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Talk:The Measure of a Man (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

Untitled
A late 17th-early 18th century rabbi, Zvi Ashkanazi, asked "Can a golem be a member of a minyan?" A golem is an artificially created intelligent life form, and a minyan is ten or more adult male Jews gathered for prayer. Considered by itself, the question seems silly, but what is really being asked is "Is an artificially created intelligent being really human?" That has been a recurring question in speculative fiction ever since Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, and would become a very real question if we were to develop an artificial intelligence that could pass the Turing Test. Rabbi Ashkanazi's answer, by the way, was "no", based on some technicalities in the rules governing minyans. JHobson3 (talk) 16:24, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

Isn't this a tad bit of a fictional slippery slope? The Doctor in voyager was labled a human too. Will the sex holograms that are in Quark's be considered people too?Fentoro 05:07, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

This episode is one of several which painted a bleak picture of the state of civil rights in the Federation -- inadvertantly, I presume. It raised the question of whether a commissioned officer in Starfleet could be vivisected against his will, and then took most of an hour to figure out the answer. --wwoods 23:03, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree. I see this episode as presenting the clearest picture of the best nature of the Federation.

 * In the Star Trek universe, only the Federation is shown as capable of making such a leap of a moral imagination to conclude that a artificially intelligent machine of Data's sophistication is in effect a sentient being.

 * What I like to say is that the episode, The Best of Both Worlds showed the willingness of the characters to defend the Federation, but The Measure of a Man showed why the Federation is worth defending. --User:Kchishol1970

 * Well, the Borg might be capable of such a leap. :-)

 * More seriously, I don't remember anyone refusing to accept Data as a sapient being. But that's my point -- that having been established long before the series began, they still have to consider whether Data has the right to choose not to be damaged by a scientist who thinks he might learn something cool. They go around and around before Guinan points out what was obvious to me: it's like slavery all over again.

 * They came --> <-- this close to another Dred Scott decision holding that androids are "beings of an inferior order, ... and so far inferior that they had no rights which the [meat-based lifeform] was bound to respect." And this, as I said, was despite the fact that this wasn't J. Random Android, but a brother officer in Starfleet with years of distinguished service. --wwoods 01:32, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree again. Please note that the only Starfleet Officers who question Data's status as a sapient being are the JAG Officer, who is depicted as a legalistic hardass and the scientist who doesn't respect that idea anyway.  Everyone else, especially Picard and Riker, instantly rallies to Data's defense.  It was left unsaid, but Picard could have appealed the case higher up if the judgement went against Data and he likely would have faced more sympathetic judges. --User:Kchishol1970

 * As I said, I don't remember anyone refusing to accept Data as a sapient being. Even more than that, he had been accepted by everyone except Whatshisname as a legally competent person. Nevertheless, that long-established status doesn't seem to guarantee him the civil rights that you or I would take for granted.

 * Straining for an analogy, suppose that some scientist wanted to get a court order entitling him to take biopsies without permission from several, say, Arab-Americans, because he might learn something-or-other of interest. How far would he get?
 * [The indentation of my earlier comments looks flaky, for some reason.]
 * --wwoods 22:35, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The whole story is a bit inconsistent, indeed. Apparently Data was never legally recognised as a lifeform, yet Starfleet let him join, awarded him decorations, etc. I would assume that his status was just never truly considered throughout his career. Yet he was legally considered a mere machine upon closer inspection, which either means that even non-lifeforms can gain ranks and be awarded decorations (gotta ask Mr. Tricorder about that one) or you can at least do that as long as nobody considers your status.
 * I would assume that the most "canon" explanation would be that Starfleet didn't require anyone to be legally recognised as a lifeform in order to join, thus creating the paradox when Data's status was questioned (arguably, for the first time). They probably later changed that. — Ashmodai (talk · contribs) 16:42, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

I found this story a little futile. I obviously see what they were trying to address, but the logic just doesn't work! The descision was made to allow Data to join the Federation of his own free will. This already defines his right to self-determination. And the idea that, after joining of his own free will, he should suddenly become the property of Starfleet makes no sense whatsoever. I still enjoyed it though ;-) 85.22.10.36 18:02, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Popularity

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Popularity.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

 * This article is nothing but an extended definition. It might be appropriate for the Wiktionary, but not for the Wikipedia.Leland 23:06, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It looks fine to me. It includes more than just a definition.  ☞spencer195 23:09, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The social phenomenon of "popularity" is of widespread interest and has almost certainly been the subject of academic study. -- Seth Ilys 06:32, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If no one can cite one of these academic studies, I'd say it's a pointless entry. Leland 12:42, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I say let it go. After giving a wide open definition of popularity as many people liking an “entity/object,” it goes with what look like personal observations on popularity, but only as it applies to people and not other “entities/objects.” Seems a bit trivial. Nathan 13:19, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's already more then a definition and has the potential to be expanded into a fuller article.  Add a stub message if you'd like, but keep. --Starx 04:52, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It has promise. -- Stevietheman 00:57, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Hays

Hays may refer to:

People

 * Hays (surname)

United States

 * Hays (Pittsburgh), a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Hays, Kansas
 * Fort Hays
 * Hays Regional Airport
 * Hays, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Warren County
 * Hays, Montana
 * Hays, North Carolina
 * Hays, Texas
 * Hays County, Texas

Elsewhere

 * Hays, Alberta, Canada
 * Hays Reef, Tasmania, Australia

Schools

 * Charles Hays Secondary School in Prince Rupert, British Columbia
 * Fort Hays State University in Hays, Kansas
 * Walter Hays School in Palo Alto, California

Other uses

 * Hay's Galleria, a shopping mall and tourist attraction in London
 * Hays Code, a set of motion picture industry guidelines
 * Hays plc, a British recruitment company
 * Hays Travel, a travel agency chain based in Sunderland, England

title: Hays


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/How to Fly

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled How to Fly.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was deletion.

Originally containing a transcribed copy of the seminal flight instructions by Douglas Adams, the text was copyvio'd and has since been replaced by quite a bit of nothing. Deleting will purge both the new... stuff and the copyvio in edit history. --Ben Brockert 23:05, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Read it again, it's not nothing :). It is, however, deserving of deletion. Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:21, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "quite a bit of nothing" :) --Ben Brockert 23:24, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is so effing stupid, I'm surprised this isn't a candidate for speedy deletion. I can hear the dumbass trustafarian sniggling while it was being written. har effing har. Delete. Alcarillo 23:47, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Ridiculous. Delete.--Beelzebubs 23:52, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Excuse me for stating the obvious, but these are coded instructions for getting high. - Herbert 01:08, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke. It does contain some knowledge IMO, so if anyone wants to move or transwiki it somewhere as how to roll a reefer or something similar, do so in the next five days. Andrewa 01:19, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This reads like a bargain-basement Cheech and Chong ripoff. Hit it with a delete.  Better still, a shot of paraquat. - Lucky 6.9 03:56, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, bad joke. --Starx 04:51, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Hilarious, once you figure out what it's on about. BJAODN? Delete, either way. PMC 01:20, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Deserves preservation outside Wikipedia as amusing nonsense. -- Jmabel 09:36, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't keep. Move to the notorious nether regions of Wikipedia if you must, but otherwise clutter. jaknouse 14:42, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Ignore as VfD. Reverted to copyvio notice.  Trashing a copyvio notice is not WP:BJAODN, it's vandalism. --Zigger 21:24, 2004 May 16 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate up to the point of deletion and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Sharron Davies

Sharron Elizabeth Davies, (born 1 November 1962) is an English former competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain in the Olympics and European championships and competed for England in the Commonwealth Games. Davies has attended 12 consecutive Olympic Games, competing in three games and then working in the media for the BBC Sport.

She competed in three Olympic Games over three decades, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. She also competed in the international community spanning over 20 years.

Since retiring from the sport, she has worked for various media organisations and programmes. In 2005, Davies supported the British Olympic bid by profile-raising and appearing as spokesperson on BBC's Question Time where she made a strong case for bringing the games to London for 2012. Davies is a current patron of the Disabled Sport England and SportsAid. She was also the face of the Swim for Life charity event which raised total over £10m for many charities. She has publicly expressed her opinions on transgender people in sports.

Early life
Davies was born in Plymouth, Devon, and grew up in Plymouth and Plymstock. She has twin brothers. She attended Plymstock Comprehensive School and the private school Kelly College, which is now known as Mount Kelly, in Tavistock.

She originally learnt to swim with Devonport Royal Swimming Association. She moved to Port of Plymouth Swimming Association when she was eight and was coached for the first year first by Ray Bickley then by her father Terry Davies who became a coach. Her father was never selected as an international coach because he spoke out about East German cheating. He was added in 2021 to the Coaches Association Hall of Fame.

Swimming
She set a record by swimming for the British national team at the age of 11. In 1976, at age 13, Davies was selected to represent Great Britain at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. The next year she won two bronze medals in the 1977 European Championships. The following year, at age 15, she won gold medals at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in the 200 and 400-metre individual medleys and also a silver and a bronze medal.

In the 1980 Olympics, Davies took the silver medal in the 400 m individual medley behind Petra Schneider from East Germany, who later admitted that the victory was drug enhanced.

At 18, Davies called time on the first stage of her swimming career to build her television profile and a career in modelling. In 1989, and training at Bracknell & Wokingham Swimming Club, she returned to the pool, where she picked up two more medals at the 1990 Commonwealth Games.

Medals and awards
Davies has broken or re broken many British records whilst competing and winning For medals table, see Medal record.

