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USCGC Taney

WPG/WAGC/WHEC-37, launched as USCGC Roger B. Taney and for most of her career called USCGC Taney, is a United States Coast Guard high endurance cutter notable as the last warship floating which fought in the attack on Pearl Harbor. She was named for Roger B. Taney (1777–1864), who served as U.S. Attorney General, Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief Justice of the United States.

She is also one of two Treasury-class (out of seven total) Coast Guard cutters still afloat. Active for 50 years, Taney saw action in both theaters of combat in World War II, serving as a command ship at the Battle of Okinawa, and as a fleet escort in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. She also served in the Vietnam War, taking part in Operation Market Time. Taney was also used in drug interdiction and fisheries protection work.

She was decommissioned in 1986, and has since served as a museum ship in the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Maryland. She was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1988. In 2020, Historic Ships in Baltimore and the Living Classrooms Foundation announced that they will remove the name Taney from the ship, in recognition of her namesake's historical acts of racial injustice, instead identifying her as simply WHEC-37.

1936–1941
Treasury-class Roger B. Taney, Coast Guard Builders No. 68, was laid on 1 May 1935 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. She was launched on 3 June 1936 and was sponsored by Miss Corinne F. Taney. She was commissioned at Philadelphia on 24 October 1936. The Roger B. Taney departed Philadelphia on 19 December, transited the Panama Canal from 27 to 29 December, and arrived at her home port, Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, on 18 January 1937. She conducted local operations out of Honolulu through the summer of 1937. On 16 June 1937, she transferred a number of her crew for temporary duty to USCGC Itasca. The Itasca was preparing to lend navigational support to Amelia Earhart's flight around the world. In May or June 1937 Roger B. Taney's name was shortened to simply Taney.

The Taney had arrived in the Pacific at a time when the United States, and Pan-American Airways in particular, was expanding its commercial air travel capabilities. The "Clipper" flights across the Pacific to the Far East made islands like Hawaii, Midway, Guam, and Wake Island important way-stations. Other islands and islets assumed greater importance when a route across the South Pacific was mapped out to Australia and Samoa. The military benefits which accrued to the United States by its expansion onto some of the more strategic bits of land in the broad Pacific were not lost upon President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who undertook, in the late 1930s, to annex territory in the Pacific.

Two such places were Kanton and Enderbury Islands. The Taney played a role in their colonization by the United States. In early March 1938, the Coast Guard cutter loaded supplies and embarked colonists who would establish the claim of the United States upon the two islands that seemed—at least to the uninitiated—to be mere hunks of coral, rock, and scrub in the Central Pacific. She disembarked four Hawaiians at Enderbury Island on 6 March 1938 and landed a second contingent—of seven colonists—at Canton Island on the next day. The men, assisted by the Coast Guardsmen, erected buildings and laid the foundations for future signal towers.

The Coast Guard's task over the ensuing years leading up to the outbreak of war in the Pacific was to supply these isolated way-stations along the transpacific air routes and to relieve the colonists at stated intervals. Taney performed these supply missions into 1940. Meanwhile, tension continued to rise in the Far East as Japan cast covetous glances at the American, British, Dutch, and French colonial possessions and marched deeper into embattled China.

As the Navy and Coast Guard began gradually increasing and augmenting the armament on its vessels to prepare them for the inexorably advancing war, Taney underwent her first major rearmament at the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard in December 1940. She received her last major pre-war refit at the Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, California, in the spring of the following year, 1941. On 25 July 1941, the Coast Guard cutter was transferred to the Navy and reported for duty with the local defense forces of the 14th Naval District, maintaining her base at Honolulu.

Outside another "line island cruise" in the late summer, Taney operated locally out of Honolulu into the critical fall of 1941. She conducted regular harbor entrance and channel patrols, alternating often with one of the four old destroyers of Destroyer Division 80: USS Allen (DD-66), USS Schley (DD-103), USS Chew (DD-106), and USS Ward (DD-139).

World War II
The message: "Air Raid, Pearl Harbor. This is no drill" came at 07:55 on 7 December 1941, as Japanese planes swept overhead in an attempt to cripple the Pacific Fleet. Taney, moored alongside Pier 6, Honolulu harbor, manned her anti-aircraft guns within four minutes. Officers not aboard were ordered to return and the ship readied to get underway. The ship began firing newly installed three inch guns at Japanese planes passing high overhead. The ship fired on a second and third group of attacking planes, the last of which flew over the Honolulu harbor entrance, perhaps intending to attack the power plant, and was low enough to be engaged by the 50 caliber machine guns. The Japanese planes changed course to avoid Taney's fire. Coast Guardsmen from the Taney were ordered to take up defensive positions around Aloha Tower and protect it from being occupied.

The ship got underway at 0546 on 8 December to patrol the harbor approaches making seven sound contacts and dropping depth charges during the patrol that ended on 14 December. Taney patrolled the waters off Honolulu for the remainder of 1941 and into 1942, conducting many depth charge attacks on suspected submarines in the wake of the Pearl Harbor attack. During this time, the ship received the classification WPG-37. On 22 January 1942, the cutter departed Honolulu in company with USAT Barbara Olson, and arrived at Kanton Island on 28 January 1942. After sending a working party ashore to unload supplies, Taney screened Barbara Olson offshore until 7 February 1942, when both ships got under way to evacuate the American colony on Enderbury Island. Embarking the four colonists at 10:15 that day, Taney shelled the island and destroyed its buildings to prevent them from being used by Japanese forces. Taney subsequently escorted her merchantman consort to Jarvis Island, where she evacuated the four Interior Department colonists and burned all structures to the ground before departing. Reaching Palmyra Atoll on 12 February 1942, the ships remained there until 15 February 1942, before Taney headed back for the Hawaiian Islands, arriving at Honolulu on 5 March 1942. She made another voyage to Palmyra Island later that spring and when heading back to Hawaii, she received orders to search for survivors in the waters around Midway Island after the Battle of Midway, including a stop at the island itself.

Taney operated locally out of Honolulu into 1943 before sailing for Boston late that winter. Prior to heading for the east coast, the ship received a re-gunning at Mare Island, being fitted with four single-mount 5-inch guns, making her the only ship in her class with this modification. After making port at Boston on 14 March 1944, Taney soon shifted south to Hampton Roads, where she arrived on 31 March 1944. Early in April, she departed Norfolk as a unit of Task Force 66 (TF 66) as convoy guide for convoy UGS-38. The passage across the Atlantic proved uneventful, as the convoy made landfall off the Azores on 13 April 1944.

Some 35 minutes after sunset on 20 April 1944, however, the convoy was spotted and tracked by the Germans, who launched a three-pronged attack with Junkers Ju 88 and Heinkel He 111 medium bombers. Each flew very low, using the shoreline as a background, thus confusing the search radar of the Allied ships. The first wave struck from dead ahead, torpedoing SS Paul Hamilton and SS Samite. Hamilton, which had been carrying both a load of ammunition and hundreds of Army Air Force personnel, blew up in an explosion that killed all 504 men on board.

The second wave of German torpedo planes hit the SS Stephen F. Austin and SS Royal Star. Two torpedoes passed close by Taney. The third wave damaged USS Lansdale (DD-426), which later sank. All of the damaged vessels — save Paul Hamilton and Lansdale — reached Bizerte, Tunisia, on 21 April 1944. Taney later departed Bizerte with homeward-bound convoy GUS-38 and arrived at New York City on 21 May 1944.

Taney participated in two more round-trip convoy escort missions, with convoys UGS/GUS-45 and UGS/GUS-52. Detached as a unit of TF 66 on 9 October 1944, she sailed for the Boston Navy Yard soon thereafter for extensive yard work to convert her to an amphibious command ship. During this metamorphosis, Taney — classified as WAGC-37 — was fitted with accommodations for an embarked flag officer and his staff, as well as with increased communications and radar facilities. Her main battery also underwent change: she now sported two open-mount 5-inch guns, as well as 40- and 20-millimeter antiaircraft guns. With the work completed in early January 1945, Taney departed Boston on 19 January 1945, bound for Norfolk, Virginia.

She conducted shakedown and training in her new configuration before departing the east coast and sailing, via the Panama Canal and San Diego, to Hawaii. Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 22 February 1945, she soon embarked Rear Admiral Calvin H. Cobb and later underwent various minor repairs. New communications equipment was also installed before the ship departed the Hawaiian Islands for the Marshalls on 10 March 1945.

Taney proceeded independently via Eniwetok and arrived at Ulithi on 23 March 1945, remaining there until 7 April 1945. Joining Task Group 51.8 (TG 51.8), the amphibious command ship proceeded to Okinawa and arrived off the Hagushi beaches amidst air raid alerts on 11 April. During one raid, her antiaircraft gunners achieved at least three hits on a Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bomber which crossed the ship's bow 1200 yd away, and later during her first day at Okinawa experienced four more "red alerts". The ship briefly shifted to Kerama Retto from 13 to 15 April before returning to Hagushi on the latter date.

By the end of May 1945, Taney had gone to general quarters 119 times, with the crew remaining at battle stations for up to nine hours at a stretch. During this period off Okinawa in April and May, Taney downed four suicide planes and assisted in numerous other "kills". The command ship also conducted combat information center duties, maintaining complete radar and air coverage, receiving and evaluating information on both friendly and enemy activities. On one occasion, Taney's duties took her close inshore close enough to even receive fire close aboard from a Japanese shore battery.

Suicide air attacks by the Japanese continued throughout June 1945, although most were intercepted by combat air patrol (CAP) fighters and downed before they could reach their targets. Such raids took place on 18 out of 30 days that month. On 25 June 1945, at 01:20, a float seaplane passed near Taney, provoking return fire from the command ship and batteries ashore which combined to splash the intruder. During this month-long period, at least 288 enemy planes attacked the ships in Taney's vicinity, and at least 96 of these were destroyed.

In mid-July 1945 a typhoon forced the ships at Hagushi to take evasive action. Taney led a convoy eastward on 19 July 1945 and returned the next day when the storm passed. She performed the same duties again on 1 August 1945 when she led a convoy to sea on typhoon-evasion operations. The ship returned to its anchorage on 3 August 1945.

