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1810 Epimetheus

1810 Epimetheus, provisional designation , is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.

It was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten, and Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels during the Palomar–Leiden survey at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It was later named after Epimetheus from Greek mythology.

Classification and orbit
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,211 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.

The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as the previous identifications, and, made at Johannesburg and Uccle in 1942 and 1950, respectively, remained unused.

Rotation period
Two divergent rotational lightcurves of Epimetheus were obtained from photometric observations. They gave a rotation period of 10.9 and 28.6 hours with both having a brightness variation of 0.04 magnitude (U=2/2).

Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Epimetheus measures 7.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.27, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of its orbital family – and calculates a diameter of 8.2 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 12.6.

Survey designation
The survey designation "P-L" stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.

Naming
This minor planet is named for the Titan in Greek mythology, Epimetheus, who opened Pandora's box, which contained all the illnesses and ailments of mankind (also see 55 Pandora). Epimetheus is also a moon of Saturn, which was discovered by Voyager 1 in 1980. Epimetheus is the brother of Prometheus after whom the minor planet 1809 Prometheus was named. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).

title: 1810 Epimetheus


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Resurrection Band

Resurrection Band, also known as Rez Band or REZ, was a Christian rock band formed in 1972. They were part of the Jesus People USA Christian community in Chicago and most of its members have continued in that community to this day. Known for their blend of blues-rock and hard rock, Resurrection Band is credited as one of the forerunners of the Christian metal genre. Christianity Today called them "the most influential band in Christian music history." Following their debut in 1978, the band's greatest popularity was during the early 1980s, but later in the decade they received some crossover success when they had two music videos featured on MTV.

Led by the husband-and-wife team of Glenn and Wendi Kaiser, the band sought to evangelize using Christian rock, and addressed a variety of social ills in the lyrics of their music. While the group is officially disbanded, they played several one-off dates at the now defunct Cornerstone Festival, which members of the band helped establish. Currently Glenn Kaiser has an established solo career as a blues musician and is also a speaker on various spiritual issues to youth and adults.

The 1970s: Breaking new ground
The band originally played together under the name "Charity" in 1972 with Jesus People Milwaukee, based in Milwaukee. When the community split into four groups, one became the "Jesus People USA Traveling Team", working primarily in Florida. Before their relocation to Chicago, the name "Resurrection Band" was chosen and the band became a primary focus of the community's ministry. After arriving in Chicago, the band recorded two independent cassettes that were given away after their concerts. The band performed anywhere they were allowed to play, from schools to prisons to street corners. The first cassette, Music to Raise the Dead, featured hard rock, while All Your Life comprised only their acoustic numbers. These were a reflection of the folk-oriented sets they would play at more conservative venues such as nursing homes and churches. The churches were deeply sceptical of Christian rock, especially the borderline heavy metal that Resurrection Band specialized in.

Four years later, thanks to an $8000 gift from a friend, Resurrection Band recorded their first album, Awaiting Your Reply, over a two-week period of marathon all-night sessions. Although the band had completed the album, including the cover art, no Christian record label would risk releasing it, as the Led Zeppelin/Jefferson Airplane inspired music was considered much too controversial for the Christian market at that time. Star Song Records were warned away from the project by other gospel music executives, but the tiny label had nothing to lose so they signed the band and released the record as it was. To everyone's surprise, Awaiting Your Reply hit big in the Christian market, and reached No. 6 on the Gospel album sales charts. Although misunderstood by many critics at the time, the album has been re-evaluated and highly praised in recent years and is listed at No. 91 in the book, CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music, released in 2001.

The band followed up the success of that album with Rainbow's End, which continued in the same progressive hard rock/metal vein akin to Black Sabbath and Aerosmith. Although the band was pleased with the effort, Star Song was not, and the band was forced to find another label shortly after its release. Rainbow's End is significant for being the first album by an American rock band to address the racist system of apartheid in South Africa, a full year before Peter Gabriel brought the issue to the world's attention with his classic song "Biko." Resurrection Band would eventually become known for grappling with a variety of social and political ills in its music, from the evils of the military-industrial complex to the corrupting influence of American materialism, racism, homelessness, AIDS, drug addiction, prostitution and many other issues that the band personally confronted in its ministry to their surrounding urban community in Chicago.

1980-1982: Acceptance and critical respect
Once signed by Light Records, Resurrection Band shed its progressive rock leanings and went for a more radio-friendly hard rock/metal sound. Both Colours, released in 1980, and Mommy Don't Love Daddy Anymore, released in 1981, were solid collections of music that alternately addressed larger social issues such as poverty and divorce as well as personal spiritual issues of salvation and discipleship, along with the intersection between the two. While the mainstream Christian press was still adapting to the idea of Christian hard rock, both albums were highly praised by alternative Christian music newspapers and their leading publication Harvest Rock Syndicate awarded both five stars. In addition, Resurrection Band began receiving greater airplay on radio stations that played Christian rock. Combined with their reputation as a powerful live act and effective evangelistic ministry (thanks to the fiery sermons preached at the end of Resurrection Band concerts by Glenn Kaiser), the band gained a positive reputation among church youth leaders as well as an enthusiastic and devoted fanbase. In spite of the increased attention, Resurrection Band funneled any and all profits back into the Jesus People USA community, as members held all monies in common according to the example set by the New Testament church.

In an attempt to be more efficient stewards of those monies, Resurrection Band built their own recording studio in the heart of their community, later nicknamed "Tone Zone." Although put together on a shoestring budget (with old mattresses on the walls in the studio's early incarnation), it was there that the band recorded its next album, D.M.Z., during the summer of 1982. A transitional work, the album was half Van Halen-inspired hard rock featuring blistering guitar solos from Stu Heiss, while the other half took a much more new wave-driven approach, a controversial musical direction the band would pursue with greater vigor on future releases. The split personality of the album was not well-received critically, although it generated two tracks that became live staples for years to come: "Military Man" and "White Noise."

To that end, those songs appeared again on the band's next release, Live Bootleg, a live album recorded before an enthusiastic local audience at the Odeum in Villa Park, IL in October 1983. This was the band's first release for Sparrow Records, one of the largest and most successful Christian record labels, which at that time was seeking to sign more Christian musical acts with ministry as their primary focus. Live Bootleg was the first album to be released under the band's shortened moniker "Rez Band," a colloquialism created by fans, and it also featured a number of songs that directly addressed issues of concern to high school-aged listeners. The latter focus would continue for as long as the band recorded music.

The mid-1980s: From New Wave to MTV
After a number of successful tours throughout the United States and Europe in the early 1980s with a variety of Christian hard rock acts—including a high-profile tour in 1982 with Swedish quartet Jerusalem—Rez Band was viewed by both fans and music critics as the preeminent Christian hard rock band. Capitalizing on the tour's success the live album Live Bootleg (Resurrection Band album) was recorded in the fall of 1983 and released in 1984 and is the band's biggest selling album and features a mixture of the band's most popular live tracks as well as two new hard driving songs: "Gameroom" and "Playground". As a result, when Rez Band released Hostage in late 1984, listeners were caught completely off guard. Moderately keyboard-driven, the album reflected the band's increasing interest in New Wave music with the first single "S.O.S." featuring almost no guitar whatsoever (although it does feature a Speak & Spell). "S.O.S." shot to the top of the Christian rock singles chart, staying there for several weeks and in doing so, the band attracted an entirely new audience. Still, the move was controversial and the critical reaction highly divided.

Rez Band had not completely abandoned its hard rock sound, though. The next single, "Crimes" - sung by co-lead singer Wendi Kaiser - is a traditional headbanging Rez Band number about inner-city violence, a topic that band members and the Jesus People USA community know first-hand. "Crimes" was even more popular on Christian radio, and received airplay on some mainstream rock stations as well, thanks to its music video, one of the first from the Contemporary Christian music industry to be broadcast on MTV.

