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Joseph F. Smith

Joseph Fielding Smith Sr. (November 13, 1838 – November 19, 1918) was an American religious leader who served as the sixth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was a nephew of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, and the last LDS Church president who had personally known him.

Biography
Smith was the son of church patriarch Hyrum Smith and his second wife, Mary Fielding, a British convert to the church who married Hyrum after the death of his first wife, Jerusha Barden Smith (1805–1837). In addition to her two children, Mary raised the six children born to Hyrum and Jerusha.

Early life
Smith was born in Far West, Missouri, on November 13, 1838. Just a few days before he was born, his father had been taken prisoner under the auspices of the Missouri Executive Order 44 (infamously called the "extermination order" due to its threat against the lives of Mormons who refused to leave the state after clashes between them and a Missouri militia). At point of bayonet, Hyrum was marched to his home in Far West and ordered to say farewell to his wife. He was told that his "doom was sealed" and that he would never see her again. Hyrum was still in custody in Liberty Jail, Missouri, when Smith was born. He was named after his uncles Joseph Smith and Joseph Fielding. His mother and maternal aunt, Mercy Fielding Thompson, fled with their children to Quincy, Illinois, early in 1839, and they later moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, when the majority of the church's members settled. Hyrum was later released from custody during a transfer from Liberty Jail and joined his family in Nauvoo. Joseph F. Smith stated as an adult that he had memories of Nauvoo, and could recall his Uncle Joseph and events that occurred at his uncle's home; he was nearly six years old when his father and uncle were killed in Carthage, Illinois, on June 27, 1844.

Winter Quarters
Smith's family remained in Nauvoo until September 1846, at which time his mother took their family and fled the city, camping on the west side of the Mississippi River among the trees on its banks, without wagon or tent, while the city was bombarded by mobs. His mother was later able to exchange their property in Illinois for a wagon and team of oxen. Smith and his family, along with many other Latter Day Saints, fled the American Midwest. The seven-year-old Smith drove the team of oxen with his family to the Latter Day Saint encampment at Winter Quarters, Nebraska.

While at Winter Quarters, Smith and another boy, Thomas Burdick, were out on horseback some distance from the settlement, watching the cattle graze. They saw a band of twenty or thirty American Indians ride into the valley on the other side of the cattle. Burdick rode back to camp to get help while Smith rode toward the Indians and got between the Indians and the herd before the Indians reached them. Smith was able to turn the herd back toward the settlement, and, coupled with the noise and arrival of the Indians, started a stampede which saved the herd from capture. He was still riding with the herd at full speed when two Indians picked him up off of his horse from either side and dropped him to the ground. A company of men from the encampment then arrived, chased away the fleeing Indians, and recovered the herd, but Smith's horse was stolen.

Smith and his family remained at Winter Quarters until the spring of 1848 when Smith drove his mother's wagon across the plains to the Salt Lake Valley.

Utah childhood
After arriving in the Salt Lake Valley in 1848, Smith's mother worked to raise her own children as well as the children of her husband's first wife. Mary Fielding Smith died in 1852, apparently of pneumonia, leaving Smith an orphan at the age of 13. Smith reported that he was devastated by his mother's death, and relied upon the emotional support and help of Brigham Young and his stepfather, Heber C. Kimball. Even with the support of his older half-brother John Smith, Smith assumed primary responsibility for his young sister, Martha Ann, and subsequently left school in 1854. His leaving school was closely linked to his resistance of a teacher's attempt to whip Martha.

Missions and military service
At the age of fifteen, Smith was called to go on his first LDS mission to the Sandwich Islands under the direction of apostle Parley P. Pratt. This mission assignment at an unusually young age happened after Smith assaulted a teacher who he felt was unfairly punishing another student; decades later Smith wrote in the LDS publication Improvement Era of the burning rage and explosive temper of his youth which he blamed in part on his reaction to the deaths of his parents. Smith was ordained an elder by George A. Smith on April 24, 1854, and received his endowment at the Endowment House the same day. He then traveled to San Bernardino, California, where he worked to earn money for passage on a ship to San Francisco. In the San Francisco area, possibly in what is now Fremont, California, on the farm of John Horner, he was again employed in agricultural pursuits seeking to earn money for passage to Hawaii.

After a difficult period of adjustment to the local culture, Smith successfully learned the Hawaiian language and reported great success in four years of missionary work on the islands. Besides serving with various American companions on his mission, he also had two Hawaiian companions: Paake, who was a property manager for some of Jonathan Napela's property, and Lalawaia. He spent the first part of his mission on Maui, but later presided over groups of branches on the island of Hawaii and then over all LDS Church units on Molokai.

Smith was called back to Utah Territory in 1857, largely as a result of the Utah War. He traveled overland from San Francisco to San Bernardino and then north through Las Vegas on his return. He arrived in Utah in February 1858. Shortly after this, Smith joined the territory's militia, named the Nauvoo Legion, and spent several months patrolling the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. Later in his tour of duty, he served as chaplain of Colonel Heber C. Kimball's regiment, with the rank of captain. After tensions between the church and the federal government abated, Smith assisted his relatives in their return to northern Utah from areas of southern Utah, where they had taken their families for safety.

During the 1858–59 session of the Utah territorial legislature, Smith served as the sergeant-at-arms. In 1859, he married his first wife, Levira Smith. In the LDS Church, Smith was ordained a seventy in March 1858 and then a high priest and a member of the Salt Lake Stake high council in October 1858.

In 1860, at 22 years of age, Smith was sent on a mission to Great Britain. He and his cousin, Samuel H. B. Smith, drove mule teams over the plains to Winter Quarters to help pay their way. Shortly after arriving in England, Smith was made the conference president in Sheffield. Among the church members in that city was William Fowler; Smith was present at the meeting where Fowler's hymn "We Thank Thee, O God, for a Prophet" was first sung. After a short time, Smith was appointed to the pastorate, an office that existed only in the British Mission for a short time. In this position, he presided over the Sheffield Conference as well as four other adjacent conferences. He served in the British Mission for three years, the last part under mission president George Q. Cannon, when he was sent on short assignments to Denmark and France. Smith left England in June 1863. After a short stay in New York City to earn enough money to return home, he served as the chaplain of a Mormon pioneer wagon company bound for Utah from Nebraska.

Smith had only been home for a short while when he was called to accompany Ezra T. Benson, Lorenzo Snow, William W. Cluff, and Alma L. Smith on a mission to the Sandwich Islands to correct the problems in the church caused by Walter M. Gibson. Gibson misrepresented his blessing from Brigham Young as an appointment to be a leader in the church, and then established a separate church with a quorum of the 12, calling himself a prophet, and charging people to receive the priesthood. Smith acted as principal interpreter for the apostles, and after Gibson was excommunicated, Smith was left in charge of the mission. Smith returned home in the winter of 1864–65. Prior to leaving Hawai'i Smith and William W. Cluff located a new gathering place for the Saints in Laie, Hawaii.

Smith had a notable experience during this mission. The group anchored their boat in a rough channel in order to go ashore, proposing that the party should land using the freight boat. Smith was strongly opposed to this, saying that the boat was unfit for the rough waters and that there was a great danger of capsizing. He offered to go ashore alone to obtain a boat fit to transport the party, to which they refused. They were persistent, however, chiding him for his waywardness, with one leader even saying, "Young man, you would be better to obey counsel." Smith then reiterated his impression of danger, imploring them not to go, but they insisted, so he asked that they leave their satchels, clothes, and valuables and permit him to stay. They reluctantly consented and set out for land. Partway there, the freight boat was overturned by the rough water about 20 or 30 feet deep, and Lorenzo Snow nearly drowned in the ocean. Snow's unconscious body was recovered, and on shore they were able to resuscitate him. Thanks to Smith's actions, all of their belongings were saved.

Clerical and political career
Upon his return home, Smith was employed in the Church Historian's office for a number of years. It was while working in this position he met his second wife, Julina Lambson, who was a niece of Bathsheba W. Smith, a wife of church apostle George A. Smith.

Smith also served as a clerk in the Endowment House from the death of Brigham Young until the building was razed in 1890. Smith's latter mission to Hawaii was largely prompted by the fact that Smith held this position: since he had in his possession the records of the Endowment House, Smith could be a valuable witness for the federal government's prosecutions of Mormon polygamists.

