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Casuarina equisetifolia

Casuarina equisetifolia, commonly known as coastal she-oak, horsetail she-oak, ironwood, beach sheoak, beach casuarina or whistling tree is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is native to Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia and India. It is a small to medium-sized, monoecious tree with scaly or furrowed bark on older specimens, drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 7 or 8, the fruit 10–24 mm long containing winged seeds (samaras) 6–8 mm long.

Description
Casuarina equisetifolia is a monoecious tree that typically grows to a height of 6–12 m, sometimes to 35 m, and has bark that is smooth and greyish on young specimens, scaly or furrowed on older trees. The branchlets are drooping, up to 300 mm long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth about 0.7 mm long, arranged in whorls of 7 or 8 around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles") are 5–13 mm long and 0.5–1.0 mm wide. Male flowers are arranged in spikes 7–40 mm long in whorls of 7 to 11.5 per cm (per 0.4 in) and the anthers are 0.6–0.8 mm long. The female cones are on a peduncle 3–13 mm long and sparsely covered with soft or woolly hairs. Mature cones are 10–24 mm long and 9–13 mm in diameter, the samaras 6–8 mm long.

Common names for the tree include Australian pine, horsetail tree, ironwood, beach sheoak. Although it has features that seem superficially like those of a conifer, it is not a pine.

Taxonomy
The genus Casuarina was first formally described in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus in Amoenitates Academicae and the first species he described was Casuarina equisetifolia. The specific epithet equisetifolia means 'horsehair-leaved'.

In 1873, George Bentham described Casuarina equisetifolia var. equisetifolia and C. equisetifolia var. incana in Flora Australiensis, and in 1982, Lawrie Johnson changed the names to subspecies equisetifolia and incana respectively, in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens:
 * Casuarina equisetifolia L. subsp. equisetifolia, a tree 7–35 m high, the articles 5–8 mm long and 0.5–0.7 mm wide with 8 to 10 teeth 0.3–0.8 mm long, the male spikes 7–40 mm long, the cones 12–24 mm long and 9–11 mm wide on a peduncle 3–10 mm long.
 * Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana (Benth.) L.A.S.Johnson. a tree 6–12 m high, the articles 7–13 mm long and 0.7–1.0 mm wide with 8 to 10 teeth about 0.7 mm long, the male spikes 12–25 mm long, the cones 10–20 mm long, 10–13 mm wide and densely covered with white to rust-coloured hairs, on a peduncle 3–13 mm long. The epithet incana means 'white' or 'hoary'.

There is some doubt as to whether Linnaeus' publication of C. equisetifolia is valid, since he based his description solely on Rumphius's description of Casuarina litorea in Herbarium Amboinense and there are no type specimens.

Distribution and habitat
Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia grows near the sea, behind beaches and near estuaries, sometimes on rocky headlands in Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia and India. The species is native to India and Bangladesh in South Asia; Myanmar, the Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, Borneo, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, islands in the South China Sea, Sulawesi and Sumatra in Southeast Asia; the Carolines, Fiji, the Marianas, the Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu in the Pacific Ocean; New Guinea; and New South Wales, the Northern Territory, and Queensland in Australia.

Subspecies incana grows on rocky headlands near the coasts of eastern Queensland and New South Wales as far south as Laurieton.

Casuarina equisetifolia has been introduced to many other continents and islands. It is an invasive species in the United States, but biological control by insects, including by a Selitrichodes wasp and Carposinidae and Gelechiidae moths, has been effective. It is also regarded as being invasive in South Africa.

Uses
Other than ornamental purposes, Casuarina equisetifolia was explored for its potential in remediation of textile dye wastewater. The leaves were found to be useful as absorbent material for the removal of textile dyes, such as reactive orange 16, Rhodamine B, methylene blue, malachite green and methyl violet 2b. Similarly, the dried cone was also reported to be able to remove Rhodamine B, and methyl violet 2b. The bark was reported to able to remove methylene blue. Even the seed was found to be useful in dye removal of neutral red and malachite green. The carbon derived from the cones of C. equisetifolia was found to be a good absorbent for landfill leachate, while another laboratory also reported good absorbency for copper ions from aqueous solution.

Names of places
In Singapore, there is a road named Tanjong Rhu Road because it once had many of these trees growing along the coast from Kallang to Rochor. In the island of Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia, there is a sand spit in the mouth of the Ayer Hangat river in the Kilim Karst Geoforest Park about 20 km from the town of Kuah also named Tanjung Rhu, where a line of these trees may be seen. The town of Tanjung Aru in Sabah is so named because many specimens of this tree (aru) are found on its beach.

In the Philippines, the town of Agoo is named after the tree (known as agoho or aroo in the Ilocano language).

Invasive species
Casuarina equisetifolia exhibits a high degree of adaptability to different environmental conditions, including coastal habitats, sandy soils, and disturbed areas. This versatility allows it to thrive in a wide range of ecosystems, increasing its potential for invasiveness.

The species produces large quantities of winged seeds contained within cone-like structures. These seeds are easily dispersed by wind and water, facilitating the rapid spread of C. equisetifolia over long distances. This dispersal mechanism enables it to colonize new areas and outcompete native species.

Casuarina equisetifolia's lack of natural predators or pests contributes to its unchecked growth in many regions. While specific scientific references directly addressing this aspect might be limited, the absence of significant herbivory or predation on C. equisetifolia in non-native environments has been observed in ecological studies documenting its invasive behavior

Human activities, such as urbanization, agriculture and landscaping, often contribute to the spread of C. equisetifolia. The species is frequently planted for erosion control, windbreaks, and ornamental purposes, inadvertently introducing it to new areas where it can become invasive.

title: Casuarina equisetifolia


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Talk:Portland Trail Blazers

Schrempf
I didn't really feel Schrempf belonged in the Not to be Forgotten section considering he played barely 100 games for the Blazers in two seasons, averaging maybe 6ppg... if you include him you'd have to include just about everyone who ever played for the team. Sarge Baldy 14:51, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

Ime Udoka
In the roster template he has a Nigerian flag next to his name. He was born in Portland so he's not really an international player. If no one has anything against that I'll change it.

he played for the nigerian team in the world basketball finals so yeah

Why is this article so boring?
This article should talk about Bill Walton, Clyde Drexler and the culture of Blazermania. Why isn't there a Wikipedia entry for Blazermania? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.168.201.133 (talk • contribs)

Issues with article
This 2008 article has significant uncited material (see the History and Front office sections) while the History section is overwhelmingly biased towards recent events. If these issues aren't fixed, a GAR may be necessary. ~~ AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 18:07, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

Deni Avdija
Should roster be upgraded to reflect the trade? MaskedSinger (talk) 20:21, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Portland Trail Blazers


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Francis Kenrick

Francis Patrick Kenrick (December 3, 1796 or 1797 – July 8, 1863) was an Irish-born Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Philadelphia (1842–1851) and Archbishop of Baltimore (1851–1863).

Kenrick grew up in Ireland, where he received his early education. He then attended the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome, where he built a reputation as a theologian and scholar. After his ordination, he went to teach theology in the Diocese of Bardstown in the United States, where he became president of its seminary. Starting in 1830, Kenrick served as Coadjutor Bishop and later Bishop of Philadelphia, dealing with rebellious parish trustees and anti-Catholic riots in the city. He became Archbishop of Baltimore in 1851, serving there until his death in 1863.

Kenrick is known for his contributions to the American Catholic Church as a theologian and canon law scholar as well as for his introducing free parochial schools in the Diocese of Philadelphia and the Archdiocese of Baltimore.

Early life and education
Francis Kenrick was born in Dublin, Ireland, to Thomas and Jane (née Eustace) Kenrick. His younger brother, Peter Kenrick, became the first archbishop of the Archdiocese of St. Louis. The brothers' uncle, pastor of St. Nicholas of Myra Parish in Dublin, took an active role in their education. Francis Kenrick decided as a boy that he wanted to enter the priesthood. He attended elementary school and a so-called classical school in Dublin, where he achieved a strong academic record.

At age 18, Kenrick was selected to study at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome, where he became a distinguished student in theology. He was ordained to the priesthood in Rome by Archbishop Candido Maria Frattini on April 7, 1821.

Ordination and ministry
Shortly after Kenrick's ordination, Bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget of the Diocese of Bardstown in the United States sent a request to the Vatican for young priests to staff St. Thomas Seminary in Bardstown, Kentucky. Then one of the youngest priests at the university, Kenrick volunteered for the assignment.

Once in Bardstown, Kenrick taught theology at St. Thomas for the next nine years. He also taught Greek and history at St. Joseph's College in Bardstown. He also engaged in missionary work in the diocese and held public debates on religion with Protestant ministers. He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher and effective apologist, and was a recognized theologian and scripture scholar.

Flaget soon appointed Kenrick as his private secretary. When Flaget traveled to the First Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1829 in Baltimore, Maryland, Kenrick came along as his personal theologian. Kenrick also served as an assistant secretary at the provincial council.

Bishop of Philadelphia
On February 25, 1830, Pope Pius VIII appointed Kenrick coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Philadelphia, and titular bishop of Arath to assist the ailing Bishops Henry Conwell. Kenrick received his episcopal consecration on June 6, 1830, from Flaget, with Conwell and Bishop John serving as co-consecrators, in Bardstown.