That brief taste of mainstream success had a major influence on the band's next album, Between Heaven 'N Hell, which jettisoned most of the New Wave stylings of Hostage in favor of radio-friendly hard rock more akin to their Colours period. Shortening their moniker even further to "REZ," the band took advantage of the fact that Capitol Records now handled Sparrow's distribution. While the lyrics on the album represent a strong Christian worldview, explicit references to God or Jesus were almost non-existent. The catchy "Love Comes Down" was chosen as the band's first single and the music video - featuring much dance choreography - was a far more polished effort and as a result, received far more airplay on MTV than "Crimes" ever did. There was some controversy concerning this particular song as the guitar riff is almost exactly the same as AC/DC's "Whole Lotta Rosie." However, the band's most controversial decision was to eliminate the traditional altar call at the end of their concerts as a concession to playing more secular venues for the tour that supported this album, leading some to accuse the band of selling out their message for greater mainstream acceptance.

1988-1993: Incorporating the blues
It would be three years before REZ returned to the studio to record their next album and much changed in the Contemporary Christian music industry during that time. REZ was no longer the dominant force in Christian rock; instead, Stryper had burst onto the scene in all their yellow-and-black glory, bringing Christian metal to the mainstream with To Hell with the Devil in 1986, which sold millions of albums and made the band a mainstay on MTV. Amy Grant had scored her first No. 1 US pop hit the same year with "The Next Time I Fall," a duet with former Chicago lead singer Peter Cetera. Even Christian alternative music had made inroads into the mainstream when The 77s signed with Island Records and their self-titled album received a favorable review in Rolling Stone. In addition, the Jesus People USA community established the annual Cornerstone Festival during this period, which would serve as a springboard to mainstream success for future Christian artists like Sixpence None the Richer and P.O.D.

Even the lineup of REZ changed during this time as well. Bassist Jim Denton left to attend theological seminary and was replaced by long-time REZ roadie and songwriter Roy Montroy, who would soon become a major creative force in the band.

Although REZ had been left out of the mainstream success which arguably the band had spearheaded for others, REZ was nevertheless more interested in using its music to speak plainly to both non-Christians about the reality of God and to Christians about their responsibility to the disenfranchised and hurting in the world around them. To that end, REZ returned to the studio in 1988, and the result was Silence Screams, a hybrid of blues, hard rock and heavy metal that served as a musical blueprint for all of the band's successive releases. Sporting unsettling cover art, Silence Screams deals forcefully with social concerns such as abortion, greed, racial profiling and even terrorism, proving that—as they did with confronting apartheid in 1979—the band was once again ahead of the curve. The album is also unique in that it is the first to have been released on the band's own record label, Grrr Records, a wordplay on Myrrh Records, the most successful Contemporary Christian record label at that time. Now, the band could exercise complete creative and financial control over their music.

Creatively invigorated, REZ released a new studio album every 18 months on average. Innocent Blood, Civil Rites and Reach of Love continued the formula first begun on Silence Screams. Each album dealt with current topics of social and spiritual concern, and each release contained more and more blues influence, thanks to lead singer Glenn Kaiser, who was beginning a new career as a blues artist outside of REZ. With Kaiser focusing more of his attention on his solo work, Roy Montroy became a greater contributor to REZ, and for Reach of Love, he wrote every single track, a feat never accomplished before by any member of the band. However, there was a growing sense - not just among music critics but also within the band itself - that the formula was growing stale and that REZ had fallen into a creative rut. As a result, for the first time in the band's history, REZ reached outside the Jesus People USA community for creative inspiration. It came in the form of Ty Tabor, guitarist and co-lead singer of King's X.

The late 1990s: Creative reinvention
The result of Ty Tabor's influence was Lament, released in 1995. Unlike any of the band's previous work, Lament is the band's first concept album, a song cycle about one man's disillusionment with the harshness and cruelty of life and his growing realization that things cannot change unless he experiences spiritual redemption. Recognizing the importance of how the songs are ordered, Resurrection Band (which had now reverted to its original moniker) played the entire album from beginning to end on the tour which supported this album. This was rare enough in rock music—save for The Who and Styx—but unheard of in Christian rock. As a result, the creative rebirth of Lament was highly praised among long-time fans of Resurrection Band as well as prominent Christian music critics, with some calling the album the finest the band ever recorded.

Despite the praise the band received for Lament, Resurrection Band called it quits at the end of the tour; however, it would play an annual live set at the Cornerstone Festival, which had become one of the Christian music industry's pre-eminent events. Then, in 1997, the band returned to the studio for one last recording. The MTV Unplugged craze was at its highest pitch, and Resurrection Band felt it was an appropriate time to reinvent some of its hard rock material in an acoustic format. The result was Ampendectomy, featuring 15 selections pulled from the band's history. The reviews of the album were mixed.

2000 and beyond
In July 2000, Resurrection Band brought almost 30 years of music and ministry to a close with a farewell performance, leaving behind them a transformed Christian music industry, and a platform upon which future Christian musicians could build.

In July 2008, the group reunited for the 25th anniversary of Cornerstone Festival. That same year, Grrr Records released Music to Raise the Dead 1972-1998; three CDs with 52 re-mastered songs, an 80-page full-color booklet detailing the history of Rez Band with scores of photos, and one DVD with over an hour of previously unreleased live concert video footage and special features.

In April 2010, the group reunited once again for the annual Easterfest Christian music festival in Toowoomba, Australia.

Personnel

 * Glenn Kaiser - vocals, guitar, dulcimer, harmonica
 * Wendi Kaiser - vocals
 * Stu Heiss - guitar, keyboards
 * Deland Pelto - bass guitar (1972–1974)
 * Jim Denton - bass guitar, keyboards (1974–1987)
 * Roy Montroy - bass guitar, keyboards (1987–2000)
 * John Herrin - drums

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Resurrection Band


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List of state routes in Arizona

The U.S. state of Arizona's State Routes are usually abbreviated as SR.

History
The Arizona State Highway system was introduced on September 9, 1927, by the State Highway Commission (formed on August 11 of the same year). It incorporated the new federal aid system and also the U.S. Highway system. The 1927 plan included 27 state routes, most of which were simply dirt roads. Until 1942, the state route marker signs contained a Native American swastika that were used by Navajos, but were removed after the U.S.'s entry into World War II against Nazi Germany which had a reversed swastika as its emblem and became strongly negatively associated with the Nazis.

The modern system was introduced and adopted in the 1950s.

Designations and nomenclatures
The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) internally recognizes Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways and Arizona Highways as all being separate types of highway designations. State highways within Arizona are referred to as Arizona State Routes or State Routes, with the prefix "SR" being used for abbreviations. ADOT also recognizes seven different types of suffixed routes for the U.S. Highways and State Routes. The recognized suffixes consist of the following with "(Number)" filling in for a numeric designation:
 * Alternate (A) – Referred to as "State Route (Number)A" and abbreviated as "SR (Number)A".
 * Business Route (B) – Referred to as "State Business Route (Number)" and abbreviated as "SR (Number)B" or "SR (Number) Bus.".
 * Loop Route (L) – Referred to as "State Loop Route (Number)" and abbreviated as "SR (Number)L". Despite often having "Loop" within their titles, SR 101, SR 202 and SR 303 are not considered "Loop Routes" by ADOT, nor are Interstate Business Loops. To date, SR 89L has been the only Loop Route recognized by ADOT.
 * Spur (S) – Referred to as "State Route (Number) Spur" and abbreviated as "SR (Number)S" or "SR (Number) Spur".
 * Truck (T) - Referred to as "State Route (Number) Truck" and abbreviated as "SR (Number) Truck".
 * Temporary (X) - Publicly referred to as "State Route (Number) Temporary" or "State Route (Number)T" and abbreviated "SR (Number)T". Internally referred to as "State Route (Number)X" and abbreviated "SR (Number)X".
 * Wye Leg (Y) - Referred to as "State Route (Number)Y" and abbreviated "SR (Number)Y".

U.S. Highways can also use the same suffixes listed above. Usually the suffixed routes are recognized by ADOT as U.S. Highways. For example, the Alternate route of U.S. Route 89 (US 89) is referred to as U.S. Route 89A (US 89A) instead of State Route 89A (SR 89A). The only exception to this rule is SR 93X, which is a suffixed route of US 93. Suffixed routes for Interstates are a different story. Although the suffixed routes are signed with Interstate green Business shields, they are recognized by ADOT as suffixed State Routes. In the field, Interstate 10 business routes are signed as Interstate 10 Business Loop or Interstate 10 Business Spur, while they are referred to by ADOT as "State Business Route 10" (SR 10B) and "State Route 10 Spur" (SR 10 Spur). The same principle applies with business routes for all other Interstates in Arizona.

