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Tilman Riemenschneider

Tilman Riemenschneider ( 1460 – 7 July 1531) was a German sculptor and woodcarver active in Würzburg from 1483. He was one of the most prolific and versatile sculptors of the transition period between the Late Gothic, to which he essentially belonged, and Northern Renaissance art, a master in stone and limewood. He was also a local politician in the council of Würzburg.

Most of his subjects are religious, including several very large and spectacular carved wood altarpieces, as well as tombs in stone, and statues. He was largely forgotten soon after his death, but rediscoved by art historians in the 19th century.

Biography
Tilman Riemenschneider was born around the year 1460 at Heiligenstadt im Eichsfeld in present-day Thuringia.

When Riemenschneider was about five years old, his father was involved in a violent political conflict, the, so the family had to leave Heiligenstadt and all their possessions. They resettled in Osterode, where his father became Master of the Mint (a good position at that time) and where Riemenschneider spent his childhood years.

Riemenschneider likely came to Würzburg for the first time at the age of 18 in 1478/79. His uncle served as notary and financial advisor to the bishop there, but he did not stay for long. Around 1473, Riemenschneider learned the trade of sculpting and woodcarving, likely in Swabia or the Upper Rhine — possibly in Strasbourg and/or Ulm. At that time, the statutes of the guild of sculptors required that an apprentice travel to many different workshops to gain experience. Very little is known about this period of his life, but he likely came in contact with the work of Martin Schongauer, whose copper engravings served him later as examples.

In 1483, he settled in Würzburg. On 7 December 1483, he joined the Saint Luke's Guild of painters, sculptors, and glass workers as a painter's assistant. On 28 February 1485, he married Anna Schmidt (born Uchenhofer), a widow of a master goldsmith with three sons. This marriage not only brought him property, but it also meant that he could end his apprenticeship and become a master craftsman.

Also in 1485, Riemenschneider became a citizen of Würzburg, which made it possible to attain the status of master craftsman, and opened a workshop in Franziskanergasse, in the home of his wife.

His earliest confirmed work is the gravestone of Eberhard von Grumbach in the Pfarrkirche at Rimpar. This may be the type of work he started out with before obtaining large church commissions. He started to receive numerous orders from the town councils of Würzburg and neighboring towns. The earliest large work attributed to him is the Franziskusaltar in the St Jakobskirche in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, which is described in the church guide book as 'about 1490', but its style compared to other works of that date is rather primitive, suggesting it may be an earlier work, sometimes dated from 1485. In 1490, the town council of Münnerstadt ordered an altarpiece for the altar of St Maria Magdalena, the parish church, which included a carving of Mary Magdalene with six angels. It was set up in 1492. In 1491, the town council of Würzburg ordered two life-sized stone figures of Adam and Eve for the south portal of the council's church, the Marienkapelle (erected in 1493).

In 1494, Riemenschneider's first wife died, leaving him with three stepsons and a daughter. In keeping with the times and his status, he remarried Anna Rappolt in 1497. They had two daughters and three sons, all of whom seem to have inherited their father's artistic talent. In 1495, he created the statue of Virgin and Child (Parrish church of St Bernard, Würzburg).

More high-profile work followed: In 1496 Riemenschneider received the commission to carve the tomb of Prince-Bishop Rudolf von Scherenberg at Würzburg Cathedral. It was delivered in 1499, the same year in which an order arrived for the Imperial tomb at Bamberg Cathedral (delivered 1513).

By 1500, he had developed an outstanding reputation as an artist and had become a wealthy Würzburg citizen. Not only did he own a number of houses, but he also was a landowner with his own vineyards. His flourishing workshop provided work for as many as 40 apprentices doing woodcarving, sculpting, and painting.

In November 1504, Riemenschneider became a member of the sub-council (Unterrat) of the town of Würzburg, an office he held until 1525. This office not only brought him social status, but it also helped him obtain many large and profitable commissions.

In 1508, Riemenschneider married Margaretha Wurzbach. From 1509 until 1522 he was a member of the Oberrat four times. He married again, in 1520, a woman of whom only the first name, Margarethe, is known. In 1520/1, Riemenschneider was a mayor of Würzburg (in the Middle Ages there were always two people who held this position at the same time).

His increasing engagement in local politics at a time of heavy order volume meant that his apprentices took a more prominent role in the creation of the workshop's output. Art historians have been able to identify specific figures as the work of individual workers.

During the German Peasants' War, Riemenschneider was one of the town council members who refused to obey an order by Konrad von Thüngen, the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg to fight the revolting peasants. On 4 June 1525, the peasant's army was destroyed, with 8,000 killed, just outside Würzburg by the troops of Georg, Steward of Waldburg-Zeil, and the bishop. After the town surrendered, the full town council, including Riemenschneider, was incarcerated and tortured in Marienberg Fortress. The claim that both of his hands were broken during the torture, which ended his artistic career, is today considered to be a legend without base in fact. It probably only originated in the 19th century after his "rediscovery". Together with the rest of the council, Tilman was set free after two months, with loss of most of his property. The only order he is known to have received after this was work in 1527 for a Benedictine nunnery at Kitzingen. Until his death on 7 July 1531 at Würzburg, he led a retired life with his fourth wife. His son Jörg from his second marriage continued the workshop after his death.

Due to his loss of status, Riemenschneider was soon forgotten as an artist, other than for the two gravestones of Bishops Rudolf von Scherenberg and Lorenz von Bibra side by side in Würzburg Cathedral. Only when his gravestone was discovered in 1822 between Würzburg Cathedral and Neumünster was his outstanding position in Gothic sculpture recognized by a wider audience. Unlike Albrecht Dürer or Veit Stoss, Riemenschneider acquired true fame only posthumously.

Art

The sculptures and woodcarvings of Tilman Riemenschneider are in the late Gothic style, although his later work show mannerist characteristics. Notably the tomb for Lorenz von Bibra (see below) is considered as one of the pieces marking the transition from Gothic to Renaissance art. His work is characterized by the expressiveness of the figurines' faces (often shown with an inward look, as in the 'self-portrait') and by their detailed and richly folded clothing. The emphasis on expression of inner emotions sets Riemenschneider's work apart from that of his immediate predecessors.

Riemenschneider's early success as a sculptor was due to the plasticity of his works, with great care being taken of modeling the folds of garments. This way of sculpting the garments as well as the typical oval faces and almond-shaped eyes were modelled on art from the Upper Rhine region of the 1470s, implying that Riemenschneider may have learned his trade either there or at Ulm. Later works lost some of the volume of the early sculptures, allowing a more efficient production.

Riemenschneider is seen today as one of the first sculptors of the 15th century who did not have all his figures painted. Prior to the 1490s, almost every sculpture had been painted in several layers by a different artist, who often attracted more admiration than the sculptor. The reasons for shifting to a new type of art, where the wood was visible, are still debated by art historians.

Riemenschneider worked in both wood and stone. It is assumed he learned stone carving first and only later turned to wood carving. Some wooden figures, though unmistakably his own work, show some signs of less-than-perfect choice of wood or handling.

Souren Melikian places Riemenschneider's best work, such as the Virgin listening to the Annunciation, in the same league as the oil paintings of Albrecht Dürer. Art historian Kenneth Clark views the Riemenschneider figures as showing the serious personal piety in Germany in the late fifteenth century and as harbingers of the coming Reformation. Among his successors and/or pupils were and Philipp Koch.

Major works
The largest collection of his work, 81 pieces, can be found in the Mainfränkisches Museum in the Fortress Marienberg in Würzburg.
 * Hassenbacher Vesperbild, church of, around 1490, wood
 * Altar of the Farewell of the Apostles, Allerheiligenkirche, near Nuremberg, 1491
 * Altar Piece, Maria Magdalena, Münnerstadt, 1490/1492
 * Adam and Eve, 1491/1493, originally Marienkapelle Würzburg, Mainfränkisches Museum
 * The Assumption of the Virgin, center panel of the Creglingen altarpiece, Herrgottskirche, Creglingen, 1495–1499
 * Sculpture of Bishop Rudolf von Scherenberg, Würzburg Cathedral, 1496/1499
 * Emperor's Tomb, Bamberg Cathedral, 1499/1513
 * Altar of the Apostles, Altar of the Church Fathers, and Altar of the Annunciation, carvings of St. Kilian, Crucifix, and Epitaph of Hans von Bibra, St. Leo church, Bibra near Meiningen, around 1500, wood except epitaph
 * Crucifixion, St. Nikolas Church in Eisingen, Bavaria, 1500—1505
 * Holy Blood Altar, Jakobskirche, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, 1501—1505, wood
 * Mary Salome and Zebedee, Würzburg, 1501/1505, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London
 * Saint Anne and her three husbands, 1505/1510, wood, Munich, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum
 * Grieving Maria, around 1505, Würzburg, Mainfränkisches Museum
 * Altar of Maria, Creglingen, around 1505/1508, wood
 * Altar of the Apostles, St.-Kilians-Kirche zu Windsheim, 1509, now in the Kurpfälzisches Museum, Heidelberg
 * Crucifixion Altar, church of Detwang (Rothenburg ob der Tauber), 1510/1513, now in the Kurpfälzisches Museum, Heidelberg
 * Tomb of Bishop Lorenz of Bibra, Würzburg Cathedral, 1520/1522
 * Madonna of the Rosary, pilgrim's church of , near Volkach, around 1521/1524
 * The Lamentation of Christ, abbey church of Maidbronn near Würzburg, 1525

In literature

The character Goldmund in the 1930 book Narcissus and Goldmund by Hermann Hesse serves as an apprentice with a master sculptor who is socially prominent in the town where he worked and whose character appears to be loosely based on that of Riemenschneider. He serves both as an artistic inspiration for Goldmund and as a foil for the less restrained temperament of Goldmund.

Hesse describes Riemenschneider's statue of Mary with child which resides in the Pfarrkirche St Burkard in Würzburg as:

"Dreamily she gazes out from her glass case, far away from our world... in her gracefulness and distinction she is refined to a degree of perfection far above that of mankind today."

