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Salizhan Sharipov

Salizhan Shakirovich Sharipov (Салижан Шакирович Шарипов, Солижон Шокирович Шарипов, Салижан Шакир уулу Шарипов, Tajik: Солиҷон Шокирович Шарипов; born 24 August 1964) is a Kyrgyz cosmonaut of Uzbek descent. Sharipov is a co-author and investigator for the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity project. He has been to space twice (launched from the U.S. as an astronaut in 1998 and from Russia as a cosmonaut in 2004) and has conducted two space walks. Sharipov retired on 18 July 2008.

Personal life
Sharipov was the first cosmonaut of the Uzbekistan Republic. He is of Uzbek and Tajik descent. He is married to Nadezhda Mavlyanovna Sharipova. They have one daughter, Nigara Salizhanovna Sharipova, born in 1988 and one son, Zhakhongir Salizhanovich Sharipov, born in 1992. He is known to enjoy football and reading. His father, Mr. Shakirzhan Sharipov, resides in Uzgen. Sharipov is famous for his unibrow.

Education
Sharipov graduated from the Soviet Air Force Pilot School in 1987. In 1994, he graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in cartography.

Awards and honors
Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation (1988), Hero of the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Baatyry) (1998). He was decorated with Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Kyrgyz Republic (Ak Shumkar Medal, 1998), Russian Federation Air Force Medals and NASA Space Flight Medal (1998).

On 20 April 2005, Kyrgyz Republic issued a postal stamp depicting Salizhan Sharipov.

Experience
After graduation from the Air Force Pilot School in 1987, Sharipov worked as a pilot-instructor and taught eight cadets. He has logged over 950 hours flying time. He has experience flying on MiG-21 and L-39 aircraft.

Cosmonaut career
Selected by the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC) Sharipov became a cosmonaut-candidate in 1990. In 1992, he completed general space training and became a test cosmonaut on 11 March 1992. As a member of the group he completed a full course of training for Mir spaceflights as a crew commander. From August 1997 to January 1998 he passed training as a member of the STS-89 crew at the Johnson Space Center.

STS-89
Sharipov served as a mission specialist on the crew of STS-89 (22–31 January 1998), the eighth Shuttle-Mir docking mission during which the crew transferred more than 8,000 pounds of scientific equipment, logistical hardware and water from Space Shuttle Endeavour to Mir. In the fifth and last exchange of a U.S. astronaut, STS-89 delivered Andy Thomas to Mir and returned with David Wolf. Mission duration was 8 days, 19 hours and 47 seconds, traveling 3.6 million miles in 138 orbits of the Earth.

Expedition 10
Sharipov was also flight engineer on Expedition 10 to the International Space Station (ISS). The Soyuz TMA-5 spacecraft carrying Sharipov, cosmonaut Yuri Shargin and NASA astronaut Leroy Chiao lifted off from the Baikonour cosmodrome on 14 October 2004 at 03:06 UTC. After two days of autonomous flight the Soyuz spacecraft docking with the ISS on 16 October at 4:16 UTC. Sharipov joined the Expedition 10 crew as a flight engineer. The main task of Expedition 10 was to support ISS in functional condition. During his stay, Sharipov conducted several science and human life sciences experiments for the Russian Space Program. One experiment called SRS, which was a low-temperature synthesis in space hoped to develop new materials. Biotechnological experiments he performed used stem cells for possible development of a vaccination for HIV/AIDS treatment. He also participated in ecology studies of the Earth from space.

After spending 192 days in space, Sharipov returned to Earth on 24 April 2005 with Leroy Chiao and ESA astronaut Roberto Vittori aboard the Soyuz TMA-5 spacecraft. The Soyuz capsule landed at 22:08 UTC 90 km north of the town of Arkalyk.

Spacewalks
Sharipov has conducted two career spacewalks totalling 10 hours and 34 minutes.

Sharipov conducted his first career spacewalk on 26 January 2005. He and NASA astronaut Leroy Chiao ventured outside the ISS at 7:43 GMT from the Pirs airlock. The spacewalk was conducted in Russian Orlan spacesuits with red stripes. The two spacewalkers worked swiftly to complete their spacewalk goals that included the installation of a new work platform and test robot outside the Zvezda module. Sharipov and Chiao also relocated a Japanese space environment exposure experiment called MPAC SEEDS and plugged in an antenna for the robot test bed. They also studied ISS vents used by the station's Elektron oxygen generator and other life support systems. During the spacewalk, the space station's stabilizing gyroscopes repeatedly became overloaded with a mysterious torque, and they had to be relieved periodically by firing rocket thrusters located on the Russian half of the ISS. On at least one occasion these thrusters appeared to have been activated when the Sharipov and Chiao were working dangerously close to them. The spacewalk lasted 5 hours and 28 minutes.

Sharipov conducted his second career spacewalk on 28 March 2005. The spacewalk, in Russian Orlan suits using the airlock of the Pirs Docking Compartment began at 1:25 a.m. EST. After opening the hatch and assembling equipment, Sharipov and astronaut Leroy Chiao moved to the small-diameter forward end of the Zvezda module. There the two spacewalkers installed the final three antennas on the Zvezda Service Module of a six-antenna set for the resupply spacecraft ATV. Installation of the antennas and their associated cabling took about two hours. Sharipov and Chiao also installed a Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna for the ATV. During this spacewalk, Sharipov and Chiao deployed a small Russian experiment called Nanosatellite. Sharipov deployed it from the ladder at Pirs, giving it a push in the direction opposite the direction the ISS was traveling. The tiny satellite was about a foot long, weighs 11 pounds and contained a transmitter. The two spacewalkers activated the satellite before leaving the Pirs airlock and stowed it on the outside of the docking compartment. The object of the experiment was to develop small satellite control techniques, monitor satellite operations and develop new attitude system sensors. The spacewalk lasted 4 hours and 30 minutes.

title: Salizhan Sharipov


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Talk:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys

Why doesn't this article neither link nor mention the historic anti-French Hartlepool monkey hanging?
Stop being so soft on the French imperialistic ego Monkey_hanger

Links to articles about 2003 War in Iraq : Referencing the refusal of France to the War in Irak that raised the joke popularity
It is very probably there would not even be an article for a "simple joke" (particularly from a cartoon, we're not talking here about Chaplin or some historical landscape in the history of comedy) if it had not turn way more popular after 2003 and the refusal of France to join the war in Iraq. Most certainly this joke was quite popular before 2003 but it has gained some kind of iconic/pop-culture/meme dimension since then. Besides, this article already references some anti-French feelings directly linked to 2003 Iraq war such as the Freedom fries. That's why I think it would be particularly fit and relevant to add additional Wikipedia-internal-link at the end, such as the following : 1) War in Iraq 2) Opposition to the war in Iraq 3) UN Security council and the war in Iraq 128.79.169.207 (talk) 17:27, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

/* Use */ Removed un-sourced, non-sensical statement...
I removed the following statement in the "Other Uses" paragraph:

 * "In December 2005, Nigel Farage said of the then–French President, Jacques Chirac, "No cheese-eating surrender monkey, he", in his unflattering comparison to then–Prime Minister Tony Blair, during a European Parliament session"

First, there is no source for this quote. Second, "No cheese-eating surrender monkey, he", seams like it was translated with a really bad translator. Since there is no cite the source, and no way to repair it correctly, I removed the sentence. This statement was included on April 11, 2015 during a massive rewrite of the page. Dinky town  talk  16:55, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

 * On the contrary, those are the exact words used by Farage in the following sentence: "This budget deal is game, set, and match to President Chirac, no cheese eating surrender monkey he!" The "No [qualification], he" is a somewhat archaic, but well-established use of English. Nick Cooper (talk) 16:24, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

== 	 This article is missing information about relevant French history of surrendering such as the Armistice of 22 June 1940. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (July 2023) ==

I'm going to remove the above notice from the top of the article, once I've explained why. 1) There's been no such discussion on the talk page in the last 10+ years. (Looking at talk page archive, it seems this article was a much more contentious subject 15-20 years ago, and some editors at the time perhaps thought it was relevant.) 2. While it's entirely possible that the Simpsons writers and later political commentators had the Battle of France in mind when using the phrase, I'm doubtful that a reliable source could be found for this, and the claim is just original research without that. 3. Most importantly, French military history is entirely irrelevant to this article. Put another way, this article doesn't need to weigh in on whether the phrase is a fair criticism of the French, just its origin and usage. CAVincent (talk) 05:05, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys


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Belo Corporation

Belo Corporation (formerly A. H. Belo Corporation) was a Dallas, Texas-based media company that owned 20 commercial broadcasting television stations and three regional 24-hour cable news television channels. Until 2008, the company also owned seven newspapers, which were ultimately spun off into a separate company now known as DallasNews Corporation. The company was named after former owner Alfred Horatio Belo. Belo had its headquarters in the Belo Building in Downtown Dallas, designed by Dallas architects Omniplan and constructed between 1983 and 1985.

History
The company traces its roots back to the establishment of The Daily News in Galveston, Texas, in 1842, four years before the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States; the company sold The Daily News in 1923. In 1857, the company began publishing the Texas Almanac, a reference book focused on Texas, and on October 1, 1885, launched a second newspaper, The Dallas Morning News, based in Dallas, Texas.

On June 26, 1922, the company expanded into broadcasting with the sign-on of WFAA-AM (at that time, shared time with WBAP and WRR in Dallas, Texas).

In July 1926, A.H. Belo Corporation was founded when George Bannerman Dealey acquired a majority interest in the company.

On January 30, 1950, the company announced the purchase of DuMont-affiliated Dallas television station KBTV (renamed WFAA after the acquisition) for $575,000. This purchase, approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March 13, 1950, and completed on March 17, marked the company's entry into television broadcasting. The station switched its primary affiliation to NBC after the acquisition and was also affiliated with ABC on a secondary basis.

In 1963, the company acquired News-Texan Inc., a publishing company that owned suburban newspapers in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex; this subsidiary was later renamed Dallas–Fort Worth Suburban Newspapers Inc.

The company acquired its second television station in 1969 when it purchased KFDM-TV in Beaumont from Beaumont Broadcasting, followed in 1980 by its purchase of WTVC in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Among its purchases in later years, Belo acquired the Corinthian Broadcasting subsidiary of Dun & Bradstreet in December 1983, adding six additional stations, including CBS affiliates KHOU in Houston and KOTV in Tulsa, Oklahoma and ABC affiliate WVEC-TV in Norfolk, Virginia to its portfolio. This forced the sales of KFDM and WTVC to Freedom Communications, and of WISH-TV in Indianapolis and WANE-TV in Fort Wayne, Indiana to LIN Broadcasting, to comply with FCC ownership limits.

