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George Raft

George Raft (born George Ranft; September 26, 1895 or 1901 – November 24, 1980) was an American film actor and dancer identified with portrayals of gangsters in crime melodramas of the 1930s and 1940s. A stylish leading man in dozens of movies, Raft is remembered for his gangster roles in Quick Millions (1931) with Spencer Tracy, Scarface (1932) with Paul Muni, Each Dawn I Die (1939) with James Cagney, Invisible Stripes (1939) with Humphrey Bogart, and Billy Wilder's comedy Some Like It Hot (1959) with Marilyn Monroe and Jack Lemmon; and as a dancer in Bolero (1934) with Carole Lombard and a truck driver in They Drive by Night (1940) with Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino and Bogart.

Early life and career
Raft was born in Hell's Kitchen, New York City, to a family of German descent, the son of Eva (née Glockner), a German immigrant, and Conrad Ranft, who was born in Massachusetts to German immigrant parents. His parents were married on November 17, 1895, in Manhattan. Raft's older sister Eva, known as Katie, was born on April 18, 1896. Raft's grandfather had emigrated from Germany and worked on merry-go-rounds and prospected for gold. His father worked in carnivals before settling in New York.

Most obituaries cited Raft's year of birth as 1895, which he stated was correct when he appeared on The Mike Douglas Show seven months prior to his death. However, Raft is recorded in the New York City Birth Index as having been born on September 26, 1901, in Manhattan as "George Rauft" (although "Rauft" is likely a mistranscription of "Ranft"). The 1900 census for New York City lists his sister Katie as his parents' only child, with two children born and only one living. In the 1910 census, he is listed as eight years old.

Raft grew up on 41st Street and worked as an errand boy and a fishwrapper after school. His parents sent him to live at his grandparents' house on 164th Street. He left school at the age of 12, and left home at 13. He worked as an apprentice electrician for a year, then boxed professionally for two years beginning at the age of 15. As Dutch Rauft, he fought 14 bouts, with nine victories, three defeats and two draws. Another account says that Raft fought 25 bouts and was knocked out seven times.

Raft played minor-league baseball, reportedly with Springfield of the Eastern League, as a utility outfielder with pitching aspirations. However, his batting was poor and he was dropped.

"I was just trying to find something that I liked that would make me a living," said Raft later. "I saw guys fighting, so I fought. I saw guys playing ball, so I played ball. Then I saw guys dancing... and getting paid for it!"

Career as a dancer
Raft's mother taught him how to dance, and he danced at outdoor amusement parks and carnivals with his parents. Following his baseball career, he began working as a taxi dancer in the poorer sections of New York. At first he struggled financially, but then he won a Charleston competition and was launched professionally.

Raft started performing exhibition dances in the afternoon at Healy's, Murray's, Rectors and Churchills in New York. He then started working in New York City nightclubs, often in the same venues as did Rudolph Valentino before Valentino became a film actor. Raft had a notable collaboration with Elsie Pilcer. A May 1924 review in Variety called him "gifted."

"I could have been the first X-rated dancer," he said later. "I was very erotic. I used to caress myself as I danced. I never felt I was a great dancer. I was more of a stylist, unique. I was never a Fred Astaire or a Gene Kelly, but I was sensuous."

Raft went on tour as a dancer and helped popularize the tango in Paris, Vienna, Rome, London and New York. He had a great success as a dancer in London in 1926, and the Duke of Windsor was "an ardent fan and supporter." Fred Astaire, in his autobiography Steps in Time (1959), wrote that Raft was a lightning-fast dancer and did "the fastest Charleston I ever saw." A September 1926 edition of Variety spoke of Raft's reputation as "the best Charleston dancer in New York."

During this time, Raft befriended a number of gangsters, including Enoch Johnson and Larry Fay, and he would occasionally drive for Owney Madden. A boyhood friend of gangster Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, and later a "wheel man" for the mob, Raft acknowledged having narrowly avoided a life of crime.

Broadway
Raft became part of the stage act of flamboyant speakeasy and nightclub hostess Texas Guinan at the 300 Club, and he also produced some of her shows.

His success led him to Broadway, where he again worked as a dancer. His stage performances included The City Chap (October 1925) (with music by Jerome Kern), Gay Paree, Madhattan, Palm Beach Nights (also known as No Foolin') and Padlocks of 1927 (1927). He was called "the fastest Charleston dancer."

Raft later starred in the film Broadway (1942), a fictionalized account of his life when he was working the Paramount-Publix circuit and performing in stage shows that were presented before movies.

Los Angeles and early films
Owney Madden told Raft that he should be in motion pictures, and Raft decided to try to break into film acting after being threatened by the husband of a woman whom he had been seeing. In 1927, Raft relocated to Hollywood, where he first danced in clubs to pay the bills.

In October 1928, Raft appeared in a stage show presented by Texas Guinan called Night Club. The Los Angeles Times said Raft "scores a tremendous individual hit." Variety wrote that Raft appeared at the climax when he "came to the front and did his eccentric dance routine, which he climaxed with the hottest black bottom ever. He goaled the audience, being the big punch of the show."

Film debut
Raft's screen debut was in Queen of the Night Clubs starring Guinan, who insisted Raft have a small role. Although Raft's scenes were cut, a Variety review said "...a nite club scene introduces George Raft, the hot stepper, as the m. c. and band leader, being brought down for one of his rip-snorting hoofing specialties." Raft also appeared in stage shows supporting the film. One reviewer called him "a clever dancer". Queen of the Night Clubs is considered a lost film.

Raft followed this with small roles in Gold Diggers of Broadway and Side Street. His dancing skills were noticed by director Rowland Brown, who cast him in a substantial supporting gangster role as Spencer Tracy's character's sidekick in Quick Millions (1931). Raft's appearances in these films were followed by Goldie with Spencer Tracy and Jean Harlow, Hush Money with Joan Bennett, and the Eddie Cantor musical Palmy Days.

In Taxi! (1932), starring James Cagney and Loretta Young, Raft had a colorful unbilled dancing role as Cagney's competitor in a dance contest, who wins only to be knocked down by Cagney. He was third-billed in an extremely large role as a gangster in Dancers in the Dark (1932), below Miriam Hopkins as a dancer and Jack Oakie as a bandleader.

Raft said he never regarded himself as an actor. "I wanted to be me," he said.

Scarface
Raft's big break came when cast as the second lead, alongside Paul Muni as Tony Camonte, in Howard Hawks's Scarface. In the film, he plays second-in-command Guino Rinaldo, who falls in love with Camonte's sister and is murdered by him. Raft's performance is notable for his character's habit of flipping a coin, which became an iconic trope in gangster films; while others claimed credit for the mannerism, writer W.R. Burnett confirmed that it was Raft who invented it. Burnett said: "He realized he wasn't a good actor, which he wasn't. But he knew if he reacted to what other people said, he was effective."

Scarface was filmed in September 1931. It was released by United Artists in 1932. It became a hit and made Raft a star. He said: "That was the big one. People remembered me. I was getting real fan mail – by the bushel basket – and even a dumb kid from 10th Avenue could figure out how to translate that into money."

After filming Scarface, Raft made Night World (1932) at Universal, supporting Lew Ayres, and Love Is a Racket, directed by William Wellman, although all of Raft's scenes were eventually cut.

Paramount
Raft signed a contract with Paramount in March 1932. The following month, he was cast in a supporting role in Madame Racketeer (1932), and contemporary reports referred to his "menacing suavity." He was announced for Ladies of the Big House with Sylvia Sidney and Gene Raymond.

Night After Night (1932)
When Scarface was released, public response was so strong that Raft was offered the lead role in a film based on a story by Louis Bromfeld, originally titled Number 55 and then changed to Night After Night (1932).

Raft was one of several Paramount stars who appeared in the episodic comedy/drama If I Had a Million (1932), playing a forger hiding from police who is suddenly given a million dollars with no place to cash the check. He starred in Under-Cover Man (1932) and was announced for Bodyguard, which was never made. He next appeared in Pick Up (1933). At the time, Raft told Variety: "I don't know what I do, but it's not acting. It's me. Supposing I'm supposed to hate a guy. Then I think of somebody I hate and visualize him instead of the actor. Same way when I'm supposed to be in love with the heroine. I think of a girl I could be crazy about and though I'm saying to the actress 'I love you, darling', all the time I keep thinking of the other party."

First suspension
Raft refused to appear in The Story of Temple Drake (1933) with Miriam Hopkins, as he did not want to play a sadist. He was replaced by Jack La Rue, who had been originally cast for Raft's role in Scarface. Raft was placed on suspension in February.

He said: "It's not that I mind being the guy on the wrong side of the law. But I won't take a role that's pure heel. The character has to have some ray of warmth, some redeeming quality – or it just isn't real."

The Story of Temple Drake performed poorly at the box office and was believed to have hurt La Rue's career. Raft was removed from suspension in April 1933, and he returned to Hollywood to appear in Midnight Club (1933), set in London.

The Bowery (1933)
Raft was borrowed by Twentieth Century Pictures, a new production company established by Darryl F. Zanuck (former head of production at Warner Bros.). He appeared in the studio's first film, Raoul Walsh's highly popular and energetic period piece The Bowery, as Steve Brodie, supposedly the first man to jump off the Brooklyn Bridge and survive. Raft plays the second lead to Wallace Beery as a flamboyant saloon owner who competes with Raft for Fay Wray's character as well as Pert Kelton as a singer/dancer.

Back at Paramount, Raft supported Fredric March and Miriam Hopkins in All of Me (1934), which was not popular. Zanuck wanted him for Blood Money, but Raft was too busy at Paramount.

Bolero (1934)
Raft was meant to appear in It's a Pleasure to Lose, based on the life of Nick the Greek, but instead was slated to star in Bolero (1934), playing a dancer with Carole Lombard. Raft initially refused the film until it was re-written, and the studio suspended him, but Raft eventually made the film, which became a great success. The New York Times wrote: "Raft is a vivid and pictorially interesting type, rather than an actor in the technical sense, and consequently he proves unequal to the full implications of the fame-hungry dancer. The exterior attractiveness which Mr. Raft brings to the rôle gives 'Bolero' considerable color, nevertheless."

In March 1934, Raft was suspended a second time for having refused the male lead in Mae West's It Ain't No Sin (later changed to Belle of the Nineties) because his part was subordinate to West's. In May 1934, Raft signed a new contract with Paramount to reflect his star status.

Raft next appeared in The Trumpet Blows (1934), playing a matador. The film was an attempt to invoke Valentino's Blood and Sand, and for a time, Raft was promoted as a "second Valentino." Raft walked out on the film unhappy with his role, but later returned after re-writes were made. The film was a box-office disappointment.

Raft then starred in Limehouse Blues (1934) with Anna May Wong. In February 1934, he admitted to having been involved in three fights during his career as a dancer and actor, including one in which he hit the producer of Bolero. In August 1934, Raft was involved in a brawl at the Hollywood Brown Derby. At the end of 1934, Raft was listed in a survey of theater managers as among Paramount's secondary tier of stars "if properly cast."

