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Talk:Carnot heat engine

Comments
Is the Carnot cycle real one that we can use it in making engine? The diagram shows the Entropy/Temperature version of the Carnot cycle. I think that most people would find the Pressure/Volume version more meaningful though. -- Derek Ross | Talk

 * Fixed your comments, hope you don't mind. It did not make sense as it was stated in its original form. To answer your question, the Carnot Engine is not an actual device that you can build in your basement. Its a theoretical device which could only function in a complete vaccuum.Sunshine Warrior04 (talk) 06:05, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

agreed128.120.57.116 07:26, 7 December 2006 (UTC) As i understand the significance of Carnot cycle is on it's T/S diagram, not on the p/V.--Arcsinx 22:24, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

The curve over the rectangle is not needed in principle. Supposedly that is the phase-change curve. The illustration is one suitable for presenting that a Rankine (vapor) cycle is in principle equivalent to the Carnot cycle. MGTom 10:09, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)

You might want to look at the diagrams that I made for the Hebrew wikipeida's article: eman 01:49, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In principle: that's it. It would be nice if on the the p-V diagram the hyperbolic nature of the relation would be more evident. Of course the presented processes are on a cut-out of the full p-V diagram, ... Nothing more can be done on the T-s, is dull anyway. MGTom 09:55, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)

Might it be better for the list of steps to read 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-1, given that the processes described happen along the vertices of the graph rather than at the corners? This confused me at first glance, and I think this would remove some of the ambiguity Jakob 19:30, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

I removed figure 2 because it was wrong. It described an external combustion Brayton Cycle instead of a Carnot Cycle. Plc123 01:58, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

It is said at the describeing of a real heat engine, that the temperature of the system is in an open interval of ]TH,TC[, but lower on a picture compareing a real- and the Carnot-cycle both of them shows the temperature in a closed interval of [TH,TC], but the corollary of the 2nd rule of thermodynamics is that only a theoretical cycle (e.g. Carnot cycle) can reach these extreme values...--Arcsinx 23:04, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Reheaters and regenerators
I know little about thermodynamics, but I found this article valuable, although I would suggest that perhaps we need either some explaination for this line:

 * "This can help illustrating, for example, why a reheater or a regenerator can improve thermal efficiency."

...or, perhaps pages that explain what a reheater and a regenerator are.

Thanks to all contributors for the great work.

Eric 18:39, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I have tried to tidy that paragraph but it is still obscur to me what the sentence is getting at. Cutler 15:57, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Benoit
'"Thomas Benoit+Carnot' gets 2 (sic) google hits of which one is a fork of this article. The other doesn't offer much. I have so far found no trace of Thomas Benoit but will keep trying a bit longer.

Is is possible that this is a misprint for Benoit Paul Émile Clapeyron? He would fit. Cutler 16:07, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

I think, based on the Émile Clapeyron entry, that it's more than possible, and I was so bold as to change it. -Paul 02:12, 2005-08-15 (UTC)

Name/move suggestion?
The phrase "Carnot heat engine" is used rarely, if ever in the article, so I think we should move it to "Carnot Cycle".

 * Yes this is a wise suggestion. I will make the change.  The term “Carnot cycle” is one of the most famous terms in all thermodynamics and engine theory.  In 1834, Clapeyron called it a “cycle of operations.”  In the 1850s and 60s Clausius found the them “cycle” to be of such importance that he italicized it; you can read parts of his memoirs here< > Nishkid64 (talk) 20:41, 30 October 2007 (UTC) .  One can pick up any thermodynamics textbook and find the Carnot cycle to be the core of the book.

 * The Carnot heat engine should be a separate article on its own standing. I will start the stub and upload a Carnot heat engine diagram.--Sadi Carnot 20:56, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * How do we see the two articles developing? It seems like we might just redirect 'Carnot heat engine' to 'Carnot cycle'. Thoughts? Tom Harrison Talk 18:51, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I just up loaded two new heat engine diagrams for the Carnot heat engine page:

 * [[Image:Carnot-engine.jpg|200px]], [[Image:Carnot-engine-1824.png|100px]]

 * The Carnot heat engine is an historical topic, e.g. Cengel and Boles’ Thermodynamics (textbook) has a separate section for each, one for the engine, one for the cycle. The main focus of the cycle should be on the PV-diagram, reversibility, and work-output, etc.; the engine article, the most famous of all engine models, should talk about efficiency, the second law, temperatures differences, structural configurations, etc.  This is just a quick sketch.--Sadi Carnot 20:52, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Equation 3?
i had no idea what this was referring to until i looked at Carnot cycle. someone needs to fix this. looks like a lot of duplication, etc.

Wait! Carnot Cycle redirects here while Carnot cycle is a different article. great job guys! ;) --pfunk42 04:15, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I've fixed the redirect. Thanks for pointing it out. Tom Harrison Talk 13:24, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Gas Turbine addition
I really don't like the addition of the gas turbine diagram and plots. PAR 18:18, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It gives the impression that the Carnot cycle is equivalent to a gas turbine engine.
 * The diagram gives no explanation of how it relates to a Carnot cycle.
 * The plots of efficiency are simple plots of 1-Th/Tc, and they take up a lot of room for such a simple equation.
 * This is an application, its not a demonstration of the Carnot cycle.

Equations - not well explained
Why does this page have surface integrals and line integrals before simpler equations relating to carnot efficiency? The article doesn't even explain that those integrals *are* surface integrals and line integrals - and it doesn't label its variables well. This page needs to work on its accessibility to non-experts. Fresheneesz 00:09, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree, casually passing by to grab the formula for physics homework I was disapointed that the simple equations were not present on the page. ~AlvinBlah

I have a couple of comments: first, note that a complaint concerning equation 3 is in its own section on this talk page and should be relocated here; and, second, I notices that, unless its farther down on the page somewhere, η (eta) doesn't seem to reside in the list of variables put by one of the authors after equation 1. BCG999 Out.  (talk) 17:07, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

use?
i've never heard of anyone actually using the cycle in a real engine-is this simply because of the large volume requirements, or the result of something else? 69.163.197.224 14:45, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * impracticality. notice that a lot of assumptions made about the cycle is impossible to achieve in practice. as stated in the intro of article, the cycle is reversible, i.e. it creates no entropy, i.e. it has perfect efficiency (for any given TH and TC). the Carnot cycle is something one aims to achieve. the closer to the Carnot cycle the better the engine, although one usually doesn't even come close. Mct mht 16:02, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Carnot cycle sure has a very good efficiency, but it needs an infinite amount of time in order for the system to give/receive energy isothermally. So that power output=0W. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eric DUMINIL (talk • contribs) 11:05, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

it's theory -- you use it rhetorically
for instance, you can talk about the carnot cycle when calculating the energy savings from rigging a fountain pump to the condensation outlet vent on your air conditioner and squirting the condensate onto the radiator outside your house, just for instance mind you —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.190.202.56 (talk) 03:34, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

T-V or P-V diagrams
Shouldn't we have T-V or P-V diagrams too instead of just T-S diagrams to explain the cycle better? 220.227.165.210 (talk) 08:42, 15 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually just P-V diagrams to calculate the work done. 220.227.165.210 (talk) 08:44, 15 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Gah I'm confused 220.227.165.210 (talk) 08:47, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Wrong Carnot
Wasn't it developed by Lazare Carnot??? 88.104.47.64 (talk) 13:04, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Who is Gangbangin Gallagher?
I came across this article just perusing Wikipedia, and I was struck by this name. Does anyone know who Gangbangin Gallagher is, as mentioned in the "Modern Diagram" section? Sounds like a Wikibomb. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.171.198.15 (talk) 02:12, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Edited the part on real engines
Hi, I tried to edit the section on real engines. Hopefully it is correct and makes things a little clearer. Please let me know of suggestions to improve this. I was also wondering about editing the page on the Clausius Theorem, since that too doesn't seem well explained at all. Thanks Aritrop (talk) 22:20, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:57, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Figures
Some figures are numbered, some are not. The figure that seems to be called "(1)" (but never directly referenced by the text) contains three colors, but the legend claims two different meanings for the color blue, while not identifying what the color turquoise is supposed to be.Ronburk (talk) 10:27, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

 * The (1) style numbers are actually for the equations on the left, not the figures on the right. I have added dashed lines to clarify it. Not so pretty but maybe another editor can do something nicer.
 * The 2 blues are slightly different shades but it is not very clear. Unfortunately I am not clear myself what the turquoise represents.  Stepho  talk 11:39, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

Merge?
Why do we have both this article, and a Carnot cycle article, talking about the same thing? Geoffrey.landis (talk) 14:53, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

Nonsense
The caption to one of the diagrams has:

< The entropy of a real material changes with temperature >

No, it doesn't. Consider, for example, the isentropic compression (or expansion) of a gas.

86.130.154.59 (talk) 10:46, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Most efficient engine or most efficient heat engine?
Just saw by User:Stepho-wrs, where he made the change from The Carnot engine is the most efficient engine which is theoretically possible -> to -> The Carnot engine is the most efficient heat engine which is theoretically possible, as other type of engines exist. While that is true, I also wonder, isn't the Carnot engine the most efficient engine, full stop? I do believe it is, but it would be nice if someone else could confirm or deny. Thanks. AdrianHObradors (talk) 11:05, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The mathematics in the article are stated in terms of heat engines. Therefore, they can only prove proves things about heat engines. Therefore they can't say anything about non-heat engines. To say that Carnot engines are the most efficient of all possible types of engines requires a reliable reference to back it up. I might possibly be wrong about electrical engines being more efficient but it would still need a reference as soon as we talk about anything besides heat engines. When I do searches about the efficiency of Carnot engines from reliable sources, they always qualify it as the Carnot engine being the most efficient heat engine.  Stepho  talk 11:50, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi @Stepho-wrs! Yeah, I have been thinking about it and it is probably right to leave it as "heat engine". It probably gets too complicated anyway to measure efficiency with other engines. If we are talking about an electric motor, it is turning electricity to mechanical energy, but that electricity must have come from another engine. It is an interesting subject, I might bring it up on WP:RD/S. AdrianHObradors (talk) 12:36, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * No problem.  Stepho  talk 12:47, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carnot heat engine


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User talk:Tom (renamed)

Not aka Hawstom

Thank you for alerting me as to the user cleanup situation. I was not aware of this prior to your message. Thank you, and i'll stop recklessly deleting things from now on. --Thirteen 13 00:31, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Request for Usurpation
Hello, Tom. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over," your username because you have not used it to edit, and another user would like to use it to edit. Usurpation says that any unused username may be usurped if the user is given thirty days notice to object and does not do so.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Tom (renamed)


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Category:Shapeshifting

This category contains articles about works and topics that include themes of shapeshifting. Please do not categorize individual characters in this category.

title: Category:Shapeshifting


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User talk:Fuzheado/metrics

Please update this page! +sj + 00:31, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Please update this page!--Shtove 21:24, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fuzheado/metrics


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Talk:Harold C. Urey

Untitled
I need 3 hypothises on The Origin Of Life.

title: Talk:Harold C. Urey


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The Rape of Lucrece

The Rape of Lucrece (1594) is a narrative poem by William Shakespeare about the legendary Roman noblewoman Lucretia. In his previous narrative poem, Venus and Adonis (1593), Shakespeare had included a dedicatory letter to his patron, the Earl of Southampton, in which he promised to compose a "graver labour". Accordingly, The Rape of Lucrece has a serious tone throughout.

