web searches and common sense, and should not, under any circumstances, be mistaken for informed, knowledgeable, or even particularly useful advice. I'll leave the corrections to someone with a better grasp on the material and/or wiki citation formatting.

 * Reference #24 gives a 404. The old 'About NFPA' page is archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20130401015326/http://www.nfpa.org:80/categoryList.asp?categoryID=143&URL=About%20NFPA, and their current About page is at https://www.nfpa.org/About-NFPA . I'm not sure which would be more appropriate, since (possibly due to some missing words or grammatical issues) I'm not sure what the text with the citation is actually trying to say. It states "A failing MOV is a fire risk, which is a reason for the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA)[24] UL1449 in 1986...", but UL1449 is, as far as I know, published by UL, and not NFPA )unless it was meant to refer, not to UL1449, but to NFPA 70, the National Electric Code, which "compliments UL1449".

 * Reference #25 also gives a 404 (to http://downloads.eatoncanada.ca/downloads/Transient%20Voltage%20Surge%20Supp/Tech%20Data/TVSS%20UL%20spec%201449.pdf ), and doesn't appear to be archived. At first I thought that #4 could be substituted, as both links looked like they were pointing to copies of the UL 1449 standard, but I'm not certain what #25 actually used to be, and #4 isn't what the footnote makes it sound like (see below).

 * Reference #4 is all sorts of confusing (or else I'm just easily confused), and makes me wonder whether it's some sort of accidental conflation of a couple unrelated citations. It reads Rosch, Winn (May 2008). "UL® 1449 3rd Edition" (PDF). Eaton Corporation. Eaton Corporation. I'll take the problems with this one at a time:

 * Winn L. Rosch appears to be a PC hardware writer, and the only place on the net that I can find his name even mentioned on the same page as UL1449 (aside from this reference on this page or obvious copies/derivatives thereof) is the Wikipedia Varistor page (where #16 simply cites his Hardware Bible regarding MOVs - no clear connection there, although the neighboring #11 does cite another - otherwise unrelated - page on UL1449). Similarly, I can't find any indication that he ever worked or wrote anything for Eaton (although some of his patents are cited in one of theirs), and neither his name nor any other author is credited anywhere in the PDF (the document properties lists "Author: Zoltun", which appears to be their graphic design firm).
 * The listed title is "UL® 1449 3rd Edition", while the actual PDF is, rather than the standard itself, the significantly different "UL® 1449 3rd Edition — Key Changes".
 * The document is only a page and a half leaflet, and doesn't actually contain any of the information discussed at 4a, 4c, or 4d (although 4b could possibly be inferred, if you cross your eyes and stare at it from the right angle for long enough).

--71.234.116.22 (talk) 23:04, 1 February 2018 (UTC)

RMS
Seems to me that it would be useful to mention that AC voltages given are RMS, and that the peak is sqrt(2) times larger. For example, in the sentence mentioning the 330V clipping value for 120 VAC systems. Gah4 (talk) 12:37, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Inductance
In some places, it could be useful to mention the effect of inductance. For example, in the case of parallel MOVs, even the small inductance of the lead wires, at high enough dI/dt, it will slow down the current rise through the first one to conduct, giving the second one just a little more time. There is some mention of series inductance later, but not of LC filters which are also used along with other devices. Gah4 (talk) 12:51, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Power Strip
Would it be appropriate to add a link to power strip in the "See Also" section? I think these are related and often confused. Aenet1405 (talk) 21:39, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * , power strip is already linked in the body of the article so a See also link is not required. See MOS:NOTSEEALSO. ~Kvng (talk) 12:34, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

Merge from Surge arrester and Transient voltage suppressor
These are overlapping topics and we either need to work to reduce the overlap (perhaps by using WP:SUMMARY) or merge it together. ~Kvng (talk) 21:57, 22 December 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 12:42, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surge protector


text:
Area codes 519, 226, 548, and 382

Area codes 519, 226, 548, and 382 are overlay telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for most of southwestern Ontario.

Area code 519 was the initial code of the numbering plan area (NPA). It was created in 1953 from the western portion of area code 416 and the southwestern portion of 613. The numbering plan area is mostly bounded by area code 905, except for Simcoe County which is bordered by 705. Area code 226 was added to the numbering plan area in 2006, and 548 was added in 2015. In 2023, the overlay was expanded again with the addition of area code 382.

The primary incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) in the overlay complex is Bell Canada, with numerous other small independent companies that covered vast tracts of rural Ontario. Since competition for service was mandated in 1997, numerous competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) have also started serving the region.

History

Area code 519 was created in 1953 by a split of two numbering plan areas (NPAs), from the western portion of 416 and the southwestern portion of 613. In 1957, parts of 519 and 613 formed area code 705. An exhaustion study for area code 519 in the 1990s resulted in a recommendation to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to add a second area code, 226, to the numbering plan area. In 1992, an overlay relief plan was approved (Telecom Decision CRTC 2002-25). Although it primarily accepted the industry proposal, the CRTC required a permissive dialling period of four months, with consistent network announcements to consumers, instead of the proposed two-month period. On April 15, 2003, the committee recommended delaying the introduction of the 226 area code from February 19, 2005, to October 21, 2006, primarily as a result of updated forecasts of the exhaustion projections.

In a second overlay expansion, area code 548 was added to the overlay, effective June 4, 2015.

Canadian Numbering Administrator (CNA) advised the CRTC on October 12, 2011, that based on the rate of expansion the numbering system would again be exhausted by January 2017. The CRTC in response developed a relief plan (Telecom Decision CRTC 2012-655) which set the framework for addressing the exhaustion and oversee the addition of an additional overlay number. Area code 382 was reserved as a fourth code for the region with an in-service date of June 17, 2023.

The numbering plan area covers a wide area (over 36,000 km2), and no single municipality controlling a majority of the available numbers.

While the implementation of 548 had the effect of allocating a total of over 23 million numbers to a region of 2.6 million people, overlays have become the preferred method of relief in Canada and the United States. Canada does not use telephone number pooling as a relief measure. Each CLEC is allocated blocks of 10,000 numbers (corresponding to a single three-digit prefix) for every rate centre where it offers service, even in the smallest hamlets. While most rate centres do not need nearly that many numbers, once a central office code is allocated to a carrier and rate centre, it cannot be relocated.

