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Forest Park (St. Louis)

Forest Park is a public park in western St. Louis, Missouri. It is a prominent civic center and covers 1326 acre. Opened in 1876, more than a decade after its proposal, the park has hosted several significant events, including the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 and the 1904 Summer Olympics. Bounded by Washington University in St. Louis, Skinker Boulevard, Lindell Boulevard, Kingshighway Boulevard, and Oakland Avenue, it is known as the "Heart of St. Louis" and features a variety of attractions, including the St. Louis Zoo, the St. Louis Art Museum, the Missouri History Museum, and the St. Louis Science Center.

Since the early 2000s, it has carried out a $100 million restoration through a public-private partnership aided by its Master Plan. Changes have extended to improving landscaping and habitat as well. The park's acreage includes meadows and trees and a variety of ponds, manmade lakes, and freshwater streams. For several years, the park has been restoring prairie and wetlands areas of the park. It has reduced flooding and attracted a much greater variety of birds and wildlife, which have settled in the new natural habitats.

Early proposals
An 1864 plan for a large park in the city limits was rejected by St. Louis voters. In 1872, St. Louis developer Hiram Leffingwell proposed a 1000 acre park about three miles (5 km) outside the city limits near land which he owned. After a period of intense lobbying by Leffingwell, the Missouri General Assembly authorized the city to purchase the land; however, city taxpayers challenged the purchase in court, and in 1873, the Missouri Supreme Court overturned the authorization. The next year another developer, Andrew McKinley, prepared another proposal that met legal challenges. The tract selected that became Forest Park included a heavily forested 1326 acre area west of Kingshighway along Olive Street (now Lindell Boulevard).

Creation of the park
Using McKinley's proposal as a guide, in 1874 the General Assembly passed the Forest Park Act, which established the park and created a county-wide property tax to fund it. In November 1874, the Missouri Supreme Court upheld the new law and referred all questions of land ownership and value to the circuit court. The largest parcels of land needed for the park belonged to Thomas Skinker, Charles P. Chouteau, Julia Maffitt, and William Forsyth, who in 1874 and 1875 sold their land to the city. The city purchased the land for $849,058, with another million dollars dedicated to maintenance and improvement.

The state of the parkland in 1876 was rural: on the eastern and western edges of the park were unpaved roads (Kingshighway and Skinker Road, respectively). Flowing through the northern lowlands and turning southeast in the park was the River des Peres, which at times was very low while in some seasons could flood large areas. The southwestern part of the park was heavily forested land, and the east-west Clayton Road ran through the southern part of the park. A railroad right-of-way cut through the northeast corner of the park.

Maximillian G. Kern and Julius Pitzman, the Prussian-born St. Louis surveyor, designed the park's original plan. The park was dedicated June 24, 1876, with a crowd of about 50,000 in attendance. Officials and a band occupied a music stand and podium, and dedicated a statue of Edward Bates, the attorney general under President Abraham Lincoln. By the early 1890s, streetcar lines reached the park, carrying nearly 3 million visitors a year. A zoological gardens had been established around 1876 in Fairgrounds Park, on the north side of the city; its animals were eventually transferred to the new Forest Park facility.

From the beginning officials sought public transportation to the park. Several routes were evaluated. It was not electric streetcars, but rather cable cars that first gave access to Forest Park. Erastus Wells’ Missouri Railway was a cable car line (then known as a “cable road”) that ran down Olive Street. It was extended in stages. Access to Lindell Blvd was denied, but a route down Boyle to Maryland and then to Kingshighway was approved. Service began June 1, 1889.

Louisiana Purchase Exposition

In 1901, Forest Park was selected as the location of the 1904 World's Fair, known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The fair opened April 30, 1904, and closed December 1, 1904, and it left the park vastly different. In addition to the fair, the park hosted the diving, swimming, and water polo events for the 1904 Summer Olympics. Fifteen sports offered Olympic competition events, but women could compete only in archery. The 1904 Games were the first time that African Americans were allowed to compete.

George Kessler, the fair's landscape architect, dramatically changed the park: the wetlands areas in the western part of the park were drained and converted into water features and five connected lakes. Sewer and water lines installed during the fair remained for public use in the park. After the fair, thousands of trees were planted and vistas were created. In 1909, the fair's directors gave the balance of the remaining profits from the fair toward the construction of a monument to Thomas Jefferson, on the former site of the fair's entry gates; when completed in 1913 it became the Missouri History Museum building. Other structures left from the fair include the St. Louis Art Museum, the Apotheosis of St. Louis (a statue of French King Louis IX), the 1904 Bird Cage, (now a part of the St. Louis Zoo), and the Grand Basin, located at the foot of Art Hill, which was the location of the Festival Hall and cascades at the fair. Though often mistakenly counted among relics of the fair, the World's Fair Pavilion in Forest Park is a later structure, constructed in 1909 with proceeds from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.

The Palace of the Arts, a building now known as the Saint Louis Art Museum in Forest Park, was divided into six classifications: painting, etchings and engravings, sculpture, architecture, loan collection, and industrial art. In addition to art displays, many novelties were showcased for the first time at the Fair. Electricity, still considered young at the time, was showcased in a number of ways. Attendees at the Fair were awestruck by the electric lighting, both inside and out, of all of the important buildings and roads. The electrical plug and the wall outlet were also displayed. Two of the more notable technological achievements demonstrated were the x-ray machine and the baby incubator.

River des Peres
At one time the River des Peres ran openly through the park, but due to sanitary concerns, a portion was put underground in a wooden box shortly before the 1904 World's Fair. In the 1930s, the portion of the River des Peres that runs through Forest Park was diverted entirely underground in huge concrete pipes. More recently, an artificial waterscape linking park lakes has been created. The river remains underground in the park.

Since the 2000s, the park has restored numerous areas of prairie and wetlands in the park; these new habitats are serving not only to reduce flooding, but to attract a greatly increased variety of birds and wildlife. They provide a richer experience for walkers and bikers in the park, and the restored areas are full of birdsong.

Hospital lease controversy
In 1973, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, located across Kingshighway from the eastern edge of the park, leased an area of land in Forest Park located to its south for construction of an underground parking garage. After construction was complete, the surface was restored and a playground was installed; in 1983, the lease was extended to 2050 and the garage was expanded to more than 1,900 spaces. Starting in 2006, the hospital engaged the city to renegotiate the lease to allow for the construction of a building on the site, known as Hudlin Park (although part of Forest Park). The hospital proposal also included an extension of the lease by 46 years to 2096, providing the hospital 90 years of tenancy. Under the proposal, the annual rent would increase from $150,000 to between $1.6 and $2.2 million. The hospital sought to lease more than 12 acre for which it would pay $2.2 million, or as an alternative it would lease the current 9.3 acre for which it would pay $1.6 million a year.

Under a January 2007 revised proposal from the hospital, the city would receive $2 million for the lease of 9.3 acre, while the hospital would agree to make improvements to two areas in Forest Park. In February 2007, to gain the support of city Comptroller Darlene Green (one of three members of the St. Louis Board of Apportionment and Estimate, a board that recommends lease proposals to the full Board of Aldermen), the hospital agreed to build, fund, and staff a trauma center in North St. Louis. In the February 2007 revised proposal the hospital also agreed to retain 15 percent of the land as green space.

Despite considerable protests, the proposal advanced to the St. Louis Board of Aldermen. An activist group called Citizens to Protect Forest Park gathered 28,000 signatures to place a ballot measure that would require citywide voter approval of all leases or sales of park land. But, the ballot measure was enacted in April 2007, two months after the revised lease was approved by the Board of Aldermen.

Use
Forest Park has more than 12 million visitors per year, surpassing the number of annual visitors to both Busch Stadium and the Gateway Arch National Park combined. In 2022, Forest Park was named the nation’s best city park in the annual USA Today Readers’ Choice Awards. The park has a diverse patronage, including tourists and local visitors, visitors to park institutions, and special event patrons, with roughly one third of patrons living within ten miles (16 km) of the park, another third between 10 and 30 mi, and another third living beyond 30 mi from the park. 88 percent of park visitors drive to the park, while the remaining 12 percent are split between public transit and walking or bicycling to the park. The park has eleven multi-modal access points, listed below by the edge of the park: The Hampton Avenue entrance is used by about 60 percent of users entering the park; this has led to traffic congestion issues that have become more problematic in recent years. To remedy the problem, traffic has been redirected away from the Hampton park entrance and trolley-replica buses have been used to shuttle patrons.
 * East: Clayton Avenue (outbound), Barnes Hospital Drive, West Pine Boulevard
 * West: Forsyth Boulevard, Wells Drive (inbound)
 * North: West Pine Boulevard, Union Drive, Cricket Drive, DeBaliviere Ave
 * South: Tamm Avenue, Hampton Avenue

Forest Park hosts several annual St. Louis cultural or entertainment events, including the Great Forest Park Balloon Race (a hot air balloon competition), LouFest Music Festival (August 27–28, 2011), the Shakespeare Festival of St. Louis, the St. Louis Earth Day Festival, and the St. Louis African Arts Festival. The annual St. Louis Wine Festival, Beer Heritage Festival, and St. Louis Micro-Fest (a microbrewery showcase festival) also are hosted in Forest Park. In winter months, the Jewel Box greenhouse hosts a poinsettia show with holiday decorations. Forest Park also hosts athletic events, such as the St. Louis Track Club Frostbite Series (an annual road race event), the Midnight Ramble (a nighttime bicycling event), the Forest Park Cross Country Festival, and a variety of run-walk fundraisers. The park has also hosted the USA Cross Country Championships.

On Art Hill in early September, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra offers a free outdoor concert. The St. Louis Art Museum sponsors free outdoor film showings in the summer on the hill.

Fair St. Louis was held for the first time here in 2014, due to renovations at the Gateway Arch grounds, which presents new opportunities for the fair. The fair got off to a smooth start on July 3.

Features
St. Louis's Forest Park is considered one of the largest urban parks in the United States. It is approximately 500 acres larger than New York City's Central Park. Forest Park is home to five of the region's major institutions: the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo, the St. Louis Science Center, the Missouri History Museum, and the Muny amphitheater. It has several recreational facilities, including the Dwight Davis Tennis Center, the Steinberg Skating Rink, the Boathouse Restaurant (with boat rentals), the Forest Park Golf Course, the Highlands Golf and Tennis Center, handball courts, and fields for softball, baseball, soccer, cricket, rugby, and archery. The park also features over 30 miles of walking and cycling paths.