The poem begins with a prose dedication addressed directly to the Earl of Southampton, which begins, "The love I dedicate to your Lordship is without end." It refers to the poem as a pamphlet, which describes the form of its original publication of 1594.

The dedication is followed by "The Argument", a prose paragraph that summarizes the historical context of the poem, which begins in medias res.

The poem contains 1,855 lines, divided into 265 stanzas of seven lines each. The meter of each line is iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme for each stanza is ABABBCC, a format known as "rhyme royal", which has been used by Geoffrey Chaucer, John Milton and John Masefield.

Setting
The poem is set just before the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC. The poem's locations are Rome, Ardea, twenty-four miles south of Rome, and Collatium, ten miles east of Rome.

Characters

 * Lucrece – An honorable woman
 * Collatine – Lucrece's husband, an officer in the Roman army
 * Tarquin (Sextus Tarquinius) – Son of king Lucius Tarquinius and an officer in the Roman army, who rapes Lucrece
 * Lucretius – Lucrece's father
 * Junius Brutus – Friend to Collatine and Lucretius
 * A Messenger
 * Lucius Tarquinius (Tarquin the Proud) – King of Rome and Tarquin's father
 * Servius Tullius – Father-in-law of Lucius Tarquinius
 * Publius Valerius – Friend of Collatine and Lucretius

Synopsis
One evening, in the town of Ardea, where a battle is being fought, two leading Roman soldiers, Tarquin and Collatine, are talking. Collatine describes his wife, Lucrece, in glowing terms—she is beautiful and chaste. The following morning, Tarquin travels to Collatine's home. Lucrece welcomes him. Tarquin entertains her with stories of her husband's deeds on the battlefield.

Tarquin spends the night at Collatine's house, and is torn by his desire for Lucrece. His desire overcomes him, and he goes to Lucrece's chamber, where she is asleep. He reaches out and touches her breast, which wakes her up. She is afraid. He tells her that she must give in to him, or else he will kill her. He also threatens to cause her dishonor by murdering a slave and placing the two bodies in each other's arms, and then he would claim that he killed her because he discovered them in this embrace. If she would give in to him, Tarquin promises to keep it all secret. Lucrece pleads with him to no avail. He rapes her.

Full of shame and guilt, Tarquin sneaks away. Lucrece is devastated, furious and suicidal. She writes a letter to her husband, asking him to come home. When Collatine gets home, Lucrece tells him the whole story, but doesn't say who did it. Collatine demands to know. Before she tells him, Lucrece gets the soldiers, who are also there, to promise to avenge this crime. She then tells her husband who did it, and she immediately pulls out a knife, stabs herself and dies. Collatine's grief is so great that he wants to kill himself, as well. His friend, Brutus, suggests that revenge is a better choice. The soldiers carry Lucrece's body through the streets of Rome. The citizens, angered, banish Tarquin and his family.

Publication and title
The Rape of Lucrece was entered into the Stationers' Register on 9 May 1594, and published later that year, in a quarto printed by Richard Field for the bookseller John Harrison ("the Elder"); Harrison sold the book from his shop at the sign of the White Greyhound in St. Paul's Churchyard. The title given on the title page was simply Lucrece, though the running title throughout the volume, as well as the heading at the beginning of the text is The Rape of Lucrece. Harrison's copyright was transferred to Roger Jackson in 1614; Jackson issued a sixth edition (O5) in 1616. Other octavo editions followed in 1624, 1632 and 1655. The poem went through eight editions before 1641.

Historical background
The Rape of Lucrece draws on the story described in both Ovid's Fasti and Livy's History of Rome. Both authors were writing a few centuries after the events occurred, and their histories are not accepted as strictly accurate, partly because Roman records were destroyed by the Gauls in 390 BC, and the histories prior to that have been mixed with legends.

The Roman king was Lucius Tarquinius, or Tarquin. Because of his arrogance and his tyranny, he is also known as Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud). Lucius Tarquinius had killed his brother-in-law and father to become king of Rome. His son, Sextus Tarquinius, heir to the throne, is the rapist of the story. At the beginning of the poem the Roman army is waging war on a tribe known as the Volscians, who had claimed territory south of Rome. The Romans are laying siege to Ardea, a Volscian city 20 miles south of Rome.

In 509 BC, Sextus Tarquinius, son of the king of Rome, raped Lucretia (Lucrece), wife of Collatinus, one of the king's aristocratic retainers. As a result, Lucrece committed suicide. Her body was paraded in the Roman Forum by the king's nephew. This incited a full-scale revolt against the Tarquins led by Lucius Junius Brutus, the banishment of the royal family, and the founding of the Roman Republic.

Titus Andronicus
The Rape of Lucrece is also closely related to the early Roman tragedy Titus Andronicus (c. 1590–1594). In this revenge play, when the raped and mutilated Lavinia reveals the identity of her rapists, her uncle Marcus invokes the story of Lucrece to urge an oath to revenge the crime: "And swear with me—as, with the woeful fere / And father of that chaste dishonoured dame, / Lord Junius Brutus swore for Lucrece' rape— / That we will prosecute by good advice / Mortal revenge upon these traitorous Goths, / And see their blood, or die with this reproach" (4.1.89–94).

The Taming of the Shrew
In The Taming of the Shrew Act 2, Scene 1, Petruchio promises Baptista, the father of Katherine (the Shrew), that once he marries Katherine "for patience she will prove second Grisel, / And Roman Lucrece for her chastity" (2.1.292–293).

Twelfth Night
In Twelfth Night, Maria's letter in Olivia's handwriting designed to gull Malvolio reads: "I may command where I adore; but silence, like a Lucrece knife, With bloodless stroke my heart doth gore: M, O, A, I, doth sway my life." As Malvolio interprets the "fustian riddle", Olivia's inability or unwillingness to speak of her love for him is killing her, like the literal knife of Lucretia's suicide. Malvolio also notes that Olivia uses an image of Lucrece as a personal seal, and it is this that convinces him the letter is from Olivia.

Macbeth
The rapist Tarquin is also mentioned in Macbeth's soliloquy from Act 2 Scene 1 of Macbeth: "wither'd Murther ... With Tarquin's ravishing strides, towards his design / Moves like a ghost" (2.1.52–56). Tarquin's actions and cunning are compared with Macbeth's indecision—both rape and regicide are unforgivable crimes.

Cymbeline
Shakespeare retains the essence of the classic story, incorporating Livy's account that Tarquin's lust for Lucrece sprang from her husband's own praise of her. Shakespeare later used the same idea in the late romance Cymbeline (c. 1609–10). In this play, Iachimo bets Posthumus (Imogen's husband) that he can make Imogen commit adultery with him. He does not succeed. However, Iachimo convinces Posthumus otherwise using information about Imogen's bedchamber and body. Iachimo hid in a trunk which was delivered to Imogen's chamber under the pretence of safekeeping some jewels, a gift for her father, King Cymbeline. The scene in which he emerges from the trunk (2.2) mimics the scene in The Rape of Lucrece. Iachimo compares himself to Tarquin in the scene: "Our Tarquin thus, / Did softly press the rushes ere he waken'd / The chastity he wounded" (2.2.12–14).

Analysis and criticism
The Rape of Lucrece, one of Shakespeare's earliest works, was published one year after Venus and Adonis. It is seen as a tragic narrative poem, that is extremely rich in poetic images, fancies, and metaphors. It tells a moralistic tale of a bad deed, what caused it, how it occurred, and the tragic result.

In a post-structuralist analysis of the poem, Joel Fineman argues that The Rape of Lucrece, like Shakespeare's sonnets, deconstructs the traditional poetics of praise. Fineman observes that the tragic events of the poem are set in motion precisely by Collatine's hyperbolic praise of Lucrece; it is his "boast of Lucrece' sov'reignty" (29) that kindles Tarquin's profane desire. It is not the fact of Lucrece's chastity, but rather the fact that her husband praises her with the "name of 'chaste'" that inspires Tarquin's crime: "Haply, that name of 'chaste' unhapp'ly set / This bateless edge on his keen appetite" (8–9). Collatine's praise paradoxically creates the circumstances that will ruin both the woman that he praises and the integrity of the rhetoric of praise itself. Furthermore, the poem itself draws attention to its own complicity in Collatine's fatal rhetoric of praise: "the poem itself performs or activates this same praising word of which it speaks" by citing, in the first line of the second stanza, its own use of "chaste" in the last line of the first stanza: "Collatine's fair love, Lucrece the chaste" (7). To Fineman, the poem's initial self-citation is just one example of how the "poem's own rhetoricity is... performatively implicated in the rape it reports". In other words, the opening of the poem highlights an intrinsic link between the language of poetic praise and sexual violence. In these same opening stanzas, The Rape of Lucrece also acknowledges how its own poetic rhetoric is part of this larger literary tradition which yokes praise and violence.