On December 8, 1991, A.H. Belo acquired the Dallas Times-Herald for $55 million; the paper ceased operations the next day.

On September 26, 1996, A.H. Belo announced that it would acquire the Providence Journal Company (publishers of The Providence Journal in Providence, Rhode Island) for $1.5 billion. This purchase brought Belo the Providence company's ten television stations including KING-TV in Seattle.

On October 1, 2007, Belo announced the separation of its newspaper and television businesses by spinning off its newspaper business to shareholders as A. H. Belo Corporation, officially completed in February 2008. The television business retained the Belo Corporation name (without the "A. H." initials). The spin-off was structured so that the broadcasting company was the legal successor to the prior company.

In September 2010, Belo became the first non-ABC group to sign on with the Live Well Network, adding it to five of their stations (WFAA, KMOV, WCNC-TV, WVEC, & WWL-TV) on November 8, 2010.

On June 13, 2013, Gannett Company announced plans to buy Belo for $1.5 billion and the assumption of debt. Because of ownership conflicts in markets where both Belo and Gannett owned television stations and newspapers, Gannett planned to sell six Belo-owned stations—KMOV in St. Louis, WHAS-TV in Louisville, KMSB in Tucson, KGW in Portland, Oregon, and KTVK and KASW in Phoenix—to Sander Media, LLC, owned by former Belo executive Jack Sander. Gannett would have provided some services to the Sander stations under joint services agreements. Due to concerns about any possible future consolidation of operations of Gannett- and Belo-owned properties in markets where both owned television stations or collusion involving the Gannett and Sander stations in retransmission consent negotiations, anti-media-consolidation groups (such as Free Press) and pay television providers (such as Time Warner Cable and DirecTV) called for the FCC to block the acquisition.

The concerns were especially pronounced in St. Louis, since the merged company would have controlled two of the three news departments run by "Big Four" stations in that city—KMOV, which was to have been sold to Sander, and Gannett-owned KSDK. On December 16, 2013, the United States Department of Justice threatened to block the deal unless Gannett, Belo and Sander completely divested KMOV to a government-approved third-party company that would be barred from entering into any agreements with Gannett, in order to fully preserve competition in advertising sales with KSDK. Justice claimed that Gannett and Sander would be so closely aligned that Gannett would have dominated spot advertising in St. Louis. On December 20, the deal was approved by the FCC. With the completion of the deal on December 23, on the same day Gannett and Sander agreed to sell KMOV, KTVK, and control of KASW for $407.5 million to Meredith Corporation (which owns KPHO-TV in the Phoenix market); Sander served as caretaker owner of those stations during the sale process, and SagamoreHill Broadcasting would take on KASW's license. Meredith's purchase of KMOV was completed on February 28, 2014, and its purchase of KTVK, along with SagamoreHill's purchase of KASW, were completed on June 19. SagamoreHill was then forced to divest KASW to Nexstar Broadcasting Group (now Nexstar Media Group) on January 30, 2015.

On June 29, 2015, Gannett split into two companies, one specializing in print media and named "Gannett," and the other specializing in broadcast and digital media. The latter company, Tegna, retained most of the Belo stations and is the legal successor to the company that previously bore Gannett's name.

Television
Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license.

 * (**) - Indicates a station built and signed on by Belo.

Cable networks

 * Northwest Cable News (NWCN), 1997–2013
 * Texas Cable News (TXCN), 1999–2013
 * News 24 Houston—joint venture with Time Warner Cable, 2002–2004
 * News 9 San Antonio—joint venture with Time Warner Cable, 2002–2004
 * NewsWatch 15—joint venture with Cox Communications
 * "24/7 NewsChannel" on KTVB-DT2, 2002–2013
 * Local News on Cable (LNC), 1997–2010

title: Belo Corporation


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Durrington Walls

Durrington Walls is the site of a large Neolithic settlement and later henge enclosure located in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site in England. It lies 2 mi north-east of Stonehenge in the parish of Durrington, just north of Amesbury in Wiltshire. The henge is the second-largest Late Neolithic palisaded enclosure known in the United Kingdom, after Hindwell in Wales.

Between 2004 and 2006, excavations on the site by a team led by the University of Sheffield revealed seven houses. It has been suggested that the settlement may have originally had up to 1,000 houses and perhaps 4,000 people, if the entire enclosed area was used. The site was settled for about 500 years, starting sometime between c. 2800 and 2100 BC.

The site may have been the largest settlement in northern Europe for a brief period. From 2010 to 2014, a combination of new technology and excavations revealed a 500 m henge constructed largely of wooden posts. Evidence suggests that this complex was a complementary monument to Stonehenge.

In 2020, a geophysical survey uncovered a number of pits, some natural sink holes and others apparently modified to hold massive timbers, interpreted as belonging to a 1.2 mile circle or circuit of 10 m pits of Neolithic age. If this interpretation is correct, this would be Britain's largest prehistoric monument.

Etymology
The name comes from the civil parish in which the site is located – Durrington, meaning "the farm of the deer people" ("doer" – deer, "ing" – people/tribe, "tun" – farm/settlement), and the large henge banks that surround it. The "Dur" prefix is commonly found in this part of England; the Durotriges Celtic tribe inhabited this area before their defeat by the Romans in the mid first-century C.E. Also, Dorchester was originally known as Durnovaria, and smaller cities with related names (e.g., Durweston) and locations (e.g., Durborough Farm) are found in this region.

Context
What visibly remains of Durrington Walls today is the 'walls' of the henge monument – the eroded remains of the inner slope of the bank and the outer slope of the internal ditch. This now appears as a ridge surrounding a central basin. On the eastern side, the separate ditch and bank are much more discernible, although badly eroded by ploughing. Originally the ditch was 5.5 m deep, 7 m wide at its bottom and 18 m wide at the top. The bank was in some areas 30 m wide. There were two entrances through the bank and ditch – at the north western and south eastern ends. There may also have been an entrance to the south and the north east, although these may have been deliberately blocked.

The henge enclosed several timber circles and smaller enclosures – not all of which have been excavated. Several Neolithic house floors have been found next to and under the eastern bank of the henge. Their density suggests that there was a very large village on the sloping river bank on this side.

The henge was constructed on high ground that slopes south east toward a bend in the River Avon, and is thus considerably higher at its north western side than at its south eastern edge. The south eastern entrance is roughly 60 m from the riverbank.

The henge has two roads passing through it – an old toll road, and a modern banked road constructed in 1967. In the past, military barracks were constructed at the north eastern end of the henge. Some houses were built on the western bank. The land on the western side of the toll road is owned by the National Trust, forming part of its Stonehenge Landscape property. It has free entry.

History
Although there is evidence of some early Neolithic activity at the site, most of the structures seem to have been built in the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age. At some point c. 2600 BC, a large timber circle was constructed. It is now known as the Southern Circle. The circle was oriented southeast towards the sunrise on the midwinter solstice. Its four large concentric circles of postholes would have held extremely large standing timbers.

A paved avenue was constructed on a slightly different alignment – towards the sunset on the summer solstice – and it led to the River Avon. This feature is similar to the Stonehenge Avenue. A large timber post lay on this orientation, about as far away from the circle as the Heelstone is from Stonehenge.

At a similar time, but probably after the circle and avenue were constructed, a village began to develop around the site. Excavations have revealed seven Neolithic house floors on the eastern side of the bank. Some of these floors were located underneath the henge bank, suggesting that settlement came first. The density of some of the houses suggests that there are many more house floors under the field east of the henge, along the banks of the River Avon. One of the homes excavated showed evidence of a cobb wall and its own ancillary building, and was very similar in layout to a house at Skara Brae in Orkney. The other houses seem to have had simple wattle and daub walls. Evidence also suggests that the houses continued to the north of the site.

It is probable that the village surrounded a large, circular, open area that contained the Southern Circle and several smaller enclosures. A geophysical survey of the area 200 metres west of the Southern Circle, known as the western enclosures, showed "a group of at least six penannular structures ...arranged around a terrace overlooking the timber circle and the eastern entrance". An excavation revealed two houses set within timber palisades and ditched enclosures that appear to have been kept clean. These may have held elite occupants or might have been shrines, cult-houses, or spirit lodges.

Julian Thomas notes that "'Overall, the evidence from the internal structures at Durrington Walls does not show that this was a 'ritual site', for there is no such thing. There are simply sites at which ritual has taken place, and at Durrington a variety of acts of various degrees of ritualization, from formal rites to habitual practices, were woven into a complicated history, marking moments of crisis, transformation, and daily routine.'"

Sometime later, perhaps 200 years after the circle was first constructed, another two concentric rings were added, and the henge enclosure was constructed. A ditch some 5.5 m deep was dug, and the earth used to create a large outer bank some 30 m wide and presumably several metres high. Several features of the village, including houses and midden pits, were built over. The henge seems to have been built in one continuous operation, not in phases, as there is no evidence of soil or turf developing in the bank. The ditch also seems to have been dug in sections, perhaps by different groups of labourers. Estimates of the number of people required to create the henge vary from 4000 – 6000. At a similar time, another large timber circle and henge were created immediately south at Woodhenge.

It is unknown when the site fell out of use. It was re-occupied during the Iron Age, when a settlement and field system was established inside the henge. A large drainage ditch was also dug above the north eastern entrance, possibly to complement the field system.

Excavations and theories

Richard Colt Hoare noted Durrington Walls in 1810, and observed that centuries of agriculture had left "its form much mutilated". Geoffrey Wainwright excavated the route of the new A345 in 1966. He discovered the southern timber circle of Durrington Walls, as well as a smaller one slightly north of it.

Since 2003 the Stonehenge Riverside Project, led by Mike Parker Pearson, has carried out annual excavations at Durrington Walls. It identified the Neolithic village and avenue to the river.

Radiocarbon dates of approximately 2600 BC are roughly contemporary with the earliest stone phase at Stonehenge. It is likely that the builders of the stone monument lived here. Parker Pearson believes that Durrington Walls was a complementary structure to Stonehenge, as evidenced by the similar solstice alignments. He suggests that the timber circle at Durrington Walls represented life and a land of the living, whilst Stonehenge and the down around it, encircled by burial mounds, represented a land of the dead. The two were connected by the River Avon and their respective avenues. A ceremonial procession route from one to the other represented the transition from life to death.