Trustee controversies
Kenrick immediately assumed full administrative control of the diocese, which had been in turmoil from a schism at St. Mary's Parish in Philadelphia. The parish trustees had rebelled against Conwell, who had removed their pastor due to his personal lifestyle. As bishop, Kenrick wanted to establish St. Mary's as his episcopal see, with himself as pastor. The trustees refused. In response, Kenrick placed St. Mary's under interdict. In a dramatic move, he celebrated mass at St. Mary's the next Sunday and exposed the machinations of the trustees to the congregation. After losing support in the parish, the trustees in May 1831 sent a letter to Kenrick, pledging their obedience.

Kenrick faced a similar trustee dispute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, then part of the Diocese of Philadelphia, over the ownership of St. Paul's Church. When the trustees told him that they built the church and it belonged to them, Kenrick replied:"The church is yours. You have a perfect right to do what you please with it. I claim no right to interfere with any appropriation of it you wish to make. You may make of it, if you will, a factory, and I will not interfere. But there is one thing which I do tell you, and it is this: if you wish it to be a Catholic Church you must comply with the requirement of the law, which I have laid before you. Now do as you please."To forestall future trustee conflicts with other parishes, Kenrick obtained passage of a law transferring church property from parish trustees to the bishop of Philadelphia.

Growth of diocese
In June 1832, Kenrick founded St. Charles Borromeo Seminary for the preparation of seminarians, locating it at his personal residence in Philadelphia. The next month, cholera broke out in the city. The administrator of Blockley Almshouse, a homeless shelter and hospital in the city, asked Kenrick if the Sisters of Charity in Emmitsburg, Maryland, could send nurses to help. Reverend Michael Hurley, pastor of St. Augustine's Parish in Philadelphia, converted his church into a temporary hospital. After the epidemic passed in September 1832, Philadelphia Mayor John Swift praised Kenrick for his assistance.

With the strong growth of the Catholic population in Western Pennsylvania, Kenrick petitioned the Vatican to create a new diocese there in 1835. The Vatican was leaning toward creating the new diocese and also appointing Kerick as coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of New York. When Kenrick expressed his opposition to the appointment, the Vatican dropped the coadjutor issue, along with that of the new diocese. The Vatican finally erected the Diocese of Pittsburgh on August 11, 1843.

Bible Riots
As the Irish Catholic population rose in Philadelphia during the early 1840s, Protestant Scotch-Irish workers in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia started worrying about losing jobs and housing. On November 10, 1842, Kenrick wrote to the Board of Controllers of public schools, asking the Philadelphia school system to allow Catholic children use the Catholic Douay Bible in class instead of a Protestant bible. He also asked that teachers excuse these children from non-Catholic religious teachings. As a result, the Board ordered that the schools make all religious activities optional and allow children to read whichever Bible was approved by their parents. However, nativist groups twisted these policy changes into misinformation to stir up their followers against the Irish.

On May 7, 1844, the American Republican Party, a nativist group, stage a rally near Kensington that triggered three days of rioting and bloodshed in the city. During the riot, nativist mobs burned St. Michael's and Saint Augustine's Catholic Churches. The theological library and rectory at St. Augustine's were also lost. The state militia quelled the disturbances on May 8. The riots reignited on July 6, 1844, lasting for two days

Throughout the violence, Kenrick encouraged Catholics "to follow peace and have charity." He closed all Catholic churches in Philadelphia and suspended the celebration of mass there. He encouraged his priests to avoid wearing clerical clothing when on the streets. Following the Bible riots, Kenrick realized that Catholic children needed to attend schools run by the church. He then initiated a parochial school system in Philadelphia to be administered by the archdiocese.

Between 1830 and 1850, the number of churches in the diocese grew from 22 to 92; priests from 35 to 101; charitable institutions from two to six; and the Catholic population from 35,000 to 170,000. He also began construction on the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul and oversaw the rebuilding of St. Michael and St. Augustine following the Bible riots.

Archbishop of Baltimore
Following the death of Archbishop Samuel Eccleston on April 22, 1851, Pope Pius IX named Kenrick as archbishop of Baltimore on August 19, 1851. His installation took place in Baltimore on October 9, 1851. He presided over the First Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1852. As archbishop, Kenrick introduced free parochial schools in the archdiocese for all students, supported directly by the parishes.

In 1854, Pius IX invited Kenrick to attend the promulgation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception in Rome. In 1858, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, with the approval of Pius IX, conferred a "prerogative of place" on the archbishop of Baltimore. This meant that the archbishop of Baltimore had precedence over all other American archbishops and bishops, regardless of seniority in promotion or ordination.

With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1860, Kenrick told his priests to avoid all involvement in politics during the conflict, a position that he took also.

Death and legacy
Kenrick died at age 66 in Baltimore on July 8, 1863. According to reports, he was greatly distressed while reading earlier in the day about the carnage from the Battle of Gettysburg, which had taken place earlier that week in nearby Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Kenrick is interred in the crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Baltimore.

Bishop Kenrick High School, opened in 1955 in Norristown, Pennsylvania, was named in honor of Francis Kenrick. It was succeeded in 1993 by Kennedy-Kenrick High School.

Publications

 * A new translation of the Douay Bible, with a commentary
 * Theologia Moralis (3 Vols) (1860)
 * The Primacy of the Apostolic See, Vindicated (1848)
 * A Treatise on Baptism (1852)
 * Theologia dogmatica. Secundis curis auctoris (1858)
 * A Vindication of the Catholic Church, in a Series of Letters Addressed to the Rt. Rev. John Henry Hopkins (1855)

title: Francis Kenrick


text: User talk:206.183.139.68

title: User talk:206.183.139.68


text: User talk:217.41.241.254

title: User talk:217.41.241.254


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Richardson extrapolation

In numerical analysis, Richardson extrapolation is a sequence acceleration method used to improve the rate of convergence of a sequence of estimates of some value $$A^\ast = \lim_{h\to 0} A(h)$$. In essence, given the value of $$A(h)$$ for several values of $$h$$, we can estimate $$A^\ast$$ by extrapolating the estimates to $$h=0$$. It is named after Lewis Fry Richardson, who introduced the technique in the early 20th century, though the idea was already known to Christiaan Huygens in his calculation of $$\pi$$. In the words of Birkhoff and Rota, "its usefulness for practical computations can hardly be overestimated."

Practical applications of Richardson extrapolation include Romberg integration, which applies Richardson extrapolation to the trapezoid rule, and the Bulirsch–Stoer algorithm for solving ordinary differential equations.

Notation
Let $$A_0(h)$$ be an approximation of $$A^*$$(exact value) that depends on a step size $h$ (where $0 < h < 1$ ) with an error formula of the form $$ A^* = A_0(h)+a_0h^{k_0} + a_1h^{k_1} + a_2h^{k_2} + \cdots $$ where the $$a_i$$ are unknown constants and the $$k_i$$ are known constants such that $$h^{k_i} > h^{k_{i+1}}$$. Furthermore, $$O(h^{k_i})$$ represents the truncation error of the $$A_i(h)$$ approximation such that $$A^* = A_i(h)+O(h^{k_i}).$$ Similarly, in $$A^*=A_i(h)+O(h^{k_i}),$$ the approximation $$A_i(h)$$ is said to be an $$O(h^{k_i})$$ approximation.

Note that by simplifying with Big O notation, the following formulae are equivalent: $$ \begin{align} A^* &= A_0(h) + a_0h^{k_0} + a_1h^{k_1} + a_2h^{k_2} + \cdots \\ A^* &= A_0(h)+ a_0h^{k_0} + O(h^{k_1}) \\ A^* &= A_0(h)+O(h^{k_0}) \end{align} $$

Purpose
Richardson extrapolation is a process that finds a better approximation of $$A^*$$ by changing the error formula from $$A^*=A_0(h)+O(h^{k_0})$$ to $$A^* = A_1(h) + O(h^{k_1}).$$ Therefore, by replacing $$A_0(h)$$ with $$A_1(h)$$ the truncation error has reduced from $$O(h^{k_0}) $$ to $$O(h^{k_1}) $$ for the same step size $$h$$. The general pattern occurs in which $$A_i(h)$$ is a more accurate estimate than $$A_j(h)$$ when $$i>j$$. By this process, we have achieved a better approximation of $$A^*$$ by subtracting the largest term in the error which was $$O(h^{k_0}) $$. This process can be repeated to remove more error terms to get even better approximations.