Jane Newman's feminist analysis of the poem focuses on its relationship to the myth of Philomel and Procne from Book VI of the Metamorphoses by Ovid. In Newman's reading, the tradition of violent female revenge for rape represented by the myth of Philomel is repressed in Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece. Shakespeare's poem faintly alludes to Ovid's myth, but does not present Procne and Philomel's method of revenge as an authentic option for Lucrece. Although Lucrece maintains the ability to speak after the rape (in contrast to the mutilated Philomel who loses all speech), Newman argues that the poem actually limits Lucrece's ability to act precisely by celebrating her self-sacrifice: "The apparent contrast of a silent Philomela, robbed of the potential for such an impact on the political moment to which she belongs, effectively casts Lucretia's suicide as the only form of political intervention available to women." Ironically, Lucrece's rhetorical eloquence blocks the possibility that she herself could seek out a more active, violent retribution on Tarquin, her rapist, and the monarchical regime that he represents. Instead, her revenge must be carried out by male agents acting in her name, particularly Brutus, the founder of the Roman Republic, who imitates Lucrece's self-sacrificing rhetoric as he leads the rebellion against Tarquin's father, the king of Rome.

title: The Rape of Lucrece


text: Category:American football teams

title: Category:American football teams


text:
Giovanni Ciccotti

Giovanni Ciccotti (born 19 December 1943, in Rome Italy) is an Italian physicist.

Ciccotti held the position of Professor of the Structure of Matter at the University of Rome La Sapienza until 2013. He is the author of more than a hundred articles on molecular dynamics and statistical mechanics. He worked with J.P. Ryckaert on new methods for molecular dynamics on constrained systems. See also SHAKE algorithm.

He has edited several books on molecular dynamics and statistical mechanics developments, including:

 * 1)  "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Statistical Mechanical Systems", E. Fermi 1985 Summer School. G. Ciccotti and W. G. Hoover Eds. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1986.
 * 2) "Simulation of Liquids and Solids. Molecular Dynamics and MonteCarlo Methods in Statistical Mechanics. A reprint Book". G. Ciccotti, D. Frenkel and I. R. Mc Donald, Eds. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1987.
 * 3) "MonteCarlo and Molecular Dynamics of Condensed Matter Systems", Euroconference 1995, K. Binder and G. Ciccotti, Eds., SIF, Bologna, 1996.
 * 4) "Simulation of Classical and Quantum Dynamics in Condensed Phase", Euroconference 1997, B. J. Berne, G. Ciccotti and D. F. Coker, Eds. World Scientific, Singapore, 1998.

title: Giovanni Ciccotti


text:
Anthony Spilotro

Anthony John Spilotro (May 19, 1938 – June 14, 1986), nicknamed "Tony the Ant", was an American mobster and high-ranking member of the Chicago Outfit who operated in Las Vegas during the 1970s and '80s. Spilotro managed the Outfit's illegal casino profits (the "skim") when four of the casinos, the Stardust, the Fremont, the Hacienda and the Marina, were managed by Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, replacing Outfit member John Roselli. He was also the leader of the "Hole in the Wall Gang", a burglary crew he formed when he moved to Las Vegas in 1971.

Spilotro eventually ran afoul of his superiors in Chicago over his handling of their Las Vegas concerns, and they arranged his murder on June 14, 1986. Spilotro's criminal career was detailed in Nicholas Pileggi's true crime book Casino, and served as the basis for the character Nicky Santoro in Martin Scorsese's adaptation of that book by the same name in 1995.

Early life
Anthony Spilotro was born in Chicago, Illinois, the fourth of six children to Pasquale "Patsy" Spilotro Sr. and Antoinette Spilotro. He attended Burbank Elementary School in his childhood and entered Steinmetz High School in 1953. Spilotro's father had emigrated from Triggiano, Province of Bari, Italy, and had arrived at Ellis Island in 1914. Both parents ran Patsy's Restaurant, which was frequented by mobsters such as Sam Giancana, Jackie "The Lackey" Cerone, Gus Alex and Francesco "Frank the Enforcer" Nitti.

Spilotro and four of his brothers (John, Vincent, Victor and Michael) became involved in criminal activity starting at an early age; after the deaths of Spilotro and Michael, Victor would be inducted into the Chicago Outfit a year later in 1987. The remaining brother, "Patrick" Pasquale Jr., became a dentist. Spilotro started his criminal career alongside his boyhood friend of Frank Cullotta, engaging in theft, burglary and murder.

Spilotro was nicknamed "Tony the Ant" by the media after FBI Special Agent William Roemer publicly referred to him as "that little pissant." Since the media could not use "pissant", they changed it to "the Ant".

The Hole in the Wall Gang
In 1971, Spilotro moved to Las Vegas to help oversee the local concerns of the Chicago Outfit, which controlled four casinos on the Las Vegas Strip: the Stardust, the Fremont, the Hacienda and the Marina. Bored with his new assignment, Spilotro formed a burglary crew later dubbed the "Hole in the Wall Gang." The crew got its name from its penchant for drilling through the exterior walls and ceilings of the locations they burglarized. In early 1979, Cullotta moved to Las Vegas to join Spilotro.

On July 4, 1981, the Hole in the Wall Gang robbed Bertha's Gifts & Home Furnishings on East Sahara Avenue. The robbery was a bust as much of the gang was arrested, including Cullotta, Joe Blasko, Leo Guardino, Ernest Davino, Lawrence Neumann and Wayne Matecki—each charged with burglary, conspiracy to commit burglary, attempted grand larceny and possession of burglary tools. Around this time, Spilotro had an affair with Geri McGee, the wife of Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, whose casinos Spilotro had been sent to oversee.

In 1982, Cullotta was imprisoned and approached by the FBI with a wiretap of Spilotro talking with someone about "having to clean our dirty laundry", which Cullotta took as an insinuated contract on his life. Due to this, in July 1982, Cullotta finalized an agreement with the prosecutors. In September 1983, Spilotro was indicted for conspiracy and obstruction of justice in the Sherwin "Jerry" Lisner murder and released on $100,000 bail.

At a trial in October 1983, Cullotta admitted that he was involved in over 300 crimes, including four murders, perjury, robberies, and burglaries. He also testified that Spilotro, his boss in Las Vegas, ordered him to make a telephone call that lured one of the 1962 murder victims, William McCarthy, to a fast food restaurant. McCarthy and James Miraglia were found dead in the trunk of a car on May 14, 1962. McCarthy's head had been placed in a vise and his throat slashed, while Miraglia was strangled. Spilotro was acquitted later that year. Spilotro's defense attorney was future Las Vegas mayor Oscar Goodman.

Death and aftermath
Spilotro and his brother Michael disappeared on June 14, 1986, after they drove away together from Michael's Oak Park home. Michael's wife, Anne, reported both brothers missing on June 16. Michael's car, a 1986 Lincoln, was recovered several days later in a motel parking lot near O'Hare International Airport. On June 22, their bodies were found, one on top of the other and stripped down to their undershorts, buried in a cornfield in the Willow Slough preserve near Enos, Indiana. The freshly turned earth had been noticed by a farmer who thought that the remains of a deer killed out of season had been buried there by a poacher and notified authorities.

An autopsy completed on June 24 identified their cause of death as blunt force trauma, and ascertained that they had been dead since June 14. They were identified by dental charts supplied by their dentist brother, Patrick Spilotro. The two were buried in a family plot at Queen of Heaven Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois, on June 27.

The Spilotro brothers' fate had been sealed in January 1986. In the wake of the imprisonment of Joseph Aiuppa and John Cerone for skimming Las Vegas casino profits, a meeting was held that month at the Czech Lodge in North Riverside, Illinois. Most of the 'upper echelon' were there, including Outfit boss Tony "Joe Batters" Accardo. Accardo decided to appoint Samuel Carlisi as the "Street Boss" in charge of Outfit operations to replace Aiuppa. Carlisi told the group that Accardo would stay on as consigliere and would have the final say, as well as Gus Alex staying head of the connection guys. He then went on to the first problem: Spilotro, and how things had gone down since he took over Vegas. Mobster and mob enforcer Rocco Infelice said, "Hit him." Everyone else at the meeting agreed. After his murder, Spilotro was replaced in Las Vegas by Donald "The Wizard of Odds" Angelini.

Although the original reports stated the Spilotros were beaten and buried in the Enos, Indiana cornfield, mobster Nicholas Calabrese testified at the "Operation Family Secrets" in 2007 that the brothers were killed in a Bensenville, Illinois, basement first, where the Spilotros believed Michael would be inducted into The Outfit, then their bodies were transported to the cornfield. According to court testimony, when Tony entered the basement and realized what was about to occur, he asked if he could "say a prayer".

No arrests were made until April 25, 2005, when 14 members of the Chicago Outfit (including reputed boss James Marcello) were indicted for 18 murders, including the Spilotros'. The suspected murderers included capo Albert Tocco from Chicago Heights, Illinois, who was sentenced to 200 years in prison in 1990, after his wife testified against him. She testified that, in 1986, she drove her husband from an Indiana cornfield where he told her he had just buried Spilotro.

On May 18, 2007, the star witness in the government's case against the 14 Chicago mob figures, Nicholas Calabrese, pleaded guilty to taking part in a conspiracy that included 18 murders. Under heavy security, Calabrese admitted that he took part in planning or carrying out 14 of the murders including the Spilotro killings. He became the key witness against his brother, Frank Calabrese Sr., and other major mob figures charged in the government's Family Secrets Trial. Calabrese agreed to testify after the FBI showed him DNA evidence linking him to the murder of fellow hit-man John Fecarotta who was also allegedly involved in the Spilotro slayings.

In September 2007 Frank Calabrese Sr. and four other men—Marcello, Joseph Lombardo, Paul "The Indian" Schiro, and former Chicago police officer Anthony "Twan" Doyle—were convicted of mob-related crimes. On September 27, 2007 Marcello was found guilty by a federal jury in the murders of both Spilotro brothers. On February 5, 2009 Marcello was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Spilotro murders, and United States District Judge James Zagel, agreeing with the presentation made by federal prosecutor Markus Funk, also found Marcello responsible for the D'Andrea murder as well even though the jury had deadlocked on that count. On March 26, 2009, Nicholas Calabrese was sentenced to 12 years and four months imprisonment.

In a 2010 interview with Maxim magazine, while promoting the opening of the Las Vegas Mob Experience at the Tropicana Hotel, Tony Spilotro's son Vincent claimed that the real target of those who killed the Spilotro brothers was Michael Spilotro and that Tony was killed to prevent any revenge.

Suspect in gangland slayings
By the time of his death in 1986, the FBI suspected Spilotro was involved in 22 or 25 murders, including those of:

 * Sam DeStefano on April 14, 1973.
 * former Chicago Outfit boss Sam Giancana on June 19, 1975.
 * William McCarthy and James Miraglia.
 * William "Action" Jackson.