Geoff Wainwright and Timothy Darvill have contested Pearson's theories, however. They suggest that Stonehenge was a monument to healing and that connections between the two monuments were unlikely.

Pig bones at Durrington Walls have been interpreted as having come from many different sites around Britain. However, other interpretations of the same evidence suggest that the animals came from a much more limited area.

In 2015 an announcement was made by The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project that a geophysical survey showed evidence of another monument consisting of up to 90 standing stones buried under Durrington Walls. In August 2016 a joint project excavation, directed by Parker Pearson and members of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project, revealed that there are no buried standing stones at Durrington Walls.

Instead, the ground-penetrating radar results revealed a circle of enormous post-holes, not buried stones, beneath the henge bank which had later been filled with chalk rubble. A National Trust archaeologist, Dr. Nicola Snashall, suggested that as soon as the builders of Stonehenge abandoned their settlement on the site, a large timber monument was constructed and that later, "For some strange reason they took the timbers out and put up the enormous bank and ditch that we see today."

In 2020 researchers from the universities of St Andrews, Birmingham, Warwick, Bradford, Glasgow and the University of Wales Trinity Saint David announced the discovery of 20 pits at the site, and claimed that they had found Britain's largest prehistoric monument. Two groups of pits, including at least seven that appear entirely natural, were interpreted as belonging to a 1.2 mile-diameter circle or circuit of large "shafts". The circuit surrounds Durrington Walls, dating from the Neolithic and estimated to be 4,500 years old. Some pits are claimed to be more than 10 m in diameter and 5 m in depth. The claim was supported through the use of a geophysical survey. The slow accumulation of silts within some pits suggests they were cut and then left open.

Further investigation by a team led by Vincent Gaffney in 2021 concluded that the pits were human-made, and not natural features. Optically stimulated luminescence tests revealed that soil within the pits had not been exposed to daylight since 2400 BC. Examination of the pits demonstrated they were in use from the late Neolithic until the middle Bronze Age. Gaffney described the pits as "the largest prehistoric structure found in Britain." Comparisons made in a formal paper suggest similarities – if not necessarily a sequential development – between the long established habit of mining flint from open-cut pits, and these pits, while also noting that at least some of the "mined" pits in the area were modified "solution hollows" (sometimes rendered in discussion fora as "sink holes", which is an extreme end of a spectrum of karst features). This study also reported (see fig 19) at least one of the luminescence series on cored samples as showing a natural sequential infill sequence in the top 1/4 of one core (pit 8a), underlain by an inverted exposure-age sequence in the lower part of the core. This is contrasted with pit 5A, with a more uniform natural filling profile covering almost all the depth of the pit. Evidently, some pits suffered different infill histories to other pits.

title: Durrington Walls


text:
DallasNews Corporation

DallasNews Corporation, formerly A. H. Belo Corporation, is a Dallas, Texas-based media holding company of The Dallas Morning News and Belo + Company. The current corporation was formed when Belo Corporation separated its broadcasting and publishing operations into two corporations (with the broadcasting division going to the "old" Belo; it was later purchased by Gannett, and its former assets are part of what is now Tegna). A. H. Belo also owns a part interest in Classified Ventures. The CEO of the company is James Moroney III and the company had its headquarters in the Belo Building in Downtown Dallas. In 2016, the company announced that it is planning to leave the Belo Building for The Statler Library, also located downtown. As of 2018, the company website lists 1954 Commerce Street in Dallas as their headquarters address.

The company changed its name and ticker symbol and moved from the New York Stock Exchange to the Nasdaq on June 29, 2021, after acknowledging the history tied to their founder, A. H. Belo, a colonel in the Confederate military during the American Civil War, especially given that the company has its origins as early as 1842. The change was proposed in 2021 by CEO Robert W. Decherd to embrace "the social justice movement underway in America." The name change was approved by company shareholders the same year, with 99% of votes cast.

The company was organized as a fully owned subsidiary of Belo Corporation on October 1, 2007, then taken public by issuing the new stock to Belo shareholders and starting trade on February 8, 2008. The split was structured so that Belo Corporation was the legal successor of the original company. While technically this corporate entity was formed in 2008, the organization traces its roots and history back to 1842. The Belo Corporation used the A. H. Belo name from 1926 to 2002 when it was shortened to simply Belo.

Newspapers

 * The Dallas Morning News (Dallas, Texas)
 * Al Día (Spanish language – Dallas, Texas)

The company also formerly published the Denton Record-Chronicle, The Providence Journal, the Riverside Press-Enterprise, Quick, a free weekly in Dallas, and The Business Press, a weekly business publication in Riverside.

For decades, News-Texan, Inc., an A.H. Belo subsidiary, was the owner of The Dallas Morning News as well as other newspapers in the suburban Dallas area. Belo acquired seven newspapers in 1963, which included The Garland Daily News, The Grand Prairie Daily News, and The Richardson Daily News. The newspaper group would become Dallas-Fort Worth Suburban Newspapers, Inc. Belo executives specifically shifted the newspapers to afternoon delivery to compete with The Dallas Times-Herald, the rival of the chain's flagship The Dallas Morning News, according to Judith Garrett Segura, author of Belo: From Newspapers to New Media. She claims the newspapers were not profitable for roughly two years. These newspapers would operate and be published relatively independently until the late 1980s. Under increased advertising pressures and laws prohibiting media monopolies in urban markets, the newspapers were ultimately absorbed into The Dallas Morning News.

title: DallasNews Corporation


text:
La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality

La Côte-de-Beaupré is a regional county municipality in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Château-Richer. Its most populous community is the municipality of Boischatel.

Subdivisions
There are 11 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Beaupré
 * Château-Richer
 * Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré

 * Municipalities (4)
 * Boischatel
 * L'Ange-Gardien
 * Saint-Ferréol-les-Neiges
 * Saint-Tite-des-Caps

 * Parishes (2)
 * Saint-Joachim
 * Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague-du-Cap-Tourmente

 * Unorganized Territory (2)
 * Lac-Jacques-Cartier
 * Sault-au-Cochon

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Postnik Yakovlev

Postnik Yakovlev (Постник Яковлев; born 16th century in Pskov) was a Russian architect best known as one of the builders of the Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow (built between 1555 and 1560, the other architect is Barma). It is thought that he was nicknamed "Barma" (Барма) ("the mumbler"), although it might be that his full name was, in fact, Ivan Yakovlevich Barma; (Postnik means "Faster", a term used for several religious figures, including Patriarch John IV of Constantinople); Barma might also be Yakovlev's assistant.

According to legend, Ivan the Terrible blinded Yakovlev so that he could never build anything so beautiful again. However, this is probably a myth, as Yakovlev, in cooperation with another master, Ivan ShirIai, designed the walls of the Kazan Kremlin and the Cathedral of the Annunciation, Kazan in Kazan in 1561 and 1562, just after the completion of St. Basil's.  He also designed the northeast chapel of St. Basil's (where Basil himself, the popular Basil Fool for Christ – Yurodivy Vassily Blazhenny – is buried), in 1588, four years after Ivan's death.

According to several historians, Yakovlev also designed churches in Staritsa, Murom, Sviazhsk, and perhaps Vladimir, although others contend that this was another architect with a similar name.

title: Postnik Yakovlev


text:
Anatoly Solovyev

Anatoly Yakovlevich Solovyev (Анатолий Яковлевич Соловьёв; alternate spelling "Solovyov") is a retired Russian and Soviet cosmonaut and pilot. Solovyev was born on January 16, 1948, in Riga, Latvia (at that time - republic of the Soviet Union). Solovyev holds the world record on the number of spacewalks performed (16), and accumulated time spent spacewalking (over 82 hours).

Education
Solovyev studied at Riga Secondary School No. 33. After completing secondary school in Riga at age 16, he was a general labourer at a building materials factory, and then a metalworker. He completed two years of evening school and in 1967, enrolled at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the State University of Latvia. After completing the first year, Anatoly left training to prepare for aviation school while working as a locksmith at the Latvian Joint Aviation Unit. In 1968 Solovyov began his training at the Chernigov Higher Military Aviation School.

Military service
He enrolled as a cadet in the Chernigov Higher Military School of Pilots in 1968. He joined the CPSU in 1971. He graduated from the Lenin Komsomol Chernigov Higher Military Aviation School in 1972, having flown the L-29, MiG-15UTI and MiG-21. Subsequently, assigned to a reconnaissance air regiment in the Far East Aviation District flying the MiG-21R. In 1975 he was awarded the qualification "Military Pilot 1st Class".

Cosmonaut
He was selected for Cosmonaut training 23 August 1976 as a member of TsPK-6. Uniquely, this group was to train as pilots for the Buran programme (Soviet "space shuttle"), and as such had to also qualify as test pilots. To do so the group first attended the 267th Centre for Testing Aviation Equipment and Training Test Pilots at Akhtubinsk where they passed as test pilots (third class). This was followed up by a year's training to qualify as Cosmonauts. They then returned to Akhtubinsk for further training as test pilots (second class). In addition he qualified as a parachutist and diver. In January 1979 he was appointed as a Test Cosmonaut in OK CPC (aerospace vehicles) working on Buran.

Delays with Buran and increased need for space station crews resulted in his transferring to training for the Interkosmos programme in January 1982. The following year he was designated as a reserve crew commander for missions to Salyut 7, with Aleksandr Serebrov and Nikolai Moskalenko. In 1985 he was assigned as reserve crew commander of Soyuz T-15 with Viktor Savinykh. The following year he was assigned as back up commander of the Soyuz TM-3 mission to Mir with Savinykh and Munir Habib (Syria).

He was commander for the 9-day Mir EP-2 visiting ("lifeboat" swap) crew June 1988 launched aboard Soyuz TM-5 and returned aboard Soyuz TM-4. His crew were Viktor Savinykh and Aleksandr Aleksandrov (of Bulgaria). He thus became the 65th Soviet Cosmonaut with the personal callsign "Spring".

He then served as the back up commander for Soyuz TM-8. Commander 179 day Soyuz TM-9/Mir EO-6 long-duration mission February to August 1990, with Aleksandr Balandin. This included an EVA to repair thermal blankets on Soyuz TM-9, and a second EVA when repairs to the Kvant-2 module hatch were unsuccessfully attempted.