Designations listed under Highway Logs and GIS data however, use the Arizona Transportation Information System (ATIS) nomenclature. The ATIS designation for a non-suffixed state route is "S (Number)". The number at the end is always three digits long. As such, all two digit routes are referred to under the ATIS terminology as "S 0(Number)". SR 260 and SR 79 are known under ATIS nomenclature as "S 260" and "S 079" respectively. U.S. Highways replace the prefix "S" used by State Routes under the ATIS nomenclature with "U" while Interstate Highways use the prefix "I". Suffixed routes under ATIS always have the internally applied suffix between the prefix. State Business Route 79 under ATIS nomenclature is referred to as "SB079" and SR 93X is "SX093".

Unbuilt routes
Some routes listed here were eventually constructed using other route numbers.

Arizona Parkways, Historic and Scenic Roads
Currently, the Arizona Department of Transportation recognizes 26 state designated routes under the Parkways, Historic and Scenic Roads Program. Four are Historic Roads, 17 are Scenic Roads and five are Parkways.

Parkways

 * Arizona 67.svgMUTCD D6-4.svg Kaibab Plateau-North Rim Parkway - From US 89A to the Grand Canyon National Park boundary.
 * Arizona 85.svg Organ Pipe Cactus Parkway - From Why to Mexico.
 * Forest Route 833.svgForest Route 10.svgForest Route 11.svg Sky Island Parkway - From Catalina Highway at the Coronado National Forest boundary to General Hitchcock Highway in Summerhaven
 * Arizona 366.svg Swift Trail Parkway - From SR 366 near US 191 to the western terminus of SR 366.

Historic Roads

 * Arizona 88.svg Apache Trail Historic Road - From SR 88 in Goldfield to SR 188 in Roosevelt
 * US 66 (AZ historic).svgMUTCD D6-4.svg Historic Route 66 - From I-40 in Topock to I-40 in Holbrook (In discontinuous sections connected together by I-40)
 * US 80 (AZ historic).svg Historic U.S. Route 80 - From Yuma to NM 80 in New Mexico (Discontinuous sections connected together by I-8 and I-10)
 * US 89A (AZ historic).svg Jerome-Clarkdale-Cottonwood Historic Road (Historic US 89A) - From SR 89A in Jerome to SR 89A at the Coconino National Forest boundary.

Scenic Roads

 * Arizona 177.svgArizona 77.svg Copper Corridor Scenic Road - SR 177 Section: From US 60 in Superior to SR 177 in Kearny. SR 77 Section: From SR 77 inside Tonto National Forest to SR 77 south of Dudleyville.
 * US 191.svg Coronado Trail Scenic Road - From US 191 near Springerville to US 191 near Morenci.
 * Arizona 288.svg Desert Tall Pines Scenic Road - Entire length of SR 288.
 * Indian Route 64.svgIndian Route 12.svg Diné Tah Among The People Scenic Road - From N-64 in Chinle to N-12 at I-40 near Lupton. (In two discontinuous sections, connected by N-12 through New Mexico)
 * US 89A.svg Fredonia-Vermilion Cliffs Scenic Road - From US 89A in Colorado City to US 89 in Bitter Springs.
 * US 60.svg Gila-Pinal Scenic Road - From US 60 in Florence to US 60 at the Tonto National Forest boundary near Miami.
 * US 93.svg Joshua Forest Scenic Road - From US 93 in Wikieup to US 93 in Wickenburg.
 * US 163.svg Kayenta-Monument Valley Scenic Road - From US 160 in Kayenta to US 163 in Utah.
 * Arizona 89A.svg Mingus Mountain Scenic Road - From SR 89A in Jerome to SR 89A at the Coconino National Forest boundary.
 * Arizona 98.svg Naat'tsis'aan Navajo Mountain Scenic Road - From SR 98 in Lechee to US 160.
 * Arizona 83.svgArizona 82.svg Patagonia-Sonoita Scenic Road - From SR 83 at I-10 in Vail to SR 82 near Nogales.
 * Arizona 179.svgMUTCD D6-4.svg Red Rock All American Road - From SR 179 in Sedona to SR 179 near I-17.
 * US 180.svg San Francisco Peaks Scenic Road - From US 180 in Flagstaff to US 180 near Valle.
 * Arizona 89A.svg Sedona-Oak Creek Canyon Scenic Road - From SR 89A in Sedona to SR 89A milepost 390 inside Coconino National Forest.
 * US 191.svg Tse'nikani Flat Mesa Rock Scenic Road - From US 160 near Mexican Water to US 191 near Many Farms.
 * Arizona 260.svgArizona 261.svgArizona 273.svg White Mountain Scenic Road - From SR 260 in McNary to the SR 260 junction with SR 261, full length of SR 273 and Full length of SR 261.
 * Arizona 73.svg White River Scenic Road - From SR 260 near McNary to SR 73 in White River.

title: List of state routes in Arizona


text:
Talk:Allied Forces (album)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:23, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Aonkmu3x5an7k

Videos
The videos they made for this album should be mentioned 50.101.10.44 (talk) 16:00, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Allied Forces (album)


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Subcoloring

In graph theory, a subcoloring is an assignment of colors to a graph's vertices such that each color class induces a vertex disjoint union of cliques. That is, each color class should form a cluster graph.

The subchromatic number χS(G) of a graph G is the fewest colors needed in any subcoloring of G.

Subcoloring and subchromatic number were introduced by.

Every proper coloring and cocoloring of a graph are also subcolorings, so the subchromatic number of any graph is at most equal to the cochromatic number, which is at most equal to the chromatic number.

Subcoloring is as difficult to solve exactly as coloring, in the sense that (like coloring) it is NP-complete. More specifically, the problem of determining whether a planar graph has subchromatic number at most 2 is NP-complete, even if it is a
 * triangle-free graph with maximum degree 4  ,
 * comparability graph with maximum degree 4 ,
 * line graph of a bipartite graph with maximum degree 4 ,
 * graph with girth 5.

The subchromatic number of a cograph can be computed in polynomial time. For every fixed integer r, it is possible to decide in polynomial time whether the subchromatic number of interval and permutation graphs is at most r.

title: Subcoloring


text: Category:Jupiter

title: Category:Jupiter


text:
Francisco Mariano Quiñones

Francisco Mariano Quiñones Quiñones (1830 – 13 September 1908) was a proponent of the abolition of slavery and of the self-determination of Puerto Rico.

Early years
Quiñones was born into a wealthy family of landowners in San Germán, Puerto Rico, and at a young age developed his lifelong love for literature and journalism. He was sent to Europe where he attended private schools. After he finished his secondary education, he went on to university studies in Bremen, Germany; France, and New York City. When Quiñones returned to Puerto Rico in 1848, he went to work for the family business.

Abolitionist
In 1865, the Spanish Crown requested from the municipalities of Puerto Rico recommendations for new laws and Quiñones was elected representative for San Germán. In 1867, Quiñones represented Puerto Rico before the "Overseas Information Committee" meeting in Spain. Together with Segundo Ruiz Belvis and José Julián Acosta, he demanded the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico and also protested over the injustices practiced by the governor General Romualdo Palacio González in the island.

Politician
When Quiñones returned to the island, he joined the Puerto Rican Liberal Reformist Party and in 1871 was elected as representative in front of the Spanish Courts. In Spain he continued his fight for the abolition of slavery.

In 1887, Quiñones joined the Autonomist Party headed by Luis Muñoz Rivera. There were some disagreements between Muñoz and some of the members which led to a rupture in the party. Among those who abandoned the party were Quiñones and José Celso Barbosa, who went on to form the Orthodox Autonomist Party.

On 10 February 1898, Spain granted Puerto Rico the rights to self-determination, which was considered the first step towards independence. Quiñones was named President of Puerto Rico's first Cabinet by General Macías.