Process
Using the step sizes $$h$$ and $$h / t$$ for some constant $$t$$, the two formulas for $$A^*$$ are:

To improve our approximation from $$O(h^{k_0})$$ to $$O(h^{k_1})$$ by removing the first error term, we multiply $$ by $$t^{k_0}$$ and subtract $$ to give us $$ (t^{k_0}-1)A^* = \bigg[t^{k_0}A_0\left(\frac{h}{t}\right) - A_0(h)\bigg] + \bigg(t^{k_0}a_1\bigg(\frac{h}{t}\bigg)^{k_1}-a_1h^{k_1}\bigg)+ \bigg(t^{k_0}a_2\bigg(\frac{h}{t}\bigg)^{k_2}-a_2h^{k_2}\bigg) + O(h^{k_3}). $$ This multiplication and subtraction was performed because $\big[t^{k_0}A_0\left(\frac{h}{t}\right) - A_0(h)\big]$ is an $$O(h^{k_1})$$ approximation of $$(t^{k_0}-1)A^*$$. We can solve our current formula for $$A^*$$ to give $$A^* = \frac{\bigg[t^{k_0}A_0\left(\frac{h}{t}\right) - A_0(h)\bigg]}{t^{k_0}-1} + \frac{\bigg(t^{k_0}a_1\bigg(\frac{h}{t}\bigg)^{k_1}-a_1h^{k_1}\bigg)}{t^{k_0}-1} + \frac{\bigg(t^{k_0}a_2\bigg(\frac{h}{t}\bigg)^{k_2}-a_2h^{k_2}\bigg)}{t^{k_0}-1} +O(h^{k_3}) $$ which can be written as $$A^* = A_1(h)+O(h^{k_1})$$ by setting $$A_1(h) = \frac{t^{k_0}A_0\left(\frac{h}{t}\right) - A_0(h)}{t^{k_0}-1} .$$

Recurrence relation
A general recurrence relation can be defined for the approximations by $$ A_{i+1}(h) = \frac{t^{k_i}A_i\left(\frac{h}{t}\right) - A_i(h)}{t^{k_i}-1} $$ where $$k_{i+1}$$ satisfies $$ A^* = A_{i+1}(h) + O(h^{k_{i+1}}) .$$

Properties
The Richardson extrapolation can be considered as a linear sequence transformation.

Additionally, the general formula can be used to estimate $$k_0$$ (leading order step size behavior of Truncation error) when neither its value nor $$A^*$$ is known a priori. Such a technique can be useful for quantifying an unknown rate of convergence. Given approximations of $$A^*$$ from three distinct step sizes $$h$$, $$h / t$$, and $$h / s$$, the exact relationship$$A^*=\frac{t^{k_0}A_i\left(\frac{h}{t}\right) - A_i(h)}{t^{k_0}-1} + O(h^{k_1}) = \frac{s^{k_0}A_i\left(\frac{h}{s}\right) - A_i(h)}{s^{k_0}-1} + O(h^{k_1})$$yields an approximate relationship (please note that the notation here may cause a bit of confusion, the two O appearing in the equation above only indicates the leading order step size behavior but their explicit forms are different and hence cancelling out of the two $O$ terms is only approximately valid) $$A_i\left(\frac{h}{t}\right) + \frac{A_i\left(\frac{h}{t}\right) - A_i(h)}{t^{k_0}-1} \approx A_i\left(\frac{h}{s}\right) +\frac{A_i\left(\frac{h}{s}\right) - A_i(h)}{s^{k_0}-1}$$ which can be solved numerically to estimate $$k_0$$ for some arbitrary valid choices of $$h$$, $$s$$, and $$t$$.

As $$t \neq 1$$, if $$t>0$$ and $$s$$ is chosen so that $$s = t^2$$, this approximate relation reduces to a quadratic equation in $$t^{k_0}$$, which is readily solved for $$k_0$$ in terms of $$h$$ and $$t$$.

Example of Richardson extrapolation
Suppose that we wish to approximate $$A^*$$, and we have a method $$A(h)$$ that depends on a small parameter $$h$$ in such a way that $$A(h) = A^\ast + C h^n + O(h^{n+1}).$$

Let us define a new function$$ R(h,t) := \frac{ t^n A(h/t) - A(h)}{t^n-1} $$where $$h$$ and $$\frac{h}{t}$$ are two distinct step sizes.

Then $$ R(h, t) = \frac{ t^n ( A^* + C \left(\frac{h}{t}\right)^n + O(h^{n+1}) ) - ( A^* + C h^n + O(h^{n+1}) ) }{ t^n - 1} = A^* + O(h^{n+1}). $$ $$ R(h,t) $$ is called the Richardson extrapolation of A(h), and has a higher-order error estimate $$ O(h^{n+1}) $$ compared to $$ A(h) $$.

Very often, it is much easier to obtain a given precision by using R(h) rather than A(h′) with a much smaller h′. Where A(h′) can cause problems due to limited precision (rounding errors) and/or due to the increasing number of calculations needed (see examples below).

Example pseudocode for Richardson extrapolation
The following pseudocode in MATLAB style demonstrates Richardson extrapolation to help solve the ODE $$y'(t) = -y^2$$, $$y(0) = 1$$ with the Trapezoidal method. In this example we halve the step size $$h$$ each iteration and so in the discussion above we'd have that $$t = 2$$. The error of the Trapezoidal method can be expressed in terms of odd powers so that the error over multiple steps can be expressed in even powers; this leads us to raise $$t$$ to the second power and to take powers of $$4 = 2^2 = t^2$$ in the pseudocode. We want to find the value of $$y(5)$$, which has the exact solution of $$\frac{1}{5 + 1} = \frac{1}{6} = 0.1666...$$ since the exact solution of the ODE is $$y(t) = \frac{1}{1 + t}$$. This pseudocode assumes that a function called  exists which attempts to compute   by performing the trapezoidal method on the function , with starting point   and   and step size.

Note that starting with too small an initial step size can potentially introduce error into the final solution. Although there are methods designed to help pick the best initial step size, one option is to start with a large step size and then to allow the Richardson extrapolation to reduce the step size each iteration until the error reaches the desired tolerance.

title: Richardson extrapolation


text: User talk:206.131.130.154

title: User talk:206.131.130.154


text:
Talk:Printed circuit board

Why I am not adding this content with refernce?
www.pcbonline.com is a commercial website with product for sale. That makes it SPAM. Constant314 (talk) 04:18, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

Types of Gerber Format Files
=== File Extension of PCB Layer on Autodesk EAGLE ===

File Extension of PCB Layer on Altium Designer
Here : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_format PoxVox (talk) 06:01, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

Discussion regarding the opening paragraph + source
I added this section to the talk page to allow anyone to freely write an opinion regarding the opening paragraph + it's cited source correctness.

Here it is: A printed circuit board (PCB) is a laminated sandwich structure of conductive and insulating layers. The PCB has two complementary functions, the first is to affix electronic components in designated locations on the outer layers by means of soldering, and the second is to provide reliable electrical connections (and also reliable open circuits) between the component's terminals in a controlled manner often referred to as PCB design. Each of the conductive layers is designed with an artwork pattern of conductors (similar to wires on a flat surface) that provides electrical connections on that conductive layer, while another manufacturing process adds vias[1] - small and precisely located holes that are drilled through the laminate and then plated with copper. The vias are the electrical interconnection between layers that are otherwise insulated in the laminate structure and this allows a third dimension of connection between conductive layers in a controlled manner that is both reliable and cost-effective for mass production of electronic products.

The source cited: PCB via and PCB design in-depth guide

As far as my personal knowledge, this is a very detailed source with references to accepted IPC standards and has a reference section citing it's sources of information. Please feel free to have a look and see if any inaccuracies exist. SunnyG81 (talk) 02:05, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Good edits overall. However, the reference is clearly self published source WP:RSSELF.  It is the product of one person, generated for commercial purposes, not subject to any editorial review or peer review.  The fact the reference cites reliable sources is irrelevant.  If those reliable sources actually establish the facts, then those sources should be cited.  The webpage includes: “Please also check our electronic design services page.”  Which pushes it into the promotional category.  However, the facts being established are common knowledge in the industry and are unlikely to be challenged.   Constant314 (talk) 02:46, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Seems to me that you agree to my edited contents (as you just approved them), and acknowledged the source article as factual and "unlikely to be challenged". But unwilling to give credit for other's work. The source clearly is non-promotional, within a 6000-word document, there is only one single reference to the home page. Otherwise, the source is completely add-free, relevant, and informational. If you agree the information is relevant and instructive to wikipedia, why not give credit for other's efforts? SunnyG81 (talk) 06:08, 4 September 2021 (UTC)
 * , Constant314 is correct, we do not use self published sources on Wikipedia, even if we personally think they're correct. See WP:RS and WP:V for details. MrOllie (talk) 12:00, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Mr. Shemesh does not get any credit because he is just repeating common knowledge that was known and written long before he wrote it again. His only contribution is the particular choice and sequence of words.  He is not the source of this knowledge.  Constant314 (talk) 14:11, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Firstly, I hope you find it reasonable that a 6000-word technical article with only 3-word reference to the home page would not constitute it as 'promotional'. At the very least, you should compare this source to others that are on the main article, i'd dare say this is one of the least promotional pages I've seen.
 * Second, sorry to disagree again Constant314, to gather a 6000-word article is not an easy task and I would not call this common knowledge, rather, this knowledge and understanding has been gathered for years. Not only that, it is brought to the community on a silver plate, free of charge, add-free. In comparison, IPC standards cost money, in the hundred-of-dollars range, this is not what I refer to as common knowledge. It is more reasonably referred to as expert knowledge. And based on that the first clause of article was written by me, and then copied and pasted (with reference omitted) by yourself. I think it would be appropriate to acknowledge others work.
 * Correct me if I'm wrong but I think that both of you (Constant314 and MrOllie) have reasonably inspected to the article to trust it's contents (ref: unlikely to be challenged). I did not see something in the guidlines completely ruling out agaist it, I have looked into WP:RSSELF and WP:RS and WP:V. My question, wouldn't you think a reader coming into wikipedia can benefit from? if so you can cite it yourself.
 * For me, the entire process is very discouraging. As a young user to see my work reverted all the way back to June is no right, just hours and hours of pure work and there were no sources involved.
 * best wishes SunnyG81 (talk) 01:42, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
 * , you seem to have some special insight into how the source was written. How do you know that 'this knowledge and understanding has been gathered for years.'? Are you associated with the referenced site or its author in some way? If you think we are misinterpreting the guidance on self-published sourcing in WP:RS you are welcome to seek additional input at the sourcing noticeboard, but I think you will be told exactly the same thing there. MrOllie (talk) 01:50, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I was hoping that perhaps you or a fellow Wikipedian could help to judge the source's reliability purely based on the contents and his knowledge in the field of art to clarify any RS issues. SunnyG81 (talk) 02:34, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
 * , As I said before, on Wikipedia sources aren't evaluated based on content. We use editorial standards and fact checking processes for that, and a self published source has neither. Also, if you're going to ask me to do things or ask questions, please do me the courtesy of not ignoring my own questions. MrOllie (talk) 02:39, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Printed circuit board