The end of the war found Taney still off Okinawa. On 16 August 1945, she got under way to support USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) as three Japanese planes were detected approaching from the northeast. One crashed 30 mi to the north, and two crashed into the sea shortly thereafter. On 25 August 1945, TG 95.5 was dissolved, and Rear Admiral Cobb, who had been embarked during the Okinawa campaign, hauled down his flag and departed.

Taney soon proceeded to Japan, where she took part in the occupation of Wakayama, anchoring off the port city on 11 September 1945 and sending a working party ashore the next day. While anchored there, Taney weathered a typhoon on 17 September 1945. She was, in fact, one of the few ships which stayed at her berth during the storm, her ground tackle holding well in the sticky clay bottom.

Departing Wakayama on 14 October 1945, Taney returned to the west coast of the United States, via Midway, and arrived at San Francisco on 29 October 1945. Moving on for the east coast, Taney transited the Panama Canal and later arrived at her ultimate destination, Charleston, South Carolina, on 29 November 1945. During the ensuing period of conversion, the Coast Guard vessel was reconfigured as a patrol cutter. She now sported a main battery of a single-mount 5-inch gun, a hedgehog, a twin 40-millimeter mount, and two 20-millimeter guns, in addition to depth charge tracks and projectors and was reclassified once again as WPG-37.

1946–1961
Upon shifting back to the west coast, Taney was based at Alameda, California until February 1972. Her primary post-war duty was serving as an ocean station weather ship. The weather patrols (later termed "ocean station patrols") consisted of sailing for three weeks on assigned stations in the Pacific, and each cutter assigned performed four or five such patrols each year. Their primary task was to report meteorological information, which was used in weather forecasts for the burgeoning trans-Pacific commercial air traffic as well as for surface vessels. The ocean station vessels also provided communications and navigation assistance and were always standing by for search and rescue emergencies. She also conducted dedicated law enforcement and search and rescue patrols, or stood on search and rescue standby, when she was not on ocean station duty.

In June through July 1949 Taney served on Ocean Station Fox and later in July she served on Ocean Station Able. In June 1950 she served on Ocean Station Oboe and in September she served on Ocean Station Fox. In January through February 1951 she served on Ocean Station Uncle and the following year, August to September, she served on Ocean Station Uncle. Later in 1952, from November to December, she served on Ocean Station Nan. In April to May 1953 Taney served on Ocean Station Victor and in June of that year she served on Ocean Station Victor. From 4 to 25 October 1953 she served on Ocean Station Uncle and from June to July 1954 she served on Ocean Station Nan. In November of that same year she again served on Ocean Station Nan. In March and April and again in June and July 1956 she served on Ocean Station November. She again served on Ocean Station November from January to February, June to July, and October to November 1957 and from February to March and August 1958. She served on Ocean Station Romeo from October to November 1958. She served on Ocean Station November from December 1958 to January 1959, May to June, and October to November 1959.

The Taney served on Ocean Station November in March and April 1960. A unique honor occurred on 27 April 1960 when Taney, as the senior U.S. ship present, hosted French President Charles de Gaulle on his tour of San Francisco Bay. She then served on Ocean Station November in August 1960. She served again on Ocean Station November in January and then from May to June 1961.

1965–1966
On 1 May 1965 the Treasury-class vessels were re-designated as High Endurance Cutters or WHEC. This designation indicated a multi-mission ship able to operate at sea for 30–45 days without support and Taney was then re-classified as WHEC-37. In March 1965 she conducted an Alaskan Patrol and on 29 March she successfully fought a fire on board the disabled fishing vessel Glacier Bear 15 mi south of Cape Fairweather and then towed her to safety. In May 1965, off northern California, she kept the Soviet refrigerator ship Chernjakhovsk under close surveillance.

In 1966 Taney undertook a 90-day "Double VICTOR Cruise". She departed Alameda on 26 August and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 1 September, where she refueled before steaming to Honolulu, mooring at Berth 8. She departed Honolulu on 3 September en route to Ocean Station Victor via Midway Island, arriving at the latter on 6 September, departing the same day. On 8 September 1966 Taney crossed the 180th meridian and then arrived at Ocean Station Victor on 11 September, relieving USCGC Chautauqua (WHEC-41). She served on Victor until relieved by USCGC Winnebago (WHEC-40) on 1 October, then steamed towards Yokosuka, Japan. Here the crew enjoyed liberty before again heading back to the ocean station. She arrived at Victor on 22 October, relieving Winnebago. On 4 November Typhoon Marie passed close aboard Taney, with winds gusting close to 70 knots (130 km/h), but she weathered the storm without damage. On 12 November 1966 Taney was relieved again by Winnebago and she then steamed to Midway Island to refuel before heading back to Alameda, arriving there on 20 November.

1968–1971
The Taney served on Ocean Station November from 7 to 28 January 18 February to 10 March 21 April to 12 May and 27 October to 17 November 1968. Her final assignment to Ocean Station November was from 19 January to 9 February 1969. She was then ordered for duty with Coast Guard Squadron Three which was supporting the Navy's Operation Market Time patrols off the coast of Vietnam. There Taney served a 10-month tour of duty, providing naval gunfire support and preventing enemy infiltration along the coastal routes used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces.

She departed U.S. waters in April 1969 and arrived in theater on 14 May 1969 and she served in the area until 31 January 1970. During her tour of duty, Taney steamed for over 52000 mi and inspected over 1,000 vessels. She participated in dozens of naval gunfire support missions, firing more than 3,400 five-inch (127 mm) shells at Viet Cong positions. Her medical staff also treated over 6,000 Vietnamese villagers. For her service, the government of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) awarded Taney the Vietnam Gallantry Cross with palm and the Vietnam Civil Actions Medal with palm. After departing Vietnamese waters, she arrived at Alameda in February 1970.

After returning to U.S. waters, she once again began serving on ocean stations. From 30 August to 20 September 1970 and from 3 to 24 January 1971 she served on Ocean Station November. From 28 March to 18 and 9 April to 30 May 1971 she served on Ocean Station Victor. She served on Ocean Station November from 22 August to 12 September and again from 24 October to 14 November 1971.

1972–1986
In February 1972 Taney was shifted back to the east coast and was homeported at Norfolk. From 2 September 1972 to 23 September 1972 she served on Ocean Station Hotel. Again from 13 to 22 October 1972 she conducted another Ocean Station Hotel. From 28 October to 17 November 1972 she served on Ocean Station Delta. From 26 January to 15 February. From 17 April to 7 May 1973 she served on Ocean Station Bravo. As the ocean stations were decommissioned during the early 1970s due to advances in radar and electronic navigation, Taney was assigned exclusively to the only station still operational: Ocean Station Hotel off the coasts of Maryland and Virginia. Fitted with a special storm-tracking antenna housed in a distinctive bulbous dome fitted atop her pilot house, Taney deployed seven times yearly, conducting 21 deployments 200 mi off the coast. This last ocean station had been established to track storms threatening the middle states on the east coast which had often struck without warning. Eventually, the use of more sophisticated storm-tracking satellites and radars rendered this station obsolete. Hence, Ocean Station Hotel was closed down in 1977 and the Taney gained the distinction of being the last Coast Guard cutter to serve on an ocean station.

The mid-1970s were a period of transition for the Coast Guard with the passage of the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act and the nation's shift towards increased interdiction of narcotics smugglers. These operations called for off-shore patrols of up to three weeks. From September 1976 through her decommissioning she was stationed at Portsmouth, Virginia and began law enforcement and search and rescue patrols.

In December 1976 she assisted the sailboat Capella 200 mi off New York. In December 1979 Taney helped seize the F/V Eneida for narcotics violations.

The month of January, 1980, was an unusually busy month for the crew of the Taney. On 10 January 1980, while underway on drug enforcement patrol duty, she was diverted to a Search and Rescue mission involving a lost Cessna 441 jet with two passengers. On 15 January 1980, she seized the M/V Ameila Isle 425 mi east of Fort Pierce, Florida, carrying 4 tons of contraband. She continued south for additional drug enforcement patrol throughout the Caribbean region. Including a patrol break in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The month concluded with Fishery Patrol off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. In December 1980 she seized the British-flagged M/V Party Doll which was carrying 10 tons of contraband. Despite being the long arm of the law at sea she continued in her traditional Coast Guard humanitarian mission of search and rescue as well. On 16 November 1982, she rescued seven persons from the disabled ketch Klarwasser off the coast of North Carolina and rescued 19 migrants off the sailboat Apre Dien Ni. In May 1985 she assisted the disabled F/V Northwind 300 mi off New York. She also continued nabbing drug smugglers. On 30 September 1984, she seized the P/C Thriller in the Yucatán Channel, carrying 1,000 pounds of marijuana. Her final bust occurred on 4 October 1985 when she seized the M/V Sea Maid I which was towing a barge that carried 160 tons of marijuana 300 mi off Virginia.

Fate
She was decommissioned on 7 December 1986 and turned over to the city of Baltimore, Maryland, for use as a museum ship. Over her distinguished career, Taney received three battle stars for World War II service and numerous theater ribbons for service in World War II, the Korean War, and Vietnam War.

In 1988, the USCGC Taney (WHEC-37), Structure – #88001826, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. She was designated a National Historic Landmark on the same day. The Taney is located in the historic Baltimore Inner Harbor as part of the Historic Ships in Baltimore collection. Taney is included in the Baltimore National Heritage Area.

Awards

 * Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation
 * Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation
 * American Defense Service Medal
 * American Campaign Medal
 * European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one battle star
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal
 * Navy Occupation Service Medal with "ASIA" clasp
 * National Defense Service Medal with one service star
 * Korean Service Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal with three campaign stars
 * Humanitarian Service Medal
 * Vietnam Gallantry Cross with palm
 * Vietnam Civil Actions Medal with palm
 * United Nations Korea Medal
 * Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

In popular culture
Taney is the subject of a 1/300 plastic scale model kit by Revell, released to the market in 1984.

title: USCGC Taney


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Vernon Richards

Vernon Richards (born Vero Benvenuto Costantino Recchioni, 19 July 1915 – 10 December 2001) was an Anglo-Italian anarchist, editor, author, engineer, photographer, and companion of Marie-Louise Berneri.