Central office codes

 * Acton (226)-298 327 828 901, (519)-853, 929
 * Alvinston (226)-471 716 846, (519)- 847 898
 * Amherstburg (226)-477, (519)-713 730 736
 * Arkona See Lambton Shores
 * Arthur (226)-443 524, (519)-848
 * Atwood (226)-816, (519)-356
 * Aylmer (226)-342 545, (519)-765 773 779
 * Ayr (226)-556 642 854, (519)-394 547 632
 * Baden (226)-355 855, (519)-214 556 634
 * Bayfield (226)-441, (519)-565
 * Beachville (519)-423
 * Belle River (226)-409 478, (519)-715 728
 * Blenheim (226)-291 367, (519)-676
 * Bothwell (226)-292 834, (519)-695
 * Brantford (226)-208 227 250 267 269 368 381 387 388 400 401 403 450 493 583 644 730 802 851 920 922 933 934 937 938 966, (519)-209 304 309 512 516 717 720 732 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 761 770 771 774 802 805 861 865 900, (548)-800
 * Breslau (226)-366 632 856, (519)-213 648
 * Bright's Grove (226)-469, (519)-869 908
 * Brussels (226)-889, (519)-887, (548)-571
 * Burford (226)-659, (519)-449
 * Burgessville (519)-424
 * Caledon (519)-316 927
 * Cambridge is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Galt (226)-318 362 474 533 616 765 859 894 895, (519)-231 267 543 618 620 621 622 623 624 629 740
 * Hespeler (226)-201 218 243 319 341 362 475 566 696 755 860 887 890 924, (519)-212 220 221 222 223 224 230 239 240 241 242 244 248 249 260 277 651 654 658 700 714 716 841
 * Preston (226)-204 473 535 865, (519)-201 219 650 653 920 947
 * Chatham (226)-205 229 281 282 296 312 404 494 542 626 627 671 797 798 799 830 881 882 996, (519)-350 351 352 354 355 358 359 360 365 380 388 397 401 436 437 480 598 784 809 917
 * Chatsworth (519) -794
 * Chesley (226)-433, (519) -363
 * Clifford (519) -327
 * Clinton (226)-420 447 455 457 532 699, (519)-233 482 606 607
 * Cottam (519)-839
 * Corunna (226)-468, (519)-481 813 862
 * Courtright (226)-371 467, (519)-431 867
 * Delhi (226)-549, (519)-582
 * Dorchester (519)-202 268 499
 * Drayton (226)-223 818 857, (519)-638
 * Dublin (226)-302, (519)-345
 * Dutton (519)-762
 * Dundalk (226)-274, (519)-923
 * Dungannon (519)-529
 * Durham (226)-258 432 702, (519)-369
 * Embro (519)-475
 * Elmira (226)-266 858, (519)-210 669 910
 * Elora (226)-369 384 963, (519)-413 846
 * Erin (519)-315 833
 * Essex (226)-479 602 906, (519)-776 961
 * Exeter (226)-393 423 735, (519)-235 297
 * Fergus (226)-370 383 449 961, (519)-407 787 843
 * Flesherton (519)-924
 * Forest See Lambton Shores
 * Glencoe (226)-427 488 690, (519)-287
 * Goderich (226)-222 421 458 543 939 963, (519)-440 441 524 525 605 612 891 955
 * Gorrie (519)-335
 * Grand Bend See Lambton Shores
 * Grand Valley (519)-928
 * Granton (519)-225
 * Guelph (226)-203 217 251 299 314 326 332 337 343 361 486 500 706 770 780 790 820 821 900 962 971 979, (519)-265 341 362 400 515 546 553 710 731 760 763 766 767 780 803 820 821 822 823 824 826 827 829 830 831 835 836 837 838 840 993 994, (548)-209 316 408 452 557 761 808 855 922 988 989
 * Hamilton (Community of Lynden only) (519)-647
 * Hanover (226)-434, (519)-364 506
 * Harriston (226)-429, (519)-338 510
 * Harrow (226)-207 480, (519)-738
 * Hepworth (226)-437, (519)-935
 * Highgate (226)-295 831, (519)-678
 * Hillsburgh (519)-308 855
 * Holstein (519)-334
 * Ilderton (226)-308, (519)-298 666
 * Ingersoll (226)-825, (519)-303 425 485 926
 * Inwood (519)-844
 * Jarvis (226)-513 630, (519)-587
 * Kerwood (519)-247
 * Kincardine (226)-396, (519)-396
 * Kingsville (519)-712 733
 * Kitchener-Waterloo (226)-214 215 220 240 241 243 317 336 338 339 359 399 444 476 499 505 581 592 600 606 646 647 666 673 686 747 748 749 750 751 752 772 789 791 792 800 806 808 812 868 898 929 972 978 986 987 988 989, (519)-208 240 279 340 342 404 465 489 496 497 498 500 501 502 503 504 505 513 514 554 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 584 585 588 589 590 591 593 594 597 603 616 635 707 721 722 725 729 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 772 778 781 783 804 807 880 883 884 885 886 888 893 894 895 896 897 904 954 957 998, (548)-212 219 288 333 480 481 483 484 898
 * Lambeth (226)-265, (519)-652
 * Lambton Shores (226)-331 520 521 (519)-238 243 296 786 828 899
 * LaSalle (226)-675, (519)-734 970 978
 * Leamington (226)-202 286 936, (519)-322 324 325 326 329 398 613
 * Lion's Head (519)-793
 * Listowel (226)-306 430 622 640 767 885, (519)-291 292 418 444 492 815
 * London (226)-209 213 219 224 234 235 236 237 238 239 260 268 270 271 272 273 289 305 316 358 373 374 376 377 378 380 385 386 448 456 504 559 577 580 582 599 636 663 667 678 680 688 700 701 721 777 781 785 813 884 919 925 926 927 928 968 969 973 977 980 981 982 983 984 985 998, (519)-200 203 204 266 280 281 282 286 317 318 319 430 432 433 434 435 438 439 451 452 453 455 457 471 472 473 474 476 488 494 495 518 520 521 552 601 614 615 617 619 630 636 639 640 641 642 643 645 646 649 657 659 660 661 663 667 668 670 671 672 673 675 679 680 681 685 686 690 691 694 697 701 702 709 719 777 789 808 850 851 852 854 857 858 859 860 868 870 871 872 873 878 902 907 913 914 930 931 932 933 936 937 951 953 963 964
 * Long Point (519)-586
 * Lucan (226)-305, (519)-227
 * Lucknow (519)-528, 812
 * Lynden (226)-731 764, (519)-647
 * Maidstone (226)-252, (519)-737
 * Markdale (226)- 278 452, (519)-986
 * Meaford (226)-245 662, (519)-538
 * Melbourne (519)-289
 * Merlin (226)-293, (519)-689
 * Mildmay (226)-454, (519)-367
 * Milverton (226)-439, (519)-595
 * Mitchell (226)-303, (519)-348
 * Monkton (226)-817, (519)-347
 * Mount Brydges (226)-490, (519)-264 559
 * Mount Forest (226)-445 853 991, (519)-261 313 314 321 323 509 604
 * Nairn (226)-329, (519)-232
 * Neustadt (226)-428, (519)-799
 * Newbury (519)-693
 * New Dundee (226)-565 862, (519)-391 413 696
 * New Hamburg (226)-333 863, (519)-545 662
 * Norwich (226)-325, (519)-468 863
 * Oil Springs (226)-372 466, (519)-834
 * Orangeville (226) -200 259 850 882 916 (519)-215 216 217 278 288 307 415 806 938 939 940 941 942 943
 * Owen Sound (226)-256 277 279 379 424 568 664 668 884 909 910 923 974, (519)-270 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 387 416 447 470 477
 * Palmerston (226)-431, (519)-343 417
 * Paris (226)-225 263 677 733, (519)-302 442
 * Parkhill (519)-294 459
 * Pelee (519)-724
 * Petrolia (226)-465 738, (519)-882
 * Port Dover (519)-583
 * Port Elgin (226)-453 930 992, (519)-385 386 389 706 708 832
 * Port Franks See Lambton Shores
 * Port Rowan (519)-586
 * Port Stanley (226)-658, (519)-782
 * Ridgetown (226)-297 364, (519)-674
 * Ripley (226)-395, (519)-395
 * Rockwood (226)-328 838 902, (519)-605 856
 * Sarnia (226)-254 313 349 357 402 472 672 718 776 778 784 842 886 932 964, (519)-312 328 330 331 332 333 336 337 339 344 346 381 383 384 402 464 466 479 490 491 541 542 704 918
 * Sauble Beach (226)-438, (519)-422
 * Seaforth (519)-522 527 600
 * Sebringville (519)-393
 * Shedden (519)-764
 * Shelburne (226)-525, (519)-306 925
 * Simcoe (226)-206 330 440 514 534 567 931, (519)-410 420 426 427 428 429 718 909
 * St. Clements (226)-255 866, (519)-218 407 699
 * St. Jacobs (226)-288 867, (519)-206 664 906
 * St. Marys (226)-264 301 661, (519)-284
 * St. Thomas (226)-210 212, (519)-207 631 633 637
 * Stratford (226)-261 300 354 584 633 766 775 779 786 852 880 921 999  (519)-271 272 273 274 275 276 301 305 508 703 801 814 949
 * Strathroy (226)-726, (519)-205 245 246 299
 * Southampton (226)-284 435, (519)-483 797
 * Tara (519)-934
 * Tavistock (519)-412 655
 * Tecumseh (226)-676, (519)-478 735 739 956 979
 * Teeswater (519)-392
 * Thamesford (519)-285 295 557
 * Thamesville (226)-249 334, (519)-692
 * Thedford See Lambton Shores
 * Thornbury (226)-276 665, (519)-599
 * Thorndale (226)-561, (519)-461 609
 * Tilbury (226)-335 832, (519)-607 682
 * Tillsonburg (226)-231 351 352 641 970 993, (519)-407 544 550 688 842 983
 * Tiverton (519)-361 368
 * Tobermory (519)-596
 * Wallaceburg (226)-746 833, (519)-626 627 628
 * Walkerton (226)-257 285 436 840 990, (519)-507 540 881 889 901
 * Wardsville (226)-670, (519)-693
 * Waterford (519)-443
 * Watford (226)-462 720 848, (519)-849 876
 * Wellesley (226)-244 660 869, (519)-406 656
 * Wheatley (226)-248 484 617 618 619, (519)-825
 * Wiarton (226)-439, (519)-534
 * Windsor (226)-216 221 246 260 280 315 340 344 345 346 347 348 350 356 506 526 620 674 722 757 758 759 773 774 782 783 787 788 805 826 935 946 965 975, (519)-250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 300 419 551 560 561 562 563 564 566 567 790 791 792 796 800 816 817 818 819 890 903 915 916 919 944 945 946 948 960 962 965 966 967 968 969 971 972 973 974 977 979 980 981 982 984 985 987 988 989 990 991 992 995 996 997 999
 * Wingham (226)-422 841 995, (519)-357 450 530 531 912
 * Woodstock (226)-228 232 242 253 853 883 888, (519)-290 320 421 456 469 532 533 535 536 537 539 602 606 708 788
 * Wyoming (226)-307 461, (519)-845