text:
Paget's disease

Paget's disease may refer to several conditions described by Sir James Paget, surgeon and pathologist:
 * Paget's disease of bone (most common use of the term "Paget's disease")
 * Paget's disease of the breast
 * Paget–Schroetter disease
 * Paget's abscess
 * Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD)

title: Paget's disease


text:
Central League (England)

The Central League is a football league for reserve teams, primarily from the English Football League. For sponsorship purposes, it was branded as the Final Third Development League until the 2015/16 season.

The league was formed in 1911 and in its early years consisted of a mix of first teams and reserve teams. However, when the Football League Third Division North was created in 1921, all the first teams in the Central League became founder members.

Since then, the league has been for reserve teams only, and eventually expanded to include virtually every professional team in the South, Midlands and North of England. Southern teams used to play in the Football Combination. In recent years, the Premier Reserve League was created for reserve sides of Premier League teams, and so the Central League's membership has been reduced.

From the 2006/07 season the FA Premier Reserve League was restricted to the reserve sides of FA Premier League clubs. This meant that the reserve sides of Championship clubs rejoined the Central League.

Teams are not promoted to the Premier Reserve League based on their final league position, but on the league position of their respective clubs' senior teams. If the senior team is promoted to the Premier League, then the reserve team is promoted to the Premier Reserve League and replaced by the reserve teams of the relegated clubs.

It was announced on 31 December 2013 that the Central League secured a sponsorship arrangement with Final Third Sports Media, and was known as the 'Final Third Development League' with immediate effect for two seasons.

On 11 June 2014, it was announced that the league would expand to become a national competition by running a division in the south of the country for the 2014/15 season for the first time. The 2021–22 season was Northern only again, and only featured six teams, though the Central League Cup remained national. Wrexham joined for the 2022–23 season, despite not being in the EFL. Twelve teams entered in 2023–24, with them split into two leagues of six.

1911–2024
+ - Three divisions, overall winner decided after a series of play-offs. ^ - Three divisions, overall winner is the team with the best points per game ratio. ~ - Two divisions, overall winner is the team with the best points per game ratio.
 * - Four divisions, overall winner is the team with the best points per game ratio.

Central League Cup
Since 1996 the league has also operated a cup competition – The Central League Cup.

title: Central League (England)


text: User talk:64.141.49.2

title: User talk:64.141.49.2


text:
Talk:Political correctness/Featured article removal candidates results

Political correctness
There is an ongoing neutrality dispute. Emsworth 23:36, Feb 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not saying this article should be here, but I will say that the substance of the dispute seems to be "the article is too long for such a silly topic" which isn't a very convincing objection IMO. I've asked a couple of times for a dialogue relating to the dispute, and there doesn't seem top be much interest. Sam Spade 19:46, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * There is now some interest and new folks on the page, so maybe the header will get removed in time at least. Sam Spade 06:44, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * There is no longer an ongoing neutrality dispute, you still want the page removed? Sam Spade 03:45, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe the old NPOV dispute was regarding whether the article represented the concept fairly, or mockingly. After significant rewrites, the NPOV dispute header has been removed, and the page has reached a stable form.  Keep.  --zandperl 00:50, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I myself did not dispute the neutrality: I merely indicated that disputed articles should not be featured. Since the dispute has ended, it seems, the objections are withdrawn. -- Emsworth 01:11, Mar 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Terminally vague. Probably impossible to rescue. A valiant failed attempt to write an NPOV article on an ill-defined and inherently POV topic. Remove. Tannin 10:52, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * The above editor is no longer with us. I assume this makes his objection (the only one remaining) invalid? Sam Spade 19:17, 7 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
The Call

The Call may refer to:

Film and television

 * The Call, a 1936 French film better known as The Call of Silence or L'Appel du Silence
 * The Call, a 2002 short film by Matthew Scott Krentz
 * The Call (2013 film), an American crime thriller film
 * The Call (2020 American film), an American horror film
 * The Call (2020 South Korean film), a South Korean thriller film
 * The Call (American TV program), a 2007–2011 American business news television program that aired on CNBC
 * The Call (South Korean TV series), a 2018 South Korean music collaboration project-themed music variety game show that aired on Mnet and tvN
 * The Call, an interactive news program on NY1
 * "The Call" (The Twilight Zone), an episode of the television series The Twilight Zone
 * The Call (2019 Nollywood film) is a Nollywood comedic movie by Woli Arole

Publications

 * The Call (Kansas City), a newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri, serving the Black American community
 * The New York Call, sometimes simply called The Call, a socialist newspaper published by the Socialist Party of America
 * The San Francisco Call
 * The Call (Woonsocket), a general-interest daily newspaper in Woonsocket, Rhode Island
 * The Call (Flanagan novel), a 1998 historical novel by Martin Flanagan
 * The Call (Hersey novel), a 1985 novel by John Hersey
 * Der Ruf (newspaper), a World War II era POW newspaper, known in English as The Call
 * The Call (BSP) an Organ of International Socialism published by the British Socialist Party

Music

 * Call (band), a Pakistani rock band based in Lahore
 * The Call (band), a Santa Cruz, California-based rock band

Albums

 * The Call (Charles Lloyd album), 1994
 * The Call (Heed album), 2006
 * The Call (Mal Waldron album), 1971
 * The Call, album by underground Hip Hop artist Random
 * The Call, EP by metal band Necrophobic
 * The Call (Henry Grimes album), 1966

Songs

 * "The Call" (Anne Murray song)
 * "The Call" (Backstreet Boys song)
 * "The Call", song No. 4 from Five Mystical Songs
 * "The Call", a song by Killswitch Engage from their 2013 album Disarm the Descent
 * "The Call" (Regina Spektor song)
 * "The Call", a song by Little Texas on their 1997 album Little Texas
 * "The Call", a song by Matt Kennon on his 2010 album Matt Kennon
 * "The Call", a song by Gotthard on their 2007 album Domino Effect
 * "The Call", a song by Cirith Ungol from their 2020 album Forever Black
 * "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", former national anthem of South Africa, used during the apartheid era
 * "Ireland's Call", song used to represent Ireland at rugby games

Other

 * The Call (organization), an evangelical parachurch organization
 * The Call (painting), a 1902 painting by Paul Gauguin
 * An infamous blown call in Game 6 of the 1985 World Series by Major League Baseball umpire Don Denkinger

title: The Call


text:
Talk:Danbury, Connecticut

Untitled
I can't say I'm entirely pleased with the Historical population section. It's long, and it's pretty useless information. I can't even seem to find the same information on any other city's page. I've reverted it back to the more appropriate bullet-list version, though (see How to use tables) - Plutor 15:17, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

If I was less tired, I would probably be adding something to this page. 137.99.184.148 10:49, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Inaccurate Link
The link for the co-founder of Subway restaurants incorrectly sends the user to information on musician Peter Buck. The actual co-founder of Subway is Dr. Peter Buck, and information can be found on the Subway website at http://www.subway.com/subwayroot/AboutSubway/history/subwayHistory.aspx

71.252.209.162 03:09, 6 July 2006 (UTC)M. Winter

 * Fixed. -- Plutor 11:36, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

General Wooster's death
General Wooster did not die "defending the city of Danbury". His leadership, in the capacity as Major General of the Connecticut milita, was formed as an armed response to the general invasion of Fairfield County, CT and the advance of the British troops on the town of Ridgefield, Connecticut. He was mortally wounded in this subsequent engagement to the actual burning of the Danbury stores (the British objective). After his mortal wounding near Ridgefield, CT, he was brought to the Dibble house in Danbury, CT. It was here that he died 5 days later and was buried in the local hospital cemetery. Years later, his body was reinterred in Danbury's Wooster Cemetery where he resides today. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Wwporter (talk • contribs) 13:07, 4 February 2007 (UTC).

