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Talk:Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): TBernardis. Peer reviewers: Wookiejohn13.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:32, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Rubber duckies
That rubber duckies thing sounds like urban myth to me...you sure about that, Meeler? I would expect the cargo to be sealed in containers, which would probably float, but not open. Pollinator 02:58, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That was almost my reaction, when I first saw the story in the Washington Post. Check the link in article now. I know I should have backed it up with a reference, but I was quite busy.  Yours, Meelar 19:48, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps there should be mention of the role floatsam and jetsam as habitat for sealife in the open ocean. The article addresses the negative effects, this aspect of the debris should be noted as well.
 * Is there much effect other than providing temporary shelter for fish and sargassum life? The ecological benefits are slight (there is no shortage of natural floating material) compared to entanglements and the chocking hazzard it poses. Sabine's Sunbird talk 05:08, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Old VfD discussion can be found here. The listing was removed early because the proposal was withdrawn and there was a strong consensus to keep the page. Guanaco 23:56, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Uninteresting fact: Lt. Worf called the debri left over from the Horatio's explosion a flotsam in Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, Conspiracy.

Is it possible that the two references to Neopets.com both denote the same creatures? If so, one should be deleted. On another note, I seem to remember one of the original two Grand Theft Auto games had a region called "Flotsam". I may be wrong on this, but if it's true it might be interesting to add as reference. --Nekotaku 21:23, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Popular culture?
This list of pop culture items are all things which happen to be called Flotsam and Jetsam, not actual Flotsam or Jetsam, which is why we have a disambiguation page that links to all of these and its right up there at the top. --Billpg 07:39, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I'll take it out. Sabine's Sunbird talk 02:46, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Merchant Shipping Act 1995
The relevant section is Part IX, Chapter III, §255, which reads as follows: "(1) In this Part—

 * “wreck” includes jetsam, flotsam, lagan and derelict found in or on the shores of the sea or any tidal water."

also defining "tidal water". However, the Act does not use the words "flotsam", "jetsam" or "lagan" anywhere else, and "derelict" is also not defined (presumably it just has its common meaning). I have therefore removed the reference to the Act which seemed to suggest it defines the terms, which it doesn't. Hairy Dude (talk) 23:58, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Recreation after merge
Why was this page recreated? It was merged into marine debris in April 2008 to create a substantial, well referenced article. A few months later it was recreated, citing a salvage of "the text on historical/original meanings." Firstly, Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Secondly, this article is poorly is a poorly written, and totally unreferenced stub. – Jack – 16:35, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

 * First, it was not "merged", contrary to your claim, therefore it was restored in the first place.

There should be no confusion between marine debris and shipwreck. Second, "poorly written" is a non-argument, third, it was referenced, by resuing the ref from [Receiver of Wreck, but some editor questioned the correctness of the refs. Fourth, verifiability does not require immediate referencing of everything. Fifth, "not a dictionary" is meaningless: the article not about words, but about things. The article discusses the distinctions important for maritime law and the info is verifiable. Quick google search shows that each term "flotsam/jetsam/lagan/derelict" has been discussed in legal terms for ages and there is a potential of growth of this article. I will try to make more sense with the article when I have more spare time. Xuz (talk) 22:22, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Copyright Problem
This article is almost word perfectly identical to Stephen Fry's description of marine wreckage in the Flotsam and Jetsam episode of QI. I doubt that is coincidence. Do we have a copyright problem here?

--Buckhead72 (talk) 21:20, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Since much of the wording here is mine, and I never heard of it, I am a bit dubious. Which words are similar? Shajure (talk) 06:46, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

 * On the flip side, a good bit of this is chopped straight out of the law, IIRC from my checking of the oddly-written article this was when I random-article-hit it.Shajure (talk) 06:48, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Reviewing, I mostly cut... so the words might be substantially copied.Shajure (talk) 07:03, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Flotsam image
What exactly is the image of? Its labeled flotsam by its creator, something that floated ashore after a wreck.  D r e a m Focus  17:07, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Inconsistent with definitions of 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
There doesn't seem to be an authoritative source for the definitions stated in this article. The eleventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, published 1910, says the following:

Jetsam (the same word as jettison, from Lat. jaclare, to throw) is when goods are cast into the sea, and there sink and remain under water; flotsam (floatson, from float, Lat. flottare) is where they continue floating on the surface of the waves; ligan (or lagan, from lay or lie) is where they are sunk in the sea, but tied to a cork or buoy in order to be found again. Flotsam, jetsam and ligan belong to the sovereign in the absence only of the true owner. Wreck, on the other hand (i.e. goods cast on shore), was by the common law adjudged to the sovereign in any case, because it was said by the loss of the ship all property was gone out of the original owner. This singular distinction which treated goods washed ashore as lost, and goods on and in the sea as not lost, is no doubt to be explained by the primitive practice of plundering wrecked ships.

I'd like to make this correction (sans the last sentence, which is speculative) unless there are any objections.

Johngcarlsson (talk) 04:58, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

Should Curtis Ebbesmeyer, Driftwood, and Great Pacific garbage patch be in the see also section?
Disagreement over if these things should be there.  Curtis Ebbesmeyer named the Great Pacific garbage patch. What does he or it have to do with flotsam, jetsam, lagan, or derelict? As I said in my edit summary "That is garbage that was never part of a ship or its cargo when it got into the ocean". Read the definition of the four defining words of the article, and you'll find they are all related to ships. And Driftwood, while can include the remains of old wooden ships that once sailed the ocean and got smashed up at times in storms and whatnot, is mostly just wood washed over from land.  D r e a m Focus  09:15, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

 * The relevant policy is WP:SEEALSO. It states: "The links in the "See also" section might be only indirectly related to the topic of the article because one purpose of "See also" links is to enable readers to explore tangentially related topics."   Thanks.  Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 22:59, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't see how Curtis Ebbesmeyer is justified as being in that section. I'd like more input from other editors on this.  Comparing shipwreck debris to a massive amount of garage in the ocean is a thin enough connection on its own.  But why link to an article about a guy who got press for talking about it?   D r e a m Focus  10:24, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I have answered that above. If the connection is indirect and/or tangential, that is enough.  It's not like it is completely unrelated.  In fact, the very first line of Curtis Ebbesmeyer's biography (Wikipedia article) states: Curtis Charles Ebbesmeyer is an American oceanographer who, in retirement, has studied the movement of flotsam (emphasis added).  If you do not see a connection between that (a guy who studies flotsam) and an article specifically about flotsam, then I certainly can't help you.   Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 17:11, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

Jetsam
This article is using Webster's definition, which includes the phrase, "and is washed ashore". Is this to imply that if said equipment or cargo is floating in the water it isn't considered jetsam? Joefromrandb (talk) 04:27, 18 April 2017 (UTC)


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Smuggler's Run

Smuggler's Run is a video game developed by Angel Studios and published by Rockstar Games as a launch title for the PlayStation 2 on October 26, 2000. In the game, the player plays as a smuggler who has a number of different vehicles at his disposal including dune buggies, rally cars, and military vehicles. The vehicles are used to smuggle assorted cargo through three different large, open levels. The game, which was an early release for the Sony PlayStation 2, features career and 1- to 2-player arcade modes.

Smuggler's Run became a part of the Sony Greatest Hits series of games that reached a particular sales milestone for the PlayStation 2.

Gameplay
Smuggler's Mission: New to a local smuggling gang, the player's job is to smuggle cargo through three consecutive levels (forest, desert, and snow) with about ten missions per level. In nearly all missions they must evade the U.S. border patrol, the CIA, or rival smuggling gangs. This is essentially the career mode of the game. There are a total of 34 missions to complete here.

Turf War: In this mode, players can play three different mini-games - two of which involve smuggling cargo while fighting against a rival gang. The final mini-game is a race through a popular spot through the level of their choice.

Joyriding: This is a free roam mode where the player can explore the level of their choice without having to evade the border patrol. This is a good way to become familiar with the levels and find optimal routes through the level during Smuggler's Mission.

Reception
The PlayStation 2 version received "generally favorable reviews", while the Game Boy Advance version received "generally unfavorable reviews", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. David Chen of NextGen said of the former console version, "A truly next-generation launch title, it's fast, fun, and free of constraints – just the way we like our cross-country crime sprees." In Japan, where the same console version was ported for release under the name Crazy Bump's: Kattobi Car Battle! (〜かっとびカーバトル！〜) and published by Syscom on December 28, 2000, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40.