Smith served seven terms in the Utah territorial House of Representatives, specifically from 1865 to 1870, 1872, and 1874. He was a member of the Salt Lake City Council for many years and in this position was a key advocate of establishing city parks. He was thus one of the people involved with the establishment of Pioneer Park and Liberty Park in Salt Lake City. In 1868 and 1869, Smith served as a member of the Provo City Council. Smith served as a member of the Utah Territorial Council, essentially the equivalent of the upper house of the legislature, in 1880 and 1882. He also served as president of the Utah constitutional convention in 1882. The state constitution produced by this convention did not go into effect because Congress did not vote to grant Utah statehood until 1895.

Smith also served as a LDS Church representative on boards of many Utah businesses.

Levira Annette Clark Smith
On April 5, 1859, the twenty year old Smith married his sixteen-year-old cousin, Levira Annette Clark Smith, daughter of Samuel H. Smith, performed by Brigham Young in his office. When Joseph F. Smith left on his mission to England the next year, his companion for the journey was Levira's brother, Samuel. When Smith returned from his mission in 1863, his wife Levira was in a poor mental state, suffering from what was most likely major depression.

Smith and Levira had no children. Levira became disenchanted with the plural marriage arrangement and on June 10, 1867 she filed for legal separation, after which they divorced. Levira moved to California and divorced him.

Later marriages and children
Seven years later after his first marriage (1866), Brigham Young directed Smith to take a plural wife. Levira gave her permission and was present at the marriage of Smith and Julina Lambson (who became the mother of future president Joseph Fielding Smith) -- a longtime friend of hers.

In addition to Levira, Smith had five other plural wives, with whom he fathered forty-five children. He also adopted five children. Thirteen of his biological children preceded him in death: Mercy, Leonora, Sarah Ellen, Heber, Rhoda, Alice, Hyrum, Alfred, Albert, Robert, Zina, Ruth, and John. His adopted son Edward also preceded him in death.

 * Julina Lambson (July 18, 1849 – January 10, 1936). Married May 6, 1866. Julina was a nurse and midwife.
 * Edward Arthur Smith (adopted) (November 1, 1858, Brampton, England – July 17, 1911, Raymond, Alberta, Canada)
 * Mercy Josephine Smith (August 14, 1867 – June 6, 1870)
 * Mary Sophronia Smith (October 7, 1869 – January 5, 1948)
 * Donette Smith (September 17, 1872 – September 15, 1961)
 * Joseph Fielding Smith Jr. (July 19, 1876 – July 2, 1972)
 * David Asael Smith (May 24, 1879 – April 6, 1952)
 * George Carlos Smith (October 14, 1881 – February 23, 1931)
 * Julina Clarissa Smith (February 10, 1884 – August 1, 1923)
 * Elias Wesley Smith (April 21, 1886, Laie, Hawaii – December 28, 1970)
 * Emily Jane Smith (September 11, 1888 – December 12, 1982)
 * Rachael Smith (December 11, 1890 – December 14, 1986)
 * Edith Eleanor Smith (January 3, 1894 – May 21, 1987)
 * Marjorie Virginia Smith (adopted) December 7, 1906 – November 17, 1994)
 * Sarah Ellen Richards (August 24, 1850 – March 22, 1915). Married on March 1, 1868. Sarah was a daughter of Willard Richards and his wife Sarah Longstroth.
 * Sarah Ellen Smith (February 5, 1869 – February 11, 1869)
 * Leonora Smith (January 30, 1871 – December 23, 1907)
 * Joseph Richards Smith (February 22, 1873 – October 2, 1954)
 * Heber John Smith (July 3, 1876 – March 3, 1877)
 * Rhoda Ann Smith (July 20, 1878 – July 6, 1879)
 * Minerva Smith (April 30, 1880 – January 24, 1958)
 * Alice Smith (July 27, 1882 – April 29, 1901)
 * Willard Richards Smith (November 20, 1884 – September 11, 1972)
 * Franklin Richards Smith (May 12, 1888 – December 25, 1967)
 * Jeanetta Smith (August 25, 1891 – January 27, 1932)
 * Asenath Smith (December 28, 1896 – August 3, 1982)
 * Edna Lambson (March 3, 1851 – February 28, 1926). Married on May 5, 1871. She was the sister of Julina Lambson, who was also one of Smith's wives.
 * Hyrum Mack Smith (March 21, 1872 – January 23, 1918)
 * Alvin Fielding Smith (July 19, 1874 – January 4, 1948)
 * Alfred Jason Smith (December 13, 1876 – April 6, 1878)
 * Edna Melissa Smith (October 6, 1879 – October 26, 1958)
 * Albert Jesse Smith (September 16, 1881 – August 25, 1883)
 * Robert Smith (November 12, 1883 – February 4, 1886)
 * Emma Smith (August 21, 1888 – December 28, 1969)
 * Zina Smith (October 11, 1890 – October 25, 1915)
 * Ruth Smith (December 21, 1893 – March 17, 1898)
 * Martha Smith (May 12, 1897 – August 7, 1977)
 * Alice Ann Kimball (September 6, 1858 – December 19, 1946). Married on December 6, 1883. Alice was Heber C. Kimball's daughter, and the twin of Andrew Kimball, father of Spencer W. Kimball.
 * Charles Coulson Smith (adopted) (November 19, 1881 – April 20, 1933)
 * Heber Chase Smith (adopted) (November 19, 1881 – December 29, 1971)
 * Alice May Smith (adopted) (October 11, 1877 – October 20, 1920)
 * Lucy Mack Smith (April 14, 1890 – November 24, 1933)
 * Andrew Kimball Smith (January 6, 1893 – August 23, 1951)
 * Jesse Kimball Smith (May 21, 1896 – June 9, 1953)
 * Fielding Kimball Smith (April 9, 1900 – October 20, 1974)
 * Mary Taylor Schwartz (April 30, 1865 – December 5, 1956). Married on January 13, 1884. Mary was Agnes Taylor's daughter and church president John Taylor's niece.
 * John Schwartz Smith (August 20, 1886 – August 3, 1889)
 * Calvin Schwartz Smith (May 29, 1890 – June 15, 1966)
 * Samuel Schwartz Smith (October 26, 1892, Franklin, Idaho – May 10, 1983)
 * James Schwartz Smith (November 13, 1894, Franklin, Idaho – November 6, 1950)
 * Agnes Smith (November 3, 1897 – March 9, 1966)
 * Silas Schwartz Smith (January 3, 1900 – April 23, 1986)
 * Royal Grant Smith (May 21, 1906 – May 30, 1971)

One of Smith's granddaughters, Amelia Smith, married Bruce R. McConkie, who later became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.

General authority

On July 1, 1866, Smith became a general authority of the LDS Church when he was ordained an apostle by Brigham Young and sustained as a counselor to the First Presidency, where he served until Young's death. However, he was not sustained as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles until the church's October 1867 conference. On February 28, 1874, Smith left for his second mission to England, serving as president of the European Mission from 1874 to 1875, returning home upon the death of First Presidency member George A. Smith. He was then called to preside over the Davis Stake until he left again in the spring of 1877 for his third mission to England. When news arrived of the death of Young, Smith was released and returned home. The following year, Smith served an Eastern States Mission with Orson Pratt, visiting noteworthy places in the history of the church in Missouri, Ohio, New York and Illinois. During this trip they met with and interviewed David Whitmer.

In October 1880, three years after Young's death, Smith was named second counselor in the First Presidency to church president John Taylor, serving from 1880 to 1887. He later served as second counselor to Wilford Woodruff (1889–98), and as second counselor to Lorenzo Snow (1898–1901). Smith was appointed first counselor to Snow on the death of first counselor George Q. Cannon, but, as Snow himself died only four days later, Smith never served in that position. He succeeded Snow as president of the LDS Church and president of the Salt Lake Temple. He served as president of the temple until 1911, when he transferred the responsibility to Anthon H. Lund.

Smith also served as editor of the Improvement Era and Juvenile Instructor, and general superintendent of the Sunday School and Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association.

Smith felt it was important for Utah to become a state, and thereby eliminate the ongoing federal supervision of Utah Territory. Following the official discontinuance of new plural marriages by Woodruff in 1890, and the dissolution of the Mormon People's Party in 1891, Smith championed the anti-polygamy Republican Party in Utah.

In September 1891, Smith received a presidential pardon from U.S. President Benjamin Harrison in relation to Smith's practice of plural marriage.

LDS Church President
After the death of church president Lorenzo Snow, Smith was chosen by the apostles of the church as Snow's successor. Smith was set apart as President of the Church on October 17, 1901, with Presiding Patriarch John Smith acting as voice. This action was ratified by a special conference and solemn assembly of the priesthood on November 10, 1901. He chose John R. Winder and Anthon H. Lund as his counselors. After Winder died, Lund became the first counselor and Smith's second cousin, John Henry Smith, became the second counselor.