When I went to Wooster School, the claim among the student body was always that Wooster, though he had an admirable military career, suffered an embarassing death, (and I quote): "He was riding his horse, and got shot in the ass by his own men." Always wondered whether the specifics were known. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.234.204.66 (talk) 15:10, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Illegal Aliens
The census counts illegal aliens badly, but does count them. The best estimates are from politicians? Jd2718 15:28, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

A few GA concerns
There are a few concerns I have over the article and its nomination for Good Article status.

Horologium t-c 00:41, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Although it is not a requirement, the guidelines at WikiProject Cities suggest that only one population figure should be cited in the opening. (WikiProject Cities). You have three, plus a two different figures for illegal immigrants. Pick one figure, please. You might want to use the most recent estimate in the lede, and use the 2000 census figure in the demographics section, since all that data is based off of the census.
 * There are no references at all in the "History" section. There are a lot of statements there that need some sort of reference.
 * The "Large and distinctive companies" section is roughly analogous to "Economy", and should be moved down after "Law and government". Additionally, ATMI does not have an article. Either a stub should be written up for the company, or it should be removed from the list. Having it listed without a wikilink does not imply any form of notability. Again there are no references in this section, only the external link to the ATMI website.
 * The "Geography" section needs to be expanded (and possibly referenced). Are there any notable geographic features in the area? Is there weather data on the city itself, or perhaps a neighboring city? It needs something more than a simple set of latitude and longitude measurements.
 * The "Historical Population" table needs a little formatting, as it runs into some of the text in the main body of the article. It might be a good idea to prune it back considerably (maybe every 30-50 years until 1970, then every ten years from that point on).
 * The "Colleges and Universities" section needs to be expanded, A single sentence is not sufficient. You could change it to "Education" and include data about local public schools, or educational attainment of the population, or anything else that might apply. Make sure to add references as appropriate.
 * Prune back the "Sites of Interest". Most of the listed sites have no wikilinks or external references.
 * "Sports" and "Transportation" both need references.
 * "Israel Ward Andrew" is a redlink. Consider creating a stub or deleting him from the list.
 * Reference #2 is to a blog; try to find a reliable source, or consider removing the link and the information that the link supports.

 * Another thing I just noticed--there are two pictures in the history section that relate to some type of disaster (a flood?) that happened in 1869, yet there is no mention of it in the history. If it's important enough to warrant two pictures, it is important enough to mention in the narrative, one would think. Horologium t-c 20:22, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * (Yes, even more) The lede needs to be reworked a bit, and some of the information should be elsewhere in the article. From the Wikipedia style guidelines for introduction sections: Significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article, although specific facts, such as birthdates, titles, or scientific designations will often appear in the lead only. The same page also recommends a lede of two or three paragaphs for an article of this size (it is currently 25.2kb). The last two paragraphs in the lede are not referenced elsewhere in the article, and the first two could be combined into a single paragraph, since short, disjointed paragraphs are discouraged. The history section also has several one or two sentence paragraphs that should be consolidated or expanded. Horologium t-c 16:52, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

GA failure
I am going to go ahead and fail the GA nomination for now. Several of the issues I raised have been corrected, but there are still a number of issues that need to be addressed. Once they are fixed, the article should be renominated. Horologium t-c 16:46, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Image of Danbury and city seal
Does anyone own a "bird's eye view" image of Danbury, sort of like a picture of the skyline? Secondly, does anyone own a city seal that is in color and not in black-and-white? Maybe they can be found or asked for on the official city site, those images would really help the article. Thank you, AJSDA115 14:53, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Carole King
I could not find any important evidence that shows a relation between Carole King and Danbury. She was born in NY. NyyDave 15:12, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

GA fail
I have failed this article for much the same reasons as it failed its previous GA nomination; many of the points in that review are still to be addressed. The History section, for instance, still has no references. Worse, there are at least two tags.

Overall I don't think that the number of references is adequate for an article of thie size, and there are too many lists that ought to be converted to prose. The amount of work still required to get this article up to GA standard is considerable I think, so I decided to fail it rather than put it on hold. Please feel free to renominate it when the necessary work has been done; there is no minimum time between GA reviews.

Good luck with developing the article. --Malleus Fatuarum 22:07, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Low importance
I think our city should be classed in some other category than, "Low Importance". Low importance! This is a slap to anyone and everyone who lives in this city! Does the fact that I live here mean nothing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.91.75.149 (talk) 09:37, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * To help Wikipedia contributors find other contributors with the same interests and articles that they would like to edit, some contributors decide to form "Wikiprojects", which identify all articles that fall into one subject area. Such is the case with Wikiproject Cities, which tries to cover all cities in the world. Having an article identified as "low importance" does not mean the city itself is unimportant; it means that, to Wikiproject Cities, improving the article about the city is less urgent than improving the article about, say, Hartford, Connecticut or Delhi, India when the goal is to provide encyclopedia-level coverage of every city on Earth.
 * This does not mean the article is unimportant to Wikipedia as a whole or to other Wikiprojects- as you can see, Wikiproject Connecticut finds it of "High" importance. And, if you feel strongly about this city, Wikipedia strongly encourages you to help clean it up. Liquidluck ✽ talk  06:52, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

British or Tories?
"the British under Major General William Tryon burned and looted the city ... the destruction caused by the Loyalist army troops." British, Loyalists or both? I thought Redcoats and Tories were separate (but allied) forces. Art LaPella (talk) 03:14, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Huge deletions
Recently, editor deleted a huge amount of material from this page. You can see the material deleted here.

I asked them to restore the content. We'll see what happens.

I also opened an incident case at ANI here, to ask for community intervention.

While technically the editor may be correct about most (not all) of the material being unsourced and therefore subject to WP:CHALLENGE in a technical, letter-of-the-law sense, it still feels unfriendly and very poor community practice to delete such huge swaths of material in this way.

Of course, anything could be sourced and added back, but this is still the deletion of a lot of accumulated community knowledge. Some of it may be cruft but really, this is a town's article. It contains townie things.

Sorry for this happening. SageRad (talk) 19:02, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * See discussion at WP:ANI. I've gone and taken the middle road, restoring and then tagging stuff that needs fixing.  If after a reasonable amount of time (on the order of months or more) if the uncited material is still in the article, it should probably be selectively removed.  But per WP:V, ideal behavior is to tag before removal for non-contentious material.  -- Jayron 32 19:28, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * And I have already add a couple of references that were in linked articles. -- GB fan 19:31, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * At what point is "Tarrywile Park – Recreation park on 722 acres (2.92 km2) with 21 miles (34 km) of hiking trails. Mansion is a community center available for rental, more information can be found at www.tarrywile.com" notable? Additionally, it is promotional content.  Not a single "park" is a notable park, wikilinked to an article.  Just a list of names, with no context other than "park."
 * The list of businesses in the economy is covered in the chart below it, which was actually sourced.
 * Glover Teixeira Light Heavyweight fighter for the Ultimate Fighting Championship is the owner & trainer of a kickboxing & MMA fitness gym located at 16 Beaver Brook Road in Danbury Connecticut. Glover Teixeira MMA Training Center - This is completely promotional, and an inappropriate use of external links.
 * "Danbury High School carries a strong athletic tradition. They are perennial powers in wrestling, boys and girls track and field, boys cross country, baseball, tennis, basketball, and football. The wrestling, cross country, and track teams have all numerous state titles and New England championships. All three programs are considered to be nationally ranked annually." Unsourced claims of standing. Makes a great story, but worthless without a source
 * The list of trivia is completely... trivial. Somebody mentioned Danbury in a cartoon, so it belongs in an encyclopedia article?
 * And I did not touch any of my accuser's edits; the list of notables was actually one area that looked well maintained.
 * I stand by every edit I made; the material was challenged for cause. Well, at least the WP:BLP violation was left out in the restore.  Thanks for that.  Scr ★ pIron IV 20:32, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * ScrapIronIV, i do agree with all those specific texts that you note. I would say Tarrywile Park is notable but needs a source and needs to be made not promotion. I did in fact look at the kickboxer today and made a note to check that out and probably delete it, as promotional. The Danbury High School athletics is surely self-promotional. I will edit those particulars right now. I am sorry for the allegation of the appearance of following me to delete this material. I hope you can understand how i might have thought that. I fully understand that i cannot know what is in your mind or what you were thinking, and i try very hard to assume good faith. I am glad there is some resolution that actually might improve the article greatly because of this. Thank you for this list of the most flagrant cruft. SageRad (talk) 20:53, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I am very thankful to the editors and admins who helped out with this. It feels very positive to feel like we are a community with the intention of improving articles, and working collaboratively. SageRad (talk) 20:19, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