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Area codes 519, 226, 548, and 382


text:
Bally Sports Sun

Bally Sports Sun is an American regional sports network owned by Diamond Sports Group, a joint venture between Sinclair Broadcast Group and Entertainment Studios, and operates as an affiliate of Bally Sports. The channel broadcasts local coverage of professional, collegiate and sporting events in the state of Florida, with a focus on professional sports teams based in Miami, Tampa and Orlando. Bally Sports Sun and sister regional sports network Bally Sports Florida are headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida with studios located in Tampa.

Bally Sports Sun is available on cable providers throughout Florida; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV.

History
The channel launched on March 4, 1988, as Sunshine Network, originally serving as an affiliate of Prime Network. The network was formed as a joint-venture of 11 cable companies and Home Sports Entertainment. Later that year, Sunshine would obtain rights to broadcast the Orlando Magic in their inaugural season. In 1992, the network would also secure rights to another new team, the Tampa Bay Lightning. In its early years, the network also aired some public affairs programming in addition to sports.

Because Florida did not have a Major League Baseball team at the time, the network featured games from multiple teams including Rangers, Astros, Tigers, Orioles, and Twins, along with college sports from UCF, Florida State, Stetson and Jacksonville Universities. In 1993, Sunshine gained rights to the Florida Marlins expansion team. In 1997, half of the 70 game schedule was moved to rival SportsChannel Florida (which at the time was owned by Marlins' owner Wayne Huizenga). The following season, the entire schedule was moved to SportsChannel.

In 1996, News Corporation, which formed a sports division for the Fox Broadcasting Company in 1994 with the acquisition of the television rights to the National Football Conference of the National Football League, entered into a joint venture with TCI spinoff Liberty Media and rebranded that company's Prime Network affiliates under the "Fox Sports Net" banner. Sunshine Network was the only Fox Sports Net owned-and-operated charter outlet that did not rebrand under that name when it and the other Prime outlets relaunched as Fox Sports Net on November 1, 1996. Liberty Media (which at this point owned 49% of the network) proposed Fox Sports Sunshine as a new name for the network, but ultimately the rest of the owners did not approve it. In early 2000, Fox Sports Net programming moved from Sunshine to the newly rebranded Fox Sports Net Florida.

Sunshine Network changed its name to Sun Sports on January 18, 2005, in order to reflect its sports-focused programming. Sun Sports and Fox Sports Florida were spun off with the rest of the Fox Sports Networks and most of News Corporation's other U.S. entertainment properties into 21st Century Fox in July 2013. On October 4, 2015, Sun Sports changed its name to Fox Sports Sun (FSSUN).

On December 14, 2017, as part of a merger between both companies, The Walt Disney Company announced plans to acquire all 22 regional Fox Sports Networks from 21st Century Fox, including Fox Sports Sun and sister network Fox Sports Florida. However, on June 27, 2018, the Justice Department ordered their divestment under antitrust grounds, citing Disney's ownership of ESPN. On May 3, 2019, Sinclair Broadcast Group and Entertainment Studios (through their joint venture, Diamond Holdings) bought Fox Sports Networks from The Walt Disney Company for $10.6 billion. The deal closed on August 22, 2019. On November 17, 2020, Sinclair announced an agreement with casino operator Bally's Corporation to serve as a new naming rights partner for the FSN channels. Sinclair announced the new Bally Sports branding for the channels on January 27, 2021. On March 31, 2021, coinciding with the 2021 Major League Baseball season, Fox Sports Sun and sister network Fox Sports Florida were rebranded as Bally Sports Sun and Bally Sports Florida, resulting in 18 other Regional Sports Networks renamed Bally Sports in their respective regions. The first live sports event on Bally Sports Sun was at 7 PM featuring the Miami Heat at the Indiana Pacers. The game was preceded with the "Heat Live" pregame show.

On March 14, 2023, Diamond Sports filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. ]

On May 1st, 2024, Comcast halted Bally Sports Sun programming.

Programming

Bally Sports Sun holds the regional cable television rights to the NBA's Miami Heat, the NHL's Tampa Bay Lightning, and the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball. In addition, Bally Sports Sun offers insider programming for the Florida Gators and Florida State Seminoles.

Bally Sports Sun maintains separate feeds for individual regions of the state, with feeds for Miami (covering South Florida), Tampa (covering western Florida) and Orlando (covering northern and central Florida). The separation of broadcast zones for the channel is mostly due to the defined broadcast territories set by the National Basketball Association for the Orlando Magic and Miami Heat, and by the National Hockey League for the Tampa Bay Lightning. Programming seen in each broadcasting zone is common in most areas, and includes a mix of programs supplied by Bally Sports and some original programming exclusive to Bally Sports Sun and Bally Sports Florida.

Bally Sports Sun is also home to outdoor programming, highlighted by extensive salt and fresh water fishing programs such as the Chevy Florida Insider Fishing Report and Sportsman's Adventures.

Programming rights with Bally Sports Florida
Bally Sports Sun shares the broadcast rights to the aforementioned professional sports teams with Bally Sports Florida. As the two regional networks are commonly owned, events from any team/conference in which Bally Sports Sun and Bally Sports Florida broadcasts are able to air on either channel depending on the start time of each team's respective games (particularly with the Marlins and Rays, since both teams routinely play at concurring start times).

The two channels do not focus on one region of Florida (although it was long rumored since the two came under common ownership that Bally Sports Sun would carry only teams from the Orlando and Tampa Bay areas, while Bally Sports Florida would carry Miami-area teams), but simply distribute games in accordance with each team's territorial rights, with both cable channels maintaining joint exclusivity over regional broadcasts of Lightning, Heat, Marlins, Rays and the Magic, while Bally Sports Florida maintains exclusive regional rights to NHL games involving the Miami-based Florida Panthers.