 * silver medal in the 400-metre individual medley at the 1980 Olympics in Moscow
 * two gold, two silver and two bronze medals at the Commonwealth Games in 1978 and 1990.
 * two bronze medals at European Championships

Davies held the Commonwealth Record for 400-metre individual medley for 18 years. She has broken five World Masters records.

In the latest development in the story of the East German state-run doping programme, The Times broke the news in 2021 of a possibility that the bronze and silver medals won may be upgraded to gold.

At the ASA National British Championships she won 22 titles – the 100 metres freestyle title in 1978, 200 metres freestyle title in 1977 and 1978, 400 metres freestyle title in 1977, 1978 and 1979, 800 metres freestyle title in 1978, 200 metres backstroke title in 1976, 1977 and 1978, 200 metres medley title in 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1989 and 1992, 400 metres medley title in 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979 and 1980 and the 50 metres butterfly title in 1992.

In the 1993 New Year Honours, Davies was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire "for services to swimming".

Politics and activism
Davies is a supporter of the Conservative Party and endorsed Kemi Badenoch in the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election.

Davies is known for her views on gender identity, trans rights campaigning and has been associated with the gender-critical movement. She has expressed concerns about the impact of self-identification on women's sports and spaces, arguing that it may disadvantage cisgender women. These views have generated significant debate and controversy.

In 2019, Davies made comments about participation by trans women in women's sports competitions, opposing such participation and saying that trans women hold a biological advantage in sports. She became involved in the question of trans women in sport because at the 1980 Olympics she lost out on gold to Petra Schneider who, along with other East German athletes, had been put on testosterone to enhance their performances through doping.

In a tweet posted on 21 December 2019, Davies expressed her disapproval of drag shows, comparing them to blackface. The statement drew criticism with some commentators finding her comparison to blackface inappropriate and disrespectful of the fight against racism. In response to the criticism, Davies clarified that her comment was not intended to be understood as racist.

In 2022, Davies said that trans women hold a potential biological male performance advantage at the elite level of 10–20% over cisgender females and called for women's sport to exclude XY chromosome athletes. In March, she wrote a column for The Times arguing that trans women's advantage is the result of going through male puberty, resulting in a narrower angle between the hips and knees which testosterone reduction does not eliminate, and called for trans women to compete in an open category rather than being excluded from competition entirely. In the same article, she stated: "This month we saw an athlete, Lia Thomas, who was an average club swimmer as a man claim an NCAA title as the US No 1 woman with 20 years of male development in the tank."

In her 2023 book, Unfair Play: The Battle for Women’s Sport, Davies argues against the inclusion of trans women in women's sport. Davies compares trans women competing in women's sport to the drug-enhanced performances of GDR women that competed against her and other women, like Ann Osgerby. In September 2023, Davies was reported to be leading a campaign aiming to question Members of Parliament (MPs) on camera about their understanding of the term "woman" and publishing their responses online. The "What Is A Woman?" campaign claims that its volunteers are trained to approach MPs, seeking clarification of their positions on camera. In 2023, Davies criticised and called for a boycott of sportswear brand Nike after Dylan Mulvaney, a transgender woman, promoted a Nike sports bra on social media.

Publications, media programmes and other work

 * Swimming biography Against the Tide published in 1984
 * Learn to Swim in a Weekend (1992, translated into multiple languages)
 * Channel 4 television comedy series The Optimist, in an episode that was filmed entirely on location on Mexico
 * This Morning – presenting a mums and babies learning to swim series on ITV
 * Question Time – discussing the winning Olympic bid for London 2012 which Davies was part of
 * 1996 presented Channel 4's The Big Breakfast
 * 1995 she joined ITV's Gladiators being given the nickname "Amazon"
 * 1995 with Julia Thorley, book Pregnant and Fit
 * Presenter of Ace Reports, ITV's version of Blue Peter
 * Survived on The Island with Bear Grylls
 * 1994 – a "British Girls of Sport" calendar, raising money for the Sports Aid Foundation
 * Guest dart player, throwing for charity, on British game show Bullseye
 * Presenting and commentating on swimming coverage for the BBC (extended to other sports for the Atlanta and Sydney Olympics)
 * 2008 presented with Jim Rosenthal on Five's latest revival of the long running celebrity sports competition Superstars
 * 2010 – ITV series Dancing on Ice, partnered by regular participant Pavel Aubrecht; eliminated on 21 February 2010 (week 7 of the series)
 * Ski tuition video with world champion Franz Klammer, alongside fellow swimmer Duncan Goodhew
 * Presenter at London's 2012 Olympics Handover Party in the Mall
 * In January 2022, she launched an online fitness site, Sharron Davies Training.
 * In her 2023 book, Unfair Play: The Battle for Women’s Sport, on trans women in women's sport.

Personal life
In the 1980s, Davies lived with and was engaged to Neil Adams an Olympic and World Championship medallist in judo.

Davies then married gym manager John Crisp in West Sussex in 1987. They were divorced in 1991.

In 1992, she met athlete Derek Redmond at the Barcelona Olympics. In 1994 they were married in Northampton, and had two children. They divorced in 2000.

Davies's third marriage was to British Airways pilot Tony Kingston. They were married in 2002 in Gloucestershire. In autumn 2006, she announced that she was three months pregnant after 8 rounds of IVF treatment, having been trying for a baby for four years and suffering two miscarriages. During a Sport Relief event in Devon, she said: "We're very optimistic and happy but we're cautious, too, because of what we have been through. Giving birth at 44 doesn't worry me. So many women go through this as they leave it later to have babies." Davies gave birth to her third child on 30 January 2007. She split up with Kingston in 2009 after seven years of marriage.

title: Sharron Davies


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Roger Long

Roger Long (1680 – 16 December 1770) was an English astronomer, and Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge between 1733 and 1770.

Roger Long was the son of Thomas Long of Croxton, Norfolk. He was educated at Norwich School and later admitted to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1696 or 1697. Graduating with a BA in 1700 or 1701, he became a fellow of Pembroke. He was ordained in 1716, and became Rector of Orton Waterville. He became a Doctor of Divinity in 1728, and Master of Pembroke in 1733. From 1750 until 1770, he was the first holder of the Lowndean Professorship of Astronomy.

One of the great characters of eighteenth-century Cambridge, he built a "water-work" in his garden and paddled round it on a water-cycle. He also constructed a "zodiack", now considered to be the first planetarium, a hollow sphere that could hold thirty people showing the movements of the planets and constellations which remained in the grounds of Pembroke until 1871.

title: Roger Long


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Colorado Plateau

The Colorado Plateau is a physiographic and desert region of the Intermontane Plateaus, roughly centered on the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States. This plateau covers an area of 336,700 km2 (130,000 mi2) within western Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, southern and eastern Utah, northern Arizona, and a tiny fraction in the extreme southeast of Nevada. About 90% of the area is drained by the Colorado River and its main tributaries: the Green, San Juan, and Little Colorado. Most of the remainder of the plateau is drained by the Rio Grande and its tributaries.

The Colorado Plateau is largely made up of high desert, with scattered areas of forests. In the south-west corner of the Colorado Plateau lies the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. Much of the Plateau's landscape is related to the Grand Canyon in both appearance and geologic history. The nickname "Red Rock Country" suggests the brightly colored rock left bare to the view by dryness and erosion. Domes, hoodoos, fins, reefs, river narrows, natural bridges, and slot canyons are only some of the additional features typical of the Plateau.

The Colorado Plateau has the greatest concentration of U.S. National Park Service (NPS) units in the country outside the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Among its nine national parks are Grand Canyon, Zion, Bryce Canyon, Capitol Reef, Canyonlands, Arches, Black Canyon, Mesa Verde, and Petrified Forest. Among its 18 national monuments and other protected areas managed by the NPS, the United States Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management are Bears Ears, Rainbow Bridge, Dinosaur, Hovenweep, Wupatki, Sunset Crater Volcano, Grand Staircase–Escalante, El Malpais, Natural Bridges, Canyons of the Ancients, Chaco Culture National Historical Park and the Colorado National Monument.

Geography

This province is bounded by the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and by the Uinta Mountains and Wasatch Mountains branches of the Rockies in northern and central Utah. It is also bounded by the Rio Grande rift, Mogollon Rim, and the Basin and Range Province (at the Hurricane Fault). Isolated ranges of the Southern Rocky Mountains, such as the San Juan Mountains in Colorado and the La Sal Mountains in Utah, intermix into the central and southern parts of the Colorado Plateau. It is composed of six sections:
 * Uinta Basin Section
 * High Plateaus Section
 * Grand Canyon Section
 * Canyon Lands Section
 * Navajo Section
 * Datil Section

As the name implies, the High Plateaus Section is, on average, the highest section. North-south trending normal faults that include the Hurricane, Sevier, Grand Wash, and Paunsaugunt separate the section's component plateaus. This fault pattern is caused by the tensional forces pulling apart the adjacent Basin and Range Province to the west, making this section transitional. Occupying the southeast corner of the Colorado Plateau is the Datil Section. Thick sequences of mid-Tertiary to late-Cenozoic-aged lava covers this section. The development of the province has, in large part, been influenced by structural features in its oldest rocks. Part of the Wasatch Line and its various faults form the province's western edge. Faults that run parallel to the Wasatch Fault that lies along the Wasatch Range form the boundaries between the plateaus in the High Plateaus Section. The Uinta Basin, Uncompahgre Uplift, and the Paradox Basin were also formed by movement along structural weaknesses in the region's oldest rock.

In Utah, the province includes several higher fault-separated plateaus:
 * Awapa Plateau
 * Aquarius Plateau
 * Kaiparowits Plateau
 * Markagunt Plateau
 * Paunsaugunt Plateau
 * Sevier Plateau
 * Fishlake Plateau
 * Pavant Plateau
 * Gunnison Plateau and the
 * Tavaputs Plateau.