In Rumba (1935), Raft was reunited with Lombard. He also starred in Stolen Harmony (1935) and was slated to appear in Gambler's Maxim from a story by James Edward Grant, but the film was not made.

The Glass Key (1935)
Raft starred in a brutal and fast-paced adaptation of Dashiell Hammett's The Glass Key (1935). He tried a comedy, Every Night at Eight (1935), and was borrowed by Columbia Pictures to appear in She Couldn't Take It (1935), a comedy in the vein of It Happened One Night (1934). He then was borrowed by 20th Century-Fox for It Had to Happen (1936) and starred in Paramount's Yours for the Asking (1936).

Raft was meant to team with Lombard for a third time in The Princess Comes Across (1936), but refused to make the film as he was unhappy with the choice of cameraman. He was replaced by Fred MacMurray and was suspended again in February 1936. He was scheduled to star in You and Me, the directorial debut of Norman Krasna, but he refused to work for a first-time director. Raft was put on suspension and $24,000 of his salary was withheld. In October 1936, he reconciled with Paramount and the studio returned his $24,000.

Souls at Sea (1937)
Raft was offered a part opposite the studio's top male star Gary Cooper in Souls at Sea (1937), directed by Henry Hathaway. Raft originally turned it down as his character was a coward, leaving Paramount and his $4,000-per-week contract in November 1936, though the contract still had two years remaining. Samuel Goldwyn wanted Raft for the film version of Dead End and Universal, David O. Selznick and 20th Century Fox were keen on using Raft. Lloyd Nolan was announced as Raft's replacement in Souls at Sea. Raft was discussing a three-films-per-year deal with United Artists for three years, to start with Dead End. However, Raft agreed to return to Paramount and Souls at Sea when his part was re-written to be more sympathetic. Souls at Sea was a great hit, and in 1937 Raft was the third-highest-paid star in Hollywood (behind Cooper and Warner Baxter), earning $202,666. In May 1937, Raft reportedly tested for the role of Rhett Butler for the film Gone with the Wind.

Paramount announced Raft for Millions for Defense with Ray Milland and Frances Farmer, a film about the Barbary War, but the picture was not made. Instead, Raft appeared with Sylvia Sidney in Fritz Lang's drama You and Me (1938), and was next reunited with Hathaway to star in another adventure story, Spawn of the North (1938), with Henry Fonda and John Barrymore playing supporting roles.

Raft was announced for the films The World Applauds and Two-Time Loser.

Paramount wanted Raft to appear in St. Louis Blues, but he refused and was replaced by Lloyd Nolan. "Raft is Hollywood's authority on walk outs," wrote one columnist. He was suspended again, then allowed to do a comedy, The Lady's from Kentucky (1939). In January 1939, he refused to make The Magnificent Fraud and was again replaced by Nolan. Raft's contract was meant to last until February of that year, but Paramount ended it prematurely.

Warner Bros: 1939–1943
Raft received an offer from Warner Bros. to appear opposite James Cagney in a prison film titled Each Dawn I Die (1939); the film was a great success and Warner Bros. offered Raft a long-term contract in July 1939 at three films per year. He next appeared in I Stole a Million (1939) for Universal.

Hal Wallis later wrote that "Our association with Raft was a constant struggle from start to finish. Hypersensitive to public accusations of underworld connections, he flatly refused to play the heavy in any film... Time and time again we offered him gangster parts and time and time again he turned them down."

Raft was slated to appear in a remake of The Patent Leather Kid, one of his favorite films, and a John Dillinger film with Cagney, but both projects were canceled. He was assigned to Invisible Stripes (1939) with William Holden, Jane Bryan and Humphrey Bogart. Raft was borrowed by Walter Wanger to play a gangster in The House Across the Bay (1940), which was a flop. He was cast in City for Conquest (1940), but declined the role and was replaced by Anthony Quinn.

Raft was scheduled to appear in Star of Africa and declined a role in The Dealer's Name Was George, but neither film was made.

In Raoul Walsh's trucking melodrama They Drive by Night (1940), Raft played the lead, with Ann Sheridan as Raft's leading lady, Humphrey Bogart in a supporting role as his brother, and Ida Lupino as a ravishing young beauty relentlessly pursuing Raft. In July 1940, Raft reprised his vaudeville act.

In August 1940, Raft declined the lead role in South of Suez (1940) and was replaced by George Brent. He was again placed on suspension, but was intended to appear in The Sea Wolf (1941) after the suspension period. However, Raft did not like the role and was suspended again, with John Garfield taking his place. MGM intended to borrow Raft to costar with Norma Shearer in The World We Make, but the film was never made.

Raft also declined the leads in High Sierra and The Maltese Falcon (1941), and both roles were played by Bogart, catapulting Bogart's career. Raft instead made Manpower (1941) with Edward G. Robinson and Marlene Dietrich. Robinson recalled Raft as "touchy, difficult and thoroughly impossible to play with." During filming, Raft and Robinson came to blows, with photographs splashed across newspapers.

Raft next rejected the lead role in All Through the Night (1942), refusing to appear on the first day of filming because he did not want to play a heel, and Bogart once again replaced him. Raft was unable to accept Fox's offer to appear in To the Shores of Tripoli (1942).

Raft wanted to appear in Universal's film version of the musical Broadway (1942), but Jack Warner refused to loan him, so Raft spent eight months on suspension without pay. However, Warner Bros. could only maintain the suspension while making films that Raft declined, and the studio eventually ran out of such films, forcing them to resume paying him, and they eventually agreed to let him make Broadway, playing a fictionalized version of himself as a young dancer named George Raft.

Raft said that he paid $27,500 of his own money so that Warner Bros. could borrow Robert Cummings from Universal for another film. Raft was reported to have turned down Bogart's role in Casablanca (1942), although according to some Warner Bros. memos, this story is apocryphal. Raft was discussed as a possibility for the lead at one stage, as was Ronald Reagan, but was never offered it.

Raft was one of many Warner Bros. stars who appeared in United Artists' Stage Door Canteen (1943). He finally returned to filming at Warner Bros. with the espionage thriller Background to Danger (1943), a film intended to capitalize on the success of Casablanca. In November 1942, Raft bought himself out of his Warner Bros. contract in order to appear in Hell's Kitchen, a story of his life, on stage, but the play never materialized.

Freelance star and producer
Raft's career as a freelance actor initially began well. He toured the U.S., England and Africa performing for the troops from January through March 1944. In March 1943, he was voted the sixth-most-popular star among African-American movie audiences; Variety said: "Raft has always been a prime favorite with the Negro filmgoer." His price as a guest star on radio was $1,500-$2,500.

Raft declined the lead role in Billy Wilder's Double Indemnity (1944). Wilder later said "We knew then that we'd have a good picture" and Raft later admitted that "I wasn't very intelligent then." Raft's first film after leaving Warner Bros. was the 1944 Universal musical Follow the Boys (1944), which featured a number of Universal's stars in a guest spots and Raft in the lead. It achieved a healthy gross. 20th Century Fox hired him to a contract so that he could appear in Henry Hathaway's hit musical Nob Hill (1945), replacing Fred MacMurray.

Edwin Marin
Raft next appeared in director Edwin Marin's Johnny Angel (1945) for RKO, an unexpected hit that realized a profit of more than a million dollars. He next appeared in the popular Whistle Stop (1946), a United Artists melodrama that offered a good early role to Ava Gardner. Mr. Ace (1946), with Sylvia Sidney and director Marin for producer Benedict Bogeaus, was a flop, but it did lead to a rather successful radio series starring Raft entitled The Cases of Mr. Ace (1947).

In 1946, Raft earned a reported $108,000 for the year. He created his own production company, Star Films, with Sam Bischoff as president, and planned to make three films in two years for $3.5 million. He and Marin returned to RKO to make the popular film noir Nocturne (1946), produced by Joan Harrison.

Raft's next three films were all directed by Marin: Christmas Eve (1947) at United Artists for Bogeaus, a box-office disappointment, Intrigue (1947) at United Artists for Star Films and Race Street (1948) at RKO.

In June 1947, Raft received bad publicity when his friend, the Las Vegas mobster Bugsy Siegel, was murdered. However, the following year, Hedda Hopper wrote that Raft was "going stronger than ever today" adding that "he has made millions, but hasn't got 'em due to a fondness for gambling and a loyalty to helping old friends."

Decline as a star
Star Film's second film was Outpost in Morocco (1949), a story of the French Foreign Legion partly shot on location in Africa that was a box-office disappointment. Raft followed this with a series of thrillers: Johnny Allegro (1949), directed by Ted Tetzlaff for Columbia, Red Light (1949), by Roy Del Ruth for United Artists and A Dangerous Profession (1949) by Tetzlaff for RKO. None of these performed strongly at the box office, and Raft's standing as a box-office attraction had been damaged. The lengthy period of shooting for Johnny Allegro caused him to miss the chance to star in The Big Steal (1949), and he was replaced by Robert Mitchum.

Raft went to England to make I'll Get You for This, which was filmed in 1950 but not released for another year. In the summer of 1951, Raft took the title role in the radio adventure series Rocky Jordan, playing "the owner of a cabaret in Cairo whose life is steeped in intrigue." However, it only lasted a few months.

Three films for Lippert Pictures
Raft appeared in two Lippert Pictures low-budget thrillers, Escape Route (1952), shot in England with Sally Gray, and Loan Shark (1952).

He starred in a syndicated television series titled I'm the Law (1953) that ran for one season. The Man from Cairo (1953), also for Lippert and shot in Europe and Africa, was Raft's last film with top billing. He resumed his dancing career, including an exhibition in Las Vegas. "As far as films are concerned, I'm dead," he said, "Nobody has been breaking their necks trying to hire me." He tried to persuade Darryl Zanuck to remake The Honor System. He said: "I want to play heavies again. I think I made a mistake going straight."

Supporting actor
Raft took an excellent role as a mob boss supporting Robert Taylor in Rogue Cop (1954), a hit for MGM. Also popular was Black Widow (1954), a film noir with Ginger Rogers, but A Bullet for Joey (1955), which reunited Raft with Edward G. Robinson, was a flop.

Raft was one of many guest stars in Around the World in 80 Days (1956), and after the film's release, he said that "the telephone just seemed to stop ringing." He decided to seek other work.

Television
In 1953 Raft appeared as NYPD detective Lt. George Kirby on 27 episodes of I’m the Law, a police drama series. He spoofed his tough-guy image in a comedy sketch on the Feb. 20, 1955 episode of The Jack Benny Program. He appeared in 3 episodes of The Red Skelton Show, portraying gangster-types in comedy skits. In 1964 he performed a tango dance with the Hugh Lambert dancers to the song "La Cumparsita" on an episode of The Ed Sullivan Show. In 1967 he did an episode of the Batman (TV series), “Black Widow Strikes Again”. In 1971 he twice appeared on Rowan & Martin’s Laugh-In comedy show, and in one episode of the sitcom The Chicago Teddy Bears, which was his last TV acting role.

Casinos
In 1955, Raft was offered the chance to buy a 2% share in the Flamingo Hotel for $65,000 if he would act as its entertainment director. Raft agreed, but was rejected for a gaming license because of his alleged associations with underworld figures. He appealed, arguing that although he knew many gangsters, "I never did business with any of them," and the decision was overturned in December 1955. Raft worked at the hotel negotiating its showbusiness deals.