Polygamy issues
One of the first issues Smith faced was the ongoing difficulties for the church due to the continuing practice of plural marriage. Smith supported apostle Reed Smoot's candidacy for the U.S. Senate, but Smoot's election was contested on the grounds that he was an officer in a church which continued to countenance polygamous marriages. The Senate investigation again focused national attention on Mormon marriages and political influence. Additional attention was given to Smith because of his opposition to the election and re-election of Utah's senior U.S. Senator, non-Mormon Thomas Kearns. Following his appearance before a Senate panel in 1904, Smith took steps to prevent any surreptitious addition of new plural marriages within the church. On April 6, 1904, Smith issued an order and declaration in the general conference of the church, popularly referred to as the "second manifesto", and declared that any church officer who performed a plural marriage, as well as the offending couple, would be excommunicated. He clarified that the church's policy against new plural marriages applied worldwide, and not just in the United States. Two members of the Quorum of the Twelve, John W. Taylor and Matthias F. Cowley, resigned in 1905 following these announcements. Smith continued to live with his five plural wives as did other Mormon polygamists. In 1906, Smith was brought to trial on a charge of unlawful cohabitation with four women in addition to his lawful wife; he pleaded guilty and was fined $300, the maximum penalty then permitted under the law.

Other actions
Smith gave more influence to the Presiding Patriarch of the church than had any president since Joseph Smith. The church's presiding patriarch, John Smith, was his elder half-brother. During his presidency, Smith apparently pushed to change the order in which church leaders were sustained in general conferences. He intended to have the presiding patriarch sustained before even himself (as president of the church), consistent with his interpretation of Doctrine and Covenants Section 124 and early historical precedent. This met with opposition from the other apostles, and the proposal was not realized.

In 1906, Smith went on a tour to Europe, becoming the first LDS Church president to travel outside of North America during his presidential tenure.

In 1908, Smith organized a committee to standardize and reform the Aaronic Priesthood quorums. This committee standardized the age requirements for young men to be ordained to the office of Teacher or Priest.

Smith's seventeen-year presidential administration made efforts toward improving the church's damaged relationships with the federal government and related issues dealing with the church's financial situation. The administration acquired historic sites, constructed numerous meetinghouses, and expanded the church system of educational academies and universities. He also oversaw a continued growth in church membership.

During Smith's presidential tenure, the LDS Church constructed and dedicated the Joseph Smith Birthplace Memorial near South Royalton, Vermont. It was dedicated by Smith on December 23, 1905, the 100th anniversary of Joseph Smith's birth. Also during Smith's presidency, the Seagull Monument at Temple Square in Salt Lake City was dedicated on October 1, 1913. In 1913, Boy Scouting became the official youth activity program for the church's young men. During much of his presidential tenure, Smith oversaw the planning and construction of the Hawaiian Temple in Laie, Hawaii, one of his part-time residences.

Death
Smith died of pneumonia resulting from pleurisy in Salt Lake City on November 19, 1918, and was succeeded by Heber J. Grant. Due to the widespread influenza pandemic of 1918–20, a graveside service was held, rather than a public funeral. Smith was interred in the Salt Lake City Cemetery on November 22, 1918.

Doctrinal contributions
During his administration as president of the church, Smith made significant official statements of church doctrine:

 * "The Origin of Man": In November 1909, in the midst of public interest in theories of evolution, the First Presidency issued a statement that affirmed that God created man in his own image. The document also succinctly reiterates the Mormon doctrine of a twofold creation (spiritual followed by temporal), the premortal existence of man, and ends noting that man, as a child of God, is capable of evolving into a god.
 * "The Father and the Son": On June 20, 1916, the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles issued a statement examining the Mormon use of the term "Father" in scripture, clarifying times when the word refers to God the Father and when the word refers to Jesus Christ. The statement identified four different uses of the word "Father." God the Father is the literal parent of the spirits of mankind and the earthly father of Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ is referred to as "the Father" when discussing his role as creator of the earth, when he acts as "the Father" of those who abide in his gospel, and when he acts with the authority of his Heavenly Father while on earth.
 * "Vision of the Redemption of the Dead": On October 3, 1918, Smith received a revelation on the nature of the spirit world and on Jesus Christ's role in ensuring that the gospel is taught to all men, living and dead. A written account of the revelation was submitted to the general authorities of the church on October 31, 1918, and was unanimously accepted. The revelation was initially published in December 1918, and was added to the Pearl of Great Price, one of the church's scriptural standard works, in April 1976; it has since been removed from the Pearl of Great Price and added to the Doctrine and Covenants as section 138. This revelation complemented an 1894 statement on the eternal nature of the family and appropriate temple work for the dead issued by Woodruff. Genealogy work by members of the LDS Church increased after both of these statements.

Funded by Lorenzo N. Stohl, the sermons and writings of Smith were compiled by John A. Widtsoe, Osborne J. P. Widtsoe, Albert E. Bowen, Franklin S. Harris, and Joseph Quinney. In 1919, the Committee on Study for the Priesthood Quorums of the LDS Church had this work published as the book Gospel Doctrine, for use as instruction for Melchizedek priesthood quorums of the church.

Smith's teachings as an apostle were the 2000–01 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes.

Works

 * LDS Church publication number 35744.
 * LDS Church publication number 35744.
 * LDS Church publication number 35744.

title: Joseph F. Smith


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David O. McKay

David Oman McKay (September 8, 1873 – January 18, 1970) was an American religious leader and educator who served as the ninth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1951 until his death in 1970. Ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1906, McKay was an active general authority for nearly 64 years, longer than anyone else in LDS Church history. (Eldred G. Smith was a general authority for 66 years, but only served actively for 32 years, prior to being designated as emeritus.)

Early life
The third child of David McKay and Jennette Eveline Evans McKay, McKay was born on his father’s farm in Huntsville, Utah Territory, about 10 mi east of Ogden. McKay's mother was a Welsh immigrant from Merthyr Tydfil, and his father was a Scottish immigrant from Caithness. In 1880, after the death of McKay’s two older sisters, Margaret and Ellena, his father was called as a missionary to his native Scotland, where he proselytized for two years. In his father's absence, seven-year-old David had additional family responsibilities and helped his mother.

McKay's grandmother bequeathed $5,000 to McKay's mother upon her death and directed that "every cent ... be used for the education of the children." This money allowed McKay, his brother Thomas, and his younger sisters, Jeanette and Annie, to attend the University of Utah. McKay graduated in 1897 as valedictorian and class president.

Immediately afterward, he was called on a mission to Great Britain. Like his father, he presided over the Scottish district of the church. Early in his mission, he was impressed by a motto that he saw inscribed on a building in Stirling, "What E'er Thou Art, Act Well Thy Part". This message became a source of inspiration throughout his life.

Career in education
Upon his return from Scotland in late 1899, McKay taught at the high school level at LDS Weber Stake Academy (predecessor of Weber State University). He married Emma Ray Riggs in the Salt Lake Temple on January 2, 1901. They eventually had seven children, one dying as a young child.For his first three years at Weber, McKay taught mainly religion and literature classes. On April 17, 1902, McKay was appointed principal of Weber, succeeding the founding principal, Louis F. Moench, who had resigned after nine years in the position. One of his first actions as principal was to organize a school paper. He oversaw the inauguration of sports programs at Weber, with men's and women's basketball teams organized during McKay's tenure. In 1905, they won their baseball game against the University of Utah.

In 1905, church apostles John W. Taylor and Matthias F. Cowley resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve due to disagreement over the manifesto forbidding polygamy, and apostle Marriner W. Merrill died in early 1906. With three vacancies, George F. Richards, Orson F. Whitney, and McKay were called as apostles during the LDS Church's April 1906 general conference. McKay was then 32 years of age.

Prior to this appointment to full-time church service, McKay had planned on a career in education and educational administration. He stayed active in education even after his appointment, continuing as principal of the Weber Stake Academy until 1908 (replaced by Wilford M. McKendrick). McKay stayed at Weber Stake Academy to see the completion of new building projects that he had begun. He also served on the Weber school's board of trustees until 1922, and on the University of Utah's board of regents from 1921 to 1922.