Richards' founding of the paper Spain and the World in 1936 lead to the revival of the British anarchist publisher Freedom Press and the subsequent publishing of the newspaper War Commentary, followed in 1945 by the relaunch of Freedom newspaper.

Richards and Berneri were joined in Freedom Press by a group of regular contributors including John Hewetson, Tony Gibson, Philip Sansom, George Woodcock and Colin Ward. Freedom remained under Richards' editorship until 1968 and he retained a strong influence over Freedom Press until his retirement. He also authored and translated a number of books including Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (1953) and Errico Malatesta: His Life & Ideas (1965).

Biography
Richards was born in 1915 in Soho, London to the Italian militant anarchist railway worker Emidio Recchioni and his wife Costanza (née Benericetti) where they ran a popular delicatessen, King Bomba. Emidio had fled Italy following a prison escape with Errico Malatesta. Friends speculated that Richards inherited his single-mindedness from his father, though Richards later described his father as a "bourgeois terrorist".

Richards was educated at Emanuel School in Wandsworth and studied civil engineering at King's College London. He then worked as a railway engineer.

In 1931 in Paris Richards met Marie Louise Berneri, daughter of Camillo and Giovanna Berneri, and began a long-distance relationship. Richards and Camillo together edited the bilingual Italian and English anti-Mussolini paper Italia Libera/Free Italy, resulting in Richards' deportation from France in 1935.

From December 1936 Richards began work on a new anarchist newspaper in London, Spain and the World, reporting on the Spanish Civil War. In 1937 Marie moved to London to join him, marrying him in October 1937 so she could gain British citizenship. At this time he also anglicised his name from Vero Recchioni to Vernon Richards.

After the first issue of Spain and the World the paper was taken on by Freedom Press with Richards' as editor, going on to play a leading role in the revival of British anarchism and Freedom Press.

Following the fascist victory in the Spanish Civil War Spain and the World was briefly relaunched as Revolt! In November 1939 with the onset of war the paper was renamed again as War Commentary.

On 26 April 1945 as an editor of War Commentary Richards was sentenced to nine months in prison along with two contributors, John Hewetson and Philip Sansom, for conspiring to cause disaffection among members of the armed forces under Defence Regulation 39a. The same charges against Berneri were dropped as legally a wife could not be prosecuted for conspiring with her husband – about which she was reportedly furious. Coming at the end of the war, the four day trial at the Old Bailey saw significant press coverage and public controversy. The arrests led to the formation of the prominent Freedom Defence Committee. The trial also saw an end to Richard's career as an engineer, with Richards' and Berneri deciding to try and earn a living as professional photographers.

After Richards' release from prison their friend George Orwell, who was extremely averse to being photographed, allowed Richards and Berneri to photograph him to help them start out. The photos feature a relaxed Orwell at home and in the street and remain in widespread use. The complete set was published in the 1998 book George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists): Essays and Photographs.

At this time a split had formed within Freedom Press between anarcho-syndicalists with ties to the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and anarcho-communists associated with Richards and Berneri who aligned more with Errico Malatesta's critique of revolutionary trade unionism. The split saw the painter and War Commentary contributor Cliff Holden hold Richards at gunpoint to extract money for a new paper. Richards' views on the Spanish Civil War, including critiques of the CNT from Freedom and Spain and the World were later republished in the book Lessons of the Spanish Revolution.

In December 1948 Berneri gave birth, but the child died shortly afterwards. She then died of a viral infection in April 1949.

In the 1950s Richards sold the family store, King Bomba, and in 1968 with his partner Peta Hewetson he moved to Suffolk where he grew and sold vegetables from a smallholding. He also worked as a travel agent, including trips to Francoist Spain and the Soviet Union.

Richards formally retired from Freedom Press in 1995. A workaholic, he continued to write books into his eighties, though following Peta Hewetson's death in 1997 he became more reclusive. He died on 10 December 2001 in Hadleigh, Suffolk.

In a Guardian obituary Colin Ward, who had worked with Richards for decades, described him as a "ruthless exploiter of others" and a "manipulator" with a noted tendency to lose friends. Richard's papers are held by the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam.

Publications

 * Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (1953)
 * Errico Malatesta: His Life & Ideas (1965)
 * The Impossibilities of Social Democracy (1978)
 * Why Work? Arguments for the Leisure Society (1983)
 * Violence and Anarchism: A Polemic (1983)
 * Protest without Illusions (1981)
 * A Weekend Photographer's Notebook (1996)
 * A Part-Time Photographers Portrait Gallery (1999)
 * Beauty Is More Than 'In the Eye of the Beholder': Photographs of Women and Children (1999)
 * George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists). Essays and Photographs (1998)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vernon Richards


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William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley

William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley (1426 – 14 February 1492) was an English peer, given the epithet "The Waste-All" by the family biographer and steward John Smyth of Nibley. He was buried at "St. Augustine's Friars, London" according to one source, but most likely in the Berkeley family foundation of St Augustine's Abbey, Bristol.

Descent and Marriages
William of Berkley was born to James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, and Lady Isabel Mowbray at Berkeley Castle in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, in 1426. His first marriage was in 1466 to Elizabeth West, daughter of Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, but he obtained a divorce on 20 November 1467. In November 1468, he married Joan Strangeways, daughter of Sir Thomas Strangeways and Lady Katherine Neville. After the death of his second wife, he married Anne Fiennes, sister of Thomas Fiennes, 8th Baron Dacre, in c. 1486.

Titles
William was invested as a knight c. 1438. William assumed the title of Baron Berkeley by writ after the death of his father James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley on 22 October 1463.

He was invested as a Knight Bachelor on 18 April 1475. He was styled as Viscount of Catherlough (now known as County Carlow, Ireland) between 1481 and 10 February 1485.

William was created Viscount Berkeley on 21 April 1481, as a Privy Counsellor (PC) on 5 March 1482/83, and as Earl of Nottingham on 28 June 1483. He assumed the life office of Earl Marshal and Great Marshal of England on 19 February 1485/86. Finally, he was created Marquess of Berkeley on 28 January 1488/89.

Disinherits brother
He had no surviving male issue, thus the marquessate and his other non-inherited titles became extinct on his death, but he had a younger brother, Maurice Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley. He disinherited Maurice, as having brought shame on the noble House of Berkeley by marrying, beneath his status, to Isabel Mead, daughter of Philip Mead of Wraxall, an alderman and mayor of Bristol in 1459, 1462 and 1469.

In order to achieve this, the castle, lands and lordships composing the Barony of Berkeley he settled on King Henry VII and his heirs male, failing which to descend to his own rightful heirs. Thus, in 1553 on the death of King Edward VI, the unmarried grandson of Henry VII, the Berkeley inheritance returned to the family. Therefore, on the death of the 1st Marquis, only the de jure barony title was passed on to his younger brother Maurice, that is to say, he was Baron Berkeley by right, if not actually in possession of the baronial property. The 4th, 5th and 6th barons were also de jure only, with Henry (d. 1613) becoming de facto 7th Baron in 1553.

Accomplishments
On 20 March 1469/70, he was challenged by Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle, to settle the claims to his great-uncle Thomas's estates by combat. Thomas was killed in the combat. The battle, known as the Battle of Nibley Green, is notable for being the last battle fought in England entirely between the private armies of feudal magnates.


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Category:Cults

Articles relating to cults, social groups that are defined by their unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or by their common interest in a particular personality, object, or goal.

title: Category:Cults


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John Elkann

John Philip Jacob Elkann (born 1 April 1976) is an Italian industrialist. In 1997, he became the chosen heir of his maternal grandfather Gianni Agnelli, following the death of Gianni's nephew Giovanni Alberto Agnelli, and since 2004 has been leading the Agnelli family, an Italian multi-industry business dynasty. The family has been compared to the US political family of the Kennedys.

Elkann chairs the automaker Stellantis and is the chief executive officer (CEO) of Exor, the holding company controlled by the Agnelli family, which also holds a controlling stake in Ferrari, CNH Industrial, Iveco Group, Juventus FC, and The Economist Group. In July 2018, he was appointed chairman of Ferrari after Sergio Marchionne left due to health issues. In 2021, Elkann oversaw the merger between Fiat Chrysler and the PSA Group. He is the leader of a group that controls 14 brands, with production sites in 29 countries, employs 400,000 people, and is present in over 130 markets.

Early life and family
Born in New York City on 1 April 1976, Elkann held both Italian and American citizenship; he renounced the latter in 2012. He is the eldest son of Alain Elkann, a New York-born journalist and writer of French-Jewish and Italian-Jewish background, and his then Italian wife Margherita Agnelli. His parents divorced in 1981 and both have remarried. Elkann's maternal grandparents were the head of Fiat S.p.A., Gianni Agnelli, and the socialite Marella Agnelli (born Donna Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto); his great-grandfather was the industrialist Edoardo Agnelli, and his great-great-grandfather was Giovanni Agnelli, founder of Fiat S.p.A. His paternal great-grand-uncle was the banker Ettore Ovazza. He has a brother, Lapo Elkann, and a sister, Ginevra Elkann, as well as five half-siblings from his mother's second marriage, as Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen, to Serge de Pahlen. His younger half-siblings are Maria (born 1983), Pierre (born 1986), twins Sophie and Anna (born 1988), and Tatiana (born 1990).

Elkann attended primary school in both the United Kingdom and Brazil, before his family moved to Paris, where he obtained a baccalauréat scientifique at the State School Lycée Victor-Duruy in 1994. Later that same year, he moved to Italy to attend the Polytechnic University of Turin, where he graduated with a degree in management engineering in 2000; his thesis was entirely dedicated to e-commerce and online auctions. Among the people who have influenced his education and career, supporting him in his professional journey from a young age, John Elkann has cited Gianluigi Gabetti, Sergio Marchionne, Warren Buffett, and the Wallenberg family. As a result of his international upbringing, he is fluent in four languages: Italian, English, French, and Portuguese.

Career
While pursuing a degree in engineering, Elkann gained work experience through several internships. They included a headlight plant in Birmingham, England (1996); a production line in Tychy, Poland (1997); a car dealership in Lille, France (1998); and at General Electric's corporate initiatives group where he worked on a thesis on e-auctions (1999). In December 1997, at the age of 21, he was selected as the heir of his grandfather Gianni Agnelli in place of Giovanni Alberto Agnelli, the son of Gianni's younger brother, Umberto Agnelli, who had died at the age of 33. He was appointed to the Fiat S.p.A. board that same year,  when he was 22, the same age his grandfather Gianni also joined it in 1943, and to the board of Giovanni Agnelli Sapaz (now Giovanni Agnelli B.V.), the family partnership controlling Exor.