He served as reserve crew commander with Andrei Zaytsev for Mir EO-10 but the crew was disbanded after flight programme changes. He was back up commander Mir EO-11/Soyuz TM-14.

He was commander for the 188-day Mir EO-12/Soyuz TM-15 with Sergei Avdeyev, from July 1992 until February 1993. He conducted four more EVAs during the mission. Launching only with them was Michel Tognini of France.

He served as back up commander of Mir EO-18, and then as commander of Mir EO-19 with Nikolai Budarin. They launched as passengers aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-71 mission in June 1995. This was at the first Orbiter docking with Mir, and the EO-19 crew undocked Soyuz TM-21 briefly to observe and photograph the departure of Atlantis. Solovyev also performed three EVAs. They returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-21 in September after 75 days.

His final space mission was as commander of Mir EO-24/Soyuz TM-26 for 197 days from August 1997 until February 1998 with Pavel Vinogradov. After an automatic Kurs approach, Solovyev performed the final docking manually when he was unable to verify the accuracy of the automatic targeting. They joined NASA astronaut Michael Foale who transferred from EO-23 until his departure aboard Atlantis. He was replaced by David Wolf and then Andrew Thomas who remained to join EO-25. His first EVA on 22 August 1997 was an unusual "internal spacewalk" to connect power and survey damage to the depressurised Spektr module. This had been holed in the collision with Progress M-34 on 25 June. Solovyev performed six more EVAs to set a world record total of 16, with a world record combined duration of 82 hours 21 minutes. He commented:

"It just came about. I never referred to my numbers as a record, nor did I ever think about beating someone else's accomplishments before going out on a walk."

He was tapped to be on the crew of the first expedition to occupy the International Space Station. However he declined to serve under an American commander for the long-duration mission, since his experience of long duration spaceflight far exceeded that of any American astronaut.

Solovyev left the Cosmonaut Detachment in 1999 having reached compulsory retirement age and became the president of "For the Good of the Fatherland", a national organisation recognising the work of Russians devoted to cultural and social development.

Family
Solovyev's parents are Yakov Mikhailovich Solovyev (father), deceased in 1980 and Antonia Pavlovna Soloveva, who resides in Riga. He is married to Natalya Vasilyevna Solovyeva (née Katyshevtseva), with whom he has two sons, Gennady (born 1975), Illya (1980). Solovyev resides in Star City.

Awards and honors
Foreign awards:
 * Hero of the Soviet Union (USSR);
 * Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR (USSR);
 * Order For Merit to the Fatherland 2nd and 3rd classes;
 * Order of Lenin (USSR);
 * Order of the October Revolution (USSR);
 * Order of Friendship of Peoples (USSR);
 * Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration".
 * Hero of the People's Republic of Bulgaria;
 * Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria);
 * Officer of the Legion of Honour (France);
 * Order of Stara Planina (Republic of Bulgaria);
 * two NASA Space Flight Medals.

In media

 * The 2013 film Gravity features a fictional character, STS-157 Commander Colonel Matthew "Matt" Kowalski (played by George Clooney), who repeatedly mentions his desire to beat Solovyev's record using a Manned Maneuvering Unit.

title: Anatoly Solovyev


text:
Barma

Barma may refer to:

 * The autonym of the Baguirmi people of Chad
 * Barma (crater), a crater on Mercury

People
Middle name
 * Kocc Barma Fall (1586-1655), Senegalese philosopher

 * Barma (surname), surname

Fiction

 * Parashor Barma, a fictional detective character made by Bengali writer Premendra Mitra

title: Barma


text:
La Côte-de-Gaspé Regional County Municipality

La Côte-de-Gaspé is a regional county municipality on the Gaspé peninsula in eastern Quebec, Canada, part of the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region. The seat is Gaspé.

The regional county has a land area of 4,098.80 km2 and its population was 17,117 inhabitants as of the 2016 Census. Its largest community is the city of Gaspé.

Subdivisions
There are 7 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Gaspé
 * Murdochville

 * Municipalities (2)
 * Grande-Vallée
 * Petite-Vallée

 * Townships (1)
 * Cloridorme

 * Unorganized Territory (2)
 * Collines-du-Basque
 * Rivière-Saint-Jean

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways
 * None

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality

Lac-Saint-Jean-Est is a regional county municipality in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Alma. In 2016, 99.3% reported that they spoke French most often at home, according to the census.

Subdivisions
There are 18 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Alma
 * Desbiens
 * Métabetchouan–Lac-à-la-Croix

 * Municipalities (9)
 * Hébertville
 * Labrecque
 * Lamarche
 * Saint-Bruno
 * Sainte-Monique
 * Saint-Gédéon
 * Saint-Henri-de-Taillon
 * Saint-Ludger-de-Milot
 * Saint-Nazaire

 * Parishes (1)
 * L'Ascension-de-Notre-Seigneur

 * Villages (1)
 * Hébertville-Station

 * Unorganized territory (4)
 * Belle-Rivière
 * Lac-Achouakan
 * Lac-Moncouche
 * Mont-Apica

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways
 * None

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Gennady Strekalov

Gennady Mikhailovich Strekalov (Генна́дий Миха́йлович Стрека́лов; 26 October 1940 – 25 December 2004) was an engineer, cosmonaut, and administrator at Russian aerospace firm RSC Energia. He flew into space five times and lived aboard the Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and Mir space stations, spending over 268 days in space. The catastrophic explosion of a Soyuz rocket in 1983 led to him being one of only four people to use a launch escape system. He was decorated twice as Hero of the Soviet Union and received the Ashoka Chakra from India.

Personal life
Strekalov was born on 26 October 1940 in Mytishchi near Moscow, the son of Mikhail Strekalov and his wife Praskoyva. Mikhail Strekalov was killed in 1945 while fighting for the Red Army in Poland. Gennadi Strekalov graduated from N. E. Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School in 1965 with an engineer's diploma. He married Lydia Anatolievna Telezhina; the couple had two daughters, Tatiana and Natalia. He died in Moscow on 25 December 2004, from cancer, aged 64.

Career
After leaving school, Strekalov began work as an apprentice coppersmith at OKB-1, Sergei Korolev's experimental design bureau, where he help assemble Sputnik 1. He left to attend university at N. E. Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School, obtaining a degree in technical science. He then returned to OKB-1 (which was later renamed RSC Energia) and worked there for the rest of his life.

As part of an operations group, he participated in mission control for flights of scientific research vehicles belonging to the Academy of Sciences.

In January 1974, he began training as a crew member for a mission aboard the Soyuz spacecraft as a flight engineer and, in 1976, was part of the backup crew for the Soyuz 22 mission. Starting October 1978, he trained as a flight engineer for Soyuz expeditions to Salyut-series space stations.

His first spaceflight was 27 November to 10 December 1980, as research engineer on Soyuz T-3's mission to the Salyut 6 station.

His next flight was to be new Salyut 7 space station. He and Vladimir Titov were the backup crew for the Soyuz T-5 mission, the first flight to the new station. The pair, together with Aleksandr Serebrov, launched in April 1983 on Soyuz T-8. As the spacecraft separated from the aerodynamic fairing that shielded it during launch, part of its Igla rendezvous radar system was damaged. The crew attempted a manual docking, using only optical instruments aboard their spacecraft and guided by ground radar, but the approach was unsuccessful and Titov had to brake and dive to avoid a collision. Having used up too much of their propellant to attempt another approach, the crew were forced to return to Earth on 22 April 1983.

Strekalov and Titov were again scheduled to fly to Salyut 7 on 26 September 1983. The mission's Soyuz-U launcher developed a serious fuel leak in the minutes before launch, forcing launch control to attempt to fire the launch escape system to pull the spacecraft away from the rocket to safety. This initially failed, but finally operated only 20 seconds before the rocket exploded, devastating Baikonur's Site 1 pad. Strekalov and Titov's capsule was dragged (at accelerations of more than 10 G) to safety and landed 4 km from the pad, its occupants bruised but otherwise uninjured. Strekalov and Titov's narrow escape was the first ever live use of a launch escape system in the history of human spaceflight. Titov and Strekalov would subsequently celebrate the anniversary of their dramatic escape, calling it their "second birthday". As it did not launch, the mission is known by its technical article designation Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L; it would have been Soyuz T-10, a codename that was instead used the following year.

Strekalov's next spaceflight was aboard Soyuz T-11, with Yuri Malyshev and Indian cosmonaut Rakesh Sharma. The flight launched from Baikonur's Site 31 on 3 April 1984 and, unlike Strekalov's previous two attempts, successfully docked with Salyut-7. The crew stayed on Salyut-7 until 11 April 1984, and returned to Earth not in the spacecraft in which they had come, but in the reentry module of Soyuz T-10, which was already docked at the space station.

From 1 August to 10 December 1990, he was the flight engineer on Soyuz TM-10's flight to Mir, with Gennady Manakov and Japanese reporter-cosmonaut Toyohiro Akiyama. At 130 days, this was his longest spaceflight.

After this, Strekalov formally retired and became head of the civilian section of the cosmonaut department. But he returned to flight status for the Shuttle–Mir Program and on 14 March 1995 he flew on Soyuz TM-21 to the Mir space station, accompanied by Vladimir Dezhurov and American astronaut Norman Thagard. The mission, designated EO-18, was the first non-US launch to carry an American into space. Although successful, Strekalov's time on Mir was fraught - the crew undertook a number of taxing spacewalks to repair the station, culminating in a dispute when mission controllers ordered an unplanned spacewalk to repair a stuck solar array. Strekalov, believing the proposal to be too dangerous, refused to perform it, and argued with his colleagues on the ground for several days until they acquiesced. On 7 July 1995, the Soyuz TM-21 crew returned to Earth, not on the Soyuz that had brought them, but aboard US Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-71) which had brought their relief. Overall the mission lasted 115 days. Due to Strekalov's refusal, he was fined approximately US$10,000 in pension and benefit entitlements, but he took RSC Energia to arbitration and had the fine overturned.

Strekalov continued to work for RSC Energia until his death.