McKay enjoyed a long, personal friendship with John F. Fitzpatrick, who published the Salt Lake Tribune from 1924 until 1960. They met weekly for breakfast to discuss the betterment of Utah. Fitzpatrick organized the Newspaper Agency Corporation, a joint operating agreement between the Salt Lake Tribune (represented as the Kearns Corporation) and the church-owned Deseret News, and consulted extensively with McKay to form this mutually beneficial business in 1952.

Member of the Quorum of the Twelve
In October 1906, McKay became an assistant to the superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union. At the time, Joseph F. Smith was both the church president and the superintendent of the Sunday School, so many of the actual duties of the Sunday School were performed by McKay. After Smith's death in November 1918, McKay became the Sunday School superintendent.

In 1920, the First Presidency assigned McKay to make a worldwide tour of the LDS Church's missions with Hugh J. Cannon, who recorded the journey of some 61,646 miles. They opened a new mission to China, traveled to Hawaii (where McKay had a vision, promising to build a school near the temple), and visited Samoa, Tonga, New Zealand, and Palestine. In Palestine they met Wilford Booth and visited Armenian Latter-day Saints. McKay returned to Utah on Christmas Eve 1921.

From 1923 until 1925, McKay served as president of the church's European Mission, headquartered in London, with the responsibility of all LDS Church functions in the British Isles and supervision of mission presidents. In this position, McKay first used the slogan "every member a missionary" for outreach promotion. The philosophy has since been taught as a general theme throughout the church.

In 1934, McKay became second counselor to Heber J. Grant in the First Presidency. He served in that capacity until Grant's death in May 1945, and when Grant was succeeded by George Albert Smith, McKay was called to continue as second counselor.

Influence on education
Within the leadership of the LDS Church, McKay focused on education. As General Superintendent of the church's Sunday School organization from 1918 to 1934, McKay built seminaries near public high schools throughout Utah, allowing students to take Latter-day Saint religious courses along with their secular high school education. McKay also transferred three LDS colleges to the state of Utah in the 1920s: Snow College, Weber State University (WSU) and Dixie College. Utah underfunded the institutions and in 1953 the governor, J. Bracken Lee, offered to give them back to the LDS Church. McKay, then president of the church, said he would accept them and the proposal was placed on the 1954 election ballot. Since it failed to pass, the three institutions remained property of the state.

McKay guided the remaining church school in Utah, Brigham Young University (BYU) into a full four-year university. McKay was the fourth Commissioner of Church Education in 1920 and 1921.

In honor of his service, the BYU School of Education was named the McKay School of Education. WSU's school of education also carries his name.

President of the LDS Church
Heber J. Grant chose McKay to serve as second counselor in the First Presidency in 1934. He served in the presidency under Grant, and then under George Albert Smith, until 1951. In 1950, he also became President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles when his predecessor, George F. Richards died, making McKay the second most senior apostle after the church's president. He was set apart as president of the church on April 9, 1951, upon Smith's death. He was 77 years old upon assuming the presidency, and served for 19 years until his death. During this time, the number of members and stakes in the LDS Church nearly tripled, from 1.1 million to 2.8 million, and 184 to 500 respectively.

McKay was an outspoken critic of communism, opposing its perceived atheist underpinnings and denial of freedom of choice. Similarly, communist nations generally forbid proselytizing by the LDS Church and most other religions.

In 1951, McKay began plans for what eventually became BYU-Hawaii. In 1954 he made another trip around the world, visiting Brazil, South Africa, Fiji, Tonga, and other countries.

Under McKay's administration, the LDS Church's stance on Africans holding the priesthood was softened. Beginning in the mid-1950s, members of suspected African descent no longer needed to prove their lineage was not African, allowing dark-skinned members to receive the priesthood unless it was proved that they were of African descent. This policy improved proselytizing in racially mixed areas, such as South America and South Africa. Blacks of verifiable African descent (including most in the United States) were not permitted to hold the priesthood until eight years after McKay's death.

Beginning in 1961, the LDS Church spearheaded the Priesthood Correlation Program. By the 1970s, all church organizations were placed under direct priesthood leadership. These organizations became known as auxiliary organizations.

Film director Cecil B. DeMille consulted with McKay during the production of his 1956 epic film The Ten Commandments, forming a friendship lasting until DeMille's death. McKay invited DeMille to BYU, where he delivered a commencement address in 1957.

McKay regularly traveled until he was in his 90s. His deteriorating health in the mid-1960s ultimately led to the appointment of three additional counselors in the First Presidency, as existing members were increasingly infirm and often unable to preside at meetings. By 1968, the First Presidency was composed of six members, larger than it had been at the death of Brigham Young in 1877. McKay's counselors in the First Presidency were Stephen L Richards (First Counselor, 1951–59); J. Reuben Clark, Jr. (Second Counselor (1951–59, First Counselor 1959–61); Henry D. Moyle (Second Counselor 1959–61, First Counselor 1961–63); Hugh B. Brown (Third Counselor 1961, Second Counselor 1961–63, First Counselor 1963–70); N. Eldon Tanner (Second Counselor, 1963–70); Thorpe B. Isaacson (Counselor, 1965–70); Joseph Fielding Smith (Counselor, 1965–70); Alvin R. Dyer (Counselor, 1968–70).

Death
McKay died on January 18, 1970, at age 96, surrounded by most of his family. The cause of death was acute congestion. He had lived longer than any previous leader of the church. Funeral services were held in the Salt Lake Tabernacle.

Family ties
His younger brother, Thomas Evans McKay, was a prominent missionary and mission leader for the LDS Church in Switzerland and Germany; he also served as an Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1941 to 1958.

McKay's niece, Fawn McKay Brodie, was the author of the controversial book No Man Knows My History, a highly critical biography of Joseph Smith, the publication of which led to her eventual excommunication from the LDS Church.

McKay's oldest son, David Lawrence McKay, was the eighth general superintendent of the LDS Church's Sunday School organization. When his father was ill, David often read his father's sermons during general conference.

One of McKay's granddaughters is Joyce McKay Bennett, wife of former United States Senator Bob Bennett. Another grandchild, Alan Ashton, was the co-founder and co-owner of computer program WordPerfect.

The Events Center at Utah Valley University in Orem, the David O. McKay Events Center, carried McKay's name between 1996 and 2010, after an anonymous donation was given in his honor. In 2010, the name was changed (to "Utah Community Credit Center") due to a fund-raising need at the university, and McKay's name was affixed to the university's Education Center instead.

Teachings
McKay was concerned with missionary work, and coined the phrase "Every member a missionary" in order to encourage church members to become more engaged in that work, and not just leave it to the full-time missionaries.

McKay's statement that "[n]o other success can compensate for failure in the home" is taught to LDS Church members as an important principle.

McKay's teachings as an apostle were the 2005 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes.

Works

 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.
 * LDS Church publication number 36492.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: David O. McKay


text:
Talk:Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

From PNA

 * Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry -- anyone out there know of it? I'm amazed all but two of the links I made link to something; I'm in the soft sciences. I only wrote something after coming up bare when I looked it up after having it done. --Charles A. L. 15:47, Nov 24, 2003 (UTC)
 * I own a DEXA scanner. I have updated the page with appropriate references. --user:statkit1 21:20 Feb 9, 2004 (UTC)

I laughed out loud!
This statement made me chuckle... ...The full table can be found in the appendix.

Can plagiarism be any more blatant? Wikipedia doesn't even have an appendix! -- MusicalConnoisseur  Got Classical? 06:25, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

response to musicalconnoisseur

Dear Pianista,

Thank you for spotting the the sentence "The full table can be found in the appendix." This is indeed a mistake that requires correction. It is there because the paragraphs that were contributed came from a considerably larger report that I personally put together which actually does have an appendix. It should be mentioned that in my work, whenever an assertation is made or piece of information is given, the source of the statement is always refered to and this is the first time I have referred to my own work.

I have made the correction that you spotted and I encourage you to withdraw the remark.

