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Dan Rostenkowski

Daniel David Rostenkowski (January 2, 1928 – August 11, 2010) was a United States Representative from Chicago, serving for 36 years, from 1959 to 1995. He became one of the most powerful legislators in Congress, especially in matters of taxation. He was imprisoned in 1996. A Democrat and son of a Chicago alderman, Rostenkowski was for many years Democratic Committeeman of Chicago's 32nd Ward, retaining this position while also serving in Congress.

In national politics, he rose by virtue of seniority to the rank of Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee in 1981. As Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, he played a critical role in formulating tax policy during the Republican administration of Ronald Reagan, including the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, which cut the top federal bracket to 50%, and the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which further lowered it to 28% and reduced the number of brackets to only two. He was also involved in trade policy, as well as reforms of the welfare system, health care, and Social Security programs.

Rostenkowski closed legislative deals between the toughest power brokers in the U.S., from union chiefs to corporate titans to president Reagan and to everyone in between. The book Chicago and the American Century credits Rostenkowski with securing billions of dollars in federal money for projects in Chicago and Illinois. The book named him the sixth most significant politician to come from Chicago in the entire twentieth century.

Rostenkowski's political career, however, ended abruptly in 1994 when he was indicted on corruption charges relating to his role in the Congressional Post Office Scandal, and then narrowly defeated for reelection by Republican Michael Patrick Flanagan. He subsequently pleaded guilty to charges of mail fraud in 1996 and was fined and sentenced to 17 months in prison. In December 2000, President Bill Clinton pardoned Rostenkowski.

Early life and political beginnings
Rostenkowski was born on January 2, 1928, into a political family in Chicago to Joseph P. and Priscilla (Dombrowski) Rostenkowski. His grandfather Piotr had immigrated from the region of Tuchola, Poland. His father, Joe, locally known as "Big Joe Rusty", served as alderman and committeeman of the predominantly Polish 32nd Ward in what was then known as "Polish Downtown" for 24 years. As a child, Dan and his two sisters, Marcie and Gladys, often saw their family home double as a meeting place for precinct captains who, like Walter Kmiec from his father's ward organization, would later assist him in bringing in the vote in 1960 for John Kennedy.

The Rostenkowski home was on the second floor of 1349 Noble Street in Chicago, above the tavern owned by Priscilla and adjacent to the alderman's insurance agency and the headquarters of the regular Democratic 32nd ward organization. Near dawn on August 6, 1938, Joe heard shots. Two top precinct captains for the alderman were shot multiple times as they slept in a car parked in front of the Rostenkowski home. Joe took his family to the Rostenkowski summer home in Genoa City, Wisconsin. The killers were never caught.

In 1941, at the age of 13, Rostenkowski accompanied his father to Washington to witness the inauguration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt for his third term. In 1955 his father lost his aldermanic seat after supporting then-County Clerk Richard J. Daley for Mayor over a fellow Polish leader named Ben Adamowski.

Following his graduation from St. Stanislaus Kostka grammar school, Rostenkowski attended St. John's Military Academy in Delafield, Wisconsin, where he earned letters in baseball, football, basketball and track. After graduating from St. John's in 1946, he enlisted in the United States Army and served for two years as a private with the Seventh Infantry Division in Korea. In 1949 he tried out for the Philadelphia Athletics, but his father convinced him to give up his dream and come home, as his mother was losing a battle with cancer. After her death, he enrolled at Loyola University in Chicago.

Illinois General Assembly
In 1952, while still a student at Loyola, the twenty-four-year-old Rostenkowski was elected as one of three legislators from the 27th district to the Illinois House of Representatives. He was its youngest member. As a state lawmaker, Rostenkowski worked on the planning and financing of a major federal highway from downtown Chicago to the new O'Hare International Airport. Like Daley and many other Chicago politicians before him, serving in Springfield was often viewed as a first step to a higher office in Chicago. The perception of the state legislature as training ground went hand in hand with another idea, that Chicago, not Springfield or Washington constituted the most desirable locus of political life. After two years in the House, he was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1954. In 1957 he pushed a bill to extend state funded free polio vaccines to children as well as a bill that would have provided bonuses of up to $555 for Korean War veterans – financed by a one-cent cigarette tax. It passed, but was later rejected by Illinois voters in a 1958 referendum. While serving his second term in the senate, Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley suggested that he run for Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County, instead, Rostenkowski pushed for and received Daley's support to run for the United States Congress.

Connecting with the Kennedys
As a young and outgoing urban Democrat, new to Washington, Rostenkowski quickly found mentors and made friends with other Democrats. His relationship with Massachusetts Reps. Edward Boland and Torbert Macdonald as well as John F. Kennedy aides Larry O'Brien and Kenny O'Donnell led to his involvement in JFK's run for the White House. In 1960 at the request of the Kennedy campaign he gave speeches in southern states for Kennedy. Chicago voters turned out in large majority for Kennedy.

On September 26, 1960, Rostenkowski witnessed what many consider the turning point in Kennedy's battle with Richard Nixon. Kennedy invited Rostenkowski to the CBS studios in downtown Chicago to view in person, the first ever televised Presidential debate. Unaware of the two candidates' stark differences on camera, Rostenkowski later said "I was under the impression that Kennedy lost the debate."

In the aftermath of Kennedy's assassination Rostenkowski was one of a small group who made regular visits to Jacqueline Kennedy's home in Georgetown. "On a regular basis Kenny O'Donnell would get three or four of us from Capitol Hill, who worked with Jack Kennedy, together at Jackie's house. We would sit around Jackie's living room with Bobby Kennedy, eat sandwiches, have some drinks and tell war stories. Jackie would laugh so hard her side would hurt sometimes.

Early years, U.S. Congress
In his first decade in Congress, Rostenkowski gradually attained a position of influence in the House. In his freshman term he secured a position on the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. After the death of Illinois congressional delegation leader Thomas J. O'Brien in 1964, Rostenkowski inherited O'Brien's seat on the Ways and Means Committee. In 1966 and again in 1968, he was elected chairman of the House Democratic Caucus. "His rough edges, Chicago syntax, and intimidating bulk made him a stereotype of Chicago machine Democrats who the Washington media enjoyed portraying as mere stooges of mayor Richard J. Daley".

During his early years in congress, Rostenkowski's record was typical of a northern Democrat with close ties to a powerful big city political organization. He made sure that Chicago received its full share of funds under programs like the Law Enforcement Assistance Act. And in the face of white backlash from his district, he supported civil rights legislation and the various social welfare programs that made up President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty. He also argued in favor of federal funding of inner-city renewal projects and urban mass transit networks. By 1967, Daley often looked to Rostenkowski as Chicago's chief liaison in Washington, and counted on him to deliver federal funds.

Rostenkowski supported the American effort in Vietnam until 1971, when he joined anti-war Congressmen in an attempt to force a quick withdrawal of American troops by voting against certain military appropriation bills.

A great admirer of Lyndon Johnson, he was tapped by the President to second the nomination of Hubert Humphrey as his vice president at the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City. Four years later, at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Johnson would again ask Rostenkowski to take the podium, but this time the results proved costly to the young congressman's future in Washington.

1968 Democratic National Convention
Met by anti-war protesters, racial unrest, and rioting on the streets, the 1968 Democratic National Convention, held at the International Amphitheatre proved an international embarrassment for the city. House Majority Leader Carl Albert, the convention chairman, and Rostenkowski's boss, was unable to control the rowdy behavior of the delegates inside the hall. Rostenkowski happened to be manning the phones on the podium when a furious Lyndon Johnson called from his Texas ranch and ordered him to take over the gavel to quiet the proceedings on the convention floor. Rostenkowski did, and an embarrassed Albert never forgave him.

Two years later, Rostenkowski was running for a third term as chairman of the Democratic Caucus and did not expect any opposition. But to his surprise, the Texas delegation nominated their colleague, Olin Teague, a popular war hero and Chairman of the Veteran's Affairs Committee. Even though Teague announced that he was not a candidate, they elected him anyway, 155 to 91. "I got defeated by Tiger Teague, who voted for me", exclaimed Rostenkowski. "I saw him vote for me." The liberal Democrats voted against Rostenkowski because of his ties to Mayor Daley, who was a pariah because of the 1968 convention and many of Albert's friends voted against him because of the feud.

Political payback
A few weeks later, Albert was elected Speaker of the House, while Hale Boggs replaced him as majority leader. Boggs asked the new speaker three times to name Rostenkowski assistant majority leader and three times Albert refused.

Albert instead picked Rostenkowski's close friend, Tip O'Neill, to become whip. This allowed O'Neill to leap over Rostenkowski on the leadership ladder, a ladder that led to O'Neill becoming speaker just six years later. "The events of that January shadowed the relationship between O'Neill and Rostenkowski from that point on" said former Representative James Shannon, "Every step of the way, Danny Rostenkowski looked at Tip O'Neill and, while he loved the guy felt, 'Man, that is where I should be'."

Political comeback
In the early 1970s with his hopes of a leadership position lost, President Johnson out of office and Daley out of favor with the Republican administration, Rostenkowski began to rebuild his career. Though he rarely spoke on the floor, he was offering legislation on his own, such as anti-pollution bills, subsidies to local museums, and a proposal to grant renters the same tax breaks as homeowners.

In 1974, Ways and Means chairman Al Ullman named Rostenkowski chairman of the committee's newly created subcommittee on health. In this role Rostenkowski obtained expertise in two critical areas of policy that would serve him well in his future: health care and taxes.

Late in 1976, Richard Daley died, leading to speculation that Rostenkowski would return home to Chicago and run for mayor. That same year, speaker Carl Albert announced he would not seek another term in Congress. Meaning Tip O'Neill would become speaker, this paved the way for Rostenkowski to begin the climb back up the leadership ladder.

He played a key role in the election of Jim Wright as the House Majority Leader. In return, O'Neill and Wright appointed Rostenkowski chief deputy to the new Democratic whip, John Brademas. The 1980 election was a disaster for the Democratic Party, but it opened up new opportunities for advancement to Rostenkowski.