Raft was hired by Santo Trafficante, Jr. to work as a greeter at the Capri Casino in Havana, Cuba, at which he was also a part owner. However, Fidel Castro took command of the country and closed all of its casinos, and Raft was in Havana on the night when the rebels arrived.

Return to filmmaking
In July 1958, Raft was offered a role in his first film in four years, Some Like It Hot (1959), playing a gangster. Because of Marilyn Monroe's tardiness on set, the job turned into 16 weeks of work before Raft was able to appear in Jet Over the Atlantic (1959). The success of Some Like It Hot did not lead to a comeback, but Raft subsequently appeared as a casino owner in the Rat Pack movie Ocean's 11 (1960), and he appeared in a cameo role as himself in The Ladies Man (1961). In Britain, he appeared in Two Guys Abroad (1962), a film intended as a pilot for a television series, and back in Hollywood had small roles in For Those Who Think Young and The Patsy (both 1964).

In 1965, Raft was convicted of income-tax evasion. He pleaded guilty to one count and was fined $2,500. The following year, he testified in front of a New York grand jury about organized-crime financial transactions.

London

Raft received an offer from Andy Neatrour to work as a host and part owner of a gambling club in London called the Colony Club. He went to London in 1966, and while there, he took parts in several films, including a cameo role in the 1967 James Bond spoof Casino Royale, the French film The Upper Hand (1966) with Jean Gabin and Five Golden Dragons (1967). Although the gambling club was successful, after having returned from the U.S. in 1967 for a trip home, Raft was banned from reentering the UK as an "undesirable."

Raft's later films included Skidoo and Madigan's Millions (both 1968). However, Raft became ill during the making of Madigan's Millions, and he was replaced by Cesar Romero in the title role. None of Raft's scenes remain in the film.

In the early 1970s, Raft appeared in an Alka-Seltzer television commercial as a prison inmate, worked as a goodwill ambassador for the Riviera in Las Vegas and sold his house to move into an apartment in Century City.

Raft's final film appearances were in Hammersmith Is Out (1972), Sextette (1978), in which he reunited with Mae West, and The Man with Bogart's Face (1980), a nod to 1940s detective films. He also cohosted an episode of The Mike Douglas Show in 1980.

Raft was a stockholder in the Parvin-Dohrmann Corporation, a hotel and casino company that owned the Flamingo Las Vegas.

Links to criminal figures
When James Cagney became president of the Screen Actors Guild in 1942 for a two-year term, he took a role in the guild's fight against the Mafia, which had taken an active interest in the movie industry. Cagney's wife Billie once received a phone call telling her that Cagney was dead. Cagney alleged that, having failed to scare him, the mob sent a hitman to kill him by dropping a heavy light on his head. On hearing about the rumor of the hit, George Raft allegedly made a call to have the hit canceled.

Raft was interviewed by FBI agents in 1938 and 1953. The 1938 interview was about his knowledge of Louis Buchalter and Jacob Shapiro.

Raft was investigated for alleged tax evasion in 1942.

In 1944, he gave evidence when Bugsy Siegel was on trial for bookmaking.

In 1946, Raft was sued by an attorney in Australia for assault.

In 1957, Mickey Cohen said that he wanted Raft to play him in any film about his life because "the others would portray me as a vicious gangster, but George would not."

In 1967, Raft was denied entry into the UK, where he had been installed as casino director at the Colony Club, because of his alleged underworld associations.

Personal life
Raft married Grace Mulrooney (1902–1970) in 1923, long before his stardom. The pair separated soon thereafter, but the devoutly Catholic Mulrooney refused to grant a divorce, and Raft officially remained married to her and continued to support her until her death in 1970. A romantic figure in Hollywood, Raft had love affairs with Hilda Ferguson, Betty Grable, Marlene Dietrich, Tallulah Bankhead, Carole Lombard and Mae West. He stated publicly that he wanted to marry Norma Shearer, with whom he had a long romance, but his wife's refusal to allow a divorce eventually caused Shearer to end the affair.

Death
Raft died from emphysema at the age of 79 in Los Angeles on November 24, 1980. Raft left behind no will, and his estate consisted of only a $10,000 insurance policy and some furniture. In the last years of his life, he had lived on approximately $800 a month, a combination of social security and his pension. He was interred at the Forest Lawn – Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles. Raft's personal effects and wardrobe were sold through a classified advertisement listing the lot for $800 in Hemmings Motor News in the fall of 1981.

Legacy
Raft has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: for movies at 6150 Hollywood Boulevard and for television at 1500 Vine Street.

In popular culture
Ray Danton played Raft in The George Raft Story (1961), which co-starred Jayne Mansfield. Raft excoriated the film upon its release due to inaccuracies. In the 1991 biographical movie Bugsy, the character of George Raft was played by Joe Mantegna.

In season 2, episode 6 of The Sopranos (2000), Corrado "Junior" Soprano reveals to Tony that there was another uncle, the "feeble-minded" Ercole, who Junior describes as "handsome, like George Raft".

In the Francis Ford Coppola film "The Cotton Club" (1984), the character of Dixie Dwyer appears to be loosely based on Raft: in the film, the character Owney Madden (Bob Hoskins) sends Dwyer (Richard Gere) to LA to appear in films - the first of which is titled "Mob Boss".

Filmography

 * Queen of the Night Clubs (1929) (with Texas Guinan) as Gigola
 * Gold Diggers of Broadway (1929) as Dancer (uncredited)
 * Side Street (1929) (with Tom, Owen and Matt Moore (Raft unbilled dancer) as Georgie Ames, the Dancer (uncredited)
 * Quick Millions (1931) (with Spencer Tracy and Marguerite Churchill) as Jimmy Kirk
 * Goldie (1931) (with Spencer Tracy and Jean Harlow) as Pickpocket (uncredited)
 * Hush Money (1931) (with Joan Bennett and Myrna Loy) as Maxie
 * Palmy Days (1931) (with Eddie Cantor) as Joe – Yolando's Henchman
 * Taxi! (1932) (with James Cagney and Loretta Young) as William Kenny – Dance Contestant (uncredited)
 * Dancers in the Dark (1932) (with Miriam Hopkins) as Louie Brooks
 * Scarface (1932) (with Paul Muni and Ann Dvorak) as Guino Rinaldo (Raft flips the nickel in his breakthrough role)
 * Night World (1932) (with Lew Ayres, Mae Clarke, and Boris Karloff) as Ed Powell
 * Love Is a Racket (1932) as Sneaky (scenes deleted)
 * Madame Racketeer (1932) (with Alison Skipworth and Richard Bennett) as Jack Houston
 * Night After Night (1932) (with Mae West as a fictionalized Texas Guinan (Raft's 1st leading role) as Joe Anton
 * If I Had a Million (1932; Raft plays a forger) as Eddie Jackson
 * Under Cover Man (1932) (with Nancy Carroll) as Nick Darrow
 * Winner Take All (1932) (with James Cagney) as bandleader at Guinan's (archive footage) (uncredited)
 * Pick-Up (1933) (with Sylvia Sidney) as Harry Glynn
 * Midnight Club (1933) (with Clive Brook) (Raft 2nd billed) as Nick Mason
 * The Bowery (1933) (with Wallace Beery, Fay Wray, and Pert Kelton) (Raft 2nd billed) as Steve Brodie
 * All of Me (1934) (with Fredric March and Miriam Hopkins) (Raft 3rd billed) as Honey Rogers
 * Bolero (1934) (with Carole Lombard and Ray Milland) (besides Scarface, Raft's signature film) as Raoul De Baere
 * The Trumpet Blows (1934) (with Adolphe Menjou) as Manuel Montes
 * Limehouse Blues (1934) (with Anna May Wong) as Harry Young
 * Rumba (1935) (with Carole Lombard) as Joe Martin
 * Stolen Harmony (1935) (with Lloyd Nolan and William Cagney) as Ray Angelo, alias Ray Ferraro
 * The Glass Key (1935) (with Edward Arnold) as Ed Beaumont
 * Every Night at Eight (1935) (with Alice Faye and Frances Langford) as 'Tops' Cardona
 * She Couldn't Take It (1935) (with Joan Bennett) as Spot Ricardi / Joseph Ricard
 * It Had to Happen (1936) (with Rosalind Russell) as Enrico Scaffa
 * Yours for the Asking (1936) (with Dolores Costello and Ida Lupino) as Johnny Lamb
 * Souls at Sea (1937) (with Gary Cooper) (Raft 2nd billed) as Powdah
 * You and Me (1938) with Sylvia Sidney (with bizarre musical interludes by Kurt Weill) as Joe Dennis
 * Spawn of the North (1938) (with Henry Fonda and John Barrymore) as Tyler Dawson
 * The Lady's from Kentucky (1939) (with Ellen Drew) as Marty Black
 * Each Dawn I Die (1939) with James Cagney (Raft 2nd billed) as 'Hood' Stacey
 * I Stole a Million (1939) (with Claire Trevor) as Joe Lourik, alias Joe Harris
 * Invisible Stripes (1939) (with William Holden and Humphrey Bogart) as Cliff Taylor
 * The House Across the Bay (1940) (with Joan Bennett) as Steve
 * They Drive by Night (1940) (with Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino, and Humphrey Bogart) as Joe Fabrini
 * Manpower (1941) (with Edward G. Robinson and Marlene Dietrich) (Raft 3rd billed, but played the lead) as Johnny Marshall
 * Broadway (1942) (with Pat O'Brien and Broderick Crawford) (young B'way dancer) as himself
 * Stage Door Canteen (1943) (with an all-star cast) as himself
 * Background to Danger (1943) (with Sydney Greenstreet and Peter Lorre) as Joe Barton
 * Follow the Boys (1944) (with Vera Zorina) as Tony West
 * Nob Hill (1945) (with Joan Bennett and Vivian Blaine) as Tony Angelo
 * Johnny Angel (1945) (with Claire Trevor and Hoagy Carmichael) as Johnny Angel
 * Whistle Stop (1946) (with Ava Gardner and Victor McLaglen) as Kenny Veech
 * Mr. Ace (1946) (with Sylvia Sidney) as Eddie Ace
 * Nocturne (1946) (with Lynn Bari) as Joe Warne
 * Intrigue (1947) (with June Havoc) as Brad Dunham
 * Christmas Eve (1947) (with George Brent, Randolph Scott, and Joan Blondell) as Mario Torio
 * Race Street (1948) (with William Bendix and Marilyn Maxwell) as Daniel J. 'Dan' Gannin
 * Outpost in Morocco (1949) (with Marie Windsor and Akim Tamiroff) as Capt. Paul Gerard
 * Johnny Allegro (1949) (with Nina Foch and Will Geer) as Johnny Allegro
 * Red Light (1949) (with Virginia Mayo, Gene Lockhart, and Raymond Burr) as Johnny Torno
 * A Dangerous Profession (1949) (with Ella Raines, Pat O'Brien, and Jim Backus) as Vince Kane
 * We Shall Go to Paris (1950), (also known as Nous Irons a Paris) as himself
 * I'll Get You for This (1951; AKA Lucky Nick Cain) (with Coleen Gray) as Nick Cain
 * Loan Shark (1952) (with Dorothy Hart) as Joe Gargen
 * Escape Route (1952; AKA I'll Get You) as Steve Rossi
 * The Man from Cairo (1953) (Raft's last top billing in a theatrical film) as Mike Canelli
 * I'm the Law (1954; 26-episode TV series) as Police Lt. George Kirby
 * Rogue Cop (1954) (with Robert Taylor and Janet Leigh) (Raft 3rd billed) as Dan Beaumonte
 * Black Widow (1954) (with Ginger Rogers, Van Heflin, and Gene Tierney) (Raft 4th billed) as Detective Lt. C.A. Bruce
 * A Bullet for Joey (1955) (with Edward G. Robinson) (Raft 2nd billed) as Joe Victor aka Steiner
 * Around the World in 80 Days (1956) (with David Niven and Marlene Dietrich) as Bouncer at the Barbary Coast Saloon
 * Some Like It Hot (1959) (with Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon) (Raft 4th billed) as "Spats" Colombo, Chicago mobster
 * Jet Over the Atlantic (1959) (with Guy Madison and Virginia Mayo) (Raft 3rd billed) as Stafford
 * Ocean's 11 (1960) (with the Rat Pack) as Jack Strager, casino owner
 * The Ladies Man (1961) (with Jerry Lewis) (Raft cameo)
 * Two Guys Abroad (1962) as Nightclub co-owner
 * For Those Who Think Young (1964) as Detective (uncredited)
 * The Patsy (1964) as himself
 * The Upper Hand (1966) (with Jean Gabin) (Raft 2nd billed) as Charles Binnaggio
 * Casino Royale (1967) as himself
 * Five Golden Dragons (1967) (with Robert Cummings and Klaus Kinski) as Dragon #2
 * Skidoo (1968) (with Jackie Gleason and Groucho Marx) as Capt. Garbaldo
 * Hammersmith Is Out (1972) (with Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Peter Ustinov) as Guido Scartucci
 * Deadhead Miles (1972) as himself
 * Sextette (1978) (with Mae West, her final movie, and Timothy Dalton) as himself
 * The Man with Bogart's Face (1980) as Petey Cane (final film role)