In popular culture
In the 1980s NBC series Crime Story, the character of mobster Ray Luca is based on Anthony Spilotro.

Martin Scorsese's film Casino (1995) is based on the Las Vegas careers of Spilotro and Rosenthal, on whom the characters Nicholas "Nicky" Santoro (played by Joe Pesci) and Sam "Ace" Rothstein (played by Robert De Niro) were based. Nearing the end of the film, Nicky and his brother Dominick (Philip Suriano), based on Tony's brother Michael Spilotro, are shown being beaten with metal baseball bats (Nicky's skull being fractured in the process) and then buried alive in an Indiana cornfield by their associate Frank Marino (Frank Vincent), based on Frank Cullotta, and the rest of Nicky's crew.

title: Anthony Spilotro


text:
Category:South Gloucestershire District

South Gloucestershire is a district with unitary authority status in South West England. It was created in 1996 when the administrative county of Avon was abolished, by the merger of the districts of Kingswood and Northavon. Until the formation of Avon in 1974, both these areas were in the administrative county of Gloucestershire.

The district borders the city of Bristol, the unitary district of Bath and North East Somerset, the shire county of Gloucestershire and the shire county of Wiltshire. South Gloucestershire lies within the historic and ceremonial county of Gloucestershire.

title: Category:South Gloucestershire District


text: Category:Defunct American football leagues


text:
User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive June 2004

WHEELER?
I am so tired of this place. I can't get anything done. It is just constant fighting to maintain simple truths of definition. I can't move to other things because there is a constant revert war on everything. I come up Western Culture. It gets turned around to some kind of leftist thing. The Classic Definition of a Republic is destroyed by editing by liberals. These people don't have a clue to what they are talking about. Yet they presuppose their superiority. If they knew anything they would have written it first. Nothing means nothing anymore. What's the point here? It is nothing but disgusting. I do hard work and someone comes by and messes with it.

What's the point here? NPOV only means Leftist slant to everything here.

Is there something to do with starting a Christian wikipedia because this is just absolute nonsense to keep fighting with these stupid people. That is why I left college. It wasn't about learning at all. I wasn't learning anything at college. It is all propaganda. I want to go someplace else this place is disgusting. kAnd this place is about propaganda. It isn't about experts writing about anything.

I read the Doctrine of Fascism, I get reverted by a bunch of yahoos that don't read it. I can't stand this idiotic nonsense.

And I don't like this new format. I like the old one. 198.108.150.2 15:27, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * You are being annoyed by some of the strengths of the wikipedia. For example, the constant editing by random people (largely Left-wing academics). That is good because it keeps things fresh, and because eventually, theoretically, we will end up w better content than any one of us alone could write. I have been a pollster, and often read surveys, and the sad truth is the more educated people are Left wing, generally. Thats because the schools teach them to be. Whats to be done? Check out this test http://politicalcompass.org/ It says I'm Left-wing too... ;) Sam Spade 15:36, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Kev
'They underline your POV here, and the difficulty it causes you in thinking outside the box.'
 * Hearing that from the person who decided to create a VfD on the libertarian socialism page based mainly on the fact that he had never heard of it before is a very bad joke. Kev

'Firstly you assume that a stateless society could ever be desireable.'
 * There are people who desire it, thus it is desirable for those people. For you to deny this is the height of arrogance. Even if you were playing on the "there has never been an instance of stateless society" card you would be wrong. There have been isolated instances of stateless society, some of those have included modern anarchists, and many of those anarchists did desire such a society before, during, and after its existence. It really is amazing that you are so full of yourself that you can crassly deny the very desires of those you disagree with. Kev

'Secondly you bypass completely the glaring possibility that Anarchists have something entirely other in mind than a long term state of anarchy.'
 * I am an anarchist, I desire a long term anarchist society. All the major anarchist theorist and the vast majority of their followers have said exactly the same thing, and I see no reason to call them liars. If it so happens that you don't believe them, your personal opinion that they (and myself) are all involved in some kind of grand lie is not sufficent evidence to deny the very expression of their desires. Honestly, how dare you dictate to other people what they want or don't want. What right do you have to tell me and others what we are allowed to desire and what we are not? Kev

'Something similar to how people have always responded to anarchy? The rapid aquisition of power, the manipulation of chaos, and the installation of totalitarianism?'
 * Funny, there is a whole class of people who have not responded to anarchism in such a way when it occurs. They are called anarchists. That you are a statist who would seek a rapid acquisition of power in the absence of authority does not mean that I am, and your idle speculation as to our ulterior motives does not belong in wikipedia articles. Kev

'Anarchy leads to warlordism which leads to totalitarianism.'
 * Are you STILL unable to tell the difference between the word anarchy and anarchism? Are you for real, or just trolling wikipedia? The fact that most (not all) attempts at anarchism (not anarchy) in the past were crushed by overwhelming force of statists like yourself is NOT a reflection of the values of the anarchists who are hung in your streets and shot in your jails, it is a reflection of YOUR values. Kev 16:54, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

User talk spam
Thank you for the welcome message you left in my user talk page, however, I've been on Wikipedia for a while (albeit usually logged out). Looking like generic boilerplate, I decided to check your contributions to see if you posted the message to other people's user talk, which was the case. I understand that you're trying to be friendly, but you are inadvertently spamming, especially since user talk pages are usually linked to email.

If you feel that newcomers may feel overwhelmed, perhaps the "Welcome, newcomers" page should be made shorter and more user-friendly, and more prominently linked-to from the front page instead of sending out messages.

BTW, sorry if I came off a bit insulting, but this is just text (as opposed to speech), and I don't really think :-)s were quite appropriate.

--Ldrhcp 21:24, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

"hate speech" NPOV
Please review. Sam Spade 03:09, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Please explain. Why did you not start with the sentences about whose weaknesses we both agreed? Rather than just reverting disagreemtns we should be worked out on talk. Get-back-world-respect 03:56, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree generally, but the edits I reverted placed the extremely POV term "Hate speech" (have a look at the article on "hate speech", a more intellectually and morally repugnant attempt at enforcing thoughtcrime than this term escapes me..) and simultaneously removed cited information. One of them also contained a serious grammer error. Perhaps you are right that I should have strove to make such edits as might have been mutually agreeable, but they were not immediately obvious. I would have improved those passages we agreed were difficult some time back if I has possessed the muse to do so. Some of your statements in talk suggest to me that you might find some use in the link above. If so, please do avail yourself of such. Sam Spade 22:15, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * If you know a better term please use it, I think hatespeech is entirely accurate when calling the president of another country "a balding Jean of Arc in drag" or claiming that he "[www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/899082/posts and his poodle (sic!) Putin]" had "severly damaged the United Nations". If you see grammar errors please correct them, do not intertwine that with alleged lack of neutrality. The removing of cited "information" was explained to you. Get-back-world-respect 22:45, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I understand your POV. I object to your placing loaded words within the article itself however, and am concerned by your use of it in talk. Having an opinion is ok, expressing it is acceptable, and placing it in the article is against policy. You clearly think that this is an example of "Hate Speech", and by default agree that there exists such a thing as "Hate Speech". I find the concept an act of Fascism, and a solid step towards Newspeak. What do I think would be an acceptable substitute? Anything NPOV. Sam Spade 22:53, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Hate speech is just a term for hateful speech which exists and using the term has nothing to do with fascism. Complaining without making a better suggestion is not particularly useful. Get-back-world-respect 23:05, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I am prefectly ok with replacing it by "aggressive harrassment" and still a bit puzzled that someone can feel that there is matters a lot which of the terms is used. Get-back-world-respect 23:40, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I admit the concepts of "hate speech" and "hate crime" offend me, but I am not alone in that, and their very use implies the moral judgement that they are acceptable. The other thing that concerned me was the combination of your statements in talk, your user name, and the statement on your user page. Neutrality is of similar importance to factual accuracy, the two of them being the fundamental policies of the wikipedia. I am open to anyone being of any opinion, but it is important that the articles reflect our own as little as possible. One of the profound benefits of the group editing process is the steady reduction of POV and increase of factual accuracy, which I'm glad to see you appreciate. Cheers, Sam Spade 23:53, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Their use implies that they are acceptable? You mean that the words are acceptable? Why do you think the words are unacceptable? Is "hate speech" a legal term in the US and you think that it should not be a crime? If so I partly agree, in Germany it is dealt with as insults for which you have to pay a fine and if you insult something official like the flag or the president you could go to jail but I know of no case. We have laws against denying the holocaust and sedition - usually in connection with racism - which I think go over the top.
 * With my user name and the statement on my page I am trying to reveal most openly where I have a strong personal opinion. Sometimes I argue according to this opinion on talk pages but I regard it respectless to sneak personal opinions into articles. It is also counterproductive because it reduces the credibility of the project. Get-back-world-respect 10:59, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think we agree about the hate speech laws then. Racists are encouraged, not cured by laws obstructing their freedoms, as this persecution gives them the justification they crave. Are you German? I also reveal a bit about myself with my name, but my politics/theoretical biases are far less categorical, and thus suit themselves poorly to convenient explanation. I will contemplate producing some listing of them in the future. Sam Spade 04:06, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Opinions
Yes, I am German. What do you regard "categorical" about my opinions? Does "bias" not have a negative connotation? Get-back-world-respect 21:50, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Your opinions appear to be Left (anti-american, anti-authority, sympathetic to unconventional causes, etc...). The question about being German was based on my going to Germany this fall, and isn't otherwise related to this conversation. Sam Spade 21:56, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not at all anti-American, I am anti-Bush, as are about 50% of the US population. One of my best friends is from New Jersey, and when I visited New York and Boston I liked both. I would not call myself "anti-authority" either. For example, I would appreciate it very much if the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court would be accepted as global authorities. I like the fact that there are institutions like the WTO, the UN or the EU, even though none of them work perfectly. I personally had only good experience with the police, and if there were no such authority as my flatmates our flat might become a big chaos every once in a while. What I do not like is when authorities get out of control, e.g. when teachers or professors get a lifelong position and start to act arrogantly and self-righteously. I regard prisoner abuses or the non-payment of the fine for the Nicaragua affair as extreme cases of this. I do not understand what you mean with "sympathetic to unconventional causes" nor what you reveal with your user name. Get-back-world-respect 22:37, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Mumia is an "unconventional cause", and Sam Spade is a fictional character most famous in having been portrayed by Humphrey Bogart (my favorite actor). Sam Spade 22:48, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Cannot read much politics out of the lines about Sam Spade. I still do not understand the meaning of the term "unconventional cause", and if you think I am sympathetic to Mumia Abu Jamal, I am not more sympathetic to him than to any other guy who probably killed someone and therefore sits on a death row. I find it disgusting to kill people, and I think no one has the authority to do so, especially not public authorities who should be there to protect lifes. In that regard I accept people who think that there is no other way to protect lifes than to take that of those who threaten it, e.g. Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Get-back-world-respect 23:06, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, there isn't anything political about Sam Spade, he's just a pulp fiction detective. I ment that it reflected my personality or demeanor, not my politics. I support my govt. generally, and generally frown at treason. That being said it would have been for the best if Hitler had been assassinated sometime around 1940. Sam Spade 23:25, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * You still support your government after it lied to the UN Security Council, broke international law by raging a war of aggression, by cluster bombing civilians and by denying human rights to its prisoners? In my opinion, Bush, Blair, Berlusconi, Aznar, Howard, and Miller are war criminals and should be tried at the Hague. Legally that is not possible with Bush personally, because he knew well why he did not sign the International Criminal Court treaty, however, US law is good enough to send him to jail if only it would be used properly. And Iraqis could sue the US at the International Court of Justice if only they had a democratic government. It is absurd that the US does not accept rulings of the ICJ although it sends judges to the Hague. And I cannot believe that an impeachment process starts when a US president lied about his sex life but not when he lied about weapons of mass destruction and terrorism. Get-back-world-respect 18:31, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