Rostenkowski easily defeated future Congressman Luis Gutiérrez's bid to replace him as 32nd Ward Democratic Committeeman in the 1984 Chicago Democratic primary.

In 1986, Rostenkowski was charged with drunk driving in Wisconsin and was charged $555.00 and had his license suspended in Illinois for one year.

Chairman Rostenkowski
In 1980 the defeats of Chairman Al Ullman and Majority Whip John Brademas presented Rostenkowski, the highest-ranking member of Ways and Means, with a choice: he could chair that committee or succeed Brademas as Majority Whip. Since the position of Majority Whip is usually a stepping-stone to the majority leadership and, ultimately, to the House speakership, Rostenkowski was tempted to take it. However, his skill and vast experience on the tax writing Ways and Means Committee won out. In January 1981, Rostenkowski was elected committee chairman. As chairman, his job was to satisfy the demands within the House and with the President, so that he could enact legislation. Rostenkowski received criticism during his early years as chairman, with the media speculating that he was, "in over his head" leading the complex tax writing committee. He lost his first few legislative battles with new President Ronald Reagan in 1981, but, in 1983, he successfully piloted a complex overhaul of the Social Security System.

By 1984, Chairman Rostenkowski began to hit his stride. He was praised for his role in drafting the 1984 Deficit Reduction Act, a three-year, $50 billion tax hike. During his 13 years as chairman, Rostenkowski grew to become larger than life, especially to Ways and Means colleagues. "He ran the committee the old-fashioned way, with loyalty, trust, and his word" said former congressman Mike Andrews of Texas. He was a consensus builder who commanded through his political judgment and his ability to make a deal. Not as much of an expert on the tax code as was a previous chairman Wilbur Mills, or one to lead with a light hand, such as Ullman, Rostenkowski built a staff of dedicated experts who were given broad leeway to shape legislation, leaving for himself the political judgments, and actions that were required to pass the proposals. "Is it good law"? was his directive to his aides. "I want people to be able to say, that son of a gun, he had some guts, he had some fortitude, he realized what you had to be in order to be a national legislator."

A profile of Rostenkowski in the July 1989 issue of National Journal said "The chairman is a man of action, not words; a doer, not a rhetorician; one who thrives at the negotiating table, not the speaker's lectern....he has nourished an image as a legislative strategist that is perhaps unsurpassed on Capitol Hill. He wants to make laws, and as a lobbyist put it, 'he doesn't like people throwing a lot of dust in the gears'."

"Write Rosty"
On May 28, 1985, he rose to national prominence when he delivered the televised Democratic response to an Oval Office address by President Reagan calling for tax reform. In his eleven-minute address, Rostenkowski referred to his working class Polish neighborhood saying many neighbors have moved to the suburbs. "They make more money than their parents. In most cases their lives have changed for the better. But the tax system has changed for the worse, and so has their faith in it." "Why should a bank teller pay a higher tax rate than the bank? Why should a gas station attendant pay a greater share than the oil company he works for? "Trying to tax people and businesses, everyone, fairly", he told the nation. "That's been the historic Democratic commitment." He called for a tax system that was "simple and fair and also gives real relief for middle income tax payers." Rostenkowski concluded the speech with an appeal to the "silent majority" He asked viewers fed up with the current tax system to write him a letter to show their support, "Even if you can't spell Rostenkowski, put down what they used to call my father and grandfather: Rosty", he said into the camera. "Just address it to R-O-S-T-Y, Washington, D.C." Within days his appeal had generated over 75,000 letters making the obscure congressman something of a folk hero. The May 30 issue of The Washington Post asked "Has a Star been Born?" "Excellent" said the president's political director, Ed Rollins. "He is the only guy who has not paled beside the president in a Democratic response." Chris Matthews, then press secretary to House Speaker O'Neill said "He spoke right to the Knights of Columbus guy who voted for Reagan last time and might do it again, and he told him he's watching out for his interests." "He is deeply committed to the proposition that the tax code must be revised to allow working Americans to keep more of their salaries."

Major legislation enacted during chairmanship
Under Rostenkowski's leadership, the Ways and Means committee passed several major pieces of legislation, including:

 * Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
 * Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
 * Social Security Amendments of 1983
 * Interest and Dividends Tax Compliance Act of 1983
 * Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
 * Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
 * Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
 * Tax Reform Act of 1986
 * Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
 * Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988
 * Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989
 * Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
 * Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993

Felony conviction
Rostenkowski's political career ended in 1994 after a two-year investigation by the Justice Department. In a case led by future U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, Rostenkowski was indicted on corruption charges for his role in the House Post Office scandal. He was forced to step down from all Congressional leadership positions. In elections later that year, after winning the Democratic primary, Rostenkowski lost his seat in a narrow election and retired from political life.

Charges against Rostenkowski included: keeping "ghost" employees on his payroll (paying salaries at taxpayer expense for no-show "jobs"); using Congressional funds to buy gifts such as chairs and ashtrays for friends; diverting taxpayer funds to pay for vehicles used for personal transportation; tampering with a Grand Jury witness; and trading in officially purchased stamps for cash at the House Post Office.

While the stamps-for-cash allegation received the most media coverage, those charges were dismissed on the recommendation of the prosecutor. In 1996, he pleaded guilty to reduced charges of mail fraud. He was fined and sentenced to 17 months in prison, of which he served 15 at the Oxford Federal Correctional Institution in Wisconsin, and the remaining two months at a halfway house in Chicago. Rostenkowski was pardoned in December 2000 by President Bill Clinton, who said, "Rostenkowski had done a lot for his country and had more than paid for his mistakes."

Changing times
Rostenkowski acknowledged breaking House rules regarding stationery-store purchases and employing individuals who did little or no work – practices that his supporters argued were common on the Hill. "He took the hit for the whole House for practices that were there since time immemorial", said Republican Congressman Bill Frenzel of Minnesota. Democratic Congressman Anthony Beilenson of California said "I can't believe he's venal or corrupt. He was inattentive and continued the old ways."

Former President Gerald Ford, whose lone pardon letter in all his post-White House years was on behalf of Rostenkowski, told a biographer, "Danny's problem was he played precisely under the rules of the city of Chicago. Now, those aren't the same rules that any other place in the country lives by, but in Chicago they were totally legal, and Danny got a screwing".

In his commentary titled: "The Rules Kept Changing; Dan Rostenkowski Didn't", Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko, a frequent Rostenkowski critic, wrote "Nobody should be taking pleasure from Rostenkowski's misfortune. Not unless you have never, ever, broken even a minor law and gotten away with it, fudged a bit on your taxes or violated any of the Ten Commandments.' "Only a few decades ago, none of this would have been happening. That's because the rules changed. Most of the things he was nailed for would have been legal and common or, at worst, nickel-dime offenses when he began his career in Congress." Royko also questioned the motives of federal prosecutors, "Rostenkowski was a big political fish-the kind of trophy that an ambitious federal prosecutor loves to stuff and hang on his wall…That's what did Rostenkowski in – a federal prosecutor's personal ambitions."

In a 1998 interview with John F. Kennedy, Jr. for George Magazine, Rostenkowski estimated the government spent over $20 million on his case. "Not many people in this country can counter resources like that, and I'm not one of them... I couldn't finance the fight any longer."

In the end, Rostenkowski once lamented to a friend, "I'm going to jail for sending a guy a rocking chair."

Rostenkowski's downfall in 1994 was portrayed by Republicans as emblematic of Democratic corruption. The scandal helped fuel the Republican victory in the House, led by Newt Gingrich and his Contract with America. "The rise and fall of Dan Rostenkowski tracks the rise and fall of Democrats in the House", concludes Richard E. Cohen in his book on Rostenkowski. "It is a story of power, accomplishments, and, ultimately, failure and humiliation." Rostenkowski was defeated by Republican attorney Michael Patrick Flanagan by a margin of eight points. Flanagan would be defeated two years later by Democrat Rod Blagojevich. Similar to Rostenkowski, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14-years in prison following 2012 federal convictions for corruption.

In Chicago
Throughout his career in Washington, Rostenkowski returned to Chicago almost every weekend. In his early days he would drive to and from Washington with two other young Illinois Congressmen, Republicans Harold Collier and future Republican leader Robert Michel. Upon his return every Friday, Rostenkowski met with Mayor Richard J. Daley at his City Hall office to discuss Chicago's agenda in Washington. Besides Daley, Rostenkowski worked with five other Chicago Mayors, Michael Bilandic, Jane Byrne, Harold Washington, Eugene Sawyer and Richard M. Daley. During the 1980s "Council Wars" pitted the mostly white City Council against Mayor Washington, Chicago's first Black mayor. The city was dubbed "Beirut on the Lake" by The Wall Street Journal. During this turbulent period Rostenkowski was a tower of stability. "He made sure the city got its fair share, no matter who was mayor", said Bill Daley "Danny felt he had to help the pathetic armatures in the Mayor's office because he had a love for the city. "He did more for the city than anybody else", said Alderman Edward M. Burke, chairman of the City Council's finance committee. "But he never asked for credit. He just went to the mayor. That's the way it's done in Chicago." Local political scientist Paul Green said, "During a decade of chaos, he became an insurance policy for the city".

Rostenkowski gave up his position as Democratic Committeeman of the 32nd Ward in 1984, but retained local influence as he was able to essentially hand the position to his protégé, Alderman Terry Gabinski.

An unabashed supporter of Chicago interests, Rostenkowski paid attention to the needs of Chicago-based institutions –especially when they promised more jobs for Chicago area workers."I make no apology for my efforts to build a stronger Chicago." In the early 1980s Rostenkowski successfully fought off repeated attempts to impose a transaction tax on commodity traders at the Chicago Board of Trade, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Options Exchange. Such a tax would have been fatal to the exchanges, driving business out of Chicago to overseas markets. Rostenkowski helped secure for the city of Chicago the right to tax passengers flying in and out of its airports. The tax, originally intended to raise money for the construction of a third airport, now yields $90 million annually for improvements at O'Hare and Midway Airport. But its passage was in big trouble before Rostenkowski stepped in to salvage it. According to Ways and Means lore, he threatened to hold up the entire federal budget at one point until he was sure the tax was in place.