Some sources also include the Tushar Mountain Plateau as part of the Colorado Plateau, but others do not. The mostly flat-lying sedimentary rock units that make up these plateaus are found in component plateaus that are between 1500 to 3350 m above sea level. A supersequence of these rocks is exposed in the various cliffs and canyons (including the Grand Canyon) that make up the Grand Staircase. Increasingly younger east–west trending escarpments of the Grand Staircase extend north of the Grand Canyon and are named for their color:
 * Chocolate Cliffs,
 * Vermillion Cliffs,
 * White Cliffs,
 * Gray Cliffs, and the
 * Pink Cliffs.

Within these rocks are abundant mineral resources, including uranium, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. A study of the area's unusually clear geologic history (laid bare due to the arid and semiarid conditions) has greatly advanced that science. A rain shadow from the Sierra Nevada far to the west and the many ranges of the Basin and Range means that the Colorado Plateau receives 15 to 40 cm of annual precipitation. Higher areas receive more precipitation and are covered in forests of pine, fir, and spruce. Though it can be said that the Plateau roughly centers on the Four Corners, Black Mesa in northern Arizona is much closer to the east–west, north–south midpoint of the Plateau Province. Lying southeast of Glen Canyon and southwest of Monument Valley at the north end of the Hopi Reservation, this remote coal-laden highland has about half of the Colorado Plateau's acreage north of it, half south of it, half west of it, and half east of it.

The American Association of Petroleum Geologists divides the Colorado Plateau into four geologic provinces. These are:
 * Plateau Sedimentary Province in northern Arizona and southern Utah
 * Black Mesa Basin in northeastern Arizona
 * San Juan Basin in northwestern New Mexico
 * Paradox Basin in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah

Human history
The Ancestral Puebloan People lived in the region from roughly 2000 to 700 years ago. A party from Santa Fe led by Fathers Dominguez and Escalante, unsuccessfully seeking an overland route to California, made a five-month out-and-back trip through much of the Plateau in 1776–1777. Despite having lost one arm in the American Civil War, U.S. Army Major and geologist John Wesley Powell explored the area in 1869 and 1872. Using wooden oak boats and small groups of men, the Powell Geographic Expedition charted this largely unknown region of the United States for the federal government.

Construction of the Hoover Dam in the 1930s and the Glen Canyon Dam in the 1960s changed the character of the Colorado River. Dramatically reduced sediment load changed its color from reddish brown (Colorado is Spanish for "red-colored") to mostly clear. The apparent green color is from algae on the riverbed's rocks, not from any significant amount of suspended material. The lack of sediment has also starved sand bars and beaches, but an experimental 12-day-long controlled flood from Glen Canyon Dam in 1996 showed substantial restoration. Similar floods are planned for every 5 to 10 years.

Geology

One of the most geologically intriguing features of the Colorado Plateau is its remarkable stability. Relatively little rock deformation such as faulting and folding has affected this high, thick crustal block within the last 600 million years or so, although there are some newer features such as the Waterpocket Fold of Capitol Reef (estimated 50–70 million years old). In contrast, provinces that have suffered severe deformation surround the plateau. Mountain building thrust up the Rocky Mountains to the north and east and tremendous, earth-stretching tension produced the Basin and Range Province to the west and south. Sub ranges of the Southern Rocky Mountains are scattered throughout the Colorado Plateau.

The Precambrian and Paleozoic history of the Colorado Plateau is best revealed near its southern end, where the Grand Canyon has exposed rocks with ages that span almost 2 billion years. The oldest rocks at river level are igneous and metamorphic and have been lumped together as Vishnu Basement Rocks; the oldest ages recorded by these rocks fall from 1950 to 1680 million years. An erosion surface on the Vishnu Basement Rocks is covered by sedimentary rocks and basalt flows, and these rocks formed in the interval from about 1250 to 750 million years ago: in turn, they were uplifted and split into a range of fault-block mountains. Erosion greatly reduced this mountain range before the encroachment of a seaway along the passive western edge of the continent in the early Paleozoic. At the canyon rim is the Kaibab Formation, limestone deposited in the late Paleozoic (Permian) about 270 million years ago.

A 12000 to 15000 ft extension of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains called the Uncompahgre Mountains were uplifted and the adjacent Paradox Basin subsided. Almost 4 mi. (6.4 km) of sediment from the mountains and evaporites from the sea were deposited (see geology of the Canyonlands area for detail). Most of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas and near-shore environments (such as beaches and swamps) as the seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto-North America (for detail, see geology of the Grand Canyon area). The province was probably on a continental margin throughout the late Precambrian and most of the Paleozoic era. Igneous rocks injected millions of years later form a marbled network through parts of the Colorado Plateau's darker metamorphic basement. By 600 million years ago North America had been leveled off to a remarkably smooth surface.

Throughout the Paleozoic Era, tropical seas periodically inundated the Colorado Plateau region. Thick layers of limestone, sandstone, siltstone, and shale were laid down in the shallow marine waters. During times when the seas retreated, stream deposits and dune sands were deposited or older layers were removed by erosion. Over 300 million years passed as layer upon layer of sediment accumulated.

It was not until the upheavals that coincided with the formation of the supercontinent Pangea began about 250 million years ago that deposits of marine sediment waned and terrestrial deposits dominate. In late Paleozoic and much of the Mesozoic era the region was affected by a series of orogenies (mountain-building events) that deformed western North America and caused a great deal of uplift. Eruptions from volcanic mountain ranges to the west buried vast regions beneath ashy debris. Short-lived rivers, lakes, and inland seas left sedimentary records of their passage. Streams, ponds and lakes produced formations such as the Chinle, Moenave, and Kayenta in the Mesozoic era. Later a vast desert formed the Navajo and Temple Cap formations and dry near-shore environment formed the Carmel (see geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area for details).

The area was again covered by a warm shallow sea when the Cretaceous Seaway opened in late Mesozoic time. The Dakota Sandstone and the Tropic Shale were deposited in the warm shallow waters of this advancing and retreating seaway. Several other formations were also produced but were mostly eroded following two major periods of uplift.

The Laramide orogeny closed the seaway and uplifted a large belt of crust from Montana to Mexico, with the Colorado Plateau region being the largest block. Thrust faults in Colorado are thought to have formed from a slight clockwise movement of the region, which acted as a rigid crustal block. The Colorado Plateau Province was uplifted largely as a single block, possibly due to its relative thickness. This relative thickness may be why compressional forces from the orogeny were mostly transmitted through the province instead of deforming it. Pre-existing weaknesses in Precambrian rocks were exploited and reactivated by the compression. It was along these ancient faults and other deeply buried structures that much of the province's relatively small and gently inclined flexures (such as anticlines, synclines, and monoclines) formed. Some of the prominent isolated mountain ranges of the Plateau, such as Ute Mountain and the Carrizo Mountains, both near the Four Corners, are cored by igneous rocks that were emplaced about 70 million years ago.

Minor uplift events continued through the start of the Cenozoic era and were accompanied by some basaltic lava eruptions and mild deformation. The colorful Claron Formation that forms the delicate hoodoos of Bryce Amphitheater and Cedar Breaks was then laid down as sediments in cool streams and lakes (see geology of the Bryce Canyon area for details). The flat-lying Chuska Sandstone was deposited about 34 million years ago; the sandstone is predominantly of eolian origin and locally more than 500 meters thick. The Chuska Sandstone caps the Chuska Mountains, and it lies unconformably on Mesozoic rocks deformed during the Laramide orogeny.

Younger igneous rocks form spectacular topographic features. The Henry Mountains, La Sal Range, and Abajo Mountains, ranges that dominate many views in southeastern Utah, are formed about igneous rocks that were intruded in the interval from 20 to 31 million years: some igneous intrusions in these mountains form laccoliths, a form of intrusion recognized by Grove Karl Gilbert during his studies of the Henry Mountains. Ship Rock (also called Shiprock), in northwestern New Mexico, and Church Rock and Agathla, near Monument Valley, are erosional remnants of potassium-rich igneous rocks and associated breccias of the Navajo Volcanic Field, produced about 25 million years ago. The Hopi Buttes in northeastern Arizona are held up by resistant sheets of sodic volcanic rocks, extruded about 7 million years ago. More recent igneous rocks are concentrated nearer the margins of the Colorado Plateau. The San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff, south of the Grand Canyon, are volcanic landforms produced by igneous activity that began in that area about 6 million years ago and continued until 1064 CE, when basalt erupted in Sunset Crater National Monument. Mount Taylor, near Grants, New Mexico, is a volcanic structure with a history similar to that of the San Francisco Peaks: a basalt flow closer to Grants was extruded only about 3000 years ago (see El Malpais National Monument). These young igneous rocks may record processes in the Earth's mantle that are eating away at deep margins of the relatively stable block of the Plateau.

Tectonic activity resumed in Mid Cenozoic time and started to unevenly uplift and slightly tilt the Colorado Plateau region and the region to the west some 20 million years ago (as much as 3 kilometers of uplift occurred). Streams had their gradient increased and they responded by downcutting faster. Headward erosion and mass wasting helped to erode cliffs back into their fault-bounded plateaus, widening the basins in-between. Some plateaus have been so severely reduced in size this way that they become mesas or even buttes. Monoclines form as a result of uplift bending the rock units. Eroded monoclines leave steeply tilted resistant rock called a hogback and the less steep version is a cuesta.