Awards and honors

 * Hero of the Soviet Union, twice (10 December 1980, 11 April 1984)
 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class (7 September 1995) - for active participation in the preparation and successful implementation of long-term US-Russian space flight on the orbital scientific research complex Mir, displaying courage and heroism
 * Three Orders of Lenin (10 December 1980, 1983, 11 April 1984)
 * Order of the October Revolution (10 December 1990) - for the successful implementation of spaceflight on the orbital scientific research complex Mir and displaying courage and heroism
 * Medal "Veteran of Labour"
 * Ashoka Chakra, Class I (India, 1984)
 * NASA Space Flight Medal (1995)
 * Honoured Master of Sports (1981)
 * Honorary Citizen of Queens (United States) and Mytischi (Russia)
 * Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR

title: Gennady Strekalov


text:
Giomar Guevara

Giomar Antonio Guevara Díaz (born October 23, 1972) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball infielder. He played parts of three seasons in Major League Baseball, from 1997 through 1999, for the Seattle Mariners. Listed at 5' 8" (1.73 m), 150 lb. (68 k), Guevara was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed. He was born in Guarenas, Miranda.

Guevara [gay-vah'-rah] played for Seattle in parts of three seasons as a backup for shortstop Alex Rodriguez. He also spent 10 campaigns in the Minor leagues with the Detroit Tigers, Oakland Athletics and Mariners organizations.

In between, Guevara played winter ball with the Leones del Caracas and Tigres de Aragua clubs of the Venezuelan League between the 1993–2001 seasons.

title: Giomar Guevara


text:
Treaty of Vereeniging

The Treaty of Vereeniging was a peace treaty, signed on 31 May 1902, that ended the Second Boer War between the South African Republic and the Orange Free State on the one side, and the United Kingdom on the other.

This settlement provided for the end of hostilities and eventual self-government to the Transvaal (South African Republic) and the Orange Free State as British colonies. The Boer republics agreed to come under the sovereignty of the British Crown and the British government agreed on various details.

Seven point Boer proposal rejected
On 9 April 1902, with safe passage guaranteed by the British, the Boer leadership met at Klerksdorp, Transvaal. Present were Marthinus Steyn, Free State president and Schalk Burger acting Transvaal president with the Boer generals Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Christiaan de Wet and Koos de la Rey and they would discuss the progress of the war and whether negotiations should be opened with the British.

On 12 April, a ten-man Boer delegation went to Melrose House in Pretoria and met General Kitchener bringing with them a seven-point proposal for a treaty of friendship. Their position was to return to a pre-war status-quo for the republics with certain changes such as a commercial union with the British colonies, votes for uitlanders, equal languages in schools and an amnesty. Kitchener was astounded but forwarded the proposal to London, knowing it would not be accepted but wanted the dialogue between the two parties to continue. Alfred Milner joined the negotiations on 14 April but he was hostile to the Boers and wanted an unconditional surrender and a free rein in administering the two republics as colonies. The British government rejected the Boers' terms and the delegation asked Kitchener for a series of armistices so that they could return and consult with the commandos as to whether they could negotiate a surrender and its terms.

Sixty delegates compromise at Vereeniging
On 15 May, the commandos elected 30 delegates from each pre-war republic and they met at Vereeniging. They included for Transvaal some non-combatant burghers but mostly military officers like Chris Botha, Jan Celliers from Lichtenberg, Jan Kemp (Krugersdorp), Petrus Johannes Liebenberg (Potchefstroom), Chris Muller (Boksburg), D. J. Schoeman (Lydenburg) and S. P. du Toit (Wolmaransstad). The Orange Free State was represented by for instance L.P.H. Botha (Harrismith), G.A. Brand (Bethulie, Caledon River, Rouxville, Wepener and East Bloemfontein), D.H. van Coller (Heilbron), Christoffel Cornelis Froneman (Winburg and Ladybrand), J.N. Jacobs (Boshof), C. A. van Niekerk (Kroonstad), Wessel Jacobus Wessels (Harrismith and Vrede).

The debate was heated, split between the Transvaalers who wanted an end to the war as living conditions for the Boer civilians in the Transvaal were becoming desperate with splits developing in the Boer population there, while the Free Staters wished to continue the war.

A compromise was reached and the generals returned to Pretoria on 19 May with a proposal that the republics remain independent, with foreign relations and self-government under British control, cede control of Swaziland and relinquish control of the Witwatersrand goldfields.

Boers and British debate
The terms were rejected by Kitchener and Milner with the two of them disagreeing on the direction of the future, with the former seeking reconciliation and the latter seeking humiliation. The debate between the Boer generals and British delegation would continue for days. The British made concessions which included the Cape rebels only being disenfranchised for five years.

The issue of black enfranchisement was settled, when Joseph Chamberlain's argument before the war for black people's political rights to be considered at the end of the war was ignored in the interest of reconciliation, and Smuts was able to include a clause that the argument for black enfranchisement would be decided when self-government was realised for the Transvaal and Free State. As to the contentious issue of British and Boer war debt and promissory notes, Botha wanted £3 million while the British offered £1 million, with Milner angry at the idea of paying for Boer promissory notes, but Kitchener agreed seeing Botha's viewpoint that it would strengthen the latter in negotiating the terms with his delegates. The Orange River and the Transvaal colonies would first be administered by a British military administration, then by civilians and then at some point in the future via self-government.

Peace Treaty
On 27 May 1902, the British Cabinet met to discuss the final terms of the treaty and on 28 May in Pretoria, the Boers were presented with the terms and given three days to make a decision of which the answer required was either yes or no.

Sixty Boer delegates met in Vereeniging to debate the terms of the treaty and a heated debate developed between the Transvaalers and Free Staters, with Botha and Smuts arguing in favour while Marthinus Steyn argued against it. Being ill, he would resign as Free State president after the first day of debate and advised Christiaan de Wet that, if the Transvaalers agreed to the treaty, he should too, as the Free State could not continue the war on their own.

At around 2 pm on 31 May 1902 a vote was called and 54 delegates voted yes to the terms of the treaty, only 6 voted no. On the same day the Boer leaders returned to Kitchener at Melrose House in Pretoria and the peace treaty was signed. Although the treaty is named after the town of Vereeniging in Transvaal, where the peace negotiations took place, the document was actually signed at Melrose House in Pretoria.

Terms of the settlement
This settlement entailed the end of hostilities and the surrender of all Boer forces and their arms to the British, with the promise of eventual self-government to the Transvaal (South African Republic) and the Orange Free State as colonies of the British Empire. The Boer Republics agreed to come under the sovereignty of the British Crown and the British government agreed on various details including the following:
 * 1) All Boer fighters of both republics had to give themselves up
 * 2) All combatants would be disarmed
 * 3) Everyone had to swear allegiance to the Crown
 * 4) No death penalties would be dealt out
 * 5) A general amnesty would apply
 * 6) The use of Dutch would be allowed in the schools and law courts
 * 7) To eventually give the Transvaal and the Orange Free State self-government (civil government was granted in 1906 and 1907, respectively)
 * 8) To avoid discussing the native (Black) enfranchisement issue until self-government had been given
 * 9) To pay the Boers £3,000,000 in reconstruction aid
 * 10) Property rights of Boers would be respected
 * 11) No land taxes would be introduced
 * 12) Registered private guns would be allowed

Aftermath
Subsequent to the British government giving the Boer colonies self-government, the Union of South Africa was created on 31 May 1910. The Union gained relative independence under the 1926 Imperial Conference and de facto independence under the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The country withdrew from the British Commonwealth and became a republic in 1961, therefore severing all political ties with Great Britain. Though still a republic, South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth in 1994.

title: Treaty of Vereeniging


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Fribourg

There are 126 municipalities in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland.

List

 * Attalens
 * Auboranges
 * Autigny
 * Avry
 * Bas-Intyamon
 * Belfaux
 * Belmont-Broye
 * Billens-Hennens
 * Bois-d'Amont
 * Bösingen
 * Bossonnens
 * Botterens
 * Broc
 * Brünisried
 * Bulle
 * Chapelle (Glâne)
 * Châtel-Saint-Denis
 * Châtel-sur-Montsalvens
 * Châtillon (FR)
 * Châtonnaye
 * Chénens
 * Cheyres-Châbles
 * Corbières
 * Corminboeuf
 * Cottens (FR)
 * Courgevaux
 * Courlevon
 * Courtepin
 * Cressier (FR)
 * Crésuz
 * Cugy (FR)
 * Delley-Portalban
 * Düdingen
 * Echarlens
 * Ecublens (FR)
 * Estavayer
 * Ferpicloz
 * Fétigny
 * Fräschels
 * Fribourg
 * Gibloux (FR)
 * Giffers
 * Givisiez
 * Gletterens
 * Grandvillard
 * Granges (Veveyse)
 * Granges-Paccot
 * Grangettes
 * Greng
 * Grolley
 * Gruyères
 * Gurmels
 * Haut-Intyamon
 * Hauterive (FR)
 * Hauteville
 * Heitenried
 * Jaun
 * Kerzers
 * Kleinbösingen
 * La Brillaz
 * La Roche
 * La Sonnaz
 * La Verrerie
 * Le Châtelard
 * Le Flon
 * Le Mouret
 * Le Pâquier (FR)
 * Les Montets
 * Lully (FR)
 * Marly
 * Marsens
 * Massonnens
 * Matran
 * Ménières
 * Meyriez
 * Mézières (FR)
 * Misery-Courtion
 * Mont-Vully
 * Montagny (FR)
 * Montet (Glâne)
 * Morlon
 * Muntelier
 * Murten
 * Neyruz (FR)
 * Nuvilly
 * Pierrafortscha
 * Plaffeien
 * Plasselb
 * Pont-en-Ogoz
 * Pont-la-Ville
 * Ponthaux
 * Prévondavaux
 * Prez
 * Rechthalten
 * Remaufens
 * Riaz
 * Ried bei Kerzers
 * Romont (FR)
 * Rue
 * Saint-Aubin (FR)
 * Saint-Martin (FR)
 * Sâles
 * Schmitten (FR)
 * Semsales
 * Sévaz
 * Siviriez
 * Sorens
 * St. Silvester
 * St. Ursen
 * Surpierre
 * Tafers
 * Tentlingen
 * Torny
 * Treyvaux
 * Ueberstorf
 * Ulmiz
 * Ursy
 * Val-de-Charmey
 * Vallon
 * Vaulruz
 * Villars-sur-Glâne
 * Villarsel-sur-Marly
 * Villaz
 * Villorsonnens
 * Vuadens
 * Vuisternens-devant-Romont
 * Wünnewil-Flamatt

Mergers

 * As of 1 January 1994:
 * the municipalities Léchelles and Chandon merged under the name of Léchelles.