In 2000, after graduating in Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin, he joined General Electric's Corporate Audit program. He left General Electric two years later; Elkann described his work at General Electric as "a beautiful experience, because you sit around a table where no one speaks your language and two out of three come from another continent." He moved back to Turin to be closer to his ageing grandfather, as well as to the family business. In 2003, Elkann joined IFIL, which later became Exor, where he was in charge of control and development, and was in particular responsible for supervising Rinascente and Alpitour. Elkann worked on the turnaround of Fiat Group. He was instrumental in the appointment of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) CEO Sergio Marchionne in May 2004.

After the death of Gianni in 2003, which was followed by that of Elkann's great-uncle Umberto Agnelli in 2004, Elkann became vice-chairman of Fiat and vice-chairman of Giovanni Agnelli Sapaz. Franzo Grande Stevens and Gianluigi Gabetti were instrumental in the appointment of Elkann. In 2008, Elkann was seen as "the great unknown", and he replaced 83-year-old Gabetti as the head of IFIL, which managed a portfolio worth eight billion euros. In March 2009, he merged the holding companies IFI and IFIL to create Exor, stepping to the role of chairman. In 2010, he became chairman of Fiat S.p.A. (then FCA), succeeding Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, and chairman of the Giovanni Agnelli Sapaz, succeeding Gabetti; at the time, Fiat had changed four CEOs in three years. Before this appointment, he mainly played a background role at Fiat. The Financial Times called Elkann's appointment "a confirmation of change that could prove to be the making of a new Fiat and also of the Agnelli family's future fortunes."

In February 2011, Elkann was appointed chairman and CEO of Exor. The value of the company's assets has grown and multiplied nine times in ten years. Since 2017, Elkann became chairman of Ferrari, GEDI Gruppo Editoriale, and the Giovanni Agnelli Foundation, a philanthropic institution supporting education. He is an active member of several non-profit organizations and think tanks engaged in the global geopolitical debate, one of the founders of the Collège des Ingénieurs Italia, and a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art. A member of the Confindustria presidential committee, he followed Fiat's decision to leave the group and resigned from his role as vice-chairman in October 2011, three months before Fiat's official departure in January 2012,   "in the interests of the Association's autonomy and independence",  as written in his resignation letter to then-president Emma Marcegaglia. In a 2013 interview to the Detroit Free Press, Elkann identified Bill Ford Jr. as a mentor. That same year, he was included by Fortune in the world's most influential managers under the age of 40.

In a November 2013 interview to Campden FB, Elkann said he wanted to change capitalism. He said: "There is an alternative to financial investors and professional investment managers, and that's what we want to be. You need to be able to portray business to society in a favourable way. All the emphasis has been on shareholder value, not stakeholder value. One of the benefits of family businesses is they focus on all stakeholders." Guido Corbetta, a professor at Bocconi University in Milan and a family business expert, said that one of the biggest achievements at Exor was the management of the succession to Elkann from his grandfather. Corbetta said: "He was dominant. Anyone succeeding him would have huge shoes to fill. But the fact that Elkann has done so and managed to beat his own path, distancing himself a lot from his grandfather's particular style of running businesses and being successful, is a great achievement for Fiat, the Agnelli family, and even more so Elkann." In 2015, Elkann acquired the insurer company PartnerRe and took part at Ferrari’s debut as a listed company in stock exchange in Wall Street.

Having previously held a seat on Rupert Murdoch's News Corp board and an inherited seat on the board of RCS Media Group, Elkann acquired a majority stake in The Economist Group in 2015; he was described as the opposite of fellow media mogul Silvio Berlusconi. In June 2017, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Italian newspaper La Stampa, which was acquired by the Agnelli family in 1926, he organized an international conference, "The Future of Newspapers", which was attended by The Washington Post owner and Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, and other media representatives, such as Lionel Barber, Zanny Minton Beddoes, Mark Thompson, and Robert Thomson. Under Elkann's management, Exor purchased the controlling stake in GEDI Gruppo Editoriale from CIR Group for $113 million in 2019; GEDI is the owner of two of Italy's most influential newspapers, namely the Rome-based, liberal-leaning La Repubblica and the centrist, Turin-based La Stampa.

In July 2018, a few days before the death of Marchionne, Elkann was chosen to take his place at Ferrari. In 2019, Elkann announced he would be trying to merge FCA with Peugeot S.A. (PSA Group), with the goal of forming the world's fourth largest OEM by volume and third largest by revenues, and catch up on electric cars, as well as autonomous vehicles. In May 2019, he tried to also enlist Renault. In December 2019, it was announced that FCA and Peugeot had reached an agreement to merge. In July 2020, he and FCA's CEO Mike Manley announced that the name of the combined company would be Stellantis.

In March 2020, Elkann and FCA's board of directors agreed to forego their remaining compensation for 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Between December 2020 and September 2021, following the resignation of Louis Camilleri, he held the position of CEO of Ferrari until the appointment of Benedetto Vigna. In May 2021, Elkann was nominated Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour in the automotive industry by Italy's president Sergio Mattarella. In 2021, Forbes estimated his net worth to be around US$2 billion.

In two January 2023 interviews to La Repubblica and La Stampa, in remembrance of the twenty years since Gianni's death, Elkann said: "If we compare the company in 2003 and today's we see that revenues go from 22 billion to 130 in the first nine months of 2022 alone; there were 22 car models produced then, which employed 49,000 people, for 4 brands: today 280,000 people produce over 100 models for 14 brands. We have enhanced the Fiat brand, so much so that next year the electric 500 will also be exported to the USA. We have relaunched the Maserati and Alfa Romeo brands and we are relaunching Lancia. Furthermore, today we produce in Italy and sell models of highly successful non-Italian brands, such as Jeep, all over the world."

On 15 May 2023 he announced as a founder the launch of Lingotto, an investment management company fully owned by Exor and headquartered in London.

Juventus F.C.
As CEO of Exor, Elkann represents the ownership of association football club Juventus. In 2010, Elkann supported his cousin Andrea Agnelli's bid to become chairman of Juventus.

Ferrari
As Executive Chairman of Ferrari, Elkann has a controlling interest in the auto racing team Scuderia Ferrari, which most notably competes in Formula One as a constructor and at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, where it returned as a protagonist in 2023, winning the centenary edition of the race after a fifty-year period of absence as a car manufacturer, and achieving the same result the following year.

Philanthropy
Elkann supports various philanthropic activities. He is chairman of the Agnelli Foundation, a non-profit organization supporting education through scientific research and initiatives.

Education and research
Since 2014, Fondazione Agnelli has offered Italian students and their families a free online portal where they can find which secondary schools in their area provide the best preparation for university and the workplace. Together with Compagnia di San Paolo through Fondazione Agnelli he launched Torino fa scuola, a project dedicated to the renovation of school buildings in the city area.

Starting from July 2020, Elkann supported the launch and expansion of the Arcipelago Educativo project, co-designed and promoted by the Agnelli Foundation, Exor, and Save the Children to fight the risk of dropping out of students due to the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

In April 2019, along with CERN's Director-General Fabiola Gianotti and the Italian architect Renzo Piano, Elkann participated in a media event to unveil Science Gateway, a new scientific education and outreach centre of CERN, which aims to share knowledge and technology for free with society. The project was funded through external donations, through the Stellantis Foundation as the main supporter. On 21 June 2021 he celebrated a further step forward with the laying of the first stone, and then attended the official inauguration in October 2023, where he remembered Sergio Marchionne, to whom the auditorium of the structure is dedicated.

Emergency aid
In May 2019, Elkann took part to the 28th edition of the partita del cuore to raise funds for the Piedmontese Foundation for Cancer Research and Italy's Telethon Foundation. In March 2020, to help Italian citizens suffering from the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, as the leader of the Agnelli family he deliberated a €10 million donation to the national Civil Protection Department and to La Stampa Foundation – Specchio dei tempi, a social assistance organization that operates in Piedmont, to respond to the local health and social needs in the city of Turin and Piedmont. Elkann and his wife Lavinia are also among the supporters of Crescere Insieme al Sant'Anna, a philanthropic project aiming at expanding and improving the neonatal intensive care unit of the main public pedriatic hospital of Turin. On 9 May 2016, the first neonatal intensive care unit was inaugurated.

Personal life
Elkann was baptized and raised Catholic. Nicknamed Jaki, or Yaki,  he has lived in United Kingdom, Brazil, France, and Italy. He married Donna Lavinia Borromeo (born Lavinia Ida Borromeo-Arese on 19 March 1977 in Milan), a member of the prominent Italian aristocratic family the House of Borromeo. She is the daughter of Don Carlo Ferdinando Borromeo, Count of Arona, Piedmont (born in 1935), the son of Vitaliano Borromeo, 2nd Prince of Angera. Her half-sister is Beatrice Borromeo, the wife of Pierre Casiraghi, who is eighth in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne. They married on 4 September 2004 in a Catholic ceremony in the Cappella Bianca on Isola Madre, one of the Borromean Islands of Lake Maggiore. They have three children: Leone, Oceano, and Vita.

Innovation and technology
An engineer by training, he declares himself passionate about technology and pursues interests in this field. Since 2009, Elkann has been attending the annual media and tech conference organized in July every year by Allen & Co at Sun Valley, Idaho. He is also a regular contributor to the Google Camp, which every year gathers tech entrepreneurs, investors, representatives of institutions and pop stars in Sciacca, Agrigento, and other places around Sicily. In August 2011, he took part, along with Sergio Marchionne, in the Rimini Meeting organized by Communion and Liberation. Until 2020, he was a member of the board Bilderberg Group and the only Italian other than journalist Lilli Gruber. In 2012, Elkann attended the annual meeting of the Bilderberg Group in Chantilly, Virginia.