Rostenkowski was also considered a longtime leader of Chicago Polonia and was seen to represent its interests in Washington along with fellow Congressman Roman Pucinski.

For Chicago
In his book Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, author Charles Wheelan wrote "We Chicagoans can drive around the city and literally point to things that Rosty built." Although Rostenkowski never "literally" built anything with his own money or labor, he delivered federal funds for Chicago and the State of Illinois. Some of his notable projects include: securing $32 million for the Blue Line of the Chicago Transit Authority which expanded travel from the Chicago Loop to O'Hare International Airport, $450 million to repave and expand the Kennedy Expressway, $25 million to fix the dangerous S Curve on Lake Shore Drive $4 billion for the Deep Tunnel Project, which was designed to keep raw sewage from entering the Chicago River and Lake Michigan, while also protecting over half a million suburban and city home owners threatened by flooded basements. He followed that with $42.4 million for reservoirs in McCook and Thornton Townships and by O'Hare airport, $16.8 million for downtown's State Street Mall renovation, $3.5 million for the construction of the Cook County Boot Camp, a military-style alternative for first-time youthful offenders. When the Chicago White Sox baseball team was considering moving to Florida, Rostenkowski secured a $150 million bond authority for the construction of US Cellular Field. Once nearly abandoned and left in disrepair, he ensured $75 million in tax-free bonds for the remodeling of Navy Pier, which today has become Chicago's preeminent tourist attraction. To ease erosion that threatened Lake Shore Drive and several harbors and museums along the Chicago lake front, Rostenkowski secured $2.2 million for the Chicago Shoreline Protection Project, and laid the foundation for a coordinated partnership among the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal government and the City of Chicago. He also was responsible for securing funding for the upkeep of Chicago area bridges including the Chicago Skyway, the Division, Cermak, and Roosevelt street bridges.

In January 1983 Plitt Theaters filed a lawsuit to obtain a permit to demolish the historic Chicago Theatre. Mayor Jane Byrne and other civic leaders appealed to Rostenkowski to assist them in obtaining a federal Urban Development Action Grant to save the theater. Grants of this kind were being frozen from Chicago by Samuel Pierce, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, in reprisal for Rostenkowski's opposition to the Reagan administration's Urban Enterprise Zone bill. Rostenkowski considered these zones a Republican gimmick that would help businesses escape taxes without addressing chronic inner-city unemployment. Rostenkowski called his friend Vice President George H. W. Bush, "If I don't get that grant, you're going to have one very pissed off chairman of the Ways and Means Committee for your administration's pending tax bill". Shortly thereafter, Pierce phoned Rostenkowski to ask if he could come up and see him. Sure, the congressman replied, just bring the papers for the theater project.

In a move that was controversial at the time, Rostenkowski won tax breaks for local developers to build Presidential Towers, a large four-tower apartment complex in the middle of what was then a Skid Row neighborhood. The project spurred development of Chicago's West Loop and led to thousands of young professionals moving to downtown Chicago. The once blighted area grew to attract restaurants and other industries, including Harpo Studios, where The Oprah Winfrey Show was taped.

After Congress
Following his political career, he operated Danross Associates, a Chicago-based legislative and government affairs firm. He also worked as a political commentator, as well as a guest lecturer at Northwestern University and a Senior Fellow at Loyola University Chicago. Rostenkowski received a federal pension of between US$97,000 and US$125,000 per year. Congressional pensions are based on years of service and Rostenkowski is one of the few Congressmen to have served 36 years in Congress.

Rostenkowski's papers are now held at the Congressional Archives at Loyola University Chicago.

Death
On August 11, 2010, Rostenkowski died at the age of 82 from the effects of lung cancer at his summer home in Genoa City, Wisconsin.

A funeral was held on August 17, 2010, at the St. Stanislaus Kostka Church in northwest Chicago, with his body being buried in Saint Adalbert Catholic Cemetery, at Niles, Illinois.

title: Dan Rostenkowski


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Fleet submarine

A fleet submarine is a submarine with the speed, range, and endurance to operate as part of a navy's battle fleet. Examples of fleet submarines are the British First World War era K class and the American World War II era Gato class.

The term has survived in Britain to refer to modern nuclear-powered attack submarines. In the United States Navy, the term came to be used primarily for the long-range submarines that served in World War II.

United States
The term was used by the United States Navy to distinguish submarines suitable for long range patrols in the Pacific Ocean from earlier classes such as the United States S-class submarines. The initial goal, pursued with frequent interruptions since the AA-1-class (aka T-class) launched 1918–19, was to produce a submarine with a surfaced speed of 21 knots to operate with the Standard-type battleships of the surface fleet. Most of the nine "V-boats" launched 1924–33 (V-1 through V-6) were either attempts to produce a fleet submarine or were long-range submarine cruisers. Eventually, a long range of 11000 nmi was combined with high speed, beginning with the Salmon-class launched in 1938, to allow sustained operations in Japanese home waters while based at Pearl Harbor. These qualities also proved important in the Pacific commerce raiding of World War II, but the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty's prohibition on unrestricted submarine warfare precluded inter-war planning in this area. Although the Gato-class was considered the fully developed archetype, the earlier Porpoise, Salmon, Sargo and Tambor-classes were incrementally improved prototypes distinctly different from the two contemporary experimental Mackerel-class coastal submarines. The Tambors were fully developed and similar to the Gatos except for diving depth and separation of the engines into two compartments.

Japanese
Japanese I-boats were a conceptually similar long-range differentiation from smaller "medium" or "sea-going" Ro-boats, although some I-boats had features like aircraft hangars and large-caliber deck guns more often associated with submarine cruisers.

British
In order to get the speeds – over 20 knots while surfaced – required to match their capital ships and to be able to screen ahead of the fleet or flank the enemy, the British initially used steam propulsion. The K-class entering service in 1916 were large for their time. Although able to reach 24 knots the complexity of shutting down boilers and stowing funnels made them slow to dive.

As the speed of capital ships increased, the United Kingdom abandoned the fleet submarine concept following completion of three 21-knot River-class submarine submarines of the early 1930s using supercharged diesels, because the size required for range and surface speed decreased maneuverability.

Others
Continental European nations sometimes used the terms "ocean-going", "long-patrol", "type 1" or "1st class" submarines, generally referring to Atlantic or Indian Ocean operations in the absence of anticipated need for Pacific patrols, and often without the speed for fleet operations.

Modern boats
The Royal Navy uses the term for its nuclear-powered attack submarines, distinguishing them from the ballistic missile submarines. The classes of submarine currently in service are the Astute-class and Trafalgar-class.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fleet submarine


text:
Alan Cobham

Sir Alan John Cobham, KBE, AFC (6 May 1894 – 21 October 1973) was an English aviation pioneer.

Early life
As a child he attended Wilson's School, which was then in Camberwell, London. The school was relocated to the former site of Croydon Airport in 1975.

After National Service and a short career at the Bar, Michael Cobham followed him into the Flight Refuelling business, and for many years was in charge of it.

Career
Alan Cobham began work as a teenage commercial apprentice in the City of London. He enjoyed the outdoors, and after completing his apprenticeship spent a year working on his uncle's farm, hoping to make a career in estate management. After a brief return to London commercial work, in August 1914 he joined the British Army, and was directed to the Royal Army Veterinary Corps due to his farming experience. He served on the Western Front from 1914 to 1917. He dealt mainly with injured horses, and attained the rank of Staff Veterinary Sergeant. After transfer to the Royal Flying Corps and then the Royal Air Force, he became a Pilot Officer flying instructor.

After the war Cobham became a test pilot for the de Havilland aircraft company, and was the first pilot for the newly formed de Havilland Aeroplane Hire Service. In 1921 he made a 5,000-mile air tour of Europe, visiting 17 cities in three weeks. Between 16 November 1925 and 13 March 1926, he made a trip from London to Cape Town and return in his de Havilland DH.50, in which he had replaced the original Siddeley Puma engine with a more powerful, air-cooled Jaguar. On 30 June 1926, he set off on a flight from Britain (from the River Medway) to Australia, where 60,000 people swarmed across the grassy fields of Essendon Airport, Melbourne, when he landed his de Havilland DH.50 floatplane (it had been converted to a wheeled undercarriage earlier, at Darwin ). During the flight to Australia, Cobham's engineer of the D.H.50 aircraft, Arthur B. Elliot, was shot and killed after they left Baghdad on 5 July 1926. The return flight was undertaken over the same route. Cobham was knighted the same year.

On 25 November 1926, Cobham attempted but failed to be the first person to deliver mail to New York City by air from the east, planning to fly mail from the White Star ocean liner RMS Homeric in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth floatplane when the ship was about 12 hours from New York harbour on a westbound crossing from Southampton. After the Moth was lowered from the ship, however, Cobham was unable to take off owing to rough water and had to be towed into port by the ship. The same year Cobham was awarded the gold medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.

Cobham starred as himself in the 1927 British war film The Flight Commander directed by Maurice Elvey. In 1927–28 he flew a Short Singapore flying boat around the continent of Africa landing only in British territory. Cobham wrote his own contemporary accounts of his flights, and recalls them in his biography. The films With Cobham to the Cape (1926), Round Africa with Cobham (1928) and With Cobham to Kivu (1932) contain valuable footage of the flights. Recent commentaries contextualize his flights across the British Empire in the wider events and culture of the time.

In 1929 Cobham mounted his first tour of Britain, called the Municipal Aerodrome Campaign. This was an ambitious plan to encourage town councils to build local airports in the hope of drumming up business for his activities as an aviation consultant. Each event would start with free flights to local dignitaries followed by free flights for local schoolchildren, the latter funded by Sir Charles Wakefield, the founder of Castrol, who paid the fares for ten thousand such flights. The day would finish with as many paid-for pleasure flights as could be managed for the public, the income from which would pay his expenses and make him a profit. The tour visited 110 venues between May and October 1929 using a ten-passenger de Havilland DH.61 Giant Moth G-AAEV named Youth of Britain. Cobham declared the tour to have been a great success.