Short subjects

 * Hollywood on Parade No. A-9 (1933)
 * Hollywood on Parade No. B-5 (1933)
 * Hollywood on Parade No. B-8 (1934)
 * The Fashion Side of Hollywood (1935)
 * Screen Snapshots Series 18, No. 4 (1938)
 * Meet the Stars #6: Stars at Play (1941)
 * Hedda Hopper's Hollywood No. 2 (1941)
 * Hollywood Park (1946)
 * Screen Snapshots: Vacation at Del Mar (1949)

Roles rejected
Raft turned down roles in the following films:

 * The Story of Temple Drake (1933) – replaced by Jack La Rue
 * Belle of the Nineties (1934) – replaced by Roger Pryor
 * The Princess Comes Across (1935) – replaced by Fred MacMurray
 * Dead End (1937) – replaced by Humphrey Bogart
 * Stolen Heaven (1938) – replaced by Gene Raymond
 * The Magnificent Fraud (1939) – replaced by Lloyd Nolan
 * St. Louis Blues (1939) – replaced by Lloyd Nolan
 * South of Suez (1940) – replaced by George Brent
 * City for Conquest (1940) – replaced by Anthony Quinn
 * It All Came True (1940) – replaced by Humphrey Bogart
 * Blues in the Night (1941) – replaced by Richard Whorf
 * The Sea Wolf (1941) – replaced by John Garfield
 * High Sierra (1941) – replaced by Humphrey Bogart
 * The Wagons Roll at Night (1941) – replaced by Humphrey Bogart
 * Out of the Fog (1941) – replaced by John Garfield
 * The Maltese Falcon (1941) – replaced by Humphrey Bogart
 * All Through the Night (1942) – replaced by Humphrey Bogart
 * The Big Shot (1942) – replaced by Humphrey Bogart
 * Juke Girl (1942) – replaced by Ronald Reagan
 * Double Indemnity (1944) – replaced by Fred MacMurray
 * The Big Heat (1953) – replaced by Alexander Scourby
 * Morning Call (1957) – replaced by Ron Randell

Select radio appearances

 * Kraft Cheese Program (1936)
 * Lux Radio Theatre – "Cheating Cheaters" (31 August 1936) – with June Lang
 * Lux Radio Theatre – "Spawn of the North" (12 September 1938) – with Dorothy Lamour and Fred MacMurray
 * Bob Hope – "Bob Hope is Remodeling His House" (1939)
 * Screen Guild Theatre: "A Mug, a Moll and a Mountaineer" (2 April 1939)
 * Procter and Gamble's Knickerbocker Playhouse – "Bulldog Drummond" (1939)
 * Campbell Soup Playhouse – "A Free Soul" (1941)
 * Lux Radio Theatre – "They Drive By Night" (2 June 1941) – with Lana Turner
 * Screen Guild Theatre – "Torrid Zone" (25 January 1942)
 * Lux Radio Theatre – "Manpower" (16 March 1942) – with Marlene Dietrich and Edward G. Robinson
 * Lux Radio Theatre – "Broadway" (30 November 1942) – with Lloyd Nolan
 * Lux Radio Theatre – "Each Dawn I Die" (22 March 1943) – with Franchot Tone
 * Lux Radio Theatre – Air Force (7 December 1943)
 * Lux Radio Theatre – "Action in the North Atlantic" (15 May 1944) – with Raymond Massey
 * The Cases of Mr. Ace (4 June – 3 September 1947) – regular series
 * Lux Radio Theatre – "Intrigue" (5 October 1948)
 * Rocky Jordan (27 June – 22 August 1951)
 * Martin and Lewis Show (12 October 1951)

title: George Raft


text:
Category:Amides

Amides are the members of a group of organic chemical compounds containing nitrogen. Specifically, an amide results from an acid, in which a carbon atom is double bonded to oxygen and also to a hydroxyl group, when the hydroxyl group is replaced by an amine.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Amides


text:
Category:Saints

Articles about saints, persons who are recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God. The concept includes the saints of Christianity, the tzadik of Judaism, the wali of Islam, the rishi of Hinduism, the guru of Sikhism, and the arhat and bodhisattva of Buddhism.

See also List of saints for a selection of well-known Christian saints. See also WikiProject Saints.

title: Category:Saints


text:
1993 New Zealand general election

The 1993 New Zealand general election was held on 6 November 1993 to determine the composition of the 44th New Zealand Parliament. Voters elected 99 members to the House of Representatives, up from 97 members at the 1990 election. The election was held concurrently with an electoral reform referendum to replace the first-past-the-post system, with all members elected from single-member electorates, with mixed-member proportional representation. It saw the governing National Party, led by Jim Bolger, win a second term in office, despite a major swing away from National in both seats and votes, and the carrying of the referendum by 53.9% to 46.1%.

Having broken electoral campaign promises and embarked on supply-side economics and wide-sweeping cuts during his first term, Bolger led the most unpopular government since the Great Depression. The neoliberal actions of Ruth Richardson, his Minister of Finance, were termed Ruthanasia by the media, and her Mother of all Budgets in 1991 caused huge protests. By September 1991, support for National had plummeted to a hitherto unprecedented polling low of 22%. Mike Moore, ousted by Bolger in a landslide just three years before, attacked National's caucus as dangerous right-wing extremists, and enjoyed considerable personal popularity. While the high unemployment Ruthanasia had caused had recovered somewhat by 1993, Bolger's approval ratings remained dire against Moore up until election day.

With a vote difference of just 7,133 between the two major parties, the election was one of the closest in New Zealand history. Bolger's 17-seat majority gained in 1990 was pared back to a bare majority of one seat. The Labour Party, led by former Prime Minister Mike Moore, enjoyed a 16-seat rise and almost won outright. The two smaller parties - Winston Peters' New Zealand First, which he formed after leaving National over conflict with their economic policy, and Jim Anderton's Alliance of parties to the left of Labour - both outperformed expectations and won significant shares of the vote. However, the first-past-the-post system kept them from gaining more than two seats each.

If MMP had been in use, the left-wing bloc of Labour and the Alliance – having secured a larger share of the vote than National or New Zealand First – would likely have formed a government. This was the last time prior to the 2020 election where a party won an absolute majority of seats.

Background
Before the election, the National Party governed with 64 seats, while the opposition Labour Party held only 29. The 1990 election had been a major victory for the National Party, with the unpopular Fourth Labour Government being decisively defeated. The Labour Party had become unpopular for its ongoing economic reforms, nicknamed Rogernomics after Minister of Finance Roger Douglas, which were based around liberalisation, privatisation, and the removal of tariffs and subsidies. The National Party divided as to the merits of the reforms, with conservatives generally opposed and libertarians generally in favour. The party had fought the 1990 election saying that the Labour government's program was too radical, and was being carried out without any thought of the social consequences – Jim Bolger spoke about "the Decent Society", promising a return to a more moderate and balanced platform.

Once in government, however, the key Minister of Finance role was taken not by a moderate but by Ruth Richardson, who wished to expand, not end, the economic reforms. Upon gaining power, Richardson intensified the deregulation, creating an portfolio of neoliberal policies popularly known as Ruthanasia. Richardson's "Mother of all Budgets", released in 1991, slashed available unemployment, sickness and welfare benefits. The families benefit by $25.00 to $27.00, unemployment benefit was cut by $14.00 a week, sickness benefit by $27.04. Universal payments for family benefits were completely abolished, and user pay schemes were introduced in a libertarian fashion. The Employment Contracts Act sought to weaken trade unions, by meaning employees had to have individual contracts or be on a single-employer collective agreement. Richardson also ended free tertiary education altogether, after the Fourth Labour Government had ended bursaries.

These policies, a steep departure even from Rogernomics, led to a major backlash in multiple aspects of society, both on the left and the right. Students and trade unionists led protests and marches in Wellington and Auckland against university cuts and the Employment Contracts Bill. Many of the voters who had felt betrayed by Labour's reforms now felt betrayed by the National Party as well. The Mother of all Budgets not only caused widespread public contempt for the National Party but also wreaked havoc internally. The budget was lamented by the conservative wing of the National Party; former Prime Minister Sir Robert Muldoon resigned from his Tamaki electorate in protest of Richardson's policies, triggering a by-election. Polling declined massively for National, and Mike Moore shot up in approval ratings while attacking National's caucus as right-wing extremists. According to an episode of Frontline on TVNZ 1 that aired less than two weeks before the election, Bolger led the most unpopular government since the Great Depression. By September 1991, support for National had plummeted to a hitherto unprecedented polling low of 22%.