Saint Louis Zoo

The most visited feature of the park is the Saint Louis Zoo, a free zoo that opened in 1910. In 2010, the zoo attracted 2.9 million visitors to its collection of more than 18,000 animals. The zoo is divided into five animal zones: the River's Edge, which includes elephants, cheetahs, and hyenas; The Wild, which includes penguins, bears, and great apes; Discovery Zone, which includes a petting zoo; Red Rocks, which features lions, tigers, and other big cats; and the oldest part of the zoo, Historic Hill, which features the 1904 Flight Cage, a herpetarium, and primate house. A sixth zoo zone, known as Lakeside Crossing, features several dining and retail options. For animal care, the zoo also features a veterinary hospital and animal nutrition center.

Saint Louis Science Center
The Saint Louis Science Center, across Interstate 64 on the southern edge of Forest Park, received slightly more than a million visitors in 2010. Part of the science center, the McDonnell Planetarium, is located within the park and is connected to the main building by an enclosed footbridge. In addition to the Orthwein StarBay planetarium show featuring more than 9,000 stars on an 80 ft ceiling, the facility offers exhibits about living in space. It also hosts monthly public stargazing events co-sponsored by the St. Louis Astronomical Society.

Missouri History Museum

The Missouri History Museum, located on the northern edge of the park, received slightly more than 500,000 visitors in 2010 to both its permanent and temporary exhibits. The museum has two continuing exhibits: Seeking St. Louis, two galleries focusing on the history of Greater St. Louis; and the 1904 World's Fair, Looking Back at Looking Forward, an exhibit of artifacts from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The museum had a 16-ton statue of Thomas Jefferson sculpted by Karl Bitter, which was unveiled at the opening of the museum in 1913. The museum completed a major expansion in 2000, with the addition of the Emerson Center, a 92,000 sqft building with 24,000 sqft of exhibition space, the Lee Auditorium, a 350-seat theater, and space for retail and dining options.

Saint Louis Art Museum
The Saint Louis Art Museum, which opened as the Palace of Fine Arts as part of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, is located in the only permanent structure built for the fair. The building, designed by Cass Gilbert, houses a comprehensive art museum with particular depth in Oceanic art, Pre-Columbian art, ancient Chinese bronzes, and 20th-century German art.

The museum began an expansion and renovation project in January 2010 under the direction of architect David Chipperfield. The construction relocated surface parking underneath the addition and created a new lower-level gallery, with a total of more than 200,000 sqft of new building area which allows display of more of the collection. The project includes new landscaping, with groves of white birch trees. A site-specific sculpture was commissioned from Andy Goldsworthy, who completed installation of Stone Sea in the fall of 2012.

The Muny
The Muny, officially known as the Municipal Theatre Association of St. Louis, has operated in Forest Park since 1916. The first production, As You Like It by William Shakespeare, predated the current building by one year; as part of an advertising convention, St. Louis constructed the Municipal Theatre in 1917. Starting in 1919, the Muny was incorporated, and more than 1,500 seats in the 11,000-seat amphitheater were reserved as permanently free.

The Jewel Box

The Jewel Box, an art deco greenhouse, operates as an event venue and horticultural facility. The building has nearly 7,500 sqft of display space and is 55 ft high, and it was built in 1936 using funds from the Works Progress Administration. The Jewel Box was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

In 2002, the Jewel Box received a $3.5 million renovation, which included the removal and reinstallation of interior plantings, upgrades to the heating and air conditioning systems, and modifications to allow the building to be used for catered events.

Turtle Park
Turtle Park is a sculpture park created by Bob Cassilly located at Oakland Avenue and Tamm Avenue. The park contains concrete sculptures of seven turtle species that are indigenous to Missouri, a clutch of eggs and a snake. The three large turtles are a snapping turtle, a Mississippi map turtle and a red-eared slider and the four smaller turtles are a stinkpot turtle and three box turtles. The snapping turtle is 40-foot long and used 120,000 pounds of concrete. The design allows kids to climb on the turtle's shells and in their open mouths.

Dwight Davis Tennis Center
The Dwight Davis Tennis Center is a tennis facility with 19 lighted tennis courts and a clubhouse, named after St. Louis tennis player Dwight Davis. The facility offers tennis training programs, and sponsors tournaments. It hosts the St. Louis Aces, a local tennis singles team, who play in the 1,100-seat Stadium Court. In 2006 and 2007, several courts were refinished, while new shade awnings and benches were provided for players and spectators.

Boathouse
The Boathouse at Forest Park is both a restaurant and boat rental facility. Since the opening of Forest Park in 1876, boating has been an activity in the park; in 1894, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch paid more than 6,000 workers to expand one of the lakes in the park. In the early 2000s, a new boathouse opened with access to both Post-Dispatch Lake and the Grand Basin at the foot of Art Hill. The boathouse, open year-round, offers paddle boat rentals. It was designed by St. Louis architect Laurent Torno in the style of early 20th-century Midwestern boathouse cottages.

Pagoda Circle
Pagoda Circle, located in front of the Muny, is a circular drive located around a lake with an island. On the island is the Nathan Frank Bandstand, which was built using funds donated by local businessman Nathan Frank in 1926. The bandstand, in the classical style, replaced an earlier structure with Asian motifs. In the early 2000s, the landscaping of the area was restored by the Flora Conservancy and the St. Louis Parks Department to a design by Oehme, van Sweden and Associates; more than 27,000 perennial flowers were planted in the area.

Dennis and Judith Jones Visitor and Education Center
The Dennis and Judith Jones Visitor and Education Center, formerly known as the Lindell Pavilion, was built in 1892 as a streetcar station for the Lindell Railway. Designed by Eames and Young, the Visitor Center is in the Spanish Revival style. In 1904, it was occupied by tenants of the World's Fair. In 1914, the building opened as a golf shop and locker room, which it remained until the early 2000s. After the renovation of the adjacent Forest Park Golf Course, the building was converted into the park Visitor Center. The $4 million conversion project restored the clock tower and installed new heating and air conditioning systems, public restrooms, and locker rooms. Part of the 22,000 sqft facility is available as an event venue known as the Trolley Room, which can accommodate up to 400 guests, while Forest Park Forever, a local non-profit group, operates its headquarters in the building. Other groups in the building include the Missouri Department of Conservation and Older Adults Services and Information Systems (OASIS). The restoration included establishment of the Forest Perk Cafe, a coffee and sandwich shop. The building is the base of the World's Fair Bike Rental, which rents cruiser bicycles for public use in the park.

Steinberg Skating Rink
The Steinberg Skating Rink opened in November 1957 after a donation by the Steinberg Charitable Trust. Etta Steinberg, the wife of Mark C. Steinberg, gave more than $600,000 toward the $935,000 cost of the rink. The rink is open for ice skating during the winter and sand volleyball during the summer. While ice hockey was regularly played on the rink during the 1950s and 60s, its large dimensions and lack of regulation dasher-board systems prevent it from allowing regular play today; however, at the close of skating season a charity pond hockey tournament is held on the rink. A dining and concession area, known as the Snowflake Cafe, offers American cuisine and alcohol.

During the early 2000s, the rink underwent a $1.4 million renovation that included a new rink surface, an ice-making system, and a new light and sound system. In addition, the parking lot for the rink was moved from the north end of the facility to the south end. A prairie and wetlands river area replaced the north parking lot, providing a walking path and birdwatching area near the adjacent lake.

The World's Fair Pavilion
Located on Government Hill, the World's Fair Pavilion sits on the site of the 1904 World's Fair's large Missouri State Building, that burned down 10 days before the closing of the fair. Though the Missouri Building had many features (including partial air conditioning), like most of the Fair's buildings, it was built on a wood framework with staff, and was a temporary structure.

The pavilion opened in 1910 as a gift from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and helped to fulfill their promise to restore the park after the 1904 World's Fair. Designed by English architect Henry Wright, the pavilion originally cost $35,000 to build.

In the early 2000s, the building underwent a $1.1 million restoration with the addition of new restrooms and a catering kitchen. The eastern archways of the building were removed (thereby opening the building to its original state), new lighting was installed, and the twin towers of the building were reconstructed.

Forest Park Golf Course
The Forest Park Golf Course, also known as the Courses at Forest Park or the Norman Probstein Community Golf Course, opened in 1912 as a nine-hole golf course. The original course was designed by Scotsman Robert Foulis, an employee of the Old Course at St Andrews, while a second and third set of nine holes were finished in 1913 and 1915. In 1929, the Forest Park Golf Course was home to the U.S. Amateur Public Links Championship.

Between 2001 and 2004, the three courses and the clubhouse were rebuilt under the direction of course designer Stan Gentry. The rebuilding project initially was funded by St. Louis developer Norman Probstein with a gift of $2 million, followed by donations of $2 million from Eagle Golf, $2.4 million from the Danforth Foundation, $4.5 million from Forest Park Forever, and $1.6 million from the city of St. Louis. The three rebuilt courses are named for trees in St. Louis: the Hawthorn is a relatively flat and walkable layout; the Dogwood is a somewhat hilly course with a water fairway; and the Redbud is very hilly and the most challenging layout of the three. One glass-enclosed clubhouse serves all three courses, and it includes a restaurant open to all park users known as Ruthie's Grill. After the completion of the renovations, the Forest Park Golf Course was named the Best Golf Course in St. Louis by the local alternative newspaper, the Riverfront Times.

Highlands Golf and Tennis Center
The Highlands Golf and Tennis Center, formerly known as Triple A Golf and Tennis Club, opened in 1897 on the site of the current Forest Park Golf Course; in 1902, the course moved to a 70 acre facility near the southeast corner of Forest Park due to the construction of the 1904 World's Fair. The new facility included a nine-hole golf course, tennis, handball and volleyball courts, a running track, and baseball and lacrosse fields. The tennis courts at the Highlands were where player Jimmy Connors began his career, and the facility hosted Davis Cup qualifying matches in 1927, 1946, and 1961. Judy Rankin began her golfing career at Triple A Golf and Tennis Club as a young girl. Between 2008 and 2010 the Highlands underwent a complete reconstruction, with a new nine-hole golf course, the installation of clay tennis courts, a new 30-stall lit driving range, and the construction of a full-service bar and restaurant known as Keagan's Pub and Patio.