Jake The Snake of GamePro said in one review that the PlayStation 2 version "has so many variables that no two runs are alike, and you'll enjoy replaying missions over and over. If you're in the market for some highly addictive, heart-pounding action, socre a copy of Smuggler's Run." In another GamePro review, Human Tornado said of the same console version, "Smuggler's Run's go-anywhere experience frees you up to get a bit creative with your driving, and the high speeds combined with rugged off-road courses make for a wild ride." Edge gave the same console version a score of six out of ten, saying that it "smacks of a game which has had a great deal of effort expended on its physics engine and raw playability, but very little on drawing up an overarching design."

Sequel
A sequel to the game was produced: Smuggler's Run 2, which was released for the Sony PlayStation 2 on October 30, 2001. The sequel was later ported to the GameCube on August 7, 2002 and renamed Smuggler's Run: Warzones.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Smuggler's Run


text:
Smuggler's Run 2

Smuggler's Run 2: Hostile Territory or simply Smuggler's Run 2 is a video game released for the PlayStation 2 in 2001. It is a sequel to the 2000 game Smuggler's Run. Like the first game the player is a smuggler trying to deliver illegal cargo to destinations within 3 large maps in the game using several different types of vehicles to make deliveries in a given amount of time. A GameCube version was released in 2002 titled Smuggler's Run: Warzones.

The game was originally supposed to take place in Afghanistan but following the attacks on the World Trade Center and the subsequent invasion of Afghanistan, the developers changed the Afghanistan levels to the deserts of Georgia/Russia instead.

As in the first one, the police can drive the same cars but with much greater max speeds, the ability to go faster, slower and turn in midair to land on the player off jumps, extreme acceleration, and they can easily outnumber the player. Along with very inflexible time limits, this often leaves no room for mistakes.

Gameplay
Similar to the original game, the overall objective in most missions is to deliver illegal contraband from a pick-up to a drop-off spot in a given amount of time. The player would also have to avoid the local army and border patrol during these missions. Now, players also have to follow vehicles without being seen, destroy enemy vehicles, and evade police after all other objectives are finished. The player is given a number of vehicles to choose from.

Plot
The game takes place in three locations with the player working for a small smuggling company named Exotic Imports (EI or EXO for short). The story focuses on the activities and objectives given by The Colonel to EI. It starts in Russia, where the player finds out who they are working for and the basics of the game. Then, after being told to leave immediately from the area by Shodi (The main client) to Vietnam, Exotic Imports then learns of the CIA being involved after the Russians track 2 kg of Weapons Grade Plutonium. This takes you back to Russia, where Frank (Your Boss) asks the Colonel what is happening with the "nukes" and involvement from the CIA. Frank, only caring for money, agrees to continue smuggling nuclear devices. However, the rest of EI decide not to, and try to stop a missile which would cause WWIII. This reveals the Colonel's intentions, and Frank escapes with all the passwords, showing his plans. EI stop Frank, and then it shows the player flying off in a helicopter with a cheque for $100,501,000.

Reception
Both Hostile Territory and Warzones received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jim Preston of NextGen called the former "A small improvement over the original that also smartly retains all the fun."

The D-Pad Destroyer of GamePro said of Hostile Territory, "If you were a fan of the original, you'll probably love Smuggler's Run 2. It's less a sequel and more like what the original should have been. If you couldn't be bothered with Smuggler's Run, this version doesn't really add too much---just leave it in the dirt and go on to the next pick-up." Much later, Four-Eyed Dragon said, "Despite its questionable ethical objectives, Warzones is simply a frantic driver that has you racing from one point to another while trying to avoid the local law."

The latter was nominated for the "Best Driving Game on GameCube" award at GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2002 Awards, which went to NASCAR: Dirt to Daytona.

title: Smuggler's Run 2


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Talk:Zanbatō

Lack of sources and unverified claims
Main Zanbato article is contradictory simultaneously claiming the item is completely fictional and existed as a ceremonial piece.

Article Fictional Historical Uses. First the title is confusing, as it doesn’t talk about the use of weapons referred to as Zambato{s} in Historical Fiction. Further it is written as if these weapons actually existed; of which no verification has been provided. If there are no historical journals or articles that contain peer reviewed evidence of the existence of Zambato{s} then I suggest that this section (Fictional Historical Uses) be deleted or renamed and edited – so as to prevent the dissemination of false information.

i take my guess back ok.

 * Well I think the section on the Chinese zhǎn mǎ dāo provides a high historical probability the sword or one like it was adapted for feudal Japan considering the bulk of their written language and many parts of their culture were brought over from China. And there is no "historical journals or articles" that flattly deny the existence of the weapon either. It seems pretty much night and day that its historical use is a possibility, so can we at least state its historical use is "disputed?"''

 * I think the only proof that would back up the sword being fictional would be the original fictional source material where it originated and even then it could possibly be based off of real events. Heck, even Excalibur was likely based off of a real sword.

 * Maybe we should just wait until ja.wiki writes their own article and stop assuming we know. -Anon

Just a quick question, guys;

Do ANY of you claiming this is a purely fictional weapon have ANY knowledge of classical Martial Arts, either Japanese or Chinese? Here's the albeit highly biased-yet-still-evidencing-historical-precedence Japanese article:

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/斬馬刀

PS: the bias is the authors are reluctant to lay clear that the foundation for Japanese field sowrds in the Heian period was based upon imports from China.

Zhanmadao
The Zanbato is the just the Japanese pronounciation of the Zhanmadao which was created by in the Song Dynasty. There are several different versions of the Zhanmadao including the Zanbato but not any that look like Watsuki's version. --Anon

 * By all means, if you know anything about this, edit the article. I'm just going on what they say in the anime and the little I can scrounge up on the Web and Usenet. DopefishJustin (・∀・) 03:50, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * There are two games series entitled Souledge and Soulcalibur. In them is a character named Seung Mina. She wields a weapon that she calls a Zanbato. however, This weapon appears more to be a kind of polearm than a sword. --Anon

 * Those weapons looked to be naginata to me. --Maru (talk) 17:52, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Possible other explanation
I would like to point out, that in the Manga series "Lone Wolf and Cub" (Kozure Okami) there are numerous situations, when opponents of Ittô Ôgami comment on his fighting stance. In these cases they usually call that Suiô Ry Zanbatô, so that it appears as if it would also be the stance before the beginning of the fight.

 * My comics are packed up right now, but I recall it bein the stance and the related stroke which he'd use to cut people in half. Don't remember him ever going out of his way to use it only against cavalry. Highlandlord 11:14, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Another possible fictional occurrence
Would the Banryuu used by Bankotsu be a Zanbato? It certainly looks the part at first glance. The current version of his article describes Banryuu as a "ogon sword". I found no references about that expression. Would it by chance by synonymous with Zanbato?

Also - didn't one of the Nightstalkers (characters from a fairly old video game which featured Morrigan (a witch) among other light-hearted horror characters) also use a Zanbato? Luis Dantas 05:30, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Do you think that Cloud Strife's "Buster Sword" is the perfect addition to the list of fictional characters using these (probably fictional, yet owning) swords? - Gilder

 * There are plenty of swords in the world that are large but wouldn't be considered a Zanbato. The Buster Sword doesn't need to be added to the list. -- GYC

In Samurai Warriors, one of the swords used by Ranmaru Mori is called "Zamba", which is short for zambato. However, it is not as thick as weapons described in this article. It's merely a slightly thicker and longer version of his origonal sword-- the No-Dachi. If someone wants to edit this in, go ahead. --209.30.174.157 17:51, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Distinguish from fictional use
I think what this article needs is to seperate an anime weapon from a real weapon. Of course that weapon that Sano uses in Kenshin can't be real, the blade is too long and wide to be of any use and couldn't cut anything, plus with the weight the pole would snap. But it looks cool in the anime. Also why are a bunch of unrelated things listed? The Buster sword might be huge but it has never been called a Zanbato by of the proper people. The claim that the weapon from Gundam SEED is even stupider, being a beam weapon. Sounds like alot of original research. Highlandlord 10:55, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

The Bleach link goes to the wrong place. Someone needs to fix it so it directs to the anime/manga.

Horseman's sword
i belive it's not a fotsoldiers sword but a riders sword. the reason is that a normal katana is to short. a lance might be more usefull but if it breakes your dead.

 * Where did you hear that? A sword this big would cut off your own horse's head; two-handed swords of this nature are only usable on foot (and barely, then). A horseman's sword, in Japan, is called a tachi; it's slightly longer than a katana but not this long.

Ceremonial use
The sword is probably used for ceremonial purposes. A curved sword this large would've been extremely unwieldy. The zhanmahdao, however, was mostly straight and curved near the end/tip - which would make it a more stable weapon. Intranetusa (talk) 22:00, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Question
"However, the historical use of a sword this size is actually as a temple offering."