The Alliance, the largest "third party", was a broad coalition of five smaller groups – the NewLabour Party (a Labour splinter), the Democrats (a social credit party), the Greens (an environmentalist party), Mana Motuhake (a Māori party), and the Liberal Party (a National splinter). The Alliance held three seats in Parliament – one belonged to Jim Anderton, who had been re-elected under a NewLabour banner in the seat he had formerly held for Labour, while the other two belonged to the National MPs who formed the Liberal Party. In its first electoral test, the 1992 by-election in Tamaki, the Alliance had performed well, taking second place. Another smaller group was New Zealand First, a party established by former National MP Winston Peters. Peters had broken with his party after a number of policy disputes with its leadership, and resigned from parliament to contest his seat as an independent. After being overwhelmingly re-elected, Peters established New Zealand First to promote his views. Peters was the party's sole MP.

Another consequence of dissatisfaction with both major parties was the referendum conducted alongside the 1993 election. The culmination of the larger decade-long New Zealand electoral reform process, the referendum was held following the September 1992 indicative referendum, which saw 85% of voters voting for change from the existing First Past The Post (FPP) system, and 70% choosing the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) as its preferred replacement: a proportional system which would make it easier for smaller parties to win seats. It asked voters to choose whether to keep the existing FPP system or change to MMP, with 53.9% of voters opting to change to MMP.

While National and Labour usually stood candidates in every seat, National was one candidate short as their Southern Maori candidate apparently did not apply in time.

MPs retiring in 1993
Four MPs, including three National MPs and one Labour MP, intended to retire at the end of the 43rd Parliament.

The election
The election was held on 6 November. 2,321,664 people were registered to vote, and 85.2% turned out. This turnout was almost exactly the same as for the previous election, although slightly less than what would be seen for the following one.

Summary of results
With a vote difference of just 7,133 between the two major parties, the election was one of the closest in New Zealand history. Preliminary results based on election night counts saw the country facing its first hung parliament since 1931, with no party gaining the 50 seats required for a majority. The National Party won 49 seats, a drop of 15 from before the election, and Labour had won 46 seats, with the balance of power held with the Alliance and New Zealand First, which won two seats each. This led to Jim Bolger saying on public television, "Bugger the pollsters", as polls had predicted a comfortable National victory. Bolger reacted to the election results by giving a conciliatory speech, while Labour leader Mike Moore delivered a speech later described by political scientist Jack Vowles as "damaging" and "more appropriate for a decisive Labour win than a narrow defeat."

On election night result with the two major parties tied, the Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard asked her predecessor Sir David Beattie to form a committee, along with three retired appeal court judges, to decide whom to appoint as prime minister. However National won one more seat and was returned to power when the official count saw the seat of Waitaki swing from Labour to National, giving National 50 seats and Labour 45 seats. Labour's Sir Peter Tapsell agreed to become speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives (so that National would not lose a vote in the house). Hence National had a majority of one seat.

The 1993–1996 parliamentary term would see a number of defections from both major parties, meaning that National would eventually be forced to make alliances to retain power.

Party totals
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 width=200 |Party ! rowspan=2 |Votes ! colspan=2 |% of votes ! colspan=2 |Seats ! % ! change ! total ! change a Increase over Alliance's constituent member parties' (Greens, NewLabour, Democrats and Mana Motuhake) combined vote share in.
 * colspan=7|NZ Parliament Make-Up 1993.svg
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center"
 * style="text-align:left;" |National
 * style="text-align:right;" | 673,892
 * style="text-align:right;" | 35.05
 * style="text-align:right;" | -12.78
 * style="text-align:right;" | 50
 * style="text-align:right;" | -17
 * style="text-align:left;" |Labour
 * style="text-align:right;" | 666,759
 * style="text-align:right;" | 34.68
 * style="text-align:right;" | -0.46
 * style="text-align:right;" | 45
 * style="text-align:right;" | +16
 * style="text-align:left;" |Alliance
 * style="text-align:right;" | 350,064
 * style="text-align:right;" | 18.21
 * style="text-align:right;" | +3.93a
 * style="text-align:right;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;" | +1b
 * style="text-align:left;" |NZ First
 * style="text-align:right;" | 161,481
 * style="text-align:right;" | 8.40
 * style="text-align:right;" | +8.4
 * style="text-align:right;" | 2
 * style="text-align:right;" | +2
 * style="text-align:left;" |Christian Heritage
 * style="text-align:right;" | 38,749
 * style="text-align:right;" | 2.02
 * style="text-align:right;" | +1.49
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;" | –
 * style="text-align:left;" |McGillicuddy Serious
 * style="text-align:right;" | 11,706
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0.61
 * style="text-align:right;" | +0.06
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;" | –
 * style="text-align:left;" |Natural Law
 * style="text-align:right;" | 6,056
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0.31
 * style="text-align:right;" | +0.31
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;" | –
 * style="text-align:left;" |Mana Māori
 * style="text-align:right;" | 3,342
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0.17
 * style="text-align:right;" | +0.17
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;" | –
 * style="text-align:left;" |minor parties and independents
 * style="text-align:right;" | 10,747
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0.56
 * style="text-align:right;" | +0.34
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;" | –
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:right"
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |total votes
 * 1,922,796
 * 100.00
 * 99
 * +2
 * colspan=2|
 * colspan=6|
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 |total registered electors
 * style="text-align:right;" |2,321,664
 * colspan=4|
 * style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" colspan=2 |turnout
 * style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan=5 |82.82%
 * }
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0.56
 * style="text-align:right;" | +0.34
 * style="text-align:right;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;" | –
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:right"
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |total votes
 * 1,922,796
 * 100.00
 * 99
 * +2
 * colspan=2|
 * colspan=6|
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 |total registered electors
 * style="text-align:right;" |2,321,664
 * colspan=4|
 * style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" colspan=2 |turnout
 * style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan=5 |82.82%
 * }
 * colspan=4|
 * style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" colspan=2 |turnout
 * style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan=5 |82.82%
 * }
 * }

b Increase of one over Alliance's constituent party, NewLabour's result in.

Electorate results
The table below shows the results of the 1993 general election by electorate:

Key

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | General electorates

| Hauraki | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background-color:#ececec;" | New electorate | style="background-color:;" | | style="text-align:center;background-color:;" | Warren Kyd | style="text-align:right;" | 1,870 | style="background-color:;" | | style="text-align:center;" | Jeanette Fitzsimons

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | Māori electorates

Table footnotes:
 * }

Summary of changes
Based on the 1991 New Zealand census, an electoral redistribution was carried out; the last one had been carried out in 1987 based on the previous census in 1986. This resulted in the abolition of nine electorates, and the creation of eleven new electorates. Through an amendment in the Electoral Act in 1965, the number of electorates in the South Island was fixed at 25, so the new electorates increased the number of the North Island electorates by two. In the South Island, one electorate was abolished, and one electorate was recreated. In the North Island, five electorates were newly created (,, , , and ), five electorates were recreated (, Hauraki, , , and ), and eight electorates were abolished (, , , , , , , and ).

In many cases an MP from an abolished seat stood for, and was elected to a new one that broadly covered their previous electorate.

New electorates.
 * Eastern Bay of Plenty – most of the abolished East Cape seat, plus part of Tarawera. Won by former East Cape MP Tony Ryall.
 * Far North – most of the abolished Bay of Islands seat. Won by former Bay of Islands MP John Carter.
 * Franklin – part of the abolished Maramarua seat and part of Papakura. Won by former Maramarua MP Bill Birch.
 * Hauraki – parts of the abolished Clevedon, Maramarua, and Coromandel seats. Won by former Clevedon MP Warren Kyd.
 * Henderson – parts taken from the West Auckland, Te Atatu, and Titirangi electorates. Won by former West Auckland MP Jack Elder (Labour).
 * Howick – the eastern part of the Otara seat. Won by former Otara MP Trevor Rogers (National).
 * Matakana – part of the abolished Coromandel seat. Won by former Coromandel MP Graeme Lee.
 * Onslow – the core of the abolished Ohariu seat. Won by former Ohariu MP Peter Dunne (Labour).
 * Rakaia – the abolished Ashburton seat, plus part of the Selwyn seat. Won by former Ashburton MP Jenny Shipley (National).
 * Waitakere – chiefly, the abolished seat of West Auckland. Won by former Te Atatu MP Brian Neeson (National).
 * Wellington-Karori – the abolished Wellington Central seat, plus part of the abolished Ohariu seat. Won by new National MP Pauline Gardiner.

The seats of Gisborne, Hamilton East, Hamilton West, Hastings, Horowhenua, Invercargill, Lyttelton, Manawatu, Miramar, New Plymouth, Onehunga, Otara, Roskill, Te Atatu, Timaru, Titirangi, Tongariro, Wanganui and West Coast were won from the National Party by Labour challengers. Seventeen of these seats (Gisborne, Hamilton East, Hamilton West, Hastings, Horowhenua, Lyttelton, Manawatu, Miramar, New Plymouth, Onehunga, Otara, Roskill, Te Atatu, Titirangi, Tongariro, Wanganui & the West Coast) had been won by National from Labour in 1990, so were one-term National seats.
 * The seat of Auckland Central was won from the Labour Party by an Alliance challenger. The challenger was Sandra Lee and the defeated incumbent was Richard Prebble.
 * The seat of Northern Maori was won from the Labour Party by a New Zealand First challenger. The challenger was Tau Henare and the defeated incumbent was Bruce Gregory.
 * The seat of Awarua passed from an incumbent National MP to a new National MP.
 * The seat of Pencarrow passed from an incumbent Labour MP to a new Labour MP.

Post-election events
A number of local by-elections were required due to the resignation of incumbent local body politicians following their election to Parliament:

 * A by-election to the Auckland City Council was caused after Hauraki Gulf Islands Ward councillor Sandra Lee resigned her seat after she was elected MP for, necessitating a by-election to fill the council vacancy. The by-election was won by Gordon Hodson.

title: 1993 New Zealand general election


text:
Ransom B. Shelden Sr.

Ransom Bird Shelden Sr. (July 7, 1814 – May 17, 1878) was the founder of Houghton, a city in the county of Houghton County, Michigan.

Early life
Shelden was born in Essex County, New York on July 7, 1814. Shelden's father George Shelden was a farmer in Essex County for many years. In 1832, Ransom Shelden moved to Chicago, building the first hotel in what was then known as "Fort Dearborn." However, he soon moved again to a farm near Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.

Shelden married Theresa M. Douglas, also of Essex County, in 1839. She was a cousin of Douglass Houghton. The couple had four sons: Carlos D. Shelden, George C. Shelden, Christine M. Shelden, and Ransom B. Shelden Jr.

Houghton
In 1847, Shelden moved to Portage Entry in the Keweenaw Peninsula with his brother-in-law and began trading and fishing. Four years later they moved to the Quincy Mine and opened a mine store. Around the same time, Sheldon bought land on the south side of Portage Lake, and in 1852 moved his store there.

Shelden and his brother-in-law had also been purchasing swaths of land throughout the Upper Peninsula, and by 1852 owned around 55,000 acres. Shelden invested in copper mines, lumber yards, and real estate, as well as iron mines in Iron Mountain and Crystal Falls and platted the village of Houghton. In about 1862, Shelden built Pewabic House, the oldest still-extant building in Hancock, Michigan. In 1871 Shelden was elected as president of the town, a position he held for seven years until his death on May 17, 1878. The main street of Houghton, variously called "Sheldon Street," (inaccurately) "Shelden Avenue" and "Sheldon Avenue," was named in Shelden's honour, as was the "Sheldon Center".

title: Ransom B. Shelden Sr.


text:
Burton Malkiel

Burton Gordon Malkiel (born August 28, 1932) is an American economist, financial executive, and writer most noted for his classic finance book A Random Walk Down Wall Street (first published 1973, in its 13th edition as of 2023).