In 1898, after the Spanish–American War when Puerto Rico became a colonial territory of the United States, Quiñones joined the Puerto Rican Republican Party founded by Celso Barbosa and which championed the idea of converting Puerto Rico into a state of the U.S. Quiñones was elected and served as a representative in the House of Delegates in 1900 and 1902 Mayor of San Germán. On 13 September 1908, Quiñones died in San Germán and a private mourning the following day on the house floor was attended by Muñoz, José de Diego, Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón, R. Arrillaga, José R. Laurrauri, Pedro F. Colberg, Carlos H. Blondet, and V. Trelles Oliva; a public funeral was held at 7 P.M.

Works
Among his most important written works of literature are Artículos (1887) and Apuntes para la Historia de Puerto Rico (1888).

title: Francisco Mariano Quiñones


text:
McKenzie River (Oregon)

The McKenzie River is a 90 mi tributary of the Willamette River in western Oregon in the United States. It drains part of the Cascade Range east of Eugene and flows westward into the southernmost end of the Willamette Valley. It is named for Donald McKenzie, a Scottish Canadian fur trader who explored parts of the Pacific Northwest for the Pacific Fur Company in the early 19th century. As of the 21st century, six large dams have been built on the McKenzie and its tributaries.

Course
The McKenzie River originates as the outflow of Clear Lake in the high Cascades of eastern Linn County in the Willamette National Forest. (Clear Lake is fed by Ikenick Creek and Fish Lake Creek, the latter of which flows from Fish Lake. Fish Lake's main tributary is Hackleman Creek, which drains the north side of Browder Ridge east of Tombstone Pass. U.S. Route 20 crosses the pass and follows Hackleman Creek.) The McKenzie River flows south from Clear Lake, paralleled by Oregon Route 126, and goes over the Sahalie and Koosah waterfalls to Carmen Reservoir, a man-made lake from which the river is then diverted into a 2 mi tunnel to Smith Reservoir. Between Carmen Reservoir and Tamolitch Falls, the riverbed is dry for 3 mi because lava from Belknap Crater buried that stretch of the river about 1,600 years ago. The river flows under the lava for those three miles and re-surfaces at Tamolitch Pool at the base of Tamolitch Falls. It then flows south into Trail Bridge Reservoir, where the Smith River enters from the right. After passing through Trail Bridge Dam, the river enters Lane County. The McKenzie continues south to Belknap Springs, where it turns west and flows past the community of McKenzie Bridge. It receives the South Fork McKenzie River about three miles east of Blue River. (The South Fork rises near the Pacific Crest Trail in the Three Sisters Wilderness and flows north-northwest for about 30 mi through Cougar Reservoir and Cougar Dam. )

After the South Fork confluence, the main stem of the McKenzie River continues west through a narrow valley in the mountains, receiving the Blue River from the north at the community of Blue River. The McKenzie then passes Vida and continues to Leaburg and Walterville. The McKenzie valley widens as the river continues west, receiving the Mohawk River from the northeast just north of Springfield. Emerging from the Cascade foothills, the McKenzie enters a broad floodplain. It joins the Willamette River from the east 5 mi north of Eugene.

Watershed

The McKenzie River drains a region of about 1300 sqmi and is one of the primary tributaries of the Willamette River. Elevations in the watershed range from 10358 ft at the summit of the South Sister to 375 ft at the McKenzie's mouth on the Willamette River north of Eugene. The upper basin, in the high Cascades, consists of granular, permeable igneous rocks that are geologically young, while most of the middle and lower McKenzie valley in the Western Cascades is made of the remnants of older, more weathered volcanic rocks. Major watersheds bordering the McKenzie basin include the Calapooia; the South, Middle and North Santiam rivers to the north; the Middle Fork Willamette River to the south; and the Deschutes River to the east.

Most of the watershed is lightly populated; about 70 percent of it is public land managed by the U.S. Government, of which about 39 percent is the Three Sisters Wilderness. Over 96 percent of the basin is forested, just under 4 percent is devoted to agricultural use—mainly farms and orchards on the lower floodplain—and the remainder is residential or industrial. Most of the public land is part of the Willamette National Forest and is important for logging and recreation. The river is the sole tap water source for the cities of Eugene and Springfield, fulfilling the water needs of about 200,000 people. The Eugene Water & Electric Board (EWEB) utility draws the water at river mile (RM) 11 or river kilometer (RK) 18 in Springfield. Water quality in the river is rated good to excellent, with better quality upstream than downstream. Principal sources of contaminants in the McKenzie are agriculture and residential development, including septic systems. Small amounts of herbicides detected in the river and some of its tributaries may be from aerial spraying by timber companies for forestry.

The region has a temperate climate with wet winters and dry summers. About 90 percent of precipitation in the watershed comes between October and May. Precipitation in the basin varies greatly with elevation; about 40 in fall annually in the Willamette Valley, while the Three Sisters in the high Cascades can receive 125 in in a year. Above 4000 ft, about 35 percent of precipitation falls as snow, and at 7000 ft and higher, over 75 percent of precipitation is snowfall. At these elevations, melting snow beginning in the spring season brings more cold water out of springs under the permeable rock, increasing the McKenzie's flow and maintaining cold water temperatures in the river and its tributaries. Along the lower McKenzie, however, winter rain slides easily off the less permeable rock and erodes sediment into the river.

Engineering
There are six major dams in the McKenzie River watershed—three on the river and three each on a different tributary of the McKenzie. The three dams on the McKenzie's main stem form Carmen Reservoir, Trail Bridge Reservoir, and Leaburg Reservoir, respectively. The other dams in the watershed are the Smith River dam on the Smith River in the upper basin, Cougar Dam on the South Fork McKenzie River, and Blue River Dam on the Blue River. The Carmen Diversion Dam is the uppermost dam on the McKenzie, located less than 2 mi south of Clear Lake, the McKenzie River's source. Water from Carmen Reservoir is diverted southwest through a tunnel to Smith Reservoir on the Smith River. Through both the Smith River and another tunnel, water in Smith Reservoir moves south to the Carmen Power Plant, then into Trail Bridge Reservoir—which the McKenzie joins—and through the power-producing Trail Bridge Dam. The engineered system is called the Carmen–Smith Hydroelectric Project, and it has been used by the Eugene Water & Electric Board since 1963 to generate electricity for EWEB customers. The system's generating capacity is 114 megawatts (MW).

EWEB also owns and manages two power-producing canals farther downstream along the McKenzie River. The Walterville Canal, completed in 1910, and the Leaburg Canal, completed in 1930, each contain water diverted from the McKenzie to produce electricity. Most of the water is returned to the river after power production.

Communities

The eastern portion of Oregon Route 126 passes through the valley of the McKenzie River, closely following the river for much of its route. The 60 mi stretch of the river from the edge of the Springfield metro area eastward to the Cascades is known as the McKenzie Valley. The following communities, listed west to east, are in the valley: Cedar Flat, Walterville, Deerhorn, Leaburg, Vida, Nimrod, Finn Rock, Blue River, Rainbow, McKenzie Bridge, and Belknap Springs.

History
For about 8,000 years, the McKenzie River has been home to Native Americans. In more recent history, Kalapuya and Molala tribes lived nomadically in the summer and spent winters in the lower valley. This way of life continued until the mid-19th century, when many natives died of disease or were relocated to reservations.

The first recorded exploration of the river occurred in the spring of 1812, when the Pacific Fur Company reached the McKenzie via the Willamette River, as part of a larger exploration led by Donald McKenzie. The company had established a post in 1811 at Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River for the Astor Expedition. McKenzie, the following spring, formed a party to explore the Willamette River. The party found a large tributary of the Willamette River and named it after McKenzie. However, much of the McKenzie River remained largely unvisited by white settlers and explorers until October 1853, when a group of Oregon Trail settlers became lost trying to cross the Cascades into the Willamette Valley via the Elliott Cutoff.

In 1910, travelers completed the first automobile crossing over McKenzie Pass. However, crossing along the river was limited to summer because winter conditions closed the pass. Year-round travel was not possible until 1960, with the completion of a road over Santiam Pass.

Flora and fauna

Fish in the McKenzie River and some of its tributaries include spring Chinook salmon, mountain whitefish, and bull, cutthroat and rainbow trout. Dippers, mergansers, bald eagles, ospreys, and various ducks feed on the fish. The threatened northern spotted owl inhabits dense forest on the west side of the upper McKenzie basin in Linn County.