 * As of 1 January 2000:
 * the municipalities Grolley and Corsalettes merged under the name of Grolley.
 * the municipalities Gurmels and Kleingurmels merged under the name of Gurmels.
 * the municipalities Montagny-la-Ville and Montagny-les-Monts merged under the name of Montagny (FR).

 * As of 1 January 2001:
 * the municipalities Maules, Romanens, Rueyres-Treyfayes and Sâles merged under the name of Sâles.
 * the municipalities Bionnens, Mossel, Ursy and Vauderens merged under the name of Ursy.
 * the municipalities Gillarens, Promasens and Rue merged under the name of Rue.
 * the municipalities Lentigny FR, Lovens and Onnens FR wurden merged under the name of La Brillaz.
 * the municipalities Chavannes-sous-Orsonnens, Orsonnens, Villargiroud and Villarsiviriaux wurden merged under the name of Villorsonnens.
 * the municipalities Marsens and Vuippens merged under the name of Marsens.
 * the municipalities Ecuvillens and Posieux wurden merged under the name of Hauterive (FR).

 * As of 1 January 2002:
 * the municipalities Albeuve, Lessoc, Montbovon and Neirivue merged under the name of Haut-Intyamon.

 * As of 1 January 2003:
 * the municipalities Avry-devant-Pont, Le Bry and Gumefens merged under the name of Pont-en-Ogoz.
 * the municipalities Gurmels, Guschelmuth, Liebistorf and Wallenbuch merged under the name of Gurmels.
 * the municipalities Les Ecasseys, Estévenens, La Joux (FR), Lieffrens, La Magne, Sommentier, Villariaz and Vuisternens-devant-Romont merged under the name of Vuisternens-devant-Romont.
 * the municipalities Courtaman and Courtepin merged under the name of Courtepin.
 * the municipalities Estavayer-le-Gibloux, Rueyres-Saint-Laurent, Villarlod and Villarsel-le-Gibloux merged under the name of Le Glèbe.
 * the municipalities Bonnefontaine, Essert, Montévraz, Oberried FR, Praroman and Zénauva merged under the name of Le Mouret.

 * As of 1 January 2004:
 * the municipalities Bouloz, Pont (Veveyse) and Porsel merged under the name of Le Flon.
 * the municipalities Mannens-Grandsivaz and Montagny (FR) merged under the name of Montagny (FR).
 * the municipalities Besencens, Fiaugères and Saint-Martin (FR) merged under the name of Saint-Martin (FR).
 * the municipalities La Corbaz, Cormagens and Lossy-Formangueires merged under the name of La Sonnaz.
 * the municipalities Berlens and Mézières (FR) merged under the name of Mézières (FR).
 * the municipalities Middes and Torny-le-Grand merged under the name of Torny.
 * the municipalities Aumont, Frasses, Granges-de-Vesin and Montet (Broye) merged under the name of Les Montets.
 * the municipalities Enney, Estavannens and Villars-sous-Mont merged under the name of Bas-Intyamon.
 * the municipalities Chavannes-les-Forts, Prez-vers-Siviriez, Siviriez and Villaraboud merged under the name of Siviriez.
 * the municipalities La Neirigue and Vuisternens-devant-Romont merged under the name of Vuisternens-devant-Romont.
 * the municipalities Le Crêt, Grattavache and Progens merged under the name of La Verrerie.

 * As of 1 January 2005:
 * the municipalities Delley and Portalban merged under the name of Delley-Portalban.
 * the municipalities Chapelle (Broye) and Cheiry merged under the name of Cheiry.
 * the municipalities Cordast and Gurmels merged under the name of Gurmels.
 * the municipalities Cugy FR and Vesin merged under the name of Cugy FR.
 * the municipalities Praratoud and Surpierre merged under the name of Surpierre.
 * the municipalities Lussy FR and Villarimboud merged under the name of La Folliaz.

 * As of 1 January 2006:
 * the municipalities Botterens and Villarbeney merged under the name of Botterens.
 * the municipalities Bulle and La Tour-de-Trême merged under the name of Bulle.
 * the municipalities Autavaux, Forel (FR) and Montbrelloz merged under the name of Vernay.
 * the municipalities Esmonts and Vuarmarens merged under the name of Vuarmarens.
 * the municipalities Bollion, Lully (FR) and Seiry merged under the name of Lully (FR).
 * the municipalities Agriswil and Ried bei Kerzers merged under the name of Ried bei Kerzers.

 * As of 1 January 2011:
 * the municipalities Corbières and Villarvolard merged under the name of Corbières.

 * As of 1 January 2012:
 * the municipalities Estavayer-le-Lac and Font merged under the name of Estavayer-le-Lac.
 * the municipalities Ursy and Vuarmarens merged under the name of Ursy.

 * As of 1 January 2013:
 * the municipalities Büchslen and Murten merged under the name of Murten.

 * As of 1 January 2014:
 * the municipalities Cerniat and Charmey merged under the name of Val-de-Charmey.

 * As of 1 January 2016:
 * the municipalities Domdidier, Dompierre, Léchelles and Russy merged under the name of Belmont-Broye.
 * the municipalities Autafond and Belfaux merged under the name of Belfaux.
 * the municipalities Corpataux-Magnedens, Farvagny, Le Glèbe, Rossens and Vuisternens-en-Ogoz merged under the name of Gibloux.
 * the municipalities Bas-Vully and Haut-Vully merged under the name of Mont-Vully.

 * As of 1 January 2017:
 * the municipalities Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés, Vuissens and Vernay merged under the name of Estavayer.
 * the municipalities Châbles and Cheyres merged under the name of Cheyres-Châbles.
 * the municipalities Surpierre and Villeneuve merged under the name of Surpierre.
 * the municipalities Chésopelloz and Corminboeuf merged under the name of Corminboeuf.
 * the municipalities Barberêche, Courtepin, Villarepos and Wallenried merged under the name of Courtepin.
 * the municipalities Oberschrot, Plaffeien and Zumholz merged under the name of Plaffeien.

 * As of 1 January 2020:
 * the municipalities La Folliaz and Villaz-Saint-Pierre merged under the name of Villaz
 * the municipalities Corserey, Noréaz and Prez-vers-Noréaz merged under the name of Prez

 * As of 1 January 2021:
 * the municipalities Alterswil, St. Antoni and Tafers merged under the name of Tafers
 * the municipalities Arconciel, Ependes and Senèdes merged under the name of Bois-d'Amont
 * the municipalities Cheiry and Surpierre merged under the name of Surpierre

 * As of 1 January 2022:
 * the municipalities Galmiz, Gempenach and Murten merged under the name of Murten
 * the municipalities Clavaleyres (BE) and Murten merged under the name of Murten

 * planned:
 * the municipalities Avry, Belfaux, Corminboeuf, Fribourg, Givisiez, Granges-Paccot, Marly, Matran and Villars-sur-Glâne


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La Haute-Côte-Nord Regional County Municipality

La Haute-Côte-Nord is a regional county municipality in northeastern Quebec, Canada, in the Côte-Nord region. It is located on the Gulf of St. Lawrence where the Saguenay River flows into it. The seat is Les Escoumins. The municipality has a land area of 11295.82 km2 and its population was 10,278 inhabitants as of the 2021 census. Its largest community is the city of Forestville.

Except for Sacré-Coeur, which is located along the Saguenay River, all places and municipalities of the RCM are along Quebec Route 138 directly on the shores of the St. Lawrence River. The unorganized territory of Lac-au-Brochet makes up some 83% of the interior part of the RCM.

Subdivisions
There are 9 subdivisions and one native reserve within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Forestville

 * Municipalities (6)
 * Colombier
 * Les Bergeronnes
 * Les Escoumins
 * Longue-Rive
 * Portneuf-sur-Mer (formerly Sainte-Anne-de-Portneuf)
 * Sacré-Coeur

 * Villages (1)
 * Tadoussac

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Lac-au-Brochet

 * Native Reserves (1) (not associated with RCM)
 * Essipit

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways
 * None

 * External Routes
 * None


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Edgar Ramos (baseball)

Edgar Jose Ramos (born March 6, 1975) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. Ramos played for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He threw and batted right-handed.

In Ramos' 4 games at the MLB level, he posted a 0–2 record with four strikeouts and a 5.14 earned run average (ERA), in 14 innings pitched.

Ramos was signed as an undrafted free agent on February 3, 1992, by the Houston Astros. He was selected by the Phillies in the Rule 5 draft, on December 9, 1996; Ramos was returned to the Astros.

Ramos continued in Minor League Baseball (MiLB) through the 2001 season and made a brief comeback attempt in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League (VPBL) in Winter, 2006–2007.

title: Edgar Ramos (baseball)


text:
Stack trace

In computing, a stack trace (also called stack backtrace or stack traceback ) is a report of the active stack frames at a certain point in time during the execution of a program. When a program is run, memory is often dynamically allocated in two places: the stack and the heap. Memory is continuously allocated on a stack but not on a heap, thus reflective of their names. Stack also refers to a programming construct, thus to differentiate it, this stack is referred to as the program's function call stack. Technically, once a block of memory has been allocated on the stack, it cannot be easily removed as there can be other blocks of memory that were allocated before it. Each time a function is called in a program, a block of memory called an activation record is allocated on top of the call stack. Generally, the activation record stores the function's arguments and local variables. What exactly it contains and how it's laid out is determined by the calling convention.

Programmers commonly use stack tracing during interactive and post-mortem debugging. End-users may see a stack trace displayed as part of an error message, which the user can then report to a programmer.

A stack trace allows tracking the sequence of nested functions called - up to the point where the stack trace is generated. In a post-mortem scenario this extends up to the function where the failure occurred (but was not necessarily caused). Sibling calls do not appear in a stack trace.

Language support
Many programming languages, including Java and C#, have built-in support for retrieving the current stack trace via system calls. Before  was added in standard library as a container for , pre-C++23 has no built-in support for doing this, but C++ users can retrieve stack traces with (for example) the stacktrace library. In JavaScript, exceptions hold a  property that contain the stack from the place where it was thrown.

Python
As an example, the following Python program contains an error. Running the program under the standard Python interpreter produces the following error message. The stack trace shows where the error occurs, namely in the  function. It also shows that the  function was called by , which was called by  , which was in turn called by the code on line 15 (the last line) of the program. The activation records for each of these three functions would be arranged in a stack such that the  function would occupy the bottom of the stack and the   function would occupy the top of the stack.

Java
In Java, stack traces can be dumped manually with Take the following input:

The exception lists functions in descending order, so the most-inner call is first.