Malkiel is the Chemical Bank chairman's professor of economics at Princeton University, and is a two-time chairman of the economics department there. He was a member of the Council of Economic Advisers (1975–1977), president of the American Finance Association (1978), and dean of the Yale School of Management (1981–1988). He also spent 28 years as a director of the Vanguard Group. He is Chief Investment Officer of software-based financial advisor, Wealthfront Inc. and as a member of the Investment Advisory Board for Rebalance. Malkiel was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2001.

He is a leading proponent of the efficient-market hypothesis, which contends that prices of publicly traded assets reflect all publicly available information, although he has also pointed out that some markets are evidently inefficient, exhibiting signs of non-random walk. Malkiel in general supports buying and holding index funds as the most effective portfolio-management strategy, but does think it is viable to actively manage "around the edges" of such a portfolio, as financial markets are not totally efficient. In a 2020 interview, Malkiel also stated he was not opposed in principle to investing or trading in single stocks (as exemplified by the popularity of Robinhood), provided the large majority of one's portfolio is index funds.

Life and career
In 1949, Malkiel graduated from Boston Latin School, and went on to receive his bachelor's degree (1953) and his MBA (1955) from Harvard University. He originally went into the business world, but had always had an interest in academic economics and eventually earned his Ph.D. in economics from Princeton University in 1964 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Problems in the Structure of Financial Markets."

He married his first wife, Judith Atherton Malkiel, in 1954; they had one son, Jonathan. After Judith Malkiel's death in 1987, Burton Malkiel married his second wife, Nancy Weiss, in 1988. (Nancy Weiss Malkiel was Dean of the College of Princeton University from 1987 to 2011.) He served as a first lieutenant in the United States Army from 1955 to 1958.

Malkiel is on the advisory panel of Robert D. Arnott's investment management firm, Research Affiliates. Malkiel's hobbies include casino games and horse race betting, to which he applies mathematical and statistical analysis.

Notable works
In addition to several books, he has also written influential articles, including "The Valuation of Closed-End Investment Company Shares," Journal of Finance (1977). This article discussed the puzzle of why closed-end fund companies typically trade at market valuations lower than the net value of their assets. If net asset value and market capitalization are only two ways of measuring the same thing, then why is there a consistent difference between them?

On July 22, 2005, Malkiel retired from 28 years of service as a director of the Vanguard Group and trustee of Vanguard Mutual funds, yet remains closely affiliated with Vanguard due to Vanguard's similar investment philosophies. In A Random Walk Down Wall Street, he frequently references Vanguard.

Malkiel is also the Chief Investment Officer of Wealthfront, an automated investment and savings service founded in 2008 currently with $10 billion under management.

Partial bibliography

 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4
 * Burton G. Malkiel: A Random Walk Down Wall Street. The Best Investment Tactic for the New Century, Norton & Company, New York 2011 ISBN 978-0-393-32040-4

title: Burton Malkiel


text:
Henry Moor

Henry Moor (1809 – 12 May 1877) was a British lawyer and politician who served as the second Mayor of Melbourne, Australia and as Member of Parliament for Brighton in England.

Early life
Moor was born in Greenwich, Kent, England. He was Educated at Rev. Charles Parr Burney's school in the town. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 12 November 1831, and from 1832 until 1841 he had a legal partnership with John Simpson at Furnival's Inn, London.

Melbourne 1842–1854
In 1842 Moor emigrated to Australia, arriving in Melbourne in February. He continued his legal work, initially as a conveyancer, before being admitted as attorney, solicitor and proctor in the Supreme Court of New South Wales in April 1843. He established a successful legal practice and rose to become chief magistrate of New South Wales.

Moor was elected to Melbourne Town Council to represent Bourke Ward, and served as the town's second mayor from 1844 to 1845. His second mayoral term followed from 1846 to 1847, with Melbourne achieving city status in the latter year. A new Anglican Diocese of Melbourne was created, and Moor was appointed first lay registrar of the diocese, a post he held until 1854.

In July 1849 Moor was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council for the Electoral district of Port Phillip. In 1851 the Port Phillip District, including Melbourne, was removed from New South Wales to become the new Colony of Victoria.

From January 1852 to December 1853 Moor was in England, and he finally returned permanently in March 1854, settling in the resort town of Brighton on the south coast.

Brighton 1854–1877
Moor became a well-known figure in Brighton. When one of the town's sitting members of parliament, Admiral Sir George Brooke-Pechell, died in 1860 the local Conservative organisation nominated him as candidate in the ensuing by-election. Moor was defeated in a straight fight with the Radical candidate James White, securing 1,229 votes against White's 1,565.

Four years later a further by-election was held when Brighton's other MP, William Coningham, resigned. Moor was again a candidate, and although supported by the Conservative Party declared himself to be going forward on "independent principles" and claimed to be "bound by no party and no political club". Moor described himself as a "Liberal Conservative" and found himself facing no fewer than three Liberal candidates and one independent. Benefitting from this split vote, Moor was duly elected with a majority of 181 votes over his nearest rival, Henry Fawcett.

His time in the House of Commons was to be brief. A general election was held in 1865, and Moor was one of three candidates seeking the two Brighton seats. The two other candidates were the sitting MP James White and his opponent of the previous year, Henry Fawcett. Moor was defeated, winning 2,134 votes with White securing 3,065 and Fawcett 2,665. He made an attempt to regain the seat at the 1868 general election, but failed to be elected, coming last of six candidates.

Moor retired from politics and continued to reside in Brighton. He died in May 1877 while visiting Teddington, Middlesex, aged 68.

title: Henry Moor


text: User talk:68.185.82.38

title: User talk:68.185.82.38


text:
Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah

Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah (عبد الله أحمد عبد الله; 6 June 1963 – 7 August 2020) (nom de guerre Abu Mohammed al-Masri) was a high-ranking Egyptian member of al-Qaeda. He has been described as al-Qaeda's most experienced operational planner and was said to be the second-in-command in the organization at the time of his death.

Abdullah was one of the 22 original members of the United States FBI list of Most Wanted Terrorists. The State Department, through the Rewards for Justice Program, had offered up to US$10 million for information on his location. He was wanted by the United States for his alleged role in the 1998 American embassy bombings in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya. The FBI also gave other names used by Abdullah as Abu Mariam, Mustafa Abu Mariam Khaled, Abu Mohamed Al-Masri, Azayet, and Saleh, a possible abbreviation of Saleh Gamal.

On 14 November 2020, The New York Times reported that Abdullah had been killed on 7 August 2020 in Tehran, Iran, by Israeli Mossad operatives at the request of the United States. On 12 January 2021, the United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo confirmed the death of Abdullah.

Biography
Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah was born in the Gharbia Governorate of Egypt on 6 June 1963. According to Abdullah, he was once a professional football player for the Ghazl El-Mehalla team in Egypt. Having joined the jihadist movement during the Soviet–Afghan War, he was not allowed to return to Egypt, and remained in Afghanistan, joining Osama bin Laden.

In 1992, he helped Saif al-Adel in providing intelligence and military training to those associated with al-Qaeda in Somalia and Sudan. His trainees were among the group who fought against the Americans during the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993.

Between 1996 and 1998 he operated training camps in Afghanistan for al-Qaeda. Abdullah was responsible for forging a passport for Mohammed Saddiq Odeh so he could get from Pakistan to Afghanistan and meet Osama bin Laden before the bombings of US embassies on 7 August 1998 in Kenya and Tanzania that killed 224 civilians and wounded more than 5,000 others.

He fled Nairobi, Kenya, on 6 August 1998, to Karachi, Pakistan. He then travelled to Afghanistan. In 2000, Abdullah became a member of the majlis al-shura, al-Qaeda's leadership council. A former Israeli intelligence official accused him of ordering the 2002 Mombasa attacks.

In 2003, he moved to south-east Iran where he was later detained and placed under house arrest. He was released by Iran in March 2015 with al-Qaeda leaders Saif al-Adel and Abu Khayr al-Masri in exchange for the release of Nour Ahmad Nikbakht, an Iranian diplomat who was being held in Yemen. A New York Times source said he remained in Tehran, living under the protection of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and later the Ministry of Intelligence and Security.

Family
Abdullah was married to a daughter of Ahmad Salama Mabruk, with whom he had three daughters. One of his daughters, named Maryam, had been married to Hamza bin Laden (son of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden). Maryam was also killed in the attack that killed Abdullah.

Death
The New York Times reported on 14 November 2020 that Abdullah, while driving his car in the Pasdaran neighborhood of Tehran, Iran, on 7 August 2020, was shot to death by Israeli Mossad operatives from Kidon, a unit informally known as the "Tip of the Spear", on a motorcycle, at the behest of the United States. Kidon is a highly secretive unit within Mossad, the external intelligence agency of Israel. Abdullah's daughter, who was the widow to former al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden's late son, Hamza bin Laden, was also reportedly killed in the attack. Reuters had previously received similar information from a security official in Afghanistan, but could not independently receive confirmation of the Times reporting via US or Israeli officials. Iranian news sources at the time of his death claimed the identities of the dead pair to be of a Lebanese academic by the name of "Habib Dawood", who had ties to Hezbollah, and his daughter. Afghan news station Shamshad News also claimed his death.

Iran denied The New York Times report; its Foreign Ministry spokesman Saeed Khatibzadeh said in a statement that the United States and Israel sometimes "try to tie Iran to such groups by lying and leaking false information to the media".

Ha'aretz reported "According to intelligence sources in Israel, revelation of the assassination of Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah, also known as Abu Mohammed al-Masri, is meant to convey a message to President-elect Biden, who intends to renew negotiations with Iran. Israel wishes to portray Tehran as a terror incubator for the organization that was responsible for the September 11 attacks."

“This exposes the regime in Iran as one that provides a haven for the organization that's most significant to the United States,” said a former senior defense official. "It's undeniably convenient for Iran to operate Al-Qaida against the United States because of sanctions or to exact a price for the assassination of Soleimani,” the official said,"

On 12 January 2021, the United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo confirmed the death of Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah.

title: Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah


text:
Dyrhólaey

Dyrhólaey (, "door hill island"), formerly known by seamen as Cape Portland, is a small promontory located on the south coast of Iceland, not far from the village Vík. It was formerly an island of volcanic origin, which is also known by the Icelandic word eyja meaning island. The volcano erupted about 100 thousand years ago during the Pleistocene. The peninsula has an elevation of 120 m, and the Dyrhólaey Lighthouse, built in 1927, sits at the top of the formation facing the sea.

It is commonly asserted that Dyrhólaey is the most southernly point in Iceland, in fact, Kötlutangi (63°23'N, 018°45'W) on the sands to the east of Dyrhólaey, is the southernmost point of mainland Iceland. Surtsey, part of the Westman Islands archipelago is the southernmost point of the country of Iceland.