Forests of Douglas fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar cover the vast majority of the watershed.

Recreation
The McKenzie River is popular for boating—especially fishing, kayaking, and whitewater rafting. The McKenzie River dory (or drift boat), specifically designed for use in whitewater, was first developed on the Mckenzie in the 1940s; adaptations of this design quickly grew in popularity on other Western rivers such as the Rogue and the Colorado. Boating is also common on Blue River Reservoir and Cougar Reservoir. Hiking and mountain biking are popular activities on trails in the McKenzie watershed. Trails include the 26.5 mi McKenzie River National Recreation Trail, which follows much of the upper McKenzie.

Most whitewater rafting takes place between Quartz Creek and Helfrich Boat launch. This segment is roughly nine miles long and has three rapids, Browns Hole, Mamma's Pies, and Marten's Rapid (Class III). There are also a couple of smaller surfer rapids that kayakers typically stop at.

title: McKenzie River (Oregon)


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Talk:Jerky

History
preservative That should be nitrIte not nitrAte right? "Some additional form of chemical preservative, such as sodium nitrate,"

Beef jerky, or the concept of preserving meat by drying it, has been around for at least 50,000 years. It is one of Mankind's first, critical products, storable food. Beef jerky has been carried on expeditions since the dawn of time because it is nutritious, lightweight, and keeps a long time. Even today, beef jerky has cutting edge applications. NASA and RASA have flown beef jerky into Space several times, begining in 1996, aboard the STS-79 Atlantis Space Shuttle flight to the Mir Space Station, STS-118 Endevour Space Shuttle flight to International Space Station, and on the Soyuz spacecraft and Progress freighter spacecraft also going to the International Space Station. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.118.44.102 (talk • contribs) 01:33, 4 June 2004 (UTC) BEEF JERKYY IS MINT!! zoe raine

source, please.
From the "Jerky (food)" article, near the bottom:

"Beef Jerky is considered by many leading experts to be the most delicious food in the universe."

I think we're going to need a source, or at least, some relevant statistics to support this. If you can provide them, I shall eagerly consider them.

Otherwise, I vote to edit this delicious little tidbit out.

Thank you.

It's obviously a joke. I'll take it out. --Crazysunshine 08:03, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup still needed?
I'm not precisely sure how to elaborate on my cleanup effort with this article. I've organized everything into more logical sections, cleaned up the wording, fixed links, etc. What else needs to be done? --Crazysunshine 08:03, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

It looks good. At first sight, I'd say it's a little too short, but then again, how much can you say about jerky? --kenohki 22:10, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

It seems that the grammar and consistency of the article could be improved a bit, there's also some information lacking (like recipes for one). In response to Kenohki: There's a lot to be said about Jerky and it's preparation. It's had the lifetime of the human race to develop (+/- a few thousand years). :) I'd like to add some more to this article in the next couple of days but am not to familiar with how to "properly" go about doing so. Any suggestions on how to proceed? --TheLight

 * Well, the policy here is "go for it!"--if you make mistakes, someone will come along (often in minutes) and help fix them. If you want to add some instructions or recipes (I was also considering that) I'd look around for some good sources, ideally some from reputable sources (for example, Alton Brown did jerky on an episode of Good Eats, that should be on the Food Network website) and pick out the common points and differences.  Write up the basic process and ingredients, noting the differences where different recipes diverge.  If you can find a recipe that has nutritional information, that would be good, but it might not be that essential--after all, most of the seasonings are calorie free, and all you do to the meat is remove water, so the nutritional content will remain constant, it will just get more concentrated.  scot 18:49, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

I am removing the sentence "Beef jerky was originally developed as an edible alternative to chewing tobacco" from the Preparation section, as this clearly contradicts a previous part of the article which attributes jerky's invention to early South American peoples. The sentence is not referenced either. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yougottakickalittle (talk • contribs) 19:52, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Death from beef jerky?
The new section smells of false or exaggerated rumors. There's no actual source for it either, just that "new studies" and other such unsubstantiated claims. I think I'll go ahead and remove it. --Crazysunshine 02:38, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Reference section removed
I removed the reference section and the link it contained. The link went to a page that gave the nutrition content for "chunked and formed" jerky. Some may call that nasty stuff beef jerky, but it isn't. Jerky is made from sliced, whole muscle meat. Let's not confuse the article. If someone wants to start a new article about "manufactured meat snacks" go ahead, lets keep this article about real jerky. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.239.248.88 (talk • contribs) 10:11, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Here in non-anonymous world, references are more important than stupid extlinks. The precious sanctity of the article would probably mean more if there were any actual content in it. Go and expand it. Chris Cunningham 14:19, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

New image
I added a better picture of jerky rather than an advertisement for some.. (I moved that down). Anywho, can someone get a copyright on that? Crash2108 22:52, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually that image is there as a reference, not an ad--that brand is where the nutritional info in the article came from. scot 22:00, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yea, but do not you find it odd to just throw up some random nutritional info if you were not in fact advertising it? The picture still needs copyright status. 24.145.168.80 10:23, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a 2-D representation of a 3-D object, so the copyright should belong to the creator of the 2-D image, which would be me. I have released it to the public domain.  I picked that brand for nutritional info because it's the highest protein percentage I've encountered, and someone asked for a reference.  Since the company does not have a web presence (they're a little meat packing place in Perkins, OK, not far from me) the only way I could provide a reference was to provide a picture of the package.

 * As for the contention that the picture constitutes an ad, I suppose it could be cropped down to just the USDA required panel--that should not be copyrightable since it's a US goverment format. However, doing that orphans the nutritional information and makes it unverifiable.  Right now, if you doubt the info, you can write Ralph's at the address given and get written confirmation of the information.  As it is, while it might be considered an advertisement, I think it's acceptable based on the Wiki policy for linking to commercial websites.  If you link to a commercial website that contains information (like, say, nutritional information) that is acceptable because the commercial nature of the website is secondary; the primary purpose is to provide a verifiable, authoritative source for information used in the article.  I think that the picture of the label should be covered under the same guidelines.  scot 16:11, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

"Availability" section and external commercial link
With regards to this section it implies that brands using actual slices of beef instead of formed grounds or paste are only available through specialty stores and sites. This appears to me to be no more than an advertisement for the website used as a "reference." Several brands of beef jerky readily available in convenience stores and supermarkets claim to use solid beef strips in at least one of their varieties. As an example (because I happen to have a package on me at the moment) Oberto's "Natural Style" beef jerky states that it is made using "solid strips of lean premium beef..." That seems to share in the claims made with regard to these websites does it not? I am going to edit accordingly but I wont remove ref #3 just yet in case anyone has any objections.-- Oni Ookami Alfador Talk

 * I agree with your edit. In the US, at least, real jerky is available at most grocery stores, but there are also quite a few brands of the processed stuff. I have edited the next sentence after your edit to more clearly indicate that the other products are not actual beef jerky. More importantly, however, I really don't like the in-line cited source for this section, beefjerky.com. It's a commercial pitch for a product which clearly violates WP:External links. I'll leave it in for now, but we really need to find a legitimate source for this section. -- Satori Son 12:36, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Under "Links to be Avoided", Rule No. 4, : "Links that are added to promote a site, that primarily exist to sell products or services, with objectionable amounts of advertising, or that require payment to view the relevant content, colloquially known as external link spamming." The link in the Beef Jerky article at Ref 3, does not have "objectionable amounts of advertising, nor does it require payment to view relevant content.  Thus, per the Rules, it is not a site that should be avoided.  Yes, it primarialy exists to sell product, but the two qualifers to that prohibition are not met.  Rule #4 is quite clear, i.e. a commercial site 'per se' is not a "link to be avoided" unless one of the two the qualifers in Rule #4 are met.  The link was added to allow the reader to see an example of a Beef Jerky-specific website.  Naturally Beefjerky.com would be a good example of that.  I've added the mention of the website back to the #3 ref. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.239.248.36 (talk • contribs)  06:37, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Actually, you have misread the external links guidelines. Section 1.3.4 states that if a link meets any of those four criteria, it is not appropriate for Wikipedia. The third and fourth criteria listed are not qualifiers for the second listed criteria (it reads "or", not "and"). Thus, any site “that primarily exist to sell products or services”, as you have admitted above, is specifically prohibited. I have reverted the article to the above discussed version and removed the improper external link. Also, please do not delete the comments of others on talk pages. Thanks, Satori Son 15:36, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Recipes
Excuse my ignorance, in advance. What about BeefJerkyRecipes.com makes it ineligible to be an external link? Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.173.30.178 (talk) 21:23, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