In February 2018, Elkann appeared as one of the protagonists on the podcast series by Reid Hoffman, Masters of Scale. During the interview, which was focused on the theme of the need for companies to adapt over the decades, Elkann described the conditions that allow a company to last over the centuries through the metaphor of the phoenix, and cited in particular the case of Fiat from the 2004 crisis to the creation of the Fiat Chrysler group. In June 2018, he invited Hoffman, Xavier Niel, Peter Thiel, and other global tech leaders to the SEI Torino Forum for the international launch of the new School of Entrepreneurship and Innovation of Turin, an initiative supported by the Agnelli Foundation helping university level students to start new businesses; it opened on 21 March 2018. In 2019 he personally supported through Exor and Gedi Gruppo editoriale the birth of the Italian Tech Week, an Italian tech event that during the years had guests like Elon Musk and Stripe founder Patrick Collison. In September 2023 edition of the event he directly interviewed Airbnb CEO Brian Chesky. In February 2021, he was a guest on the Italian Tech Speak podcast, where he described his relationship with technology and innovation.

In December 2021, he was included in Bloomberg's list of the "50 most influential people and ideas that defined global business in 2021" for the merger of FCA with the PSA Group to form Stellantis, which started its trading with a $52.7 billion market value.

Through Exor Ventures (formerly known as Exor Seeds), an investment program dedicated to startups, he has invested over 500 million euros in innovation and entrepreneurship projects since 2018. Starting from 2022, through Vento, he is launching venture building calls specifically aimed at young entrepreneurs.

Yachting and motorsport
A yachtsman, Elkann took part as owner in the March 2012 Miami–New York City crossing on a monohull of the Maserati team led by Giovanni Soldini, with the aim of covering 947 miles and setting a new record in the monohull category. In May 2012, he and his wife took part in the 30th historical reenactment of the Mille Miglia, a regularity race for historic cars dating back to 1927,  which takes place on public roads from Brescia to Rome and back, across six regions of Italy. They finished the first leg 217th and 152th overall, out of the 380 cars, aboard the one-off vehicle Fiat 8V, which was realized in limited production at 114 between 1952 and 1954. The couple took part in the 2021 edition of the same event, which was divided in several legs, and went through 1,719,81 kilometers in four driving days across over 200 municipalities of Italy in seven regions. Out of the almost 400 cars, of which 121 belonged to Alfa Romeo, Fiat, and Lancia, they finished 180th aboard an Alfa Romeo 1900 C Super Sprint.

In 2013, Elkann participated in the Transpac Race from Los Angeles to Honolulu where he and Soldini ranked second. In the 2014 edition of Cape2Rio, which goes from Cape Town to Rio de Janeiro, Elkann was a member of the team of Soldini that won and set the new speed record of the regatta. In January 2015, he took part with Soldini in the Maserati team in the Rorc Caribbean 600 Race, a regatta that has been held since February throughout the Caribbean; the team had to retire due to damage to the hydraulic system. Soldini stated that a new San Francisco–Shanghai record attempt with the Maserati was expected in May 2015. They succeeded in doing so at 21 days, 19 hours, 32 minutes, and 54 seconds.

In May 2016, Elkann took part in the 100th edition of the Targa Florio car race in Palermo. In January 2020, he participated in the 16th edition of the Cape2Rio aboard Soldini's VOR70 Maserati, sailing 3.600 miles from Cape Town to Rio de Janeiro. In October 2020, once again aboard with Soldini, he conquered the first position at the 41st edition of the Rolex Middle Sea Race with the Maserati Multi 70. In August 2021, he kicked off the 89th edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, which saw the participation of the new Le Mans Hypercar, a class in which Ferrari would enter starting from 2023.

Offices
Elkann is the chief executive officer of Exor, the chairman of Stellantis, general partner of Giovanni Agnelli B.V., and the executive chairman of Ferrari. Additionally, he is the chairman of the Giovanni Agnelli Foundation and chairman of GEDI Gruppo Editoriale. He is also a trustee of MOMA, a member of Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, and was a member of the Bilderberg Group. Elkann is a member of the JP Morgan International Council, and was vice-chairman of Italy's Aspen Institute.

Awards and honours

 * Appeal of Conscience Award, September 2010.
 * OrdineLavoro.png Nominated Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour in the Italian automotive industry, May 2021.

title: John Elkann


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title: User talk:68.106.247.251


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Historic Ships in Baltimore

Historic Ships in Baltimore, created as a result of the merger of the USS Constellation Museum and the Baltimore Maritime Museum, is a maritime museum located in the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Maryland in the United States.

The museum's collection includes four historic museum ships and one lighthouse:

 * USS Constellation, a sloop-of-war; the last sail-only warship designed and built by the United States Navy
 * WHEC-37, a Coast Guard cutter; the last surviving vessel that participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor
 * USS Torsk (SS-423), a World War II-era submarine; credited with the last sinking of an enemy ship by the USN in that war
 * Chesapeake (LV-116), a lightship; stationed at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay for most of her 40-year service life
 * Seven Foot Knoll Light, a screw-pile lighthouse

All are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The four ships are also National Historic Landmarks.

The Liberty ship SS John W. Brown is also homeported out of Baltimore.

Historic Ships in Baltimore is an affiliate of the Living Classrooms Foundation.

title: Historic Ships in Baltimore


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Category talk:Writers

General
We seem to have both category:writers and category:authors...
 * Where? There don't seem to be any articles in that category. --ssd 22:26, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, now I see it. Bleh, what a mess.  Apparently the reasoning is that writer is a more generic and less elitist term than author.  Personally, I don't care, but it's wrong to have both IMHO as the distinction is not that clear. --ssd 15:38, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Should we have individual writers in this catgory? Think about it in the long run: when we get close to having all writers categorised, category:Writers will be huge! We could have a separate writer index category, say category:All writers or category:Index of writers.--[[User:HamYoyo|HamYoyo|Contact Me!]] 17:19, May 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it would be better to break them up as is. I.e., writers by country, writers by genre, writers by type.  If you want all writers, how about Writers:A ...Writers:Z.  Too soon to do it yet, I think.  according to Categorization, if articles are in a subcategory, they shouldn't be in the parent category.  For now, I think putting them in Category:Writers is useful until a subcategory is created they fit in.  Or something like that.  ya.  --ssd 17:41, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. So I guess we empty category:Writers of all writers in the parent category unless they're not in a sub-category, in which case we put them in one. Alphabetical categories didn't occur to me... good idea.--[[User:HamYoyo|HamYoyo|Contact Me!]] 18:24, May 31, 2004 (UTC)

I also notice that if you say e.g., then it alphabetizes them correctly. ---ssd

Computer people
Should Bill Gates really be categorized as a writer? john k 05:09, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

More broadly, what's with all the computer people who have been categorized here? john k 19:04, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Not sure specifically which people you are refering to, but every now and then a "computer person" does write a book... --ssd 22:18, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Yeah, but should people who've written computer textbooks, or what not, be included in Category:Writers? Is this category for anybody who's ever written anything for publication?

Examples: Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Guy L. Steele, Jr., Bruce Schneier, Richard Stallman, Rob Pike, Hans Moravec, Raymond Kurzweil, Brian Kernighan, Tim Berners-Lee, Fred Brooks, Dennis Ritchie, Donald Knuth, Eric S. Raymond.

Some of these do not even seem to have written books. (I haven't included the variety of science and technology journalists who are also listed here, because they surely count as writers). john k 22:32, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The problem is that most writers of textbooks don't have any considerable biography and what they write is completely impersonal to them. Bill Gates definitely should be categorised as a writer as his writing is always written in relation to Microsoft, so is autobiographical to some extent, and some probably read him just for that reason. Anyone have a suggestion of a better classification for these 'boring' writers?--[[User:HamYoyo|HamYoyo (Talk)]] 23:11, Jun 5, 2004 (UTC)

Of the people on your list I recognize (except Bill Gates), I know them mostly because of what they have written! Some of them I didn't know anything about until I started reading their published works, or I read their books before I knew their name. If you want to make a category for technical writers or something like that, and move them to it, go for it! I would have done it a while ago, but I couldn't decide what to call the category. --ssd 05:16, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I have created Category:Technology writers, and someone else already started Category:Science writers. I think the distinction between the two is clear; I have sorted your list above (thanks!!!) and several more I saw/thought of into these categories. --ssd 05:43, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't the page Scientific journalist also be merged with Category:Science writers, or do we reserve that page for those scientific journalist that haven't published a book yet? Peak Freak 11:23, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * On reading the category description, I think there is probably a difference. When I created technology writer, I was finding scientists that just happened to have written books. I suspect scientific journalists are journalists that have bothered to learn enough science to write about it. There is a very big difference in credibility and level of writing there. Having said that, the two categories are close enough that I'm sure a few are in the wrong one. Both category descriptions probably need to be expanded if they are not merged. --ssd 01:18, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Cleanup
There are too many articles in this category; time to subcategorize. -- Beland 14:09, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * There are more than enough sub-categories already: the work is shifting articles into them. So far I have cut the number of letters left to 15. --Henrygb 22:57, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * There are now just 16 articles listed, though only 4 of them should be here. Others should be moved to subcategories --Henrygb 14:02, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

To Do
Worthy to-do list moved from Category:authors

Add category tags to all authors so eventually the category system replaces the manually compiled lists as a more categorical system. Here are some subcategories to be made. Novelists, poets, playwrights and a few more can be broken down further by genre:

 * academic writers
 * biographers
 * children's literature authors
 * illustrators
 * humorists
 * journalists
 * magazine writers
 * military authors
 * newspaper writers
 * non-fiction authors
 * novelists
 * laywrights
 * poets
 * political authors
 * religious authors
 * science authors
 * screenwriters
 * self-help authors
 * short story authors

(I did not originate the above; I found it in an HTML comment on Category:Writers. -- Beland 00:29, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC))

 * note that many of these subcategories exist, though often as writers rather than authors. --Henrygb 08:38, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Users with Template:User writing
Currently this category includes users who include on their user pages. Shouldn't these be separated into a separate category to avoid self-reference, and to separate the encyclopedic content? KramarDanIkabu 03:55, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Segurança e privacidade
mais respeito com os sites na internet. 2804:214:85B6:4B1B:1:0:C92:ECE3 (talk) 15:59, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Writers


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Thomas Gibson

Thomas Gibson (born July 3, 1962) is an American actor and director. He is best known for his television roles as Aaron Hotchner on Criminal Minds (2005–2016), Greg Montgomery on Dharma & Greg (1997–2002) and Daniel Nyland on Chicago Hope (1994–1997).