The view from Dyrhólaey is broad: To the north is to be seen the big glacier Mýrdalsjökull. To the east, the black lava columns of the Reynisdrangar come out of the sea, and to the west the whole coastline in the direction of Selfoss is visible – depending on weather conditions. In front of the peninsula, there is a gigantic black arch of lava standing in the sea, which gave the peninsula its name (meaning: door hill island).

Access to Dyrhólaey is by a steep switchback road, which was rebuilt and paved in 2022.

In the summertime, many Atlantic puffins can be found nesting on the cliff faces of Dyrhólaey.

In October 1993 pilot Arngrímur Jóhannsson and member of parliament Árni Johnsen became the first to fly an airplane through the Dyrhólaey arch. They conducted three pass throughs using a Bellanca 7KCAB Citabria plane, registration TF-MBL.

title: Dyrhólaey


text:
Wall of Voodoo

Wall of Voodoo was an American rock band from Los Angeles, California. Though largely an underground act for the majority of its existence, the band came to prominence when its 1982 single "Mexican Radio" became a hit on MTV and alternative radio. The band was known for surrealist lyrics drawing on iconography of the American southwest.

Formation
Wall of Voodoo had its roots in Acme Soundtracks, a film score business started by Stan Ridgway, later the vocalist and harmonica player for Wall of Voodoo. Acme Soundtracks' office was across the street from the Hollywood punk club The Masque and Ridgway was soon drawn into the emerging punk/new wave scene. Marc Moreland, guitarist for the Skulls, began jamming with Ridgway at the Acme Soundtracks office and the soundtrack company morphed into a new wave band. In 1977, with the addition of Skulls members Bruce Moreland (Marc Moreland's brother) as bassist and Chas T. Gray as keyboardist, along with Joe Nanini, who had been the drummer for the Bags, the Eyes, and Black Randy and the Metrosquad, the first lineup of the band was born, named Wall of Voodoo before their first show in reference to a comment made by Joe Berardi, a friend of Ridgway's and member of the Fibonaccis. According to Ridgeway, "I've always been interested in Phil Spector and his wall-of-sound approach to recording. And Wall of Voodoo seemed to describe best what we were doing."

1977–1983
Wall of Voodoo released a self-titled EP in 1980 which featured a synthesizer-driven cover of "Ring of Fire." The second half of "Ring of Fire" features a dissonant guitar solo covering the theme to the 1966 film Our Man Flint. The band's first full-length album, Dark Continent, followed in 1981. Much of the material from this record would feature in live shows over the next few years, such as "Red Light", "Animal Day" and fan favorite "Back In Flesh". Bruce Moreland left the band for the first time soon after this, and Chas Gray performed both bass and synthesizers during this time. The band recorded their biggest-selling album, Call of the West, in 1982. A single, "Mexican Radio," about border blaster radio stations, became an international hit, peaking at #18 in Canada, #21 in New Zealand and #33 in Australia. It also reached #64 in the UK, and was their only Top 100 hit in the United States. As well, the video received considerable exposure on the newly formed MTV.

Bill Noland was added as a keyboardist soon after the release of Call of the West. That same year, Wall of Voodoo opened for the Residents on the cult band's inaugural tour, "the Mole Show," at Perkins Palace in Pasadena, Halloween 1982, and for Devo's ill-fated televised 3-DEVO Concert in October.

Wall of Voodoo opened for Oingo Boingo on their Nothing to Fear tour at the Arlington Theater in Santa Barbara in March 1983. Stan Ridgway claims that the situation around the band was increasingly chaotic during this era, with a great deal of drug use and out-of-control behavior on the part of the band members, as well as shady behavior by the band's management and record label. Wall of Voodoo appeared at the second US Festival on May 28, 1983 (the largest concert the band had performed), immediately after which Ridgway, Nanini, and Noland all left the band. Stan Ridgway soon went on to a successful solo career. He appeared as a guest vocalist on a track on the Rumble Fish score and released his critically acclaimed debut solo album The Big Heat, which included the single "Camouflage", a top ten hit across Europe, in 1986. Joe Nanini soon resurfaced in the country rock band Lonesome Strangers.

1983–1988
The remainder of the band, Marc Moreland, Chas T. Gray and a returning Bruce Moreland, carried on under the name Wall of Voodoo. Soon after, Andy Prieboy, formerly of the San Francisco new wave band Eye Protection, joined as singer and Ned Leukhardt was added as drummer. They issued a UK-only single "Big City" in 1984, and contributed a track to the film Weird Science in 1985. Later that year, they released Seven Days in Sammystown. The first single, "Far Side of Crazy", did well in Australia, reaching number 23 on the ARIA charts. The song is still heard today on the Austereo Triple M network.

In 1987, the band released their fourth studio album, Happy Planet. The album, their second with Andy Prieboy as frontman, saw Call of the West's Richard Mazda returning as producer. Happy Planet spawned another hit in Australia: a cover of the Beach Boys' "Do It Again," which charted at #40 there. The video for the song featured the Beach Boys' own Brian Wilson. Bruce Moreland left the band prior to the subsequent tour. In 1988, Wall of Voodoo split up and Andy Prieboy and Marc Moreland went on to solo careers.

After 1988
In 1989, a post-breakup live album entitled The Ugly Americans in Australia was issued, which documented their 1987 tour of Melbourne, Australia. (Additional performances from a date in Bullhead City, Arizona, were also included.) Stan Ridgway, Andy Prieboy and Marc Moreland all embarked on solo careers throughout the 1990s and 2000s. Joe Nanini released an EP under the name Sienna Nanini in 1996.

Two former members died in the early 2000s: Joe Nanini suffered a brain hemorrhage on December 4, 2000 and Marc Moreland died of kidney and liver failure on March 13, 2002.

On July 18, 2006 a Stan Ridgway-fronted Wall of Voodoo performed at the Pacific Amphitheatre in Orange County as an opening band for Cyndi Lauper. However, other than Ridgway, none of the surviving Wall of Voodoo members were included in this lineup: Joe Berardi and Voodoo producer Richard Mazda performed instead. Ridgway's album Snakebite: Blacktop Ballads and Fugitive Songs (2005), features the narrative song, "Talkin' Wall of Voodoo Blues Pt. 1," a history of the band in song.

A remastered coupling of Dark Continent and Call of the West was released by Raven Records on November 10, 2009. On October 2, 2012, Raven issued a companion two-disc set containing all three albums from the Andy Prieboy era (Seven Days in Sammystown, Happy Planet and Ugly Americans in Australia), all remastered, including three bonus tracks.

In 2015 Andy Prieboy stated: "We won’t do a Voodoo reunion without Marc. So until he shows up, sorry, no reunion."

In late 2023 Andy Prieboy and Chas T. Gray launched a website under the name "Wall of Voodoo 2", announcing the upcoming release of recently rediscovered and previously unreleased recordings. These recordings consisted of live recordings, master tracks as well as demos dating back to 1983 when the group consisted of only Gray and Marc Moreland. The first set of recordings, The Lost Tapes Vol. 1, was released on November 25, 2023 and featured 11 tracks recorded live during their Happy Planet tour sometime in 1987. Museums: The Lost Tapes Vol. 2 was released on March 15, 2024 and contained 12 demos recorded by Gray and Moreland (as "International Voodoo") sometime after the 1983 US Festival performance. Roughly half of these tracks never made it on any album, the other half consisting of "Big City" and three versions of "Museums" from Seven Days in Sammystown and three versions of "Deep in the Jungle" (from the "Weird Science" soundtrack).

Musical style
According to Popdose, the band's sound was shaped by merging Stan Ridgway's "love of bebop and country music" with Marc Moreland's "affection for electronic pioneers such as Kraftwerk". According to AllMusic biographer Jason Ankeny, the band's lyrics were "cinematic narratives -- heavily influenced by Westerns and film noir". Ridgway's vocal style has been described as having a "droll, narcoleptic manner" and the band's music as "atonal, electronically based". According to NPR, the band "weaved [cultural references] like noir [and] Spaghetti Western" with music that was a "tip-of-the-hat to Ennio Morricone". According to Trouser Press, Wall of Voodoo was "Poised uneasily between machine music and rock’n’roll" and the band "embodied the conflict between old and new for the serious-minded: classy Halloween music that’s scary, but pleasantly so." Record Collector magazine described Wall of Voodoo as combining "western Americana motifs with angular art-rock to delicious effect. It was as if stream-of-conscious cowboy movies were being scored by a triumvirate of Sparks, Devo and Talking Heads." Ridgway said, regarding the band's style, "I've always been interested in Phil Spector and his wall-of-sound approach to recording. [The name] Wall of Voodoo seemed to describe best what we were doing." Rolling Stone described Wall of Voodoo as a post-punk band. Reviewer Mark Deming called Wall of Voodoo a new wave band.

Final lineup

 * Marc Moreland – guitar (1977–1988; died 2002)
 * Chas T. Gray – keyboards (1977–1988), bass (1982–1985)
 * Bruce Moreland – bass, keyboards (1977–1982, 1985–1988)
 * Andy Prieboy – vocals, keyboards, guitar (1984–1988)
 * Ned Leukhardt – drums, percussion (1984–1988)

Former members

 * Stan Ridgway – vocals, harmonica, keyboards, guitar (1977–1983)
 * Joe Nanini – drums, percussion (1977–1983; died 2000)
 * Bill Noland – keyboards (1982–1983)

 * Timeline

Compilations

 * Granma's House (1984)
 * The Index Masters (includes the Wall of Voodoo EP + bonus live tracks) (1991)
 *  Lost Weekend: The Best of the I.R.S. Years (2011) #55 Brazil iTunes Charts
 * Museums: The Lost Tapes Vol. 2 (2024)

Bootlegs

 * Take Me to Your Leader: 78-79 Demos (contains early demos from 1978 and 1979)
 * Heaven or Anaheim Demos (all years of the tracks are unknown, but they appear to be demos from the Andy Prieboy era)

title: Wall of Voodoo


text:
Star Wars role-playing games

A Star Wars role-playing game is a role-playing game or role-playing video game set in the fictional Star Wars universe.

Tabletop role-playing games

 * Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game, by West End Games (1987–1999)
 * Star Wars Roleplaying Game, by Wizards of the Coast (2000–2010)
 * Star Wars Roleplaying Game, initially by Fantasy Flight Games (2012–2020), and now by Edge Studio (2020–present) after parent company Asmodee moved the Star Wars Roleplaying Game license

Role-playing video games

 * Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (Xbox, PC, Mobile, Android, Switch) (by BioWare)
 * Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II - The Sith Lords (Xbox, PC, Mobile, Android, Switch) (by Obsidian Entertainment)

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs)

 * Star Wars: Galaxies (PC) (by LucasArts)
 * Star Wars: Galaxies: Jump to Lightspeed—Expansion
 * Star Wars Galaxies: Episode III Rage of the Wookiees—Expansion
 * Star Wars Galaxies: Trials of Obi-Wan—Expansion
 * Star Wars: The Old Republic (PC) (by BioWare)
 * Star Wars Combine
 * Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures

title: Star Wars role-playing games


text:
User:Cy0x~enwiki

Cyber Oxygen!, another net wannabe...

title: User:Cy0x~enwiki


text: User talk:130.13.140.60

title: User talk:130.13.140.60


text:
Category:Psychology

Psychology is a collection of academic, clinical and industrial disciplines concerned with the explanation and prediction of behavior, thinking, emotions, motivations, relationships, potentials and pathologies.

si:ප්‍රවර්ගය:මනෝ විද්‍යාව

title: Category:Psychology


text:
Category:Hydrocarbons

In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. They all consist of carbon backbone and atoms of hydrogen attached to that backbone, also see aliphatic hydrocarbons.

title: Category:Hydrocarbons


text:
George Brent

George Brent (born George Brendan Nolan; 15 March 1904 – 26 May 1979) was an Irish-American stage, film, and television actor. He is best remembered for the eleven films he made with Bette Davis, which included Jezebel and Dark Victory.