In 1932 he started the National Aviation Day displays – a combination of barnstorming and joyriding. This consisted of a team of up to fourteen aircraft, ranging from single-seaters to modern airliners, and many skilled pilots. It toured the country, calling at hundreds of sites, some of them regular airfields and some just fields cleared for the occasion. Generally known as "Cobham's Flying Circus", it was hugely popular, giving thousands of people their first experience of flying, and bringing "air-mindedness" to the population. In 1933 there were two simultaneous tours throughout the season, named Number 1 and Number 2. In 1935 there again were two, but only from 1 July, named Astra and Ferry. These continued until the end of the 1935 season. In the British winter of 1932–33, Cobham took his aerial circus to South Africa (with the mistaken view that it would be the first of its kind there). He closed the circus within weeks of a mid-air disaster in which two of his planes collided over Blackpool on 7 September 1935. The pilot of an Avro biplane, South African war veteran, Captain Hugh P Stewart and Blackpool sisters, Lilian and Doris Barnes were killed.

Cobham was also one of the founding directors of Airspeed Limited, the aircraft manufacturing company started by Nevil Shute Norway (perhaps better known as the famous novelist, Nevil Shute), together with the designer Hessell Tiltman; who, having been discharged by the Airship Guarantee Company (a subsidiary of Vickers) after the R101 disaster also caused the grounding of the more successful R100, decided to found their own small aircraft business. Cobham was an early and enthusiastic recruit: indeed, it was thanks to Sir Alan – who placed early orders for two "Off Plan" aircraft (the three-engined ten-seater Airspeed Ferry) for his National Aviation Day Limited company – that Airspeed managed to commence manufacturing at all.

Cobham's early experiments with in-flight refuelling were based on a specially adapted Airspeed Courier. This craft was eventually modified by Airspeed to Cobham's specification, for a non-stop flight from London to India, using in-flight refuelling to extend the aeroplane's flight duration.

In 1935 he founded a small airline, Cobham Air Routes Ltd, that flew from London Croydon Airport to the Channel Islands. Months later, after a crash that killed one of his pilots, he sold it to Olley Air Service Ltd and turned to the development of inflight refueling. Trials stopped at the outbreak of World War II until interest was successfully revived by the RAF and United States Army Air Forces in the last year of the war.

He once remarked: "It's a full time job being Alan Cobham!"

Personal life
In the summer of 1922 he married Gladys Lloyd, and they subsequently had two sons; Geoffrey (b.1925) and Michael (b.1927). Lady Cobham died in 1961 at the age of 63.

He retired to the British Virgin Islands, but returned to England, where he died in 1973.

Legacy
In 1997, Cobham was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

The company he formed is still active in the aviation industry as Cobham plc.

In 2015 the Royal Air Force Museum in London staged an exhibition about Cobham. In 2016 the RAF exhibited his Flying Circus.

In 2016 he was inducted into the Airlift/Tanker Hall of Fame.

title: Alan Cobham


text:
John Shattuck

John Howard Francis Shattuck (born 22 September 1943) is an international legal scholar and human rights leader. He served as the fourth President and Rector of Central European University (CEU) from August 2009 until July 31, 2016. He is a senior fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School, and he joined the faculty of Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in January 2017.

Biography
Shattuck received a BA from Yale College in 1965, an MA in 1967 from Clare College, Cambridge University, with First Class Honors in International Law, and a JD degree in 1970  from Yale Law School. While at Yale and subsequently, Shattuck was an active member of the Yale Russian Chorus.

Career
His first position was National Staff Counsel at the American Civil Liberties Union 1971-76; he then served from 1976 to 1984  as Executive Director of the Washington office and national staff counsel,   handling a number of prominent civil rights and liberties cases, including Halperin v. Kissinger,in which he took the deposition of former President Richard Nixon in 1976.

From 1984 to 1993 he was appointed by Harvard President Derek Bok to be vice president, government, community and public affairs, at Harvard University, and beginning in 1986 was also a Lecturer at Harvard Law School, and Senior Associate, Program on Science, Technology and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School.

From 1993 to 1998, he was United States Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor under President Bill Clinton, where he played a key role in the establishment by the United Nations of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and former Yugoslavia, working closely with Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. In 1995, he  was the first international diplomat to reach survivors of the Srebrenica genocide in Bosnia, assembling evidence for the UN Security Council vote authorizing NATO intervention in Bosnia. During this tenure, he met with Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng and the Chinese government used the meeting as a pretext to arrest Wei and re-imprison him.

Shattuck served as U.S. Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2000, assisting the Czech government in joining NATO and beginning to meet the requirements for becoming a member several years later of the European Union. Shattuck participated with US special envoy Richard Holbrooke in negotiating the Dayton Peace Agreement and other efforts to end the war in Bosnia.

In 2001 he became Chief Executive Officer of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation, and in 2007 also a senior fellow at Tufts University, where he taught international relations. In 2001 and 2002, the Library and Foundation delivered a widely broadcast series of public events, "Responding to Terrorism," that examined issues of international security and human rights following the September 11 attacks.

He was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board in 2003.

In August 2009 he became the fourth President and Rector of Central European University (CEU). He was also Professor of Legal Studies and International Relations, and taught an interdisciplinary course entitled "U.S. Foreign Policy, Human Rights and The Rule of Law."

Under Shattuck's leadership, CEU continued to pursue to its mission to promote open societies that respect human rights and the rule of law, introducing new initiatives in that direction. Protecting academic freedom and the autonomy of the university during an increasingly authoritarian government in Hungary were among Shattuck's main priorities. At his initiative, CEU launched the Frontiers of Democracy Initiative in 2014, which brought together academics and practitioners from across the globe to explore what democracy means in an increasingly complex world.

Shattuck oversaw the introduction of cutting-edge interdisciplinary programs and initiatives into CEU's academic program, such as cognitive science, network science, a religious studies specialization and the Humanities Initiative. CEU also embarked on a major redevelopment project of its downtown Budapest campus, completed in 2016. CEU's academic excellence was recognized in recent university rankings, as CEU is constantly improving on its Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) rankings, with politics and international studies ranked as 29th in the world in 2015, and also featured in Times Higher Education's Top 100. CEU also secured the most European Research Council Grants among the Central-Eastern European member states’ universities in the 2007-2013 period.

Following a seven-year tenure as CEU's President and Rector, Shattuck stepped down on July 31, 2016. In his honor CEU established the Shattuck Center on Human Rights at the University's Department of Public Policy. He became President Emeritus of CEU on August 1, and moved to Boston to become professor of practice at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and senior fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government Carr Center for Human Rights Policy. At Fletcher in 2017 he helped initiate a joint masters degree program on transatlantic affairs between the Fletcher School and the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, and taught the foundational course, "US-EU Relations: An interdisciplinary Analysis of Transatlantic Affairs," to students at both the Fletcher School and the College of Europe. At the Harvard Kennedy School Carr Center he directed a three-year initiative, "Reimagining Rights and Responsibilities in the United States," which reviewed the state of rights and democracy and led to the publication of a major study co-authored by Shattuck, Sushma Raman and Mathias Risse in 2022, "Holding Together: the Hijacking of Rights in America and How to Reclaim Them for Everyone."

Publications
Shattuck is the author of three books: "Holding Together: The Hijacking of Rights in America and How to Reclaim Them for Everyone", co-authored with Sushma Raman and Mathias Risse and Published by The New Press in 2022, about contemporary attacks on human rights and democracy in the US, Freedom on Fire: Human Rights Wars and America’s Response, published by Harvard University Press in 2003, about the international response to genocide and other crimes against humanity in the 1990s, that, according to WorldCat, is held in 1636 libraries and the textbook Rights of Privacy, published by National Textbook Co. in 1977, and held in 515 libraries. He has also written many book chapters, and more than 50 articles.

Recognition
He has received honorary degrees from Kenyon College, the University of Rhode Island, the John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, and the University of West Bohemia. He received the Ambassador's Award from the American Bar Association Central and East European Law Initiative, the Human Rights Award from the United Nations Association of Boston, and the Yale Law School Public Service Award. In 2007, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

title: John Shattuck


text:
Kibu

In the mythology of the Western and Central Torres Strait Islanders, Kibukuth "Horizon's End" (abbreviated form Kibu) is the mythical land of the ancestoral spirits and the awgadhal "totemic gods", believed to exist beyond the sky dome (dapar) surrounding the world, with its main entrance over the horizon far to the west.

Meaning
The basic meaning of the word kibu is midpoint of an upright broad object, such as small of back, mid-slope of a hill, and horizon. The world is envisaged as like an upturned half-coconut shell (a hemisphere) with the bottom part being the earth covered by the overarching sky.

Features
The common reference of Kibukuth, and its abbreviation Kibu to the land of the markai (the spirits of people who have travelled to Kibu after death) is a specialised, religious use of the word. Traditional Torres Strait religion can be characterised as totemic with a form ancestor worship, and as such the markai are the ancestors, and are specially revered. Kibukuth is made up of different totemic territories, those of kœdal "crocodile", thabu "snake", baidham "shark", samu "cassowary", kursi "hammer-head shark", dhœibaw "wild white yam", among many others. After death, the mari "soul" travels to Boigu, just past which it becomes a markai, and is met by markai relatives who have come to take it to the augadh territory. The augadh generates the buwai "totemic clan/moiety".

In the traditional mythology, the world (arkath "hole/pit", apagoewa "underfurrow/ditch/garden", guguwabthiyaizinga "coiled-up abject", sama "food ball") is at the bottom of a hemi-sphere, with the sky-dome (dapar) above and around it. The markai live in Kibukuth "Horizons End", the main gateway of which is in the west. However, the markai often come back to visit. Kibukuth actually surrounds the world, so markai can be seen passing from east to west as well as west to east, coming down from the sky, and sometimes even coming up from under the ground via Apangab "Netherway/Underway", the mythical pathway under the earth used by markai and others, such as dhogai "long-eared witch women", maidhalaig "magic-men", and others to travel under the earth and the sea from place to place.