The plot of Elizabeth Peters's first Vicky Bliss mystery novel, "Borrower of the Night" (1973) centers around the search for a missing  Riemenschneider sculpture. Most of the action takes place in Rothenburg ob der Tauber.

title: Tilman Riemenschneider


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User talk:Lamdaman

Hi. Great work you are doing on the politicians bios there. You might want to read Manual_of_Style - I think there's something in there about writing in sentences ;) Morwen 14:58, May 16, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Lamdaman


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Gerousia

The Gerousia (γερουσία) was the council of elders in ancient Sparta. Sometimes called Spartan senate in the literature, it was made up of the two Spartan kings, plus 28 men over the age of sixty, known as gerontes. The Gerousia was a prestigious body, holding extensive judicial and legislative powers, which shaped Sparta's policies.

Ancient Greeks considered that the Gerousia was created by the mythical Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus in his Great Rhetra, the constitution of Sparta.

The gerontes were elected through peculiar shouting elections, which were open to manipulation, especially from the kings.

Membership
The Gerousia consisted of thirty members in total. Twenty-eight elected members (called gerontes) and the two kings, who were members by right, entering the chamber upon their accession. Unlike the kings, the 28 gerontes had to be at least 60 years old—the age when Spartan citizens were no longer required to serve in the army. Membership of the Gerousia was for life, which made the gerontes' position very prestigious within Spartan society.

The electoral procedure is known thanks to Plutarch, who wrote in the 2nd century AD, but whose source was a lost study on the Spartan constitution by Aristotle. There were no ballots: the gerontes were elected by shouting. The candidates passed one by one before the Spartan citizens, who therefore shouted according to their preference. The loudness of the shouts was assessed by a jury confined into a windowless building, who then declared winner the candidate with the loudest shouts. Aristotle considered this system "childish", probably because influential people (such as the kings) could easily manipulate the elections.

The gerontes were likely drawn from a limited aristocracy composed of only a few families, sometimes called the kaloi kagatoi. Modern scholars have debated since the 19th century on whether these families had a legal privilege on Gerousia membership, or just a de facto monopoly. Of the latter opinion, G. E. M. de Ste. Croix compared the situation in Sparta with that of Roman Republic, where a few gentes monopolised senior magistracies, notably thanks to their patronage network—a practice likely prevalent in Spartan politics.

As the kings were by right members of the Gerousia, they usually entered the chamber well before the age of sixty and served much longer terms than the ordinary gerontes, which they could use to build their influence there. Several shrewd kings, such as Cleomenes I or Agesilaus II, developed over the years such a network of supporters among the gerontes that they de facto controlled the Gerousia, therefore Sparta's external and internal policies. This patronage of the gerontes by a king is illustrated by the story reported by Plutarch of Agesilaus II offering an ox and cloak to every new member of the Gerousia.

Paul Cartledge notes that when a king was absent, his nearest relative could cast a vote for him in the Gerousia, which means that at least two gerontes besides the kings were of royal stock (one for each dynasty) and further shows the influence that the kings had on the electoral procedure, as they could engineer the elections of their relatives.

The Gerousia was probably reformed by the king Cleomenes III (r.235–222), who made the gerontes elected annually. No longer elected for life, the source of the gerontes' prestige was removed and the Gerousia became a more pliable chamber as a result.

Supreme court
The Gerousia served as the court in charge of capital cases. A king could even be prosecuted before a special court of 34 members, made of the Gerousia and the five ephors (the defendant king could not sit in the Gerousia during the trial). A famous case was the trial of king Pausanias in 403; accused of betrayal for having restored democracy in Athens, he was nonetheless acquitted by a 19-15 decision, in which the other king Agis II had cast his vote against him. Thanks to this judicial power, the gerontes were able to significantly influence foreign policy, although they had no constitutional power in that field, because the fear of prosecution before the Gerousia compelled Spartan officials to follow the gerontes' opinion. For example, in 371 the king Cleombrotus was advised by his friends to energetically wage war against Thebes to avoid a later trial.

Probouleusis
The Gerousia debated motions which were to be put before the citizen assembly, with the power to prevent any motion from being passed on. The Great Rhetra suggests that it had the power to overturn decisions made by the Spartan assembly.

Legacy
The name Gerousia continued to be known in Laconia in the Deep or Mesa Mani known as the "Gerontikoi" until recent times.

In the Parliament of modern Greece, the name of the upper house was Gerousia between 1844–1864 and 1927–1935.

Ancient sources

 * Plutarch, Parallel Lives (Lycurgus, Agesilaus).

Modern sources

 * Paul Cartledge, Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-7156-3032-7
 * —— & Antony Spawforth, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, A tale of two cities, London and New York, Routledge, 2002 (originally published in 1989). ISBN 0-415-26277-1
 * G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, London, Duckworth, 1972. ISBN 0-7156-0640-9
 * R. D. Hicks, "A Supposed Qualification for Election to the Spartan Senate", The Classical Review, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Feb., 1906), pp. 23-27.
 * Anton Powell (editor), A Companion to Sparta, Hoboken, Wiley, 2018. ISBN 978-1-4051-8869-2
 * G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, London, Duckworth, 1972. ISBN 0-7156-0640-9
 * Anton Powell (editor), A Companion to Sparta, Hoboken, Wiley, 2018. ISBN 978-1-4051-8869-2
 * G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, London, Duckworth, 1972. ISBN 0-7156-0640-9
 * G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, London, Duckworth, 1972. ISBN 0-7156-0640-9

title: Gerousia


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Anthraquinone

Anthraquinone, also called anthracenedione or dioxoanthracene, is an aromatic organic compound with formula. Several isomers exist but these terms usually refer to 9,10-anthraquinone (IUPAC: 9,10-dioxoanthracene) wherein the keto groups are located on the central ring. It is used as a digester additive to wood pulp for papermaking. Many anthraquinone derivatives are generated by organisms or synthesised industrially for use as dyes, pharmaceuticals, and catalysts. Anthraquinone is a yellow, highly crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water but soluble in hot organic solvents. It is almost completely insoluble in ethanol near room temperature but 2.25 g will dissolve in 100 g of boiling ethanol. It is found in nature as the rare mineral hoelite.

Synthesis
There are several current industrial methods to produce 9,10-anthraquinone:
 * 1) The oxidation of anthracene. Chromium(VI) is the typical oxidant.
 * 2) The Friedel-Crafts reaction of benzene and phthalic anhydride in presence of AlCl3. o-Benzoylbenzoic acid is an intermediate. This reaction is useful for producing substituted anthraquinones.
 * 3) The Diels-Alder reaction of naphthoquinone and butadiene followed by oxidative dehydrogenation.
 * 4) The acid-catalyzed dimerization of styrene to give a 1,3-diphenylbutene, which then can be transformed to the anthraquinone. This process was pioneered by BASF.

It also arises via the Rickert–Alder reaction, a retro-Diels–Alder reaction.

Reactions
Hydrogenation gives dihydroanthraquinone (anthrahydroquinone). Reduction with copper gives anthrone. Sulfonation with sulfuric acid gives anthroquinone-1-sulfonic acid, which reacts with sodium chlorate to give 1-chloroanthaquinone.

Digester additive in papermaking
9,10-Anthraquinone is used as a digester additive in production of paper pulp by alkaline processes, like the kraft, the alkaline sulfite or the Soda-AQ processes. The anthraquinone is a redox catalyst. The reaction mechanism may involve single electron transfer (SET). The anthraquinone oxidizes the reducing end of polysaccharides in the pulp, i.e., cellulose and hemicellulose, and thereby protecting it from alkaline degradation (peeling). The anthraquinone is reduced to 9,10-dihydroxyanthracene which then can react with lignin. The lignin is degraded and becomes more watersoluble and thereby more easy to wash away from the pulp, while the anthraquinone is regenerated. This process gives an increase in yield of pulp, typically 1–3% and a reduction in kappa number.

Niche uses
9,10-anthraquinone is used as a bird repellant on seeds, and as a gas generator in satellite balloons. It has also been mixed with lanolin and used as a wool spray to protect sheep flocks against kea attacks in New Zealand.

Other isomers
Several other isomers of anthraquinone exist, including the 1,2-, 1,4-, and 2,6-anthraquinones. They are of minor importance compared to 9,10-anthraquinone.

Safety
Anthraquinone has no recorded, probably because it is so insoluble in water.

In terms of metabolism of substituted anthraquinones, the enzyme encoded by the gene UGT1A8 has glucuronidase activity with many substrates including anthraquinones.

title: Anthraquinone


text: User:Ferdinando.Pucci~enwiki

title: User:Ferdinando.Pucci~enwiki


text:
NTM

NTM may refer to:

Medicine and Science

 * Neural Turing machine, a recurrent neural network model
 * Nondeterministic Turing machine, a theoretical model of computation
 * Nontuberculous mycobacteria, a class of bacteria
 * NTM (gene), which encodes the protein neurotrimin

Organisations

 * National Taiwan Museum, a museum in Taipei, Taiwan
 * National Technical Museum (Prague), an institution in the Czech Republic
 * National Theatre Movement, in Victoria, Australia
 * National Transformation Movement, two political parties in Trinidad and Tobago
 * National Translation Mission, an Indian initiative to make texts accessible
 * Neil Thomas Ministries, a Christian organization
 * Network Television Marketing, a television station in Pakistan
 * New Tribes Mission, now Ethnos360, a Christian mission in Sanford, Florida, USA

Other

 * Miracema do Tocantins Airport (IATA: NTM), Brazil
 * Nateni language (by ISO 639 code)
 * Non-tariff measures, a type of barrier to trade
 * Notice to mariners, a navigational safety publication
 * Suprême NTM, a French hip-hop duo

title: NTM


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Andrei Rublev

Andrei Rublev (Андрей Рублёв, ; c. 1360 – c. 1430) was a Russian artist considered to be one of the greatest medieval Russian painters of Orthodox Christian icons and frescoes. He is revered as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and his feast day is 29 January.

Early life
Little information survives about his life; even where he was born is unknown. He probably lived in the Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, near Moscow, under Nikon of Radonezh, who became hegumen after the death of Sergius of Radonezh in 1392. The first mention of Rublev is in 1405, when he decorated icons and frescos for the Cathedral of the Annunciation of the Moscow Kremlin, in company with Theophanes the Greek and Prokhor of Gorodets. His name was the last of the list of masters, as the junior both by rank and by age. Theophanes was an important Byzantine master, who moved to Russia and is considered to have trained Rublev.