Lakes and water features
The Cascades are a 75 ft waterfall northwest of the Art Museum and named for the waterfalls that flowed down Art Hill during the 1904 World's Fair. The park also has Round Lake and Jefferson Lake, the latter stocked with fish for anglers. The Missouri Department of Conservation assists with the operation of six fish hatchery lakes at the park. In the early 2000s, the lakes were drained, deepened, aerated and restocked with fish. A new bridge over the river that feeds the lakes also was constructed.

Kennedy Forest and Kennedy Woods
Kennedy Forest is in the southwest corner of the park, while the Kennedy Woods area is located near the Muny in the center of the park. Kennedy Forest features hiking trails maintained by the Missouri Department of Conservation, while Kennedy Woods includes a walking path through wildflowers and native Missouri plants.

Cabanne House
The Cabanne House, built in 1876, is one of the oldest structures in the park and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The original Cabanne House was built in 1819 by Jean Pierre Cabanné, a French Creole fur trader and merchant. His descendants used it as a farmhouse until they sold the land to the city in 1875. When the park was opened, the farmhouse was converted into a lodge. It was demolished in the 1880s.

The current Cabanne House was designed by James H. McNamara in 1875, built in the Second Empire style to be the park keeper's house. From 1942, the house was the official residence of the St. Louis Parks and Recreation Commissioner.

The City Beautification Commission repaired the building and occupied it for office space beginning in 1967. In the 1980s, the St. Louis Ambassadors, a local civic group, renovated the building. They have since used it as an office building and event venue. In 1985, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance.

Statues and memorials
Near the Cascades waterfall on the western edge of the park is an 1876 statue of Edward Bates, who was US Attorney General under President Abraham Lincoln. He had been a prominent attorney and judge in St. Louis, and also assisted in freedom suits by slaves. His was the first statue installed in the park. Originally located at the southeast entrance to the park, it was moved during the 1950s during construction of Interstate 64. Medallions at the base of the statue depict James Eads, Hamilton R. Gamble, Charles Gibson, and Henry S. Geyer.

The second-oldest statue in the park is the statue of Frank Blair, a U.S. Army general and U.S. senator from Missouri. The statue, located at Kingshighway and Lindell boulevards, was donated by the Blair Monument Association in May 1885.

At the corner is the modernist Jewish Tercentenary Monument, sculpted by Kurt Perisee in 1956. Commemorating the 300th anniversary of the first Jewish settlement in New Amsterdam, the main figures represent the Four Freedoms. Created by Danish-born Carl C. Mose, head of the Sculpture Department at Washington University, the monument features a flagpole with a wave-like limestone base. Depicted on the base are Biblical quotations relating to Franklin D. Roosevelt’s famous “Four Freedoms”: freedom from tyranny; of religion; from fear and war; and from want. Among other figures, a ship, symbolic of that which bore the refugees to New Amsterdam, is also represented.

In 1989, the monument underwent a $275,000 restoration funded by Howard Baer, an organizer of the Zoo-Museum District, which funds regional museums.

The Apotheosis of St. Louis, located at the north entrance of the St. Louis Art Museum, is a bronze sculpture of an armored and mounted King Louis IX of France, preparing for battle. In the early 2000s, the statue was restored; the more than $22,000 cost covered cleaning of the statue, refinishing of the patina, adding protective coating, and restoring the granite pedestal. The original plaster model by the sculptor Charles Niehaus was displayed at the entrance to the 1904 World's Fair, and the finished bronze was given to the city in 1906 by the organizers of the fair. Two statues flank the museum entrance: Sculpture and Painting by Daniel Chester French and Louis Saint-Gaudens, respectively.

In 1913, the St. Louis Turnverein donated funds for the construction of a monument to Friedrich Jahn, the founder of the Turnverein and modern gymnastics. Designed by Robert Cauer, the statue is located on the former site of the German Pavilion at the 1904 World's Fair. The next year, in 1914, the Ladies Confederate Monument Association donated a Memorial to the Confederate Dead on the north side of the park, near the Dwight Davis Tennis Center. Sculpted by George Julian Zolnay, it depicts an allegorical figure of an angel and a Southern family sending its only male child to fight in the American Civil War. The Confederate monument was removed from the park in 2017 to be relocated elsewhere.

The National Federation of Musicians donated funds for the Musicians Memorial and Fountain to honor Owen Miller and Otto Ostendorf, members of the federation. The memorial, built in 1925, was designed by Victor Holm. Two years after the creation of the Musicians Memorial, the Steinberg family donated Joie de Vivre, a work by Jacques Lipchitz depicting the joy of life, which is located adjacent to the Steinberg Skating Rink.

Near the Jewel Box is the Colonial Daughter Fountain, donated by the Missouri Society of Colonial Daughters in 1947. Also on the grounds of the Jewel Box is a statue of St. Francis of Assisi, sculpted by Carl Mose and donated by Mrs. Harry Turner; her husband was a publisher in St. Louis.

Brickline Greenway
The Brickline Greenway Project is a major public-private partnership that aims to connect Forest Park and the Washington University in St. Louis Danforth Campus to the Gateway Arch grounds. Among the partners leading this project are the Arch to Park Collaborative, St. Louis City, and Washington University in St. Louis.

The Brickline Greenway was known as the Chouteau Greenway prior to March 10, 2020.

title: Forest Park (St. Louis)


text:
Thelma Hopkins

Thelma Hopkins may refer to:

 * Telma Hopkins (born 1948), actress
 * Thelma Hopkins (athlete) (born 1936), Northern Irish athlete

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thelma Hopkins


text:
Unbreakable (Scorpions album)

Unbreakable is the fifteenth studio album by German hard rock band Scorpions, released in 2004. In this release, Scorpions return to the style of music of their most successful albums, after experimenting with many different concepts and influences in the 1990s. This was the first album with Paweł Mąciwoda on bass guitar. Despite critical acclaim and extensive touring of the album, Unbreakable was not a big hit on the charts.

Background
After the success of the cross-over album Moment of Glory recorded with Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and of the unplugged album Acoustica, Scorpions reunited in studio with long-time producer Dieter Dierks to record two songs for the compilation album Bad for Good: The Very Best of Scorpions. The songs "Bad for Good" and "Cause I Love You" came from the band's archives and this was the first time Scorpions collaborated with Dierks in 14 years.

Composition and recording
Scorpions started actively to work on a new album while touring in 2002. Drummer James Kottak said: "We would sit in the back of the tour bus late night, playing each other songs each of us had written, writing, listening to new stuff on the radio, and brainstorming what each one of us thought which direction should the new CD take". The band had the back lounge of a tour bus converted into a studio to write, rehearse and record the demos of the new songs. Guitarist Matthias Jabs said in that period that the new material would be classic rock. He explained: "We are classic rock, and most radio stations don't play that. But a lot of things are changing, so you never know."

After finishing the North American tour with Whitesnake in late March 2003, band members gathered at Scorpio Sound Studio to record the first batch of demos. They demoed a total of 16 songs and none of them made the album. A second demo session started in June 2003 and during that session the band demoed songs that Klaus Meine, Rudolf Schenker, Jabs and Kottak had written individually. In the late July and early August, Scorpions embarked on a three-week tour where Kottak spent most of his time writing, demoing, and playing guitar. He explained: "On some songs I only play for Matthias, some only for Rudolf, and the sensitive ones I play for Klaus". On 1 September 2003, the band went back again to Scorpio Sound Studio for a two-week demo session and they recorded a further 20 songs. Kottak said about the songs: "We now felt we have the meat of the record...8 to 10 "good ones"".

Once demos sessions concluded, Scorpions sent their demos to producers they wished to work with. At the top of their list were: Bob Rock, Rick Parashar, Max Martin, Dieter Dierks and Erwin Musper. Rock was on vacation and resting after the two-year production of Metallica's album St. Anger; Dierks was scrapped after a financial disagreement between him and members of Scorpions. They finally chose to work with Musper and booked the studio for 15 October 2003. However, they were not ready for recording because they did not have a bass player, and none of the auditioned bass player had had access to the demos recorded by the band. Since there were no bass player during the demo sessions, all bass lines had been laid down by Jabs. Kottak invited Jeff Pilson and Jimmy Bain for the recording sessions, but scheduling clashes prevented their attending. Five days later the band entered the Peppermint Park Studio in Hannover, Germany, and after four to five days of setting up the equipment, they started the recording process, still without a bass player. Schenker's assistant recommended Polish bass player Paweł Mąciwoda. He learned the bass parts from the demos and was in the studio on the first day of recording. After three days, he had recorded a total of 11 songs. After those recording sessions were finished, band members did another recording session with Barry Sparks on bass, recording 5 songs. Despite a total of 16 recorded songs, the band still felt they were missing some songs to complete the album. At the very end of the recording sessions, Schenker came up with the song "If You Could See Inside My Eyes" (which became "Through My Eyes" on the album), Meine presented "Maybe I, Maybe You", Kottak with "Can You Feel It" and Jabs "This Time". After those 4 songs were recorded, finally the band had a foundation of 12 songs to make an album.

Apart from those 12 songs, the album has one bonus song titled "Remember the Good Times", taken from one of the demo sessions. Later on, the band made a proper studio recorded version of the song, but eventually chose to use the demo version on the album and named it "Retro Garage Mix". Meine explained: "It sounds more rough and we like the feel of it. And it has this retro feel also in the lyric". In a period of two years, Meine, Schenker, Jabs and Kottak wrote over 150 songs for the album and band recorded 21 of them during a period of three months and three days. The album was mixed by Erwin Musper at Wisseloord Studios in the Netherlands; the mixing process was completed on 4 February 2004.

Five songs from the Unbreakable sessions were recorded for the album Sting in the Tail of 2010. Those songs are "Slave Me", "No Limit", "Turn You On" (which during the Unbreakable sessions had a different title), "Spirit of Rock" and "The Best Is Yet to Come", which was written at the very end of the Unbreakable sessions when band had no time to record it. Later, the band wanted to put it on the album Humanity: Hour I (2007), but it did not fit the album style, so band finally recorded it for Sting in the Tail.

Release and promotion
In April 2004, Russian Scorpions Fan Site Scorpions.ru released two-minute audio samples of all of the songs from the album. The album was released in North America on 22 June 2004. In late June 2004 Scorpions official website released samples of the two bonus tracks that appear on the Japanese edition of Unbreakable; those songs are: "Dreamer" and "Too Far".