To all the other editors who may work on this page:
 * As a result of the ANI case, much of the deleted content was added back, with the addition of many "citation needed" tags. Much that was unsourced will need to be sourced to reliable sources, in order to establish notability and significance. I am sure there is some material that really is "fancruft" or otherwise fluffy or non-encyclopedic, and can be deleted, but hopefully on a much slower basis, one-at-a-time way, than the huge clear-cutting of the article. I will help out with this as i get time, and i hope others will help out who care about this article. SageRad (talk) 20:19, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Poor indiscriminate restoration of material by, in my opinion. --Neil N  talk to me 20:36, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Which restoration do you object to? this one or this one or this one?  Do you have any intention of helping find references or pare down the article with care and consideration for the final product, or are you just here to cast aspersions from the sideline and not actually do anything to article text to make it better?  -- Jayron 32 20:41, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * This one. Adding back in cruft without care is not improving the article but I'm glad to see you're taking steps to fix that. --Neil N  talk to me 20:45, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I am also helping to fix it. I appreciate that there is/was cruft here, but i feel it can be worked with better in the article, and with the new citation-needed tags, there is more impetus to do so. SageRad (talk) 20:57, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * There's a lot more work to do. You're invited to pitch in and help.  NeilN, your commentary from the sidelines doesn't do one thing to improve the article text anymore than the indiscriminate and wholesale removal of uncontentious information which started this original thread.  -- Jayron 32 21:00, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * thank you for your "indiscriminate and wholesale removal" of spam, redundant content, and unsourced puffery. --Neil N  talk to me 21:22, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the kind words, . So far I see at least 70% of what I removed in my initial evaluation has been validated as reasonable editing, by being removed a second time.  I really don't like the drama involved.  I know I am a heavy-handed editor, and not always as soft-worded as others, but I generally mean well.  Scr ★ pIron IV 21:34, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Note: I have to take a break, but others are invited to continue the work. I've gone through and cleaned up a bunch of the notable people section by making an initial run and removing a bunch of people without referenced, prose discussion of their lives in Danbury, or with ephemeral connection to the city (such as dying in the local hospital).  Any additional work to improve the article with care and deliberate work is quite invited!  -- Jayron 32 21:00, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

Anderson Montessori School still exist?
I added refs for all schools, but couldn't find one for Anderson Montessori School which was at Tarrywile. Is it still operating? Please, anyone, if you know about it, add the ref to the article. Thanks. SageRad (talk) 10:56, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

Removed seemingly promotional copy
I removed these lines from the sports section:

They seemed too promotional to me. Please discuss if you disagree. Thanks. SageRad (talk) 11:10, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

Moved former inmates to the talk page of the article on the prison itself
Please note, i moved the information on former inmates of the prison to the talk page for the prison's article. If anyone wants to go ahead and move that into the prison article itself, please do so. It would be really useful. I just don't have the time or desire to do it. I just didn't want the good knowledge to be lost from the mass deletions that happened yesterday. SageRad (talk) 12:38, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

Oh, actually, Jayron32 already did that so we duplicated information. Great minds... anyway. SageRad (talk) 12:40, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:45, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Orphaned references in Danbury, Connecticut
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Danbury, Connecticut's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "USCensusEst2016":

From Manhattan:

From Stamford, Connecticut:

From The Bronx:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 14:47, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Danbury (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:32, 9 April 2019 (UTC)

Content related to John Oliver
I am continually removing content from this page related to the recent exchange between John Oliver and Mark Boughton, and would urge others to do the same. This content was based on a short social media exchange that constitutes a negligible and unimportant effect on the history and significance of the city. Longtime residents are aware that such exchanges and publicity stunts are typical of the local government, however the evidence makes it clear that this topic is a drop in the bucket of the city's content and is something that *should not* monopolize as much of the real estate on this page as recent edits have made it to. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:8080:1240:1083:704C:3623:7586:FABA (talk) 18:32, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

Transportation
@Magnolia677 believes the charts in the transportation section should be removed with their reason being “this isn’t a travel guide” However there needs to be a consensus on whether there notable enough. I personally believe they are, it has valuable information for anyone who is learning about airports in our area. Not to mention the lead of the section alludes to it. Elvisisalive95 (talk) 18:53, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Danbury, Connecticut


text:
Al Pedrique

Alfredo José Pedrique García (, born August 11, 1960) is a Venezuelan professional baseball player, coach, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a shortstop for the New York Mets (1987), Pittsburgh Pirates (1987–88), and Detroit Tigers (1989).

Pedrique served as the Houston Astros bench coach and as manager of the Arizona Diamondbacks. He also served as the first base coach of the Oakland Athletics a season before being shuffled to third base coaching for two further seasons.

He is currently the manager for the Double-A Reading Fightin Phils.

Playing career
Pedrique was signed by the New York Mets in 1978 and made his MLB debut nine years later. After five games with the 1987 Mets team he was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates where he hit .301 in his rookie season but only managed a .188 cumulative batting average after that.

Pedrique was a career .247 hitter with one home run, 36 runs batted in (RBI), 32 runs, 18 doubles, one triple, and five stolen bases in 174 games.

Managerial and coaching career
After retiring, Pedrique managed in the minors for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Houston Astros, and Kansas City Royals organizations from 2000 to 2002. He came back to the majors in 2003 as a third base coach for the Diamondbacks. In 2004, Pedrique began the season as manager of the Tucson Sidewinders, the Diamondbacks Triple-A affiliate, but was hired as manager of the Diamondbacks on an interim basis when Bob Brenly was fired in July. Pedrique compiled a 22–61 record. He was replaced by Wally Backman, and then Bob Melvin, at the end of the season.

Pedrique created some controversy as manager when he ordered the Diamondbacks pitching staff to intentionally walk Barry Bonds throughout an entire three-game series against the San Francisco Giants from September 10–12, since Bonds was on the verge of hitting his 700th career home run, which Pedrique did not want to happen at Bank One Ballpark (in total for the series, Bonds was walked eight times (twice intentionally) while hitting one home run, and Bonds would hit his 700th on September 17th). Tom Verducci of Sports Illustrated called the incident one of "professional cowardice."

While serving as a special assistant for the Houston Astros in 2007, Pedrique was in Venezuela and championed a 16-year old José Altuve to the front office, convincing them that he had the talent and strength to eventually play in the major leagues. Altuve had been dismissed by scouts as being too short and thought he was lying about his age.

The Astros hired Pedrique as their bench coach on October 31, 2009, after previously serving as their Minor League Field Coordinator and third base coach. In 2013, he was hired as manager of the Yankees' Class-A affiliate Charleston RiverDogs. In 2014, the New York Yankees promoted Pedrique to the manager of the Tampa Yankees. In 2015, he was promoted to manager of the Trenton Thunder. On January 6, 2016, Pedrique was announced as the manager of the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders. In his first season as manager, he led the RailRiders to a North Division title. Pedrique then led the RailRiders to the International League's Governors' Cup championship and won. After that, he then led the RailRiders to win Triple-A National Championship Game and won that as well. In his second and final season as RailRiders manager, Pedrique led the RailRiders to a North Division title once again. The RailRiders ended up losing to the Durham Bulls, who went on to win the Triple A National Championship at the RailRiders PNC Field, in the Governors' Cup Championship.

On December 4, 2017, Pedrique was hired by the Oakland A's as first base coach. He then shifted to third base after one season. He was let go after the 2020 season.

On March 29, 2021, he was named as the new manager for the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp, the Triple-A affiliate for the Miami Marlins. On November 17, 2021, the Marlins hired Pedrique as their third base and infield coach for the 2022 season.

He was named manager of the Double-A Reading Fightin Phils for the 2023 season.

title: Al Pedrique


text:
Talk:Free Information Infrastructure

Perhaps I am not good enough at English but I honestly cannot understand what the first sentence of this page is trying to say. If I could grasp the meaning I would try to clarify it. --(talk)BozMo 15:21, 12 May 2004 (UTC)...How can a term being created by the model of a term

title: Talk:Free Information Infrastructure


text:
Grão-Pará

Grão-Pará may refer to:

 * Grão Pará, a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.
 * Grão-Pará Ecological Station, the largest strictly protected tropical forest conservation area in the world
 * Palácio do Grão-Pará, a palace in the city of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * Prince of Grão-Pará, the title of the eldest son of the Prince Imperial of Brazil
 * State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, one of the Brazilian states of the Portuguese Empire (1751–1772)
 * State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, one of the Brazilian states of the Portuguese Empire (1772–1775)

title: Grão-Pará


text:
Talk:Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

Prologue
Please add more to the Notable provisions section. -- Kaihsu 15:26, 2004 May 12 (UTC)

Is it correct to say that the Charter is legally binding in all countries (except UK and PL)? It may be more correct to say that the Treaty of Lisbon will make it binding only once the Treaty has been ratified (currently the Czech and the Irish have not done so). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.128.2.68 (talk) 16:49, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Origin
I don't quite understand what the first paragraph "origin" is trying to say. OK, to summarise: ECJ decided that treaties establishing EC do not empower it to accede to the ECHR, (ok I'm with it so far) the above/afore mentioned 3 institutions of EU (should this be "of the EU"? I think I'll edit it in anyway feel free to edit it out if that's not what is meant) (which 3 institutions? I think you might mean European Parliament, Council, and Commission mentioned in the introductory paragraph, but at first it seemed to mean the 3 institutions mentioned in the "Origin" paragraph, i.e. ECJ, EC and ECHR. Being a typical European, I don't know very much about which things are EU institutions, European institutions, treaties, conventions, etc.) decided that this (what this, probably the CFREU?) is the appropriate format..of presenting (to whom?) the fundamental principles...for the Union (presenting principles for the Union just doesn't seem to make sense to me) OK maybe I understand it a bit better now but hat is after reading it 100 times. Sorry, I must be a real thicko!--Orelstrigo 00:23, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

--Orelstrigo 00:39, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I made some clarifications. – Kaihsu 21:39, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Status
2nd section, "status", again makes little sense. To summarise: The origin of charter's power is unlikely to be beyond that of the proclaiming institutions (...) are going to contradict the charter. (errm, who exactly are going to contradict it, the origin of the power? the institutions?) Sorry to be picky here, I could change it grammatically, but I don't know what the meaning is. Is there a conflict between the Charter's provisions and the institutions' rights, or not?--Orelstrigo 00:39, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know why I was being so dense when I wrote this! I have clarified.  Thanks again for pointing this out. – Kaihsu 21:45, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

"As part of the proposed Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe"
I removed the section on "Outlook" since it was based on the passage of the European Constitution, which will now not happen. Given that there has yet to emerge any clear idea within the EU institutions of what to do next I don't feel that anything concrete regarding the passage of the Charter into law can be stated at this time.