I don't seem to understand what this means. Some explanation is needed, as well as a source. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ring Finger (talk • contribs) 08:38, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Image
A picture (a drawing, I guess, since it seems fictional) of the weapon would be welcome. —Vivacissamamente 09:18, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Fictional?
Hmm, the more I try to research this, the more confused I get. Trying to find a Japanese-language resource gets me, which uses the word zanbatō and describes it as a "cavalier killer", but the picture looks more like a long katana or nodachi than the crazy thing Sanosuke has. Did Watsuki Nobuhiro just invent a cool weapon and give it the name of a completely different historical sword? It would be nice if someone knowledgeable about feudal Japanese weaponry could help out here. DopefishJustin (・∀・) 03:04, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Never heard of this type of a sword in Japanese history context. I think this is a fictional weapon. jni 13:16, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

"Zanbato in modern fiction"
Time for this section to go, I think. Despite the added text that states no additions of weapons that aren't actually a zanbato, people continue to add every single oversized sword in every anime or video game ever. We've had greatswords, guan daos, katanas, zweihanders and all manner of swords and polearms which aren't technically relevant at all. And if we didn't keep trimming it every time somebody added another obscure anime/manga/video game weapon, it would be a list longer than the the rest of the article by now. I can put up with the article having no references, as the information is plausible, well-written and based upon a subject which is almost rumour in itself. But let's kick this crufty "modern fiction" section to the curb. It's dragging the article down. Gamer Junkie T /  C 11:53, 3 January 2008 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gamer Junkie (talk • contribs) 11:43, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Uh, yeah, about the Zanbato in modern fiction... How come it was rendered to "Zanmato" ("M", not "B") in Final Fantasy X? 16:50, 18 March 2008 (UTC) White Mage Cid

 * "Zanmato" means "magic-cutting blade" or "demon-cutting blade", not "horse-cutting blade" - it is not an alternate rendering. I've seen plenty of zanmato in games which are effective against mystical creatures but not particularly large. Added to that, "zanber" is not derived from zanbato. It's a portmanteau of "zan" (cut) and saber, which shows up in plenty of Japanese works. References were removed. 86.46.72.88 (talk) 01:02, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Opinion
This article goes to alot of effort to say noone ever used them in battle, something I find very unlikely. You can proof how foolish and costly it is all you want, it was also very foolish and costly to make incredibly expensive (in metals, monies, manpower and men) battleships instead of aircraft carriers, a fact that Yamamoto himself argued before he died. I'd like to see you go back in time and explain to a samurai (never mind the language gap) why he shouldn't use such a large sword, why bigger ISN'T better, a fact that we still haven't completely grasped. Some samurai probably did use some, probably not very many, given the cost and difficulty of use, quite a few of them probably died proving your math right. But you have no sources that say none of them were ever used. I'm gonna see about changed the article to be less opionated in that way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.137.207.191 (talk) 09:21, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, by no means is this a fictional sword. The media versions of it are, certainly, but the sword it self, even if never really used in the field (although that they may of based it off of the Chinese sword suggests that they also based uses for it off of the Chinese), it is not fictional, fictional means not real, art is real. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.137.207.191 (talk) 09:31, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I would like to draw this discussion towards a similar sword, the Zwehänder, from Europe. This sword is up to 2meteres (six feet) and is proven to have been used. Secondly would also like to draw you attention to the fact that there are several specialized ways to use a sword, there being more than fifty different ways to use the Grossmesser. Thirdly, it is important to remember that something that is big and expensive, like the Hover Dam and the Zanbato might be better than the dam you make in the stream behind your house or a tanto if used corectly.

Moskus —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.52.29.72 (talk) 18:00, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

斬馬刀 ≠ 斬馬刀 ?
According to this article 斬馬刀 Zanbatō is "literally 'horse-slaying sword' or 'horse-chopping saber'" while 斬馬刀 zhǎn mǎ dāo is "literally 'horse-cutting blade'." This suggests that the Japanese word has a different 'literal' meaning than its Chinese counterpart. I know nothing about the sword or swords in question, but I know that in either Japanese or Mandarin those three characters literally mean behead-horse-sword. Cnilep (talk) 19:05, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Capitalization
Is this a proper noun in English? Unless there's a good reason I'm missing as to why this should be capitalized while, say, katana, ōdachi and wakizashi are not, it shouldn't be. This should also be determined so that the first sentence can be rewritten. Currently, it is not a complete sentence. 108.34.186.243 (talk) 15:22, 5 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zanbatō


text: User talk:69.156.48.210

title: User talk:69.156.48.210


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Talk:Gaston (comics)

Translation
Most of the article is a varying quality translation of the French article and needs athorough copyediting. I don't know if I,llend up doing it myself or not.Circeus 01:32, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes it does need work, and that big chunk of character descriptions could easily (after the copyedit) go to a Gaston Lagaffe characters of its own, keeping that coverage brief in this article. M URGH   disc.  01:55, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, There is much to write about the stylistic evolution and stuff. I'm sure I can dig some stuff at the library if I look for it, but the best scholarly resources will probably be available only in Europe. Circeus 03:06, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Francophone Europe, certainly, some of us others are just as much in the dark ;) Being French-savvy, have you looked at the resources available online via the current Franquin-expo? The pdf's at the dossiers page look promising, at least from my primitive French POV.  M URGH   disc.  14:54, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Et Franquin Créa La Gaffe by Numa Sadoul (Dargaud, 1986) should be a major source for this article. Plus indeed the material from the current expo (I still have to get there, shame on me),and other books about Franquin, SPirou, ... I have a few items that can be of use (French and Dutch language, e.g. part of the Rombaldi series), but not the Sadoul one or anything very recent. I'll try to add more and more sourced things, but I have many plans and to-do's, and little time... Fram 15:25, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think we have that one in my municipal Library. I live in Quebec City, and we have the catalog for one exposition (I don't know if it's the same) too, but I'm still expecting that sources are easier to locate on the other side of the Atlantic. As far as external links go, lagaffemegate.free.fr is one that should stay. It has some fascinating collections of trivia that are very interesting.Circeus 16:57, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I looked the Numa Sadoul book (couldn't borrow it, as it's a reference—we have a COmic Book reference section, how awesome is that?—and I'll have to get it from another branch), and it,s going to be extremely difficult to squeeze material out of it that is not Original Research as it's... Well.. interview transcripts and such streams of thoughts.Circeus 14:18, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the effort. It is a reliable source to comment on what Franquin thought of his creation, his intentions, his opinions, ... If you want to quote Franquin on something, this is one of the best sources. On the other hand, for secondary opinions of Gaston Lagaffe, you indeed need other books, magazines and newspapers. But when someone else says that Demesmaeker's name is taken from Jidéhem, then it's only an educated guess; if Franquin (or Jidéhem) were to say so, and you can find that info in a book like Sadoul's, then it is reliable and interesting, but we have to make sure that we attribute it to the correct primary source (fictional example: "In the book XXX, Franquin admits that he took the name Demesmaeker from his collaborator Jidéhem, although he adds that the characters are complete opposites"). I haven' read the book in a long time, so I don't remember what kind of info is given in the interviews, but it would not be OR (that's when you are the primary source), but using a primary instead of a secondary source, which is acceptable under WP:RS: "Wikipedia articles may use primary sources, so long as they have been published by a reputable publisher, but only to make descriptive points about the topic. Any interpretive claims require secondary sources." Fram 14:32, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * As luck would have it I read this article the other week and thought it needed some serious editing. However, I got carried away and basically re-wrote most of the page!  This was done on my computer rather than directly here, and then I chickened out of posting it because I didn't want to barge in and erase other people's work.  However I see now that there is a consensus that this page needs some work and that it's largely a translation, so I think I will in fact put my stuff in, section by section perhaps so that people can comment and perhaps revert if there are problems.  Source-wise, I've read Et Franquin créa la gaffe many times but sadly I don't own a copy and it's now out of print.  Nor can I borrow one as I now live in the UK, so I'm going to have to rely on my memory!  But I can confirm that the info about Jidéhem's dad and De Mesmaeker comes from that book and Franquin's own mouth. I also visited the Autoworld exhibition last month and that's fresh in my mind.  Actually I suppose I could upload some pictures I took there, e.g. of Gaston's car.  Would that be a copyright problem?  The photos are mine but the exhibits obviously are not.  Another thing is, I'm a little fuzzy on the concept of original research when it comes to an article about a comic book. So I'd appreciate any feedback.  Thermaland 11:17, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Good job on the improved character descripts, they read well. Now for the sourcing ;) —I'd really think your own expo photos would be fair game, but maybe best to await word from an expert.  M URGH   disc.