C and C++
Both C and C++ (pre-C++23) do not have native support for obtaining stack traces, but libraries such as glibc and boost provide this functionality. In these languages, some compiler optimizations may interfere with the call stack information that can be recovered at runtime. For instance, inlining can cause missing stack frames, tail call optimizations can replace one stack frame with another, and frame pointer elimination can prevent call stack analysis tools from correctly interpreting the contents of the call stack.

For example, glibc's  function returns an output with the program function and memory address.

As of C++23, stack traces can be dumped manually by printing the value returned by static member function :

Rust
Rust has two types of errors. Functions that use the panic macro are "unrecoverable" and the current thread will become poisoned experiencing stack unwinding. Functions that return a  are "recoverable" and can be handled gracefully. However, recoverable errors cannot generate a stack trace as they are manually added and not a result of a runtime error.

As of June 2021, Rust has experimental support for stack traces on unrecoverable errors. Rust supports printing to stderr when a thread panics, but it must be enabled by setting the  environment variable.

When enabled, such backtraces look similar to below, with the most recent call first.

title: Stack trace


text:
Arroyo Seco Raceway

Arroyo Seco Raceway is a paved roadcourse style race track, located near Deming, New Mexico. It also includes a drag strip and full race course. Akela Flats is roughly between Deming and Las Cruces. The racetrack is visible to traffic traveling on I-10, just to the south of the freeway.

The roadcourse is able to be used in multiple configurations. It can be run in either clockwise or counter clockwise directions, with 2 configurations each. The longer course is 1.4 mi and includes a tight set of esses and a chicane. The shorter course deletes the esses and chicane and is 1.1 mi. The result is effectively 4 different track configurations for racing.

The supermoto course is variable in configuration, but usually uses the full roadcourse and includes a motocross style track in the infield of the roadcourse. Some other configurations may be available.

The drag strip is available for competition.

title: Arroyo Seco Raceway


text:
La Haute-Yamaska Regional County Municipality

La Haute-Yamaska (meaning The Upper Yamaska) is a regional county municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Granby.

It is named for its position at the height of the Yamaska River, which cuts through its southern part. It rises at Brome Lake located in neighbouring Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality.

On January 1, 2010, the city of Bromont left La Haute-Yamaska; it was reclassified to the Brome-Missisquoi RCM.

In 2021, it was transferred to the Estrie region from Montérégie.

Subdivisions
There are 8 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Granby
 * Waterloo

 * Municipalities (4)
 * Roxton Pond
 * Saint-Alphonse-de-Granby
 * Saint-Joachim-de-Shefford
 * Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton

 * Townships (1)
 * Shefford

 * Villages (1)
 * Warden

Demographics
Mother tongue from Canada 2021 Census

Highways
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Dilson Torres

Dilson Darío Torres (born May 31, 1970) is a former Venezuelan pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Kansas City Royals in their 1995 season. Listed at 6' 3", 200 lb., Torres batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Maracay, Aragua.

title: Dilson Torres


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La Jacques-Cartier Regional County Municipality

La Jacques-Cartier is a regional county municipality in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is in Shannon. It is named after the Jacques-Cartier River which runs through it and takes its source in its upper country.

Subdivisions
There are 10 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (6)
 * Fossambault-sur-le-Lac
 * Lac-Delage
 * Lac-Saint-Joseph
 * Sainte-Brigitte-de-Laval
 * Sainte-Catherine-de-la-Jacques-Cartier
 * Shannon

 * Municipalities (2)
 * Lac-Beauport
 * Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier

 * United Townships (1)
 * Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Lac-Croche

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


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Denman Ross

Denman Waldo Ross (January 10, 1853 – September 12, 1935) was an American painter, art collector, and scholar of art history and theory. He was a lecturer on art and design at Harvard University and a trustee of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Early life and education
Ross was born in Cincinnati, Ohio to John Ludlow Ross, a wealthy businessman, and Fanny Walker Ross (née Waldo). He had two older siblings who died before he was born.

At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the family moved to Boston, joining John Ross's brother Matthias Denman Ross and his wife Mary, who was Fanny Ross's sister, at their house at 76 Boylston St., across from Boston Common.

Ross was enrolled at an elementary school in Newton Corner. When his father's business took the family to New York City in 1862, Ross was tutored at home by his cousin Louise Nathurst, who was seven years his senior. By 1868, the family was living with M. Denman Ross in Jamaica Plain and the younger Ross entered Charles Knapp Dillaway's preparatory school, whose curriculum was designed for Harvard aspirants.

In 1871, Ross matriculated at Harvard College. His father bought a house at 24 Craigie St., a few blocks from the school, and Denman lived at home. He studied history with Henry Adams and received a bachelor's degree in 1875, graduating with honors in history and election to Phi Beta Kappa.

Ross resumed his studies at Harvard as a post-graduate in the fall of 1876. For his thesis, Studies in the Early History of Institutions, he received a PhD in History in 1880.

Career
Ross came to be interested in art soon after this, and began teaching courses in design and art theory at Harvard by 1889. Ross would spend much of the rest of his life lecturing on these and related topics, working with the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston on their burgeoning Oriental Art department, and traveling the world in search of artworks to add to his personal collection. Ross was also a member of some of Boston's elite inner circles, and is known to have brushed elbows not only with other prominent people associated with the Museum of Fine Arts and the art world, but also with the likes of Louis Brandeis, John Singer Sargent, Joseph Lindon Smith, Isabella Stewart Gardner and various members of Boston's most prominent families.

A number of his students at Harvard, the Museum of Fine Arts, and elsewhere he lectured, went on to become prominent artists. Hyman Bloom and Jack Levine were among these, as was Marie Danforth Page. The collection of objects donated by Ross to the Museum of Fine Arts over the course of his career as a collector covers a wide geographical, chronological, and material diversity. He collected a myriad of European art objects, along with a great many Chinese and Japanese paintings and textiles.

In 1907, he published a manual of design : "A Theory of Pure Design: Harmony, Balance, Rhythm" by Houghton-Mifflin and co. and he contributed essays on design to magazines including Photo Era.

Business
Although Ross did not enter into any of the family businesses, he did make one venture into property development. His father and uncle gave him a piece of property in Copley Square, on the corner of Clarendon St. and St. James Ave., across from Trinity Church and close to the new Museum of Fine Arts. Ross spent two years planning a residential hotel; the Hotel Ludlow, christened with his father's middle name, opened in 1889.

The six–story Romanesque Revival building contained about thirty rooms and suites, plus a dining room for residents. The top floor contained an apartment for his friend Joseph Lindon Smith and family, with a studio that could accommodate twelve students and a woodworking shop for Smith's brother and father, who made picture frames.

The Ludlow was financially successful; Ross used the profits to buy more art which he exhibited in the hotel, causing Smith to refer to it as the "Palazzo Rossi". The building was demolished sometime between 1938 and 1945.

Death
On September 12, 1935, Ross died at the Savoy Hotel in London of a cerebral hemorrhage that he had suffered three days earlier; he and his assistant Arthur E. Brown had been in Europe for several months. Ross was cremated and his ashes were placed in a Tang dynasty burial urn, a gift from Messrs. Yamanaka, dealers in Chinese and Japanese antiques who had been personal friends. Ross's ashes were returned to Cambridge and interred in the family plot in Mount Auburn Cemetery.

Legacy
By collecting and sharing what he believed to be the best examples of world art, Ross put into practice his philosophy that great art should be available to everyone. Over a span of forty years, Ross donated over eleven thousand items to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA) and nine thousand items to the Fogg Museum at Harvard.

Donations to the MFA include a stone head from Angkor Wat, a set of ukiyo-e folding screen paintings of Kyoto's pleasure quarters, and a number of Chinese Buddhist steles and paintings. Patrica Ross Pratt notes three gifts that were particularly significant.
 * (yakshi), from the Great Stupa at Sanchi. Indian, Sunga period, 25 B.C. – A.D. 25. Purchased in Paris in 1913.
 * , Chinese, Eastern Wei dynasty, about A.D. 530. Also purchased in Paris in 1913.
 * Attributed to Yan Liben (Chinese, about 600–673) Tang dynasty, second half of the 7th century C.E..

The MFA established the in 2003 to honor individuals, corporations, and foundations who assist with the continued growth and enhancement of the museum's world-renowned collections.

Selected bibliography

A paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, August 27, 1880.

title: Denman Ross


text:
Marguerite-D'Youville Regional County Municipality

Marguerite-D'Youville is a regional county municipality located in the Montérégie region of southwestern Quebec, Canada. The seat is in Verchères.

The RCM was formerly named Lajemmerais Regional County Municipality, after Christophe du Frost de Lajemmerais, the father of Marguerite d'Youville. On February 12, 2011, the name was changed to honour d'Youville directly. However, Statistics Canada retained the name "Lajemmerais" for the 2011 census because the name change came after its reference date of January 1, 2011. Since the 2016 census, the name has correctly been displayed as "Marguerite-D'Youville."

Subdivisions
There are 6 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (4)
 * Contrecœur
 * Saint-Amable
 * Sainte-Julie
 * Varennes

 * Municipalities (2)
 * Calixa-Lavallée
 * Verchères

Former municipalities

 * Boucherville (now part of the Urban agglomeration of Longueuil)

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways
 * None

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Juan Castillo (pitcher)

Juan Francisco Castillo Azdura [cas-teel'-lyo / aas-doo'-rah] (born June 23, 1970) is a former Major League Baseball right-handed relief pitcher who played for the New York Mets in 1994.

Castillo compiled a career 0–0 record with 1 strikeout and a 6.94 of ERA in 11 innings.

title: Juan Castillo (pitcher)


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Graubünden

There are 101 municipalities in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.