Personnel

 * Scorpions
 * Klaus Meine – lead vocals, backing vocals
 * Rudolf Schenker – rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, solo guitar, backing vocals
 * Matthias Jabs – lead guitar, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitars, slide guitar, voice box
 * Paweł Mąciwoda – bass
 * James Kottak – drums, backing vocals

 * Additional musicians
 * Koen van Baal – keyboards, arrangements on track 6
 * Barry Sparks – bass on tracks 2 and 4
 * Ingo Powitzer – bass on track 13
 * Ralph de Jongh, Joss Mennen, Alex Jansen – backing vocals on tracks 1 and 4
 * Jody's Kids Choir – additional vocals on track 1

 * Production
 * Erwin Musper – producer, engineer, mixing, arrangements on track 6
 * Marc Ebermann, Nils Hahmann – Pro Tools operators
 * Thomas Nöhre – Cubase operator
 * Huub Reijnders, Arjen Mensinga – mixing assistant
 * Darius van Helfteren – mastering

title: Unbreakable (Scorpions album)


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Paweł Adamowicz

Paweł Bogdan Adamowicz (2 November 1965 – 14 January 2019) was a Polish politician and lawyer who served as the city mayor of Gdańsk from 1998 until his assassination in 2019.

Adamowicz was one of the organizers of the 1988 Polish strikes before becoming the head of the strike committee. In 1990, he was elected to the Gdańsk City Council, chairing the body from 1994 during his second term and holding this post until 1998. He was elected Mayor of Gdańsk in 1998 and reelected in 2002 with 72% of the vote. In 2018, he was reelected as an independent. He was known as a liberal, progressive figure, speaking in support of LGBT rights, immigration, and of minority ethnic groups such as Kashubians.

On 13 January 2019, Mayor Adamowicz was stabbed during a live charity event in Gdansk, the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity's 27th Grand Finale, by 27-year-old Stefan Wilmont, a former inmate diagnosed with schizophrenia. Adamowicz died the following day from his injuries, at the age of 53.

Early life and education
Paweł Bogdan Adamowicz was born in Gdańsk. His parents Ryszard and Teresa were Polish economists, who were moved to Poland from Vilnius, LSSR, in 1946. Paweł later recalled that his parents were suspicious of communism and party propaganda. "'Like many Poles of our generation, [my] brother and I have thus been shaped against the obligatory official history; since childhood we have known not only the sinister wording of the Gestapo abbreviation, but also the NKVD; we perfectly understood what is behind the names of distant places: Kazakhstan, Siberia, Katyn. We hardly saw a place for ourselves in this double world.'"He studied law at the University of Gdańsk, where he also rose to prominence as a student movement member. He was one of the organizers of the 1988 strike, becoming the head of the strike committee. Between 1990 and 1993, he served as a vice-rector for student affairs at his alma mater.

Career
In 1990, Adamowicz was elected a member of the city council in Gdańsk, chairing the council from 1994 in his second term, and holding this post until 1998, when he was elected the Mayor of Gdańsk. On 10 November 2002, he was re-elected with 72% of the vote.

He was awarded the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice Golden Cross by Pope John Paul II, and the Cross of Merit in 2003 by President Aleksander Kwaśniewski. In 2014, he received the Cross of Freedom and Solidarity in honour of his contributions on behalf of Polish democracy.

In 2018, he was an honorary patron of the 4th Gdańsk Gay Pride Parade, in which he also participated.

In November 2018, Adamowicz ran as an independent candidate for the office of Mayor of Gdańsk and was re-elected for a sixth term, being endorsed by the Civic Platform in the second round and remaining a vocal critic of the current ruling party in Poland, Law and Justice. He was due to serve until 2023.

Personal life
In 1999, Adamowicz married Magdalena Abramska, a law student at Gdańsk University whom he met during his studies. She later became a professor of law there. They have two daughters, Antonina (born 2003) and Teresa (born 2010).

Assassination
On 13 January 2019, Adamowicz was stabbed in the heart and through the diaphragm with a knife on stage at the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity event in Gdańsk and was taken to University Clinical Centre in Gdańsk in critical condition, where he underwent five hours of surgery. He succumbed to his injuries the following day.

The assassin was apprehended at the scene of the crime. A Gdańsk police spokesman said that the detained man was a 27-year-old Stefan W[ilmont] who lived in the city; the spokesman also stated that the man had a "long criminal history", including four bank robberies. After stabbing the mayor, he seized the microphone and claimed false imprisonment and torture at the hands of the previous centrist Civic Platform (PO) government. Adamowicz's murder was inadvertently captured on video by the many attendees of the charity event.

Reactions
On 14 January, thousands attended vigils across Poland to pay their respects to Adamowicz. His widow, Magdalena, who was in London at the time of the assassination, was flown back to Poland by the Polish government.

President Andrzej Duda described the attack as a "hard-to-imagine evil" and stated that the day of Adamowicz's funeral will be observed as a national day of mourning. Interior Minister Joachim Brudziński described the attack as "an act of inexplicable barbarism" and, on Twitter, EU Council President Donald Tusk said, "Paweł Adamowicz, Mayor of Gdańsk, a man of Solidarity and freedom, a European, my good friend, has been murdered. May he rest in peace."

Jean-Claude Juncker, the President of the European Commission, expressed "great sadness" and offered his "deepest condolences" on behalf of the European Commission. The European Parliament held a minute of silence to honour Adamowicz, with President Antonio Tajani speaking of the mayor's "closeness to the people" and "ability to listen". Sadiq Khan, the Mayor of London, described the attack as "Devastating violence ... for all of us who value public service and open, accessible democracy". Anton Alikhanov, the governor of the neighbouring Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia, expressed his condolences, calling Adamowicz "our great friend" and proclaiming a minute of silence in memory of his death. On the day of his funeral, Pope Francis offered his condolences as well as gifts for the family of Adamowicz. The mayor of Bremen Carsten Sieling, which Gdańsk is a twin city with, said "we are shocked by the terrifying and cruel death of Paweł Adamowicz". In the city hall a book of condolence was displayed from 14 January through to the 17th.

On 17 January 2019, Zdeněk Hřib, the Mayor of Prague, appealed to the city council to name a street in Prague in honor of Paweł Adamowicz. On 5 June 2019, a promenade in the Riegrovy Sady park in Prague named after Adamowicz was officially inaugurated. On 10 October 2019, the city of Athens Award for Democracy, "Honoring those building bridges when others build walls" was presented to the family of the victim by the mayor of Athens K. Bakogiannis.

Funeral
On 18 January 2019, Adamowicz's coffin was decorated with white flowers and draped with the flag of Gdańsk, before being driven in a hearse from the European Solidarity Centre in the city, past schools, monuments and other places significant to the dead mayor's life. It was watched by thousands of people on screen. When the hearse reached the Church of St Mary, the city's main basilica, the coffin was brought into the church. After a mass, Adamowicz was cremated.

On 19 January, the main funeral service was held at St Mary's Church, Gdańsk. Notable people who attended included the President of the European Council Donald Tusk, President of Poland Andrzej Duda, Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki, former President of Poland, communist oppositionist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Lech Wałęsa, former Polish Presidents Aleksander Kwaśniewski and Bronisław Komorowski, and former German President Joachim Gauck. Thousands more Poles watched the service on screens. At the end of the service, Adamowicz's ashes were laid to rest in one of the chapels of St Mary's Church in Gdańsk.

Selected awards

 * Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice Golden Cross (Vatican, 2001)
 * Cross of Merit (Poland) (2003)
 * Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland, 2010)
 * Knight of the Legion of Honour (France, 2012)
 * Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (Estonia, 2014)
 * Cross of Freedom and Solidarity (Poland, 2014)
 * Honorary Citizen of the Capital City of Warsaw (Poland, 2019)
 * Benjamin Barber Global Cities Award conferred by the Global Parliament of Mayors and accepted by Deputy Mayor Piotr Grzelak (South Africa, 2019)

title: Paweł Adamowicz


text: File:At the Drive-In - Relationship of Command cover.jpg


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The Parkers

The Parkers is an American television sitcom created by Ralph Farquhar, Sara V. Finney, and Vida Spears, which aired on UPN from August 30, 1999, to May 10, 2004, lasting five seasons. The series stars Mo'Nique, Countess Vaughn, Mari Morrow, Dorien Wilson, Jenna von Oÿ, Ken L., and Yvette Wilson. It centers on the relationship between a mother and daughter, Nikki and Kim Parker, who reside outside of Los Angeles, in Santa Monica, California, while both attending the local Santa Monica College. The series was produced by Big Ticket Television, in association with Saradipity Productions and Regan Jon Productions. Executive Producers were Bill Boulware, Ralph Farquhar, Sara V. Finney, Vida Spears and Andrea Wiley.

Premise
This comedy series centers around a low-income mother and daughter who both attend Santa Monica College. Nikki Parker was forced to drop out of high school, nearly 20 years earlier, when she discovered she was pregnant. As the time arrived for her daughter to go to college, Nikki decided to go as well as a way to get an experience and education that was taken from her so many years earlier. Through a series of hilarious situations, Nikki has to adjust to the fact that her daughter is growing up, while Kim realizes that Nikki has a lot more going on in her life beyond being a mother.

Main

 * Kim Parker (Countess Vaughn): A ditzy college student and Nikki's daughter. Although she can be shallow, Kim has a kind heart and is close with Nikki. Kim is also a lead singer in the music group Free Style Unity, which also includes Stevie and T. At the end of the series, she fails out of Santa Monica College but becomes a successful fashion designer.
 * Nikki Parker (Mo'Nique): A boisterous, confident single mother, who embraces college life to the fullest. She is in love with Professor Oglevee, despite his apparent hatred of her. In the series finale, she eventually wins him over after five years of chasing him and they get married.
 * Desiree Littlejohn (Mari Morrow): Initially, the Parkers' neighbor and Nikki's friend. She only appears in the first season and is uncredited as a regular after six episodes. She is not seen after episode 13. It was stated that creator, Ralph Farquhar, wrote her off because he wanted a stronger dynamic with another one of his characters. She was replaced by Yvette Wilson.
 * Professor Stanley Oglevee (Dorien Wilson): A handsome professor at Santa Monica College. Although he prides himself on his intelligence, he often becomes embroiled in hare-brained schemes, often due to his own foolishness. Although he is initially repulsed by Nikki's affections, he eventually declares his love for her, and they marry in the series finale.
 * Stevie Alison Van Lowe (Jenna von Oÿ): A sarcastic, intelligent white college student as well as Kim's best friend. Stevie is from an affluent family and has a tempestuous relationship with her mother. She is also a member of the music group Free Style Unity, alongside Kim and T. Upon graduating from Santa Monica College, Stevie attends UCLA and goes into business with Kim.
 * Thaddeus Tyrell "T" Radcliffe (Ken Lawson): A flirtatious, attractive college student as well as friend to Kim and Stevie. He is also a member of the music group Free Style Unity. At the end of the series, T goes on to attend Berklee College of Music.
 * Andell Wilkerson (Yvette Wilson): Nikki's level-headed best friend. Andell originated as a regular character on Moesha and appears on The Parkers in a recurring role during the first season; she became a main character in the middle of Season 1. From Season 3 onward, she is the owner of a restaurant called Andell's. At the end of the series, she marries her boyfriend, Lester.