(To be clear I was not logged in at the time so the edit is logged under 83.67.46.222) --Daduzi 10:30, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I restored and rephrased the section to make it up-to-date. Thanks for pointing this out. – Kaihsu 21:35, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I hope you don't mind but I made a few minor changes to the new version, just to make it a little clearer. I think it works fine now. Daduzi 22:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality dispute?
You damn skippy. This isn't informative, it's nearly slanderous. Cernen Xanthine Katrena 13:19, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * How is it slanderous, so much so to justify your strong language? Please explain.  For now, I have removed the POV notice.  Cheers.  – Kaihsu 10:10, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
 * There is something about the language, but I can't put my finger on what exactly. Stuff like 'ambiguous status' could be a POV statement, as it would reduce the document's relevance, whereas there are arguments that would say that it doesn't matter whether it is or not, so long as the document exists. Thoughts?

Wikinterpreter

I have removed the "original research" banner, added without justification. Please enter a comment in Talk page when adding such a banner. --Josce 15:54, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I changed ‘ambiguous’ to ‘sui generis’, to make it more neutral. – Kaihsu (talk) 23:53, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Opt-outs
Why exactly did the UK and Poland not adopt the Rights charter? And why was there not an subsequent outcry in these two countries? 129.215.48.99 (talk) 02:07, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, wait, got it. Poland don't want equality for homosexuals, and the UK doesn't want more union strikes; the Charter may lead to both being forced upon them. 129.215.48.99 (talk) 02:12, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * In Poland it was a different reason: not equality for homosexuals. It was the topic Abortion. GLGermann (talk) 16:37, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The wording of this section is not clear to me. Does the Charter of Fundamental Rights not apply at all in the UK? -- CGPGrey   (talk)  16:52, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

The lead section could use some more detail.
I think that the lead section needs some work. WP:PCR

'It is a document that enshrines basic rights' could apply to almost any bill of rights or constitution. It seems to me from context that it is a proposed 'bill of rights' type document for the EU, but it ought to say so.

I would change it myself, but I haven't any knowledge about the document. TachyonJack (talk) 00:19, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Plain English
Rewrite the following in English please - I have no idea what it is trying to say: "The Charter is not the first outing for human jurisprudence in the EU. In interpreting the general principles of EU law described above, the European Court of Justice has already dealt the issue of whether those general principles applied to member states." (The second sentence here makes some sense, but has nothing to do with the first sentence.) Thanks. 169.253.194.1 (talk) 23:20, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I swore it seemed to make sense when I wrote it, but you're right it was gibberish. I hope it's better now. Some feedback would be appreciated. — Blue-Haired Lawyer t 18:05, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

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text: File:Libertymasonic.gif

title: File:Libertymasonic.gif


text:
Talk:Sara Teasdale

Single biography
Aside from the quotations, almost all of it relies on a single biography... Kinda relies on a single source..? Would this count as too little source? Possible further refrencing: 1 2 Zenith042 21:20, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
Okay what the hell. The image that was on this article said "pre 1923, not subject to cpyright" and it was deleted. (I'm guessing "no source" on this one.) But this poet deserves a photo. - Hbdragon88 06:34, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

This is an exciting page to read for teens my age

---

I'm removing the oft-repeated misconception that her poem "I Shall Not Care" was written as a suicide note. As Wikisource confirms, it was in fact published 18 years before her suicide, as part of the collection Rivers to the Sea (1915). --Delirium 06:18, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * I had a feeling that this was the case, but it seemed to be repeated an awful lot when I checked the anon's addition. Incidentally, I see that someone has broken the Teasdale books I added to Wikisource up into their individual poems, and done quite a good job of it - how cool. Ambi 06:25, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Did she drown herself, or did she die from an overdose? This entry's clearness leaves much to be desired still.

A few excerpts from her marvellous work would also be at their place. Nerusai 01:20, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

i think she is a wonderful writer its sad that she killed herself.......ya know all the good poets die –68.0.235.235 21:27, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Sequence of publication
According to a scanned copy of Helen of Troy that I have from google.com, Helen of Troy is 1911, Rivers to the Sea is 1915, Love Songs is 1917, and Flame and Shadow is 1921. So the reference to Rivers to the Sea should be to her second, not to her third, collection of poetry. We should not count The Answering Voice as a collection of HER work since it is a collection of poems from 100 poets that she edited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.40.69.21 (talk) 20:37, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

"There Will Be Rest"
I know Frank Ticheli was inspired by Sara Teasdale's poems and her death to write his famous piece "There Will Be Rest", but I'm a bit confused about if she actually wrote a poem called "There Will Be Rest" or if Ticheli's lyrics were completely his own. Would someone who knows the answer please write me back? I'll check in the near future. Thank you. :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.132.39.224 (talk) 03:26, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

The suicide myth
The reference for the suicide myth can not be the poem itself, as that does not verify that the urban legend actually exists. Mrathel (talk) 09:32, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I think that reference is actually for the statement that "I Shall Not Care" was published in that book. 165.91.189.33 (talk) 01:27, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

Bipolar?
Can we really know that Teasdale suffered from bipolar disorder? The diagnosis didn't even *exist* during her lifetime. Given her suicide, she may well have had something, but this at the very least needs a cite (it's especially iffy because it's not mentioned in the article itself, only in the category.) Vultur (talk) 01:30, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. The categorization is not useful unless it's mentioned, with a reliable source, in the text of the article itself. I support its removal until then. --Midnightdreary (talk) 20:43, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, I removed it. Vultur (talk) 04:24, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Legacy and Influence
I think that perhaps that last entry under Legacy and Influence may be written in a somewhat unprofessional manner. Should it be rewritten or deleted in its entirety? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.23.153.20 (talk) 07:41, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

Ešenvalds
Hi guys, Eriks Ešenvalds also wrote a fabulous choral setting of her poem "Only in Sleep". It's so wonderful that I thought it deserves a mention: Trinity College Choir Cheers --2A02:1205:34D3:36E0:69D2:810F:27C3:ED2C (talk) 09:10, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

Alice Marion Cummings
The article on (Alice) Marion Cummings says that Teasdale had a friendship with Cummings. This could go in the article, and that might save the article on Marion Cummings being an orphaned article. Vorbee (talk) 09:51, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

Sexuality?
Do we know if any scholarly/reputable sources on Teasdale's sexuality--more specifically, her possible bisexuality--exist? She wrote love poems to women (including the bisexual icon Eleanora Duse, but also including several women of her own acquaintance), started writing in a circle containing several lesbian or bisexual women, and regularly revisited Sappho and her followers as subjects of her own poetry. This is obviously original research as it is, but seems it could be a useful direction for an addition to the article if there's some non-original research on the subject. 67.1.253.174 (talk) 18:45, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

Themes in Teasdale's works
How about getting my back to Teasdale's poems? One essential topic missing from the article so far is about themes in her work. Readers of the "There Will Come Soft Rains" article want to know more about her opposition to World War I, which is also reflected in many of her other war-time poems.--172.58.188.32 (talk) 21:35, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sara Teasdale


text: File:Pompidou center.jpg

title: File:Pompidou center.jpg


text:
Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party

The Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party (VUPP), informally known as Ulster Vanguard, was a unionist political party which existed in Northern Ireland between 1972 and 1978. Led by William Craig, the party emerged from a split in the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and was closely affiliated with several loyalist paramilitary groups. The party was set up in opposition to power sharing with Irish nationalist parties. It opposed the Sunningdale Agreement and was involved in extra-parliamentary activity against the agreement. However, in 1975, during discussions on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland in the constitutional convention, William Craig suggested the possibility of voluntary power sharing with the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party. In consequence the party split, with dissenters forming the United Ulster Unionist Party. Thereafter Vanguard declined and following poor results in the 1977 local government elections, Craig merged the remainder of Vanguard into the UUP in February 1978.