RS30

—Preceding unsigned comment added by RS30 (talk • contribs) 21:22, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Surely it's not considered the proper thing to cite your own work as a source for claims you are making! Verifiability says: "most self-published sources, may only be used as sources about themselves".  Of course, the crucial word "most" is included.  Nevertheless, should such information here be tagged as self-published?  leevclarke (talk) 22:08, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

The material that has been submitted from me is a small coverage of information that is in the public domain on this subject, and the sources of that information are given and are verifiable. I cannot see how my small submission deviates from the rules of Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.130.195.11 (talk) 21:31, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Upon reflection I go even further to say that your critisism is completely inappropriate because although I have put together the small composition, the facts are in the public domain and are considered to be facts in peer-reviewed journals. —Preceding unsigned comment added by RS30 (talk • contribs) 19:18, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Recommendations
The recommendations in this article are quite wtf - it is unclear as to who is making these suggestions or why (ie on what evidence). Are these the recommendations of RS30 (the person who appears to have written the article based on their personal 'considerably larger report' on the subject)? If so they should be exchanged for recommendations from a health body e.g. National osteoporosis association or something similar, based on legitimate evidence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.59.204.148 (talk) 15:24, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Hello! RS30 here
Does wtf mean "worse than failure"? If this is so, it should have been written in brackets to make it clearer. Actually, the part I submitted is only in the "paediatrics" section and there are 9 references linking the claims back to their sources.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by RS30 (talk • contribs) 20:02, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

I must admit, since made the submission (all that time ago), the article has been cut up like dog-food. Sorry. That is the nature of wikipedia. The material below the title "Current clinical practice in paediatrics" more or less resembles what I originally added and in my opinion stands up to scrutiny. —Preceding unsigned comment added by RS30 (talk • contribs) 20:22, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

I learnt recently what "wtf" means and really, have to say that you are a moron to use such language in this context. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.210.239.6 (talk) 16:32, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

"DXA, previously DEXA"
The abbreviation was changed from DEXA to DXA by an IP editor in December 2005. Google seems to agree that DXA is now the more common of the two. But why? On what authority? DEXA seems the more logical. Did some governing body or professional association decide on this change? Qwfp (talk) 12:10, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I was going to ask the same question. The article provides no explanation and uses DEXA throughout.   This statement should be sourced and the article should be edited for consistency and accuracy if it is agreed upon that DEXA is no longer used. Myceteae (talk) 05:43, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Measuring body composition
The journal review article "Assessment methods in human body composition" suggests that the "uses" section here is not entirely accurate when it calls DXA unreliable for measuring fat. Rather, this section should explain when DXA's results are better than the alternatives and when they are not.

--74.177.70.107 (talk) 05:33, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Any chance of a worked example?
From the definition: ". Two X-ray beams with differing energy levels are aimed at the patient's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD can be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone." OK, ideally we would have - image from beam 1. - image from beam 2. - difference between them.

one of the previous discussers claimed to own a machine such as this. Can he/she provide these images? Old_Wombat (talk) 09:42, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

T-score and Z-score definitions
I think the definitions of the T-score and Z-score should be defined within the article, or at least linked to a new page with specific definitions. The current z-score link within the scoring section takes the user to the standard score page for general statistics.

In this instance the t-score is defined as "A T-SCORE is the number of standard deviations the bone mineral density measurement is above or below the YOUNG-NORMAL MEAN bone mineral density." and a z-score is defined as "A Z-SCORE is the number of standard deviations the bone mineral density measurement is above or below the AGE-MATCHED MEAN bone mineral density." .

Regarr (talk) 21:56, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry


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Quarter tone

A quarter tone is a pitch halfway between the usual notes of a chromatic scale or an interval about half as wide (orally, or logarithmically) as a semitone, which itself is half a whole tone. Quarter tones divide the octave by 50 cents each, and have 24 different pitches.

Quarter tones have their roots in the music of the Middle East and more specifically in Persian traditional music. However, the first evidenced proposal of the equally-tempered quarter tone scale, or 24 equal temperament, was made by 19th-century music theorists Heinrich Richter in 1823 and Mikhail Mishaqa about 1840. Composers who have written music using this scale include: Pierre Boulez, Julián Carrillo, Mildred Couper, George Enescu, Alberto Ginastera, Gérard Grisey, Alois Hába, Ljubica Marić, Charles Ives, Tristan Murail, Krzysztof Penderecki, Giacinto Scelsi, Ammar El Sherei, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Tui St. George Tucker, Ivan Wyschnegradsky, Iannis Xenakis, and Seppe Gebruers (See List of quarter tone pieces.)

Equal-tempered tuning systems

The term quarter tone can refer to a number of different intervals, all very close in size. For example, some 17th- and 18th-century theorists used the term to describe the distance between a sharp and enharmonically distinct flat in mean-tone temperaments (e.g., D♯–E♭). In the quarter-tone scale, also called 24-tone equal temperament (24-TET), the quarter tone is 50 cents, or a frequency ratio of $\sqrt{2|24}$ or approximately 1.0293, and divides the octave into 24 equal steps (equal temperament). In this scale the quarter tone is the smallest step. A semitone is thus made of two steps, and three steps make a three-quarter tone or neutral second, half of a minor third. The 8-TET scale is composed of three-quarter tones. Four steps make a whole tone.

Quarter tones and intervals close to them also occur in a number of other equally tempered tuning systems. 22-TET contains an interval of 54.55 cents, slightly wider than a quarter-tone, whereas 53-TET has an interval of 45.28 cents, slightly smaller. 72-TET also has equally tempered quarter-tones, and indeed contains three quarter-tone scales, since 72 is divisible by 24. The smallest interval in 31 equal temperament (the "diesis" of 38.71 cents) is half a chromatic semitone, one-third of a diatonic semitone and one-fifth of a whole tone, so it may function as a quarter tone, a fifth-tone or a sixth-tone.

Just intonation tuning systems
In just intonation the quarter tone can be represented by the septimal quarter tone, 36:35 (48.77 cents), or by the undecimal quarter tone (i.e. the thirty-third harmonic), 33:32 (53.27 cents), approximately half the semitone of 16:15 or 25:24. The ratio of 36:35 is only 1.23 cents narrower than a 24-TET quarter tone. This just ratio is also the difference between a minor third (6:5) and septimal minor third (7:6).

Composer Ben Johnston, to accommodate the just septimal quarter tone, uses a small "7" as an accidental to indicate a note is lowered 49 cents, or an upside down "7 "  to indicate a note is raised 49 cents, or a ratio of 36:35. Johnston uses an upward and downward arrow to indicate a note is raised or lowered by a ratio of 33:32, or 53 cents. The Maneri-Sims notation system designed for 72-et uses the accidentals and  for a quarter tone (36:35 or 48.77 cents) up and down.

Playing quarter tones

Any tunable musical instrument can be used to perform quarter tones, if two players and two identical instruments, with one tuned a quarter tone higher, are used. As this requires neither a special instrument nor special techniques, much quarter toned music is written for pairs of pianos, violins, harps, etc. The retuning of the instrument, and then returning it to its former pitch, is easy for violins, harder for harps, and slow and relatively expensive for pianos.

The following deals with the ability of single instruments to produce quarter tones. In Western instruments, this means "in addition to the usual 12-tone system". Because many musical instruments manufactured today (2018) are designed for the 12-tone scale, not all are usable for playing quarter tones. Sometimes special playing techniques must be used.

Conventional musical instruments that cannot play quarter tones (except by using special techniques—see below) include:
 * Most standard or unmodified non-electronic keyboard instruments, such as pianos, organs, and accordions
 * Fretted string instruments such as guitars, bass guitars, and ukuleles (though on these it is possible to play quarter tones by pitch-bending, with special tunings, or with customized necks)
 * Pitched percussion instruments, if standard techniques are used, and if the instruments are not tunable
 * Western wind instruments that use keys or valves
 * Woodwind instruments, such as clarinets, saxophones, flutes, and oboes (though with many of these, it is still possible using non-standard techniques such as special fingerings or by the player manipulating their embouchure, to play at least some quarter tones, if not a whole scale)
 * Valved brass instruments (trumpet, tuba) (though, as with woodwinds, embouchure manipulation, as well as harmonic tones that fall closer to quarter-tones than half-tones, make quarter-tone scales possible; the horn technique of adjusting pitch with the right hand in the bell makes this instrument an exception)
 * Harmonica (although note bending is a common technique)

Conventional musical instruments that can play quarter tones include
 * Electronic instruments:
 * Synthesizers, using either special keyboard controllers or continuous-pitch controllers such as fingerboard controllers, or when controlled by a sequencer capable of outputting quarter-tone control signals.
 * Theremins and other continuously pitched instruments
 * Fretless string instruments, such as the violin family, fretless guitars, fretless electric basses, ouds, and members of the huqin family of instruments.
 * String instruments with movable frets (such as the sitar)
 * Specially fretted string instruments (such as the Turkish bağlama).
 * Fretted string instruments specially tuned to quarter tones
 * Pedal steel guitar
 * Wind instruments whose main means of tone-control is a slide, such as trombones, the tromboon invented by P. D. Q. Bach, the slide trumpet and the slide whistle
 * Specially keyed woodwind instruments. A quarter tone clarinet was built by Fritz Schüller (1883–1977) of Markneukirchen, and a quarter tone mechanism for flutes by Eva Kingma.
 * Valved brass instruments with extra, quarter-tone valves, and natural brass instruments that play through the 11th and 13th partials of the harmonic series
 * Voice
 * Kazoo
 * Pitched percussion instruments, when tuning permits (e.g., timpani), or using special techniques

Other instruments can be used to play quarter tones when using audio signal processing effects such as pitch shifting.