Early life
Brent was born in Ballinasloe, County Galway, Ireland on March 15, 1904, to John J. and Mary (née McGuinness) Nolan. His father was a shopkeeper and his mother was a native of Clonfad, Moore, County Roscommon. In September 1915, he moved with his younger sister Kathleen to New York City. There, they joined their mother, who was living in the US after her separation from her husband.

Brent returned to Ireland in February 1921, during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1922), and was involved in the Irish Republican Army. During this period he also became involved with the Abbey Theatre.

He fled Ireland with a bounty set on his head by the British government, although he later claimed only to have been a courier for guerrilla leader and tactician Michael Collins. According to Ballinasloe Life (volume 2, issue 4, Oct/Nov 2012), the Irish War of Independence careers of three different men named George Nolan (Brent and two others; one from County Dublin and the other from County Offaly) were apparently conflated, which may explain some of the discrepancies regarding Brent's year of birth, life, and activities during the 1919 to 1922 period.

American stage career
Brent travelled from England to Canada and returned to the United States in August 1921.

He decided to become a professional actor. He made his Broadway debut in director Guthrie McClintic’s The Dover Road. He did numerous plays throughout the 1920s, including running several of his own stock companies. He appeared in productions of Abie's Irish Rose (on tour for two years), Stella Dallas, Up in Mabel's Room, Elmer the Great, Seventh Heaven, White Cargo and Lilac Time. He acted in stock companies at Elitch Theatre, in Denver, Colorado (1929), as well as Rhode Island, Florida, and Massachusetts. In 1930, he appeared on Broadway in Love, Honor, and Betray, alongside Clark Gable.

Early films: Fox and Universal
Brent moved to Hollywood and made his first film for 20th Century Fox, Under Suspicion (1930). He continued in supporting roles for Fox in Once a Sinner (1931), Fair Warning (1931), and Charlie Chan Carries On (1931).

At Universal he was seventh-billed for Ex-Bad Boy (1931) and fifth for The Homicide Squad (1931), then was in the Rin Tin Tin serial The Lightning Warrior (1931) at Mascot Pictures.

Warner Bros.
Brent was signed by Warner Bros. in 1931, where he played Barbara Stanwyck's leading man in So Big! (1932), establishing him as a leading man. Bette Davis had a small role.

Brent appeared in The Rich Are Always with Us (1932) with Ruth Chatterton (who became his second wife that year), in which Davis again had a supporting role.

It was followed by Week-End Marriage (1932) with Loretta Young, The Purchase Price (1932) with Stanwyck, Miss Pinkerton (1932) with Joan Blondell, The Crash (1932) with Chatterton, and They Call It Sin (1932) with Young.

Paramount borrowed Brent for the leading-man role in Luxury Liner (1933). Back at Warners, he was one of several studio names in 42nd Street (1933), playing the lover of Bebe Daniels.

He returned to supporting female stars: Kay Francis in The Keyhole (1933), Chatterton in both Lilly Turner (1933) and Female (1933), and Stanwyck in Baby Face (1933).

In October 1933, he and Chatterton refused to make a film they had been assigned, Mandalay, and were replaced by Lyle Talbot and Kay Francis. Brent's salary was then $1,000 a week.

He was top-billed in From Headquarters (1933) with Margaret Lindsay; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer borrowed him to play Myrna Loy's leading man in Stamboul Quest (1934). In September 1934, Chatteron filed for divorce.

Notable roles
Brent was top billed in Housewife (1934) with Bette Davis, who was his co star. He was leading man to Jean Muir in Desirable (1935) then MGM used him for The Painted Veil (1934) with Greta Garbo.

Brent supported Josephine Hutchinson in The Right to Live (1935), Francis in Living on Velvet (1935) and Stranded (1935). He then made two films with Davis, where she was top billed: Front Page Woman (1935) and Special Agent (1935).

Brent appeared in The Goose and the Gander (1935) with Kay Francis, then was borrowed by RKO to make In Person (1935) with Ginger Rogers. At Warners he was top billed in the comedy Snowed Under (1936), then Walter Wanger borrowed him to play Madeleine Carroll's leading man in The Case Against Mrs. Ames (1936).

At Warners he was reunited with Davis in The Golden Arrow (1936) and Francis in Give Me Your Heart (1936). Columbia borrowed him to support Jean Arthur in More Than a Secretary (1936) then Warners gave him top billing in God's Country and the Woman (1936) with Margaret Lindsay.

Brent made Mountain Justice (1937) with Hutchinson and The Go Getter (1937) with Anita Louise. Warners then put Brent in his first male-orientated movie: Submarine D-1 (1937) with Pat O'Brien and Wayne Morris. In November 1937 he became an American citizen.

Brent made Gold Is Where You Find It (1938) with Olivia de Havilland, then made Jezebel (1938) with Davis - only he was the second male lead, with Henry Fonda playing Davis' main love interest.

Warners put him in an action "B" film with Humphrey Bogart, Racket Busters (1938) then he was reunited with Francis in Secrets of an Actress (1938). He was in the military drama Wings of the Navy (1939) with de Havilland and John Payne.

He appeared in Dark Victory (1939) with Davis, which was a huge success. So too was The Old Maid (1939) where Davis and Miriam Hopkins fought over Brent. Both films were directed by Edmund Goulding.

20th Century Fox borrowed Brent for a key support role in The Rains Came (1939). At Warners he supported James Cagney and O'Brien in The Fighting 69th (1940).

Paramount borrowed him for Adventure in Diamonds (1940), where he had top billing over Isa Miranda. He was Merle Oberon's leading man in 'Til We Meet Again (1940), then starred in The Man Who Talked Too Much (1940) and South of Suez (1940). He supported Ann Sheridan in Honeymoon for Three (1941) and Davis in The Great Lie (1941).

Columbia borrowed him for the lead role in They Dare Not Love (1941) with Martha Scott and Edward Small used him in two films, International Lady (1941) with Ilona Massey and Twin Beds (1942) with Joan Bennett.

Brent made one final film with Davis, In This Our Life (1942), alongside de Havilland. He supported Stanwyck in The Gay Sisters (1942) and was top-billed in You Can't Escape Forever (1942) with Brenda Marshall and Silver Queen (1942) with Priscilla Lane.

Military service
In 1942, Brent, an accomplished pilot who had tried and, because of age, failed to enlist in the armed services, temporarily retired from films to teach flying as a civilian flight instructor with the Civilian Pilot Training Program, and later became a pilot in the US Coast Guard for the duration of the war.

His final film for Warner Bros. was My Reputation with Barbara Stanwyck, filmed from November 1943 to January 1944; except for previews for military audiences, it was not released until 1946. Brent acted on radio during this period.

Freelance actor
While Brent returned to his acting career after WWII, he never recaptured his former popularity but during the immediate post war period he still remained a star of big budget films. RKO used him as Hedy Lamarr's leading man in Experiment Perilous (1944). For Hal Wallis he did The Affairs of Susan (1945) with Joan Fontaine then Tomorrow Is Forever (1946) at International with Claudette Colbert and Orson Welles.

He returned to RKO for The Spiral Staircase (1946), a huge success. At Universal he was teamed with Lucille Ball in Lover Come Back (1946), then he made Temptation (1946) with Oberon and Edward Small at International.

Brent went to Eagle Lion to make a comedy Out of the Blue (1947) and Columbia for The Corpse Came C.O.D. (1947) with Blondell. Universal teamed him with Yvonne De Carlo in Slave Girl (1947).

Brent was one of several names in Christmas Eve (1947) for Benedict Bogeaus and Luxury Liner (1948) at MGM, a remake of the 1933 film in which Brent had appeared.

He went to Republic to star in Angel on the Amazon (1948) and in Universal's Red Canyon (1949) played the father of the star, Ann Blyth. At the same studio he was third lead in Illegal Entry (1949) then had the lead in a "B" The Kid from Cleveland (1949). He supported Colbert in Bride for Sale (1950) at RKO.

The budgets of Brent's films continued to shrink. He did two for Lippert Pictures: F.B.I. Girl (1951) and The Last Page (1952), the latter shot in England with Diana Dors. There was Montana Belle (1952) with Jane Russell then two for Monogram: Tangier Incident (1953) and Mexican Manhunt (1953).

Television
Brent moved into television in the early 1950s guest starring in The Revlon Mirror Theater, Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson, The Ford Television Theatre, Climax!, Fireside Theatre, Stage 7, Studio 57, Science Fiction Theatre, Celebrity Playhouse, Schlitz Playhouse and the religion anthology series, Crossroads.

He was cast in the lead in the 1956 television series Wire Service, which ran for 39 performances.

After appearing on Rawhide and The Chevy Mystery Show, Brent retired.

In 1978, he made one last film, Born Again.

In 1960, Brent was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars. He received a motion-pictures star located at 1709 Vine Street and a second star located at 1612 Vine Street for his work in television.

Personal life
Brent was married five times: to Helen Louise Campbell (1925–1927), Ruth Chatterton (1932–1934), Constance Worth (1937), Ann Sheridan (1942–1943), and Janet Michaels (1947–1974). Chatterton, Worth, and Sheridan were actresses; Chatterton and Sheridan were Warner Bros. players.

His final marriage to Janet Michaels, a former model and dress designer, lasted 27 years until her death in 1974. They had two children: a daughter, Suzanne (born August 3, 1950), and a son, Barry (born November 26, 1954).

Brent also had an affair with Bette Davis, a frequent Warner Bros. co-star.

He suffered from emphysema and died of natural causes in 1979 in Solana Beach, California.

title: George Brent


text: User talk:67.174.91.45

title: User talk:67.174.91.45


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Category:Esters

In organic chemistry and biochemistry esters are the functional group (R'-COOR") consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, either organic or inorganic. An ester is a product of the reaction of an acid (usually organic) and an alcohol (the hydrogen of the acid R-COOH is replaced by an alkyl group R").

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Talk:Akranes

To the administrators:There is big formatting problem!!

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Category:Psychologists

A psychologist is a practitioner of psychology, the systematic investigation of the human mind, including behavior and cognition. In many countries, the title of psychologist is regulated by statute and licensing with the appropriate professional body is required. However, the primary consideration for inclusion in this category and its subcategories is that their involvement with psychology is a defining feature of the individual's notability.

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