In 2010, the Miami Marlins moved all of their Major League Baseball games to Bally Sports Florida, while the Tampa Bay Rays began carrying all their games on Bally Sports Sun. Prior to 2009, some Rays games were available on broadcast television stations in the state via a network made up of the state's Ion Television stations.

Tampa Bay Rays

 * Dewayne Staats – play-by-play announcer
 * Brian Anderson – color commentator
 * Matt Joyce – pre-game and post-game color analyst
 * Denard Span – pre-game and post-game color analyst
 * Doug Waechter – pre-game and post-game color analyst
 * Rich Hollenberg - Pre and Post game host and fill-in play-by-play announcer
 * Tricia Whitaker - field reporter

Tampa Bay Lightning

 * Dave Randorf– play-by-play announcer
 * Brian Engblom – analyst
 * Paul Kennedy – host and in-game reporter
 * Bobby Taylor – pre, post-game and intermission analyst
 * Dave Andreychuk – pre, post-game and intermission analyst

Florida Panthers

 * Steve Goldstein – play-by-play announcer
 * Randy Moller – analyst

Miami Marlins

 * Paul Severino – play-by-play announcer
 * Tommy Hutton - analyst
 * Craig Minervini – pre-game host and in-game reporter and Fill-in play-by-play announcer
 * Kelly Saco – pre-game host and Fill-in in-game reporter

Miami Heat

 * Eric Reid – play-by-play announcer
 * John Crotty – analyst
 * Jason Jackson – post-game host and in-game reporter
 * Ron Rothstein – half-time and post-game analyst

Orlando Magic

 * David Steele – play-by-play announcer
 * Jeff Turner – analyst
 * Paul Kennedy – host and in-game reporter
 * Dante Marchitelli – fill in in-game reporter

title: Bally Sports Sun


text:
Red Abbey, Cork

The Red Abbey in Cork, Ireland was a 14th-century Augustinian abbey which took its name from the reddish sandstone used in construction. Today all that remains of the structure is the central bell tower of the abbey church, which is one of the last remaining visible structures dating to the medieval walled town of Cork.

History

The Red Abbey was built in Cork in either the late 13th or early 14th centuries, though it was definitely in existence sometime before 1306. It was founded by a member of the De Courcey family. Despite being dissolved in 1541, it was occupied by the friars until at least the rebellion of 1641, and possibly as late as 1700.

The abbey tower was used by John Churchill (later the Duke of Marlborough) as a vantage point and battery during the Siege of Cork in 1690. The siege sought to suppress an uprising in the city and its association with the expelled Catholic King of England, James II.

In the eighteenth century, the Augustinian friars established a new friary in Fishamble Lane, and the Red Abbey was turned over to use as a sugar refinery. However, a fire in the refinery destroyed much of the abbey's structure in 1799.

The remains of the monastery were excavated in 1977. Fragmented human bones, pottery spanning from medieval up to the 19th century was uncovered, along with approximately 300 pieces of lead shot. All that remains today of the structure is the bell tower of the abbey's church. The tower is designated as a national monument and maintained by Cork City Council.

Notable people

 * William Tirry (1609–1654), a friar of the abbey's Augustinian order who was executed following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and beatified in 1992 as one of the Irish Catholic Martyrs.

title: Red Abbey, Cork


text:
Casacuarán

San Pablo Casacuarán is a small town located in the southern region of the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Commonly known just as Casacuarán, it stands on the road connecting the cities of Yuriria, Santiago Maravatio and Salvatierra. Every January the town has a celebration of San Pablo on January 25. The celebration goes from January 18–25 with a huge procession down main street from the top to the bottom of the town on its last day. The celebration consists of folkloric dance presentations and many shows and award ceremonies. There is also a huge carnival that goes on for the days of the fiesta; on the last two days of the celebration there are jaripeos (rodeos).

Demographics
A census conducted in the year 2000 shows there is a population of 3,398.

Geography

 * Location: 20.19917°N, -101.04111°W
 * Altitude: 1,787 meters (5,866 feet)

title: Casacuarán


text:
Page table

A page table is a data structure used by a virtual memory system in a computer to store mappings between virtual addresses and physical addresses. Virtual addresses are used by the program executed by the accessing process, while physical addresses are used by the hardware, or more specifically, by the random-access memory (RAM) subsystem. The page table is a key component of virtual address translation that is necessary to access data in memory. The page table is set up by the computer's operating system, and may be read and written during the virtual address translation process by the memory management unit or by low-level system software or firmware.

Role of the page table
In operating systems that use virtual memory, every process is given the impression that it is working with large, contiguous sections of memory. Physically, the memory of each process may be dispersed across different areas of physical memory, or may have been moved (paged out) to secondary storage, typically to a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD).

When a process requests access to data in its memory, it is the responsibility of the operating system to map the virtual address provided by the process to the physical address of the actual memory where that data is stored. The page table is where mappings of virtual addresses to physical addresses are stored, with each mapping also known as a page table entry (PTE).

The translation process

The memory management unit (MMU) inside the CPU stores a cache of recently used mappings from the operating system's page table. This is called the translation lookaside buffer (TLB), which is an associative cache.

When a virtual address needs to be translated into a physical address, the TLB is searched first. If a match is found, which is known as a TLB hit, the physical address is returned and memory access can continue. However, if there is no match, which is called a TLB miss, the MMU, the system firmware, or the operating system's TLB miss handler will typically look up the address mapping in the page table to see whether a mapping exists, which is called a page walk. If one exists, it is written back to the TLB, which must be done because the hardware accesses memory through the TLB in a virtual memory system, and the faulting instruction is restarted, which may happen in parallel as well. The subsequent translation will result in a TLB hit, and the memory access will continue.

Translation failures
The page table lookup may fail, triggering a page fault, for two reasons:
 * The lookup may fail if there is no translation available for the virtual address, meaning that virtual address is invalid. This will typically occur because of a programming error, and the operating system must take some action to deal with the problem. On modern operating systems, it will cause a segmentation fault signal being sent to the offending program.
 * The lookup may also fail if the page is currently not resident in physical memory. This will occur if the requested page has been moved out of physical memory to make room for another page. In this case the page is paged out to a secondary store located on a medium such as a hard disk drive (this secondary store, or "backing store", is often called a swap partition if it is a disk partition, or a swap file, swapfile or page file if it is a file). When this happens the page needs to be taken from disk and put back into physical memory. A similar mechanism is used for memory-mapped files, which are mapped to virtual memory and loaded to physical memory on demand.

When physical memory is not full this is a simple operation; the page is written back into physical memory, the page table and TLB are updated, and the instruction is restarted. However, when physical memory is full, one or more pages in physical memory will need to be paged out to make room for the requested page. The page table needs to be updated to mark that the pages that were previously in physical memory are no longer there, and to mark that the page that was on disk is now in physical memory. The TLB also needs to be updated, including removal of the paged-out page from it, and the instruction restarted. Which page to page out is the subject of page replacement algorithms.

Some MMUs trigger a page fault for other reasons, whether or not the page is currently resident in physical memory and mapped into the virtual address space of a process:
 * Attempting to write when the page table has the read-only bit set causes a page fault. This is a normal part of many operating system's implementation of copy-on-write; it may also occur when a write is done to a location from which the process is allowed to read but to which it is not allowed to write, in which case a signal is delivered to the process.
 * Attempting to execute code when the page table has the NX bit (no-execute bit) set in the page table causes a page fault. This can be used by an operating system, in combination with the read-only bit, to provide a Write XOR Execute feature that stops some kinds of exploits.