Great tension developed in the crust, probably related to changing plate motions far to the west. As the crust stretched, the Basin and Range Province broke up into a multitude of down-dropped valleys and elongate mountains. Major faults, such as the Hurricane Fault, developed that separate the two regions. The dry climate was in large part a rainshadow effect resulting from the rise of the Sierra Nevada further west. Yet for some reason not fully understood, the neighboring Colorado Plateau was able to preserve its structural integrity and remained a single tectonic block.

A second mystery was that while the lower layers of the Plateau appeared to be sinking, overall the Plateau was rising. The reason for this was discovered upon analyzing data from the USARRAY project. It was found that the asthenosphere had invaded the overlying lithosphere, as a result of an area of mantle upwelling stemming from either the disintegration of the descending Farallon Plate, or the survival of the subducted spreading center connected to the East Pacific Rise and Gorda Ridge beneath western North America, or possibly both. The asthenosphere erodes the lower levels of the Plateau. At the same time, as it cools, it expands and lifts the upper layers of the Plateau. Eventually, the great block of Colorado Plateau crust rose a kilometer higher than the Basin and Range. As the land rose, the streams responded by cutting ever deeper stream channels. The most well-known of these streams, the Colorado River, began to carve the Grand Canyon less than 6 million years ago.

The Pleistocene epoch brought periodic ice ages and a cooler, wetter climate. This increased erosion at higher elevations with the introduction of alpine glaciers while mid-elevations were attacked by frost wedging and lower areas by more vigorous stream scouring. Pluvial lakes also formed during this time. Glaciers and pluvial lakes disappeared and the climate warmed and became drier with the start of Holocene epoch.

Ecology
The Colorado Plateau is covered with dry grasslands and shrublands, open pinyon-juniper woodland, and mountain woodlands and forests.

Energy resources
Electrical power generation is one of the major industries that takes place in the Colorado Plateau region. Most electrical generation comes from coal fired power plants. The rocks of the Colorado Plateau are a source of oil and a major source of natural gas. Major petroleum deposits are present in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado, the Uinta Basin of Utah, the Piceance Basin of Colorado, and the Paradox Basin of Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. The Colorado Plateau holds major uranium deposits, and there was a uranium boom in the 1950s. The Atlas Uranium Mill near Moab has left a problematic tailings pile for cleanup. , 10 million tons of tailings had been relocated out of an estimated 16 million tons. Major coal deposits are being mined in the Colorado Plateau in Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico, though large coal mining projects, such as on the Kaiparowits Plateau, have been proposed and defeated politically. The ITT Power Project, eventually located in Lynndyl, Utah, near Delta, was originally suggested for Salt Wash near Capitol Reef National Park. After a firestorm of opposition, it was moved to a less controversial site. In Utah the largest deposits are in aptly named Carbon County. In Arizona the biggest operation is on Black Mesa, supplying coal to Navajo Power Plant. Perhaps the only one of its kind, a gilsonite plant near Bonanza, southeast of Vernal, Utah, mines this unique, lustrous, brittle form of asphalt, for use in "varnishes, paints,...ink, waterproofing compounds, electrical insulation,...roofing materials."

Protected lands
This relatively high, semi-arid to arid province produces many distinctive erosional features such as arches, arroyos, canyons, cliffs, fins, natural bridges, pinnacles, hoodoos, and monoliths that, in various places and extents, have been protected. Also protected are areas of historic or cultural significance, such as the pueblos of the Ancestral Puebloan culture. There are nine U.S. National Parks, a National Historical Park, nineteen U.S. national monuments and dozens of wilderness areas in the province along with millions of acres in U.S. National Forests, many state parks, and other protected lands. In fact, this region has the highest concentration of parklands in North America. Lake Powell, in foreground, is not a natural lake but a reservoir impounded by Glen Canyon Dam.

National parks (from south to north to south clockwise):

 * Petrified Forest National Park
 * Grand Canyon National Park
 * Zion National Park
 * Bryce Canyon National Park
 * Capitol Reef National Park
 * Canyonlands National Park
 * Arches National Park
 * Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park
 * Mesa Verde National Park
 * Chaco Culture National Historical Park

National monuments (alphabetical):

 * Aztec Ruins National Monument
 * Bears Ears National Monument
 * Canyon de Chelly National Monument
 * Canyons of the Ancients National Monument
 * Cedar Breaks National Monument
 * Colorado National Monument
 * Dinosaur National Monument
 * Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
 * Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument
 * El Malpais National Monument
 * El Morro National Monument
 * Hovenweep National Monument
 * Navajo National Monument
 * Natural Bridges National Monument
 * Pipe Spring National Monument
 * Rainbow Bridge National Monument
 * Sunset Crater National Monument
 * Vermilion Cliffs National Monument
 * Walnut Canyon National Monument
 * Wupatki National Monument

Wilderness areas (alphabetical):

 * Ashdown Gorge Wilderness
 * Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness
 * Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness
 * Cebolla Wilderness
 * Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness
 * Box-Death Hollow Wilderness
 * Cottonwood Point Wilderness
 * Dark Canyon Wilderness
 * Escudilla Wilderness
 * Flat Tops Wilderness
 * Grand Wash Cliffs Wilderness
 * Kachina Peaks Wilderness
 * Kanab Creek Wilderness
 * Kendrick Mountain Wilderness
 * Lizard Head Wilderness
 * Mount Baldy Wilderness
 * Mount Logan Wilderness
 * Mount Trumbull Wilderness
 * Ojito Wilderness
 * Paiute Wilderness
 * Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness
 * Pine Valley Mountain Wilderness
 * Saddle Mountain Wilderness
 * South San Juan Wilderness
 * Mount Sneffels Wilderness
 * Strawberry Crater Wilderness
 * Uncompahgre Wilderness
 * High Uintas Wilderness
 * Weminuche Wilderness
 * West Malpais Wilderness

Other notable protected areas include: Barringer Crater, Dead Horse Point State Park, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Goblin Valley State Park, Goosenecks State Park, the Grand Gulch Primitive Area, Kodachrome Basin State Park, Monument Valley, and the San Rafael Swell. Sedona, Arizona and Oak Creek Canyon lie on the south-central border of the Plateau. Many but not all of the Sedona area's cliff formations are protected as wilderness (Red Rock State Park and Coconino National Forest). The area has the visual appeal of a national park, but with a small, rapidly growing town in the center.

title: Colorado Plateau


text:
Robert Latimer

Robert William Latimer (born March 13, 1953) is a Canadian canola and wheat farmer who was convicted of second degree murder in the death of his daughter Tracy Lynn Latimer (born November 23, 1980 – October 24, 1993). This case caused a national controversy concerning the definition and ethics of euthanasia as well as the rights of people with disabilities, and resulted in two Supreme Court decisions, R. v. Latimer (1997), on section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and later R. v. Latimer (2001), concerning cruel and unusual punishments with reference to section 12 of the Charter. Latimer was released on day parole in March 2008 and was granted full parole in December 2010.

Farm and family
Before his imprisonment, Latimer lived near Wilkie, Saskatchewan, on a 1280 acre (520 ha) wheat and canola farm with his wife, Laura, and their four children.

Tracy Latimer
Tracy Lynn Latimer was born November 23, 1980. An interruption in Tracy's supply of oxygen during the childbirth caused severe cerebral palsy, resulting in severe intellectual and physical disabilities, including violent seizures which were controlled with seizure medication. She had little or no voluntary control of her muscles, wore incontinence pants, and could not walk or talk. Her doctors described the care given by her family as excellent.

The Supreme Court judgment of 1997 noted, "It is undisputed that Tracy was in constant pain". In her medical testimony Dr. Dzus, Tracy's orthopaedic surgeon, noted "the biggest thing I remember from that visit is how painful Tracy was. Her mother was holding her right leg in a fixed, flexed position with her knee in the air and any time you tried to move that leg Tracy expressed pain and cried out". She also noted that despite having a hip that had been dislocated for many months Tracy could not take painkillers because she was on anti-seizure medication which, in combination with painkillers, could lead to renewed seizures, stomach bleeding, constipation, aspiration and aspiration pneumonia. Robert Latimer reported that the family was not aware of any medication other than Tylenol that could be safely administered to Tracy.

Considering it too intrusive, the Latimers did not wish a feeding tube to be inserted, though according to the 2001 Supreme Court judgment, it might have allowed more effective pain medication to be administered and it might have improved her nutrition and health. During her life, Tracy had several surgeries, including surgery to lengthen tendons and release muscles, and surgery to correct scoliosis in which rods were inserted into her back.

Tracy attended school regularly in Wilkie. People who worked with Tracy in group homes and schools described her smile, love of music and reaction to horses at the circus. According to the Crown prosecutors' brief presented at the second trial, "She also responded to visits by her family, smiling and looking happy to see them. There is no dispute that through her life, Tracy at times suffered considerable pain. As well, the quality of her life was limited by her severe disability. But the pain she suffered was not unremitting, and her life had value and quality."

In October 1993, Dr. Dzus recommended and scheduled further surgery on November 19, 1993, in the hope that it would lessen the constant pain in Tracy's dislocated hip. Depending on the state of her hip joint, the procedure might have been a hip reconstruction or it might have involved removing the upper part of her thigh bone, leaving the leg connected to her body by only muscles and nerves. The anticipated recovery period for this surgery was one year. The Latimers were told that this procedure would cause pain, and the doctors involved suggested that further surgery would be required in the future to relieve the pain emanating from various joints in Tracy's body." Dr. Dzus reported that "the post operative pain can be incredible", and described the only useful short-term solution being the use of an epidural to anesthetize the lower part of the body and help alleviate pain while Tracy was still in the hospital.