List

 * Albula/Alvra
 * Andeer
 * Bergün Filisur
 * Buseno
 * Calanca
 * Cama
 * Castaneda
 * Cazis
 * Celerina/Schlarigna
 * Chur
 * Churwalden
 * Conters im Prättigau
 * Davos
 * Disentis/Mustér
 * Domat/Ems
 * Domleschg
 * Falera
 * Felsberg
 * Ferrera
 * Fideris
 * Fläsch
 * Flerden
 * Flims
 * Furna
 * Fürstenau
 * Grono
 * Grüsch
 * Ilanz/Glion
 * Jenaz
 * Jenins
 * Klosters-Serneus
 * Küblis
 * La Punt Chamues-ch
 * Laax
 * Landquart
 * Lantsch/Lenz
 * Leggia
 * Lostallo
 * Lumnezia
 * Luzein
 * Madulain
 * Maienfeld
 * Malans
 * Masein
 * Medel (Lucmagn)
 * Mesocco
 * Muntogna da Schons
 * Obersaxen Mundaun
 * Pontresina
 * Poschiavo
 * Rhäzüns
 * Rheinwald
 * Rongellen
 * Rossa
 * Rothenbrunnen
 * Roveredo
 * S-chanf
 * Safiental
 * Sagogn
 * Samedan
 * Samnaun
 * San Vittore
 * Santa Maria in Calanca
 * Scharans
 * Schiers
 * Schluein
 * Schmitten
 * Scuol
 * Seewis im Prättigau
 * Sils im Domleschg
 * Sils im Engadin/Segl
 * Silvaplana
 * Soazza
 * St. Moritz
 * Sufers
 * Sumvitg
 * Surses
 * Tamins
 * Thusis
 * Trimmis
 * Trin
 * Trun
 * Tschappina
 * Tschiertschen-Praden
 * Tujetsch
 * Untervaz
 * Urmein
 * Val Müstair
 * Vals
 * Valsot
 * Vaz/Obervaz
 * Verdabbio
 * Zernez
 * Zillis-Reischen
 * Zizers
 * Zuoz

Mergers

 * January 1, 2002: Camuns, Surcasti, Tersnaus and Uors-Peiden merged to form the municipality of Suraua.
 * January 1, 2003: Donath and Patzen-Fardün merged to form Donat. The place name "Donath" is changed to "Donat", "Patzen" to "Pazen" and "Fardün" to "Farden".
 * January 1, 2006: Medels im Rheinwald and Splügen merged to form Splügen.
 * January 1, 2007: St. Antönien and St. Antönien Ascharina merged to form St. Antönien.
 * January 1, 2008: Ausserferrera and Innerferrera merged to form Ferrera.
 * St. Peter GR and Pagig merged to form St. Peter-Pagig.
 * Says and Trimmis merged to form Trimmis.

 * January 1, 2009: Wiesen and Davos merged to form Davos.
 * Feldis/Veulden, Scheid, Trans and Tumegl/Tomils merged to form Tomils.
 * Tschierv, Fuldera, Lü, Valchava, Santa Maria Val Müstair and Müstair merged to form Val Müstair.
 * Flond and Surcuolm merged to form Mundaun.
 * Tschiertschen and Praden merged to form Tschiertschen-Praden.
 * Andeer, Clugin and Pignia merged to form Andeer.

 * January 1, 2010: Bondo, Castasegna, Soglio, Stampa and Vicosoprano merged to form Bregaglia.
 * Cazis, Portein, Präz, Sarn and Tartar merged to form Cazis.
 * Parpan, Malix and Churwalden merged to form Churwalden.

 * January 1, 2012: Igis and Mastrils merged to form Landquart.
 * January 1, 2013: Ramosch and Tschlin merged to form Valsot.
 * Valendas, Versam, Safien and Tenna merged to form Safiental.
 * Arosa, Calfreisen, Castiel, Lüen, St. Peter-Pagig, Langwies, Molinis and Peist merged to form Arosa
 * Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn, Vella and Vrin merged to form Lumnezia.

 * January 1, 2014: Castrisch, Duvin, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pigniu, Pitasch, Riein, Rueun, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein and Siat merged to form Ilanz/Glion
 * January 1, 2015: Alvaneu, Alvaschein, Brienz/Brinzauls, Mon, Switzerland, Surava, Stierva and Tiefencastel merged to form Albula/Alvra.
 * St. Martin and Vals merged to form Vals.
 * Almens, Paspels, Pratval, Rodels and Tomils merged to form Domleschg.
 * Ardez, Ftan, Guarda, Scuol, Sent and Tarasp merged to form Scuol.
 * Lavin, Susch and Zernez merged to form Zernez.
 * Arvigo, Braggio, Cauco and Selma merged to form Calanca.

 * January 1, 2016: Bivio, Cunter, Marmorera, Mulegns, Riom-Parsonz, Salouf, Savognin, Sur and Tinizong-Rona merged to form Surses.
 * Mundaun and Obersaxen merged to form Obersaxen Mundaun.
 * Klosters-Serneus and Saas im Prättigau merged to form Klosters-Serneus.
 * Luzein and St. Antönien merged to form Luzein.

 * January 1, 2017:
 * Grono, Leggia and Verdabbio merged to form Grono.

 * January 1, 2018:
 * Mutten and Thusis merged to form Thusis.
 * Bergün and Filisur merged to form Bergün Filisur.
 * Andiast, Breil/Brigels and Waltensburg/Vuorz merged to form Breil/Brigels.

 * January 1, 2019:
 * Hinterrhein, Nufenen and Splügen merged to form Rheinwald

 * January 1, 2020:
 * Chur and Maladers merged to form Chur

 * January 1, 2021:
 * Casti-Wergenstein, Donat, Lohn and Mathon merged to form Muntogna da Schons
 * Chur and Haldenstein merged to form Chur


text:
Danilo León

Danilo Enrique León Lineco (born April 3, 1967) is a Venezuelan former professional relief pitcher in Major League Baseball. Listed at 6' 1" (1.85 m), 170 lb. (77 k), he batted and threw right handed.

In addition, he pitched in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League and Mexican Baseball.

Born in La Cañada de Urdaneta, Zulia, León began his professional baseball career at the age of 19 with the Gulf Coast Expos in 1986. In 1988, he posted a combined record of 10 wins with 3 losses along with a 1.38 earned run average and 115 strikeouts in 130 innings pitched.

León made his major league debut with the Texas Rangers in 1992, but only managed to post a 5.89 earned run average in 18 innings and returned to play in the minor leagues the following season.

In between, he pitched in the Venezuelan league for 15 seasons, most notably for the Águilas del Zulia club. He ended his career in 2005 at the age of 37.

Highlights
On November 23, 1999, León hurled a 2–0 no-hitter against the Tigres de Aragua at Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande in Maracaibo.

He also has the second most strikeouts in Águilas team history, being surpassed only by Julio Machado.

title: Danilo León


text:
Zhao Bing

Zhao Bing (12 February 1272 – 19 March 1279), also known as Emperor Bing of Song or Bing, Emperor of Song (宋帝昺), was the 18th and last emperor of the Song dynasty of China, who ruled as a minor between 6 and 7 years of age.

He was also the ninth and last emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He reigned for around 313 days in 1278 and 1279. His reign, and the Song dynasty, ended with the Song's total defeat by the Yuan dynasty at the naval Battle of Yamen.

Zhao Bing and his entourage had been observing the naval combat from some coastal cliffs nearby. As the victorious enemy approached, Lu Xiufu seized the emperor and leaped from the clifftops, killing them both.

Early life
Zhao Bing was the seventh son of Zhao Qi (Emperor Duzong). His mother was Lady Yu (俞氏), a concubine of Emperor Duzong who held the rank of xiurong (修容). He was a younger half-brother of his predecessors, Zhao Xian (Emperor Gong) (r. 1275–1276) and Zhao Shi (Emperor Duanzong) (r. 1276–1278). He was enfeoffed as the "Prince of Xin" (信王) in 1274. His title was later changed to "Prince of Guang" (廣王).

On 4 February 1276, the Song capital, Lin'an (臨安; present-day Hangzhou), was conquered by forces of the Mongol-led Yuan regime commanded by the general Bayan. Emperor Gong surrendered to the Mongols, but his two brothers, Zhao Shi and Zhao Bing, managed to escape to Southern China with the help of officials such as Yang Liangjie (楊亮節), Lu Xiufu, Zhang Shijie, Chen Yizhong and Wen Tianxiang. They arrived in Jinhua, where Zhao Shi was appointed as Grand Marshal (天下兵馬都元帥) and Zhao Bing was appointed as Vice Grand Marshal (副元帥). Zhao Bing's title was also changed to "Prince of Wei" (衛王). On 14 June 1276, a seven-year-old Zhao Shi was enthroned in Fuzhou as the new emperor; he is historically known as Emperor Duanzong.

The Mongol general Bayan was bent on eliminating the threat posed by Song remnants, so he led his troops in pursuit and attacked southern China. After Emperor Duanzong died of illness in 1278, the Song forces' morale started to dwindle and soldiers began to desert the army. Lu Xiufu brought Zhao Bing to Meiwei (梅蔚), Gangzhou (碙州), which is in present-day Mui Wo, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. There, Zhao Bing was enthroned as the new emperor under the era name "Xiangxing" (祥興); Gangzhou was also renamed "Xianglong County" (祥龍縣). They moved to Yamen (in present-day Xinhui District, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province) to evade the Mongols.

Reign
The Mongols sent the general Zhang Hongfan to lead troops to attack Zhao Bing and the Song remnants, leading to the Battle of Yamen. The Song forces, led by Zhang Shijie, put up fierce resistance against the Mongols in a naval battle but were eventually all wiped out by the enemy. On 19 March 1279, after realising all was lost, Lu Xiufu carried the seven-year-old Emperor Zhao Bing to a cliff, where they committed suicide by throwing themselves into the sea. Zhao Bing's death marked the end of the Song dynasty.

Zhao Bing's tomb is located in present-day Chiwan, Nanshan District, Shenzhen. The grave was rediscovered in the 1960s, and despite the identity of the body interred within not being authenticated, in 1984 a joint Hong Kong-Shenzhen effort was made to restore and expand the modest gravesite.

Patriotic Soup
According to the locals at the Guangdong Province, prior to the final battle with the Yuan forces at Yamen, Zhao Bing and the Song remnants sought shelter in a monastery at Chaozhou. The monastery's monks served an impromptu leafy greens soup made of leaf vegetable, edible mushrooms, and vegetable broth. The emperor loved the soup and named it "Protect the Country Dish" (護國菜). A later generation named it in English "Patriotic Soup". After Zhao Bing died, the preparation of the soup became a way to honor the last Song emperor.

title: Zhao Bing


text:
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Wikipedia is run by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimedia operates several other multilingual and open-content wiki projects:

Meta-Wiki — Coordination of all Wikimedia projects Wiktionary — A multilingual dictionary and thesaurus Wikibooks — Free textbooks and manuals Wikiquote — A collection of quotations Wikisource — Free source documents Wikinews — Free content news source

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