Career
Chronicles tell us that together with Daniel Chorny he painted the Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir in 1408 as well as the Trinity Cathedral in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius between 1425 and 1427. After Daniel's death, Andrei came to Moscow's Andronikov Monastery where he painted his last work, the frescoes of the Saviour Cathedral. He is also believed to have painted at least one of the miniatures in the Khitrovo Gospels.

The only work authenticated as entirely his is the icon of the Trinity (c. 1410), removed in 2023 from the Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow to the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. It is based on an earlier icon known as the "Hospitality of Abraham" (illustrating ). Rublev removed the figures of Abraham and Sarah from the scene, and through a subtle use of composition and symbolism changed the subject to focus on the Mystery of the Trinity.

In Rublev's art two traditions are combined: the highest asceticism and the classic harmony of Byzantine mannerism. The characters of his paintings are always peaceful and calm. After some time his art came to be perceived as the ideal of Eastern Church painting and of Orthodox iconography.

Death and legacy
Rublev died at Andronikov Monastery between 1427 and 1430. Rublev's work influenced many artists including Dionisy. The Stoglavi Sobor (1551) promulgated Rublev's icon style as a model for church painting. Since 1959, the Andrei Rublev Museum at the Andronikov Monastery has displayed his and related art.

The Russian Orthodox Church canonized Rublev as a saint in 1988, celebrating his feast day on 29 January and/or on 4 July.

In 1966, Andrei Tarkovsky made a film Andrei Rublev, loosely based on the artist's life. This became the first (and perhaps only) film produced in the Soviet era to treat the artist as a world-historic figure and Christianity as an axiom of Russia's historical identity, during a turbulent period in the history of Russia.

Historian Serge Aleksandrovich Zenkovsky wrote that the names of Andrei Rublev, Epiphanius the Wise, Sergius of Radonezh and Stephen of Perm "signify the Russian spiritual and cultural revival of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries". He also wrote: "The wonderful icons and frescoes of Andrey Rublev offered a harmonious and colorful expression of the spirit of complete serenity and humility. For the Russian people these icons became the finest achievement of religious art and the highest expression of Russian spirituality".

Veneration

 * 29 January – commemoration of his death anniversary (Greek Orthodox Church)
 * 12/13 June – feast day, Synaxis of All of Andronikov Monastery (with Andronicus, Sabbas, Alexander, Abbots of Moscow and Daniel the Black, the icon painter)
 * 4 July – main feast day from the list of "Russian saints of Moscow and Vladimir" by Nikodim (Kononov),
 * 6 July – Synaxis of All Saints of Radonezh
 * Synaxis of all saints of Moscow – movable holiday on the Sunday before 26 August (ROC)

title: Andrei Rublev


text:
DTM

DTM may refer to:

Sport

 * Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, a motor-racing series staged annually in Germany since 2000
 * Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft, a motor-racing championship staged in Germany from 1984 to 1995

Computing

 * Deterministic turing machine, an abstract symbol-manipulating device that was first described in 1936 by Alan Turing
 * Digital terrain model, a digital representation of ground-surface topography or terrain
 * Driver Test Manager, a test-automation framework provided by Microsoft as a part of Windows Driver Kit (WDK)
 * Dual Transfer Mode, supporting simultaneous voice and packet data in a GSM network
 * Dynamic synchronous Transfer Mode, a networking technology
 * Digital transaction management, a category of cloud services designed to digitally manage document-based transactions
 * Data Transfer Manager, a form of autonomous peripheral operations in microcontrollers

Medicine

 * Dermatophyte test medium, a specialized agar used to diagnose a fungal infection of the skin

Media

 * Dennis the Menace (disambiguation), various meanings relating to original comics as well as TV series, films and video games based on them
 * Detroit Techno Militia, a collective of techno DJs and musicians in Michigan
 * Desktop music
 * "DTM" (song) by SZA, from the album Lana (2024)

Weapons

 * DTM, variant of the Degtyaryov machine gun for mounting and loading in armoured fighting vehicles.

Other

 * Demographic transition model, a model used to represent the changes in birth- and death-rates of a country
 * Distinguished Toastmaster, a certification of Toastmasters International
 * Dortmund Airport, an international airport in Germany
 * DTM (nightclub), a nightclub and gay bar in Helsinki, Finland

title: DTM


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Mass (disambiguation)

Mass is the quantity of matter in a physical body and a measure of the body's inertia.

Mass or Maß may also refer to:

Music

 * Mass (music), a choral composition that sets liturgical text to music
 * Mass (Stravinsky), a composition by Igor Stravinsky
 * Mass (Bernstein), a musical theater work by Leonard Bernstein
 * Mass (English band), a post-punk band
 * Mass (Grotus album), 1996
 * Mass (Alastair Galbraith album), 2011
 * Mass (The Gazette album), 2021
 * The Mass (album), by musical project Era

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Mass (2004 film), Indian Telugu-language film
 * Mass, Hindi title of the 2015 Indian Tamil-language film Massu Engira Masilamani
 * Mass (2021 film), American drama film
 * Mass (novel), a 1973 novel by Filipino author F. Sionil José
 * Mass media, communication channels which can reach huge numbers of people
 * The Masses, a socialist magazine published in the US from 1911 to 1917

Military

 * MASS (decoy system), a naval defence system
 * M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System (or MASS), a developmental shotgun for the M16 rifle/M4 carbine family of guns
 * MASS, Marine Air Support Squadrons within the United States Marine Corps

People with the name

 * Mass (surname)
 * Peter Harris (producer), an electronic musician who uses the alias Mass
 * Mass Sarr, Jr. (born 1973), a Liberian former footballer

Places

 * Mass City, Michigan, also known as Mass, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * Maß (Lauer) (pronounced "mass"), a river of Bavaria, Germany, left tributary of the Lauer
 * Massachusetts (abbreviated Mass or MA), a U.S. state in New England
 * Massachusetts Bay (abbreviated Mass Bay), a bay off the U.S. state of the same name

Religion

 * Mass (liturgy), an act of worship in some Christian churches
 * Mass in the Catholic Church, the main act of worship of the Catholic Church

Society

 * Mass Party, a political party in Thailand (2006–2009?)
 * Mass society, a society based on relations between huge numbers of people, whose prototypical denizen is the "mass man"
 * Mass politics, politics in the mass society, featuring especially the modern political party

Other uses

 * Mass (mass spectrometry), a chemical analysis technique
 * Autonomous cargo ship, also known as a Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)
 * BrightBus, a former British vehicle body manufacturer and school bus operator that previously traded as MASS Engineering
 * Maß (pronounced "mass"), a German word describing the amount of beer in a regulation mug, also used for the mug itself
 * Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti, a human rights NGO in Assam (India)
 * Marc and Eva Stern Math and Science School (Stern MASS)
 * Tumor, or mass, a neoplasm that is enlarged
 * Mass (object), a high-density object

title: Mass (disambiguation)


text:
CLS (command)

In computing,   (for clear screen) is a command used by the command-line interpreters  and   on DOS, Digital Research FlexOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows and ReactOS operating systems to clear the screen or console window of commands and any output generated by them. It does not clear the user's history of commands, however. The command is also available in the DEC RT-11 operating system, in the open-source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox and in the EFI shell. In other environments, such as Linux and Unix, the same functionality is provided by the  command.

History
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 (1983) and later. While the ultimate origins of using the three-character string  as the command to clear the screen likely predate Microsoft's use, this command was present before its MS-DOS usage, in the embedded ROM BASIC dialects Microsoft wrote for early 8-bit microcomputers (such as TRS-80 Color BASIC), where it served the same purpose. The MS-DOS dialects of BASIC written by Microsoft, BASICA and GW-BASIC, also have the  command as a BASIC keyword  - as do various non-Microsoft implementations of BASIC such as BBC BASIC found on the BBC Micro computers (1981). The  command is also present in BASIC versions for Microsoft Windows, however this generally clears text printed on the form, rather than the whole window or controls on the form.

The command  has appeared as a clear screen command in many other BASIC dialects and command line interpreters, because of its familiarity through being included in MS-DOS.

The Software Link's PC-MOS includes an implementation of. Like the rest of the operating system, it is licensed under the GPL v3.

DR DOS also includes an implementation of the CLS command.

title: CLS (command)


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Rudaki

Rudaki (also spelled Rodaki; ; c. 858 – 940/41) was a poet, singer, and musician who is regarded as the first major poet to write in New Persian. A court poet under the Samanids, he reportedly composed more than 180,000 verses, yet only a small portion of his work has survived, most notably a small part of his versification of the Kalila wa-Dimna, a collection of Indian fables.

Born in the village of Banoj (located in the present-day Rudak area), the most important part of Rudaki's career was spent at the court of the Samanids. While biographical information connects him to the Samanid amir (ruler) Nasr II ((r. 914 – 943)), he may have already joined the court under the latter's predecessor, Ahmad Samani ((r. 907 – 914)).

Rudaki's success was largely due to the support of his primary patron, the vizier Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami (died 940), who played an important role in the blooming of New Persian literature in the 10th-century. Following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937, Rudaki's career deteriorated, eventually being dismissed from the court. He thereafter lived his last years in poverty, dying blind and alone in his hometown.

In Iran, Rudaki is acknowledged as the "founder of New Persian poetry" and in Tajikistan as the "father of Tajik literature".

Name
His full name was Abu Abd Allah Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Hakim ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Adam al-Rudhaki al-Sha'ir al-Samarqandi. The proper transliteration of his name is "Rōdhakī", while "al-Rūdhakī" is an arabicised form. Other transliterations include Rudagi, Rawdhagi and Rudhagi.

Background
Little information is available about Rudaki's life, much which has been reconstructed from his poems. He lived during the era of the Samanid Empire (819–999), under which New Persian literature began to develop and flourish. Of Persian stock, Rudaki was born in c. 858, in the village of Banoj (Panjrud), located in the Rudak area between Samarqand and Bukhara. Rudaki's blindness is implied by the writings of early poets such as Daqiqi (died 977), Ferdowsi (died 1020/25), Abu Zura'ah al-Mu'ammari and Nasir Khusraw (died after 1070). The historian Awfi (died 1242), even says that Rudaki was born blind, but this has been questioned by some modern scholars, due to the expressive picture of nature given by Rudaki in his writings.