Before becoming markai, the spirit is called a mari. Mari are the souls of people while still alive ort just after death. The passage to the other side is made on sand banks just west of Boigu, in north-west Torres Strait. At Boigu, the mari either leave a sign or otherwise talk to the mariumulaimœbaig "spirit talker", to let people know how he or she died, and if he or she was murdered (and if so, who killed them). This is done where the cemetery is at Boigu, just west of the village. Previously, the mari of certain buwai did this at Thuwam, another sacred site in western Boigu.

Kibukuth and relations with other peoples
In the passage over to the other side, at the sandbanks west of Boigu, the mari, which is black (kubikub) just as in life, becomes white (gamulnga) (this is a belief common to many Pacific and Australian peoples). Therefore, when Asians and Europeans visited Torres Strait, they were at first believed to be markai returning. In the modern language, markai is still often used to refer to Europeans, though no longer to Asians. However, this is considered to be impolite, and the correct term is either Yurupau Mœbaig "European" or Gamulmœbaig "(Light) Coloured Person".

One favourite means of transport of the markai is the markaigub "spirit wind", that is to say, waterspouts, which appear in the North-West Monsoon season, the favourite time for the markai to come to the world. As this was the season the Makkasarese and similar Indonesian fishermen came to Northern Australia, they were associated with the markai. Waterspouts are also called markaibaywa or markaibaw (diakect differences), or baaywa / baw for short; that is to say markai spear, baaywa/baw being a special word for spear. The markaibaywa are seen as the spears the markai use to hunt turtle and dugong.

title: Kibu


text:
Taula

A taula (meaning 'table' in Catalan) is a Stonehenge-esque stone monument found on the Balearic island of Menorca. Taulas can be up to 5 metres high and consist of a vertical pillar (a monolith or several smaller stones on top of each other) with a horizontal stone lying on it. A U-shaped wall often encloses the structure.

They were built by the Talaiotic culture between 500 BC and 300 BC.

Their exact cultural meaning remains unknown, but they probably had religious and/or astronomical purposes. Most of the taulas face south, which seems to suggest some astronomical meaning. Archeologist Michael Hoskin has suggested the taulas may have been part of an ancient healing cult. They are frequently found near talaiots.

The first author who wrote about these structures was Juan Ramis in his book Antigüedades célticas de la isla de Menorca ("Celtic Antiquities of the Island of Menorca"), which was published 1818, being the first book in the Spanish language entirely devoted to Prehistory.

Examples include those at Torre Trencada, Talatí de Dalt, Torrellissá Nou, Trepucó, and the site at Torralba d'en Salord.

Location

 * Alfurinet
 * Algaiarens
 * Bellaventura
 * Biniac Vell
 * Binicrodell Nou
 * Binimaimut
 * Binimassó
 * Binisafullet
 * Cavalleria
 * Cotaina
 * Es Tudons
 * La Beltrana
 * Na Comerma de sa Garita
 * Sa Torreta de Tramuntana
 * Sant Agustí Vell
 * So na Caçana Est
 * So na Caçana Oest
 * Son Angladó
 * Son Bernardí
 * Son Catlar
 * Son Olivaret Nou
 * Son Rotger
 * Talatí de Dalt
 * Torralba d'en Salort
 * Torralbenc Vell
 * Torre d'en Galmés
 * Torrellafuda
 * Torrellisà
 * Torretrencada
 * Torrevella d'en Lozano
 * Trepucó
 * Sa Cudia Cremada

title: Taula


text:
William M. Daley

William Michael Daley (born August 8, 1948) is an American lawyer, politician and former banker who served as the 24th White House Chief of Staff from January 2011 to January 2012, under President Barack Obama. Prior to this, he served as the 32nd U.S. Secretary of Commerce from 1997 to 2000, under President Bill Clinton.

He has also served on the executive committee of JPMorgan Chase & Co. Daley was a candidate for Governor of Illinois in the 2014 gubernatorial election, until dropping out of the race on September 16, 2013. He ran in the 2019 Chicago mayoral election but came in third in the first-round voting, and did not advance to the runoff. He served as the Vice Chairman of BNY Mellon from June through October 2019. From 2019 to 2023, Daley served as the Vice Chairman of Public Affairs for Wells Fargo.

Early life and education
He was born in Chicago, the seventh and youngest child of the late Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley and Eleanor "Sis" Daley. He is the brother of former Illinois legislator John P. Daley and former Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley.

He graduated from St. Ignatius College Prep in 1966, with a B.A. degree from Loyola University Chicago, and a J.D. degree from John Marshall Law School. Daley later accepted an honorary Doctor of Law degree from John Marshall Law School. Except for a period from 1977 to 1980, during which time he sat on the Advisory Council of Economic Opportunity, he practiced law privately with the firm Daley and George.

Professional career
He became associated with Amalgamated Bank of Chicago, where he was first vice chairman (1989–1990) and then president and chief operating officer (1990–1993). Daley returned to the practice of law, as a partner with the firm Mayer, Brown & Platt from 1993 to 1997.

Daley was appointed to the board of Fannie Mae in 1993 by President Bill Clinton, serving until 1997.

Daley was U.S. Secretary of Commerce from 1997 to 2000. Among other things, Secretary Daley helped usher in the age of E-commerce, ran the 2000 census, expanded minority business development programs, and oversaw a wide range of economic initiatives during one of the strongest economic periods in American history, adding an estimated 23 million jobs. Daley stepped down to run Al Gore's campaign for president in 2000.

In December 2001, Daley was appointed to a newly created position as President of SBC Communications to help reform the company's image. In May 2004, Daley was appointed Midwest Chairman of JPMorgan Chase, following its acquisition of Bank One Corporation. In 2007, Daley was appointed as head of the Corporate Responsibility program, a position he held until 2010. Daley formerly served on the Board of Directors of Boeing, Merck & Co., Boston Properties, and Loyola University Chicago. He is currently a trustee of Northwestern University and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. In 2010, he received the Chicago History Museum "Making History Award" for Distinction in Civic Leadership. In 2014, he joined Argentiere Capital as a managing partner.

On November 7, 2019, it was announced that Daley had been appointed to serve as head of Public Affairs at Wells Fargo effective November 13, 2019, and will also serve as one of the company's Vice Chairman. His appointment went into effect as scheduled.

Political career
Daley managed his brother Richard's successful campaign in the 1980 Cook County State's Attorney election.

Clinton administration
In 1993, he served as Special Counsel to the president on issues relating to the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Presidential politics
Daley resigned as commerce secretary to become general chairman of Vice President Al Gore's presidential campaign, replacing Tony Coelho. He was portrayed in the HBO film Recount, about the Florida election recount of the 2000 presidential election, by actor Mitch Pileggi.

During the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, Daley was a prominent supporter of Barack Obama. On November 5, 2008, Daley was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project.

Obama administration
On January 6, 2011, President Barack Obama named Daley as his next White House Chief of Staff, and he took office on January 13, 2011. Daley succeeded Rahm Emanuel, who served as chief of staff during the first two years of the president's term and left the position in October 2010 to run to succeed Daley's brother as Mayor of Chicago, and Pete Rouse, who was serving as the interim chief of staff.

In March 2011, speaking for the Obama administration on Meet the Press, Daley said the administration will consider using the Strategic Petroleum Reserve if rising oil prices caused by Arab Spring threaten the U.S. economy. Daley said Obama "is very concerned; we're trying to look at all the possible options." He repeated the administration's stance that there is enough output capacity in the world to deal with any disruptions from Libya.

Daley was photographed in the White House Situation Room photograph taken on May 1, 2011, by Pete Souza. Later in May 2011, he was part of the Presidential State Visit to the United Kingdom.

In October 2011, Daley said he planned to return home to Chicago after President Obama made it through his re-election. "I made a commitment to put the president through his re-election, which I'm confident he will do, and then my wife and I will be back in Chicago."

On January 9, 2012, it was announced that Daley would resign as Obama's chief of staff. Jack Lew was announced as his successor.

Post Obama administration
Just after the 2012 presidential election, in the November 8, 2012, issue of the Chicago Tribune, Daley was reported as considering a run in the 2014 election for Governor of Illinois. Daley said "I've thought about it before and I don't take it off the table. I think right now, to be very frank with you, the last thing in the world anybody wants to hear about is a race that's two years down the road." Daley further was quoted as saying: "I'm not closing the door and, I know that sounds like a politician, but the fact of the matter is that these are tough days and I think there's a lot to be done by the Legislature. I don't think it helps right now for people to be out there saying they're going to run and they have a solution at this point. I think we've got to see what the Legislature does."

2014 Illinois gubernatorial campaign
On June 10, 2013, Daley announced via YouTube that he would launch an exploratory committee to run for Governor of Illinois. On July 2, 2013, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg endorsed Daley for governor. On July 30, 2013, Daley filed documents declaring himself an official candidate to challenge incumbent Governor Pat Quinn in the 2014 Democratic primary. On September 16, 2013, Daley made a surprise announcement that he was exiting the race due to the personal hardships inherent in running a campaign for elected office.

After the election, Bill Daley served as co-chair of the transition team for the incoming Rauner Administration.

In 2018, Daley served as the head of finances for the campaign of gubernatorial candidate Chris Kennedy.

2019 Chicago mayoral campaign

After two-term mayor Rahm Emanuel announced he would not seek reelection, it was reported on September 14, 2018, that Daley would run for mayor of Chicago.

Daley's candidacy made the 2019 election the fourteenth Chicago mayoral election in which a member of his family has been a candidate. William's father won the 1955, 1959, 1963, 1967, 1971, and 1975 elections. His brother won the 1989, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, and was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1983 election. This means that a member of the Daley family participated in all but four of the eighteen Chicago mayoral elections held between 1955 and 2019 (with no member of the Daley family having run in the 1979, 1987, 2011, or 2015 elections).

Among the positions Daley took was support of the city exploring the potential implementation of a commuter tax. He also proposed reducing the size of the Chicago City Council from 50 members to 15.