In my eyes it would have been legitimate to assassinate Hitler already in '39 when he had started the war of aggression against Poland, installed a racist regime and abolished democracy, e.g. by the consolidation of institutional powers and the media. Fortunately today there are free elections in free countries and people like John Kerry can help much more than Bonhoeffer ever could have done. Get-back-world-respect 18:41, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I respect my country and my commander-in-chief. I may even vote for him in nov., but its not very likely. I would never vote for Kerry, who is a slanderous sleaze (look into what the men he served with in Vietnam have to say about him). No american can be tried before the world court because we are the strongest. Hypocracy isn't really relevent in politics. Thats why the bit about Clinton isn't relevent. We do what we do, the why is likely too complex and too based in back-room secret dealings to be easilly understood. I do my best, and I rarely like what I find. Democracy is in many ways as much propaganda as Communism. At least the Nazi's were honest, eh? Sam Spade 21:49, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I can very well understand that you respect your country. But your "commander-in-chief" made your country loose the respect of most of the rest of the world, and that will hurt all of us for a long time. He turned Afghanistan and Iraq into anarchy and created more terrorists than Bin Laden on his own ever could have. I find strange that you say you respect him without commenting on my accusations.
 * Please do not insult anyone on my talk page. Arguments are ok, "slanderous sleaze" is unacceptable at wikipedia. I judge politicians on their politics, not on what people say about them. I do not want to be friends with them, I want them to rule well, and to me Kerry seems to be a great chance for mutual respect, honesty, and diplomacy. Furthermore, there are veterans campaigning with Kerry. Most negative comments I have seen from veterans seemed to be based on their taking offense that Kerry condemned the war later on. You know, some people never learn the lesson. My father's father kept saying he had done nothing wrong, never was a Nazi, only served his country as a soldier, and that the Wehrmacht had not done anything wrong, it was all the bad politicians and Gestapo guys and those. Others do not want to hear that massacres like the one in My Lai happened, that the cover-up for the Tiger Force endured until last year and that things like these are likely to happen in every war since it is extremely difficult to behave responsibly when you are or have recently been fired on. I regard it as a deficiency of the US that Vietnam veteranship still plays such a role in politics, and I think it would be very helpful to have someone ruling who sees how sick that war was.
 * Your country may have the strongest military, but today no country can rule the world on its own, the biggest arsenal of weapons of mass destruction cannot defend you against "mutual destruction". Your country is also the one with the highest debt, and it is strongly dependendent on imports, which is one reason why your guys were sent to Iraq twice. Your country is also dependent on others in the fight against terrorists. Two al Quaida suspects could not be sent to prison in Germany because the German authorities were denied access to US intelligence, similar things happened in Spain. Germans also could not supply information on another suspect who is in a US jail because German law forbids to supply information that might contribute to a death sentence, which is forbidden by European law. The friends of those terrorists lived in Hamburg peacefully until they took their last flight...
 * The Nazis were not honest. Hitler blaimed the burning of the parliament on the jews and lied in numerous other occasions about them, assassinated some of the people who had helped him to get into power, tried to hide what was going on in the concentration camps, broke his treaty with Stalin, and proclaimed a super race that did not exist and that, if it had existed, would have been ruled by someone who would not have been a member of it.
 * Being the strongest is not really a conclusive explanation of why US citizens cannot be tried by the International Criminal Court. They share their questionable privilege with, amongst others, Cubans, Iraqis, Israelis, Libyans, North Koreans, and citizens of Myanmar and Zimbabwe. Get-back-world-respect 22:35, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Here is my trial version User:Sam Spade/Theoretical Biases. Sam Spade 04:25, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Kerry
A number of soldiers who served with Kerry have refered to his having accused them of war crimes as "slander", so that was not an insult. "Sleaze" was a word carefully chosen. It is not a vulgarity, but rather a term which accurately sums up my impression of Kerry. I am sorry if my use of this term bothered you, but I have to say as far as it being "unacceptable at wikipedia" that is questionable. I find your suggestion that my commander-in-chief is a criminal vastly more offensive, I can assure you. Not that any of this makes any difference, Bush and Kerry are cut from the same cloth, so to speak. Both are Bonesmen, and both attend Bohemian Grove. Things are all too often much less familiar and comfortable than the simplistic reasons we would assume lie behind them. Sam Spade 22:46, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Just because others do not want to accept that US soldiers committed war crimes in Vietnam does not mean that your calling him "slanderous" was less than libel. The difference between an insult and a legitimate accusation is that the latter is based on facts. It is a fact that the Bush government presented forged documents to the UN Security Council. It is a fact that the Bush government started a war against a country that had not attacked anyone before and that, as we know today and as most others thought before was not likely to attack either. In my eyes it is especially infamous that the country that has the biggest arsenal of weapons of mass destruction and that does not allow inspections itself rages a war against another country that allows inspections. It is my personal opinion and that of many others that the war broke international law. Even if other opinions are possible I need no insulting words to defend mine. A word like "sleaze" is unacceptable here and says more about the person who uses it than about anyone else. It is another fact that law and order are out of control in Afghanistan and Iraq. It is another fact that US forces used cluster bombs, killing innocent civilians. It is another fact that no 9/11 terrorist was either Afghan nor Iraqi national.
 * I cannot see how a person like Bush could be of the same cloth as someone who argues like Kerry, even if they both belong to a small rich elite who unfortunately up to now is granted exclusive rights by the US population. In Germany we have hardly any elitist universities, we do have politicians in high positions without any significant personal wealth, and a few who have not even attended university. In my opinion Joschka Fischer shows very well that wisdom is not exclusively sold by the Ivy League.
 * PS: I really enjoy our open dialogue. Another user with political opinions very different from mine for unknown reasons sneaked away from our discussion although he still enjoys spreading his ideas on article talk pages where they do not belong. Get-back-world-respect 23:14, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

“Just because others do not want to accept that US soldiers committed war crimes in Vietnam does not mean that your calling him "slanderous" was less than libel.”

“A word like "sleaze" is unacceptable here and says more about the person who uses it than about anyone else.”

 * Are you suggesting that I committed libel? I hope not. And this “says more about” stuff is also not polite. If you notice, I have been very careful to be polite in our discussion, and I would request that you likewise maintain civility if we are to continue such communications. It is entirely possible that the person who “sneaked away” was offended or hurt by a comment such as these, which you may have made without caution. Your accusations against my president would constitute libel were you a reporter. My statement about Kerry was based on evidence, 220 fellow soldiers, whose word I trust. Perhaps you are right that calling him a “sleaze” tells a bit about me. It shows that I have strong negative feelings against the man. It shows that I am careful not to use inappropriate language in an open forum such as this. And perhaps most importantly, it demonstrates that I am a fine judge of character. ;) Sam Spade 00:16, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately you are not answering my questions. First, you do not answer why you still respect your president after what he is accused of. Second, you do not answer why you use disparaging words like "sleaze". This word is unspecific, therefore cannot be based on facts, and your explanation for using it is self-righteous and ridiculous. I am sorry if you feel uncomfortable when I am straight-forward, but I see no point in having a discussion when one is not. My accusations against Bush are no libel, he is even called a deserter without those who call him so getting a libel suit. There is freedom of speech and opinion in the US as well as in Germany. I have not yer read your reference with the 220 fellows, but as you know there are many veterans who support Kerry as well. Get-back-world-respect 00:41, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I can see that article has hardly anything specific against Kerry, it mostly shows that those people do not like him. They feel upset that he accused US forces of war crimes, however, it was proven that US forces committed them in Vietnam, including rape and mass murder. Furthermore the people seem to be disappointed by the fact that Kerry got out of Vietnam with his three purple hearts. I can very well understand a person who wants to get out of a crime, and there is certainly nothing slanderous in it. The one accusation that might be valuable is that I know of no proof that specifically the Swift Boat veterans were involved in war crimes. If that was what you labeled slander I apologize for accusing you of libel. Of course you have the same right to have an opinion as everyone else. However, you should not make unspecific accusations. Get-back-world-respect 00:55, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

thanks for the links
Sam,

Thank you for providing those links...and especially on the name-signing directions. Out of curiosity, was there anything in particular that I posted which prompted your message?