Recurring

 * Mel Parker (Thomas Mikal Ford): Nikki's rich ex-husband and Kim's father
 * Erica Willis (Porscha Coleman)
 * Regina Foster (Kara Brock): A snobbish and stuck-up colleague of Nikki, Kim, and Stevie's at Santa Monica College and also a member of the Triple-A Sorority.
 * Joe Woody (Dwight Woody): Works in the cafeteria at Santa Monica College. He previously played Coach Vines on Moesha.
 * Veronica Cooper (Paulette Braxton): On-and-off girlfriend of Professor Oglevee and occasional nemesis of Nikki.
 * Sophia Van Lowe (Shannon Tweed): Stevie's mother.
 * Gertrude "Gertie" Lowe (Kym Whitley): The organ player at Mount Zion, where Nikki is the choir director. She is occasionally a nemesis of Nikki. She has also known Nikki and Andell since high school.
 * Frederick "Freddy" Jones (Kel Mitchell): A flamboyant fashion design student who often has a conflict with Kim.
 * Hakeem Campbell (Lamont Bentley): Kim's longtime friend and former crush. He was previously on Moesha.
 * Niecy Jackson (Shar Jackson): Kim's best friend. She was also on Moesha.
 * Symone (Samantha Becker): A backup singer in the group Free Style Unity in Season 1.
 * Chandra Carrington (Lark Voorhies): Colleague of Nikki and Kim's at Santa Monica College and also a member the Triple A Sorority.
 * Jerel Goodrich (Trent Cameron): Kim's boyfriend turned fiancé; later ex-husband.
 * George and Shirley West/Alexander (Earl Billings and Aloma Wright): Nikki's adoptive parents.
 * Constance McFarland (Suzzanne Douglas): Nikki's haughty older sister.
 * Tiffany McFarland (Cherie Johnson): Nikki's niece.
 * Quincy DeJohn (George Wallace): Nikki's biological father.
 * Camille Oglevee (Veronica Redd): Professor Oglevee's mother. She tried to convince Kim to drop out of college to work for her.
 * Aunt Rita (Nancy Wilson): Nikki's aunt, who turned out to be her biological mother. She explained that she was unable to raise Nikki due to her career.
 * Evelyn "Nana" Smith (Isabel Sanford): Nikki's grandmother, who comes onto Professor Oglevee while visiting Nikki.

Production
The Parkers was produced by Saradipity Productions, Regan Jon Productions (Season 1 only), and Big Ticket Television. Reruns are currently distributed by CBS Television Distribution.

Syndication
The Parkers has aired in syndication on BET, Centric (previously BET J), Fuse, UP, TV One, VH1, and MTV2.

Currently, the series airs reruns on Cleo TV and Dabl.

The series started streaming on Netflix on October 1, 2020.

International airings
In Europe, the show has aired in Ireland and the UK. In Ireland, it aired on RTÉ Two from 2000 to 2005, usually airing Thursdays at 7.00 pm. The first four seasons were aired in this evening time slot, with season five beginning in this timeslot and with the few remaining episodes moved to a late-night timeslot on Fridays. After the series finished on RTÉ Two, there have been no re-runs and no current plans to run the show again. It was also shown on UK channel Trouble, which was also available in Ireland. It usually aired weekdays from 2000 to 2004 but after it was completely removed, it was shown on a one-off weekend in late 2006, with episodes airing all day. In Australia, it aired on Fox8 and in Jamaica on TVJ.

Critical response
Although The Parkers initially received mixed reviews and was criticized for its outrageous characters, the series was a ratings success for UPN. Its debut season ranked as the number one comedy on the network; it was the most popular show among black audiences, ahead of The WB’s The Steve Harvey Show. The success of the series has been credited to its ability to relate to many audiences, especially young people.

Ratings
The Parkers series finale aired on May 10, 2004, and drew in 3.6 million viewers.

Reunion
In 2009, cast members Countess Vaughn, Jenna von Oÿ, Ken Lawson, and Dorien Wilson appeared on The Mo'Nique Show for a full-length episode, "The Parkers Reunion." Series creator Sara V. Finney was part of the audience for the episode. Yvette Wilson didn't appear due to her busy work schedule.

Home media
The Parkers: The Complete Collection, containing all five seasons, was released on region 1 DVD in Canada via Visual Entertainment in a 14-disc set on 18 March 2016.

title: The Parkers


text:
Papineau Regional County Municipality

Papineau is a regional county municipality in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Papineauville.

Subdivisions
There are 25 subdivisions within the RCM:

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RCM of Papineau had a population of 24,308 living in 11,504 of its 16,059 total private dwellings, a change of 6.5% from its 2016 population of 22,832. With a land area of 2,903.45 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In 2021, the median age was 54.0, as opposed to 41.6 for all of Canada. French was the mother tongue of 91.2% of residents in 2021. The next most common mother tongues are English at 5.5% total, followed by Spanish and German at 0.2% each and by Portuguese at 0.1%. 1.9% reported both English and French as their first language. Additionally there were 0.1% who reported both French and a non-official language as their mother tongue and another 0.1% who reported both French, English and a non-official language as their mother tongue.

As of 2021, Indigenous peoples comprised 4.4% of the population, and visible minorities contributed 1.1%. The largest visible minority groups in the RCM of Papineau are Black (0.4%), Chinese (0.1%), and Arab (0.1%).

In 2021, 65.2% of the population identified as Catholic, while 26.1% said they had no religious affiliation. Baptists were the largest religious minority, making up 0.6% of the population. Buddhists were the largest non-Christian religious minority, making up just over 0.1% of the population.

Mother tongue from Canada 2016 Census

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Papineau Regional County Municipality


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Pontiac Regional County Municipality

Pontiac (municipalité régionale de comté de Pontiac) is a regional county municipality in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada. Campbell's Bay is the county seat. It should not be confused with the municipality of Pontiac, which is located in the neighbouring Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais Regional County Municipality. For the electoral district see Pontiac (federal electoral district).

Subdivisions
There are 18 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Municipalities (15)
 * Alleyn-et-Cawood
 * Bristol
 * Bryson
 * Campbell's Bay
 * Clarendon
 * L'Île-du-Grand-Calumet
 * L'Isle-aux-Allumettes
 * Litchfield
 * Mansfield-et-Pontefract
 * Otter Lake
 * Rapides-des-Joachims
 * Shawville
 * Sheenboro
 * Thorne
 * Waltham

 * Townships (1)
 * Chichester

 * Villages (2)
 * Fort-Coulonge
 * Portage-du-Fort

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Lac-Nilgaut

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes

title: Pontiac Regional County Municipality


text:
Rimouski-Neigette Regional County Municipality

Rimouski-Neigette is a regional county municipality in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada.

The county seat is in Rimouski.

Subdivisions
There are 10 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Rimouski

 * Municipalities (1)
 * Esprit-Saint

 * Parishes (7)
 * La Trinité-des-Monts
 * Saint-Anaclet-de-Lessard
 * Saint-Eugène-de-Ladrière
 * Saint-Fabien
 * Saint-Marcellin
 * Saint-Narcisse-de-Rimouski
 * Saint-Valérien

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Lac-Huron

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * Principal Highways
 * Secondary Highways
 * External Routes
 * None
 * External Routes
 * None
 * External Routes
 * None


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Liberal Democratic Congress

The Liberal Democratic Congress (Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny (KLD)) was a conservative-liberal political party in Poland.

The party, led by Donald Tusk, had roots in the Solidarity movement. It advocated free market economy and individual liberty (however in Catholic understanding), rejected extremism and fanaticism and favoured European integration (in the form of European Union membership), rapid privatisation of the enterprises still owned by the Polish state and decentralisation of the government.

Until 1991 was a part of the Centre Agreement led by the Kaczyński brothers. In the 1991 general elections KLD got 7.5% of the votes and 37 seats in the Sejm (total 460 seats). In 1993 KLD got 4.0% of the votes and was left without seats.

It merged on March 20, 1994 with the Democratic Union (Unia Demokratyczna) into the Freedom Union (Unia Wolności, UW). Some of the former KLD members decided in January 2001 to move to join the new Civic Platform. The KLD group within Civic Platform is now seen as moderate conservative. The liberal faction within Civic Platform is small and insignificant, represented by such politicians as Bartłomiej Sienkiewicz and Adam Szejnfeld.

title: Liberal Democratic Congress


text:
Rivière-du-Loup Regional County Municipality

Rivière-du-Loup is a regional county municipality in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada. Its most important city is Rivière-du-Loup, which contains more than half of the population.

Major industries include pulp and paper, other wood products, peat products, mineral products and textiles.

The name comes from the French, "River of the Wolf".

Subdivisions
There are 13 subdivisions and one native reserve within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Rivière-du-Loup
 * Saint-Antonin

 * Municipalities (9)
 * Cacouna
 * L'Isle-Verte
 * Notre-Dame-du-Portage
 * Saint-Cyprien
 * Saint-Épiphane
 * Saint-François-Xavier-de-Viger
 * Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup
 * Saint-Modeste
 * Saint-Paul-de-la-Croix

 * Parishes (2)
 * Notre-Dame-des-Sept-Douleurs
 * Saint-Arsène

 * Native Reserves (1) (not associated with RCM)
 * Kataskomiq

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


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Beauce-Centre Regional County Municipality

Beauce-Centre is a regional county municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of southeastern Quebec, Canada. It is located on the Chaudière River, between La Nouvelle-Beauce Regional County Municipality and Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality.

Established in 1982 as the successor to Beauce County under the name Robert-Cliche, Beauce-Centre is made up of ten municipalities and is mainly French-speaking. The territory is a mix of urban and rural. Beauceville, the county seat, is the most populated municipality.