Translation from the French
I am currently working on an English translation of the French page, while preserving what is already here. If somebody could copy edit my work, and add things that may be lacking that would be great!

--Frenchgeek 04:18, Mar 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Article: fr:Gaston Lagaffe
 * Corresponding English-language article: Gaston Lagaffe
 * Worth doing because: Material to incorporate into English-language article (which is only a little more than a stub). The French-language article is a featured article. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:48, Nov 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Originally Requested by: -- Jmabel | Talk 05:48, Nov 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Status: Complete Frenchgeek 21:57, Mar 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Other notes: Belgian cartoon character

The meaning of the 'R' edition
I have my doubts about the meaning of the 'R' in the old books. The french version of the article indicate that it's for "receuil" (collection). Beeing french and having read a lots of spirou issues where gaston came from, I recall that the 'R' actualy stand for 'Redaction', ie the R albums are just the collection of the jokes that were added in the spirou issues and were supposed to take place at the Spirou redaction. The latter non-R album are still supposed to take place at the Spirou redaction, but all the reference are more or less hidden (and fantasio beeing replaced). I'm not all too sure about this yet, but I'll try to confirm it.

Also, I might add that Gaston originaly appeared as a "job-less hero" arriving at spirou to find a job.

 * This is very weird, considering most references I have seen are to R short for "ré-édition" (republication) Circeus 19:36, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * afair, originally, at least in Dutch, the first few albums of Gaston were published in half-format (about A5) -- a regular A4-sized album 'cut in half'. The later R1 through R4 albums contained the same gags as these eight 'half-size' albums. Therefore, 'receuil' seems plausible to me. -- Bakabaka 17:01, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

AfD result
— J I P  | Talk 18:49, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

GASTON LAGAFFE - Miscellaneous
The name of the cop "Longtarin" means "Long Nose" in French Slang.

There is something ambigous concerning the location of all adventures in Franklin's works : sometimes you feel the action occures in Brussels or in any other place in Belgium, sometimes it may happen in Paris or elsewhere in France. For instance the cop wears a French uniform, the parking meter are French, even if you may find some clues that the present action happened in a Brussels street. This situation is usual in the works of the Belgian comic school. 193.252.105.81 17:16, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, as the Spirou/Robbedoes redaction was in Brussels it would probably be Brussels (Belgium is also mentioned a lot, at least in the version we have here in The Netherlands which is the same as the Flemish version) but as Franquin lived in France (at least in the later period) he'd probably take more and more thing from the French daily life. Uhro87 16:19, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Here's some info from a fansite believing Gaston lives in Brussels: . 惑乱 分からん 09:57, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Article's evolution
I have done some extensive work on this page as per above. In the process of moving things around, I've actually removed the bit which details all Gaston's appearances in Spirou stories. In my opinion this is a slightly obsessive level of details which makes sense on the French page but not so much on the English one. If anyone disagrees however, feel free to reinstate all this into the "History" section. The "albums" section is quite bulky; perhaps someone with a finer grasp than I of Wiki-wizardry can turn it into one of those sections that is hidden until you unfold it? I should add proudly that I am doing all this stuff from work, in true Gaston style, with the Explorer window resized to a tiny corner to avoid being spotted. I like to think that Franquin would approve... Thermaland 10:37, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The work situation editing seems very appropriate. I'm not crazy about the revert you did to the languages as it feels un-MOS-like heavy on the boldface and random assembled (did you paste in from an old edit?). Also, you seem to describe the #Early appearances as if it's a transcription from the French article, but it isn't. It was written here and what you removed was essentially the only sourced section of the article, but f consensus is that the level of detail is obsessive then so be it. M URGH   disc.  12:10, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Erm, yes I probably need to read up a bit on the Style Manual, sorry! I think I just added some languages to the existing list, from the French article and imitated the existing format, but it's possible I messed it up.  I'm not that desperate to delete that section to be honest; I just couldn't be bothered to incorporate it into the new shape of the article and it didn't fit anymore as it was.  But I can put it back from the history; I really don't feel strongly agianst it.  Let's say it's temporarily out for refurbishing...Thermaland 16:34, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. It would need incorporation work now that the article begins with a beginning instead of the previous overwhelming character stuff. The intro isn't far off, and italics instead of bold for the most part would help. It's my opinion that there should be a mention of Jidéhem and Delporte somewhere in the lead too.. But all in all, nice work. M URGH   disc.  17:12, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. The spirit of the manual of style is that relevant foreign names are given in the intro. You rarely find french names in the intro of plant articles,do you? And most foreign tv series, films or books only list the original(s) titles and English ones (when one exists).Circeus 19:17, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Not one to judge the languages (Circeus means cut all but French and Flemish?) I just italicised them for now. More boldly, I readded a refurbished Spirou apps section, and added the date in prep for when the world come to check if it's really his 50th birthday. M URGH   disc.  19:37, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't mind too much that they are in the intro. But they certainly shouldn't be bold.Circeus 23:38, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Right. Then we did agree. M URGH   disc.  00:59, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Good work! I really should have cleaned up my own mess there, so thanks for doing it.  Brussels is to have a day of free parking later this month to celebrate Gaston's 50th birthday, how cool is that? Thermaland 09:47, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it seems they'll do well by Franquin, the city of Brussels. The neutralized meters -or optional donations to go to charity- is a superb gesture. M URGH   disc.  10:44, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Victim of police brutality?
The part of the article about his first appearence ends with "and then seen two frames later, bruised and presumably the victim of police brutality". I never made that connection myself (though now that you mention it there is an annoyed-looking policeman nearby). I always figured his wounds were self-inflicted. He is, after all, going past a red light on his bike, into a crowded intersection, while trying to read a newspaper and smoke, all at the same time. 81.233.52.27 18:15, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * You raise a valid point and maybe inferring the possibility of that from those two frames is a leap of WP:OR. I've been convinced the angry gendarme did it since I first saw it long ago, and never considered the possibility that Gaston's off-frame incident was his own fault. M urgh disc.  23:49, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I've been meaning to elaborate on my original note, but I've been putting it off. I guess there are two reasons why I assumed the wounds were self-inflicted: I didn't really notice the policeman, and - perhaps more importantly - wasn't his bike pretty badly smashed? That, to me, would suggest a traffic accident rather than a beating, but I don't have the second picture within reach at the moment. 62.181.255.64 08:39, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Looking again at it now you're quite right. The bike is curled in a way that makes the cop unlikely responsible. I'll remove that line and thanks for shattering a 15 year old mental warp ;) M urgh  disc.  18:43, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Suggested lingotable
I've seen similar solutions on other wikipedia and thought it might improve the article to lighten the intro from some of the big and not top-important "Gaston in various languages" paragraph. Not sure where it best fits in though. What do folk think about a substitution? M urgh disc.  03:21, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

(short version shown)

Lebrac / Le braque?
Apparently Lebrac is pronounced the same as French "Le braque", roughly "the crazy one", or the braque dog. It doesn't seem improbable that Franquin had the pun in mind, but does anyone have a source enough to avoid Original Research? 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * 00:21, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The same problem arose in Achille Talon (The hero himself, Hilarion Lefuneste, Vincent Poursan). Problem is, puns are (reasonably) obvious to native speakers, as in this case, but explaining the pun spoils it. Hence, it is extremely unlikely to find any reliable source, since no-one wants to spoil the fun by explaining the obvious. Kleuske (talk) 20:36, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gastoncameo-voyageurdetail.jpg
Image:Gastoncameo-voyageurdetail.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 06:45, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The FUR has been adjusted to meet demands of WP:NFCC. M URGH   disc.  11:24, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Title
I just realised that I introduced a mistake into this article last year when I did work on it: the series is called Gaston, not Gaston Lagaffe. I can't believe I had the title wrong all this time! I've corrected this but really, seeing as the article is about the series not the character, it should really be renamed Gaston (comic). Thoughts? Thermaland (talk) 20:06, 24 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Isn't the standard form Gaston (comics)? 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 23:27, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Yep, Gaston (comics) is the correct form. Fram (talk) 06:54, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 16:35, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Origins of Gaston
I cannot post this as it requires corroboration. Having lived in Watermael, the same village as Franquin, between 1993 and 2011, it was common knowledge that a real Gaston, by then an elderly man dependant on a walking aid to get down to the local supermarket, was Franquin's inspiration. Needless to say, even his walking aid was decorated with Ferrari stickers and a real Ferrari hood decoration! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.199.188.142 (talk) 20:21, 29 September 2013 (UTC)
 * You're right. It does require corroboration. Kleuske (talk) 10:40, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gaston (comics)


text:
Fort Assinniboine

Fort Assinniboine was a United States Army fort located in present-day north central Montana (historically within the military Department of Dakota). It was built in 1879 and operated by the Army through 1911. The 10th Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers, made up of African-American soldiers, were among the units making up the garrison at the fort. Determining that this fort was no longer needed after the end of the Indian Wars, the US Army closed and abandoned it.