Frame table data
The simplest page table systems often maintain a frame table and a page table. The frame table holds information about which frames are mapped. In more advanced systems, the frame table can also hold information about which address space a page belongs to, statistics information, or other background information.

Page table data
The page table is an array of page table entries.

Page table entry
Each page table entry (PTE) holds the mapping between a virtual address of a page and the address of a physical frame. There is also auxiliary information about the page such as a present bit, a dirty or modified bit, address space or process ID information, amongst others.

Secondary storage, such as a hard disk drive, can be used to augment physical memory. Pages can be paged in and out of physical memory and the disk. The present bit can indicate what pages are currently present in physical memory or are on disk, and can indicate how to treat these different pages, i.e. whether to load a page from disk and page another page in physical memory out.

The dirty bit allows for a performance optimization. A page on disk that is paged in to physical memory, then read from, and subsequently paged out again does not need to be written back to disk, since the page has not changed. However, if the page was written to after it is paged in, its dirty bit will be set, indicating that the page must be written back to the backing store. This strategy requires that the backing store retain a copy of the page after it is paged in to memory. When a dirty bit is not used, the backing store need only be as large as the instantaneous total size of all paged-out pages at any moment. When a dirty bit is used, at all times some pages will exist in both physical memory and the backing store.

In operating systems that are not single address space operating systems, address space or process ID information is necessary so the virtual memory management system knows what pages to associate to what process. Two processes may use two identical virtual addresses for different purposes. The page table must supply different virtual memory mappings for the two processes. This can be done by assigning the two processes distinct address map identifiers, or by using process IDs. Associating process IDs with virtual memory pages can also aid in selection of pages to page out, as pages associated with inactive processes, particularly processes whose code pages have been paged out, are less likely to be needed immediately than pages belonging to active processes.

As an alternative to tagging page table entries with process-unique identifiers, the page table itself may occupy a different virtual-memory page for each process so that the page table becomes a part of the process context. In such an implementation, the process's page table can be paged out whenever the process is no longer resident in memory.

Page table types
There are several types of page tables, which are optimized for different requirements. Essentially, a bare-bones page table must store the virtual address, the physical address that is "under" this virtual address, and possibly some address space information.

Inverted page tables
An inverted page table (IPT) is best thought of as an off-chip extension of the TLB which uses normal system RAM. Unlike a true page table, it is not necessarily able to hold all current mappings. The operating system must be prepared to handle misses, just as it would with a MIPS-style software-filled TLB.

The IPT combines a page table and a frame table into one data structure. At its core is a fixed-size table with the number of rows equal to the number of frames in memory. If there are 4,000 frames, the inverted page table has 4,000 rows. For each row there is an entry for the virtual page number (VPN), the physical page number (not the physical address), some other data and a means for creating a collision chain, as we will see later.

Searching through all entries of the core IPT structure is inefficient, and a hash table may be used to map virtual addresses (and address space/PID information if need be) to an index in the IPT - this is where the collision chain is used. This hash table is known as a hash anchor table. The hashing function is not generally optimized for coverage - raw speed is more desirable. Of course, hash tables experience collisions. Due to this chosen hashing function, we may experience a lot of collisions in usage, so for each entry in the table the VPN is provided to check if it is the searched entry or a collision.

In searching for a mapping, the hash anchor table is used. If no entry exists, a page fault occurs. Otherwise, the entry is found. Depending on the architecture, the entry may be placed in the TLB again and the memory reference is restarted, or the collision chain may be followed until it has been exhausted and a page fault occurs.

A virtual address in this schema could be split into two, the first half being a virtual page number and the second half being the offset in that page.

A major problem with this design is poor cache locality caused by the hash function. Tree-based designs avoid this by placing the page table entries for adjacent pages in adjacent locations, but an inverted page table destroys spatial locality of reference by scattering entries all over. An operating system may minimize the size of the hash table to reduce this problem, with the trade-off being an increased miss rate.

There is normally one hash table, contiguous in physical memory, shared by all processes. A per-process identifier is used to disambiguate the pages of different processes from each other. It is somewhat slow to remove the page table entries of a given process; the OS may avoid reusing per-process identifier values to delay facing this. Alternatively, per-process hash tables may be used, but they are impractical because of memory fragmentation, which requires the tables to be pre-allocated.

Inverted page tables are used for example on the PowerPC, the UltraSPARC and the IA-64 architecture.

Multilevel page tables

The inverted page table keeps a listing of mappings installed for all frames in physical memory. However, this could be quite wasteful. Instead of doing so, we could create a page table structure that contains mappings for virtual pages. It is done by keeping several page tables that cover a certain block of virtual memory. For example, we can create smaller 1024-entry 4 KB pages that cover 4 MB of virtual memory.

This is useful since often the top-most parts and bottom-most parts of virtual memory are used in running a process - the top is often used for text and data segments while the bottom for stack, with free memory in between. The multilevel page table may keep a few of the smaller page tables to cover just the top and bottom parts of memory and create new ones only when strictly necessary.

Now, each of these smaller page tables are linked together by a master page table, effectively creating a tree data structure. There need not be only two levels, but possibly multiple ones. For example, a virtual address in this schema could be split into three parts: the index in the root page table, the index in the sub-page table, and the offset in that page.

Multilevel page tables are also referred to as "hierarchical page tables".

Virtualized page tables
It was mentioned that creating a page table structure that contained mappings for every virtual page in the virtual address space could end up being wasteful. But, we can get around the excessive space concerns by putting the page table in virtual memory, and letting the virtual memory system manage the memory for the page table.

However, part of this linear page table structure must always stay resident in physical memory in order to prevent circular page faults and look for a key part of the page table that is not present in the page table.

Nested page tables

Nested page tables can be implemented to increase the performance of hardware virtualization. By providing hardware support for page-table virtualization, the need to emulate is greatly reduced. For x86 virtualization the current choices are Intel's Extended Page Table feature and AMD's Rapid Virtualization Indexing feature.

title: Page table


text:
Talk:Beauxbatons

Isn't this original research? 12:48, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

It should probably be beauxbâtons with a â. :-) David.Monniaux 18:14, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Appears without the accent in the book though... I corrected the bâton in the explanation, not in the name. --Stephan Leclercq 08:53, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Page needs to be restored!

Just a little thing, not an ad, but Dissendium is having the biggest online triwizard tournament, and I'm in Beauxbatons! -cutienemo04

Localisation of the school
About the localisation of Beauxbatons: it is interesting to notice that there is a bus station near Poitiers (in Mignaloux-Beauvoir exactly: cf. the article in french) which is called Chemin de Beaubaton. In fact Beaubaton is an industrial district of Mignaloux-Beauvoir. The Academy of Beaubâtons could be there... not far from the château de Lusignan, Melusine's castle!