Daley was one of four mayoral candidates (alongside Gery Chico, Susana Mendoza, and Toni Preckwinkle) that had ties to Alderman Edward M. Burke, whose corruption scandal upended the race for mayor. However, Daley's ties were weaker than the other three, and thus, he was perceived to have suffered the least amount of damage from the scandal of the four.

Daley carried support from the city's business community.

Daley's campaign received endorsements from the editorial boards of the Chicago Tribune, Crain's Chicago Business, and The Chicago Crusader. He received the endorsement of Plumbers Local Union 130 He also received endorsements from politicians Al Gore, Emil Jones, Joseph P. Kennedy II, and Bobby Rush.

Daley's campaign placed an emphasis on fundraising. Daley vastly out-fundraised his opponents. A significant financial contributor to Daley's campaign was Illinois billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin. Griffin's financial support of Daley's campaign proved controversial for Daley, largely because Griffin had also been a major financial backer of the failed 2018 reelection campaign of Republican former Illinois governor Bruce Rauner.

Daley's strong fundraising enabled him to run highly visible advertising.

Daley ran a weaker field operation than some other candidates did.

In the last several weeks of the campaign, Daley began to rise in the polls. However, he also began to be the subject of attack ads run by the union-affiliated Fight Back for a Better Tomorrow Super PAC. At the end of the election campaign, polls showed Daley having strong prospects of finishing near the top of the field.

Daley placed third in the election, failing to advance to the runoff. He won 82,294 votes, 14.78% the overall votes cast in the first round. The margin between him and second-place finisher Toni Preckwinkle was 7,049 votes.

Personal life
In 2010, Daley married Bernadette Keller. Keller is an organ donor. She is a founding member and director of the Chicago Transplant Ethics Consortium

In 2006, Keller bought a 2,052-square-foot apartment in the Park Tower on North Michigan Avenue for $1.48 million. The couple sold the unit in 2015 for $1.4 million. They currently live in a four-bedroom condo on North Lake Shore Drive.

He has four children. Today, his three adult children and three grand-daughters all live in Chicago.

title: William M. Daley


text:
Talk:Nirvana (Nirvana album)

Untitled
I've decided to delete the Hungarian albums chart position of 106, because it makes the album look crap. You can add it again if you like, but No. 106 isn't exactly good for a greatest hits album.

Sales
Can someone please provide a reference or link as confirmation for the sentence: "The album sold more than 6 million copies worldwide and by early 2009, it sold more than 2 million copies in the U.S. alone according to Soundscan." mjgm84 (talk) 14:45, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nirvana (Nirvana album)


text:
User talk:Pooji Dung

'Salem's Lot
You claim that you worked on the entry for 'Salem's Lot, but I don't see your name in the Page History. -- LGagnon

Read my user page--not just the second paragraph, which mentions 'Salem's Lot, but the entire entry. In the fourth paragraph, it mentions that all work up to that point was done as an un-registered user. Quoting from my user page: "All of this work was done as an un-registered user, through Pooji Dung's ISP and recorded as IP address 169.227.254.3." See the second entry on 'Salem's Lot. It was from IP address 169.227.254.3. That was my (very minor) work on the article. -- Pooji Dung

Barnicle
Nout sure your link on barncile to Jaent Cooke is relevantm suing the "Muddy Waters - REolling STone example". Janet Cokke is not a superstar. Scranton 16:39, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I disagree, but you are free to remove the link if you so desire. -- Pooji Dung

title: User talk:Pooji Dung


text:
Hill Harper

Frank Eugene "Hill" Harper (born May 17, 1966) is an American actor and political candidate. He is known for his roles as Dr. Sheldon Hawkes in CSI: NY, Agent Spelman Boyle in Limitless, and Dr. Marcus Andrews in The Good Doctor.

A member of the Democratic Party, Harper is running in the 2024 United States Senate election in Michigan to fill the seat of retiring incumbent Democratic Senator Debbie Stabenow.

Early life and education
Harper was born in Iowa City, Iowa, the son of two medical doctors, Harry D. Harper, a psychiatrist, and Marilyn Harper (née Hill), who was one of the first black practicing anesthesiologists in the United States and co-authored a book called Wearing Purple. Born Frank Eugene Harper, he adopted the name "Hill" as a tribute to both his maternal and paternal ancestors.

Harper graduated magna cum laude from Brown University in 1988, with a BA degree in economics and sociology and was valedictorian of his department. In 1992, he graduated with a JD, cum laude, from Harvard Law School. He received an MPA degree with honors from John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University. During his years at Harvard, he was a full-time member of Boston's Black Folks Theater Company, one of the oldest and most acclaimed black theater troupes in the country.

While a student at Harvard, Harper befriended Barack Obama, with whom he played basketball. In 2012, Harper was appointed to The President's Cancer Panel, a three-member body assigned to work with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and make recommendations to the White House around cancer policy.

He subsequently moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting. He has received eight honorary degrees, including honorary doctorates from both Westfield State College and Howard University.

Acting career
His profile subsequently rose on both the mainstream and independent film circuits, thanks to roles in films ranging from Beloved (1998) to the independent romantic comedy Loving Jezebel (1999) to The Skulls (2000). Harper did some of his most acclaimed work in Jordan Walker-Pearlman's The Visit (2000), an independent drama in which he starred as a prisoner dying of AIDS who tries to put his life back together. He also portrayed Leshem in the 2010 Syfy original movie Stonehenge Apocalypse.

In February 2013, it was announced that CSI: NY would be ending and Harper would be joining the cast of Covert Affairs as a series regular.

From April 21, 2015, to May 10, 2015, Harper starred as "Hard Rock" in the Off-Broadway play ToasT. The play (produced by Lemon Andersen and co-starred Keith David) is set in the Attica Prison around the time of its 1971 prison riot and tells of the lives of its prisoners using poetic prose.

From May 1, 2018, to June 17, 2018, Harper starred as "Rooftop" in the Off-Broadway play Our Lady of 121st Street. This Dark Comedy (written by Stephen Adly Guirgis and directed by Phylicia Rashad) is about former students paying their respects to Sister Rose, only to find that Sister Rose's body has been stolen.

Hill Harper's acting career also includes voice-over work (or voice acting) with CSI:NY the Video Game, Breathe Bible, plus, podcasts called Legal Wars and 5-Factor Authentication.

Writing career and political advocacy
Harper is the author of several books: Letters to a Young Brother: MANifest Your Destiny, published in 2006; Letters to a Young Sister: DeFINE Your Destiny, published in 2008; and The Conversation: How (Black) Men and Women Can Build Loving, Trusting Relationships, published in 2010. His books, The Wealth Cure: Putting Money in Its Place and The Wiley Boys were both published in 2011. His book, Letters to an Incarcerated Brother: Encouragement, Hope, and Healing for Inmates and Their Loved Ones was published in 2013. Both Barack Obama and Michelle Obama contributed to the books.

In January 2008, Harper participated in "Yes We Can", a music video produced by will.i.am supporting presidential candidate Barack Obama. Harper is a member of the Obama for America National Finance Committee.

Harper endorsed the 10,000 Bookbags back-to-school backpack campaign to help local disadvantaged children with Urban Change Ministries founder Pastor Jay Cameron of the Life Center, and R&B singer Ginuwine.

On February 22, 2016, the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law announced that Harper would be their national spokesman.

He is also the founder of the Manifest Your Destiny Foundation, dedicated to empowering underserved youth through mentorship, scholarship, and grant programs.

2024 U.S. Senate candidacy
On July 10, 2023, Harper announced his candidacy for the 2024 United States Senate election in Michigan, as a Democrat to replace retiring Senator Debbie Stabenow. He is running to the left of U.S. Representative Elissa Slotkin, describing himself as the "most progressive candidate in the field." Harper has touted his support for universal healthcare and the abolition of the filibuster, and if elected, would be the only U.S. senator who is also a union member, due to his membership in SAG-AFTRA.

Harper gained attention in November 2023, after announcing that he had declined an offer of $20 million in campaign contributions that would have been contingent upon him dropping out of the Senate race and mounting a primary challenge against U.S. Representative Rashida Tlaib. He has called for a "humanitarian ceasefire" in Gaza.

Be The Architect
After being diagnosed with thyroid cancer, Harper researched the effects skin care products can have on a person's system. This led to his creating an all-natural personal care line for men and women, called Be The Architect.

The Black Wall Street
On May 31, 2021, Hill Harper & his partners launched The Black Wall Street, a web3 digital platform and financial literacy tool aimed at addressing the racial wealth gap.

Annual Leadership Summit and Lobby Day
In 2016, Harper was a keynote at the Annual Leadership Summit and Lobby Day.

Awards and recognition
In the fall of 2008, Harper was initiated as a member of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity with his Co-Initiates (called "Line Brothers") Dr. Naim Akbar of Florida State University and former NFL player Leo LeMarcus Newman.

He was also a recipient of the 2011 Freedom Award, which honors individuals who have made significant contributions in civil rights and who have laid the foundation for present and future leaders in the battle for human rights. The award was conferred upon Harper from the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis for "his nonprofit foundation, [the] Manifest Your Destiny Foundation."

In 2018, the Audience Development Committee, Inc. (AUDELCO) nominated Hill Harper for a Vivian Robinson Award; Lead Actor in a Play, for his role as Walter "Rooftop" Desmond in the Off-Broadway play: Our Lady of 121st Street.

On Sunday, December 5, 2021, the Boston, Massachusetts' Museum of African American History honored Hill Harper with a Living Legends award - The Garrison Silver Cup.

People magazine named Hill Harper as one of the "Sexiest Men Alive" for 2004, and again for 2014.

Personal life
While writing his book The Wealth Cure: Putting Money In Its Place, Harper was diagnosed with thyroid cancer. After treatment, he was given a clean bill of health.

In November 2015, Harper received a call to adopt a baby boy. He agreed, and by May 2017, the adoption was finalized.