It was originally named after Quebecois politician, writer, lawyer, and judge Robert Cliche. He was born in Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce, one of Beauce-Centre's municipalities. The regional county municipality's name was officially changed on July 30 2022.

Subdivisions
There are 10 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Beauceville
 * Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce

 * Municipalities (4)
 * Saint-Alfred
 * Saint-Joseph-des-Érables
 * Saint-Odilon-de-Cranbourne
 * Saint-Victor

 * Parishes (3)
 * Saint-Frédéric
 * Saint-Jules
 * Saint-Séverin

 * Villages (1)
 * Tring-Jonction

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


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Le Rocher-Percé Regional County Municipality

Rocher-Percé is a regional county municipality in the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Chandler. Prior to July 17, 1999 it was known as Pabok Regional County Municipality.

It is named after Percé Rock (the pierced rock), a massive arched sandstone rock rising from the Atlantic just off the tip of the Gaspé peninsula. The region includes the towns of Percé, Grande-Rivière, Port-Daniel–Gascons and Chandler. Major tourist attractions include the Percé Rock and Bonaventure Island.

Subdivisions
There are 6 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Chandler
 * Grande-Rivière
 * Percé

 * Municipalities (2)
 * Port-Daniel–Gascons
 * Sainte-Thérèse-de-Gaspé

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Mont-Alexandre

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways
 * None

 * External Routes
 * None


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Michael Badalucco

Michael Badalucco (born December 20, 1954) is an American actor. He made his screen debut in the film Raging Bull (1980) and subsequently appeared in many films such as Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), Miller's Crossing (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Mac (1992), Léon: The Professional (1994), Summer of Sam (1999), O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) The Man Who Wasn't There (2001), and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem (2023). His breakthrough role came as attorney Jimmy Berlutti in the television series The Practice (1997–2004), for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1999.

Life and career
Badalucco, an Italian American, was born in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, the son of Jean, a homemaker, and Joe Badalucco, a set dresser, movie set carpenter and property person. His brother is actor Joseph Badalucco Jr., whose most notable role was Jimmy Altieri in the television series The Sopranos.

He attended Xaverian High School in Brooklyn, graduating in 1972. He was the guest speaker at the 2005 commencement. He later attended SUNY New Paltz in New Paltz, New York. Badalucco has been married to Brenda Heyob since 1996.

title: Michael Badalucco


text:
Cubic Hermite spline

In numerical analysis, a cubic Hermite spline or cubic Hermite interpolator is a spline where each piece is a third-degree polynomial specified in Hermite form, that is, by its values and first derivatives at the end points of the corresponding domain interval.

Cubic Hermite splines are typically used for interpolation of numeric data specified at given argument values $$x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$$, to obtain a continuous function. The data should consist of the desired function value and derivative at each $$x_k$$. (If only the values are provided, the derivatives must be estimated from them.) The Hermite formula is applied to each interval $$(x_k, x_{k+1})$$ separately. The resulting spline will be continuous and will have continuous first derivative.

Cubic polynomial splines can be specified in other ways, the Bezier cubic being the most common. However, these two methods provide the same set of splines, and data can be easily converted between the Bézier and Hermite forms; so the names are often used as if they were synonymous.

Cubic polynomial splines are extensively used in computer graphics and geometric modeling to obtain curves or motion trajectories that pass through specified points of the plane or three-dimensional space. In these applications, each coordinate of the plane or space is separately interpolated by a cubic spline function of a separate parameter t. Cubic polynomial splines are also used extensively in structural analysis applications, such as Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. Cubic polynomial splines have also been applied to mortality analysis and mortality forecasting.

Cubic splines can be extended to functions of two or more parameters, in several ways. Bicubic splines (Bicubic interpolation) are often used to interpolate data on a regular rectangular grid, such as pixel values in a digital image or altitude data on a terrain. Bicubic surface patches, defined by three bicubic splines, are an essential tool in computer graphics.

Cubic splines are often called csplines, especially in computer graphics. Hermite splines are named after Charles Hermite.

Unit interval [0, 1]
On the unit interval $$[0,1]$$, given a starting point $$\boldsymbol{p}_0$$ at $$t = 0$$ and an ending point $$\boldsymbol{p}_1$$ at $$t = 1$$ with starting tangent $$\boldsymbol{m}_0$$ at $$t = 0$$ and ending tangent $$\boldsymbol{m}_1$$ at $$t = 1$$, the polynomial can be defined by $$\boldsymbol{p}(t) = \left(2t^3 - 3t^2 + 1\right) \boldsymbol{p}_0 + \left(t^3 - 2t^2 + t\right) \boldsymbol{m}_0 + \left(-2t^3 + 3t^2\right) \boldsymbol{p}_1 + \left(t^3 - t^2\right) \boldsymbol{m}_1,$$ where t ∈ [0, 1].

Interpolation on an arbitrary interval
Interpolating $$x$$ in an arbitrary interval $$(x_k, x_{k+1})$$ is done by mapping the latter to $$[0, 1]$$ through an affine (degree-1) change of variable. The formula is $$\boldsymbol{p}(x) = h_{00}(t) \boldsymbol{p}_k + h_{10}(t) (x_{k+1} - x_k)\boldsymbol{m}_k + h_{01}(t) \boldsymbol{p}_{k+1} + h_{11}(t)(x_{k+1} - x_k)\boldsymbol{m}_{k+1},$$ where $$t = (x - x_k)/(x_{k+1} - x_k)$$, and $$h$$ refers to the basis functions, defined below. Note that the tangent values have been scaled by $$x_{k+1} - x_k$$ compared to the equation on the unit interval.

Uniqueness
The formula specified above provides the unique third-degree polynomial path between the two points with the given tangents.

Proof. Let $$P, Q$$ be two third-degree polynomials satisfying the given boundary conditions. Define $$R = Q - P,$$ then:
 * $$R(0) = Q(0)-P(0) = 0,$$
 * $$R(1) = Q(1) - P(1) = 0.$$

Since both $$Q$$ and $$P$$ are third-degree polynomials, $$R$$ is at most a third-degree polynomial. So $$R$$ must be of the form $$R(x) = ax(x - 1)(x - r).$$ Calculating the derivative gives $$R'(x) = ax(x - 1) + ax(x - r) + a(x - 1)(x - r).$$

We know furthermore that

 * $$R'(0) = Q'(0) - P'(0) = 0,$$

 * $$R'(1) = Q'(1) - P'(1) = 0,$$

Putting ($$) and ($$) together, we deduce that $$a = 0$$, and therefore $$R = 0,$$ thus $$P = Q.$$

Representations
We can write the interpolation polynomial as $$\boldsymbol{p}(t) = h_{00}(t)\boldsymbol{p}_0 + h_{10}(t)(x_{k+1}-x_k)\boldsymbol{m}_0 + h_{01}(t)\boldsymbol{p}_1 + h_{11}(t)(x_{k+1}-x_k)\boldsymbol{m}_1$$ where $$h_{00}$$, $$h_{10}$$, $$h_{01}$$, $$h_{11}$$ are Hermite basis functions. These can be written in different ways, each way revealing different properties:

The "expanded" column shows the representation used in the definition above. The "factorized" column shows immediately that $$h_{10}$$ and $$h_{11}$$ are zero at the boundaries. You can further conclude that $$h_{01}$$ and $$h_{11}$$ have a zero of multiplicity 2 at 0, and $$h_{00}$$ and $$h_{10}$$ have such a zero at 1, thus they have slope 0 at those boundaries. The "Bernstein" column shows the decomposition of the Hermite basis functions into Bernstein polynomials of order 3: $$B_k(t) = \binom{3}{k} \cdot t^k \cdot (1 - t)^{3-k}.$$

Using this connection you can express cubic Hermite interpolation in terms of cubic Bézier curves with respect to the four values $\boldsymbol{p}_0, \boldsymbol{p}_0 + \frac{1}{3} \boldsymbol{m}_0, \boldsymbol{p}_1 - \frac{1}{3} \boldsymbol{m}_1, \boldsymbol{p}_1$ and do Hermite interpolation using the de Casteljau algorithm. It shows that in a cubic Bézier patch the two control points in the middle determine the tangents of the interpolation curve at the respective outer points.

We can also write the polynomial in standard form as $$\boldsymbol{p}(t) = \left(2\boldsymbol{p}_0 + \boldsymbol{m}_0 - 2\boldsymbol{p}_1 + \boldsymbol{m}_1\right) t^3 + \left(-3\boldsymbol{p}_0 + 3\boldsymbol{p}_1 - 2\boldsymbol{m}_0 - \boldsymbol{m}_1\right) t^2 + \boldsymbol{m}_0 t + \boldsymbol{p}_0$$ where the control points and tangents are coefficients. This permits efficient evaluation of the polynomial at various values of t since the constant coefficients can be computed once and reused.

Interpolating a data set
A data set, $$(x_k,\boldsymbol{p}_k)$$ for $$k=1,\ldots,n$$, can be interpolated by applying the above procedure on each interval, where the tangents are chosen in a sensible manner, meaning that the tangents for intervals sharing endpoints are equal. The interpolated curve then consists of piecewise cubic Hermite splines and is globally continuously differentiable in $$(x_1, x_n)$$.

The choice of tangents is not unique, and there are several options available.

Finite difference
The simplest choice is the three-point difference, not requiring constant interval lengths:
 * $$\boldsymbol{m}_k = \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\boldsymbol{p}_{k+1} - \boldsymbol{p}_k}{x_{k+1} - x_k} + \frac{\boldsymbol{p}_k - \boldsymbol{p}_{k-1}}{x_k - x_{k-1}}\right)$$

for internal points $$k = 2, \dots, n - 1$$, and one-sided difference at the endpoints of the data set.

Cardinal spline
A cardinal spline, sometimes called a canonical spline, is obtained if
 * $$\boldsymbol{m}_k = (1 - c) \frac{\boldsymbol{p}_{k+1} - \boldsymbol{p}_{k-1}}{x_{k+1} - x_{k-1}}$$

is used to calculate the tangents. The parameter $$ is a tension parameter that must be in the interval $[0, 1]$. In some sense, this can be interpreted as the "length" of the tangent. Choosing $c = 1$ yields all zero tangents, and choosing $c = 0$ yields a Catmull–Rom spline in the uniform parameterization case.