In 1916 Congress authorized a reservation for the Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa, who were landless. It became known as Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation, named after the chief who had sought the reservation. A portion of the fort was ceded in 1916 for use as a reservation; the land extended in both Hill and Chouteau counties. This was intended for landless Chippewa who had been pushed west out of their traditional territory. In the event, landless Cree and Metis, refugees from Canada, also settled at the reservation.

Context
During the Great Sioux War of 1876, U.S. Army forces led by General Custer suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Little Big Horn (known by the Sioux as the Battle of Greasy Grass) on June 25, 1876. The following year, the US Army defeated and captured the Nez Perce band of Chief Joseph in the Battle of Bear Paw.

At that time, General Phil Sheridan suggested that a fort be built on or near the Milk River to ward off possible attacks from the North by the Sioux led by Chief Sitting Bull, who had migrated to the Cypress Hills in Canada, or by the Nez Perce, some of whom were also in Canada. Lt. Col. J.R. Brooke recommended the site where the post was established. The fort is located in Hill County six miles southwest of Havre (the county seat). Today Highway 87 passes near it. It was named for the Siouan-speaking Assinniboine people. Neither the Sioux nor the Nez Perce in Canada ever attacked across the border.

Active period
The fort was located within a massive military reservation stretching south to the Missouri River, north to the Milk River and containing the Bear's Paw Mountains. It encompassed 704,000 acres (1,100 sq. mi., 2850 km2) at its maximum extent in 1880. It later was reduced to encompass 220,000 acres (344 sq. mi., 890 km2). At its peak, it garrisoned more than 750 officers and enlisted men and their families. With 104 buildings, the fort was one of the largest ever built in the United States.

The 10th Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers, made up of African-American soldiers, were part of the Fort Assiniboine garrison during the Indian Wars. They were called into service on the front during the Spanish–American War. They supported the flank of Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" at the Battle of San Juan Hill in 1898 in Cuba. Eyewitnesses noted that the Rough Riders would not have prevailed without the Buffalo Soldiers.

From the late 19th century, the extensive lands of Fort Assiniboine served as a refuge for bands of landless Chippewa and Cree people, who camped within the military reservation. The fort was operated by the Army until 1911, when it was closed and abandoned, determined to no longer be necessary. The US believed that the Indians were peaceful or under control, mostly contained on reservations in the West, and on the decline. By 1912, a few hundred Native Americans were within the grounds.

Notable people

 * John Pershing, career officer assigned for a time to Fort Assinboine. Pershing so impressed General-in-chief of the Army Maj. General Nelson A. Miles, who was on a hunting trip in the area, that Miles transferred the younger man to Washington, D.C. as an aide-de-camp. Pershing later served as a tactical officer at West Point. When the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, he was reassigned, at his request, to the famed Buffalo Soldiers of Fort Assinniboine from the 10th Cavalry. They fought alongside Roosevelt in Cuba at the Battle of San Juan Hill. Pershing later achieved worldwide fame as the leader of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I, and continued to distinguish himself over the course of his career.
 * Sgt. Horace Bivens, member of the 10th Cavalry Regiment and career soldier, he fought in Indian Wars in the Southwest. As part of the 10th, he served under John Pershing in Cuba during the Spanish American War. He was awarded a Silver Star for valor. In the early 20th century, he received the first Army Distinguished Pistol Shot badge because of his scores in marksmanship competitions.

Closure
By the early twentieth century, the Indian Wars were finished and the Army determined it no longer had a need for Fort Assiniboine. At the same time, Chippewa leader Asiniiwin (Rocky Boy) appealed to the Theodore Roosevelt administration for land and education for his band, who had been pushed out of their traditional territory further east.

Gradually numerous Chippewa and Cree people settled on the large military reservation; the Cree had come as refugees from Canada following the North-West Rebellion. The Chippewa had been pushed west from Wisconsin and Minnesota. Both groups traded with the Army and had no land of their own.

In 1916, Congress authorized establishment of a reservation for the Chippewa, who had been supported in their quest by prominent whites in Montana. The government ceded a portion of Fort Assinniboine to the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation, established for the Chippewa band led by Chief Ahsiniwiin (Rocky Boy, or Stone Child.) He had died several months before the reservation was authorized by Congress, and it was eventually named in his honor. It is the smallest reservation in the state in terms of land area, with a total land area of 171.4 sqmi, which includes extensive off-reservation trust lands. (Some lands were added after the initial authorization.)

Most of the abandoned buildings at the fort were soon razed and hauled away by settlers for building materials. A handful of surviving structures have been adapted for use as both an agricultural research station associated with Montana State University - Bozeman, and as a historical preservation site. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

A portion of the Reservation, where the beaver creek ran through the Bears Paw Mountains, was first designated as a national park. The federal government later ceded it to the city of Havre, Montana for the purpose of a city recreation area. When they failed to use it, the Reservation transferred the land to Hill County, which created Beaver Creek Park. With 10,000 acres, it is the largest county park in the United States.

Tourism
It is possible to visit Fort Assinniboine. The Havre Chamber of Commerce and the Hill County Museum both furnish current visitor information. A tour guide is available during the summer season (June 1 through September 1), Monday through Sunday 9AM to 5PM. Tour guides are on-site. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

title: Fort Assinniboine


text:
The Man Show

The Man Show is an American comedy television show on Comedy Central that aired from 1999 to 2004. It was created in 1999 by its two original co-hosts, Adam Carolla and Jimmy Kimmel, and their executive producer Daniel Kellison. The pilot was originally paid for and pitched to ABC, who declined to pick up the show.

The Man Show simultaneously celebrated and lampooned the stereotypical loutish male perspective in a sexually charged, humorous light. The show consisted of a variety of pre-recorded comedy sketches and live in-studio events, usually requiring audience participation.

The Man Show is particularly well known for its buxom female models, the Juggy Dance Squad, who would dance in themed, revealing costumes at the opening of every show, in the aisles of the audience just before The Man Show went to commercial break, and during the end segment "Girls on Trampolines".

The first year of The Man Show featured beer-guzzling entertainer Bill "the Fox" Foster as the show's emcee. Foster specialized in chugging two beers in record time (sometimes while suspended upside down) and singing lewd drinking songs. He would close every episode by leading the audience in the German drinking toast Zicke, Zacke, Zicke, Zacke, Hoi, Hoi, Hoi!, a tradition that the show continued after his death from prostate cancer in 2000.

Departure of Kimmel and Carolla
In 2003, Kimmel and Carolla left The Man Show, with the hosting jobs passed down to comedians Joe Rogan and Doug Stanhope. With the hosting change came a re-composition of the show's theme song. The new pair hosted the show for two more seasons before it ceased production in 2004, after its final episode aired on June 19.

Post-series
Kimmel went on to host his own late-night show for ABC, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, which he has hosted since 2003. Carolla stayed with Comedy Central to host Too Late with Adam Carolla in 2005 and then became part of CBS Radio's Free FM experiment after Howard Stern joined Sirius Satellite Radio; his talk show, The Adam Carolla Show, ran until 2009. Carolla continues to do the show as a daily podcast and also co-hosted the Spike show Catch a Contractor. Carolla has appeared on Kimmel's program several times (more so than any other guest) during its run.

Rogan continued to host Fear Factor for three more years after The Man Show was cancelled and eventually became color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship, with which he has been associated since its early days. He also continues to tour as a standup comedian and began a podcast in 2012, eventually featuring influential in-depth interviews that frequently run three hours. Stanhope continues to perform philosophical standup comedy, hosts a podcast in Arizona, and remains one of Rogan's most frequent podcast guests.

In 2012, for the season 4, episode 29 of Tosh.0, titled "Virgin Trampoline Jumper", Daniel Tosh revisited The Man Show with hosts Joe Rogan and Doug Stanhope, in which they made the claim that the show still gets filmed. The hosts gave advice for a man who was 37 and still a virgin; they then set him up with a Juggy Girl.