Early life
Gibson was born in Charleston, South Carolina, to Charles M. and Beth Gibson. His mother was a social worker, and his father was a lawyer and liberal Democrat who served in the South Carolina state Senate and House. He is Catholic. Gibson's interest in the performing arts began at a young age. Gibson was fascinated by Louis Armstrong. He and his sister were on a swim team together, and they frequented a pizza parlor after their swim meets. It was at this pizza parlor that Gibson would sing along with a Dixieland band, complete with his attempt to impersonate Armstrong's singing voice.

As a child, Gibson enrolled in Little Theater School and later graduated from Bishop England High School. He then attended the College of Charleston (1979–1981) and became an intern at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, where he was encouraged to apply to the Juilliard School. After a year and a half at Charleston, Gibson won a scholarship to Juilliard's Drama Division (Group 14: 1981–1985), where he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1985.

Career
Gibson started acting when he was nine years old, in children's theater. He appeared in Julian Wiles' Seize the Street: the Skateboard Musical, a Young Charleston Theater Company (now Charleston Stage) production. As a teenager, he began his classical theater training by becoming a member of the Young Charleston Theater Company and the Footlight Players, often performing at the historic Dock Street Theatre. During his time at College of Charleston, Gibson was an intern at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival. Gibson made his stage debut in David Hare's A Map of the World in the New York Shakespeare Festival. He subsequently appeared in more plays for producer Joe Papp, both in Public Theater and in Central Park. He worked on and off Broadway for the next 10 years in a range of plays by Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Molière, Tennessee Williams, Howard Brenton, Romulus Linney, Noël Coward, and Alan Ball. Gibson also waited tables at Tavern on the Green.

Gibson's first television appearance was in 1987, in a guest role on the legal drama Leg Work, followed by stints on the daytime dramas As the World Turns and Another World. In 1992, Gibson made his movie debut in Ron Howard's Far and Away, in which he portrayed Stephen Chase. Chase was the villainous rival of Joseph Donnelly (Tom Cruise) for Shannon Christie's (Nicole Kidman) affections. His next lead role was in 1993 as David, a gay waiter, in Denys Arcand's Love and Human Remains. Also in 1993, he played bisexual businessman misanthrope Beauchamp Day in the television version of Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City (1993). At the time, Tales of the City was highly controversial for its gay, transgender, bisexual, and drag-queen characters along with nudity, sexual situations, drug use, and explicit language. Gibson later reunited with Arcand in Stardom (2000). In 1999, Gibson had a supporting role in Stanley Kubrick's final film Eyes Wide Shut, where he was reunited with Cruise. Gibson then returned to television, portraying Dr. Danny Nyland on the medical drama Chicago Hope from 1994 to 1998. From 1997 to 2002, Gibson portrayed Greg Montgomery in the sitcom Dharma & Greg, for which he was nominated twice for a Golden Globe Award. After Dharma & Greg, Gibson appeared in various TV movies.

Criminal Minds
In 2005, Gibson was cast as Supervisory Special Agent Aaron "Hotch" Hotchner, the unit chief of the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), in the series Criminal Minds.

Gibson directed six episodes of Criminal Minds beginning in 2013 (in 2001, he directed two last-season episodes of Dharma & Greg). Gibson had a prior altercation with an assistant director and had undergone anger-management counseling at that time.

On August 11, 2016, Gibson was suspended (after appearing in two episodes of the 12th season of Criminal Minds) following an on-set altercation with a writer-producer; he apologized for the confrontation in a statement, claiming the dispute arose from creative differences in an episode he was directing.

The following day, ABC Studios and CBS Television Studios (which co-distribute Criminal Minds) issued a statement announcing that Gibson's contract with the series had been terminated. The statement included the information that his character's exit story from the series had yet to be determined. In the October 12, 2016, episode "Taboo", the absence of Gibson's character is explained as being away on special assignment; however, in the episode "Elliot's Pond", it is revealed that he resigned and went into the Witness Protection Program after noticing a serial killer stalking his son.

Personal life
Gibson resides in San Antonio, Texas, and has a house on Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, which he frequents. His son, Travis Carter, was featured in the Season 10 episode "Boxed In" (#5) of Criminal Minds as a friend of a kidnapped child. Gibson and his wife Christine separated in 2011, and he filed for divorce in 2014. The divorce was final on February 14, 2018.

Gibson enjoys golf. He plays at the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am every year, as well as other golfing events, and is friends with golfer Corey Pavin. He was part of the 2010 Host Committee for the Inaugural SAG Foundation Golf Classic, and he co-hosted the 2nd Annual SAG Foundation Golf Classic with Criminal Minds castmate Joe Mantegna.

title: Thomas Gibson


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Oxford University Museum of Natural History

The Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH) is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxford's natural history specimens, located on Parks Road in Oxford, England. It also contains a lecture theatre which is used by the university's chemistry, zoology and mathematics departments. The museum provides the only public access into the adjoining Pitt Rivers Museum.

History
The university's Honour School of Natural Science started in 1850, but the facilities for teaching were scattered around the city of Oxford in the various colleges. The university's collection of anatomical and natural history specimens were similarly spread around the city. Regius Professor of Medicine, Sir Henry Acland, initiated the construction of the museum between 1855 and 1860, to bring together all the aspects of science around a central display area. In 1858, Acland gave a lecture on the museum, setting forth the reason for the building's construction. He viewed that the university had been one-sided in the forms of study it offered—chiefly theology, philosophy, the classics and history—and that the opportunity should be offered to learn of the natural world and obtain the "knowledge of the great material design of which the Supreme Master-Worker has made us a constituent part". This idea, of Nature as the Second Book of God, was common in the 19th century.

The largest portion of the museum's collections consist of the natural history specimens from the Ashmolean Museum, including the specimens collected by John Tradescant the elder and his son of the same name, William Burchell and geologist William Buckland. The Christ Church Museum donated its osteological and physiological specimens, many of which were collected by Acland. The construction of the building was accomplished through money earned from the sale of Bibles. Several departments moved within the building—astronomy, geometry, experimental physics, mineralogy, chemistry, geology, zoology, anatomy, physiology and medicine. As the departments grew in size over the years, they moved to new locations along South Parks Road, which remains the home of the university's Science Area.

The last department to leave the building was the entomology department, which moved into the zoology building in 1978. However, there is still a working entomology laboratory on the first floor of the museum building. Between 1885 and 1886 a new building to the east of the museum was constructed to house the ethnological collections of General Augustus Pitt Rivers—the Pitt Rivers Museum. In 19th-century thinking, it was very important to separate objects made by the hand of God (natural history) from objects made by the hand of man (anthropology).

The museum is being renovated and the layout being changed between 2023 and 2024.

The building
The neo-Gothic building was designed by the Irish architects Thomas Newenham Deane and Benjamin Woodward, mostly Woodward. The museum's design was directly influenced by the writings of critic John Ruskin, who involved himself by making various suggestions to Woodward during construction. Construction by Lucas Brothers began in 1855, and the building was ready for occupancy in 1860.

The adjoining building that houses the Pitt Rivers Museum was the work of Thomas Manly Deane, son of Thomas Newenham Deane. It was built between 1885 and 1886.

The museum consists of a large square court with a glass roof, supported by cast iron pillars, which divide the court into three aisles. Cloistered arcades run around the ground and first floor of the building, with stone columns each made from a different British stone, selected by geologist John Phillips (the Keeper of the Museum). The ornamentation of the stonework and iron pillars incorporates natural forms such as leaves and branches, combining the Pre-Raphaelite style with the scientific role of the building.

Statues of eminent men of science stand around the ground floor of the court—from Aristotle and Bacon through to Darwin and Linnaeus. Although the university paid for the construction of the building, the ornamentation was funded by public subscription, and much of it remains incomplete. The Irish stone carvers O'Shea and Whelan had been employed to create lively freehand carvings in the Gothic manner. When funding dried up, they offered to work unpaid, but they were accused by members of the University Convocation of "defacing" the building by adding unauthorised work. According to Acland, the O'Shea brothers responded by caricaturing the members of Convocation as parrots and owls in the carving over the building's entrance. Acland insists that he forced them to remove the heads from these carvings.

On 12 January 1954 both the Natural History and Pitt Rivers museums were Grade I listed as being "one of the most significant and carefully detailed museum complexes of the mid-late C19, as well as being a seminal monument to Oxford's scientific awakening."

The 1860 evolution debate
A significant debate in the history of evolutionary biology took place in the museum in 1860 at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Representatives of the Church and science debated the subject of evolution, and the event is often viewed as symbolising the defeat of a literalist interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative. However, there are few eye-witness accounts of the debate, and most accounts of the debate were written by scientists.

The biologist Thomas Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce, the Bishop of Oxford, are generally cast as the main protagonists in the debate. Huxley was a keen scientist and a staunch supporter of Darwin's theories. Wilberforce had supported the construction of the museum as the centre for the science departments, for the study of the wonders of God's creations.

On the Wednesday of the meeting, 27 June 1860, botanist Charles Daubeny presented a paper on plant sexuality, which made reference to Darwin's theory of natural selection. Richard Owen, a zoologist who believed that evolution was governed by divine influence, criticised the theory pointing out that the brain of the gorilla was more different from that of man than that of other primates. Huxley stated that he would respond to this comment in print, and declined to continue the debate. However, rumours began to spread that the Bishop of Oxford would be attending the conference on the following Saturday.

Initially, Huxley was planning to avoid the bishop's speech. However, evolutionist Robert Chambers convinced him to stay.

Wilberforce's speech on 30 June 1860 was good-humoured and witty, but was an unfair attack on Darwinism, ending in the now infamous question to Huxley of whether "it was through his grandfather or grandmother that he claimed descent from a monkey." Some commentators suggested that this question was written by Owen, and others suggested that the bishop was taught by Owen. (Owen and Wilberforce had known each other since childhood.)