In 2018, Harper purchased and moved into the historic Charles T. Fisher Mansion in Detroit, Michigan.

title: Hill Harper


text:
Heavier Than Heaven

Heavier Than Heaven is a 2001 biography of musician Kurt Cobain, the frontman of the grunge band Nirvana. It was written by Charles R. Cross.

For the book, Cross desired to create the definitive Cobain biography, and over four years conducted 400+ interviews; in particular, he was granted exclusive interviews and access to Cobain's private journals, lyrics and photos, by his widow Courtney Love. Notably, neither Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl nor Cobain's mother contributed to the book.

Cross took the name "Heavier Than Heaven" from a tour Nirvana did with the band Tad in the United Kingdom. The lead singer, Tad Doyle, was very obese; the name which was thought up by the tour promoters, was meant in part to poke fun at the inaccurate idea that Tad alone weighed more than all of the members of Nirvana put together.

Reception
While arguably the most complete Cobain biography, Cross opted to include his own impression of what Cobain's final days were like. Several people questioned the inclusion of fiction in what was claimed to be a non-fiction book. At the same time, Cross' desire for the book to be as complete as possible meant that he occasionally accepted secondhand (and incorrect) information as fact. The book was criticized as being a collaboration between Love and Cross by friends. Cross also did not interview Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl. However, beyond the criticism, the book contained many details about Cobain and Nirvana's career that had otherwise gone unnoted.

Proposed film version
David Benioff was hired by Universal Pictures in October 2007 to write a screenplay based on the Charles R. Cross biography. Courtney Love was to serve as executive producer with Marc Forster showing interest in directing. However, in March 2009, Forster said that he was not going to direct the film but expressed hopes that it would be done well. In 2014, it was reported that the film was still going ahead. However, as of 2023 there is no news on whether or not the movie will be released.

title: Heavier Than Heaven


text:
Talk:Citizens' Councils

Untitled
Just wanted to say this is a well-written NPOV article about controversial topic. Good job. jengod 21:46, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

-

''

I agree this is a well written article.
 Alsayid: you need to discuss proposed edits before vandalizing this article. You are developing a wiki reputation for vandalizing articles to fit some racist agenda.

 * Don't call good faith edits "vandalism". Doing so reflects poorly on you. If you have an issue specific then let's talk about it. -Will Beback 05:00, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Will. Yes, I make edits in good faith, and try to help to the best of my ability with regard to improving an an article's neutrality and verifiability.  My issue with part of the article is that it seems to be speculation that relies on language like "many have suggested."  I also searched for the specific description "the Klan with a smiling face," and only links back to Wikipedia or Wikipedia mirrors came up.  I also believe, as this group was clearly segregationist, we should use that term as more accurate than supremacist.  I hope you'll agree that this is reasonable. --Alsayid 16:27, 16 August 2006 (UTC)'':Will, I'll talk about it. I'm just extremely skeptical of Alsayid b/c he never talks before editing out major contributions to articles, suggesting all edits he disagrees with as "vandalism," etc. But, I'll attempt to be the better person on this issue.

 * So, Alsayid, based on your comments above, I assume the one passage you have trouble with is the latter half of the fourth paragraph:
 * "Blacks who were seen as being too supportive of desegregation, voting rights, or other perceived threats to white supremacy found themselves and their family members unemployed in many instances; whites who supported civil rights for blacks were not immune from finding this happening to them as well. Many have suggested that in fact there was a considerable overlap in membership between the WCC and the Klan, with many of the same members participating overtly in one, and covertly in the other, although there were certainly many WCC members who wanted nothing to do with the Klan. It has been called by some, 'the Klan with a smiling face.'"
 * I agree that the article could user stronger language. But, because of your POV problems on the CCC and Haley Barbour articles, I really don't think your issue is with, to use your words, "improving an article's neutrality." Anyhow, to suit your need for less speculative language, and direct sourcing on the KKK/CCC connection, I've taken the liberty of replacing your frowned upon half paragraph with the following:
 * Blacks who were seen as being too supportive of desegregation, voting rights, or other perceived threats to white supremacy found themselves and their family members unemployed in many instances; whites who supported civil rights for blacks were not immune from finding this happening to them as well. Members of the Citizens' Council were sometimes Klansmen, and the more influential the Citizens' Council member, the more influence he had with the Klan. In fact, the WCC was even referred to during the civil rights era as "an uptown Klan," "a white collar Klan," "a button-down Klan," and "a country club Klan." The rationale for these nicknames was that it appeared that sheets and hoods had been discarded and replaced by suits and ties. Much like the Klan, WCC members held documented white supremacist views and involved themselves in racist activities, however, they also occupied political positions, which enabled them to legally legitimize discriminatory practices aimed at non-whites. (Neil McMillan, "The Citizens' Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction 1954-1964" (1971 book)); Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman: The Struggle for Justice--Cortez3100

Another good source
The Encyclopedia of Southern Culture has a lot of info about this movement; it places its peak powers a little earlier than the Wikipedia article does, in the late 1950s; my questioning of this would be that very little school desegregation had acutally occurred in the Deep South in the late 50s, Brown v. Board notwithstanding. Rlquall 01:38, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Fourteen White Democrats
While that phrase is very likely to be accurate, it seems to be irrelevant at best. That phrase was originally put in by an anonymous editor from an HHS department IP in September 2008. I also reworded the first sentence for the formation section.

--RobbieFal (talk) 05:18, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

influence of the councils
regarding this diff

i agree that it's unsourced material (obviously). i doubt that it's original research. anyway, i'm not going to put it back in until i can rewrite it in accord with sources, but i'd like to leave a record of it here, since there's no question in my mind that (a) it is accurate, (b) that it is sourceable, and (c) that it belongs in the article. (by the way, i have no quarrel whatsoever with the removal of the word "typical" from the the caption of the picture.) — alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 23:57, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Barbour
This content is unrelated to the "Decline of the movement" as the section is titled. It doesn't add anything to the reader's understanding of WCC. It is properly covered in Barbour's article, not here. If there are no objections I'll remove it.– Lionel (talk) 01:32, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

 * it seems to me that the fact that barbour was addressing an organization that evolved from a WCC group makes his statements relevant to the decline of the WCC, especially because of this bit: He stated that the local WCC rejected the Ku Klux Klan implying that the local chapter of the WCC was not an impediment to peaceful integration although individuals who petitioned for educational integration were singled out and publicly blacklisted by the WCC. this is relevant to the decline of the movement because it demonstrates the concerns of people who had been in the movement at a time when the movement was declining.  the sentence before that, about barbour receiving some criticism, serves to set this up in context.  thus, especially given that both sentences are well sourced, i would prefer to leave them in. — alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 01:48, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

 * by the way, good call on the scare quotes. — alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 01:49, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks! He wasn't addressing a descendant org. He was being interviewed by the Weekly Standard. Does this in fact "demonstrate the concerns of people who had been in the movement"? The source doesn't think so.  The source says that Barbour's recollection was "confused, his memory is faulty." So if the source doubts Barbour's statements as to the WCC, we can't use it. The content is not supported by the source. – Lionel (talk) 02:03, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * btw love the public domain upload. – Lionel (talk) 02:06, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * i see, you're right. i hadn't checked.  there's no evidence at all in either of those sources for his having addressed such a group.  how about if we take out everything from "in recent years..." it's possible that the material does have some place in this article, i think, but (a) where it is now isn't it, and (b) the three sentences as they stand are really misleading and misrepresentative of what the sources say. — alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 03:05, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅– Lionel (talk) 03:12, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * regarding pd upload: if you haven't done so, it's really worth reading those newspapers at archive.org. it seems impossible to fit the stuff into the article itself without committing the sin of OR (hence the clip, and why i'm glad you changed the caption, even though it was my caption), but they're quite enlightening. — alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 03:36, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Influences
It looks like you're trying to say that WCC caused black unemployment. Without a source saying that WCC in fact caused that, and your source does not, this is original research WP:OR. – Lionel (talk) 02:13, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * you're right. i've rewritten the sentence to reflect the information in the source. more to follow. — alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 03:11, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * A glance at the source seems to indicate it is talking about Black leaders, in particular "leaders of the two major black protest organizations, the NAACP and the RCNI." Note I am looking at snippets, not full pages. Anyway, we should be specific. – Lionel (talk) 03:19, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * no, it specifically says "registered black voters, school desegregation proponents, and NAACP leaders across the state fell victim to Citizens' Council tactics" (p.48). now, i can see how the source doesn't specifically say that members of the NAACP who weren't leaders and who also were neither registered black voters nor school desegregation proponents were subjected to these tactics, but that seems like splitting hairs.  — alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 03:33, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

redundancies
i realize by now that this article is in kind of bad shape and contains some serious repetition. i'll try to trim it down tomorrow, but if anyone would like to hack away at it before i get to it, please feel free. we can sort out the details as we go. — alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) 05:08, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

The name of the organization
The name was "Citizens' Councils," not "White Citizens' Councils" - as evidenced by the logo displayed with the article. "White" was added by its opponents. 173.21.65.42 (talk) 02:24, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

A masochist organisation?
...such says the first line of the article. Is that really the case or was that an error of some type? 4.254.84.8 (talk) 22:04, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Well spotted. That was vandalism yesterday. I'm surprised it remained so long (and that I didn't spot it). Fixed now. Dougweller (talk) 07:06, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

History
Although the article is fairly lengthy, it actually says almost nothing about the organization, apart from saying that "during the 1950s and 1960s, when it retaliated with economic boycotts and other strong intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs.". Did it even exist after the 1960's? When was it wound up? There must be more information available. Incidentally the Council of Conservative Citizens, founded in 1985 or 1988 is not "the successor organization to the White Citizens' Council". It is the present day equivalent.203.184.41.226 (talk) 04:43, 12 June 2013 (UTC)