Catmull–Rom spline
For tangents chosen to be
 * $$\boldsymbol{m}_k = \frac{\boldsymbol{p}_{k+1} - \boldsymbol{p}_{k-1}}{2}$$

a Catmull–Rom spline is obtained, being a special case of a cardinal spline. This assumes uniform parameter spacing.

The curve is named after Edwin Catmull and Raphael Rom. The principal advantage of this technique is that the points along the original set of points also make up the control points for the spline curve. Two additional points are required on either end of the curve. The uniform Catmull–Rom implementation can produce loops and self-intersections. The chordal and centripetal Catmull–Rom implementations solve this problem, but use a slightly different calculation. In computer graphics, Catmull–Rom splines are frequently used to get smooth interpolated motion between key frames. For example, most camera path animations generated from discrete key-frames are handled using Catmull–Rom splines. They are popular mainly for being relatively easy to compute, guaranteeing that each key frame position will be hit exactly, and also guaranteeing that the tangents of the generated curve are continuous over multiple segments.

Kochanek–Bartels spline
A Kochanek–Bartels spline is a further generalization on how to choose the tangents given the data points $$\boldsymbol{p}_{k-1}$$, $$\boldsymbol{p}_k$$ and $$\boldsymbol{p}_{k+1}$$, with three parameters possible: tension, bias and a continuity parameter.

Monotone cubic interpolation
If a cubic Hermite spline of any of the above listed types is used for interpolation of a monotonic data set, the interpolated function will not necessarily be monotonic, but monotonicity can be preserved by adjusting the tangents.

Interpolation on the unit interval with matched derivatives at endpoints
Consider a single coordinate of the points $$\boldsymbol{p}_{n-1}, \boldsymbol{p}_n, \boldsymbol{p}_{n+1}$$ and $$\boldsymbol{p}_{n+2}$$ as the values that a function f(x) takes at integer ordinates x = n − 1, n, n + 1 and n + 2,

 * $$p_n = f(n) \quad \forall n \in \mathbb{Z}.$$

In addition, assume that the tangents at the endpoints are defined as the centered differences of the adjacent points: $$m_n = \frac{f(n + 1) - f(n - 1)}{2} = \frac{p_{n+1} - p_{n-1}}{2} \quad \forall n \in \mathbb{Z}.$$

To evaluate the interpolated f(x) for a real x, first separate x into the integer portion n and fractional portion u:

 * $$x = n + u,$$
 * $$n = \lfloor x \rfloor = \operatorname{floor}(x),$$
 * $$u = x - n = x - \lfloor x \rfloor,$$
 * $$0 \le u < 1,$$

where $$\lfloor x \rfloor$$ denotes the floor function, which returns the largest integer no larger than x.

Then the Catmull–Rom spline is $$\begin{align} f(x) = f(n + u) &= \text{CINT}_u(p_{n-1}, p_n, p_{n+1}, p_{n+2}) \\ &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & u & u^2 & u^3 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\  -\tfrac12 & 0 & \tfrac12 & 0 \\ 1 & -\tfrac52 & 2 & -\tfrac12 \\ -\tfrac12 & \tfrac32 & -\tfrac32 & \tfrac12 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} p_{n-1} \\ p_n \\ p_{n+1} \\ p_{n+2} \end{bmatrix} \\ &= \frac 12 \begin{bmatrix} -u^3 +2u^2 - u \\ 3u^3 - 5u^2 + 2 \\ -3u^3 + 4u^2 + u \\ u^3 - u^2 \end{bmatrix}^\mathrm{T} \begin{bmatrix} p_{n-1} \\ p_n \\ p_{n+1} \\ p_{n+2} \end{bmatrix} \\ &= \frac 12 \begin{bmatrix} u\big((2 - u)u - 1\big) \\ u^2(3u - 5) + 2 \\ u\big((4 - 3u)u + 1\big) \\ u^2(u - 1) \end{bmatrix}^\mathrm{T} \begin{bmatrix} p_{n-1} \\ p_n \\ p_{n+1} \\ p_{n+2} \end{bmatrix} \\ &= \tfrac12 \Big(\big(u^2(2 - u) - u\big) p_{n-1} + \big(u^2(3u - 5) + 2\big) p_n + \big(u^2(4 - 3u) + u\big) p_{n+1} + u^2(u - 1) p_{n+2}\Big) \\ &= \tfrac12 \big((-u^3 + 2u^2 - u) p_{n-1} + (3u^3 - 5u^2 + 2) p_n + (-3u^3 + 4u^2 + u) p_{n+1} + (u^3 - u^2) p_{n+2}\big) \\ &= \tfrac12 \big((-p_{n-1} + 3p_n - 3p_{n+1} + p_{n+2}) u^3 + (2p_{n-1} - 5p_n + 4p_{n+1} - p_{n+2})u^2 + (-p_{n-1} + p_{n+1}) u + 2p_n\big) \\ &= \tfrac12 \Big(\big((-p_{n-1} + 3p_n - 3p_{n+1} + p_{n+2}) u + (2p_{n-1} - 5p_n + 4p_{n+1} - p_{n+2})\big)u + (-p_{n-1} + p_{n+1})\Big)u + p_n, \end{align}$$ where $$\mathrm{T}$$ denotes the matrix transpose. The bottom equality is depicting the application of Horner's method.

This writing is relevant for tricubic interpolation, where one optimization requires computing CINTu sixteen times with the same u and different p.

title: Cubic Hermite spline


text:
LG Electronics

LG Electronics Inc. is a South Korean multinational major appliance and consumer electronics corporation headquartered in Yeouido-dong, Seoul, South Korea. LG Electronics is a part of LG Corporation, the fourth largest chaebol in South Korea, and often considered as the pinnacle of LG Corp with the group's chemical and battery division LG Chem. It comprises four business units: home entertainment, mobile communications, home appliances & air solutions, and vehicle components. LG Electronics acquired Zenith in 1995 and is the largest shareholder of LG Display, the world's largest display company by revenue in 2020. LG Electronics is also the world's second largest television manufacturer behind Samsung Electronics. The company has 128 operations worldwide, employing 83,000 people.

1958–1960s

In 1958, LG Electronics was founded as GoldStar. It was established in the aftermath of the Korean War to provide the rebuilding nation with domestically produced consumer electronics and home appliances. The start of the country's national broadcasting that created a booming electronics market and a close relationship it quickly forged with Hitachi helped GoldStar to produce South Korea's first radios, televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners. GoldStar was one of the LG groups with a brethren company, Lak-Hui (pronounced "Lucky") Chemical Industrial Corp. which is now LG Chem and LG Household & Health Care. GoldStar merged with Lucky Chemical and GoldStar Cable on 28 February 1995, changing the corporate name to Lucky-Goldstar and then finally to LG Electronics.

1970s–1990s
Goldstar first went public in 1970; by 1976, it was producing one million televisions annually. In 1982, Goldstar opened its first overseas factory, which was based in Huntsville, Alabama. In 1994, GoldStar officially adopted the LG Electronics brand and a new corporate logo. In 1995, LG Electronics acquired the US-based TV manufacturer Zenith and absorbed it four years later. Also in that year, LG Electronics made the world's first CDMA digital mobile handsets and supplied Ameritech and GTE in the US, the LGC-330W digital cellular phone. The company was also awarded UL certification in the US. In 1998, LG developed the world's first 60-inch plasma TV and established a joint venture in 1999 with Philips – LG.Philips LCD – which now goes by the name LG Display. In 1999, LG Semiconductor merged with Hynix.

2000s–present
In order to create a holding company, the former LG Electronics was split off in 2002, with the "new" LG Electronics being spun off and the "old" LG Electronics changing its name to LG EI. It was then merged with and into LG CI in 2003 (the legal successor of the former LG Chem), so the company that started as GoldStar does not exist.

LG Electronics plays a large role in the global consumer electronics industry; it was the second-largest LCD TV manufacturer worldwide as of 2013. By 2005, LG was a Top 100 global brand and recorded a brand growth of 14% in 2006. As of 2009, its display manufacturing affiliate, LG Display, was the world's largest LCD panel manufacturer. In 2010, LG Electronics entered the smartphone industry. LG Electronics has since continued to develop various electronic products, such as releasing the world's first 84-inch ultra-HD TV for retail sale.

On 5 December 2012, the antitrust regulators of the European Union fined LG Electronics and five other major companies (Samsung, Thomson since 2010 known as Technicolor, Matsushita which today is Panasonic Corp, Philips and Toshiba) for fixing prices of TV cathode-ray tubes in two cartels lasting nearly a decade.

On 11 June 2015, LG Electronics found itself in the midst of a human rights controversy when The Guardian published an article by Rosa Moreno, a former employee of an LG television assembly factory.

At the end of 2016, LG Electronics merged its German branch (situated in Ratingen) and European headquarter (situated in London) together in Eschborn, a suburb of Frankfurt am Main.

In March 2017, LG Electronics was sued for its handling of hardware failures with recent smartphones such as the LG G4.

Koo Bon-joon, who was the CEO and the current vice chairman of LG Electronics, was replaced by his nephew Koo Kwang-mo in July 2018 as CEO and vice chairman. The move came after the succession of Koo Kwang-mo as the chairman of the parent company LG Corporation who succeeded his adoptive father and uncle Koo Bon-moo after Bon-moo died of a brain tumor on 20 May 2018.

LG announced in November 2018 that Hwang Jeong-hwan, who took the job as president of LG Mobile Communications in October 2017, will be replaced by Brian Kwon, who is head of LG's hugely profitable home entertainment business, from 1 December 2018. Also in 2018, LG decided to stop smartphone production in South Korea to move production to Vietnam, in order to stay competitive. LG said Vietnam provides an "abundant labor force" and that 750 workers at its South Korean handset factory would be relocated to its home appliance plant.

On 5 April 2021, LG announced its withdrawal from the phone manufacturing industry after continuous loss in the market. In 2020, LG faced a loss of 5 trillion won (US$4.4 billion).

In June 2021, the YouTube channel Hardware Unboxed published a video alleging an attempt by a representative of LG to manipulate the review of one of LG's gaming monitors. The representative, in an email shown in the video, attempts to influence the editorial outcome of the review by indicating testing methods and aspects of the display to be followed by the channel. This came a few months after a similar incident between the creators and Nvidia in which Nvidia warned them that if they continue emphasizing on rasterization rather than ray tracing in Nvidia's graphics cards, they would no longer receive review samples.

As of 1 December 2021, the Chief Strategy Officer William Cho will take over for Bong-seok Kwon as the CEO of LG Electronics.