Tracy's murder
On October 24, 1993, Laura Latimer found Tracy dead. She had died under the care of her father while the rest of the family was at church. At first, Latimer stated that Tracy had died in her sleep. When confronted by police with autopsy evidence that high levels of carbon monoxide were found in Tracy's blood, Latimer confessed that he had killed her by placing her in his truck and connecting a hose from the truck's exhaust pipe to the cab. He said he had also considered other methods of killing Tracy, including Valium overdose and "shooting her in the head".

Latimer said his actions were motivated by love for Tracy and a desire to end her pain. He described the medical treatments Tracy had had and was scheduled to have as "mutilation and torture". "With the combination of a feeding tube, rods in her back, the leg cut and flopping around and bedsores, how can people say she was a happy little girl?" Latimer asked.

Murder trials and appeals
Latimer was charged with first degree murder, convicted of second degree murder by a jury, and sentenced to life imprisonment without possibility of parole for 10 years. He subsequently lost an appeal to the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal. In February 1996, the Supreme Court of Canada agreed to hear a further appeal; and in June 1996, the original Crown prosecutor was charged with attempting to obstruct justice by jury tampering. In February 1997, the Supreme Court of Canada ordered a new trial for Latimer because of the allegations of jury tampering; it began on 22 October 1997. Latimer was convicted of second degree murder. The second trial judge had found that a 10-year sentence granted Latimer a constitutional exemption from the mandatory minimum sentence, sentencing Latimer to one year in prison followed by a year of probation, but the original conviction was sustained by the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Canada.

In 2001, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Latimer's crime could not be justified by the defence of necessity, and found that, despite the particular circumstances of the case, the lengthy prison sentence given to Latimer was not cruel and unusual, and therefore not a breach of section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court also ruled that Latimer was not denied rights to jury nullification, as no such rights exist, and his prison sentence was thus upheld.

Imprisonment and parole
Latimer began serving his sentence on January 18, 2001, and was incarcerated at William Head Institution, a minimum-security facility located 30 kilometres west of Victoria, British Columbia, on Vancouver Island. While in prison, he completed the first year of carpentry and electrician apprenticeships. He continued to operate his family's farm with the help of a manager.

On December 5, 2007, Latimer requested day parole from the National Parole Board in Victoria. He told the parole board that he believed killing his daughter was the right thing to do. The board denied his request, saying that Latimer had not developed sufficient insight into his actions, despite psychological and parole reports that said he was a low risk to reoffend unless he was in the same situation again. In January 2008, lawyer Jason Gratl filed the appeal on Latimer's behalf, arguing that in denying parole, the board had violated its own rules by requiring admission of wrongdoing and by ignoring the low risk for reoffending. In February 2008, a review board overturned the earlier parole board decision, and granted Latimer day parole stating that there was low risk that Latimer would re-offend. Latimer was released from William Head Prison and began his day parole in Ottawa in March. On his release he stated that he planned to work for a new trial and for identification of the pain medication that the 2001 Supreme Court ruling suggested he could have used instead of killing his daughter.

He later relocated to Victoria, where he was required to live in a half-way house five days a week and could live in his own apartment two days a week. He had been seeking looser parole conditions since August 2009. In July 2010, the National Parole Board denied his request to be allowed to leave the halfway house for five days a week. In August 2010, an appeal was made to the Federal Court of Canada. Justice Mactavish ordered the board to reassess Latimer's application. The National Parole Board was also directed by the Judge to apply the least restrictive conditions consistent with society's protection. Latimer was assessed to have a low risk of re-offending. In September 2010, the parole board ruled he could be away from his Victoria halfway house for five days a week, but had to check in on the other two days. On November 29, 2010, Latimer was granted full parole and this decision took effect on December 6, 2010.

Support for Latimer
A 1999 poll found that 73% of Canadians believed that Latimer acted out of compassion and should receive a more lenient sentence. The same poll found that 41% believe that mercy killing should be legal. Ethicist Arthur Schafer argued that Latimer was "the only person in Canadian history to spend even a single day in prison for a mercy killing" and that compassion and common sense dictated a reduced sentence and the granting of parole. In the introductory college coursebook, The Elements of Moral Philosophy, James Rachels and Stuart Rachels present Latimer's actions sympathetically.

Support for Latimer's conviction and sentence
Numerous disability rights groups obtained intervenor status in the Latimer's appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, arguing that killing a disabled child like Tracy is no different from killing a non-disabled child and should carry the same penalty. To do otherwise, they argued, would devalue the lives of disabled people and increase the risk of more such killings by their caregivers. Religious groups representing the Roman Catholic church and the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada also appeared as intervenors in Latimer's Supreme Court appeal.

Latimer's 2007 application for day-parole was rejected primarily because he still denied any wrongdoing. Maclean's columnist Andrew Coyne argued that the National Parole Board was right to expect remorse on Latimer's part, because to do otherwise might inspire others to similar actions.

In popular culture
In the song "Latimer's Mercy" from his album Scream, Ozzy Osbourne references the Latimer case. First presented as a radio play on CBC in 1996, and then adapted and produced on stage by the Great Canadian Theatre Company in 2005, Mourning Dove by playwright Emil Sher explores the quandary that Robert Latimer faced as a father. Premiering at Stage Left's Balancing Acts Disability Arts Festival in 2003, Mercy Killing or Murder: The Tracy Latimer Story, a community collaboration by Michele Decottignies and company, presents a multimedia, Epic Theatre approach to the subject that centres the experiences of Tracy Latimer and people with disabilities.

title: Robert Latimer


text:
Talk:Saturn (disambiguation)

Untitled
True or false: it is better to use this page for the planet and move all other links to Saturn (disambiguation). 66.245.11.49 23:15, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The page move was done in August 2005 YBG (talk) 21:43, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

November 2015
Per WP:DABNOT, MOS:DABENTRY and MOS:DABMENTION, I have removed the following from the article: If this is indeed notable and a target WP page can be found, then it should be moved back. YBG (talk) 21:43, 11 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Saturn, road transport modelling software developed by University of Leeds, UK, and marketed by MVA, UK

Common uses
I based my selections on page views, as well as article quality and length, all found here: |Saturn_(automobile)|Saturn_(rocket_family)|Saturn_(magazine)|Saturn_(astrology)|Saturn_Award|Sega_Saturn. -- Fyrael (talk) 07:06, 5 May 2018 (UTC)

Sega Saturn
Since this is a disambiguation and the Sega Saturn, obviously has Saturn in it's name, I think it should be added because many people type Saturn into the search and accidentally go to Saturn (planet) instead of Sega Saturn. 2.27.15.113 (talk) 21:20, 10 January 2021 (UTC)
 * It's the third entry on the page. -- Fyrael (talk) 05:54, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saturn (disambiguation)


text:
Austin Montego

The Austin Montego is a British family car that was produced by British Leyland from 1984 until 1988, and then by Rover Group from 1988 until 1995. The Montego was the replacement for both the rear-wheel drive Morris Ital and the front-wheel drive Austin Ambassador ranges to give British Leyland an all-new competitor for the Ford Sierra and Vauxhall Cavalier.

On its launch, it was sold as both an Austin and an MG. It was the last car to be launched under the Austin marque, and from 1988 it was sold without a marque, following the phasing out of the Austin name.

Design and development
The Montego started life as a four-door notchback variant of project LC10. Development on the new model, intended to succeed both the Morris Marina and the Princess ranges by the turn of the 1980s, had begun in 1977 but ultimately the new car was not launched until seven years after development had started; in the meantime, the Marina had been updated and rebadged as the Morris Ital from 1980, whilst the Princess had been updated as the Austin Ambassador in 1982. The Honda-based Triumph Acclaim had also been introduced in 1981 largely as a stop-gap to keep potential buyers interested in BL products until both the Montego and the Rover 200 series were launched in 1984.

The Austin Maestro emerged as the five-door hatchback variant. When the designs diverged, the Montego became project LM11 (the Maestro being LM10), and remained based on a lengthened version of the LC10s Volkswagen Golf style front MacPherson strut / rear twist beam chassis. The Montego received different front and rear styling following the replacement of designer David Bache with Roy Axe. It also featured body-coloured bumpers (as did the Maestro), and front wipers which hid themselves under the bonnet when parked.

The Montego offered many improvements over the Maestro, many of which were later incorporated into the latter, such as a new SOHC engine (the S-series), and a more robust dashboard. As with the Maestro, there was a high-performance MG version which again used the solid-state instrument cluster, trip computer, and synthesised voice for the information and warning systems. The dashboard fitted to the Montego was superior to that originally designed for the Maestro and featured a rally-style tachometer, a service indicator and a representation of the car showing open doors, lights left on, etc.

An estate variant, with larger luggage capacity than its competitors, two additional rear-facing child seats and self-levelling suspension, also styled by Roy Axe, followed shortly and received instant acclaim, winning the company a Design Council award.

There were originally plans to name it the Rover 400 series, and pre–production cars in Warwickshire were seen bearing "ROVER" badges, and badged as 413i, 416i, 420 and 420i. The unrelated 400 series launched in April 1990 while from 1995, a decade after the Montego was introduced, the 416i and 420i names would be used, but on the unrelated second-generation Rover 400 series, by that time, the Montego was already out of production.

To market

The Montego was launched on 25 April 1984. It was initially available as a four-door saloon only, filling the gap in the range left by the discontinuation of the Morris Ital saloon two months earlier. However, it would be produced alongside the Ital estate until that model was discontinued in August 1984.