Quarter-tone pianos have been built, which consist essentially of two pianos with two keyboards stacked one above the other in a single case, one tuned a quarter tone higher than the other.

Music of the Middle East
Many Persian dastgah and Arabic maqamat contain intervals of three-quarter tone size; a short list of these follows.

 * 1) Bayati (بیاتی): D E F G A B♭ C D
 * 2) Rast (راست):
 * C D E F G A B C (ascending)
 * C B♭ A G F E D C (descending)
 * 1) Saba (صبا): D E F G♭ A B♭ C D
 * 2) Sigah (سه گاه): E F G A B C D E
 * 3) ‘Ajam (عجم)
 * 4) Hoseyni
 * 1) Sigah (سه گاه): E F G A B C D E
 * 2) ‘Ajam (عجم)
 * 3) Hoseyni
 * 1) Hoseyni

The Islamic philosopher and scientist Al-Farabi described a number of intervals in his work in music, including a number of quarter tones.

Assyrian/Syriac Church Music Scale:
 * 1) Qadmoyo (Bayati)
 * 2) Trayono (Hussayni)
 * 3) Tlithoyo (Segah)
 * 4) Rbiʿoyo (Rast)
 * 5) Hmishoyo
 * 6) Shtithoyo (ʿAjam)
 * 7) Shbiʿoyo
 * 8) Tminoyo

Quarter-tone scale
Known as gadwal in Arabic, the quarter-tone scale was developed in the Middle East in the eighteenth century and many of the first detailed writings in the nineteenth century Syria describe the scale as being of 24 equal tones. The invention of the scale is attributed to Mishaqa who wrote a book devoted to the topic but made clear that his teacher, Sheikh Muhammad al-Attar (1764–1828), was one among many already familiar with the concept.

The quarter tone scale may be primarily a theoretical construct in Arabic music. The quarter tone gives musicians a "conceptual map" they can use to discuss and compare intervals by number of quarter tones, and this may be one of the reasons it accompanies a renewed interest in theory, with instruction in music theory a mainstream requirement since that period.

Previously, pitches of a mode were chosen from a scale consisting of seventeen tones, developed by Safi al-Din al-Urmawi in the thirteenth century.

Composer Charles Ives chose the chord C–D–F–G–B♭ as good possibility for a "secondary" chord in the quarter-tone scale, akin to the minor chord of traditional tonality. He considered that it may be built upon any degree of the quarter tone scale Here is the secondary "minor" and its "first inversion":

In popular Western music

The bass descent of Nancy Sinatra's version of "These Boots Are Made for Walkin' includes quarter tone descents. Several quarter-tone albums have been recorded by Jute Gyte, a one-man avantgarde black metal band from Missouri, USA. Another quartertone metal album was issued by the Swedish band Massive Audio Nerve. Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard's albums Flying Microtonal Banana, K.G., and L.W. heavily emphasize quarter-tones and used a custom-built guitar in 24  tuning. Jazz violinist / violist Mat Maneri, in conjunction with his father Joe Maneri, made a crossover fusion album, Pentagon (2005), that featured experiments in hip hop with quarter tone pianos, as well as electric organ and mellotron textures, along with distorted trombone, in a post-Bitches Brew type of mixed jazz / rock.

Later, Seppe Gebruers started playing and improvising with two pianos tuned a quarter-tone apart. In 2019 he started a research project at the Royal Conservatory of Ghent, titled 'Unexplored possibilities of contemporary improvisation and the influence of microtonality in the creation process'. With two pianos tuned a quarter tone apart Gebruers recorded 'The Room: Time & Space' (2018) in a trio formation with drummer Paul Lovens and bassist Hugo Anthunes. In his solo project 'Playing with standards' (album release January 2023), Gebruers plays with famous songs including jazz standards. With Paul Lytton and Nils Vermeulen he forms a 'Playing with standards' trio.

Ancient Greek tetrachords
The enharmonic genus of the Greek tetrachord consisted of a ditone or an approximate major third, and a semitone, which was divided into two microtones. Aristoxenos, Didymos and others presented the semitone as being divided into two approximate quarter tone intervals of about the same size, while other ancient Greek theorists described the microtones resulting from dividing the semitone of the enharmonic genus as unequal in size (i.e., one smaller than a quarter tone and one larger).

Interval size in equal temperament
Here are the sizes of some common intervals in a 24-note equally tempered scale, with the interval names proposed by Alois Hába (neutral third, etc.) and Ivan Wyschnegradsky (major fourth, etc.):