And a rewrite
The formation of the Citizens' Councils is well documented. Its demise, not so well. This reflects most of the available descriptions of the organizations. The relatively complete CC collection at Old Miss has works only until 1968. Without venturing into original research, it would be valuable to highlight demise of the CC and transition (or succession or whatever) to Council of Conservative Citizens. This would allow prompt resolution of minor content disputes like this one with David O. Johnson. An event in 2015 blamed on the CC was deleted. An event in 1996 was left in. Without some more detail, there is no reason to believe that there was a CC after 1984, the founding date of the Council of Conservative Citizens. Anyone with me? Rhadow (talk) 12:58, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * A critical reading of the article, its structure, and review of the references show many to be dead or deficient. The article conflates CC and CCC. Bundling the whole article under History doesn't make much sense. That can be fixed easily. The references need to be searched and repaired manually. Rhadow (talk) 16:42, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160817070615/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150622/PC16/150629806/presidential-candidates-give-away-cash-from-council-of-conservative-citizens to http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150622/PC16/150629806/presidential-candidates-give-away-cash-from-council-of-conservative-citizens
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022715/http://www.citizenscouncils.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=newspaper to http://www.citizenscouncils.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=newspaper

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Other Citizens' Councils
It has come to my attention that there are, outside America, other kinds of organisations called Citizens' Councils. (e.g. see https://www.newdemocracy.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/RD-Note-Austria.pdf ) What's a good process for integrating them into Wikipedia? Would there eventually be a disambiguation page -- and (despite the past controversy over the name) could this one have a disambiguating parenthetic addition? If there is a general consensus on how to proceed I'll relay that to those interested. Thanks Simon Grant (talk) 09:49, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Citizens' Councils


text:
Talk:Kingpin (automotive part)

King pin on semi-trailer truck
This should probably be rectified with the "king pin" definition for semi-trailer trucks, and the redirect for fifth wheel. FWIW, I have yet to determine exactly if that meaning uses two words or one. ENeville 16:22, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Ford and the kingpin
This source says it's very unlikely the fact ever happened--82.76.37.57 12:37, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Also, it's not a metaphor, it's a simile. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.247.254.6 (talk) 04:35, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Rename page?
I'm trying to find consensus for renaming "(mechanics)" pages, where "mechanics" refers to machinery, mechanisms, mechanical devices or mechanical engineering, rather than (e.g. classical) mechanics in physics and applied math. I would like to rename this page to "Kingpin (mechanism)" or "Kingpin (mechanical device)". Any preferences or objections? Geometry guy 20:43, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Since this article relates to vehicles other than automobiles, should it be renamed to Kingpin (vehicle part)? GoingBatty (talk) 18:13, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

Caster
How does king pin angle relate to caster angle? They look the same to me.  Stepho  talk 23:07, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kingpin (automotive part)


text:
Cassie Campbell-Pascall

Cassie Dawin Campbell-Pascall (born November 22, 1973) is a former Canadian ice hockey player and a broadcaster for ESPN/ABC, and formerly Sportsnet. Born in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Campbell grew up in Brampton, Ontario, playing for the Brampton Canadettes. She was the captain of the Canadian women's ice hockey team during the 2002 Winter Olympics and led the team to a gold medal. The left winger took on the role of captain again in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, and again successfully led her team to a gold medal with a 4 – 1 win over Sweden.

Cassie was also captain of the Calgary Oval X-Treme, a team in the Western Women's Hockey League. Campbell has also played for the Toronto Aeros and the Mississauga Chiefs.

Campbell has done modeling, and hosted women's hockey segments on TSN's hockey broadcasts. She attended high school at North Park Secondary School Brampton, and is an alumna of the University of Guelph, in Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

In honour of Campbell's success, the City of Brampton and Mayor Susan Fennell named a new Recreation Centre, the Cassie Campbell Community Centre, which officially opened in 2007. The Hockey Canada Board and Wayne Gretzky attended the unveiling.

Retirement from hockey
Campbell retired from competitive hockey on August 30, 2006. She then joined Hockey Night in Canada as a rinkside reporter, becoming (on October 14, 2006) the first woman to do color commentary on a Hockey Night in Canada broadcast. She filled in when Harry Neale was snowed in at his home in Buffalo. She launched her website in the spring of 2008 and is a spokesperson for Scotiabank. She appears at corporate events for Scotiabank and contributed to a blog on the Scotia Hockey Club website.

On November 22, 2009, Campbell ran a leg in the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Torch relay, through the town of Cavendish, Prince Edward Island.

On November 26, 2013, after Rogers Communications secured a $5.2 billion deal with the National Hockey League for 12 years, Campbell joined Sportsnet's broadcast team, in addition to her Hockey Night in Canada role. Her last broadcast was the New York Rangers at the Toronto Maple Leafs game on 19 December 2023 after she accepted a new position as a special advisor role with the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL) and announced on the air that this was the end of her broadcasting career after that game Though she left Sportsnet, she continues to work for ESPN in a smaller capacity.

During the 2010, 2014 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Olympics, Campbell provided colour commentary for women's hockey. She was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.

Before the 2018 Clarkson Cup finals, Campbell resigned from her role as a CWHL Governor. She also reported that she wanted to resign from the league in 2016, but stayed on at the request of the league. During the two years, her biggest involvement had been helping to secure sponsorships for the league.

Campbell won Best Sports Analysis or Commentary at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021.

Campbell later joined the NHL on ESPN, who would broadcast games for the first time in 17 years, as part of their new broadcast team for the 2021–22 season.

Interests
Campbell also works as a motivational speaker for Speakers Spotlight, The Lavin Agency and The Sweeney Agency. She is also the author of a book which was released in October 2007. The book is titled H.E.A.R.T., a book co-written with Lorna Schultz Nicholson.

Personal life
Campbell was born in Richmond Hill, Ontario and raised in Brampton, Ontario. She is related to Lucy Maud Montgomery, author of Anne of Green Gables.

Campbell is married to Brad Pascall, an assistant general manager of the NHL's Calgary Flames. She gave birth to her first child, Brooke Violet, on November 17, 2010.

In 2007, Campbell was inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, the same year as Doug Flutie. The June 2007 issue of Chatelaine magazine featured Campbell on its cover for the second time.

On June 16, 2011, Campbell received an honorary degree from the University of Guelph.

On June 25, 2012, Campbell received the Order of Hockey in Canada. She was presented with the Canadian Women's Hockey League Humanitarian of the Year Award in March 2014. The award was presented to Campbell by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. On June 30, 2016, Campbell was made a Member of the Order of Canada (CM) by Governor General David Johnston for "contributions to Canadian women's hockey as a player, broadcaster and role model."

The Cassie Campbell Community Centre in Brampton, Ontario is named in her honour.

During May 2018, Campbell-Pascall was part of a group of four female athletes, including Fran Rider, Jen Kish and Kerrin Lee-Gartner to publicly pledge their brain to a Canadian research centre. The posthumous donation shall be made to Toronto Western Hospital's Canadian Concussion Centre to further research on the effect of trauma on women's brains.

Career statistics
Career statistics are from Eliteprospects.com

Awards and honours

 * 1996 Guelph Sportswoman of the Year
 * 2007 Canada Sports Hall of Fame Inductee (Campbell becomes the first female hockey player inducted into the Hall)
 * 2008 A community centre is named after her in Brampton, Ontario. Cassie Campbell Community Centre
 * 2012 Order of Hockey in Canada
 * 2012 Ontario Sports Hall of Fame Member
 * 2014 CWHL Humanitarian of the Year Award
 * 2016 Member of the Order of Canada

title: Cassie Campbell-Pascall


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of U S state capitals and states that have the same first letter

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled List of U.S. state capitals and states that have the same first letter, and additionally List of U.S. state capitals that end in polis.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

I don't know, but is this page really necessary? It seems a bit too trivial to be in Wikipedia. Denelson83  21:49, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Trivia is nice...this isn't.  Delete. - Lucky 6.9 21:53, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Pointless, everything that can be put in there has already been, and the content is fairly useless. Beelzebubs 21:55, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Oy. Delete.  RickK 22:17, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just silly Satori 01:37, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I do know, this page isn't really necessary, and to call it "trivial" elevates it to a higher level than it deserves. Anyone interested in the answer to this uninteresting question can determine it in about fifteen seconds visually by scanning a list of state capitals. Dpbsmith 23:49, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Can we also add List of U.S. state capitals that end in polis? RickK 22:38, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. It's not the strangest list on Wikipedia. Snowspinner 22:56, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, along with the article RickK suggested. There's already a list of the state capitols.  This is just riddiculous. --Starx 23:54, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even sillier.  Satori 01:37, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The editor in me asked, "The same first letter as what?"  Upon reading, I get it now, and I want it deleted.  Moncrief 02:07, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Some trivia is interesting. This is not. Delete, along with the 'polis' list. -- Cyrius|&#9998 02:10, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete them both. I can't believe someone was silly enough to create these ridiculous articles. -- Dominus 02:30, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both. These are pointless lists (stress on the pointless, not the list). Average Earthman 12:11, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I generally support lists, but even I say delete these two. MK 15:45, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A pointless list that is unlikely to ever have more than two items. The other list is pretty useless too. —Mulad 20:04, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Anyone interested in the answer to this second, equally uninteresting question can determine it in about five seconds visually by glancing briefly at a list of state capitals. SAAAAYYYY, I just had an idea. How about a "list of state capitals that have the same name as their state?" How about a "list of state capitals whose states have postal abbreviations that are exactly two letters long?" How about a "list of difficult-to-remember state capitals?" Oooh, oooh, back in a minute, I've got some articles to write! Dpbsmith 23:49, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * How about "List of state capitals whose last two letters are the same as their state's postal abbreviation"? Albany, New York and maybe Topeka, Kansas MK 05:38, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The abbreviation for Kansas is KS. -- Cyrius|&#9998 06:08, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comedic license. MK 16:17, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * But it wasn't funny. Moncrief 18:24, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Tough crowd. MK 05:24, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete stupid trivia --Jiang 01:00, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I was going to say delete both, but I fear they will keep getting recreated. Maybe a better long-term solution would be to merge/redir into a more general article titled something like "US state capitol trivia", which might grow into something interesting/encyclopedic. Niteowlneils 17:51, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Trivia--encyclopaedic--how, exactly? Delete. -- Cymydog Naakka 07:51, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.