In October 2017, several clips from the series began to resurface, including clips of Kimmel's impersonations in blackface of Karl Malone. It wasn't until June 2020 that Kimmel issued an apology for the Karl Malone sketches in the wake of the George Floyd protests. "There is nothing more important to me than your respect, and I apologize to those who were genuinely hurt or offended by the makeup I wore or the words I spoke," Kimmel said in a statement, adding that he never realized that it could be viewed as more than "an imitation of a human being."

Notable Juggy Girls

 * Christy Hemme – American professional wrestler and WWE Diva
 * Joanna Krupa
 * Candice Michelle – American professional wrestler and WWE Diva
 * Nicole Pulliam

title: The Man Show


text:
Later Liang (Five Dynasties)

Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang (1 June 907 – 19 November 923) or the Zhu Liang, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Zhu Wen (Emperor Taizu), after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty.

Formation
Zhu Wen initially allied himself as Huang Chao's lieutenant. However, he took Huang's best troops and established his own power base as a warlord in Kaifeng. By 904, he had exerted control over both of the twin Tang dynasty capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang. Tang emperor Zhaozong was ordered murdered by Zhu in 904 and the last Tang emperor, Ai Di (Emperor Ai of Tang), was deposed three years later. Emperor Ai of Tang was murdered in 908, also ordered by Zhu.

Meanwhile, Zhu Wen declared himself emperor of the new Later Liang in Kaifeng in 907. The name Liang refers to the Henan region in which the heart of the regime rested.

Extent of control
The Later Liang controlled most of northern China, though much of Shaanxi (controlled by the Qi) as well as Hebei (controlled by the Yan state) and Shanxi (controlled by Shatuo Turks state Jin) remained largely outside Later Liang control.

End of the dynasty
The Later Liang maintained a tense relationship with the Shatuo Turks, due to the rivalry between Zhu Quanzong and Li Keyong, a relationship that began back in the time of the Tang dynasty. After Li Keyong's death, his son, Li Cunxu, continued to expand his State of Jin. Li was able to destroy the Later Liang in 923 and found Later Tang.

Conference of the Mandate of Heaven on the Later Liang
Generally through Chinese history, it was historians of later kingdoms whose histories bestowed the Mandate of Heaven posthumously on preceding dynasties. This was typically done for the purpose of strengthening the present rulers' ties to the Mandate themselves. Song dynasty historian Xue Juzheng did exactly this in his work History of the Five Dynasties.

Several justifications were given for this, and successive Five Dynasties regimes, to be conferred the Mandate of Heaven. Among these was that these dynasties all controlled most of the traditional Chinese heartland. However, the Later Liang was an embarrassment in the brutality it employed, causing many to want to deny it this status, but doing so would break the chain through the other Five Dynasties, and thus to the Song dynasty, which itself was the successor to the last of the Five Dynasties.

title: Later Liang (Five Dynasties)


text:
User:Zikzak23

I believe Wikipedia is one of the most important developments of the modern Internet, a chance to create an encyclopedia that is bigger and more comprehensive than any professional one, simply because the labor pool (aka. everybody) is so huge, and costs almost nothing. Of course, it has problems, but I think those can be solved. I love to do research online, often for no reason, so Wikipedia is the perfect place to put the results of my efforts. My goal is to expand the database as much as possible, so I focus on creating pages for dead entries and expanding stubs.

title: User:Zikzak23


text:
WTSP

WTSP (channel 10) is a television station licensed to St. Petersburg, Florida, United States, serving the Tampa Bay area as an affiliate of CBS. The station is owned by Tegna Inc., and maintains studios on Gandy Boulevard on St. Petersburg's northeast side, just off the Gandy Bridge; its transmitter is located in Riverview, Florida.

Independent and ABC affiliation
The station first signed on the air on July 18, 1965, as WLCY-TV, becoming the fourth commercial television outlet in the Tampa Bay region in a 12-year timeframe, and the fifth overall. The station debuted a week and a half after the conclusion of a decade-long court battle between five prospective owners seeking the Channel 10 license, including the St. Petersburg Times. It was owned by Rahall Communications, along with WLCY radio (1380 AM, now WWMI; and 94.9 FM, now WWRM). The station was affiliated with ABC, but spent its first month and a half of operation as an independent station, as previous ABC affiliate WSUN-TV (channel 38; frequency now occupied by WTTA) went to court to keep the affiliation. The city of St. Petersburg, owners of WSUN-TV, had been one of the applicants for the Channel 10 license, having jumped in out of fear of losing its ABC affiliation. WLCY ultimately won and formally switched to ABC in a special ceremony on September 1, 1965. As a condition for being placed on VHF channel 10 instead of a UHF placement, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required the station to produce 20 hours of public service programming each week. When WLCY landed the ABC affiliation, it finally gave the Tampa Bay Area market all three commercial television affiliates on the VHF dial alongside WFLA-TV (channel 8) and WTVT (channel 13), respective affiliates of NBC and CBS.

Until 1981, the station was licensed to Largo, north of St. Petersburg, but its studios have always been based in St. Petersburg. The station's first studio facilities were located at 2426 Central Avenue. Its current studios on Gandy Boulevard, originally known as the "Rahall Color Communications Center" were dedicated on October 15, 1968. In-studio broadcasts were fully in color by 1966, but field reports during the station's newscasts remained in black and white until 1972.

The station aired several local children's programs as Submarine 10, Romper Room with June Hurley, 10 Ultimate and This Side Up, and local talk shows such as Russ Byrd's Morning Show, The John Eastman Show, The Liz Richards Show and Murphy in the Morning. From 1966 to 1967, the station produced 10 á Go Go, a teen dance show hosted by WLCY-AM disc jockey Roy Nilson. Another early local program was a morning exercise show, The Fran Carlton Show. The most popular program on channel 10 during that era was the syndicated The Lawrence Welk Show. In the mid-1970s, the station aired Bowling for Dollars with host Jim Bradley.

In October 1971, WXLT (now WWSB, channel 40) signed on to provide ABC network programming to the Sarasota area as WLCY's signal was mediocre to poor in most of Sarasota County. WLCY's transmitter was located at 1754 Solar Drive in Holiday, an unincorporated community in the southwestern corner of Pasco County (where it would remain until 2011). Tampa Bay residents had to use a special VHF antenna that faced away from Riverview in order to view WLCY (this setup was called the "Tampa Bay Special"). Ratings for the station during the early to mid-1970s were dismal, however, compared to WTVT (channel 13) and WFLA-TV (channel 8) and, as a result, channel 10 nearly lost its ABC affiliation. Its transmitter location in Pasco County was the primary contributor to WLCY's low viewership (all of other stations serving the Tampa Bay area operated their transmitters in Riverview, in Hillsborough County). It also operated at a lower power than the other Tampa Bay stations.

In 1977, WLCY-TV was purchased by Dallas, Texas-based Gulf United Broadcasting. New owner Alan Henry (of WINS New York fame), general manager Larry Clamage, and news director George "Bud" Faulder began to turn the station around, changing the call letters to WTSP-TV on September 12, 1978, and hiring several new on-air staff members who changed the face of the station. In June 1979, WTSP began using a logo known as the "sunset 10" (which was later duplicated by its sister station KTSP in Phoenix, Arizona) along with the "Action News" format.

WTSP is also a station of firsts: in October 1979, the station acquired "Sky 10", Tampa Bay's first television news helicopter which was the only one to broadcast live aerial coverage of the aftermath of the infamous Skyway Bridge disaster in May 1980. Another technological advance was Tampa Bay's first satellite news truck called "Star 10" which was introduced in 1984, that beamed signals from distant locations to WTSP's Gandy Boulevard studios. WTSP also acquired Tampa Bay's first Doppler weather radar called "StormSeeker" in 1980, was one of the first television stations in the country to use a computer in weather forecasting called "WeatherEye" in 1979 and was the first station in the market to provide a seven-day forecast in 1992. The station pioneered the use of satellite technology among local television stations in the United States, deploying its own satellite dish in 1979.

In 1979, the station launched an aggressive marketing campaign, and in April of that year, the station built a taller transmission tower, improving the station's broadcast signal. By 1982, WTSP had passed WFLA in the evening news ratings where it remained until the latter part of the decade. WTSP has won many prestigious awards, including the George Foster Peabody award in 1983. Taft Broadcasting (soon to be rebranded Taft Television and Radio) purchased the station along with four other Gulf properties in 1985. Then, in 1988 after a hostile takeover, Taft Television and Radio was forced to sell its independent stations and Fox affiliates to TVX Broadcast Group, while Taft's remaining network affiliate properties, including WTSP, became part of the restructured Great American Broadcasting (which became known as Citicasters by 1995).