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Interval name ! Size(steps) ! Size(cents) ! MIDI ! Just ratio ! Just(cents) ! MIDI ! Error(cents)
 * octave
 * align=center| 24
 * align=center| 1200
 * Perfect octave on C.mid
 * align=center| 2:1
 * align=center| 1200.00
 * Perfect octave on C.mid
 * align=center| 0.00
 * semidiminished octave
 * align=center| 23
 * align=center| 1150
 * Supermajor seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| 35:18
 * align=center| 1151.23
 * Septimal supermajor seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| −1.23
 * supermajor seventh
 * align=center| 23
 * align=center| 1150
 * Supermajor seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| 27:14
 * align=center| 1137.04
 * Septimal major seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| +12.96
 * major seventh
 * align=center| 22
 * align=center| 1100
 * Major seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| 15:8
 * align=center| 1088.27
 * Just major seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| +11.73
 * neutral seventh, major tone
 * align=center| 21
 * align=center| 1050
 * Neutral seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| 11:6
 * align=center| 1049.36
 * Undecimal neutral seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| +0.64
 * neutral seventh, minor tone
 * align=center| 21
 * align=center| 1050
 * Neutral seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| 20:11
 * align=center| 1035.00
 * Lesser undecimal neutral seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| +15.00
 * large just minor seventh
 * align=center| 20
 * align=center| 1000
 * Minor seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| 9:5
 * align=center| 1017.60
 * Greater just minor seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| −17.60
 * small just minor seventh
 * align=center| 20
 * align=center| 1000
 * Minor seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| 16:9
 * align=center| 996.09
 * Lesser just minor seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| +3.91
 * supermajor sixth/subminor seventh
 * align=center| 19
 * align=center| 950
 * Subminor seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| 7:4
 * align=center| 968.83
 * Harmonic seventh on C.mid
 * align=center| −18.83
 * major sixth
 * align=center| 18
 * align=center| 900
 * Major sixth on C.mid
 * align=center| 5:3
 * align=center| 884.36
 * Just major sixth on C.mid
 * align=center| +15.64
 * neutral sixth
 * align=center| 17
 * align=center| 850
 * Neutral sixth on C.mid
 * align=center| 18:11
 * align=center| 852.59
 * Undecimal neutral sixth on C.mid
 * align=center| −2.59
 * minor sixth
 * align=center| 16
 * align=center| 800
 * Minor sixth on C.mid
 * align=center| 8:5
 * align=center| 813.69
 * Just minor sixth on C.mid
 * align=center| −13.69
 * subminor sixth
 * align=center| 15
 * align=center| 750
 * Subminor sixth on C.mid
 * align=center| 14:9
 * align=center| 764.92
 * Septimal minor sixth on C.mid
 * align=center| −14.92
 * perfect fifth
 * align=center| 14
 * align=center| 700
 * Perfect fifth on C.mid
 * align=center| 3:2
 * align=center| 701.96
 * Just perfect fifth on C.mid
 * align=center| −1.96
 * minor fifth
 * align=center| 13
 * align=center| 650
 * Thirteen quarter tones on C.mid
 * align=center| 16:11
 * align=center| 648.68
 * Eleventh harmonic inverse on C.mid
 * align=center| +1.32
 * lesser septimal tritone
 * align=center| 12
 * align=center| 600
 * Tritone on C.mid
 * align=center| 7:5
 * align=center| 582.51
 * Lesser septimal tritone on C.mid
 * align=center| +17.49
 * major fourth
 * align=center| 11
 * align=center| 550
 * Eleven quarter tones on C.mid
 * align=center| 11:8
 * align=center| 551.32
 * Eleventh harmonic on C.mid
 * align=center| −1.32
 * perfect fourth
 * align=center| 10
 * align=center| 500
 * Perfect fourth on C.mid
 * align=center| 4:3
 * align=center| 498.04
 * Just perfect fourth on C.mid
 * align=center| +1.96
 * tridecimal major third
 * align=center| 9
 * align=center| 450
 * Nine quarter tones on C.mid
 * align=center| 13:10
 * align=center| 454.21
 * Tridecimal major third on C.mid
 * align=center| −4.21
 * septimal major third
 * align=center| 9
 * align=center| 450
 * Nine quarter tones on C.mid
 * align=center| 9:7
 * align=center| 435.08
 * Septimal major third on C.mid
 * align=center| +14.92
 * major third
 * align=center| 8
 * align=center| 400
 * Major third on C.mid
 * align=center| 5:4
 * align=center| 386.31
 * Just major third on C.mid
 * align=center| +13.69
 * undecimal neutral third
 * align=center| 7
 * align=center| 350
 * Neutral third on C.mid
 * align=center| 11:9
 * align=center| 347.41
 * Undecimal neutral third on C.mid
 * align=center| +2.59
 * minor third
 * align=center| 6
 * align=center| 300
 * Minor third on C.mid
 * align=center| 6:5
 * align=center| 315.64
 * Just minor third on C.mid
 * align=center| −15.64
 * septimal minor third
 * align=center| 5
 * align=center| 250
 * Five quarter tones on C.mid
 * align=center| 7:6
 * align=center| 266.87
 * Septimal minor third on C.mid
 * align=center| −16.87
 * tridecimal five-quarter tone
 * align=center| 5
 * align=center| 250
 * Five quarter tones on C.mid
 * align=center| 15:13
 * align=center| 247.74
 * Tridecimal five-quarter tone on C.mid
 * align=center| +2.26
 * septimal whole tone
 * align=center| 5
 * align=center| 250
 * Five quarter tones on C.mid
 * align=center| 8:7
 * align=center| 231.17
 * Septimal major second on C.mid
 * align=center| +18.83
 * major second, major tone
 * align=center| 4
 * align=center| 200
 * Major second on C.mid
 * align=center| 9:8
 * align=center| 203.91
 * Major tone on C.mid
 * align=center| −3.91
 * major second, minor tone
 * align=center| 4
 * align=center| 200
 * Major second on C.mid
 * align=center| 10:9
 * align=center| 182.40
 * Minor tone on C.mid
 * align=center| +17.60
 * neutral second, greater undecimal
 * align=center| 3
 * align=center| 150
 * Neutral second on C.mid
 * align=center| 11:10
 * align=center| 165.00
 * Greater undecimal neutral second on C.mid
 * align=center| −15.00
 * neutral second, lesser undecimal
 * align=center| 3
 * align=center| 150
 * Neutral second on C.mid
 * align=center| 12:11
 * align=center| 150.64
 * Lesser undecimal neutral second on C.mid
 * align=center| −0.64
 * 15:14 semitone
 * align=center| 2
 * align=center| 100
 * Minor second on C.mid
 * align=center| 15:14
 * align=center| 119.44
 * Septimal diatonic semitone on C.mid
 * align=center| −19.44
 * diatonic semitone, just
 * align=center| 2
 * align=center| 100
 * Minor second on C.mid
 * align=center| 16:15
 * align=center| 111.73
 * Just diatonic semitone on C.mid
 * align=center| −11.73
 * 21:20 semitone
 * align=center| 2
 * align=center| 100
 * Minor second on C.mid
 * align=center| 21:20
 * align=center| 84.47
 * Septimal chromatic semitone on C.mid
 * align=center| +15.53
 * 28:27 semitone
 * align=center| 1
 * align=center| 50
 * Quarter tone on C.mid
 * align=center| 28:27
 * align=center| 62.96
 * Septimal minor second on C.mid
 * align=center| −12.96
 * 33:32 semitone
 * align=center| 1
 * align=center| 50
 * Quarter tone on C.mid
 * align=center| 33:32
 * align=center| 53.27
 * Thirty-third harmonic on C.mid
 * align=center| −3.27
 * unison
 * align=center| 0
 * align=center| 0
 * Middle C.mid
 * align=center| 1:1
 * align=center| 0.00
 * Middle C.mid
 * align=center| 0.00
 * }
 * 21:20 semitone
 * align=center| 2
 * align=center| 100
 * Minor second on C.mid
 * align=center| 21:20
 * align=center| 84.47
 * Septimal chromatic semitone on C.mid
 * align=center| +15.53
 * 28:27 semitone
 * align=center| 1
 * align=center| 50
 * Quarter tone on C.mid
 * align=center| 28:27
 * align=center| 62.96
 * Septimal minor second on C.mid
 * align=center| −12.96
 * 33:32 semitone
 * align=center| 1
 * align=center| 50
 * Quarter tone on C.mid
 * align=center| 33:32
 * align=center| 53.27
 * Thirty-third harmonic on C.mid
 * align=center| −3.27
 * unison
 * align=center| 0
 * align=center| 0
 * Middle C.mid
 * align=center| 1:1
 * align=center| 0.00
 * Middle C.mid
 * align=center| 0.00
 * }
 * Middle C.mid
 * align=center| 0.00
 * }

Moving from 12-TET to 24-TET allows the better approximation of a number of intervals. Intervals matched particularly closely include the neutral second, neutral third, and (11:8) ratio, or the 11th harmonic. The septimal minor third and septimal major third are approximated rather poorly; the (13:10) and (15:13) ratios, involving the 13th harmonic, are matched very closely. Overall, 24-TET can be viewed as matching the 11th and 13th harmonics more closely than the 7th.

title: Quarter tone


text:
Bullfrog County, Nevada

Bullfrog County was an uninhabited county in the U.S. state of Nevada created by the Nevada Legislature in 1987. It comprised a 144 sqmi area around Yucca Mountain enclosed by Nye County, from which it was created. Its county seat was located in the state capital of Carson City 270 mi away, and its officers were appointed by the governor rather than elected.

Created in response to a planned nuclear waste site in the area, it was meant to discourage the construction of the site via high property taxes and to direct funds from the site that would have otherwise gone to Nye County directly to the state government. Its creation produced various legal issues for the state, and critics suggested that its existence prompted a conflict of interest for the state in the site's placement. Upon a lawsuit by Nye County, its creation was ruled in violation of the state constitution in 1988, and it was dissolved back into Nye County the following year.

Background
The United States federal government had plans to create a disposal site for radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, then within Nye County. Alongside Texas with a site in Deaf Smith County and Washington with the Hanford Site, Nevada was one of three states to be considered for such a site, and like the other two fought it bitterly. The federal government agreed to provide grants equal to taxes to Nye County for the site per the Nuclear Waste Policy Act, bypassing the state government. In response, Nevada Assemblyman Paul May introduced AB 756, a bill declaring a 144 sqmi area around the proposed nuclear waste site to be a new county, Bullfrog County. The name derived from the Bullfrog Mining District in the area, in turn named due to the area's gold ore being colored like a bullfrog. There had been an earlier attempt to create a Bullfrog County out of southern Nye County in 1909, but Nye County blocked the proposal.

Because this new county had no population, any federal payments for placing the nuclear waste site there would go directly to the state treasury. Furthermore, property tax rates in the county were set at 5 percent, the highest allowable by the state constitution and higher than the statutory limit of 3.64 percent. This tax burden, possibly up to $25 million a year for the state, was meant to deter the waste site's creation by making it prohibitively expensive to use the land for a radioactive waste dump. However, it also guaranteed that the waste site would at least provide a large amount of money for the state government if it were ever built. The bill was passed at 3:45 am on June 18, 1987—near the end of the year's legislative session—and signed into law by Governor Richard Bryan. The law stipulated that if the repository was not built in the county, it would be dissolved and reincorporated into Nye County.

The county was the second-shortest lived county in American history (behind Beckham County, Kentucky), the only enclave county in the United States, and were it still existent, would be the second-youngest county in the United States.

Government and infrastructure
Bullfrog County was the only county in Nevada whose county commissioners and sheriff were not elected. Instead, the law creating the county stipulated that those officials were to be appointed by the governor. Each office—sheriff, recorder, auditor, and public administrator—received a $1 a year salary, and the same person could be appointed to all offices except commissioner simultaneously. Due to a legislative oversight in getting a bill passed to disburse the tax funds, distribution of the funds was put in the hands of the commissioners. The commissioners appointed were chairman Mike Melner of Reno and David Powell and Dorothy Eisenberg of Las Vegas. In the legislature's haste to get the bill passed, the county was not assigned to any of the state's nine district courts and thus had no district attorney or judiciary. The county seat was in Carson City, 270 mi away, making it the only county in the U.S. outside Virginia whose seat was not within its borders. This was a deliberate choice to increase state oversight of the site.