At www.BeefJerkyRecipes.com users can search 100s of Beef Jerky Recipes by: Meat Type, Flavor, and Cooking Method. Users can rate recipes and even submit their own. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Iheartjerky (talk • contribs) 15:08, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Links to recipes belong with this article. See this tool, and enter "beef jerky" http://tools.seobook.com/general/keyword/    You will find that the term 'beef jerky' was recently searched 48,493 times. The second most popular search term is 'beef jerky recipe' with 18,400 searches. That is pretty conclusive proof that a lot of people want to find recipes for beef jerky. These external links should remain with the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.239.251.86 (talk • contribs)
 * seobook.com is all about promoting web sites. Is that what we're discussion here? --A. B. (talk) 19:32, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Whether "a lot of people want to find recipes for beef jerky" is wholly irrelevant. Those links do not meet the requirements of External links and have been removed. This issue has been discussed in detail above. -- Satori Son 21:38, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Satori Son, Please cite the exact language in External links to which you refer. There isn't anything there that specifically and precisely supports your assertion.  Also, take an actual look at the page you recently deleted the link to, http://www.beefjerky.com/catalog/recipes.html  There is nothing specifically commercial included on that page.  What is there, are 100 useful recipes for beef jerky.  One person's opinion (your's) isn't the Law in the Wiki.  Why don't you go put your effort and attitude into someone else's project, and leave this one alone? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.239.251.86 (talk • contribs)

 * Nothing specifically commercial? How about the extremely large text at the bottom of the recipe list which states Before you try to make homemade, try our beef jerky. You can taste Final Frontier Jerky now! Order Now. How is that not specifically commercial? IrishGuy talk 19:44, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * First of all, the "opinion" is not mine, it is a Wikipedia official policy. If you do not like it, you are free to attempt to change that policy; the relevant debate page is Wikipedia talk:External links. Second, that policy clearly states under "Links to be Avoided", Rule number 4,: "Links that are added to promote a site, that primarily exist to sell products or services...". This issue has already been thoroughly discussed above. The website in question, beefjerky.com, is a retail sales website that is specifically prohibited from being linked to. Finally, while I appreciate your helpful suggestion to direct my attention elsewhere, there are numerous other volunteer editors and admins who would take my place.  We have no financial interest in whether this commercial site has a link here, but we are committed to maintaining the quality of the encyclopedia. Can you say the same? -- Satori Son 14:48, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Let me point out that "Links that are added to promote a site, that primarily exist to sell products or services" isn't an absolute prohibition, but requires a judgement call on the informational vs. advertising value of the link in question--is it there because it's promoting the site, or does the link point to a page whose primary purpose is commercial?. A reader specifically asked for information on beef jerky recipes, which is, I beleive, a valid request.  The link in question, to http://www.beefjerky.com/recipe.html, does in fact contain a large list of jerky recipes.  While the list is hosted on a commercial site (the recipes themselves are at recipesource.com), the recipes are not for sale, nor is the jerky made from these recipes for sale.  While the link does implicitly promote the site by taking you there (although "beefjerky.com" is probably not really in need of such promotion) I think the informational value is high enough (with a very wide range of recipes--from hamburger based to smoked to simple salt and pepper recipes), and the page has fairly limited commercial content (a link to the retail part of the site), to warrant allowing the link to stay.  scot 15:56, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * While I do not agree with your unique interpretation of WP:EL, I do greatly appreciate your finding of the original, non-retail source for the recipes. I have updated the article with that link, so the information is still there, and we are now in unquestionable compliance with WP:EL.  -- Satori Son 04:35, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The link Satori Son changed the recipe link to, has SEVEN advertising links. The site primarialy exists as a front-end for Google advertising revenue.  The previous site, http://www.beefjerky.com/catalog/recipe.html, has minimal advertising content, so it is closer to unquestionable compliance with WP:EL.  Scot's comment above is not a "unique interpretation" of WP:EL, it is flat out common sense.  Satori Son has demonstrated a fanatisism that is unrealistic in the real world.  Let it go, Satori Son.  This project is in close enough compliance with WP:EL.  There must be other pages that need your editing skills and zeal. — 63.239.251.86 (talk • contribs)  has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * Thanks again so much for your suggestion, but be please be comforted by the fact that I am editing other articles as well. I see the same is not true for you.  To scot, since you are an established editor with no hidden agenda, which of the two websites do you prefer? I will abide by your decision. -- Satori Son 16:54, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Wait a minute! I just realized that your company's website page is simply a list of links to the RecipeSources.com website that I linked directly to. All you are doing is adding an extra step for users before going to the site that I added, which you object to for having too much advertising!  That makes absolutely no sense whatsoever.  Either the recipe link should go straight to the end target, or it should not be included at all.  Based on your reasoning above, that RecipeSources.com is just "a front-end for Google advertising revenue", it should be deleted. Any thoughts from others? -- Satori Son 17:15, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Recipes add no educational value to the article. You don't see Britannica linking to random recipe sites. I'm removing the recipe link again. Chris Cunningham 17:29, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, just chiming in...the link does appear to be simply promotional advertising and is not permitted by guidelines. See:WP:EL--MONGO 17:39, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Satori Son asked me to come offer a perspective on this dispute. There does not appear to be any compelling reason to link to the recipe page at beefjerky.com, because the link goes to a commercial website in violation of WP:EL. I think it would be appropriate to link to b:Cookbook:Beef Jerky for a recipe. A huge collection of beef jerky recipes is not critical to the article. If the people who are promoting these commercial sites here are really interested in teaching people about how to make jerky, let them add their recipes to the Wikibooks cookbook under a free license. —ptk✰fgs 18:54, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the Wikibook link is probably a good resolution (this is pending looking at the Wikibook--if it's just one recipe, then it's POV, because there are MANY recipes, as evidenced by the 100 recipe link set). It's obviously non-commercial, and fulfills the request for information on making jerky.  As to the statement that recipes add no educational value to the article, I strongly disagree.  A recipe answers the question of "How is jerky made".  Britannica may not have such information, but Wikipedia isn't Britannica, it's better, precisely BECAUSE it has information like this.  The purpose of an encyclopedia is to comprehensively inform the reader, so cutting out relevant information the users WANT to know because "it's not in Britannica" will just turn Wikipedia into a copy of Britannica.  Remember that the difference between a dictonary and an encyclopedia is that an encylopedia is comprehensive.  When I look up steel, I don't just want to know that it's iron with carbon added--I want to know where it came from, how much carbon and other alloying elements are in it, how it's made, how it's heat treated, what impact all that has on the properties.  How does that differ from including recipes and the nutrional information for jerky?  Should we strip that information from the article on steel?  Or is jerky just somehow a less important subject?  scot 23:14, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that the generic recipe - how is it made - is essential for the article. More specific instructions, of course, are to be moved to Wikibooks. Links, in a restricted quantity, are normal, and WP:EL does not forbid commercial sites to be linked, as long as they are free to view (ad-served). However, rewriting is still a good option. Remember that only the specific form is copyrighted, not the ideas. CP/Mcomm |Wikipedia Neutrality Project| 03:05, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Retail price of jerky
Why is jerky so expensive? A tiny 3 oz bag could cost nearly $10 USD. --72.202.150.92 06:02, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Materials cost. Take for instance Ralph's jerky; 21 grams of protein per 30 gram serving, 1 gram of fat.  Since beef is 7 grams of protein per ounce normally, that means that Ralph's jerky is reduced 3:1 from the original.  That means that to make a 1 pound package, you need 3 lbs. of beef.  And not just any beef, but to keep the fat content at 1 gram per 30g serving in the final product, that means you need 1 gram of fat per 90g to start with, which is between 98% and 99% lean.  Also, you need large cuts with straight grain, which limits the cuts of beef you can use.  The process of drying the beef also requires a significant amount of time, space, and labor, to slice the beef thinly, lay it out on drying racks, and let it dry at low temperatures.  A pound of Ralph's jerky runs about US$21; if you consider that works out to US$7 a pound for raw materials, that's not so outrageous--you'd pay that much for a decent steak cut, and even more for something like a filet.  scot 15:01, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Yes, I agree, Materials do cost. By the way, who owns/sells Ralph's jerky? On an enlightened note...you must take into mind that not all jerky is equal. You can get better quality if not equal quality to Ralph's jerky from http://naturalchoicejerky.com They sell up to a half pound of jerky for only $12.00 + free shipping with no preservatives, no msg, gluten free organic beef jerky. Its hard to find this kind of quality jerky at stores. I eat this jerky all the time and I am happy to educate people by letting them know exactly where and how to get something I enjoy. Especially if its a good alternative. --Naturalchoice 21:59, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Ralph's is a meat processor in Perkins, OK. They don't sell online, the only way to get their jerky is direct from their location, or from local stores (the Stillwater, OK, Wal-Mart, for example, generally stocks it).  scot 22:03, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * One more thing--looking at the Natural Choice jerky, it's a significantly higher moisture content, with only 10g of protein per 30g serving, half the protein density. The only places I've found that sell the really low moisture jerky are smaller producers from this area.  Robertson Hams, which has a number of locations along I-35 in south Oklahoma and north Texas, offers a similar product, with 20g of protein per 30g serving, though theirs has a tiny bit of carbohydrate (1g).  Prices are similar, about US$20 a pound.  scot 22:23, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