CBS affiliation
In June 1994, Scripps Howard Broadcasting arranged for several of its stations to affiliate with ABC (including WFTS-TV, channel 28, which was about to lose its Fox affiliation to then-CBS affiliate WTVT, channel 13, due to a corporate deal between Fox and WTVT's then-owner New World Communications) in order to allow WEWS-TV (Cleveland) and WXYZ-TV (Detroit) to renew their affiliations with the network. WTSP later signed a deal to become the market's new CBS affiliate, resulting in a three-way affiliation swap that occurred on December 12, 1994, with the ABC Sunday Night Movie premiere of Hook being the final ABC program to air on channel 10 on December 11 at 9 p.m. Eastern Time. Upon switching to CBS, WTSP went from third to second place in the local news ratings, although a later resurgent WTVT and competition from WFTS' upstart news department would result in the station battling for second with those stations for the remainder of the 1990s. WFLA was the market leader, until dipping to second after the 2009 premiere of the 10 p.m. The Jay Leno Show.

Citicasters (which held on to WTSP and WKRC-TV in Cincinnati, Ohio after it sold its other television stations to New World, whose station properties were later acquired by Fox Television Stations in 1997) merged with Jacor in September 1996. Three months later, in December 1996, the Gannett Company acquired WTSP in a swap deal, selling six of its radio stations to Jacor in return. In the spring of 1999, WTSP debuted a new Doppler weather radar system branded as "Double Doppler". The station ceased using the radar located in Pasco County in 2013; the remaining radar is located at the station's transmitter site in Riverview. On October 9, 2008, WTSP rebranded from "Tampa Bay's 10" to "10 Connects" (with the "10 Connects Network" being used alternatively). The station's "10 Connects" logo was similar to the one in use since 2002 though without the wave design, along with a small notch in the oval portion of the logo for the "Connects" text (this logo was nicknamed "Pacman" for its resemblance to the video game character. ). The station re-branded itself as 10News in July 2010.

The station re-launched its investigative unit, "10Investigates", in 2011 with the nucleus of investigative reporters Mike Deeson and Noah Pransky. The unit has won several national awards since then, including a national Edward R. Murrow Award for a story on soccer goal safety and national Columbia-duPont and George Polk awards for exposing red light camera injustices.

Around the first week of October 2012, Gannett entered a dispute against Dish Network regarding compensation fees and Dish's AutoHop commercial-skip feature on its Hopper digital video recorders. Gannett ordered that Dish discontinue AutoHop on the account that it is affecting advertising revenues for WTSP. Gannett threatened to pull it from the satellite provider should the skirmish continue beyond October 7 and Dish and Gannett fail to reach an agreement. The two parties eventually reached an agreement after extending the deadline for a few hours.

On June 29, 2015, the Gannett Company split in two, with one side specializing in print media and the other side specializing in broadcast and digital media. WTSP was retained by the latter company, named Tegna. Its branding then evolved to 10News WTSP. In May 2020, the station would be rebranded as 10 Tampa Bay; at that time, the station rolled out a new logo designed by Atlanta-based design firm Matchstic, who had also created an identity for sister station WXIA-TV in 2019.

Sports programming
WTSP served as the official regional host station for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' win in Super Bowl LV, which was held in the team's home field, Raymond James Stadium (notably the first team to play and win an NFL title game in its own stadium in the Super Bowl era); WTSP previously served in this same capacity for Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 and Super Bowl XXV in 1991 (as a then-ABC affiliate). WTSP was also served as the official regional host station of the 1999 Final Four which was held at Tropicana Field.

News operation
WTSP presently broadcasts 30 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with five hours each weekday, two hours on Saturdays and three hours on Sundays). Channel 10's on-air staff during its early years included Dick Crippen, who originally served as weathercaster and then sports anchor (and had also hosted a children's program on the station, Space Station 10); Marshall Cleaver, Al Stockmeyer, Art Johnson, who served as news anchors; and Karol Kelly as a weather anchor. Cleaver was the original news anchor for much of the 1960s and early 1970s, when the station's newscasts were called NewsNight. In 1975, former WFLA-TV anchor Arch Deal became the station's news director and co-anchored Eyewitness News with Cleaver. Cleaver was removed in 1977, and Deal continued to anchor until channel 10's newscasts were rebranded as Action NewsCenter, a format similar to the newscasts on WTHR in Indianapolis at the time, with former WTVT anchors Rod Challenger and Gary Rebstock along with Rick Moore. WLCY broadcast the first 5:30 p.m. newscast in the Tampa Bay market during the late 1970s up until September 15, 1980, when the newscast was moved to 6 p.m. Beginning in 1979, Don Harrison, Wally Kinnan and Dick Crippen became the new anchors of channel 10's evening newscasts. Ratings surged, making the Tampa Bay market more competitive.

In late 1982, news anchor Don Harrison left WTSP to become an anchor for CNN2 (now HLN). John Wilson and Liz Ayers replaced Harrison as anchor. On January 9, 1983, Sheryl Browne joined Wilson at the anchor desk on Action News, rounding out the station's main anchor team. Longtime WTSP chief meteorologist Dick Fletcher joined the station in March 1980 and became famous for his forecasting during Hurricane Elena in 1985. Award-winning reporter Mike Deeson, legendary sports anchor Ken Broo and feature reporter Bill Campbell, famous for his "Campbell's Corner" segments, bolstered the station in the 1980s. WTSP became the second Tampa Bay area station to launch an hour-long 6 p.m. newscast in 1986 (rival WTVT had been the first to do so many years earlier and WTSP attempted it in an effort to pass WTVT to the top of the local news ratings; however, the effort only lasted until 1987).

However, the station's reputation suffered a serious blow when in the fall of 1988, new assistant news director Michael Shapiro, previously employed at WTVT, began surreptitiously spying on and deleting files from WTVT's newsroom computer system via an unchanged temporary password. Additionally, Shapiro apparently broke into WTVT news director Jim West's office and copied sensitive information from West's computer. By January 1989, the case was being covered by the national news media. Charges were brought against Shapiro and WTSP's news director Terry Cole, but ultimately both sides agreed to settle; Shapiro and Cole were both fired that April.

Cole was replaced by Mel Martin, who set out to restore the station's credibility and improve morale; as part of this effort, on June 4, 1989, the newscasts were rebranded as NewsCenter 10, concurrent with the debut of a 5 p.m. newscast. Longtime anchor John Wilson left the station in September 1993 for WTVT (staying there until his retirement in 2014), and Pat Minarcin replaced him as lead anchor shortly afterwards alongside Sue Zelenko; this team stayed in place through the station's switch to CBS.

In January 1998, Reginald Roundtree replaced Pat Minarcin as the lead male anchor of WTSP's newscasts (by then, known as 10 News); Minarcin later sued the station for age discrimination. On October 14, 2002, the station launched a new news format and image, with a new red color scheme (teased in promos stating "You'll be seeing red") and slogan ("Enjoy it, we do.") used in promos, as well as a new 4 p.m. lifestyle show, Life Around the Bay; a new, state-of-the-art digital newsroom was also constructed for WTSP's news staff. In 2005, the station debuted "Vortex", a powerful new forecasting tool. On January 14, 2008, WTSP became the third station in the Tampa Bay market (behind WFTS-TV and WFLA-TV) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition; with the conversion came a brand-new news set (designed by Jack Morton Design/PDG), graphics and music package. In September 2008, Chris Suchan replaced morning meteorologist Anna Allen, who had been at the station since 2004. Soon after, Tammie Souza was named chief meteorologist, taking longtime chief meteorologist Dick Fletcher's place after he died from a stroke in February. On October 9, 2008, WTSP began using Gannett's then-new standardized news music (composed by Rampage Music New York) and graphics package (designed by Gannett Graphics Group).

On April 1, 2009, WTSP fired longtime anchor Marty Matthews (who had been anchor of the station's 4 p.m. newscast and a feature reporter for the "Wednesday's Child" child adoption segment prior to her firing) due to budget cuts imposed by Gannett; Matthews had controversially been informed of her termination in a manila envelope sent to her by the station. The previous year, WTSP fired weekend anchor Jennifer Howe, weekend meteorologist Randy Rauch and Anna Allen. The 4 p.m. newscast was later canceled, and Matthews' former co-anchor Dave Wirth became the station's lead sports anchor (Wirth had been a sports anchor for the station for 20 years, until moving to the news desk in 2004 ).

WTSP's news ratings at 11 p.m. increased during the May 2009 sweeps period, edging out WFLA for first place. In June 2009, the station entered into a Local News Service agreement with Fox-owned WTVT and Scripps-owned WFTS-TV to share news video for use in each of the stations' own reports. As part of this new arrangement, WTSP stopped using its helicopter "Sky 10" on August 1, 2009; it, WTVT and WFTS began sharing a single news helicopter ("Action Air One") to cover news events.