Besides being a poet, Rudaki was also a singer and musician. Since the era of Sasanian Iran (224–651), poems were commonly carried out as songs used in music. Under the Sasanians, the official, religious and literary language was Middle Persian. Following the Muslim conquest of Iran, the language entered a new phase, known as New Persian. However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as pārsīk, commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of Fars and used in Zoroastrian religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon and the northeastern Iranian region of Khurasan. During this period, New Persian was known as darī or parsī-i darī.

Career
By the age of eight, Rudaki had reportedly memorized the Qur'an and was skilled in poetry. He was instructed on how to play the chang by a prominent musician named Abu'l-Abak Bakhtiar. In his early years, Rudaki became a popular figure due to his fine voice, skill with poetry and playing the chang. Surviving biographical information connects Rudaki with the Samanid amir (ruler) Nasr II ((r. 914 – 943)) or with his vizier Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami (died 940). However, according to literary scholar Sassan Tabatabai, Rudaki had apparently already joined the Samanid court under Nasr II's father and predecessor Ahmad Samani ((r. 907 – 914)). Tabatabai states that this is proven in a poem by Rudaki, where he tries to comfort Ahmad Samani after the death of his father Ismail Samani in 907.

Rudaki's career at the Samanid court is regarded as the most important part of his life. The role of a court poet was more than just entertaining others, and was an essential aspect of the Persian court. According to the first Sasanian king Ardashir I ((r. 224 – 242)), a poet was "part of government and the means of strengthening rulership." Besides applauding the suzerain and his domain, a poet was also expected to give advice and moral guidance, which meant that Rudaki was most likely experienced in that field as well. Rudaki's success was largely due to the support of his primary patron, Bal'ami. The latter played an important role in the blooming of Persian literature in the 10th-century. Bal'ami regarded Rudaki as the best amongst Persian and Arab poets.

Rudaki was a close friend to his student Shahid Balkhi, a leading poet and scholar of the Samanid realm. Following Shahid Balkhi's death in 936, Rudaki wrote an elegy for him. Rudaki's career started to decline following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937. He soon fell out of favour with the amir and was dismissed from the court. Rudaki thereafter lived his last years in poverty, dying blind and alone in his hometown in 940 or 941.

The French Iranologist Gilbert Lazard considered Rudaki's first successor to have been Abu-Shakur Balkhi, who composed many mathnavis, notably the Afarin-nama.

Works
According to Asadi Tusi, the divan (collection of short poems) of Rudaki consisted of more than 180,000 verses, but most of it has been lost. What little remains of Rudaki's writings, mostly single verses, can be found in Persian dictionaries, particularly the Lughat-i Furs of Asadi Tusi. A few complete poems have also survived, most notably a qasida (eulogy or ode) consisting of almost 100 verses quoted in the anonymous Tarikh-i Sistan. The qasida was dedicated to Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, who ruled the region of Sistan as a Samanid governor from 923 to 963. In it, Rudaki calls Abu Ja'far an aristocrat of Sasanian ancestry and "pride of Iran", thus indicating a sense of continuity in Iranian identity from the Sasanian to the Samanid period. For this poem, Abu Ja'far rewarded Rudaki with 10,000 dinars.

Rudaki's best known work is his versification of the Kalila wa-Dimna, a collection of Indian fables. Nasr II had ordered Bal'ami to translate the book from Arabic to Persian, and then appointed "interpreters" to read it out loud, so that Rudaki, who was blind, could versify it. Only a few of the verses made by Rudaki have survived. Some of them have been identified in the Lughat-i Furs. Rudaki's surviving poetry is generally easy for literate native Persian readers to understand despite variations in terminology, word forms, and phrase and sentence patterns.

Although Rudaki displayed pro-Isma'ili sympathies in his writings, his poetry is fully secular in nature. Islam was firmly established by the 10th-century, however, Persians still remembered their deep-rooted Zoroastrian history. Rudaki was more prone to evoke ancient Iranian and Zoroastrian notions instead of Muslim ones. Some of Rudaki's poems were written in the pre-Islamic andarz style, i.e. ethical teachings, friendly criticism and advice for correct behavior in both private and public. An example of Rudaki's Zoroastrian roots can be seen in an excerpt where he is talking about his patron:

It's a puzzle, describing his grace and will: He is the Avesta in wisdom, the Zand in essence...

Legacy and assessment
Rudaki is considered to have been the first major poet to write in New Persian. Albeit he was predated by other poets who wrote in New Persian, such as Abu Hafs Sughdi (died 902), most of their work has not survived. In Iran, Rudaki is acknowledged as the "founder of New Persian poetry" and in Tajikistan as the "father of Tajik literature", both claims which according to the Iranologist Richard Foltz are not contradictory. Rudaki's life is depicted in the 1957 film of A Poet's Fate, written by Satim Ulugzade (died 1997). The following year, the latter wrote a play focused on Rudaki, entitled Rudaki, which was the first Tajik biographical drama.

The 1100th anniversary of Rudaki's birth was commemorated by Iran and the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in 1958, who together held a conference which was joined by several eminent Iranian and Tajik academics. It was during this period that Rudaki's burial place in Panjrud was discovered. The Soviet archaeologist and anthropologist Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov (died 1970) dug out and analyzed Rudaki's remains, which he used to recreate the latter's face on a sculpture. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Rudaki started to become a stronger representation of Tajik identity and also reinforced their ties to the rest of the Persian-speaking world.

According to Nile Green, Rudaki "heralded a new era for Persian letters." The Iranologist Francois de Blois states that Rudaki "was the most celebrated Persian poet prior to Ferdowsi." Following his death, Rudaki continued to remain a highly popular figure for around two centuries, until the Mongol period, where he became unpopular amongst the highly skilled poets of that time. However, he had not been forgotten, as demonstrated by the attribution of his name to the Pseudo-Diwan-i Rudaki, called "one of the notorious literary frauds" by de Blois. Scholars such as the 17th-century Hasan ibn Luft Allah al-Razi and 19th-century Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat both easily recognized that the Pseudo-Diwan-i Rudaki was mostly composed of poems by Qatran Tabrizi (died after 1088), while the rest were already-known poems of Rudaki that had been mentioned in tadhkiras (biographical dictionaries).

During the 19th-century, Rudaki experienced a resurgence in popularity along with other ancient Khurasani poets.

title: Rudaki


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DOSKEY

DOSKEY is a command for DOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows, and ReactOS that adds command history, macro functionality, and improved editing features to the command-line interpreters  and.

History
The command was included as a terminate-and-stay-resident program with MS-DOS and PC DOS versions 5 and later, then Windows 9x, and finally Windows 2000 and later.

In early 1989, functionality similar to  was introduced with DR-DOS 3.40 with its   CONFIG.SYS directive. This enabled a user-configurable console input history buffer and recall as well as pattern search functionality on the console driver level, that is, fully integrated into the operating system and transparent to running applications. In the summer of 1991,  was introduced in MS-DOS/PC DOS 5.0 in order to provide some of the same functionality. also added a macro expansion facility, though special support was required before applications such as command line processors could take advantage of it. Starting with Novell DOS 7 in 1993, the macro capabilities were provided by an external  command as well. In order to also emulate the  history buffer functionality under DR-DOS, the DR-DOS   worked as a front end to the resident history buffer functionality, which remained part of the kernel.

has also been included in IBM OS/2 Version 2.0.

In current Windows NT-based operating systems, the  functionality is built into CMD.EXE, although the   command is still used to change its operation.

The  command is not available in FreeDOS, which has such features built into the command interpreter.

Command switches
DOSKEY allows the use of several command switches:

 * /REINSTALL
 * Installs a new copy of DOSKEY.

 * /LISTSIZE=[size]
 * Sets size of command history buffer to size.

 * /MACROS
 * Displays all DOSKEY macros.
 * /MACROS:ALL
 * Displays all DOSKEY macros for all executables which have DOSKEY macros.
 * /MACROS:[executable name]
 * Displays all DOSKEY macros for the given executable.

 * /HISTORY
 * Displays all commands stored in memory.

 * /INSERT
 * Specifies that new text typed is inserted in old text.

 * /OVERSTRIKE
 * Specifies that new text overwrites old text.

 * /EXENAME=exename
 * Specifies the executable.

 * /MACROFILE=filename
 * Specifies a file of macros to install.

 * /APPEDIT
 * (undocumented - since MS-DOS 7)

 * /COMMAND
 * (undocumented - since MS-DOS 7)

 * /PERMANENT
 * (undocumented - since MS-DOS 7)

 * /SCRSIZE
 * (undocumented - since MS-DOS 7)

 * /XHISTORY
 * (undocumented - since MS-DOS 7)

 * [macroname]
 * Specifies a name for a macro created.

 * [text]
 * Specifies commands to record.

Keyboard shortcuts
During a DOSKEY session, the following keyboard shortcuts can be used:

 * and
 * Recall commands

 * Clears command line
 * Clears command line

 * Clears command line from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
 * Clears command line from the cursor to the beginning of the line.

 * Clears command line from the cursor to the end of the line.
 * Clears command line from the cursor to the end of the line.

 * Displays command history
 * Displays command history

 * Clears command history
 * Clears command history

 * Searches command history
 * Searches command history

 * Selects a command by number
 * Selects a command by number

 * Clears macro definitions
 * Clears macro definitions

Command macros
DOSKEY implements support for command macros, a simple text-substitution facility which is used somewhat like command line aliases in other environments.

 * $T
 * Command separator. Allows multiple commands in a macro.

 * $1–$9
 * Batch parameters. Equivalent to %1-%9 in batch programs.

 * Symbol replaced by everything following the macro name on command line.
 * Symbol replaced by everything following the macro name on command line.

Alternatives
The absence of a command history in  was a serious inconvenience ever since the earliest versions of MS-DOS. Numerous third-party programs have been written to address the issue; many were available long before Microsoft supplied DOSKEY. Some of them, including JP Software's 4DOS and NDOS, also provide additional editing capabilities lacking in DOSKEY, such as filename completion. Some of the better-known DOSKEY alternatives are Jack Gersbach's, Chris Dunford's  , Sverre Huseby's  , Ashok Nadkarni's  , Steven Calwas's  , Eric Tauck's  , and enhanced DOSKEY written by Paul Houle.