Wilberforce is purported to have turned to his neighbour, chemist Professor Brodie and exclaiming, "The Lord has delivered him into mine hands." When Huxley spoke, he responded that he had heard nothing from Wilberforce to prejudice Darwin's arguments, which still provided the best explanation of the origin of species yet advanced. He ended with the equally famous response to Wilberforce's question, that he had "no need to be ashamed of having an ape for his grandfather, but that he would be ashamed of having for an ancestor a man of restless and versatile interest who distracts the attention of his hearers from the real point at issue by eloquent digression and skilled appeals to religious prejudice."

However it seems unlikely that the debate was as spectacular as traditionally suggested – contemporary accounts by journalists do not make mention of the words that have become such notable quotations. Additionally, contemporary accounts suggest that it was not Huxley, but Sir Joseph Hooker who most vocally defended Darwinism at the meeting.

While all the accounts of the event suggest that the supporters of Darwinism were the most persuasive, it seems likely that the exact nature of the debate was made more sensational in the reports of Huxley's supporters to encourage further support for Darwin's theories.

The 1894 demonstration of wireless telegraphy
The first public demonstration of wireless telegraphy took place in the lecture theatre of the museum on 14 August 1894, carried out by Professor Oliver Lodge. A radio signal was sent from the neighbouring Clarendon Laboratory building, and received by apparatus in the lecture theatre.

Charles Dodgson and the dodo
The museum displays a 1651 painting of a dodo by Flemish artist, Jan Savery. Charles Dodgson, better known by his pen-name Lewis Carroll, was a regular visitor to the museum, and Savery's painting is likely to have influenced the character of the Dodo in Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

Collections
The museum collections are divided into three sections: Earth Collections covering the Palaeontological collections and the mineral and rock collections, Life Collections which include zoological and entomological collections, and the Archive Collections.

The Hope Entomological Collections, numbering over five million specimens are held by the museum. The Hope Department was founded by Frederick William Hope and the first appointed curator of the collections was John Obadiah Westwood. Many important insect and arachnid specimens from various collectors and collections make up the museums holdings including (but not limited to) those of Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, George Henry Verrall, Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean, Pierre André Latreille, Alfred Russel Wallace, Charles Darwin, Jacques Marie Frangile Bigot, and Pierre Justin Marie Macquart among others.

The museum today

The museum is led by a director ( Professor Paul Smith, formerly Head of the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham), who succeeded Professor Jim Kennedy in 2011, and there are front of house, education, outreach, IT, library, conservation, and technical staff.

Since 1997 the museum has benefited from external funding, from government and private sources, and undertaken a renewal of its displays. As well as central exhibits featuring the dodo and dinosaurs, there are sets of displays with contemporary designs but within restored Victorian cabinets, on a variety of themes: Evolution, Primates, the History of Life, Vertebrates, Invertebrates and Rocks and Minerals. There are also a number of popular touchable items, which include two bears, a fox, and other taxidermy. Additionally, there is a meteorite and large fossils and minerals. Visitors can also see large dinosaur reconstructions and a parade of mammal skeletons.

A famous group of ichnites (fossilised footprints) was found in a limestone quarry at Ardley, 20 km northeast of Oxford, in 1997. They were thought to have been made by Megalosaurus and possibly Cetiosaurus. There are replicas of some of these footprints, set across the front lawn of the museum.

The tower of the museum is a popular nesting area for migrating swifts. Cameras have been installed which broadcast a live stream to a display near the main entrance.

On March 17, 2020, the museum shut indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It reopened with some restrictions on September 22, 2020.

The Sequoiadendron giganteum tree in front of the museum was 35.7m tall in 2006.

In popular culture
The Museum has been featured in several movies, television shows and documentaries.

Several scenes for the 2004 Animal Planet Docufiction film The Last Dragon (known in the United States as Dragons: A Fantasy Made Real) were filmed at the Oxford museum.

Various scenes were filmed around Oxford for the 2017 blockbuster science fiction Action sequel Transformers: The Last Knight, one scene where Viviane Wembly is giving a tour to a group of students featuring Laura Haddock and Anthony Hopkins was shot in the university and museum.

Scenes were shot at the museum for the BBC One and HBO fantasy drama His Dark Materials.

A deleted scene for the Marvel Superhero film  Eternals featuring Kit Harington and Lia McHugh was filmed at the museum.


text: Category:Continental philosophy

title: Category:Continental philosophy


text:
Body surface area

In physiology and medicine, the body surface area (BSA) is the measured or calculated surface area of a human body. For many clinical purposes, BSA is a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight because it is less affected by abnormal adipose mass. Nevertheless, there have been several important critiques of the use of BSA in determining the dosage of medications with a narrow therapeutic index, such as chemotherapy.

Typically there is a 4–10 fold variation in drug clearance between individuals due to differing the activity of drug elimination processes related to genetic and environmental factors. This can lead to significant overdosing and underdosing (and increased risk of disease recurrence). It is also thought to be a distorting factor in Phase I and II trials that may result in potentially helpful medications being prematurely rejected. The trend to personalized medicine is one approach to counter this weakness.

Uses
Examples of uses of the BSA:
 * Renal clearance usually divided by the BSA i.e. per 1.73 m² to gain an appreciation of the true glomerular filtration rate (GFR);
 * The Quetelet index uses a somewhat modified form of the BSA;
 * The cardiac index is a measure of cardiac output divided by the BSA, giving a better approximation of the effective cardiac output;
 * Chemotherapy is often dosed according to the patient's BSA.
 * Glucocorticoid dosing is also expressed in terms of BSA for calculating maintenance doses or to compare high dose use with maintenance requirement.

There is some evidence that BSA values are less accurate at extremes of height and weight, where Body Mass Index may be a better estimate (for hemodynamic parameters).

Calculation
Various calculations have been published to arrive at the BSA without direct measurement. In the following formulae, BSA is expressed in m2, weight (or, more properly, mass) W in kg, and height H in cm.

The most widely used is the Du Bois formula, which has been shown to be equally as effective in estimating body fat in obese and non-obese patients, something the Body mass index fails to do.

 * $${BSA}=0.007184 \times W^{0.425} \times H^{0.725} $$

The Mosteller formula is also commonly used, and is mathematically simpler:

 * $${BSA }= \frac{\sqrt{W \times H}}{60}

= 0.016667 \times W^{0.5} \times H^{0.5} $$

Other formulas for BSA in m2 include:

\times W^{(0.6157 - 0.0188 \log_{10} {W})} \times H^{0.3} $$ \times \mathrm{weight} \mathrm{(g)}^{(0.7285 - 0.0188 \log_{10}{\mathrm{weight} \mathrm{ (g)}})} \times H^{0.3} $$
 * Haycock || $$ 0.024265 \times W^{0.5378} \times H^{0.3964}$$
 * Gehan and George    || $$ 0.0235 \times W^{0.51456} \times H^{0.42246} $$
 * Boyd || $$ 0.03330
 * Boyd || $$ 0.03330
 * Boyd || $$ 0.03330
 * or alternatively    || $$ 0.0003207
 * or alternatively    || $$ 0.0003207
 * Fujimoto || $$ 0.008883 \times W^{0.444} \times H^{0.663} $$
 * Takahira || $$ 0.007241 \times W^{0.425} \times H^{0.725} $$
 * Shuter and Aslani || $$ 0.00949 \times W^{0.441} \times H^{0.655} $$
 * Lipscombe    || $$ 0.00878108 \times W^{0.434972} \times H^{0.67844} $$
 * rowspan=2 | Schlich || $$0.000975482 \times W^{0.46} \times H^{1.08} $$      (women)
 * $$0.000579479 \times W^{0.38} \times H^{1.24} $$      (men)
 * }
 * Lipscombe    || $$ 0.00878108 \times W^{0.434972} \times H^{0.67844} $$
 * rowspan=2 | Schlich || $$0.000975482 \times W^{0.46} \times H^{1.08} $$      (women)
 * $$0.000579479 \times W^{0.38} \times H^{1.24} $$      (men)
 * }
 * $$0.000579479 \times W^{0.38} \times H^{1.24} $$      (men)
 * }

For any formula, the units should match. Mosteller pointed out that his formula holds only if the density is treated as a constant for all humans. Lipscombe, following Mosteller's reasoning, observed that the formulas obtained by Fujimoto, Shuter and Aslani, Takahira, and Lipscombe are suggestive of $$ {8/900} \times W^{4/9} \times H^{2/3} $$, which is dimensionally correct for the case of constant density. It equals $$ (2^3/3^2) \times (W^{2/3} H) ^ {2/3} /100 $$.

A weight-based formula that does not include a square root (making it easier to use) was proposed by Costeff and recently validated for the pediatric age group. It is [4W (kg) + 7]/[90 + W (kg)].

Average values
Average BSA for children of various ages, for men,  and for women, can be estimated using statistical survey data and a BSA formula: The estimations in the above tables are based weight and height data from the U.S. NCHS National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2014).

There was an average BSA of 1.73 m2 for 3,000 cancer patients from 1990 to 1998 in a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) database.

During 2005 there was an average BSA of 1.79 m2 for 3,613 adult cancer patients in the UK. Among them the average BSA for men was 1.91 m2 and for women was 1.71 m2.

title: Body surface area


text:
Oak Hill Country Club

Oak Hill Country Club is a country club in the northeastern United States, located in the Town of Pittsford, New York, a suburb southeast of Rochester. Founded in 1901, and best known for its East golf course, the club has hosted multiple major championships. The club facilities are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The club has a rich history of golf, starting out in 1901 as only 9 holes on 85 acre on the banks of the Genesee River in Rochester. The clubhouse was no more than a converted farm house. At the time, golf was a relatively new sport in America, and as popularity of the sport grew, so did the country club.

By 1921, Oak Hill had doubled in size and had a new clubhouse, so when the University of Rochester proposed a land swap in 1921, it was a tough decision for members. However, the country club decided to take the university up on their offer, and moved the club to a 355 acre plot in nearby Pittsford.

This decision ended up benefiting Oak Hill, the University of Rochester, and the City of Rochester. Now with triple the land of the old country club, Oak Hill had room for two 18-hole courses. Designed by Donald Ross, they became the East Course and the West Course. Local physician and civic personality John Ralston Williams cultivated and planted tens of thousands of oak trees among the fairways and roughs on what once was a farmed-out field.