Caesius, January 2, 2005

 * About the localisations of the schools I have produced the following map. Click on the map for the text that details the reason for the locations. Please feel free to discuss. I am seriously interested in knowing what you guys think. Lag 21:47, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Blazon
Does anyone have a decent image of the blazon (crest) to post in the article, possibly in the infobox? -Phi*n!x 21:19, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Images
The fair use rationale for the images in the gallery under "Uniforms and Study" is quite sketchy. I would say that one image would suffice to illustrate the movie depiction of uniform, then the others should be deleted. -Phi*n!x 19:30, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:HP School
Template:HP School has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — Fbv65 e del / ☑t / ☛c || 21:29, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beauxbatons


text:
South Bay

South Bay may refer to:

Antarctica

 * South Bay (Doumer Island)
 * South Bay (Livingston Island)
 * South Bay (Ross Island)

Canada

 * South Bay (Nunavut)
 * South Bay, New Brunswick
 * South Bay, Ontario

Hong Kong

 * South Bay, Hong Kong, on Hong Kong Island
 * Nam Wan ("South Bay"), on Tsing Yi Island, New Territories
 * Tai Nam Wan ("Great South Bay"), on Tsing Yi Island, New Territories

Macau

 * Nam Van ("South Bay"), on the Macau Peninsula, a former bay turned into an artificial lake

Taiwan

 * South Bay (Taiwan) on Henchun Township, Pingtung County

California

 * South Bay (San Francisco Bay Area), a region in northern California
 * South Bay (Los Angeles County), a region in southern California
 * South Bay (San Diego County), another region in southern California
 * South Bay (now Fields Landing, California), a census-designated place in Humboldt County

Florida

 * South Bay, Florida, a city

Massachusetts

 * South Bay Interchange, Boston, a cancelled development
 * South Bay, Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts

New York

 * South Bay, New York
 * Great South Bay, on Long Island
 * Lower South Bay, New York, also called South Bay

Texas

 * South Bay (Texas), a bay in the Laguna Madre

title: South Bay


text: User talk:80.180.17.178

title: User talk:80.180.17.178


text:
Cassone

A cassone (plural cassoni) or marriage chest is a rich and showy Italian type of chest, which may be inlaid or carved, prepared with gesso ground then painted and gilded. Pastiglia was decoration in low relief carved or moulded in gesso, and was very widely used. The cassone ("large chest") was one of the trophy furnishings of rich merchants and aristocrats in Italian culture, from the Late Middle Ages onward. The cassone was the most important piece of furniture of that time. It was given to a bride and placed in the bridal suite. It would be given to the bride during the wedding, and it was the bride's parents' contribution to the wedding.

There are in fact a variety of different terms used in contemporary records for chests, and the attempts by modern scholars to distinguish between them remain speculative, and all decorated chests are today usually called cassoni, which was probably not the case at the time. For example, a forziere probably denoted a decorated chest with a lock.

Since a cassone contained the personal goods of the bride, it was a natural vehicle for painted decoration commemorating the marriage in heraldry and, when figural painted panels began to be included in the decor from the early quattrocento, flattering allegory. The side panels offered a flat surface for a suitable painting, with subjects drawn from courtly romance or, much less often, religious subjects. By the 15th century subjects from classical mythology or history became the most popular. Great Florentine artists of the 15th century were called upon to decorate cassoni, though as Vasari complains, by his time in the 16th century, artists thought such work beneath them. Some Tuscan artists in Siena and Florence specialized in such cassone panels, which were preserved as autonomous works of art by 19th century collectors and dealers, who sometimes discarded the cassone itself. From the late 1850s, neo-Renaissance cassoni were confected for dealers like William Blundell Spence, Stefano Bardini or Elia Volpi in order to present surviving cassone panels to clients in a more "authentic" and glamorous presentation.

A typical place for such a cassone was in a chamber at the foot of a bed that was enclosed in curtains. Such a situation is a familiar setting for depictions of the Annunciation or the Visitation of St. Anne to the Virgin Mary. A cassone was largely immovable. In a culture where chairs were reserved for important personages, often pillows scattered upon the floor of a chamber provided informal seating, and a cassone could provide both a backrest and a table surface. The symbolic "humility" that modern scholars read into Annunciations where the Virgin sits reading upon the floor, perhaps underestimates this familiar mode of seating.

At the end of the 15th century, a new classicising style arose, and early Renaissance cassoni of central and northern Italy were carved and partly gilded, and given classical décor, with panels flanked by fluted corner pilasters, under friezes and cornices, or with sculptural panels in high or low relief. Some early to mid-sixteenth-century cassoni drew their inspiration from Roman sarcophagi (illustration, right). By the mid-sixteenth century Giorgio Vasari could remark on the old-fashioned cassoni with painted scenes, examples of which could be seen in the palazzi of Florentine families.

A cassone that has been provided with a high panelled back and sometimes a footrest, for both hieratic and practical reasons, becomes a cassapanca ("chest-bench"). Cassapanche were immovably fixed in the main public room of a palazzo, the sala or salone. They were part of the immobili ("unmoveables"), perhaps even more than the removable glazed window casements, and might be left in place, even if the palazzo passed to another family.

In the east part of Emilia Romagna, the "cassone" term is also used to describe a local food, which is a round flat bread cooked on a special pan called "testo".

title: Cassone


text:
Sacavém

Sacavém (شقبان) is a city and former civil parish in the municipality of Loures, Lisbon District, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Sacavém e Prior Velho. It is a few kilometers north-east of the Portuguese capital, Lisbon. The civil parish covers an area of 4.09 km2, and included as of 2001 census a resident population of 17,659 inhabitants. The region is known for its famous ceramics industry.

History
Due to its strategic location, at the intersection of several roads from the north and east connecting to Lisbon, Sacavém was an important settlement during periods of Portuguese History, with some evidence extending back to pre-history. The Portuguese historian Pinho Leal wrote, in his chorography Portugal Antigo & Moderno (Ancient & Modern Portugal), that "Sacavém is incontestably a very old settlement, and already existed in the time of the Romans". The oldest-known references date back to the Neolithic and Chalcolithic: three polished stone axes were discovered from the Bronze Age, and in the mid-1980s, excavations in the historical centre of the city revealed a cave with similar artifacts from this period.

By the first century, Sacavém was already crossed by two major Roman roads that connected the region with the interior of the Iberian Peninsula: Remnants of these two Roman viæ still exist under the modern roads Rua do António Ricardo Rodrigues and Rua do José Luís de Morais (the town's two main streets during the Middle Ages, which connected the upper and lower districts of Sacavém). Even during this period Sacavém was an important river-crossing; the Romans built a bridge that remained active until the 17th century (according to several sources, such as Francisco de Holanda or Miguel Leitão de Andrade). This bridge was a natural continuation of the roads and connected Sacavém with the northern river bank; therefore indirectly included in the famous Antonine Itinerary. The parish's coat-of-arms includes a symbolic depiction of the Roman bridge. Also in the vicinity, an epigraphic inscription is said to have existed (nowadays unknown), but referred to in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum). Various epigraphs have suggested that this totem identified the Roman magisterial administration of the rural locality.
 * Via XV, connecting Olissipona (Lisbon) and Emerita Augusta (Mérida), by way of the important administrative centre of Scalabicastrum, today Santarém; and
 * Via XVI, which connected Olissipona to Bracara Augusta (Braga), capital of the Conventus bracarensis in the province of Gallaecia).

The Roman colony, which was centred on the bridge, was eventually succeeded by barbarians from south-eastern peninsula. The Alans were the first to occupy these lands (but left few remnants), and later the Visigoths, who constructed a chapel dedicated to Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres, on the sight of the medieval-era Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Vitória (Our Lady of Victory).

Moorish rule
After 711, the Moors occupied the Iberian peninsula; Lisbon (al-Ušbuna) is taken in 716 by Berbers under the command of Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa (who received the governorship of Al-Andalus, in the name of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus), who also captured the region of Sacavém. Much like other areas of the Al-Garb Al-Andalus (much of ancient Roman Lusitania), the peoples under Moorish dominion became bi-lingual, while maintaining their Christian faith (not converting until much later). In Sacavém the community that circled the Church of Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres maintained their faith and culture (under the bishop of Lisbon), something that was possible due to the religious tolerance of the invaders to the Ahl al-Kitāb (or People of the Book). It is likely that the medieval tower in Sacavém de Cima, in the Largo do Terreirinho, fronting the Chapel of Senhora da Saúde (in the historic centre of the settlement) originated during this Muslim period, when the local Christians were required to pay jizya.