Paul Houle's Enhanced DOSKEY is designed to be an enhanced drop-in replacement for the DOSKEY.COM that ships with MS-DOS and Windows 9x/Windows Me. It also has a smaller disk and memory-resident footprint. The primary added feature is command and file "auto-completion" via the Tab key. Version 2.5, released in 2014, also adds full support for long filenames (LFN).

title: DOSKEY


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Doug Frost (swimming coach)

Doug Frost (born 11 November 1943 in Orange, New South Wales) is an Australian swimming coach, best known as the coach of Ian Thorpe. He has been made an "Honor of Life Member" of the Australian Swim Coaches Association and of the Padstow Swim Club, New South Wales.

Frost was a coach on the Australian national teams for the 1995, 1997 and 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships; the 1998 World Aquatics Championships and the 1998 Commonwealth Games teams and the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games team. He has been a director at the Australian Swim Coaches Association since 1989 and at the Doug Frost Swim School since 1978. After Thorpe changed coaches, Frost left the Padstow club to start afresh in Southport, Queensland. In May 2005, he was appointed the head coach of the swimming program at the Australian Institute of Sport.

In 2009 Frost was appointed head of the British Swimming ITC in Stirling, Scotland. In early 2011 he was released from the role due to continued difficult relations with several of his swimmers.

title: Doug Frost (swimming coach)


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CASCAR

The Canadian Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (CASCAR) was an auto racing sanctioning body for amateur and professional stock car racing in Canada. The company was founded in 1981 and was headquartered in Delaware, Ontario. In 2006, NASCAR purchased CASCAR and created the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series.

History
Established in 1981 by President Anthony Novotny, CASCAR boasted the highest level of stock car racing in Canada and sanctioned Canada's only national stock car racing series, the CASCAR Super Series. The sanctioning body also oversaw divisions such as the Hobby Stock and CASCAR West Super Series, the latter of which replaced the Hobby Stock division and ran combination races alongside the national Super Series.

On November 16, 2004, CASCAR announced it had entered a multi-year operational and marketing agreement with NASCAR, after NASCAR had formed NASCAR Canada earlier in the year. This also opened the way for NASCAR's purchase of CASCAR. On September 12, 2006, NASCAR completed its purchase of CASCAR and announced the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series, a series of 10–12 races from May–October 2007. On December 7, 2015, it was announced that Pinty's Delicious Foods Inc. was the new sponsor of the series after Canadian Tire announced on February 17, 2015 that they were not renewing their sponsorship after the 2015 season.

Automobiles
Unlike NASCAR, which mandates the use of steel-bodied shells, CASCAR-approved cars consisted of fiberglass bodyshells covering custom-made tube-frame racing chassis.

However, as in NASCAR, CASCAR cars' engines were normally aspirated, pushrod V8 units producing approximately 500 hp.

Race courses
CASCAR events were held on short track ovals, permanent road courses, temporary road courses and street courses.

title: CASCAR


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Jay C. Buckey

Jay Clark Buckey, Jr. (born June 6, 1956, in New York City) is an American physician and astronaut who flew aboard one Space Shuttle mission (STS-90) as a Payload Specialist. Buckey briefly ran for the Democratic nomination to challenge New Hampshire Senator John E. Sununu, a first term Republican, when he was up for re-election in 2008. Buckey withdrew from the race when former Governor Jeanne Shaheen entered the race.

Education
Buckey holds a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from Cornell University (1977) and an M.D. from Cornell in 1981, interning at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center and completing his residence at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Currently, Buckey is a Professor of Medicine at the Dartmouth Medical School. He was also a flight surgeon with the U.S. Air Force Reserve for 8 years.

Spaceflight experience
In 1998 he was a Payload Specialist aboard NASA Space Shuttle flight STS-90 as part of the Neurolab mission from April 17 to May 3, 1998. Aboard the Neurolab Mission, Buckey was the Payload Specialist for the experiment "Cardiovascular Adaptation to Zero-Gravity" and assisted with other Spacelab Life Sciences experiments. During the 16-day Spacelab flight, the seven person crew aboard Space Shuttle Columbia served as both experiment subjects and operators for 26 individual life science experiments focusing on the effects of microgravity on the brain and nervous system. The STS-90 flight orbited the Earth 256 times, covered 6.3 million miles, and logged him over 381 hours in space.

Research
In 2018, Buckey was part of research using virtual reality, at the Australian Antarctic Division's Mawson Station, wherein the expeditioners used VR headsets to view Australian beach scenes, European nature scenes, and North American nature scenes of forests and urban environments, which were different from the isolation of the whiteness and silence of Antarctica. The research will inform psychological techniques to support long duration spaceflight such as for astronauts going to Mars.

title: Jay C. Buckey


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Don Gambril

Donald Lee Gambril (born January 2, 1934) is an American former Hall of Fame swimming coach who is best known for coaching the University of Alabama from 1973 to 1990. His Alabama teams had top ten NCAA finishes eleven times, 3 Southeastern Conference titles, and were the runner-up at the NCAA Championship in 1977. Earlier, his Long Beach State teams had top ten NCAA finishes four times from 1968-71. He had the rare distinction of serving as a U.S. Olympic coach in five Olympics from 1968 to 1984.

Education and early swimming
Gambril was born on January 2, 1934, in Altamont, Kansas, and after moving to El Sereno, California, attended El Sereno's Woodrow Wilson High School where he was on the swim team and played football, starting as a Center by his Senior year. He grew up shortly after the depression with a family of limited means where he learned the importance of a work ethic and the necessity of thrift.

Gambril attended and swam for East Los Angeles Jr. College, from 1951-52, before transferring to Occidental College where he continued to swim for a year. At East Los Angeles, he specialized in distance swimming, making the Junior College All-American team in the 1500-meter event. After marrying his wife Teddy on March 14, 1953, he went to work full time and then enlisted in the Navy reserves before graduating college. Returning to complete his studies at California State, Los Angeles, he also played center and linebacker on their Football team for a year.

U.S. Naval service
From around 1956-57, he served in the Navy and swam for the All-Navy "B" team, competing occasionally in intercollegiate swimming competition and water polo. He swam on the winning 800 free relay at the All-Navy championships. While serving on the U.S. Navy Destroyer USS Cunningham, he was able to attend though not compete in the swimming portion of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. He believed he obtained the best conditioning of his life training with the U.S. Navy Swim Team, and was deeply affected by the opportunity to view Olympic swimming competition. Gambril briefly coached J.V. Football at El Monte High School and worked as a lifeguard at the end of 1957 upon his return from Naval service.

Completing college
Returning to college studies around 1957 after his service in the Navy, he completed his BA and Master's degree while attending California State at Los Angeles around 1960. The school was about 12 miles West of Rosemead High School where Gambril was coaching.

Rosemead High and Swim Club
In 1958, after his Navy service, Don had his first position as a fulltime teacher, instructing Social Studies at California's Rosemead High School, where he also coached J.V. Football. In the same year, he started Rosemead Swim Club, which he would coach in the evening after school hours, and where he would attract exceptional swimming talent. Still pursuing his teaching credentials, he received a provisional teaching certificate to take the opening. In the Spring of 1958, he also took over coaching the Rosemead High School's swim team, a role that would soon direct his career focus. He would eventually lead the team to five league championships. He remained as coach and teacher at Rosemead through around 1963. Top women swimmers coached by Gambril at Rosemead by 1961 included Jeanne Hallock Craig, Sharon Stouder, and Pam Crotwell.

Arcadia High School
In September 1963, Don took over the swim coach position as well as coaching Football and teaching P.E. and History at Arcadia High School, a more affluent school with a more competitive sports program and student athletes who could train full time without having to work after school. Gambril had success at Arcadia, with a few of his athletes becoming California Interscholastic Federation titlists. Gambril was gaining visibility in the Southern California swimming community as well as in neighboring states.

Pasadena City College
In 1965, Pasadena City College looked to Gambril to take over their Head Coaching position. Gambril was interested in a chance to coach a college team, but worked hard to find a suitable replacement at Arcadia, eventually settling on Ray Peterson, who would do an exceptional job, and coach at Arcadia for thirty years. Gambril became known as a coach who would work hard to find outstanding coaches to replace him when he made a move. In his first full year at Pasadena City College, the team won the league championship in 1966, and won it again in 1967. Future UCLA coach Ron Ballatore would be mentored as an Assistant Coach under Gambril for one year at Pasadena City College around 1966.

City of Commerce
Around the same time, as his service at Pasadena City College, Gambril had an opportunity to coach a Club team that had demonstrated great achievement, as their Women's team had attended National tournaments, and Olympic trials. He took over the City of Commerce Swimming Club team around 1965, which was composed of many Rosemead Swim Club members. Gambril had previously founded the Rosemead Club in 1958. Commerce Swimming Club was located in the small town of City of Commerce, just outside Los Angeles, and though the town was small, it was prosperous and had a beautiful new swimming facility completed in 1963. The team included 1964 Olympic gold medalist and world record holder Sharon Stouder in butterfly, who swam for Don for over five years, and 1964 world record holder Patty Caretto in distance freestyle. Other female Olympians he coached at City of Commerce included 1964 Olympic breast stroker Sandy Nitta, and 1964 Olympian Jeanne Hallock Craig. Looking back on their experience, the women at City of Commerce believed Gambril was a brilliant marketer who convinced them they could be the best in the world, and remembered him as a "tough but tender-hearted leader." Gambril stayed with both teams through 1967.

Long Beach State
Gambril was head coach at Long Beach State from 1967 to 1971, where he mentored Assistant Coach Skip Kenney, who would become a highly accomplished coach for Stanford University. After a losing season before Gambril began coaching, Long Beach State's dual meet record during Gambril's tenure was a remarkable 48-3.

The team would have more than one world record holder, including John Sylvio Fiolo, who had set the world record for the breast stroke in February 1968 before coming to swim with Don at Long Beach State. 1972 Olympian Silver medalist Hans Fassnacht, from Germany, would set the world record for the 400-meter free in 1968 under Don's guidance at Long Beach. Fassnacht would set the world record for the 200 meter butterfly in 1970 with a time of 2:03.3, bettering Mark Spitz's standing record by .6 seconds. Another Long Beach State swimmer, Gunnar Larsson, a 1972 two-time Olympic gold medalist, would break the record for the 400-meter free in September 1970 at the European Championship in Barcelona, improving on his own 1968 Mexico City Olympic time. With such outstanding swim talent, Long Beach State became so widely known that 1972 seven-time gold medalist Mark Spitz met Gambril and gave a verbal commitment to swim for the team around 1968 in his Senior year in High School, before deciding to swim for Indiana University. Under Gambril's guidance, Long Beach State College had four NCAA Division I top ten finishes with a seventh place in 1968, a seventh place in 1969, a fifth place in 1970, and another fifth place in 1971. Hall of Fame Coach Dick Jochums, who would coach University of Arizona, coached Long Beach State after Gambril went to Harvard in 1971.