The estate variant was launched at the British International Motor Show in October of that year. The MG turbocharged variant was released in early 1985, producing 150 bhp at 5100 rpm and 169 lbft of torque at 3500 rpm. It was as the fastest production MG ever with a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 7.3 seconds, and a top speed of 126 mph. The Vanden Plas version featured leather seats, walnut veneer and features such as electric windows, central locking and power door mirrors.

Like the Maestro, the Montego suffered from its overly long development phase, which had been begun in 1975 and which was hampered throughout by the industrial turmoil that plagued both British Leyland and Austin Rover Group during this period. The Ryder Report had recommended the costly modernization of both the Longbridge and Cowley factories, and since Longbridge was to come on stream first - the Austin Metro was put in production first, even though its design had been started after the Maestro/Montego. As a direct result of this delay, the two cars were now stylistically out of step, having been styled by several different designers - Ian Beech, David Bache and Roger Tucker had all contributed to the Montego's styling. Ultimately, both the Maestro and Montego had been compromised by the use of a single platform (using common doors) to create two vehicles that served in different size classes - a mistake that BMC/BL had made before with the Austin 1800 and the Austin Maxi in the 1960s. When Roy Axe, installed to replace David Bache as Austin Rover's director of design in 1982, viewed both cars in prototype form he recommended that they be scrapped and the whole styling exercise restarted; but the development cycle had progressed too far for this to be economically viable. Instead, Axe was forced to make last minute changes - so to make the Maestro-derived centre section blend with the Montego's longer wheelbase, the rear wheel arches were accentuated and plastic trim pieces were added to the tops of the doors to disguise the drooping belt line. The trims however were made from a plastic that faded quickly with age, and were poorly fitting.

Like many BL cars before it, early Montegos suffered from build quality and reliability problems which badly damaged the car's reputation amongst the public. In some ways, the technology was ahead of its time, notably the solid-state instrumentation and engine management systems, but the "talking" dashboard fitted to high-end models (and initially used to promote the Montego as an advanced high-tech offering) was prone to irritating faults and came to be regarded as something of an embarrassment by BL and the British press. This feature was discontinued after a short period. There were also problems with the early sets of body-coloured bumpers which tended to crack in cold weather at the slightest impact. The S-Series engine (although far superior to the R-Series it replaced), was also prone top end oil leakage. Like the Maestro, the gear linkage on the VW-sourced transmissions was also a source of problems.

The Montego was heavily dependent on its home British market for sales, and in particular the lucrative fleet sector where it competed directly with both the Ford Sierra and General Motors' Vauxhall Cavalier (Opel Ascona C). By virtue of their wealthy American parent companies, and their much deeper market penetration into continental Europe compared to BL, both Ford and Vauxhall could afford to offer deep discounts to fleets to increase sales and market share. Also, thanks to Britain's membership of the European Economic Community, both Ford and General Motors could import cars tariff-free from their continental plants to take advantage of exchange rate fluctuations and further undercut BL. This practice greatly damaged sales of the Montego, and its smaller Maestro sister, and only compounded the early issues with build quality and reliability.

Later developments
Development on the Montego continued. A replacement was proposed by Roy Axe in 1986, which would have been the existing Montego core structure clothed with new outer panels to mimic the design language set by the recently launched Rover 800-series, and would have been designated the Rover 400-series. This concept, designated AR16 and planned to go into production around 1989, would have also spawned a five-door hatchback version (designated AR17) to increase Rover's options in its rivalry with the Ford Sierra and Vauxhall Cavalier.

The AR16/17 concepts were however abandoned in November 1988 due to lack of funds, and a facelift to the existing car (designated AR9) released in 1988 enhanced its appeal, which was buoyed up by both the Perkins-engineered diesel model, and the seven-seater version of the "Countryman" estate. The 2-litre turbodiesel (often known by its Perkins designation 'Prima') was a development of the O-series petrol engine already used in the range. The diesel saloon won a CAR magazine 'giant test' against the Citroën BX (1.8 XUDT), the then new Peugeot 405 (1.8 XUDT) and Audi 80 (1.6) turbo diesels. They rated the 405 the best car, followed by the BX and then the Montego, with the Audi coming in last. "But if people buy diesels, and turbodiesels, for their economy, the winner has to be the Montego. ...its engine is - even when roundly thrashed - more than 10% more economical than the rest. For those isolated moments when cost control is not of the essence, the Montego is a car you can enjoy too. The steering and driving position are quite excellent. ...the suspension as 'impressively refined'. It is silent over rough bumps, poised and well damped."

The turbo diesel became a favourite of the RAF for officer transport. Car Mechanics Magazine ran a de-mobbed RAF officer transport Montego bought from a Ministry of Defence auction in 1996.

The facelift also saw the phasing out of the Austin name. These late-1980s models had a badge resembling the Rover Viking longship, but it was not identical, nor did the word "Rover" ever appear on the cars.

Though the car failed to match its rivals, such as the Volkswagen Passat, the car sold well to the likes of the Ford Sierra and Vauxhall Cavalier.

By the early 1990s, the Montego was terminally aged and its popularity was dwindling, although this was offset by the popularity of new cars like the second generation Rover 200 series, and its saloon equivalent, the Rover 400 Series. Saloon production finished in early 1993 on the launch of the Rover 600 Series. The estate continued until December 1994, almost a year after Rover's takeover by BMW. The second generation Rover 400 Series was launched shortly afterwards as a hatchback and a saloon, further filling the gaps in the Rover range left by the phasing-out of the Montego.

In its final year, What Car? magazine said "Austin Rover's once 'great white hope', Montego matured into a very decent car — but nobody noticed". The chassis development for the Montego and Maestro's rear suspension was used as a basis for later Rover cars, and was well regarded. Montegos continued to be built in small numbers in CKD form at the Cowley plant in Oxford until 1994, when production finally ended. The last car was signed by all those that worked on it, and is now on display at the British Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, Warwickshire. A total of 546,000 Austin/Rover Montegos and 23,000 MG Montegos were produced, with Britain by far being the biggest market for the car.

In all, 436,000 Montegos were sold in the UK between 1984 and 1995. In August 2006, a survey by Auto Express revealed that the Montego was Britain's eighth-most scrapped car of the last 30 years, with just 8,988 still in working order. Contributing to this, areas of the bodywork that were to be covered by plastic trim (such as the front and rear bumpers) were left unpainted and thus unprotected. In addition, pre-1989 models fitted with the A and S-series engines cannot run on unleaded petrol without the cylinder head being converted or needing fuel additives. This led to many owners simply scrapping the cars, as leaded petrol was removed from sale in Britain after 1999, and by 2003 most petrol stations had stopped selling LRP (lead replacement petrol) due to falling demand as the number of cars requiring it declined.

The Austin Montego, like many other Austin Rover cars at the time, offered a high luxury model. Sold opposite the MG, the Montego Vanden Plas was the luxury alternative. The Vanden Plas featured leather seats and door cards (velour in the estate version), powered windows, mirrors, door locks and sunroof. Alloy wheels were offered and later became standard on all cars. An automatic gearbox was also offered. It was available in both saloon and estate bodystyles. All Vanden Plas Montegos were 2.0 litres, either EFi (electronic fuel injection) or standard carburettor engines.

Europe
The Montego was sold in several continental European markets. In France, the Estate was particularly popular.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, the Austin Montego was launched in 1984. The only models available were the manual 2.0-litre HLS or Mayfair versions, and only in estate form. The sedan version was not offered in New Zealand due to concerns that it would compete directly with the Honda Accord, locally assembled by the New Zealand Motor Corporation, which had changed from assembling BL to Honda models. Also available from 1987 the Montego sedan was sold in the Vanden Plas range with the 2.0-litre fuel-injected motor.

From about 1989 onwards, a wider range of models were imported by a new company, Rover New Zealand; this included sedan versions for the first time. Also new were the MG 2.0 range (identical to the MG Montego sold in the UK), and all wore the official MG badge. The main Auckland dealer developed an air conditioning system as an option for these models in conjunction with local specialists.

China
A version of the Austin Maestro with a Montego front end was briefly built in China by FAW, as the Lubao CA 6410 and as the Jiefang CA 6440 UA Van. This was after the rights to the Montego and Maestro had been sold by Etsong in 2003, who had been manufacturing Maestro variants earlier.

India
The Montego Estate was sold in India as the Rover Montego in collaboration with Sipani Automobiles - (the company that tried and failed to market the Reliant Kitten in India - a version of the Robin with four wheels and Triumph-inspired front suspension - as the Sipani Dolphin). The car was not a success, selling only 287 examples before being discontinued.

Taiwan
From the mid 1980s until the early 1990s, a local importer sold the Montego along with the Mini and Maestro under Austin, then Rover badge.

Trinidad and Tobago
From 1997 to 2000, a private importer sold the Montego in this Caribbean nation under the Rover badge. Build quality was poor and the company soon folded.