At my local Giant Eagle this week a 4 oz bag of Oberto's was $5-$6 US. Flank steak was $7.99/lb. 20x20 inch furnace filters were ~$7.50 for a 3-pack at my local Lowe's. All the other ingredients and hardware for the Good Eats recipe I already had on hand. DarkAudit (talk) 04:56, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
 * And I ended up with about a pound of jerky after starting with a little over 2 lbs of fresh meat. If I'd already had the filters on hand, the homemade would definitely be cheaper than store bought. DarkAudit (talk) 14:13, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Deleted reference
I have restored the Economist reference that was deleted with the edit summary "Removed Economist referece. [sic] Requires subscription to read." We do not delete good references simply because the hyperlink becomes inactive; see WP:REF. If you would like to double-check the validity of that source, there are these public facilities called "libraries" that store information such as this and let you read it for free. Go check it out.

Perhaps an archived version will be available at some point on the Wayback Machine, which deliberately lags by six months or more. But even if not, a quality published source is still acceptable even if the full article is not available to view online for free. -- Satori Son 01:11, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

New photo
I have a photo of a bag of jerky. The photo was taken on International Space Station, with the bag floating in front of the big window, with the black of space, the curve of the Earth, and some space station parts visible. Its a pretty cool photo. Can it be used in the article? Officially, its US government property. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.24.150.63 (talk) 20:28, August 30, 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, US federal government work is not copyrighted. Upload it, and under the licensing section, look in the dropdown box for "Work of a US Government agency", which will tag it as public domain.  scot 21:29, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Class Upgraded
I've read the article over a few times and believe that the "START CLASS" rating of this article is out of date. I have looked over the rating guide and respectively moved the rating of this article up to "C CLASS." If there is a problem feel free to revert my edit. Thank you, CindyAbout /T/P/C/ 10:03, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Hong Kong?
What has jerky got to do with Hong Kong at all? It didn't originate there, and isn't native to there, so I say all references to Hong Kong be removed. SJ2571 (talk) 13:46, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Article Contradicts Itself
The sourced intro is later contradicted by the body of the article. The intro clearly states that cooking is involved in the process at least some of the time. The article then describes in detail one of several ways to make Jerky and keeps refering to the process as "raw" and to "prevent cooking". 67.8.72.12 (talk) 17:14, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

ethymology
how can the word Jerky come from a quechua word and dont have any background in latinoamerica —Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.28.100.157 (talk) 03:19, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

long time without refrigeration
The article says jerky can be "stored for a long time without refrigeration" What is a long time? 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 1 year, 2 years, indefinite? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.170.151.148 (talk) 05:23, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

caloric data
The article would be significantly enhanced if it contained some data relating to the caloric content of jerky. If some jerkies have higher caloric content than others, some comparative data would also be useful.

24.5.116.154 (talk) 00:14, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Just from a fan's view: add JR's Beef jerky
Jim Ross, the WWE Hall of Famer, produces by fan response a highly popular beef jerky, which I would say could be mentioned as an example... —Preceding unsigned comment added by McDube (talk • contribs) 22:22, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

Proposed move
"Jerky" doesn't warrant a disambiguation page, as far as I can see.

Aside from its link to Jerky (food), its content currently consists of links to Jerky (game), a card game apparently not notable enough for an article thus far, and The Jerky Boys, a prank phone call performance group, which contains the helpful additional word "Boys" to differentiate it from the food (in case someone were to get them mixed up). There's also a link to Jerk (disambiguation).

I propose moving this article, Jerky (food), to Jerky, with hatnotes for everything except the card game. Alternatively, we could dispense with the hatnotes and have one link to a dab page, Jerky (disambiguation), but I think the dab page may be superfluous. Thoughts? Rivertorch (talk) 06:45, 7 July 2011 (UTC)
 * agree with move I previously deleted the one redlink in the dab page (after looking for the game with little luck, but before seeing the move tag here), which leaves jerky (food) and the jerky boys, which is not likely to get any hits. At any rate, you could put a hatnote at the top of the article for jerky boys if it really does need to be there.  The vast majority of users searching the site using the term "jerky" are looking for this article.  I would bet my lunch money the percent is pretty close to 100.  Dennis Brown (talk) 18:19, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070152/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/jerky_and_food_safety/index.asp to http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/jerky_and_food_safety/index.asp

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beefjerky.com looks like an ad
The picture of the beef jerky on the space station reads like an ad. Should this be removed? --Edward Versaii (talk) 01:41, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I say remove it. --Guy Macon (talk) 17:53, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

"Dried meat"?
Is Jerky a universal term in English, or is it considered primarily a USA term? I note this because of the plethora of types of dried meat in other cultures. Kortoso (talk) 21:35, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

Why the mentions of biltong in the lead?
It has it's own article, I see no real reason why it should be talked about here. Jtrainor (talk) 11:55, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jerky


text:
Category:Radio modulation modes

Signals sent by radio (or over long wires or when stored on magnetic media) must be modulated with some method that prevents their signal from degrading before the signals can be received. A transmitter and receiver must use the same mode of modulation to successfully communicate.

Some of these are digital modulations, which typically modulate data to intermediate frequencies, which are then modulated to radio frequencies using another modulation mode such as FM or AM.

title: Category:Radio modulation modes


text:
Carboxyhemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin (carboxyhaemoglobin BrE) (symbol COHb or HbCO) is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin (Hb) that forms in red blood cells upon contact with carbon monoxide. Carboxyhemoglobin is often mistaken for the compound formed by the combination of carbon dioxide (carboxyl) and hemoglobin, which is actually carbaminohemoglobin. Carboxyhemoglobin terminology emerged when carbon monoxide was known by its historic name, "carbonic oxide", and evolved through Germanic and British English etymological influences; the preferred IUPAC nomenclature is carbonylhemoglobin.

The average non-smoker maintains a systemic carboxyhemoglobin level under 3% COHb whereas smokers approach 10% COHb. The biological threshold for carboxyhemoglobin tolerance is 15% COHb, meaning toxicity is consistently observed at levels in excess of this concentration. The FDA has previously set a threshold of 14% COHb in certain clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide.

Overview
The average red blood cell contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules. Hemoglobin contains a globin protein unit with four prosthetic heme groups (hence the name heme -o- globin); each heme is capable of reversibly binding with one gaseous molecule (oxygen, carbon monoxide, cyanide, etc.), therefore a typical red blood cell may carry up to one billion gas molecules. As the binding of carbon monoxide with hemoglobin is reversible, certain models have estimated that 20% of the carbon monoxide carried as carboxyhemoglobin may dissociate in remote tissues.