Phillips 66 Long Beach
During the same period he was coaching at Long Beach State, Gambril started and coached the Phillips 66 Club team in Long Beach, training them at Belmont Plaza Swimming Pool. Phillips 66 won three National men's club championships in '68, '69, and '70. A few of Phillips 66 original members had come from Long Beach State College.

Harvard University
Following Long Beach State, Gambril began a two-year stint from 1971 to 1973 as head coach at prestigious Harvard University, where Skip Kenney followed him to again serve as Assistant Coach. Harvard won the Ivy League Title during Gambril's tenure and beat Yale for the first time in years.

Olympic and International coaching
He was the 1984 U.S. Olympic Coach and Assistant U.S. Olympic Coach in 1968, 1972, 1976, and 1980. While in the Navy, Gambril was a spectator for the swimming competition at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. In 1991, he coached the American National 1991 World Championship team.

Gambril coached many well-known Olympic swimmers, including Mark Spitz, Sharon Stouder, and Gunnar Larsson (Sweden), Matt Biondi, Nancy Hogshead, Jonty Skinner (South Africa), Hans Fassnacht (Germany) and Mary T. Meagher. He coached 1964 Canadian Olympian Barbara Hounsell, who swam for a period with the Whittier Swim Association in the Los Angeles area and 1972 Olympic 100-meter Bronze medalist Robin Backhaus.

University of Alabama coach
In 1973, Gambril became head coach at the University of Alabama, where he coached the men's team for 17 years and the women's team for 11 years, retiring from coaching in 1990. He had an overall record with Alabama of 237 wins and 32 losses. After his start in 1973, in his fourth year, he took the 1977 Alabama Swim team to the NCAA finals, finishing second. During his tenure, he also coached future Hall of Fame swimmer and Alabama Swim team three-time MVP Jonty Skinner (1975-1977), who would break the 100-meter freestyle world record in 1976 three weeks after the summer Olympics. Skinner was unable to attend the 1976 Montreal Olympics as South Africa, his native country, was banned from attending due to apartheid.

During Gambril's seven-teen year tenure at Alabama, the swim team had 11 top ten NCAA finishes, five times the number required to be made a member of the American Swim Coaches Hall of Fame.

In 1981, Gambril had a heart attack, and underwent quintuple bypass surgery to save his life. He changed his diet, lost weight, and made a thorough recovery, continuing to coach Alabama swimming for another nine years.

After serving seventeen years as Swim Coach at Alabama through 1990, Gambril served six years, through around 1997, as the Associate Athletic Director at Alabama where he helped to manage sports programs with the exclusion of football, men's basketball, and gymnastics for women. In his last coaching position he coached the U.S. Swim team at the World Championships in Perth, Australia.

Honors
He was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame and received the USA Swimming Award in 1983. Gambril was Scholastic Coach of the Year in 1985, and was made SEC Coach of the Year four times. In 1998, he was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame, and in 1987, was  inducted into his alma mater California State University's Hall of Fame. In 1996, Gambril was one of the first nominees inducted into the Occidental Aquatics Hall of Fame.

Swimming community service
Gambril served on the United States Olympic Committee, and the AAU Men's and Women's Swim Committees. He has served on the United States Swimming Board of Directors, and the Rule Committee for the NCAA. He also served on the board of the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency.

Coaches mentored by Gambril
With a long history of coaching many championship teams, Gambril excelled in mentoring his assistant coaches, and worked with a number of future coaches who would make great contributions to swimming. Besides mentoring Stanford coach Skip Kenney, who worked under him at Long Beach, Harvard and Phillips 66 as mentioned earlier, he mentored coaches Dick Jochums of Arizona who coached under him for eight years at Phillips 66, and Burt Kanner, a sixteen-year San Marino High School swim Coach who assisted him at Los Angeles Swim Club in 1966-67. Princeton coach C. Rob Orr swam for Gambril at Phillips 66 for eight years, Coach Dennis Pursley of the Cincinnati Pepsi-Marlins and Lakewood Swim Clubs swam and coached with Gambril at the University of Alabama, and Pepsi-Marlins and Santa Clara Swim Club coach Jay Fitzgerald was an Alabama assistant coach under Gambril. San Jose swim club coach and 100-meter record holder Jonty Skinner swam for Gambril at Alabama, and Irvine Aquatics and Saddleback College Coach Flip Darr assisted Gambril at Phillips 66. Darr coached accomplished Olympic Gold Medalist Shirley Babashoff, among others.

In his retirement, Gambril made the short move from Tuscaloosa to Northport, Alabama. As of 2020, he continued to try to exercise with light strength training and walking.

title: Don Gambril


text:
PH (complexity)

In computational complexity theory, the complexity class PH is the union of all complexity classes in the polynomial hierarchy:

 * $$\mathrm{PH} = \bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \Delta_k^\mathrm{P}$$

PH was first defined by Larry Stockmeyer. It is a special case of hierarchy of bounded alternating Turing machine. It is contained in P#P = PPP and PSPACE.

PH has a simple logical characterization: it is the set of languages expressible by second-order logic.

Relationship to other classes
PH contains almost all well-known complexity classes inside PSPACE; in particular, it contains P, NP, and co-NP. It even contains probabilistic classes such as BPP (this is the Sipser–Lautemann theorem) and RP. However, there is some evidence that BQP, the class of problems solvable in polynomial time by a quantum computer, is not contained in PH.

P = NP if and only if P = PH. This may simplify a potential proof of P ≠ NP, since it is only necessary to separate P from the more general class PH.

PH is a subset of P#P = PPP by Toda's theorem; the class of problems that are decidable by a polynomial time Turing machine with access to a #P or equivalently PP oracle), and also in PSPACE.

title: PH (complexity)


text:
Richard Quick

Richard Walter Quick (January 31, 1943 – June 10, 2009) was a Hall of Fame head coach for the women's swim teams at the University of Texas from 1982 through 1988 and at Stanford University, from 1988 through 2005. In an unprecedented achievement, Quick's Women's teams at Texas and Stanford won a combined 12 NCAA National championships, with his Men and Women's team at Auburn winning his final championship in 2009. His teams won a combined 22 Conference championships. He was a coach for the United States Olympic swimming team for six Olympics—1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004.

Early swimming
Quick was born on January 31, 1943 to Walter and Barbara Quick in Akron, Ohio. He started swimming in Austin, Texas around the age of eight, primarily under Bill Crenshaw at the Austin Aquatics Club. When the family moved to Wichita, Kansas, he began more serious competition at the Wichita Swim Club and Wichita East High School under Robert Timmons. Timmons would later become known as the legendary track coach at Kansas University who coached Olympian Jim Ryun, though his High School swimming teams won seven state titles.

When Quick's father Walter, a tire company official was transferred to Dallas, Richard became a top swimmer at Highland Park High School in University Park, Texas. While at Highland Park, Quick had improved on national age group records in the 200-yard Individual Medley, and 100-yard butterfly, and led in High School finals in the 200 IM, 100-yard fly, 400 freestyle, 200 freestyle, 100 back, and 100 breastroke. In college, Quick was recruited for a scholarship and swam for nearby Southern Methodist University where he made All-Southwest Conference and swam under SMU Hall of Fame Coach Red Barr while majoring in Physical Education. Quick was an SMU Team Captain in his Senior Year, and a 400-IM medley winner in a Southwestern Conference Championship, and swam at SMU with his brother Dave, a freestyle sprinting specialist. Richard was an All-American swimmer at SMU in 1965 and 1966.

Coaching
In one of his earliest coaching assignments immediately after college graduation, Quick coached Spring Branch Memorial High School in Houston, Texas, beginning in 1965, where he led the team to six state championships by 1971.

After Assistant coaching at SMU from 1971 through 1975, and coaching the Women's team from 1976 through 1977 in its initial year, he had a brief head coaching position with Iowa State from 1977 through 1978, then coached both the Men's and Women's team at Auburn from 1978-1982. He served as head women's swimming coach at the University of Texas from 1982 through 1988, where he excelled, leading his teams to five consecutive NCAA titles from 1984 through 1988.

Stanford women
While coaching the Stanford women from 1988-2005, Quick won an exceptional seven non-consecutive NCAA titles in 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1998. He developed 35 NCAA champions, winning five CSCAA Coach of the Year honors and three Pac-10 Coach of the Year awards.

At the 2000 Sydney Olympics he led the women's team to sixteen medals. His most successful swimmer was Stanford competitor Jenny Thompson, who won ten Olympic Golds. Other notable Olympians coached by Quick include Auburn swimmer Ambrose "Rowdy" Gaines, Texas swimmers Tiffany Cohen, and Jill Sterkel and Stanford swimmers Summer Sanders, Misty Hyman, Lea Loveless, Catherine Fox, and Lisa Jacob. He also helped train Dara Torres and Steve Lundquist for Olympic competition. Jill Sterkel would later coach the University of Texas Women's Team from 1993 through 2006. His Olympic athletes brought home an impressive total of 59 Olympic medals.

Auburn
During his initial stint at Auburn from 1978-1982, Quick led the Auburn University Tigers Mens and Women's team to four national top ten finishes. On March 8, 2007, Auburn University announced that Quick would return to the Tigers to take over as head coach for the swimming and diving teams after David Marsh left. Quick was Marsh's coach when he was a backstroker for Auburn. In March 2007 Marsh won his 12th NCAA National title, tying his former coach and mentor for the most (Division I) titles won by an NCAA Coach. Quick broke the tie the following year, winning a 13th title while coaching at Auburn.

Honors
Quick is a member of SMU's Distinguished Alumni. In 2000 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. He was a three time American Swimming Coaches Association (ASCAA) Coach of the Year and a five time NCAA Coach of the Year.

Quick initially retired to Austin in 2005, but in 2007 came out of retirement to coach Auburn. In December 2008 Quick was diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor. He died on the evening of June 10, 2009 in Austin, Texas. His 2008–09 Auburn team won the NCAA National title in March, 2009.