The modern name Sacavém might have come from the Arabic language; for many years experts believed that it came from the word šagabi (next or in the neighbourhood – in this case, of Lisbon, an important city even during Moorish period) latinised to sacabis, -is, becoming sacabem in the accusative case, and hence, by phonetic modifications during the centuries, Sacavém. Recent investigations, from Arabic sources (namely Yaqut's Kitab Mu'jam Al-Buldan), indicate that the Muslims used the word Šaqabān (شقبان), incredibly similar to the modern Portuguese pronunciation.

During Al-Andalus, Sacavém was considered a qarya (one of the settlements of al-Ušbuna), but it was administratively integrated into the larger settlement (geographically limited by the Roman conventus), which was governed by the military governor in Cordova, later by the emirs (756–929) and caliphs (929–1031) that governed Al-Andalus. Various seditions against the Umayyad Caliphate rose-up in the emirs and caliphates of Al-Garb Al-Andalus; the revolts of Ibn Marwan of Mérida/Badajoz or Umār ibn Hafsūn of Bobastro corresponds to a period of weak central government, when the Al Garb was a nominal extension of the Caliphate, an autonomous principality with its seat in Batalyaws (Badajoz).

It was in the period of turmoil preceding the fall of the Caliphates (in 1031) that Sacavém was integrated into the Kingdom of Badajoz (except for a decade around 1020 when it was a part of al-Ušbuna, under ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn Sabūr and ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Sabūr (sons of Sabūr al-Saqlabi, a Slavic serf who sparked a revolt in against Caliph Al-Hakam II). This would last until the Aftasids conquered the region. In 1093, in a trade for aid against the Almoravids (from the Maghreb), the emir of Badajoz ceded to the imperator totius Hispaniæ Alfonso VI of León and Castile the castles of al-Ušbuna and aš-Šantaryin (Santarém), along with the territory of Sacavém. But the regions return to Christianity lasted for a short time; in 1095, with the advance of the Almoravid forces, led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Count Raymond of Galicia was defeated in battle, resulting in the Arab-Christian frontier advancing from the Tagus River to the Mondego. By 1144, the Al-Garb led by Ibn Qasi revolted against the Almoravids. Although the Almoravids were dominant in the first few years, they were in decline when Afonso I of Portugal definitively captured Lisbon (al-Ušbuna) in October 1147.

Middle Ages
According to an old legend, it was near the bank of the Trancão that the mythical battle of Sacavém river took place, between King Afonso I of Portugal and the Moors, in October 1147. The tradition (fixed probably in the 16th century) says that the Moorish people had gathered around 5,000 men from all Estremadura (Alenquer, Óbidos, Tomar, Torres Novas and Torres Vedras) to fight against only 1,500 Christians, but the latter defeated the Muslims in a large blood bath, with this wondrous victory personally attributed to the intervention of the Holy Virgin, which brought many Christians speaking strange languages (this is, the crusades that took Lisbon that same year).

The legend says also that the Moorish leader Bezai Zaide had even converted to Christianity and became the first priest at the Chapel of Our Lady of Martyrs (Capela de Nossa Senhora de Mártires) that Afonso Henriques ordered to be built just a few days after the clash. On the other hand, the first Portuguese monarch had also ordered the rebuilding of the old Visigoth Chapel of Our Lady of Pleasures (Capela de Nossa Senhora de Prazeres), ruined during the Moorish rule (although Christian faith in Al-Andaluz was allowed by the emirs against the payment of a tribute). This church was dedicated to Our Lady of Victory (Nossa Senhora da Vítoria), and became the seat of the ecclesiastical parish.

However, the first documented mention of Sacavém is in 1191 (forty-four years after the conquest), in a paper signed by King Sancho I of Portugal.

Pinho Leal reported that in the 12th century Sacavém was a parish with 900 houses, but this number is, however, is regarded today as too high for that time. During the 13th century, it seems that in Sacavém there existed an important Jewish community, living in a ghetto outside the parish.

In 1288, the priest of Sacavém was one of the signatories of a letter requesting that the Pope Nicholas IV install a university in Lisbon.

At the end of the 14th century, king Ferdinand I of Portugal donated Sacavém to his wife Leonor Telles de Menezes. Although the place belonged at that time thus to the sphere of influence of the queen-consort, it supported the later King John I of Portugal in his struggle for power. Therefore, after his triumph in 1385, Sacavém was administratively included in Lisbon, but donated to the major supporter of the new king, Nuno Álvares Pereira. Later, by the wedding of his daughter to the first Duke of Braganza, Sacavém became a property of the powerful House of Braganza.

São João da Talha, until then known as Sacavém Extra-Muros (Sacavém outside the walls) became an independent parish, split from Sacavém in 1387.

In the Late Middle Ages, several chronicles (such as those of Duarte Nunes de Leão and Rui de Pina) mentioned Sacavém. These two chroniclers stated that the royal family, before the conquest of Ceuta in 1415, fled to Sacavém, in order to escape from the plague that arose in Lisbon. There the queen-consort Philippa of Lancaster died of the plague, her body was carried to Batalha Monastery where her remains were buried. However, another chronicler, Gomes Eanes de Zurara reports that the royal family fled to Odivelas (and therefore not to Sacavém), and that the queen died there.

The Modern Era
The Fort of Sacavém was built in 1892 as the easternmost of a line of forts designed to circle Lisbon, known as the "Entrenched Field of Lisbon" (Campo Entrincheirado de Lisboa). It now houses important government archives. Taking advantage of its proximity to the River Tagus and opportunities presented by the opening of a railway line to the north of Lisbon, Sacavém became an important area for Portugal's industrial development from the middle of the 19th century. The first significant factory, the Fábrica da Loiça, produced crockery and ceramics. Now closed, it is now celebrated at the Ceramics Museum of Sacavém, which also has a documentation centre covering the industrial development of the town.

Sacavém was the site of Portugal's first fatal aviation accident on June 13, 1913. Giovanni Manio lost control of his Blériot monoplane at 450 feet during a display flight, being thrown from the cockpit and fatally striking his propeller before he hit the ground. The plane was written off.

Geography
Sacavém is located in the eastern part of Loures municipality, bordering the parishes of Unhos (northwest), Camarate (west), Prior Velho (southwest), Portela (south) as well as Moscavide (southeast). To the east lies the Tagus River, and to north the Trancão River (formerly known as Sacavém River), separating Sacavém from Bobadela parish. The Ribeira do Prior Velho, also flows through the city crossing it in underground channels.

The parish's terrain is relatively flat. The northern bank of the Tagus is approximately at sea level, while the border of Sacavém with the parishes of Camarate and Unhos is 60 m above the sea. However, there are several hills such as Monte Cintra and Monte do Convento (both reaching about 30 m in height).

Traditionally, Sacavém has been divided in two areas:
 * Sacavém de Cima (Upper Sacavém), comprising the historical center of the town, around the Capela de Nossa Senhora da Saúde e de Santo André (Chapel of Our Lady of Health and Saint Andrew);
 * Sacavém de Baixo (Lower Sacavém), near the bank of the Trancão River, where the parochial Church and the old monastery of the Order of Poor Clares are situated.

In the last few decades, besides these two urban areas, new urban agglomerations have emerged, such as Courela do Foguete, Fonte Perra, Olival Covo, Quinta do Património and Real Forte, as well as Terraços da Ponte. The latter area replaced the old and much degraded Quinta do Mocho zone, which was the centre an African emigrant community, from the former Portuguese colonies, that returned to Portugal after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, and whom lived in poor conditions, over the past three decades.

Architecture
The parish of Sacavém is region of several nationally and regionally recognizable architectural monuments, although many are not classified as architecturally significant under the auspices of the IGESPAR designations. Many of these structures include buildings dating back to the Baroque and late medieval period of Portuguese growth.