East Course
The East Course — which hosts the major tournaments — is built around the east branch of Allen Creek, which acts as a lateral hazard on 9 of its 18 holes. It has had several changes made over the years - first by Robert Trent Jones Sr. in the early 1960s, later (and more recently for the 1989 Open and 2003 PGA) by Tom Fazio and his design group and finally by Andrew Green who completed a restoration project in 2019.

In 1941, the Rochester Times-Union, a local paper at the time, posted a $5,000 purse which attracted the greatest golfers in the world, including names such as Sam Snead, Walter Hagen, and Ben Hogan. This tournament, won by Snead, put Oak Hill on the national golf map. Several prestigious tournaments were held at Oak Hill over the next 78 years, including seven men's major championships – including three U.S. Opens and four PGA Championships, as well as the Ryder Cup.

In 2019, the East Course was ranked 22nd in Golf Digest's list of America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses.

Major tournaments hosted
All played on the East Course. Note: bolded years indicate modern era major championships.

The course record of 63 was set by Jason Dufner in the second round of the 2013 PGA Championship.

title: Oak Hill Country Club


text:
Tomás Batista

Tomás Batista (born December 7, 1935) is a Puerto Rican sculptor. He is the creator of some of Puerto Rico's most notable monuments.

Early years
Batista (birth name: Tomás Batista Encarnación) was born and raised in Luquillo, Puerto Rico, a town located in the northeastern coast of Puerto Rico. His family was poor, but he did well in school and finished high school. His family recognized that their son had talent as an artist at a young age. After graduating from high school, he moved to San Juan to continue his education. There he met and went to work with the Spanish artist, Ángel Botello. In 1955, while working with Botello, Batista discovered that he had a natural talent to work with the restoration process in wood. He learned from Botello the secrets of restoration and how to work with gold on wood. In 1957, he realized his first work of art, the Crucifixion.

In 1958, Batista was awarded a grant and studied sculpting at the Puerto Rican Institute of Culture under the direction of the Maestro Compostela. Batista also studied art in La Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes La Esmeralda in Mexico City, Mexico on a Guggenheim fellowship in 1960 and in the Instituto de Cultura Hispánica in Spain. In 1966, he was named director of the Department of Sculpture and Restoration of the Puerto Rican Institute of Culture. In 1972, Batista spent a year in Spain, where he created the busts of Eugenio María de Hostos and Ramón Emeterio Betances.

Sculptures
He created is Monumento al Jíbaro Puertorriqueño (Monument to the Common Puerto Rican Countryman) in Cayey. In this monument Batista reflects the humbleness and hard working nature of the typical Puerto Rican farmer and his family. The monument is located by the Luis A. Ferré Highway in Cayey.

Among Batista's other works are the sculptures of Julia de Burgos in Carolina, Hayuya in Jayuya, and Rafael Hernández in Bayamón. In 1993, he unveiled the monument of the Cacique Loguillo which is located in his hometown.

Awards and recognition
He received a second place prize in sculpture in "Concurso Esso para Artistas Jóvenes" held in San Juan in November 1964. His stone sculpture, "Caracol," subsequently traveled to Washington, DC, where it was part of the Puerto Rican delegation in the Esso Salon of Young Artists, a contest held in 1965 for young Latin American artists sponsored by the Pan American Union and Esso. In 1976, he was named "The Most Outstanding Young Man in Puerto Rico" by the Junior Chamber of Commerce. In 1987 Batista was awarded the "Medalla de la Orden del Quinto Centenario" ("Medal of the Order of the 5th Century"), during the commemoration of Puerto Rico's discovered by Christopher Columbus.

The City of Bayamón is the sponsor of Batista's work with a permanent exposition in the Salón Batista. In 1991, a permanent exhibition of his works was also established in his native city of Luquillo. Tomás Batista's works of art are found in museums in Puerto Rico, New York and Washington, D.C., and also in private collections. Batista currently travels around the island and abroad giving conferences about his art.

title: Tomás Batista


text:
Earnest James Ujaama

Earnest James Ujaama (born 1966 ) is an American community activist and former terrorist.

A long-term resident of Seattle and well-known community activist, Ujaama was arrested under terrorism charges in July 2002, the first American to be detained on US soil while under investigation using the Patriot Act. Amid conflicting reports and media coverage of the extent of his involvement in terrorist networks, he was convicted three times of various offences, in 2003, 2007, and 2015. He cooperated extensively with the government and testifed against other terrorists, and since 2015 has embarked upon an academic career.

Early life
Ujaama was born James Earnest Thompson in Denver in 1966, and moved to Seattle at the age of 5. He was born a Catholic. His mother was a social worker at the Central Area Motivation Program. At the age of 9, Thompson began a business in raking leaves; at the age of 14, he started a business in home maintenance. Thompson studied at Ingraham High School. Before he graduated from high school, he enrolled in the University of Washington, but dropped out after two years.

In the mid-1980s, Thompson moved to Pelican, Alaska, where he worked at a seafood company. At age 22, Thompson bought and ran a computer store in the University District of Seattle, renaming it Campus Computers. He sold it after six months. He worked for Olympic Computers selling IBM computers, but was accused of carrying out scams on his customers. He was later found to have never filed a tax return.

Thompson was a mentor working with gangs and trouble youth. He wrote the motivational book The Young People's Guide to Starting a Business Without Selling Drugs and the semi-autobiographical novel Coming Up, which were well received. He moved to Los Angeles to try to make his novel into a movie, without success.

In the early 1990s, Thompson changed his name to Earnest James Ujaama; he had followed his brother Mustafa Ujaama – born Jon Thompson – who had converted to Islam earlier while in the military.

In 1993, Ujaama, funded by a grant from the city of Seattle, taught a class at Seattle Vocational Institute. Ujaama was invited to speak at the 1994 NAACP convention in Chicago. On June 10, 1994, then-state representative Jesse Wineberry declared it to be "James Ujaama Day" in the state of Washington.

Conversion to Islam
In late 1996, Ujaama returned to Seattle, where he converted to Islam circa 1997. Ujaama then moved to London and studied under Jamaican-born cleric Abdullah el-Faisal. Moving between London and Seattle, Ujaama eventually started selling tapes of el-Faisal's sermons, but kept the proceeds. While in London, Ujaama married a Muslim woman from Somalia. In late 1998, Ujaama spent two weeks in a jihad training camp in Afghanistan. Ujaama later studied under Abu Hamza al-Masri, attending the Finsbury Park Mosque.

In late 1999, Ujaama returned to the United States, where he learned about a ranch in Bly, Oregon. That October, he traveled to the ranch, where he carried out firearm practice; he sent a fax to Abu Hamza al-Masri to promote this idea, but he greatly exaggerated his progress. He also drafted a flyer that said "Get away from dunia [earthly matters] and be among Muslims!", advertising a cost of GB£660/US$1,100 (including airfare).

In November/December 1999, Oussama Kassir and Haroon Aswat (emissaries from Abu Hamza) came to Bly to inspect the property. (They arrived in New York City on an Air India flight on November 26, 1999; afterwards, they took a Greyhound bus to Seattle, and were then driven by Ujaama to Bly. ) However, Kassir and Aswat realized upon their arrival that there was nothing in the ranch, and that Ujaama had been running a scam.

In January 2000, Ujaama moved back to London. From 2000 to 2001, Ujaama (under the alias Bilal Ahmed) operated the Supporters of Shariah website, which was used to advocate for "violent jihad".

During this period, Ujaama was also known as Abu Samayya or Abdul Qaadir.

Terrorism charges
On July 22 2002, Ujaama was arrested in Denver under a material witness warrant, becoming the first American to be detained on US soil while under investigation using the Patriot Act. He was charged by federal grand jury on August 28, 2002. The lead FBI agent in the case testified that he did not believe Ujaama needed to be locked up.

In 2003, Ujaama agreed to cooperate with US authorities in return for a plea deal, receiving two years in jail. He admitted that he had travelled to Afghanistan in 2000 to deliver money and computer equipment to the Taliban, a violation of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. Ujaama agreed to testify against Abu Hamza, Oussama Kassir, and Haroon Aswat. All three were charged by prosecutors, but resisted extradition. The government dropped all other terrorism, conspiracy and firearms charges Ujaama had been indicted on. Scholar of Muslim-American history Edward E. Curtis later wrote, "Some readers may regard the original indictment as evidence of the threat posed by Isalmic terror; for others, it may be proof that the government is using or abusing the war on terror to prosecute its larger foreign policy objectives and domestic agendas."

In December 2006, after his release, Ujaama fled to Belize. On his return to the US, new charges of conspiring to provide and conceal material support or resources to terrorists, providing material support or resources to terrorists and unlawful flight to avoid giving testimony were brought, to which he again pled guilty. He was sentenced to four further years in jail. He cooperated with authorities, meeting with prosecutors over 70 times and eventually testifying at the trials of Oussama Kassir and Abu Hamza al-Masri.

On October 23, 2015, Ujaama was convicted for a third time at a US district court in Manhattan. He was sentenced to time served, with US attorney John P. Cronan calling his cooperation "extraordinary" and "largely unprecedented".

Later life
Since 2015, Ujaama has worked as a trucker and travelled overseas. In a 2021 interview, he said the case against him was "a farce" and accused the US Justice Department of misrepresenting the camp he trained at by falsely linking it to al-Qaida. He said, "I don’t feel like I didn’t do anything immoral or wrong … I believed in what I was doing … All these things get turned around and twisted around."

In 2021, Ujaama received a PhD from the School of Criminal Justice at Walden University; his thesis is titled Modern Black Codes: Presidential Crime Control Rhetoric and Black Criminalization.

Selected bibliography

 * Ujaama, Ej. (1991). Young People's Guide to Starting a Business. Self-published.
 * Ujaama, Ej. (1993). Entrepreneur Basics 101. Seattle, WA: Be Your Own Boss Publishing.
 * Ujaama, Ej. (1994). How to Be An Entrepreneur. Seattle, WA: Be Your Own Boss Publishing.
 * Ujaama, Ej. (1996). Coming Up. Seattle, WA: Inner-City Publishing.

title: Earnest James Ujaama


text: User talk:68.78.76.236

title: User talk:68.78.76.236