Engines

 * 1984–89 - 1275 cc A-Plus I4, 68 hp (51 kW) at 5600 rpm and 75 lb·ft (102 Nm) at 3500 rpm
 * 1984–93 - 1598 cc S-series, 86 bhp
 * 1984–93 - 1994 cc O-Series 104 bhp (carburettor), 115 bhp (fuel injection), and 150 bhp (turbo)
 * 1988–95 - 1994 cc Austin/Rover MDi - Perkins Prima TD I4, 81 hp and 116 lbft

title: Austin Montego


text:
Talk:Modulation (music)

Enharmonic Modulation
The enharmonic modulation section described some examples of combining diminished 7ths' and dominant 7ths'/augmented sixths' in a single paragraph that was hard to follow and understand what the author was attempting to illustrate. As explained in the edit history, I have deconstructed this and made sense of it, re-writing with the same examples and logic but with full necessary context to understand the points being made; I also feel I have provided much more depth to this and corrected some inaccuracies. Originally, some quasi-tonics were described in inversion (which would not establish tonality in the new key). I have spent a few days editing this and making sure all information is accurate however if anyone wants to proof read that would be welcome; I'm not a regular wiki user but any points or validity of chord spellings etc. could be discussed here before editing (if required) in order to double-check first. Manc24 (talk) 21:22, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

Gear change?
The term "gear change" is totally unfamiliar to hundreds of books and articles on harmony, and it is, at best, a gimmicky and misleading metaphor used by a few amateur music theory teachers who ought not to think they understand very much about music. Efraimkeller (talk) 16:02, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Is there an alternative, more established name for this modulation? Rp (talk) 14:23, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not written for experts, who already know this material anyway, but for the general public, so Efraim's elitist attitude is totally unwarranted. I have reinstated the term "truck driver's gear change" (not gimmicky or a misleading metaphor but more likely a slightly mocking term) given that it is also a redirect to this article. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:42, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

 * JFTR, per TV Tropes: "The term Truck Driver's Gear Change was apparently coined by this site, which compares the technique to a tired, overworked truck driver performing an unartistic, mechanical function.", and the linked website says (clearly with tongue firmly in cheek): "Many writers and arrangers feel that when their song is in risk of getting a bit tired, it can be given a fresh lease of life by shifting the whole song up a key, usually in between choruses, towards the beginning of a "repeat-till-fade" section. You may have heard this technique informally referred to as "modulation", but the correct ethnomusicological term for the phenomenon is the truck driver's gear change. This reflects the utterly predictable and laboured nature of the transition, evoking a tired and over-worked trucker ramming the gearstick into the new position with his – or, to be fair, her – fist." FWIW, Wiktionary labels the term "slang" and "derogatory", and BTW, I've also seen it referred to as "(truck driver's) gear shift", which may technically be even more precise. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 19:11, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

Shift modulation
What happened to the link to the truck driver's gear change website? That's pretty relevant. --24.13.239.194 (talk) 22:31, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

Agree with above. Maybe the sources were really a bit non-neutral, but I am pretty sure that when an average music listener thinks about modulation the first thing he has in mind are the numerous examples of finales in pop songs. And this should definitely stay in this article ... 195.210.211.241 (talk) 20:22, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

 * You mean the part that was removed in this 2010 edit? I doubt that gearchange.org (which has now disappeared) was a reliable source, and TV Tropes is definitely not, since it is also a wiki generated by lay users.
 * That said, the gearchange.org website might be called useful nonetheless – it points out that musicologist Walter Everett is prone to using the term, which arguably ennobles the term to some extent – when some complain that the term isn't being used in academic musicology. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 17:45, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

Outline
My proposed outline:

 * 1) Intro: In music, modulation is the act or process of changing from one key (tonic, or tonal center) to another, also known as a key change. This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature.
 * 2) Types of modulations: prepared vs unprepared, smooth vs abrupt
 * 3) Smooth modulations: by fifth, to relative minor/major, circle of fifths
 * 4) Abrupt modulations: truck driver's gear change
 * 5) Function of modultion: divides first subject from second subject in sonata form, not used with full chromatic or twelve tone technique, modulatory space
 * 6) Other
 * 7) A sequence, which is the repetition of a short passage at different pitches, may involve modulation, but usually does not. In cases where the key is changed, the sequence is sometimes called a rosalia.
 * 8) Metric modulation is named after pitch modulation.
 * 9) Conclusion

 * I thought the article would benefit from listing and describing the various types of modulations... some rearrangement of the original outline and material made it flow better. Should probably come back and supply musical examples. Mindspillage

Great content, wonderful additions. Do you have sources? However, I would remove the link to "closely related key", and tonicization repeated under "Compare with". I also would disagree that the modulation under discussion is possible in twelve tone music. Hyacinth 07:37, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Created an article (if stubby) on "closely related key" instead of leaving the link red; I thought it deserving of its own page. I've heard "modulation" referred to in twelve-tone, though not, clearly, changing key -- but I can't find my source; changing back until I find the accursed text again! One more list of modulations linked to that I used for reference. Mindspillage 18:59, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The article could use some material on the purpose of modulation as well... providing interest in music. From one perspective, all music is about a journey through keys, building tension as it moves away from the tonic, and resolving that tension as it moves back towards the tonic - and modulation is vital in that process. It's something like a plot of a story/novel. Maycontainpeanuts 13:00, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I don't think it's appropriate to discuss ring modulation at the end of the article. The articles purpose is to inform the reader in it's relation in music theory. Discusion ring modulation and the like detracts from the articles purpose. 142.179.15.181 18:20, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

FIXME -- someone edited the section about common modulations. The page cannot stay as it is now.

I'm the same guy of the FIXME note above. Thanks for fixing it, at least partially. (The comment above was anonymous because I didn't have an account. I just made it now). I have a few doubts about including the reference to Persichetti. His book does not deal with common-practice tonality and therefore does not have any treatment of modulation as it is described here (in the dominant/tonic sense). Wouldn't it be better to pick another primary reference such as Piston or some other more traditional harmony text? Persichetti could be left as additional reading. Rikypedia 02:24, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I realize this is a rather extreme section-zombieing, but I note that the lede now says: "This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature."  Whereas the version above straightforwardly says "also known as a key change".  Given that key change is a redirect to this page, and hence might reasonably be expected to be a bolded alt-title, it's a little alarming the the phrase is never even used directly here.  Maybe later sections go into the weeds of the distinction being made here. I could attempt to discern this for myself, but generally the more I read the articles on musical theory, the more confused I get.  I think the opening section needs to at least roadmap this a little.  109.255.211.6 (talk) 06:35, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

Re: ring modulation
Having learned the signal-processing meaning of 'modulation' before the key-change meaning, I'm interested in the background of this dual usage. To me it's an ongoing source of confusion, though not nearly as bad as the way guitarists reverse 'vibrato' and 'tremolo'. Many musicians know about 'ring modulation' and 'frequency modulation', but then there's plain 'modulation' that doesn't seem to have anything to do with them. At least not in the sense of being a more general term.

There are some algorithms that use signal-processing modulation to achieve musical modulation, but I'd expect musical modulation to be a much earlier term. Any ideas?

TeknoHog 16:03, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Moravian modulation
Please, would somebody explain me what kind of modulation is the so called moravian modulation ? Thanks in advance. --PeterSarkoci 18:28, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Moravian modulation is modulating a whole tone lower (subtonic), especially in minor keys . See also: Moravian scale. Hyacinth (talk) 05:53, 26 January 2014 (UTC)

Moravian modulation is a term introduced by Leos Janacek. The melody in this modulation is descending from the tonic towards the seventh. The explanation given by Janacek himself is found in: Stedron, Bohumir, ed. Leos Janáček: letters and reminiscences. Artia, 1955. Jurian81 6 june 2015

Chromatic Modulation
This example is ambiguous because the IV in C is also a common chord between C and Dm (it would be III in Dm), thus one could call this a common chord modulation. Can we agree to fix this? Also, I hate capitalism. Amber388 (talk) 04:44, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Every chord in any key could be a chord in another key. Hyacinth (talk) 09:02, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

The seventh chord from the left in the Chopin Prélude example
Is that really a V13, and not simply V7 decorated with an appoggiatura or passing note? Double sharp (talk) 15:47, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

Technical Point
Changing the key without changing the key signature only reflects bad writing skills. It is not musically acceptable to change a key without changing the key signature, as a general rule. Where it happens this way, the music is still technically in the same key, but rather the mode has changed, as opposed to the key. Therefore, this point needs clarification. 108.201.29.108 (talk) 02:44, 28 August 2017 (UTC)
 * This is completely false, as a quick look through any score from Bach to Mahler will tell you. Double sharp (talk) 14:41, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

18th-century quote in the lede
I doubt the relevance of this quote, since in the eighteenth century modulation meant voice-leading. Both this meaning and the modern meaning make sense in this context, which makes it possible that the author has simply been misunderstood. Double sharp (talk) 03:01, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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To add to article
To add to this article (or to create a new article): in musical literature, the term "metabole" refers to modulation of mode within a musical movement or piece, often by changing one pitch in the mode (for example, switching from the pentatonic mode Do-Re-Mi-Sol-La to another pentatonic mode, Do-Re-Fa-Sol-La). 173.88.246.138 (talk) 08:21, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Not all key changes are modulations
This article seeems to conflate - incorrectly - the terms "modulation" and "key change". All modulations are key changes but not all key changes are modulations. Most of the article correctly focuses on what musicians understand to be modulation, for example when the tonic modulates to the dominant (eg using a "pivot chord"). But occasionally it refers to what in popular music is called a "key change", when the music simply shifts up a semitone (or very occasionally a tone). The latter is different from the former in a number of respects, eg there's no underlying change in the harmony (the whole thing simply shifts upwards in pitch) and the original key is never returned to. In addition, this type of key change is virtually unknown in classical music and jazz, and almost always takes place towards the end of a relatively short song (of around 3-4 minutes in length, the standard length for a pop song).