Civic

 * Arch of Largo do Olaio (Arco Brasonado no Largo do Olaio); an 18th- and 19th-century entrance to the Cabrias family estate;
 * Barrio of Quinta da Vitória (Bairro da Quinta da Vitória)
 * Residence Largo Pedro Gomes Junior (Casa com platibanda no Largo Pedro gomes Júnior); 18th-century residence with dependencies within walls, adapted for bourgeois use;
 * Residence Quinta de São José (Casa da Quinta de São José), a residence located on the grounds of the São José estate, with ceilings of painted wood and silars of figurative azueljo;
 * Residence Praça da Republica, No.18–21 (Casa na Praça da República, Nº18-21), a striking salmon-colored residence designed in the 20th century;
 * Residence Praceta D. João I (Casa na Praceta D. João I), the ruins of a large signeurial house, in an advance state of ruin, but dating to the 19th or early 20th century;
 * Residence Rua Tenente Possidónio Coelho, No.14–18 (Casa na Rua Tenente Possidónio Coelho), another 20th-century two-storey residence, integrated into a concentrated urban environment;

Religious

 * Convent of the Poor Clares and Church of Nossa Senhora da Purificação (Antigo Convento das Clarissas/Igreja Paroquial de Sacavém/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Purificação/Comando e Estado Maior do Batalhão de Adidos), the Mannerist architecture devoted originally to the monastery of the Poor Clares Xabreganas, and later operated by the Ministry of War, before being plans were established to convert the spaces into commercial and leisure services, a civic centre and local Junta de Freguesia;

title: Sacavém


text:
Cryptex

The word cryptex is a neologism coined by the author Dan Brown for his 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code, denoting a portable vault used to hide secret messages. It is a word formed from Greek κρυπτός kryptós, "hidden, secret" and Latin codex; "an apt title for this device" since it uses "the science of cryptology to protect information written on the contained scroll or codex" (p. 199 of the novel). The first physical cryptex was created by Justin Kirk Nevins in 2004.

Design and function
The (first) cryptex featured in the novel The Da Vinci Code is described as a stone cylinder comprising "five doughnut-sized disks of marble [that] had been stacked and affixed to one another within a delicate brass framework"; end caps make it impossible to see inside the hollow cylinder. Each of the disks is carved with the entire alphabet and can be rotated independently of the others to create different letter-alignment combinations, including but not limited to words, initialisms, and anagrams. Although it is not clear whether the alphabet in question preserves the U/V and/or I/J distinctions and/or includes the letter W, when only the alignment of the disks with respect to each other is considered, the number of potential combinations is between 234 (279,841) and 264 (456,976); if the mechanism treats combinations having the same disk alignment but different degrees of rotation around the cylinder's long axis as distinct, as does a multiple-wheel combination lock or slot machine employing an indicator bar along which the specified numbers are to be aligned, this number rises to between 235 (6,436,343) and 265 (11,881,376).

The cryptex works "much like a bicycle's combination lock", and if one arranges the disks to spell out the correct password, "the tumblers inside align, and the entire cylinder slides apart" (p. 200). In the inner compartment of the cryptex, secret information can be hidden, written on a scroll of thin papyrus (sometimes inside another smaller cryptex) wrapped around a fragile vial of vinegar as a security measure: if one does not know the password but tries to force the cryptex open, the vial will break and the vinegar will dissolve the papyrus before it can be read.

In popular culture

 * In Season 4, episode 14 of the TV series Parks and Recreation, Ron helps Ben open a cryptex that Leslie has given him in an elaborate Valentine's Day scavenger hunt.
 * In "The Brothers Grimoire", a second-season episode of the American TV series Witches of East End, Dash and Killian inherit a cryptex from their mother.
 * On the NBC American reality series Treasure Hunters, nested cryptex were among the puzzles that challenged contestants, and were used in the finale.
 * In "Phased and Confused", a season 3 episode of the American TV series Eureka, a nearly-unbreakable cryptex is the key to a hidden underground bunker.
 * In episode 88 of the South Korean variety show Running Man, the cast members must find clues attached to other staff members to open their cryptex.
 * In "Down the Rabbit Hole", a fourth season episode of the American TV series The Vampire Diaries, depicts a sword with a cryptex under its hilt.
 * In "The Blame Game", a Season 8 episode of the American TV series Castle, one of the puzzles the characters need to solve involves a cryptex.
 * In "Valley of the Wolves", the head of the mafia has a cryptex to store his diary narrating his actions and political connections.
 * The Wii version of Tomb Raider: Anniversary features cryptex puzzles that Lara Croft must solve to activate certain mechanisms. The solution to each cryptex puzzle can be found in its vicinity. When Lara makes a rubbing of the puzzle, the player is given a limited number of disk rotations to reproduce the solution before the cryptex resets. In more difficult puzzles, rotating one disk will cause one or more disks to rotate simultaneously.
 * The 2009 first-person shooter The Conduit features hidden "pyramid lock" puzzles that function like cryptexes, which can be solved to open secret weapon caches. They resemble the Eye of Providence with three incomplete concentric rings directly above it that must be rotated such that none of them overlap with the symbol's pyramid.  In more difficult pyramid lock puzzles, rotating one ring in a certain direction may cause one or two other rings to rotate simultaneously.
 * In series 9, episode 6 of the British comedy panel game show Taskmaster, comedian Rose Matafeo presents a cryptex as her offering for the prize category "The Thing That, If You Found It In a Field, You'd Be Most Pleased About".

Trademark in the United States
In the United States "Cryptex" is a registered trademark of Justin Kirk Nevins.

General references

 * Brown, Dan (2003). The Da Vinci Code, Doubleday.
 * Da Vinci Declassified, 2006 TLC video documentary, written, directed and produced by David Carr, David Comtois, and Frankie Glass. Narrated by Jeff Fischer.

title: Cryptex


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Préaux-Bocage

Préaux-Bocage is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Préaux-Bocage


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Nizza DOCG

Nizza (also Barbera d'Asti Superiore Nizza before 2014) is a DOCG red Italian wine produced in the northern Italian region of Piedmont. It is made from the Barbera grape, and the zone of production is limited to the comuni (municipalities) of Agliano Terme, Belveglio, Bruno, Calamandrana, Castel Boglione, Castelnuovo Belbo, Castelnuovo Calcea, Castel Rocchero, Cortiglione, Incisa Scapaccino, Moasca, Mombaruzzo, Mombercelli, Nizza Monferrato, Rocchetta Palafea, San Marzano Oliveto, Vaglio Serra and Vinchio within the province of Asti. In this area Barbera is the leading grape variety grown, because the pedoclimatic conditions here are particularly favourable for its ripening.

The zone of production is centered on the town of Nizza Monferrato, from which the wine derives its name.

History
Nizza was promoted to DOCG status in 2014. Before that date it had been a Superiore subzone of the Barbera d'Asti DOCG.

DOCG regulations
Nizza production rules specify:
 * Grape composition: 100% Barbera
 * Maximum yield: 7 tonnes/ha
 * Minimum alcohol: 13% (13.5% if a single vineyard is named on the label)
 * Minimum barrel aging: 6 months (or 12 months for wine labelled 'Riserva')
 * Minimum total aging: 18 months (or 30 months for wine labelled 'Riserva')

Environment
Nizza vines are sun-demanding and normally occupy the best-exposed slopes that face from southeast to west; the valleys are excluded. The production area is the focus of the so-called Tertiary Piedmont Basin, a hilly region that originated from the lifting of the seabed during the late Tertiary epoch; the soils are calcareous, of medium depth, and characterized by sandy-clay marls and stratified sandstones.

title: Nizza DOCG


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Préaux-Saint-Sébastien

Préaux-Saint-Sébastien is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

title: Préaux-Saint-Sébastien