Collegiate coaching career

 * Auburn Men's and Women's head coach (2007–09)
 * Stanford Women's head coach (1988–2005)
 * Texas Women's head coach (1982–1988)
 * Auburn Men's and Women's head coach (1978–1982)
 * Iowa State Men's head coach (1977–1978)
 * Southern Methodist Women's head coach (1976–1977)
 * Southern Methodist Men's assistant coach (1971–1975)

title: Richard Quick


text:
Ave verum corpus

Ave verum corpus is a short Eucharistic chant that has been set to music by many composers. It dates to the 13th century, first recorded in a central Italian Franciscan manuscript (Chicago, Newberry Library, 24). A Reichenau manuscript of the 14th century attributes it to Pope Innocent (variously identified as Innocent III, Innocent IV, Innocent V, or Innocent VI )

During the Middle Ages it was sung at the elevation of the Eucharist during the consecration at Mass. It was also used frequently during Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament.

The prayer is a meditation on Jesus's Real Presence in the Blessed Sacrament, and ties it to the redemptive meaning of suffering in the life of all believers.

Text
Latin Ave verum corpus, natum de Maria Virgine, vere passum, immolatum in cruce pro homine cuius latus perforatum fluxit aqua et sanguine: esto nobis prægustatum in mortis examine.

O Iesu dulcis, O Iesu pie, O Iesu, fili Mariae. Miserere mei. Amen.  Hail, true Body, born of the Virgin Mary, truly suffered, sacrificed on the cross for mankind, from whose pierced side flowed water and blood: Be for us a foretaste [of the Heavenly banquet] in the trial of death!

O sweet Jesus, O holy Jesus, O Jesus, son of Mary, have mercy on me. Amen.

Musical settings
Musical settings include Mozart's motet Ave verum corpus (K. 618), as well as settings by William Byrd and Sir Edward Elgar. Not all composers set the whole text. For example, Mozart's setting finishes with "in mortis examine", Elgar's with "fili Mariae". Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed three versions: H.233, H.266, H.329.

There is a version by Franz Liszt [Searle 44], and also ones by Camille Saint-Saëns, Orlande de Lassus, Imant Raminsh, Alexandre Guilmant, William Mathias, Colin Mawby, Malcolm Archer and Jack Gibbons. Liszt also composed a fantasy on Mozart's work, preceded by a version of Allegri's celebrated Miserere, under the title À la Chapelle Sixtine [Searle 461 – two versions]. Versions of this fantasy for orchestra [Searle 360] and piano four-hands [Searle 633] follow closely the second version for piano.

There is also a version for organ [Searle 658] with the title Evocation à la Chapelle Sixtine. The chant is included Poulenc's opera Dialogues of the Carmelites. The composer wrote a different "Ave verum corpus" in 1952.

Mozart's version, with instruments only, was adapted by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky as one of the sections of his Mozartiana, a tribute to Mozart. A 20th century version is that by Colin Mawby and from the 21st century there are settings by the Swedish composer Fredrik Sixten and the English composer Philip Stopford.

title: Ave verum corpus


text:
Frederick W. Sturckow

Frederick Wilford "Rick" Sturckow (born August 11, 1961) is an engineer, retired United States Marine Corps officer, former NASA astronaut, and commercial spacecraft pilot. Sturckow is a veteran of four Space Shuttle missions. He flew as a pilot on STS-88 and STS-105 and as a commander on STS-117 and STS-128. All four missions docked with the International Space Station, making Sturckow one of three American astronauts to visit the station four times. Sturckow later was assigned to the Johnson Space Center as a CAPCOM. He left NASA in 2013 to become a pilot for Virgin Galactic.

Personal
Sturckow was born La Mesa, California, but considers Lakeside, California, to be his hometown. He is married to the former Michele A. Street of Great Mills, Maryland. He enjoys flying and physical training. His father, Karl H. Sturckow, resides in Whittier, CA and his mother, Janette R. Sturckow, resides in La Mesa. He was a member of the Marine Corps Association (MCA) and a former member of Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP).

Sturckow has the nickname "CJ", which stands for "Caustic Junior". It was given to him when he was a young Marine, because he resembled a squadron commander who was appropriately called "Caustic".

Education
Sturckow graduated from Grossmont High School, La Mesa, California, in 1978. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from California Polytechnic State University in 1984, and a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Florida Institute of Technology in 2000.

Awards and honors
Defense Superior Service Medal, Single Mission Air Medal with Combat "V", Strike/Flight Air Medals (4), Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, NASA Space Flight Medals (4).

Military career

Sturckow was commissioned into the U.S. Marine Corps in December 1984. An honor graduate of The Basic School, he earned his aviator wings in April 1987. Following initial F/A-18 training at VFA-125, he reported to VMFA-333, MCAS Beaufort, South Carolina. While assigned to VMFA-333 he made an overseas deployment to Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines and was then selected to attend the Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) in March 1990. In August 1990, he deployed to Sheik Isa Air Base, Bahrain for a period of eight months. Sturckow flew a total of forty-one combat missions during Operation Desert Storm. In January 1992 he attended the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB, California. In 1993 he reported to the Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division, NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, for duty as the F/A-18 E/F Project Pilot. Sturckow also flew a wide variety of projects and classified programs as an F/A-18 test pilot.

Sturckow retired from the Marine Corps as a colonel, in September, 2009, after 25 years of active duty service. He has logged over 6,500 flight hours in more than 60 different aircraft.

NASA career

Selected by NASA in December 1994, Sturckow reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995. He completed a year of training and evaluation and was assigned to work technical issues for the Vehicle Systems and Operations Branch of the Astronaut Office. He served as pilot on STS-88 in 1998 (the first International Space Station assembly mission), and on STS-105 in 2001. Sturckow was the commander of the STS-117 mission in 2007, and of the STS-128 mission launched on August 28, 2009. Sturckow was also the launch CAPCOM for STS-130 in February 2010, and for STS-131 in April 2010. On January 13, 2011, NASA named Sturckow as the backup commander for STS-134. The appointment allowed the commander, Mark Kelly (who subsequently flew the mission), to continue to support his wife, Congresswoman Gabby Giffords, while she recovered from an attempted assassination.

Sturckow left NASA in March 2013. During his 18-year tenure, he served in multiple technical and leadership roles supporting Johnson Space Center's Astronaut Office including chief of the Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) Branch and chief of the International Space Station Branch.

Post-NASA career
On May 8, 2013, Virgin Galactic announced they had hired Sturckow for flight testing of the SpaceShipTwo spacecraft and the White Knight Two aircraft, as the company prepares for subsequent commercial operations. On December 13, 2018, he reached outer space with the VSS Unity according to America's definition of the space border.

General references

 * Spacefacts biography of Frederick W. Sturckow
 * Spacefacts biography of Frederick W. Sturckow

title: Frederick W. Sturckow


text:
Bill Sweetenham

William Sweetenham AM (born 23 March 1950) is an elite swimming coach. He has coached swimming teams of Australia, Britain, Hong Kong and the Argentina national swimming team. During his career, Sweetenham was Head National Team Coach at five Olympic Games, coached 27 medallists at the Olympic Games and World Championships, and nine world record holders.

Australia
Sweetenham began his coaching career in his hometown of Mount Isa. He then replaced Laurie Lawrence at the Carina Swimming Club in Brisbane, Queensland. While at the club he coached three of the greatest distance swimmers - Stephen Holland, Tracey Wickham and Michelle Ford. Sweetenham then became the first Queensland Director of Coaching.

In 1980, Sweetenham was appointed inaugural Women's Head Swimming Coach at the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). From late 1985 to 1991, he was Head Coach. During his time at the AIS, Sweetenham was involved in coaching Olympic and Commonwealth Games medallists Michelle Pearson, Karen Phillips, Suzanne Landells, Georgina Parkes and Rob Woodhouse. In 1983, while at the AIS, he suffered serious leg injuries as a result of a car accident in West Germany. From 1995 to 2001, he was the National Youth Coach for Swimming Australia and during this period the programme produced a number of future Australian national team members including Ian Thorpe and Grant Hackett. He managed the Australian swim team for four Olympic Games and five Commonwealth Games.

Hong Kong
In 1991, he was Head Swimming Coach at the Hong Kong Sports Institute and Hong Kong's Head Olympic Swim Coach. He returned to Australia in 1995 to become Swimming Australia's National Youth Coach.

Great Britain National Performance Director
Sweetenham's tenure with Great Britain was marked by medal success at World Championship level, Olympic disappointment, and recurring controversy on his man-management methods. He was the National Performance Director for British Swimming from November 2000 to September 2007. Prior to the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, Sweetenham's tenure as Director marked considerable progress in British swimming. Britain won as many medals at the 2001, 2003 and 2005 Swimming World Championships as it had at all previous World Championships back to 1973.

On 3 September 2007, British Swimming announced that Bill Sweetenham had stood down as NPD citing personal reasons. Sweetenham had previously indicated that he would not renew his contract, which was due for renewal following the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

Argentina
The Argentina Federation of Water Sports reported in 2013 about the arrival of Bill Sweetenham, for beginning work in conjunction with the national team and in order to improve the areas of training, technical training bodies, and sports organizations in the coming years. This initiative was supported by the ENARD and Sports Secretary's Office, will have to Sweetenham until day 28 in Argentina.

Publishing
Sweetenham has been a prolific contributor to swimming coaching. In 1998, he produced a nine-volume video collection titled Swimming in the 21st Century which covered all the swimming strokes. In 2003, with John Atkinson he wrote Championship Swim Training.

Recognition

 * 1979 - Australian Swim Coach of the Year
 * 1981 - Australian Swim Coach of the Year
 * 1981 - Australian Coach of the Year
 * 1981 - Churchill Fellow to study swimming training in the United States.
 * 1986 - Awarded "Most outstanding contribution to Australian Swimming"
 * 1987 -"Master Coach" award in 1987
 * 1988 - Awarded "Most outstanding contribution to Australian Swimming"
 * 1987 - Australian Swim Coach of the Year
 * 1989 - Member of the Order of Australia (OAM)
 * 2000 - Australian Sports Medal
 * 2018 - inducted into International Swimming Hall of Fame

title: Bill Sweetenham


text:
Vladimir Dezhurov

Vladimir Nikolayevich Dezhurov (Влади́мир Никола́евич Дежу́ров; born July 30, 1962) is a Russian former cosmonaut who resides in Star City, Moscow. He is a veteran of two spaceflights, to the Mir and International Space Stations. During his career, Dezhurov also conducted nine spacewalks before his retirement on July 12, 2004.