The county was the only uninhabited county in the United States. More than three-fourths of its land was closed to the public; half of it was taken up by the Nevada Test Site, and a quarter by the Nellis Air Force Range. The remaining fourth was owned by the Bureau of Land Management, but few people visited there. It contained no paved roads or buildings. The easiest ground access to the county was by way of a dirt road off U.S. Route 95.

Dissolution
The existence of Bullfrog County had the potential to create serious legal problems for the state of Nevada. The Nevada Constitution requires all criminal trials to be tried in the county where the crime occurred, and before a jury of residents of that county. However, since it was not assigned to a judicial district, it had no judiciary or prosecutors. If a felony or gross misdemeanor was committed in Bullfrog County, it would have been theoretically impossible to empanel a jury, potentially opening the possibility of a perfect crime. Nevada Attorney General Brian McKay insisted that such cases could be taken care of via "the rule of necessity", and officials said that it was very unlikely that a crime would be committed in any event. On the other hand, state judge William P. Beko said that anti-nuclear protesters posed "immediate problems" in that respect. The Department of Energy retaliated for the creation of the county by granting nearby Clark County special status and consequent funds. This backfired on the Department, however, as Clark County used that money to fund studies unfavorable to the Yucca Mountain site.

Critics also asserted that the county's existence established a conflict of interest and sent a message that the state would support the dump in exchange for the money. U.S. Senator for Nevada Chic Hecht brought up such concerns on the Senate floor on September 18, claiming that the creation of the county was being misinterpreted as an invitation for the site and insisting that Nevadans still opposed the dump.

Supporters of the county argued that it was created to prevent Nye County, many of whose residents wanted the dump due to its economic benefits, from insisting on its placement in Nevada. Despite its history, the name was also subject to some ridicule, and critics suggested that Nevada had become a laughing stock due to the county's creation.

Incensed about being sidelined and deprived of its money, Nye County requested that Bryan call a special session of the legislature to repeal the act establishing the county and upon his refusal challenged it in court, claiming it was unconstitutional due to the prohibition on special legislation on counties. In late October 1987, McKay announced that the state would not defend the law in court, since in his view it was likely unconstitutional. On February 11, 1988, retired Supreme Court of Nevada justice David Zenoff conducted a special hearing and found Bullfrog County's creation to be unconstitutional. Zenoff found that since Bullfrog County had no residents, it did not have a representative government. He also ruled the provision of the law giving Bryan the power to appoint the commissioners and sheriff ran counter to the democratic process. In compliance, the state legislature abolished Bullfrog County in 1989 and the territory was retroceded to Nye County. Yucca Mountain was ultimately selected as the site of the repository, but its construction has been delayed due to continued opposition from the state and area.

title: Bullfrog County, Nevada


text:
Talk:Pall Mall, London

[Untitled]
Shouldn't this just be at Pall Mall? I think the fact that the other Pall Malls haven't got articles shows which one is the most famous... Proteus (Talk) 00:17, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I only just wrote this article, so that argument is a bit flawed. I intend to write articles for some of the others, at least pall mall.  If you want to shuffle them around you can, I decided to do it this way because of a google search for "pall mall" got me (in the top 10) a whole selection of meanings (the street in London, the cigaratte brand, Pall Mall Gazette, the game, a font, a place in Texas).  fabiform | talk 00:23, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh right, okay. I just looked at the disambig page and saw only one blue link, and thought it was a bit strange that it was disambiguated. Proteus (Talk) 09:14, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Picture
How about getting a new picture taken on a sunny day? Piccadilly 02:54, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

FP???
So tell me... HOW does this very toffy, very detailed article get away with ONE reference and **NO** 's ? But then you know- How does a tiny 'unrated' article such as get a link into from a FrontPage-ed article- An' FP'd on a very important international workers' holiday, an' the weather cold so you stay indoors with the internets? And then this FP-er clips onto into you and sends you... here? I'll tell you how it's done. Blatant ANGLO-CENTRISME. & it's all over WP. Just saying. Well you can see, that's the way things is. Happy New YARRR! Hilarleo (talk) 01:01, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

IPA
Is the pronunciation at the top of the page in IPA? On the IPA for English page, it doesn't seem that there's an 'au' combination - wouldn't ɔː be more accurate? pɔːl mɔːl... although I'm not really sure how it's pronounced so I can't give a proper transcription. Brammers (talk) 14:28, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Shouldn't it be /pæl mæl/? 82.24.183.194 (talk) 13:04, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
 * You are right. See . Piaractus (talk) 12:44, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

Notable buildings (parked here for a mo while I work out what to do with it)

 * St James's Palace
 * No. 36 – Army and Navy Club
 * No. 59 – Quebec Government Office in London
 * No. 71 – Oxford and Cambridge Club
 * No. 80 – Schomberg House
 * No. 89 – Royal Automobile Club
 * No. 100 – Embassy of Kosovo (originally built in the 1960s as the new home of the Junior Carlton Club)
 * No. 104 – Reform Club
 * No. 106 – Travellers Club
 * No. 107 – Athenaeum Club
 * No. 116 – Institute of Directors
 * No. 125 – Embassy of Kazakhstan

Content dispute
As there's a bit of a content dispute going on, I've semi-protected the page for a week. I accept I was kind of WP:INVOLVED, so anyone is free to go to WP:RPP and ask for unprotection from a neutral administrator. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  23:39, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Are administrators supposed to edit war and then stop any IP correcting their poor edits? I think not, the administrator who did this is a disgrace. 94.196.211.94 (talk) 13:10, 25 March 2016 (UTC) And for your information, I have roamed around Wikipedia for years and never been involved with edit wars or administrators. You asked where I lived. I live in a house on a road, my residence is the house not the road. 94.196.211.94 (talk) 13:17, 25 March 2016 (UTC)

Well are you going to revert your edit or shall I? 92.40.33.185 (talk) 14:12, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

Monopoly
I just saw this article was promoted to GA, and having a look at it, I'm surprised Monopoly only gets a on sentence mention - I would have thought that this was a much bigger part of Pall Mall's fame. Can we include some commentary about this? I know this isn't a great source, but I see this claim in the Daily Mirror: "Pall Mall has unshackled itself from the lowly chains of being a Pink property, and would now be a Green property." At the very least we should say what colour group the street is in. StAnselm (talk) 02:30, 22 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I've added the colour group, as that is verifiable, and dropped in a source similar to yours (though not with a reputation for being a tabloid) but surprisingly there is little other mention of the street's association with Monopoly in reliable sources. There is this Daily Telegraph report that documents house price rises, but Pall Mall is not mentioned among them. Tim Moore's "Do Not Pass Go" documents several reasons for choosing the particular squares by Waddington's Victor Watson and Marjorie Phillips (compare and contrast this article with The Angel, Islington, which has an entire paragraph dedicated to Monopoly, but only because there is the coverage in sources for it), but there doesn't seem to be much about Pall Mall other than the clubs and cigarette manufacturers. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  08:40, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040426012358/http://www.touruk.co.uk/london_streets/pallmall_street1.htm to http://www.touruk.co.uk/london_streets/pallmall_street1.htm

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160502043205/http://www.moneywise.co.uk/home-mortgage/mortgages/home-mortgage/property-market/playing-the-monopoly-house-price-game to http://www.moneywise.co.uk/home-mortgage/mortgages/home-mortgage/property-market/playing-the-monopoly-house-price-game

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title: Talk:Pall Mall, London


text: User talk:210.11.188.17

title: User talk:210.11.188.17


text:
Talk:Panel dividing equipment

Comment
These are all ghost-links. How is this page needed?? 66.245.18.154 00:17, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Panel dividing equipment


text:
Human Rights Act

Human Rights Act may refer to:

Australia

 * Human Rights Act 2004 (Australian Capital Territory)
 * Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Victoria)

Canada

 * Canadian Human Rights Act (Federal)
 * Human Rights Act 2003 (Nunavut)

Ireland

 * European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003

New Zealand

 * Human Rights Act 1993

United Kingdom

 * Human Rights Act 1998

United States

 * Human Rights Act 1977 (District of Columbia)

title: Human Rights Act