In June 2022, LG acquired AppleMango, a South Korean EV charger manufacturer with a 60% purchase of the company's stocks

In June 2022, the American publication Consumer Reports rated LG home appliances as the most reliable in the U.S. consumer market.

COVID-19 response
On 25 December 2021, LG Electronics launched a video campaign showing some of the initiatives the company has taken during the COVID-19 pandemic to support India. The video shows how the company has handled the pandemic from the beginning and includes urgings of good hygiene practices to include social distancing, hand-washing, mask wearing, and using hand sanitizers.

In a strategy to cope with demand for contactless shopping during the COVID-19 pandemic, LG Electronics has opened a number of unmanned stores that allow for customers to authenticate themselves at the main entrance, check product information, and purchase products using a mobile phone or QR code. The company operates nine unmanned stores and this will increase to 30 by the end of June 2022. These retail locations are only available in South Korea.

United States headquarters

In 2013, LG Electronics USA proposed building a new headquarters in the borough of Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey, including a 143 ft tall building that would stand taller than the tree line of the Hudson Palisades, a US National Natural Landmark. The company proposed to build an environmentally friendly facility in Englewood Cliffs, incidental to Bergen County's per-capita leading Korean American population, having received an initially favorable legal decision concerning building height issues. The plan, while approved by the local government, met with resistance from the segments of the general public as well as government officials in New Jersey and adjacent New York. The initial court decision upholding the local government approval was overturned by a New Jersey appellate court in 2015 and LG subsequently submitted a revised, scaled-down, 64-foot building for approval by the borough of Englewood Cliffs in 2016. LG broke ground on the new US$300 million Englewood Cliffs headquarters on 7 February 2017, to be completed in late 2019.

Products
LG Electronics products include televisions, home theater systems, refrigerators, washing machines, computer monitors, wearable devices, solar modules, smart appliances and formerly smartphones.

Televisions
The LG SL9000 was one of several new Borderless HDTV's advertised for release at IFA Berlin in 2009. LG Electronics launched an OLED TV in 2013 and 65-inch and 77-inch sizes in 2014. LG Electronics introduced its first Internet TV in 2007, originally branded as "Net Cast Entertainment Access" devices. They later renamed the 2011 Internet televisions to "LG Smart TV" when more interactive television features were added, that enable the audience to receive information from the Internet while watching conventional TV programming.

In November 2013, a blogger discovered that some of LG's smart TVs silently collect filenames from attached USB storage devices and program viewing data, and transmit the information to LG's servers and LG-affiliated servers. Shortly after this blog entry went live, LG disabled playback on its site of the video, explaining how its viewer analytics work, and closed the Brightcove account the video was hosted on.

LG manufactures remote control models that use Hillcrest Labs' Freespace technology to allow users to change channels using gestures and Dragon NaturallySpeaking technology for voice recognition.

As of 2014, LG is using webOS with a ribbon interface with some of its smart TVs. LG reported that in the first eight months after release, it had sold over 5 million webOS TVs.

In 2016, exclusively to India, Indian arm of South Korea's LG Electronics Inc started selling a TV that would repel mosquitoes. It uses ultrasonic waves that are silent to humans but cause mosquitoes to fly away. It was released on 16 June 2016. The technology was also used in air conditioners and washing machines. The TV is aimed for lower-income consumers living in conditions that would make them susceptible to mosquitoes.

In 2018, it was reported that LG was planning to sell big-screen televisions that could be rolled up and retract automatically with the push of a button come 2019.

Mobile devices
In April 2021, LG officially confirmed that it will shut down its mobile division. Earlier, there had been rumours that LG considered selling its mobile division with Vingroup and Volkswagen named as potential buyers.

Other than mobile phones, LG Electronics have also made tablet computers like the LG G series complementing the mobile phones. LG also makes laptop computers in the LG Gram line, and previously under the Xnote line (see List of LG laptops).

Mobile phones
LG Electronics used to manufacture mobile phones from 1995 to 2021, selling to the domestic market only (as Cyon) until 2000. It was in the shadow of Samsung Anycall but LG made its breakthrough during the mid and late 2000s: it launched its highly popular LG Chocolate in worldwide in 2006 which popularised touch-sensitivity. The following year it released the world's first capacitive touchscreen phone LG Prada, and Shine, cementing its focus on design: its phones during this era have led to LG being called alongside Apple as one of the pioneers of the rise of touchscreens. By 2008 LG had entered the top 3 worldwide leaders in mobile phones.

There was further success with the Cookie which helped to bring touchscreens to the budget market, and with the Lollipop flip phone that became very popular in South Korea. However the company had trouble with competing in smartphones. In 2010, LG released the Optimus smartphone, which would span into a series. The following year saw the release of the LG Optimus 3D, the world's first mobile phone with glasses-free 3D display, and LG Optimus 2X, the first with a dual-core processor. In 2012 LG worked with Google to build the Nexus 4 smartphone.

Other than the G3, LG officially unveiled the curved smartphone, LG G Flex, on 27 October 2013. At Consumer Electronics Show in January 2014, LG announced a US release for the G2 across several major carriers. In 2015, LG released LG G4 globally in late May through early June. On 7 September 2016, LG unveiled the V20, and the V30 was announced on 31 August 2017. LG G6 was officially announced during MWC 2017 on 26 February 2017. The G7 ThinQ model was announced at a 2 May 2018 media briefing. In 2020, the LG Wing was introduced with two displays and a swivel design.

In April 2021, after months of speculation, LG confirmed that the smartphone division will be officially shut down in July 2021. The decision to shut down LG Mobile came about from poor sales caused by stiff competition from rival Samsung and Chinese brands such as Oppo and Xiaomi. LG became the first major smartphone brand to completely withdraw from the market.

Smart watches
LG and Google announced the Android Wear-based smartwatch, the LG G Watch, that was in June 2014. In August 2014, the LG G Watch R that has a circular face (similar to the Moto 360) was released. The LG Watch Urbane that LG's third Android Wear-based smart watch has released in April 2015. This was the first device to support newer smartwatch features such as Wi-Fi, and new parts of Android Wear's software interface, like the ability to draw emoji to friends.

Rolly keyboard
In 2015, LG announced a Bluetooth keyboard that folds up along the four rows of keys for portability. The Rolly keyboard is made of solid plastic. Two tiny plastic arms fold out from the end of the keyboard to support a tablet or smartphone and it can toggle between two different Bluetooth-connected devices at a time. Battery life is an expected three months on a single AAA battery.

Home appliances
LG manufactures home appliances including refrigerators, washing machines, tumble dryers, vacuum cleaners, air conditioners and microwave ovens. In June 2014, LG Electronics announced the launch of its smart appliances with HomeChat messaging service in South Korea. HomeChat employs LINE, the mobile messenger app from Korean company 'Naver', to let homeowners communicate, control, monitor and share content with LG's smart appliances. Users can send simple messages, such as "start washing cycle," in order to control their washing machines.

In December 2021, LG Electronics announced they were testing an ecologically friendly washing machine that uses liquid carbon dioxide as a cleaner. The company will be conducting a two-year test prove the safety with a goal of having commercial washers in shopping mall laundries. This new process creates no wastewater and will exhaust gas.

Competitive position: innovation
In 2021, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked LG's number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 4th in the world, with 2,759 patent applications being published during 2020. This position is an impressive increase from their previous ranking as 10th in 2019 with 1,646 applications. In the same 2021 report, LG's number of designs in industrial design registrations published under the Hague System was ranked as 1st in the world, with 446 design registrations being published during that year, retaining their previous 1st-place ranking in 2019 for 449 design registrations being published.

Sponsorships
LG Sports Limited, a subsidiary of LG Corporation, owns the Korean Baseball Organisation (KBO) LG Twins (LG 트윈스). Through an acquisition in 1990, the MBC Blue Dragons (who was one of the six original founding members of the KBO in 1982) became the LG Twins. The team has won two Korean Series (1990 and 1994). LG attracts a large attendance of fans and to much of their enjoyment, took third place in the league.

In August 2013, LG Electronics announced that it would sponsor German Bundesliga club Bayer 04 Leverkusen for the next three years with an option to extend for one more year. LG sponsors the International Cricket Council, the world governing body for cricket and also sponsors the ICC Awards.

From 2009 to 2013, LG Electronics sponsored Formula One as a Global Partner and Technology Partner. LG was also an official supplier to Virgin Racing and Lotus Racing team, plus engine manufacturer Cosworth from 2010 to 2012. LG also sponsors London Fashion Week and the LG Arena in Birmingham.

During the period 2001–2003, LG sponsored the snooker Grand Prix. During these years the tournament was known as the LG Cup. In 2008, LG became sponsors of the Extreme Sport 'FSO4 Freeze' festival.

The LG Electronics company in Australia dissolved its sponsorship with cricketer David Warner on 27 March 2018 and dropped him as the brand ambassador of the company over the ball tampering scandal during the third Test of their 2017–18 tempestuous series against South Africa. Warner had an agreement with the company in 2014 and his contract had been planned for renewal.

Environmental record
Choice magazine, in independent tests of popular LG fridge models in 2010, found the energy consumption in two models was higher than claimed by LG. LG was aware of the problem and had offered compensation to affected customers. In 2004, LG made 4A-rated water efficiency claims for numerous washing machines before they were certified. LG gave undertakings to the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission to provide appropriate corrective notices and upgrade and maintain its trade practices compliance program. In 2006, LG overstated energy efficiency on five of its air conditioner models and was again required to offer consumers rebates to cover the extra energy costs.

In March 2018, it was announced that one of LG steam clothing care system earned the Asthma & Allergy Friendly Certification. In May 2020, a deadly gas leak in LG chemical plant in Visakhapatnam killed 12 people. An investigation was set up to look upon the matter revealed many causes for the accident. Improper storage design, haphazard maintenance of the old storage tank, the temperature inside the oldest of the three storage tanks holding styrene monomer, a chemical used in making polystyrene products, rose to more than six times the permitted level due to polymerization, which resulted in the rise of heat due to the chemical reaction are the few causes. It was also suggested to move the company to a less populated area.

Slogans

 * "We Put People First" (1997–1999)
 * "Digitally Yours" (1999–2004)
 * "A Better Life with Digital" (2002–2004)
 * "Life's Good" (1999–present in Australia and 2004–present in the rest of the world)
 * "Innovation for a Better Life" (2016–present)

title: LG Electronics