Personal
Dezhurov was born on July 30, 1962, in the settlement of Yavas, Zubovo-Polyansky District, Mordovia, Russia. He is married to Elena Valentinovna Dezhurova (née Suprina). They have two daughters, Anna, born in 1983, and Svetlana, born in 1987. His father, Nikolai Serafimovich Dezhurov and mother, Anna Vasilevna Dezhurova reside in Yavas settlement, Zubovo-Polyansk district, Mordovia, Russia.

Education
Dezhurov attended and graduated from the S.I. Gritsevits Kharkov Higher Military Aviation School in 1983 with a pilot engineer's diploma.

Experience
After graduating, Dezhurov served as a pilot and senior pilot in the Russian Air Force.

Awards
Dezhurov was awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation medal and the Pilot/Cosmonaut title by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. He has been also awarded three Air Force medals during his career.

Cosmonaut career
In 1987, he was assigned to the Cosmonaut Training Center. From December 1987 to June 1989, he underwent a course of general space training. Since September 1989, he has continued training as a member of a group of test cosmonauts. Since 1991, he has been a correspondence student at the Yuri A. Gagarin Air Force Academy.

Mir EO-18
In March 1994, Dezhurov began flight training as commander of the prime crew of the Mir-18 mission. The crew was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on March 14, 1995, aboard the Soyuz TM-21 spacecraft. Following a two-day solo flight, the Soyuz spacecraft docked with the Mir on March 16. Dezhurov served as the Mir E-18 commander. There were several technical problems during this mission. The crew also performed life science experiments. Following a 115-day flight, the mission concluded with landing at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on July 7, 1995.

Expedition 3
Dezhurov lived and worked aboard the International Space Station where he served as a member of the Expedition 3 crew. carrying Dezhurov and six other crewmembers on STS-105 mission blasted off to space from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) on August 10, 2001. The shuttle docked with the ISS on 12 August at 18:41 UTC. Dezhurov spent approximately 4 months aboard the station as a flight engineer. During the long-duration mission the Expedition 3 crew enjoyed a unique view of the 2001 Leonid meteor storm. At the end of the stay Expedition 3 crewmembers, Dezhurov, NASA astronaut Frank Culbertson and cosmonaut Mikhail Tyurin returned to Earth on board Space Shuttle. Endeavour STS-108 mission delivered the Expedition 4 crew to the ISS and landed at KSC on December 17, 2001.

Spacewalks
During his cosmonaut career, Dezhurov has performed nine spacewalks. During Mir EO-18 long-duration mission Dezhurov together with cosmonaut Gennady Strekalov conducted five spacewalks. As of June 2010, his nine spacewalks totalling 37 hours and 2 minutes has placed him in the 25th position in the list of astronauts who have the most extra-vehicular activity (EVA) time.

On 12 May 1995, Dezhurov conducted his first career spacewalk. The spacewalk started 04:20:44 UTC and ended at 10:35:16 UTC. He and Strekalov prepared for the arrival of the Spektr module and prepared to move Kristall's solar panel. They also practiced work at the Kristall module. The spacewalk lasted 6 hours and 14 minutes.

Dezhurov performed his second career spacewalk on May 17. They moved the solar array to the Kvant-1 module. The spacewalk lasted six hours and 52 minutes.

On May 22, Dezhurov and Strekalov installed the solar array on Kvant-1 and stowed Kristall's another solar array. The excursion out of the Mir Space Station marked Dezhurov's third career spacewalk. The spacewalk started at 00:10:20 UTC and was completed at 05:25:11 UTC. The spacewalk lasted 5 hours and 14 minutes.

On 28 May and June 1, 1995, Dezhurov and Strekolov conducted two spacewalks to prepare Mir to move Kristall and Spektr modules. Dezhurov's fourth and fifth career spacewalks lasted 21 and 23 minutes respectively.

Dezhurov conducted another four spacewalks during the Expedition 3 mission to the ISS. On October 8, 2001, Dezhurov and Tyurin ventured outside the ISS to mark the 100th spacewalk to be carried out by Russian cosmonauts. The main objective of the spacewalk was to outfit the Pirs Docking Compartment and make connections between that newly arrived compartment and the Zvezda module. The spacewalkers installed a cable that allows space walk radio communications between the two station sections. They also installed handrails on the new compartment and an exterior ladder that will be used to help spacewalkers leave Pirs' hatch. Dezhurov and Tyurin also installed a Strela cargo crane onto the station. The spacewalk lasted 4 hours and 58 minutes ending at 19:21 UTC.

On October 15, 2001, Dezhurov performed his seventh career spacewalk. The two spacewalkers returned to space outside the ISS from the Pirs airlock. Dezhurov and Tyurin installed Russian commercial experiments on the exterior of Pirs. Among the experiments is a set of investigations of how various materials react to the space environment over a long time. Called MPAC-SEEDS, the investigation is housed in three briefcase-sized containers. The spacewalk lasted 5 hours and 52 minutes.

On November 12, 2001, Dezhurov conducted his eighth career spacewalk. Dezhurov and NASA astronaut Culbertson connected cables on the exterior of the Pirs Docking Compartment for the Kurs automated docking system. They completed checks of the Strela cargo crane, using one space walker at the end of the crane's boom to simulate a cargo. They also inspected and photographed a small panel of one solar array on the Zvezda Service Module that has one portion of a panel not fully unfolded. The spacewalk was conducted in Russian Orlan spacesuits. It lasted 5 hours and 4 minutes. On December 3, 2001, Dezhurov conducted his ninth career spacewalk. Dressed in Orlan spacesuits, Tyurin and Dezhurov floated out of the Pirs airlock at 13:20 UTC. Dezhurov and Tyurin used a cutting tool to remove an errant rubber seal that had prevented a Progress resupply ship from firmly docking with the ISS. The two spacewalkers also took pictures of the debris, which was a rubberized seal from the previous cargo ship, and of the docking interface. The spacewalk lasted 2 hours and 46 minutes.

title: Vladimir Dezhurov


text: User talk:193.230.240.14

title: User talk:193.230.240.14


text:
Talk:Dwarfism

Limb lengthening
I've actually had my limbs lengthened. I got 11" in my legs and 4" in my arms. I just made some edits. Please don't link to the shortsupport page, it talks about limb lengthening for consitutional short stature and condemns it (rightly so). However, people may get confused and think he is condemning people like me with clinical short stature. What's with hte popularity in china comment? What kind of neurosurgical operations would a midget need? I've never heard of that. Oh and for emphasis, it's LIMB lengthening not LEG lengthening. They lengthen your arms and legs. Midgets like me have short legs and arms. Although we have a big head, ass and trunk to compensate. -Nathan J. Yoder 06:29, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your edits. -Unsigned
 * I agree, limb lengthening is the more commonly used term, though some people just have their legs done.
 * The link to shortsupport is a compendium of topics and aids for a variety of types of shortness with many good links. It was the best I found when I went looking. Why would you delete it just because it editorializes in a way you partially agree with? I hope you don't have a problem with my replacing it. If you want to add a critical comment to the citation, that might be a good compromise.
 * In several forms of chrondrodystrophy, the spinal canal is too narrow, or the junction at the base of the skull is misshapen in a way that can cause problems. Neurosurgeons correct these problems as often or more often than orthopedists.
 * If you feel inspired, we could use an article on limb lengthening.
 * Thanks for your contributions. Alteripse 15:48, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I haven't met a midget that had their legs, but not arms done. The arms are so much easier than the legs and you are much more functional during the procedure that cost would be the only reason not to get it done. However, it is true that some people of constitutional short stature and with different sized limbs would just get the legs done.
 * Short support is a good website. My problem was that it was critical of limb lengthening for people of constitutional short stature. Constitutional short stature means people who are short, like 5' tall, but they don't have a clinical short stature like Achondroplasia which causes people to be around 4'. For people 5' the operation is ridiculous, but not for those with clinical short stature. I e-mailed the site owner a while back and he agreed with me that it's good for clinical short stature, but he wanted to keep up the warning to deter people of constitutional short stature form doing it. My concern is that people would confuse his critcism of lengthening for those of constitutional short stature with those of clinical short stature. Short support can be linked to the main page, but if you're going to link to the lengthening section I agree that a clarification should be added.
 * The China stat seemed very odd to me. My surgeon is one of the (if not THE) most prominent limb lengthening surgeon in the world. People come from all around the world to see him.
 * I may do a limb lengthening article. It would also cover corrective procedures involved with the same devices, it's not jsut for dwarves.
 * Nathan J. Yoder 17:58, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)ang gandah ni bea balisi

Verne paragraph
I added a short paragraph on Verne Troyer, basically because he's currently one of the most famous little people in the world. I don't mean any offense by having him the only little person mentioned by name in the article (not counting any of the authors who may be short statured). I just didn't want to expand this into a general section on / list of little actors (not right now, anyway). If this bothers you, please add more info about other famous little people. - dcljr 08:09, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) ang gandah ni ana bea balisi noh siyah ngah palah itoh yung katabih niyah sa upuan ?gustoh niyo bang malaman?babae akoh? nagbebeggins yung name koh sa J may ang surname koh naman ay L?pagpinagsama moh JL bakah kilala nyo na akoh!!!!!!!

title: Talk:Dwarfism


text:
Talk:Workers' Power (Sweden)

Untitled
Arbetarmakt believes that a peaceful revolution is not possible (in contrast to many other organisations claiming to be Trotskyist), since it thinks that the bourgeoisie will use violence against a workers revolution to defend its class privileges. According to it, the working class needs to arm itself, smash the bourgeois state (including the police), form its own state based on workers councils and workers militias, and spread its revolution worldwide. As part of the League for the Fifth International it wants to form a new international party for world revolution.

I think this is stating the obvious. The first bit is standard Trotskyism - I've never come across a Trotskyist group that didn't think that. I've left it in but what do people think? Secretlondon 15:29, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think this should be covered in the article on Trotskyism. Perhaps just say in this article that as part of the LFI they see themselves as orthodox Trotskyists. Warofdreams 13:58, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Workers' Power (Sweden)