Take care, BeakerK44 04:04, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

emails
Hmmm, first, your first email appeared normal to me (not as a long line). The second was full on br indeed. Are you sending mails in html or just not formatted ? Check your emailer. I remember someone had this problem, but I do not remember "who". SweetLittleFluffyThing 18:06, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

straight-forward
I am not being straight-forward here, the wikipedia is not a good place for that. Germany does not have freedom of speech. Being rude is not synonymous with "straight-forward". The veterans who support Kerry are few in number. There are however 220 military men who knew him, served with him, and are willing to sign their name and give their strories why he is unfit to lead. I wrote my thoughts about Bush, but they got lost in an edit conflict, and I am dubious as to the good sense in spending more time expressing our opinions here, its simply not what the wiki is for. You can contact me by IM if you want to discuss non-wiki issues further. Sam Spade 00:51, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Why do you think Germany had no freedom of speech? Because of that holocaust denial law? The only exeption I can think of. Have you checked Veterans for Kerry? Think that page is controlled by a dirty dozen? I use no IM. Is that instant messenger? Email ok with you? You can be straight-forward with me, just do not use inappropriate language or make unspecific accusations.Get-back-world-respect 00:58, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Gay bathhouse
Please stop altering the gay bathhouse article to make it non-neutral. The items you added have all been reverted on the grounds that they are untrue. Exploding Boy 18:35, Jun 4, 2004 (UTC)

We're still waiting for you to come to talk: gay bathhouse and clearly enumerate your issues with that article. Exploding Boy 03:39, Jun 6, 2004 (UTC)

Just to make this clear, am I to understand from your message on my talk page and your lack of comment on the gay bathhouse talk page that you refuse to explain your objections to the page and to participate in the mediation process proposed by Raul? Exploding Boy 03:45, Jun 6, 2004 (UTC)

anti-American sentiment
I am sorry but that was a really poor of you to revert the anti-American sentiment article and grant that lunatic the possibility to engage in completely off-topic bashing of Canadians. Get-back-world-respect 00:36, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Plot thickens
Mussolini recalled and destroyed all available copies of the Doctrine of Fascism in April l940 after he had second thoughts about certain phrases in it. This from in Fascsim by Noel O'Sullivan, l983 pg 138 who references, Mussolini's Roman Empire, by Mack Smith Penguin, ed., l979, first published in l976, pg 247.

Questions abound

What are <<>> in the text? Is this proper to the original text? Did Mussolini publish an edited version? Can we get some help from the people at Encyclopadia Italiana? Are the copies of the l932 Enciclopadia Italiana originals, reprints with the new revised doctrine in it. Are there TWO doctrines of Fascism out there and can theses documents be put side by side and a comparison made?WHEELER 18:43, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

From Svigor
Thanks for your support along the lines of intellectual honesty. I don't demand anything other than that from anyone. It's really rather mystifying to me how people can in good conscience treat White Nationalists the way they do, especially in light of the prevailing near-total ignorance on the subject of our ideologies (as opposed to the popular misconceptions of same).

I'll review the links you were kind enough to send me and be sure to come to you with any questions I may have.