In short, they're two entirely different types of musical technique, and should be treated as such. Brooklyn Eagle (talk) 23:42, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Audio file of example would be helpful
Not all readers can read music. RadioactiveBoulevardier (talk) 07:56, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modulation (music)


text:
Laverton

There is more than one place named Laverton:

In Australia:
 * Laverton, Victoria is a suburb of Melbourne
 * Laverton railway station, Melbourne
 * Laverton, Western Australia is a town in the goldfields of Western Australia
 * Shire of Laverton is a local government area in Western Australia

In the United Kingdom
 * Laverton, Gloucestershire
 * Laverton, North Yorkshire
 * Laverton, Somerset

title: Laverton


text:
User talk:Joshuamcgee

Welcome to Wikipedia
Welcome to Wikipedia! I saw your edit to Scotch whisky, and wanted to congratulate you on a very nice rewrite to the page, and discovered that I'm the first person other than yourself to post here. First things first, good job on the rewrite. That article is now clearer than it was before. Now on to the welcoming part. If you haven't already, checkout Tutorial, where we slowly introduce you to the various ways to edit a page, the differences in the various namespaces, ect. Having looked at your edit, I doubt you'll need it, but it can be a good refresher, and you never know what tricks someone has discovered.

Again, thank you and welcome. Gentgeen 10:58, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I appreciate it! I did read the Tutorial, and I'll keep it bookmarked.  Joshua McGee (talk) 23:57, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

MMOG
Howdy Howdy. i read your note at the bottom of the MMOG discussion section, and wanted to drop a calling card. i'm a gamer myself (MMO's being my specialty/focus/point of interest/what have you), and while i dont have the time, attention span, or patience to do a full overhaul, i'd happily translate some of the aspects of MMOG's if you need. feel free to email me at Masterof_mymind@yahoo.com.

oh, by the way - i dont want to sound weird, but i knew a guy named joshua mcgee at UVA-Wise. sat next to him in a spanish class, tbh. i dont dare suppose you'd be the same guy? Because i'd be obligated to laugh until i died if that were the case.

Max S, Masterof(my)mind(2), Ekian and various anagrammed versions thereof, and/or Tryntu. yay for names.. oh, and --143.60.134.95 (talk) 11:17, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Nope, not the same guy. I graduated from university in California in 1999.  But I am joshuamcgee.com if you care :-) Joshua McGee (talk) 01:53, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joshuamcgee


text:
Free energy suppression conspiracy theory

Free energy suppression (or new energy suppression) is a conspiracy theory that technologically viable, pollution-free, no-cost energy sources are being suppressed by governments, corporations, or advocacy groups. Devices allegedly suppressed include perpetual motion machines, cold fusion generators, torus-based generators, reverse-engineered extraterrestrial technology, anti-gravity propulsion systems, and other generally unproven, low-cost energy sources.

Claims
The alleged suppression (or weakening) is claimed to have occurred since the mid-19th century and allegedly perpetrated by various government agencies, corporate powers, special interest groups, and fraudulent inventors. The special interest groups are usually claimed to be associated with the fossil fuel or nuclear industry, whose business model would be threatened.

Claims of suppression include:
 * The claim that the scientific community has controlled and suppressed research into alternative avenues of energy generation via the institutions of peer review and academic pressure.
 * The claim that devices exist which are capable of extracting significant and usable power from pre-existing unconventional energy reservoirs, such as the quantum vacuum zero point energy, for little or no cost, but are being suppressed.
 * The claim that related patents have been bought up, such as those for 100 mpg carburetors.

Some notable people who have been claimed to be suppressed, harassed, or killed for their research are Stanley Meyer, Eugene Mallove, and Nikola Tesla. Free energy proponents claim that Tesla developed a system (the Wardenclyffe Tower) that could generate unlimited energy for free. However, his system was only intended to transmit energy for free; the system's energy would still need to be generated through conventional means.

Notable proponents of the conspiracy theory include Gary McKinnon, a Scottish computer hacker who unlawfully accessed computer systems to look for evidence of a secret free energy device.


text:
Hemphill

Hemphill may refer to:

 * Hemphill (surname)

Places

 * Hemphill Island a small, mainly ice-covered Antarctic island
 * Hemphill, Kentucky
 * Hemphill, Texas
 * Hemphill County, Texas

Title

 * Baron Hemphill, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

Music

 * The Hemphills, former gospel music group originally from Bastrop, Louisiana

title: Hemphill


text:
Fli4l

fli4l (flexible internet router for linux; previously: floppy isdn for linux) is a Linux distribution, actively developed by German developers since 2000. The projects main task is to provide a small Linux system that turns almost every machine into a router. The distribution can run from a floppy disk and was created with the aim of simple configuration and support for older hardware.

fli4l can route between Ethernet and ISDN, DSL or UMTS, or just between Ethernet networks.

Characteristics and requirements
fli4l is based on the Linux kernel. As the documentation is very extensive no knowledge of Linux is required, however a basic knowledge of network technology is needed.

The hardware requirements for fli4l are low, an Intel Pentium with MMX support and 64 MiB RAM and (depending upon the configuration) one or two network interface controllers is quite adequate. A hard disk drive is not required, but can be used by fli4l too.

Newer versions of fli4l provide also the possibility to create a working installation on a CF card in a card reader, which card then in turn can operate from a CF adapter in an IDE slot. Also the generation of an ISO image is supported to run from a CD-ROM as well as from DOC/DOM for Embedded systems.

fli4l can be configured on Linux, Unix and Windows systems using just text files.

In addition, fli4l has the possibility to encrypt connections over the Internet or via Wireless LAN using OpenVPN or PPTP (Poptop).

Versions
There are two development branches for fli4l, a stable and a development version.

The present stable release is based on a Linux 3.16 kernel and supports virtualization by means of Xen and KVM. USB and Wireless LAN are supported to a great extent as well as current embedded hardware as APU, ALIX, Soekris, and EPIA series.

The 4.0 development version also provides a Linux 4.1 kernel. Furthermore, it implements a new management and configuration layer for connections (so-called circuits) which has been designed from the ground up. It allows to use multiple WAN links (e.g. via DSL, ISDN, or UMTS) in parallel.

Optional packages
fli4l is a modular system using so-called OPT-packages. To create an individual configuration, only software packages for those options, that are needed, are downloaded and unzipped into the directory tree. To extend the basic functionality, a wide range of applications is available in the so-called OPT-database; for example, optional packages can be used for monitoring traffic or an fli4l can function as a printserver. This process easily allows own developments, that can be made available to other users via the OPT-database.

Device control
An fli4l router can be controlled and monitored with a browser-based interface. Besides, the program imonc (isdn monitor client) is available for Windows and Linux (GTK). imonc allows extensive control as well as remote-controlled update of the router's software.

title: Fli4l


text:
Talk:Cone (disambiguation)

Comments
True or false: the bottom can be moved to Cone (disambiguation). 66.245.11.49 23:26, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It certainly looks as if this is more than a disambiguation page.--Henrygb 10:14, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Surely cone (disambiguation) must cover all meanings of "cone", not just the mathematical ones; so that page should be the same as this article. Perhaps you meant to suggest that the mathematics meanings should be moved to a separate cone (mathematics) disambiguation page? Jorge Stolfi 06:12, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

The geometric definition is not general enough
Hi, I would like to ask something about the geometric definition of cone. Right now it's just connecting one point to the points of a set X. In general, one takes a space A, and a disjoint space B with a subset X, and connects all the points of A with X. If you agree with this it would be helpful for the discussion of singular quadrics and hermitian forms. Evilbu 2006-02-12 01:42:15 (UTC)

 * There is no page for that concept that I know of, although conic solid is a special case. However, the name "cone" seems more appropriate for the case when A is a point. When A and X are arbitrary sets, calling the result a "cone" seems quite weird, like redefining "sphere" to include cylinders but not cubes. By the way, your definition seems to be garbled. You probably meant "A and B are subsets of the same affine space X" and then you take the union of all segments with one end in A and the other in B. Correct? All the best, Jorge Stolfi 06:12, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Oh no no, I meant A and B are subspaces of the same projective spaces, and X is a subset of B, connect all points in A with those in X. An example :every singular quadric is a cone, with as space A its space of singular points, and the set X is some nonsingular quadric in some complementary space.Evilbu 10:36, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * OK. But shouldn't that be an affine space, rather than a projective space? (Projective spaces have trouble with line segments, right?) Or do you mean "connect with a straight line" rather than "connect with a line segment"? Perhaps this concept could be an article projective cone then? Jorge Stolfi 11:28, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

I see the trouble. I never meant anything about line segments. Just taking the entire line, and you don't care about between or higher or anything (you can't actually as the theory should also apply to finite fields and complex numbers). Yes, that projectice cone is a good idea.

So I did that. When you click on that link of projective cone you made yourself you should come on that page. Please take a minute (it is a stub) to read it and what should we do now. Is there a risk of confusion now? Can it be linked to here?Evilbu 13:46, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I have linked the article from cone, and made some changes of notation and markup. By WP rules, the first paragraph should be a workable definition (fixed). The two subspaces must belong to the same space otherwise the line is not defined (fixed). It seems that the definition can be simplified to "the union of R and all lines joining a point of R to a point of A". Also what happens if R is empty - should we get empty, or A? Jorge Stolfi 16:07, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Let us continue this debate on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Projective_cone Evilbu 16:17, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Jenks24 (talk) 07:03, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

– The geometric cone is clearly the primary usage here, so Cone should go to the geometric figure. Almost all other uses of cone derive from that one. If you look at traffic, the geometric figure gets 3x the hits: Cone (geometry) (68k) Cone (21k) --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 22:49, 24 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Cone → Cone (disambiguation)
 * Cone (geometry) → Cone

 * support - a look at the articles listed and cone (geometry) is clearly the primary topic: no other comes close, many if not most are derived from the geometric shape, and it's even listed as such at the top of the page.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 03:10, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:46, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. In ictu oculi (talk) 04:29, 29 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Cone (disambiguation)