On July 26, 2010, the station's newscasts reverted to the 10 News branding, along with the resurrection of the station's previous logo. The about-face was the result of WTSP switching to a more-traditional news formula, as well as the fact that the "10 Connects" moniker was not understood by many viewers. In August 2010, veteran former WFLA-TV anchor Bill Ratliff joined the station as a political analyst. In February 2011, radio talk show host Bubba the Love Sponge began a nightly editorial segment, "Bring it on Bubba", on WTSP's 11 p.m. newscast. On September 12, 2011, WTSP debuted a half-hour news program at 9 a.m. as an extension of the station's existing weekday morning newscast, using the anchors and meteorologist of the earlier 5–7 a.m. news block.

In December 2012, WTSP became one of the first Gannett stations to implement a new standard graphics package designed by The Mill. The new graphics use a horizontal design influenced by website and mobile app designs, and utilize color-coded tabs to represent certain categories of topics—matching those used by then-sister publication USA Today.

On April 18, 2017, WTSP underwent a significant re-launch of its news department, renaming its morning and late-night broadcasts 10 News Brightside and 10 News Nightside respectively. The new formats place a larger focus upon stories trending on social media; at the same time, new anchors were introduced for the morning news, including Jackie Fernandez (who previously worked at ABC affiliate WEWS-TV in Cleveland), Rob Finnerty, and meteorologist Grant Gilmore (who came over from sister station WFMY in Greensboro, North Carolina, also a CBS affiliate). Now, Brightside is anchored by Caitlin Lockerbie, who started in the summer of 2019 coming from WATN-TV in Memphis and Frank Wiley who came in from WEWS in early 2021 after Finnerty left to join Newsmax.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Bubba the Love Sponge – commentator (2011–2012)
 * Michelle Caruso-Cabrera – reporter (1994–1998; later at CNBC)
 * Dick Crippen – sports director (1965–1981; later with rival WFLA-TV and Spectrum Sports; since retired)
 * Mike Deeson – investigative reporter (1982–2017)
 * Rich Fields – meteorologist
 * Rob Finnerty – morning anchor (2016–2020; now a morning anchor for Newsmax)
 * Dick Fletcher – chief meteorologist (1980–2008; deceased)
 * Gina Gaston – anchor/reporter (now at KTRK-TV in Houston)
 * Alita Guillen – reporter/substitute anchor (1997–1998; last at WBBM-TV)
 * Don Harrison – anchor (1979–1982; later with Headline News; deceased)
 * Wally Kinnan – chief meteorologist (1978–1980; deceased)
 * Dion Lim – evening anchor (2014–2017)
 * Miles O'Brien – reporter (1984–1986; now a science correspondent for the PBS NewsHour)
 * Noah Pransky – investigative reporter (2009–2019)
 * Simeon Rice – co-host of The Blitz, local NFL pregame show for 2021 season
 * Craig Sager – weatherman and sports anchor/reporter (1975–1976; later with Turner Sports; deceased)
 * Tammie Souza – chief meteorologist (2008–2011; now fill-in for WBBM-TV Chicago and KYW-TV Philadelphia)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

{{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Translator

 *  4 Hernando

Analog-to-digital conversion
WTSP shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 24 to VHF channel 10. The station's previous digital allocation on channel 24 is now occupied by the digital signal of WWSB in Sarasota.

On February 6, 2010, WTSP doubled its transmitter's effective radiated power from 35 kW to 78 kW to help with reception issues that plagued the station's VHF digital signal. At the time, the station's transmitter tower was still segregated farther north in Holiday due to bygone analog spacing requirements. However, even after the increase in power the reception problems persisted for area viewers which aim their antennas toward the majority of transmitters for the Tampa Bay market located 35 mi southeast in Riverview.

On January 7, 2011, WTSP filed an application with the FCC to move its transmitter from Holiday to the Riverview antenna farm; however, while WTSP remains short-spaced with WPLG, it will give more signal spacing for its Jacksonville sister station WJXX; both WPLG and WJXX also operate their post-conversion digital signals on channel 10. The FCC granted WTSP a construction permit on January 26. The move was completed on October 1, 2011.

Northern portions of the viewing area lost the station's signal after the move to Riverview; in response to this, the station received a construction permit for a digital fill-in translator on channel 4 that is licensed to St. Petersburg, but will primarily serve northern Citrus County, from a transmitter located near Hernando.

On February 28, 2014, WTSP's second digital subchannel, long the home of an automated "Weather Now" subchannel originated locally on the station's weather computer system, was replaced with Antenna TV. On January 20, 2015, WTSP added an additional digital subchannel, Justice Network (now True Crime Network).

On December 1, 2020, WTSP joined four other Tampa Bay television stations to collaborate on the launch of NextGen TV ATSC 3.0 in the Tampa–St. Petersburg market. The stations joined other early adopters across the country in rolling out the new third-generation digital TV broadcast technology designed to revolutionize how viewers interact with their home screens.

title: WTSP


text:
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci

Major Fernando Luis Ribas-Dominicci (June 24, 1952 – April 15, 1986), was an F-111F pilot in the United States Air Force. He was killed in action during Operation El Dorado Canyon, the April 15, 1986, U.S. air raid on Libya.

Early years
Ribas-Dominicci was born in the town of Utuado, in the mountains of Puerto Rico where he received his primary and secondary education. As a child, he had always dreamed of becoming a pilot and after he graduated from high school, he entered the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez where he earned his bachelor's degree in civil engineering. As a student in the university, he was a member of the campus' Air Force ROTC program and upon graduation was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force.

Military career
Ribas-Dominicci next completed Undergraduate Pilot Training and was awarded his pilot wings at Laughlin Air Force Base, later he was assigned to Cannon Air Force Base, in New Mexico, where he received advanced training as a General Dynamics F-111 combat pilot. He served as an F-111 Aardvark pilot with the 522nd Fighter Squadron and then the 523d Fighter Squadron of the 27th Fighter Wing at Cannon AFB. By 1983, Ribas-Dominicci was a captain and the recipient of the Air Force Commendation Medal. In 1985, he completed his master's degree in aeronautical science at the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States.

Operation El Dorado Canyon
On April 15, 1986, in response to acts of terrorism sponsored by Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi, the United States attacked key terrorist training facilities in Tripoli, Libya, using 18 USAF F-111F fighter-bombers and 5 EF-111A radar jamming aircraft from bases in England. The attack was code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon. This was part of a joint strike mission in coordination with US Navy aircraft which struck targets in Behghazi, Libya, at the same time. Major Ribas-Dominicci was one of the pilots who participated in the air raid as member of the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing. His F-111F was shot down in action over the disputed Gulf of Sidra off the Libyan coast. Ribas-Dominicci and his weapon systems officer, Captain Paul F. Lorence, were the only U.S. casualties of the mission.

Aftermath
On December 25, 1988, after years of denying that they had the bodies of the two crew members, Gaddafi offered to release the body of Lorence to his family through Pope John Paul II. The body recovered and thought to be that of Lorence was actually that of then-Captain Fernando L. Ribas-Domminici, which was identified by dental records and returned in 1989.

The Libyan government has denied that it holds Lorence's remains and the U.S government does not believe that they are hiding anything. Major Fernando Luis Ribas-Dominicci's remains are buried in his hometown of Utuado.

Honors and legacy
Both men's names are engraved in the F-111 "Vark" Memorial Park located in Clovis, New Mexico. Ribas-Dominicci was awarded the Purple Heart and posthumously promoted to the rank of major, effective April 15, 1986.

To honor his memory, the Government of Puerto Rico renamed the Isla Grande Airport in San Juan to Fernando Ribas Dominicci Airport. The City of Utuado honored the pilot by naming a main avenue as Fernando Ribas-Dominicci Avenue. A monument in Ribas-Dominicci's honor, simulating an F-111, has been placed at the entrance of Utuado. Ribas-Dominicci's name is engraved in El Monumento de la Recordación (Spanish: Monument of Remembrance) dedicated to Puerto Rico's fallen soldiers and situated in front of the Capitol Building in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Awards and decorations
Among Major Ribas-Dominicci's military decorations were the following:

title: Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci


text:
Marganus II

Marganus II (Welsh: Morgan mab Arthal) was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 299BC.

He was the son of King Archgallo and was succeeded by his brother, Enniaunus. He ruled the kingdom in tranquility and without conflict.

title: Marganus II