Thanks again (and sorry if I posted this in the wrong spot)

````

RickK
If you want to discuss Svigor's comments on the Vandalism in progress page, please do so, but to delete the entry without comment is inappropriate. RickK 05:30, Jun 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * See . Stop slandering/harassing me, and please discuss matters rather than deleting my statements. Sam Spade 05:42, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Mediation request
Hi Sam. I'm afraid that RickK has declined mediation with a message left on my talk page. Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 21:38, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for the welcome to the site, Sam. I appreciate it. Zaxxon


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Category:American football leagues

This category organizes American football leagues.

title: Category:American football leagues


text:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 37/37

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 37/37 (1983) stated that the Soviet Union forces should withdraw from Afghanistan. It was the fourth time in three years that the General Assembly had called for Soviet withdrawal from that country.


text: Talk:Sovereign of the Seas

title: Talk:Sovereign of the Seas


text:
Category:Defunct sports leagues

Sports leagues that no longer exist.

See also: List of defunct sports leagues

title: Category:Defunct sports leagues


text: Category:Defunct ice hockey leagues

title: Category:Defunct ice hockey leagues


text:
Talk:HMS Jaguar (F34)

Untitled
I believe that HMS Jaguar was engaged in a gun battle some months before she was sunk. My cousin Seaman Brynmor Jones was killed in that action. ldav0113@bigpond.net.au

Edits
@sturmvogel 66 why do you keep undoing my edits about those from the Irish Republic killed aboard her? I am citing my sources correctly and it is an important piece of historical information given Ireland's neutrality in the conflict. If I am still in the wrong, please explain to me how so I can learn. DanSheehan1522 (talk) 16:51, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * There were thousands, if not tens of thousands of people from the Republic that served in the British military. As such a few killed aboard a destroyer doesn't merit any mention in the article.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 16:57, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Jaguar (F34)


text: Category:SI derived units

title: Category:SI derived units


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Rain of animals

A rain of animals is a rare meteorological phenomenon in which flightless animals fall from the sky. Such occurrences have been reported in many countries throughout history. One hypothesis is that tornadic waterspouts sometimes pick up creatures such as fish or frogs, and carry them for up to several miles. However, this aspect of the phenomenon has never been witnessed by scientists.

History
Rain of flightless animals and things has been reported throughout history. In the first century AD, Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder documented storms of frogs and fish. In 1794, French soldiers saw toads fall from the sky during heavy rain at Lalain, near the French city of Lille. Rural inhabitants in Yoro, Honduras claim "fish rain" happens there every summer, a phenomenon they call Lluvia de Peces, although the name may be indoctrination from a Spanish missionary as the fish have only been found near tributaries after storms.

Explanations

French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) was among the first scientists to take seriously accounts of raining animals. Addressing the Society of Natural Science, Ampère suggested that at times frogs and toads roam the countryside in large numbers, and that violent winds could pick them up and carry them great distances.

After a reported rain of fish in Singapore in 1861, French naturalist Francis de Laporte de Castelnau speculated that a migration of walking catfish had taken place, dragging themselves over land from one puddle to another, following the rain.

The likeliest explanation for many of the supposed cases is that there is no falling happening at all and the animals are driven along by winds or a deluge of some sort. This explanation also accounts for the prevalence of reports that only a single species or type of animal is ever reported raining from the sky.

A current scientific hypothesis involves tornadic waterspouts: a tornado that forms over the water. Under this hypothesis, a tornadic waterspout transports animals to relatively high altitudes, carrying them over large distances. This hypothesis appears supported by the type of animals in these rains: small and light, usually aquatic, and by the suggestion that the rain of animals is often preceded by a storm. However, the theory does not account for how all the animals involved in each individual incident would be from only one species, and not a group of similarly sized animals from a single area. Further, the theory also does not account for a genuine tornadic waterspout not actually sucking objects up and carrying them rather than flinging objects out to the sides.

In the case of birds, storms may overcome a flock in flight, especially in times of migration. The Doppler image to the right shows an example wherein a group of bats is overtaken by a thunderstorm. In the image, the bats are in the red zone, which corresponds to winds moving away from the radar station, and enter into a mesocyclone associated with a tornado (in green). These events may occur easily with birds, which can get killed in flight, or stunned and then fall (unlike flightless creatures, which first have to be lifted into the air by an outside force). Sometimes this happens in large groups, for instance, the blackbirds falling from the sky in Beebe, Arkansas, United States on December 31, 2010. It is common for birds to become disoriented (for example, because of bad weather or fireworks) and collide with objects such as trees or buildings, killing them or stunning them into falling to their death. The number of blackbirds killed in Beebe is not spectacular considering the size of their congregations, which can be in the millions. The event in Beebe, however, captured the imagination and led to more reports in the media of birds falling from the sky across the globe, such as in Sweden and Italy, though many scientists claim such mass deaths are common occurrences but usually go unnoticed. In contrast, it is harder to find a plausible explanation for rains of terrestrial animals.

Some cases are thought to be caused by birds dropping fish. With regard to a documented rain of fish that occurred on December 29, 2021 in Texarkana, Texas, independent researchers Sharon A. Hill and Paul Cropper proposed that the fish had been dropped or possibly regurgitated by passing birds. The theory found some favor with airport workers who had cleaned up the fish; they noted that there were birds in the area around the same time, and the fish "were kind of chewed up". In June 2022 around the San Francisco coast, a boom of anchovies is likely to be the cause of fair weather falling of fish from birds' mouths, such as pelicans.

Occurrences
The following list is a selection of examples.

Fish

 * Singapore, February 22, 1861
 * Tarai, Nepal, May 15, 1900
 * Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada, July 1, 1903
 * Marksville, Louisiana, October 23, 1947
 * Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, May 19, 1993
 * Knighton, Powys, Wales, 18 August 2004
 * Kerala State, India, February 12, 2008
 * Bhanwad, Jamnagar, India, October 24, 2009
 * Lajamanu, Northern Territory, Australia, February 25 and 26, 2010
 * Loreto, Agusan del Sur, Philippines, January 13, 2012
 * IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India September 12, 2013
 * The annual Lluvia de Peces in Yoro, Honduras
 * Chilaw, Sri Lanka, 6 May 2014
 * Nandigama, Andhra Pradesh India, 19 June 2015,

 * Guntur, Andhra Pradesh India, 16 August 2015
 * Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, 20 January 2016
 * Pathapatnam, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, 19 May 2016
 * Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 9 September 2016
 * Mexico, Tamaulipas, Tampico, 26 September 2017
 * Oroville, California, 16 May 2017
 * Jaffna, Sri Lanka, 7 November 2017
 * Texarkana, Texas, 30 December 2021

Spiders

 * Albury, Australia, 1974
 * Santo Antônio da Platina, Brazil, February 3, 2013
 * Goulburn, Australia, 15 May 2015

Frogs and toads

 * Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, June 2009 (occurrences reported throughout the month)
 * Rákóczifalva, Hungary, 18–20 June 2010 (twice)
 * Cabo Polonio, Uruguay, Since 2011 (twice)

Others

 * Jellyfish: Bath, England, 1894
 * Worms: Jennings, Louisiana, July 11, 2007
 * Various marine animals, including octopuses, seashells and starfish: Qingdao, Shandong Province, China, June 13, 2018

Examples in popular culture

 * Magnolia
 * Sharknado (film series)
 * Watchmen (TV series)
 * Good Omens (book and in the title sequence of the Amazon Prime video series)
 * Fuego gris (also here: at the article's Spanish version).
 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 6: Stone Ocean (manga/anime series)
 * ''The Sarah Jane Adventures, series 5, episode 2, The Curse of Clyde Langer
 * Fargo (TV series), season 1
 * The X-Files, season 2, episode 14, Die Hand Die Verletzt
 * KikoRiki, episode 173, The Generous Sky

title: Rain of animals


text:
Ciccotti

Ciccotti is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Claudia Ciccotti (born 1994), Italian footballer
 * Ettore Ciccotti (1863–1939), Italian historian, lecturer, and politician
 * Giovanni Ciccotti (born 1943), Italian physicist

title: Ciccotti


text:
Gellner

Gellner is a Jewish surname, that may refer to:

 * Ernest Gellner (1925–1995), British philosopher
 * František Gellner (1881–1914), Czech writer
 * Julius Gellner (1899–1983), Austrian theatre director

title: Gellner


text:
De Surinaamsche Bank

De Surinaamsche Bank (DSB; Bank of Suriname in English) is the largest bank in Suriname. It provides retail banking products such as transaction accounts, loans, mortgagees and credit and debit cards as well as business loans.

History
Simon Abendanon founded De Surinaamsche Bank (DSB) on 19 January 1865, in Paramaribo, and it opened for business on 18 July 1865, in the home of one of the founders, pending construction of its own building. The Bank’s headquarters remained in Amsterdam though. Abendanon was a captain and court bailiff in Suriname. After the abolition of slavery in 1863, there was a period of monetary chaos and Abendanon saw an opportunity in creating a bank that would issue bank-notes and use the funds to finance trade. After its founding in 1826, the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij issued banknotes. And then between 1828–1848, the West-Indische Bank issued banknotes for the Dutch West Indies.

The next organizational landmark occurred in 1948, when Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij acquired DSB. Three years later, Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij, which owned all the shares of DSB, transferred DSB’s headquarters to Paramaribo. At this point DSB stopped producing banknotes, but remained the primary banking institution in Suriname. In 1957, DSB formally gave up its right to issue notes to the newly formed Central Bank of Suriname.

In 1964, Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij merged with De Twentsche Bank to form Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN), and the ownership of DSB transferred to the new bank. However, in 1977, the government of the Surinam Republic nostrified DSB. The government took 10% of the shares and required that the bank sell 41% to the public. ABN retained a minority position of 49%.

In 2001, ABN AMRO sold its 49% holding in DSB to Assuria N.V. Assuria already owned 5.6% of DSB so the purchase gave it majority control. In 2006, the bank became involved in a scandal because the director and his predecessor were accused of illegal financial transactions.

In 2016, the bank suffered a major loss, partly due to irresponsibly large loans to the Surinamese government. In November 2017, the Central Bank of Suriname warned of a bank run on De Surinaamsche Bank. A week earlier, the CBvS called on fellow banks to deposit money in an emergency fund to keep the DSB afloat. This was followed by more alarming publications about the financial situation at the bank in the press. DSB customers err on the side of caution and withdraw their money from the bank.

title: De Surinaamsche Bank


text:
Thrust-to-weight ratio

Thrust-to-weight ratio is a dimensionless ratio of thrust to weight of a rocket, jet engine, propeller engine, or a vehicle propelled by such an engine that is an indicator of the performance of the engine or vehicle.

The instantaneous thrust-to-weight ratio of a vehicle varies continually during operation due to progressive consumption of fuel or propellant and in some cases a gravity gradient. The thrust-to-weight ratio based on initial thrust and weight is often published and used as a figure of merit for quantitative comparison of a vehicle's initial performance.

Calculation
The thrust-to-weight ratio is calculated by dividing the thrust (in SI units – in newtons) by the weight (in newtons) of the engine or vehicle. The weight (N) is calculated by multiplying the mass in kilograms (kg) by the acceleration due to gravity (m/s$2$). The thrust can also be measured in pound-force (lbf), provided the weight is measured in pounds (lb). Division using these two values still gives the numerically correct (dimensionless) thrust-to-weight ratio. For valid comparison of the initial thrust-to-weight ratio of two or more engines or vehicles, thrust must be measured under controlled conditions.

Because an aircraft's weight can vary considerably, depending on factors such as munition load, fuel load, cargo weight, or even the weight of the pilot, the thrust-to-weight ratio is also variable and even changes during flight operations. There are several standards for determining the weight of an aircraft used to calculate the thrust-to-weight ratio range.

 * Empty weight - The weight of the aircraft minus fuel, munitions, cargo, and crew.
 * Combat weight - Primarily for determining the performance capabilities of fighter aircraft, it is the weight of the aircraft with full munitions and missiles, half fuel, and no drop tanks or bombs.
 * Max takeoff weight - The weight of the aircraft when fully loaded with the maximum fuel and cargo that it can safely takeoff with.

Aircraft
The thrust-to-weight ratio and lift-to-drag ratio are the two most important parameters in determining the performance of an aircraft.

The thrust-to-weight ratio varies continually during a flight. Thrust varies with throttle setting, airspeed, altitude, air temperature, etc. Weight varies with fuel burn and payload changes. For aircraft, the quoted thrust-to-weight ratio is often the maximum static thrust at sea level divided by the maximum takeoff weight. Aircraft with thrust-to-weight ratio greater than 1:1 can pitch straight up and maintain airspeed until performance decreases at higher altitude.

A plane can take off even if the thrust is less than its weight as, unlike a rocket, the lifting force is produced by lift from the wings, not directly by thrust from the engine. As long as the aircraft can produce enough thrust to travel at a horizontal speed above its stall speed, the wings will produce enough lift to counter the weight of the aircraft.

 * $$\left(\frac{T}{W}\right)_\text{cruise} = \left(\frac{D}{L}\right)_\text{cruise} = \frac{1}{\left(\frac{L}{D}\right)_\text{cruise}}$$

Propeller-driven aircraft
For propeller-driven aircraft, the thrust-to-weight ratio can be calculated as follows in imperial units:
 * $$\frac{T}{W} = \frac{550\eta_p}{V} \frac{\text{hp}}{\text{W}}$$

where $$\eta_p\;$$ is propulsive efficiency (typically 0.65 for wooden props, 0.75 metal fixed pitch and up to 0.85 for constant speed props), $$hp\;$$ is the engine's shaft horsepower, and $$V\;$$is true airspeed in feet per second, weight is in lbs.

For metric formula look below:
 * $$\frac{T}{W}=\left(\frac{\eta_p}{V}\right)\left(\frac{P}{W}\right)$$

Rockets

The thrust-to-weight ratio of a rocket, or rocket-propelled vehicle, is an indicator of its acceleration expressed in multiples of gravitational acceleration g.

Rockets and rocket-propelled vehicles operate in a wide range of gravitational environments, including the weightless environment. The thrust-to-weight ratio is usually calculated from initial gross weight at sea level on earth and is sometimes called thrust-to-Earth-weight ratio. The thrust-to-Earth-weight ratio of a rocket or rocket-propelled vehicle is an indicator of its acceleration expressed in multiples of earth's gravitational acceleration, g$0$.

The thrust-to-weight ratio of a rocket improves as the propellant is burned. With constant thrust, the maximum ratio (maximum acceleration of the vehicle) is achieved just before the propellant is fully consumed. Each rocket has a characteristic thrust-to-weight curve, or acceleration curve, not just a scalar quantity.

The thrust-to-weight ratio of an engine is greater than that of the complete launch vehicle, but is nonetheless useful because it determines the maximum acceleration that any vehicle using that engine could theoretically achieve with minimum propellant and structure attached.

For a takeoff from the surface of the earth using thrust and no aerodynamic lift, the thrust-to-weight ratio for the whole vehicle must be greater than one. In general, the thrust-to-weight ratio is numerically equal to the g-force that the vehicle can generate. Take-off can occur when the vehicle's g-force exceeds local gravity (expressed as a multiple of g$0$).

The thrust-to-weight ratio of rockets typically greatly exceeds that of airbreathing jet engines because the comparatively far greater density of rocket fuel eliminates the need for much engineering materials to pressurize it.

Many factors affect thrust-to-weight ratio. The instantaneous value typically varies over the duration of flight with the variations in thrust due to speed and altitude, together with changes in weight due to the amount of remaining propellant, and payload mass. Factors with the greatest effect include freestream air temperature, pressure, density, and composition. Depending on the engine or vehicle under consideration, the actual performance will often be affected by buoyancy and local gravitational field strength.

Fighter aircraft

 * Table for Jet and rocket engines: jet thrust is at sea level
 * Fuel density used in calculations: 0.803 kg/l
 * For the metric table, the T/W ratio is calculated by dividing the thrust by the product of the full fuel aircraft weight and the acceleration of gravity.
 * J-10's engine rating is of AL-31FN.

title: Thrust-to-weight ratio


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Aptenodytes

The genus Aptenodytes contains two extant species of penguins collectively known as "the great penguins".

Etymology
The name "Aptenodytes" is a composite of Ancient Greek elements, "ἀ-πτηνο-δύτης" (without-wings-diver).

Taxonomy

 * King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus
 * Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus
 * Aptenodytes patagonicus halli
 * Emperor penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri
 * Ridgen's penguin (Aptenodytes ridgeni) is an extinct species known from fossil bones of Early or Late Pliocene age.

Combined morphological and molecular data have shown the genus Aptenodytes to be basal to all other living penguins, that is, the genus split off from a branch which led to all other species. DNA evidence suggests this split occurred around 40 million years ago. This had been foreshadowed by an attempt to classify penguins by their behavior, which also predicted the genus' basal nature.

Species
Two monotypic species are extant:

title: Aptenodytes


text:
Dorothy Malone

Dorothy Malone (born Mary Dorothy Maloney; January 29, 1924 – January 19, 2018) was an American actress. Her film career began in 1943, and in her early years, she played small roles, mainly in B-movies, with the exception of a supporting role in The Big Sleep (1946). After a decade, she changed her image, particularly after her role in Written on the Wind (1956), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Her career reached its peak by the beginning of the 1960s, and she achieved later success with her television role as Constance MacKenzie on Peyton Place (1964–1968). Less active in her later years, Malone's last screen appearance was in Basic Instinct in 1992.

Early life
Malone was born Mary Dorothy Maloney on January 29, 1924 in Chicago, one of five children born to Esther Emma "Eloise" Smith and her husband Robert Ignatius Maloney, an auditor for AT&T company.

When she was six months old, her family moved to Dallas, Texas. There she modeled for Neiman Marcus and attended Ursuline Academy of Dallas, Highland Park High School, Hockaday Junior College, and later, Southern Methodist University (SMU). She originally considered becoming a nurse. While performing in a play at SMU, she was spotted by a talent scout, Eddie Rubin, who had been looking to find and cast a male actor. Malone recalled in 1981,

RKO – as Dorothy Maloney
Malone was signed by RKO at age 18 as Dorothy Maloney. She made her film debut in Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943). She was credited as Dorothy Maloney in The Falcon and the Co-eds (1943), released shortly thereafter. She later recalled, "I was a bridesmaid at a wedding in one picture. In another film, I was the leader of an all-girl orchestra. The only thing I did at RKO of any note was lose my Texas accent." Her RKO appearances included Higher and Higher (1943) with Frank Sinatra, Seven Days Ashore (1944), Show Business (1944) with Eddie Cantor, Step Lively (1944) again with Sinatra, and Youth Runs Wild (1944) for producer Val Lewton. RKO elected not to renew her contract. She made a brief uncredited appearance in One Mysterious Night (1944), a Boston Blackie film for Columbia.

Warner Bros. – as Dorothy Malone
She then signed a contract with Warner Bros. The studio, she said in 1985, changed her surname "from Maloney to Malone. They placed my picture in the newspaper and they gave me a raise."

Malone's early Warner movies included Hollywood Canteen (1944), Too Young to Know (1945), and Frontier Days (1945). She first achieved notice when Howard Hawks cast her as the bespectacled bookstore clerk in The Big Sleep (1946) with Humphrey Bogart. Warner gave her bigger parts in Janie Gets Married (1945), Night and Day (1946), and To the Victor (1946), with Dennis Morgan. Her first lead was Two Guys from Texas (1948) with Morgan and Jack Carson; this film, in her words, established her onscreen persona as "the all-American girl watching the all-American boy do all sorts of things."

She appeared in One Sunday Afternoon (1948) with Dennis Morgan and Janis Paige for director Raoul Walsh; this was a remake of The Strawberry Blonde (1941), with Malone playing the part played by Olivia de Havilland in the original. She was billed third in Flaxy Martin (1949) with Virginia Mayo and Zachary Scott, then played a good girl in a Western with Joel McCrea, South of St Louis (1949). McCrea and she were re-teamed in Colorado Territory (1949), a remake of High Sierra (1941), also for Walsh, her last film before she left the studio.

Freelancer
Columbia used Malone to play Randolph Scott's leading lady in The Man from Nevada (1950). She stayed at that studio for Convicted (1950) and The Killer That Stalked New York (1950). She made Mrs. O'Malley and Mr. Malone (1951) at MGM and played Tim Holt's love interest in RKO's Saddle Legion (1951) and John Ireland's love interest in The Bushwackers (1951). She began acting on television while continuing to appear in films, guest-starring on shows such as The Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse ("Education of a Fullback", 1951), and Kraft Theatre ("The Golden Slate", 1951).

She relocated to New York City for several months to study acting until producer Hal B. Wallis called her back to appear in Scared Stiff (1953) starring the comedy duo of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Malone appeared in a war film, Torpedo Alley (1952) for Allied Artists. She was a love interest in Westerns with Ronald Reagan (Law and Order, 1953) and Mark Stevens (Jack Slade, 1953). She was also in the thriller Loophole (1954), billed second. She did episodes of The Doctor ("The Runaways", 1953), Omnibus ("The Horn Blows at Midnight", 1953); Four Star Theatre ("Moorings", 1953; "A Study in Panic", 1954), Fireside Theatre ("Afraid to Live", 1954; "Our Son", 1954; "Mr Onion" 1955), Lux Video Theatre ("The Hunted", 1955), The Christophers ("The World Starts with Jimmy", 1955), and General Electric Theatre ("The Clown" with Henry Fonda, 1955).

Film roles included The Lone Gun (1954), a Western with George Montgomery; Pushover (1954), a thriller with Fred MacMurray and Kim Novak; and Private Hell 36 (1954) from director Don Siegel. Malone was reunited with Sinatra in Young at Heart (1954), as a co-star. She had a leading part in Battle Cry (1955), playing a married woman who has an affair with a young soldier (Tab Hunter) during World War II, a box-office hit. She again co-starred with Ireland in The Fast and the Furious (1955), directed by Ireland but perhaps best remembered for being the first film produced by Roger Corman, who would later recount that Malone "had left her agent and, having no work, accepted a part for next to nothing." He cast her as the female lead in his directorial debut, Five Guns West (1955). At Warner Bros., Malone made a Western with Randolph Scott, Tall Man Riding (1955), then was cast as Liberace's love interest in the unsuccessful film Sincerely Yours (1955). More successful was the Paramount musical comedy Artists and Models (1955), a reunion with Martin and Lewis, where she played the love interest of Martin's character. She then returned to Westerns: At Gunpoint (1955), with MacMurray; Tension at Table Rock (1956), with Richard Egan; and Pillars of the Sky (1956) with Jeff Chandler.

Written on the Wind and stardom
Malone transformed herself into a platinum blonde and shed her "good girl" image when she co-starred with Rock Hudson, Lauren Bacall, and Robert Stack in director Douglas Sirk's drama Written on the Wind (1956). Her portrayal of the dipso-nymphomaniac daughter of a Texas oil baron won her the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

As a result, she was offered more substantial roles in such films as Man of a Thousand Faces (1957), a biopic of Lon Chaney with James Cagney and Tip on a Dead Jockey (1957) with Robert Taylor. Quantez (1957) was another "girl in a Western" part, supporting Fred MacMurray, but The Tarnished Angels (1957) reunited her successfully with Hudson, Sirk, Stack, and producer Albert Zugsmith. Malone was given the important role of Diana Barrymore in the biopic Too Much, Too Soon (1958), but the film was not a success. Malone appeared in Warlock (1959), but went back to guest starring on such television programs as Cimarron City ("A Respectable Girl", 1958) and Alcoa Theatre ("The Last Flight Out", 1960). Malone made a third film with Stack, The Last Voyage (1960), and a third with Hudson, The Last Sunset (1961).

However, she was working more and more in television: Route 66 ("Fly Away Home", 1961), Checkmate ("The Heat of Passion", 1961), Death Valley Days ("The Watch", 1961), The Dick Powell Theatre ("Open Season", 1961), Dr Kildare ("The Administrator", 1962), General Electric Theatre ("Little White Lie", 1961, "Somebody Please Help Me", 1962), The Untouchables with Stack ("The Floyd Gibbons Story", 1962), and The Greatest Show on Earth ("Where the Wire Ends", 1963). Malone was in the first Beach Party (1963) movie, doing most of her scenes with Robert Cummings. She made an uncredited cameo appearance in Fate Is the Hunter (1964).

Peyton Place
From 1964–1968, she played the lead role of Constance MacKenzie on the ABC primetime serial Peyton Place except for a brief stretch where she was absent due to surgery. Lola Albright filled in until her return. Malone agreed for $3,000 a week less than ABC's offer of $10,000 weekly, if she could be home nightly for 6 pm dinner with her two daughters and no shooting on weekends. "I never turned down a mother role", said Malone. "I like playing mothers. I started out as a very young girl in Hollywood doing Westerns, portraying a mother with a couple of kids." In 1968, she was written out of the show after complaining that she was given little to do. Malone sued 20th Century Fox for $1.6 million for breach of contract; it was settled out of court. She later returned to the role in the TV movies Murder in Peyton Place (1977) and Peyton Place: The Next Generation (1985).

Later career
After leaving Peyton Place, Malone went to Italy to make a thriller The Insatiables (1969). In Hollywood, she made a TV movie with Sammy Davis Jr., The Pigeon (1969), then returned to guest-starring on TV series such as The Bold Ones: The New Doctors ("Is This Operation Necessary?", 1972), Ironside ("Confessions: From a Lady of the Night", 1973), and Ellery Queen ("The Adventure of the Eccentric Engineer" 1975).

Malone had a supporting part in Abduction (1975). She featured in the miniseries Rich Man, Poor Man (1976) and guest-starred on Police Woman ("The Trick Book", 1976) and The Streets of San Francisco ("Child of Anger", 1977). She was in the TV movie Murder in Peyton Place (1977) and had a supporting role in Golden Rendezvous (1977).

She was seen on television in The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries ("The House on Possessed Hill" 1978), Flying High ("A Hairy Yak Plays Musical Chairs Eagerly" 1978), Vega$ ("Love, Laugh and Die" 1978), and the TV movie Katie: Portrait of a Centerfold (1978).

Malone was in the Canadian soap opera High Hopes (1978) and had supporting parts in Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff (1979), Winter Kills (1979), and The Day Time Ended (1980), and the miniseries Condominium (1980).

In 1981, Malone made her stage debut in Butterflies Are Free in Winnipeg. She was suffering financial troubles at the time due to two expensive divorces and a life-threatening pulmonary embolism.

The producers of Dallas approached her to step into the role of Miss Ellie Ewing when Barbara Bel Geddes vacated the part in 1984 due to illness, but Malone declined. Her later appearances included The Littlest Hobo ("Guardian Angel" 1982), Matt Houston ("Shark Bait" 1983), The Being (1983), Peyton Place: The Next Generation (1985), and Rest in Pieces (1987). In her last screen appearance, she played a mother convicted of murdering her family in Basic Instinct (1992).

Personal life
Malone was a Democrat and campaigned for Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election.

Malone, a Roman Catholic, wed actor Jacques Bergerac on June 28, 1959, at a Catholic church in Hong Kong, where she was on location for her 1960 film The Last Voyage. They had two daughters, Mimi (born 1960) and Diane (born 1962) and divorced on December 8, 1964.

Malone then married New York businessman and broker Robert Tomarkin on April 3, 1969, at the Silver Bells Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada. Her second marriage was later annulled after Malone claimed that Tomarkin married her because of her money.

Malone married Dallas motel chain executive Charles Huston Bell on October 2, 1971, and they divorced after three years.

Around 1971, Malone moved her daughters from Southern California to suburban Dallas, Texas, where she had been raised.

Death
Malone died of natural causes on January 19, 2018, 10 days before her 94th birthday, at a nursing facility in Dallas. She is entombed at Calvary Hill Cemetery and Mausoleum in Dallas.

Recognition
Malone has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1718 Vine in the Motion Pictures section. It was dedicated February 8, 1960. Malone was one of the industry deaths missing from the "In Memoriam" segment at the 90th Academy Awards, an error made more prominent by the fact that she had won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress at the 29th Academy Awards.

title: Dorothy Malone


text: User talk:68.249.0.107

title: User talk:68.249.0.107