Origins
It had its roots in the Vanguard or Ulster Vanguard wing of the Ulster Unionist Party who were opposed to the policies of the party's leader, and last Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Brian Faulkner. The Ulster Vanguard movement was originally a political pressure group within the UUP. It was formed on 9 February 1972 and was led by William Craig (former Minister of Home Affairs at Stormont) with its deputy leaders Rev Martin Smyth and the former Stormont MP for Carrick, Captain Austin Ardill. At its first meeting in Lisburn, on 13 February 1972, Craig made the first of a number of bellicose pronouncements, declaring, "God help those who get in our way for we mean business."

After the suspension of the Stormont Parliament, Faulkner moved towards a policy of power-sharing with nationalist and non-sectarian politicians under the Sunningdale Agreement. In opposition to this many in the Ulster Unionists broke away and founded a separate Vanguard Party, with William Craig as the leader.

Ideology
Vanguard is usually considered to have been a right-wing party. The presence of features such as an honour guard and a common salute led opponents to accuse it of being fascist. In its earliest days, it adopted the style associated with falangist parties with an honour guard, a common salute and a habit of wearing sashes. This led to it being characterised as Mosleyite or even neo-Nazi with the Stormont unionist MP William McConnell claiming that Vanguard rallies involved "a certain Hitlerian-type figure ... walking up and down the lines, inspecting his so-called storm-troopers." Craig however denied that the party was either neo-nazi or paramilitary.

Ulster Vanguard was intended to provide an umbrella organisation for various loyalist groups. It had close links with, and strong support from loyalist paramilitary groups. Vanguard had its own paramilitary grouping called the Vanguard Service Corps (USC), whose main function seemed to be to provide escorts for Vanguard speakers attending rallies.

Policies
Vanguard strongly criticised the imposition of direct rule and in its booklet 'Ulster – A Nation', published in April 1972, it pledged "resistance to an undemocratic and un-British regime" and suggested the possibility of a federal British Isles.

At the Darlington Conference in September 1972, held to discuss various constitutional options for Northern Ireland, they proposed the restoration of the Northern Ireland Parliament as a single-chamber assembly with a committee system to ensure greater participation by all parties. Internal security responsibilities would be restored. However, there would be a bill of rights to safeguard the rights of minorities.

It demanded the "extermination" of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and a reversal of the reforms introduced by Brian Faulkner and his predecessor. In a booklet published in late 1972 entitled 'Community of the British Isles', it even flirted with the idea of full independence for Northern Ireland, albeit within a structure which would also include Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland.

In late 1973 it rejected the idea of compulsory power-sharing with Irish Nationalists and consequently refused invitations to take part in the conferences which led to the Sunningdale Agreement.

In their 1974 Westminster manifesto, they called for the more mainstream Unionist option of either devolved government with full security responsibilities or full integration into the UK.

However, there were occasions when it did not follow the same course as other right-wing or unionist parties. For example, in the 1975 referendum on the United Kingdom's membership of the-then European Economic Community, it campaigned for the United Kingdom to remain a member whilst the other Unionist parties campaigned for withdrawal.

Extra-Parliamentary activity
Vanguard was firmly supportive of extra-parliamentary activity in the form of direct action to achieve its goals. On 26 January 1972, Craig announced plans to hold large rallies in major centres in Northern Ireland. The culmination was a large rally on 18 March 1972 in Belfast's Ormeau Park, attended by up to 60,000 people, at which Craig said, "We must build up the dossiers on the men and women who are a menace to this country, because one day, ladies and gentlemen, if the politicians fail, it will be our duty to liquidate the enemy."

Following the suspension of Stormont and the imposition of direct rule in March 1972, Vanguard organised a general strike which lasted from 27 to 29 March. It affected power supplies, caused businesses to close and halted public transport. About 190,000 people participated and Vanguard members barricaded and took effective control of the town of Portadown. Later 100,000 unionists converged on the drive leading to Stormont, where Craig addressed the crowds, but deferred to the outgoing Prime Minister Brian Faulkner, who managed to disperse the crowds. On 3 June 1972, VUPP organised a march in Derry against the creation of no-go areas in nationalist districts, which ended in violence on the city's Craigavon Bridge. Despite the violence, Craig pledged to continue the marches stating: "We are no longer protesting – we are demanding action."

In February 1973 it was one of the only parties to support the two-day general strike organised by the Loyalist Association of Workers in protest at the internment of Protestants. The strike had the further stated goal to "re-establish some kind of Protestant or loyalist control over the affairs in the province, especially over security policy" The strike resulted in high levels of violence with five people, including a fireman, being killed, seven people wounded, several explosions and numerous malicious fires.

The strike proved to be a forerunner of the Ulster Workers Council Strike the following year, in which VUPP again played a prominent role, making their headquarters in Hawthornden Road, Belfast, available to the strike leaders. with Craig a leading member of the UWC co-ordinating committee

In addition to large rallies, Vanguard used other tactics to try to put pressure on the British Government. In July 1972, they called for a rent and rate strike, a proposal which put them at odds with other unionist parties and which was criticised by the DUP. Several months later, on 19 October 1972, Craig addressed a meeting of the right wing Conservative Monday Club during which he claimed he could mobilise 80,000 men "who are prepared to come out and shoot and kill."

Electoral performances
The party contested a succession of elections: to the brief Sunningdale Assembly, the February 1974 General Election, the October 1974 General Election and the 1975 elections to the Constitutional Convention. The 1973 Sunningdale and local council elections were fought in an informal alliance with the DUP as "the loyalist coalition" while the latter three were fought as part of the United Ulster Unionist Council, a more formal arrangement, with the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Unionists, where the anti-Sunningdale wing of the party was now in control.

 * Note: VUPP percentage figures in the Westminster elections are for Northern Ireland only

Source:

During the 1973–75 period VUPP was able to match or even beat the DUP in several elections. However, their prospect of replacing the DUP as the second party of Unionism ended as a result of events during the Constitutional Convention.

Split
The Constitutional Convention was intended to serve as a forum to allow the politicians of Northern Ireland to draw up their own proposals for the political future of the province, though this proved unsuccessful. However, it led to William Craig proposing a voluntary coalition with the nationalist SDLP in the event of there being a state of emergency. The move was a considerable surprise, with a confidential government memo commenting: "Mr. Craig appears to some as a knight in shining armour. The fact is that his aims were – and still are – simple: to get a devolved government which would control security policy as quickly as possible, on the basis of a gentleman's agreement that the SDLP would participate in government for a year or two." But any idea of power sharing was anathema to many Unionist in the post-Sunningdale climate of 1975. Indeed, in January 1976, Deputy leader Ernest Baird warned that "If Westminster does not accept the Protestants' rejection of power-sharing, it must face the inevitable consequences of a final conflict."

As a result, the party was split with only David Trimble and Glenn Barr backing Craig and the other eleven convention members challenging Craig's leadership. Craig however claimed that he had the backing of the party's rank and file and this was confirmed when sixty percent of party members backed him at a specially convened meeting. The dissidents then broke away to form what would later become the United Ulster Unionist Party.

On 8 September 1975, Craig's proposals were decisively rejected at a meeting of the UUUC with 37 votes against and only Craig voting in favour. Consequently, Craig and the rump of VUPP were expelled from the UUUC.

Decline and disbandment
The 1977 local elections were overshadowed by the abortive United Unionist Action Council (UUAC) Strike, which was mainly supported by the DUP and the UUUM. In contrast to 1974, when they had played a prominent role in the previous strike Vanguard criticised the strike and together with the UUP and Orange Order, called for it to be abandoned.

The 1977 council elections were seen as a crucial test of Vanguard's ability to survive as a party and ultimately the party failed that test. Although thirteen councillors elected in 1973 stood as VUPP candidates, the party emerged from the election with only five councillors compared to twelve councillors elected in 1977 for their breakaway rival, the UUUP.

Craig then applied to rejoin the UUP in February 1978 and subsequently merged the remainder of Vanguard back into the Ulster Unionist Party, where it returned to its origins as a pressure group within the UUP as the Vanguard movement, although this too seems to have quickly faded away. The Democratic Unionist Party subsequently became the main Unionist party offering a more right wing alternative position to the Ulster Unionists. In the 1982 elections for the new Northern Ireland Assembly, Craig, who had once more left the Ulster Unionists after losing his seat at Westminster, revived the name Vanguard for his candidacy in East Belfast. However he failed to get elected. Craig's revived Vanguard was reportedly still in existence at the time of signing of the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement.

Prominent UUP members in Vanguard
Several prominent current Ulster Unionist politicians were members of Vanguard, including future UUP MP David Burnside (who was Vanguard's press officer from 1974 to 1977 ) while those elected for VUPP in 1975 included future UUP leaders David Trimble (who briefly served as Vanguard Deputy Leader) and Reg Empey, who served as Vanguard chairman from 1974 to 1975. Former deputy speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly, Jim Wilson, served as a Vanguard councillor on Newtownabbey Borough Council from 1975 to 1976 before joining the UUP Rev. Martin Smyth, later a UUP MP and Grand Master of the Orange Order, was deputy leader of the Vanguard movement but declined to join the party.

title: Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party