Endogenous carbon monoxide production
In biology, carbon monoxide is naturally produced through many enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. The most extensively studied pathway is the metabolism of heme by heme oxygenase which occurs throughout the body with significant activity in the spleen to facilitate hemoglobin breakdown during erythrocyte recycling. Therefore heme can both carry carbon monoxide in the case of carboxyhemoglobin, or, undergo enzymatic catabolism to generate carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide was characterized as a neurotransmitter in 1993 and has since been subcategorized as a gasotransmitter.

Most endogenously produced carbon monoxide is stored as carboxyhemoglobin. The gas primarily undergoes pulmonary excretion, however trace amounts may be oxidized to carbon dioxide by certain cytochromes, metabolized by resident microbiota, or excreted by transdermal diffusion.

Affinity of hemoglobin for carbon monoxide
Compared to oxygen, carbon monoxide binds with approximately 240 times greater affinity, however the affinity of carbon monoxide for hemoglobin varies both across species and within a species. In the 1950s, Esther Killick was among the first to recognize a difference in carbon monoxide affinity between adult and foetal blood, and a difference between humans and sheep. In humans, the Hb-Kirklareli mutation has a relative 80,000 times greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen resulting in systemic carboxyhemoglobin reaching a sustained level of 16% COHb. Other human mutations have been described (see also: hemoglobin variants). Structural variations and mutations across other hemoproteins likewise affect carbon monoxide's interaction with the heme prosthetic group as exemplified by Cytochrome P450 where certain forms of the CYP3A family is relatively less affected by the inhibitory effects of carbon monoxide.

Murinae species have a COHb half-life of 20 minutes compared to 300 minutes for a typical human (see ). As a result, the metabolic kinetics, blood saturation point, and tolerance for carbon monoxide exposure vary across species, potentially leading to data inconsistencies pertaining to the toxicology of carbon monoxide poisoning and pharmacology of low-dose therapeutic protocols.

Some deep-diving marine mammal species are known to contain concentrations of carbon monoxide in their blood that resembles levels seen in chronic cigarette smokers, which may provide benefits against hypoxia. Similarly, the elevated levels in smokers has been suggested to be a basis for the smoker's paradox. Prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide and elevated carboxyhemoglobin, such as in smoking, results in erythremia. Furthermore, humans can acclimate to toxic levels of carbon monoxide based on findings reported by Esther Killick.

History
A bright red skin complexion is commonly associated with elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels. Trace evidence for an endogenous presence of carbon monoxide dates back to Marcellus Donato circa 1570 who noted an unusually red complexion upon conducting an autopsy of victims who died from charcoal fumes in Mantua. Similar findings pertaining to red complexion later emerged as documented by Johann Jakob Wepfer in the 1600s, and M. Antoine Portal in the late 1700s.

Phlogiston theory is a trace origin for the first chemical explanations of endogenous carboxyhemoglobin exemplified by the work of Joseph Priestley in the eighteenth century who suspected phlogiston to be a cellular waste product carried by the blood of animals which was subsequently exhaled.

Thomas Beddoes, James Watt, Humphry Davy, James Lind, and many others investigated the therapeutic potential of inhaling factitious airs in the late eighteenth century (see also: Pneumatic Institution). Among the gases experimented with, hydrocarbonate had received significant attention. Hydrocarbonate is water gas generated by passing steam over coke, the process of which generates carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and some considered it contain phlogiston. Beddoes and Watt recognized hydrocarbonate brightened venous blood in 1793. Watt suggested coal fumes could act as an antidote to the oxygen in blood, and Beddoes and Watt likewise speculated hydrocarbonate has a greater affinity for animal fiber than oxygen in 1796.

After the discovery of carbon monoxide by William Cruickshank in 1800, Johann Dömling (1803) and John Bostock (1804) developed hypotheses suggesting blood returned to the heart loaded with carbon monoxide to subsequently be oxidized to carbon dioxide in the lung prior to exhalation. Later in 1854, Adrien Chenot similarly suggested carbon monoxide could remove oxygen from blood and be oxidized within the body to carbon dioxide. The mechanism for carbon monoxide poisoning in the context of carboxyhemoglobin formation is widely credited to Claude Bernard whose memoirs beginning in 1846 and published in 1857 notably phrased, "prevents arterials blood from becoming venous". Felix Hoppe-Seyler independently published similar conclusions in the following year.

The first analytical method to detect carboxyhemoglobin emerged in 1858 with a colorimetric method developed by Felix Hoppe-Seyler, and the first quantitative analysis method emerged in 1880 with Josef von Fodor.

Etymology
Carbon is derived from the Latin term carbo, meaning coal, via the French charbone, which first appeared in print in 1786. The etymology of oxygen is generally accepted mean 'acid' based on Lavoisier's system, which also recognized carbon as a nonmetallic element capable of oxidation, although the original degrees of oxides were based on diamond, graphite, coal and carbonic acid as the most oxidized form; Lavoisier's system was superseded by other obsolete oxide nomenclature systems.

Upon discovering carbon monoxide through a series of experiments originating from coke (short for coal-cake ), Cruickshank named the new molecule "gaseous oxide of carbon" which evolved to "carbonic oxide" and was translated into German as "kohlenoxyd". Kohlen is the German word for coal. As carbonic acid was considered to be the most highly oxidized form in Lavoisier's system, the name carbonic oxide implied an intermediate oxidized species between coal and carbonic acid (i.e. use of the word acid indicated maximum oxidation).

Haem is derived from Greek meaning blood, and globin is Latin derived from globus typically accepted to mean glob/spherical/round object; the terms are conjoined with an -o-. Regarding haem, the use of "ae / æ" remains prevalent in British English in modern day whereas the American English spelling evolved to heme from hema.

Felix Hoppe-Seyler coined the name "hämoglobin" in 1864. In German, an umlaut such as ä is synonymous with spelling as "ae", therefore hämoglobin is commonly spelled as haemoglobin throughout German literature, hence haemoglobin is the term adopted by English literature.

Hoppe-Seyler likewise coined the name Kohlenoxydhämoglobin which may have similarly been directly translated back into English as "carbonic oxide hæmoglobin". The term carboxyhæmoglobin appeared as early as 1895 in works by John Haldane while the name for CO was still widely regarded as carbonic oxide.

The term "carbon monoxide" was formally introduced in 1879, but the name would not become mainstream for several decades. Variations of COHb terminology, such as carbonmonoxyhemoglobin, followed and eventually evolved and simplified back into "carboxyhemoglobin".

As carboxy is now firmly associated with the CO2 carboxyl group, and carbon monoxide is generally regarded as a carbonyl, IUPAC has recommended "carbonylhemoglobin" as the preferred COHb nomenclature. Despite the IUPAC guidance, carboxyhemoglobin remains the most widely used term (akin to the survival of bicarbonate nomenclature).

Analytical detection methods
Historically, carboxyhemoglobin detection has been achieved by colorimetric analysis, chemical reactivity, spectrophotometry, gasometric and thermoelectric detection methods. Gas chromatography analysis emerged in 1961 and remains a commonly used method.

Modern methods include pulse oximetry with a CO-oximeter, and a variety of other analytical techniques. Most methods require laboratory equipment, skilled technicians, or expensive electronics therefore rapid and economical detection technologies remain in development.

Breath carbon monoxide is another detection method that may correlate with carboxyhemoglobin levels.

Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning, also known as carboxyhemoglobinemia, has plagued humankind since primitive ancestors first harnessed fire. In modern times, carboxyhemoglobin data assist physicians in making a poisoning diagnosis. However, carboxyhemoglobin levels do not necessarily correlate with the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning. In general, 30% COHb is considered severe carbon monoxide poisoning. The highest reported non-fatal carboxyhemoglobin level was 73% COHb.

Mode of toxic action
Gas exchange is an essential process for many organisms to maintain homeostasis. Oxygen accounts for about 20% of Earth's atmospheric air. While inhaling air is critical to supply cells with oxygen for aerobic respiration via the Bohr effect and Haldane effect (and perhaps local low oxygen partial pressure e.g. active muscles), exhaling the cellular waste product carbon dioxide is arguably the more critical aspect of respiration. Whereas the body can tolerate brief periods of hypoxia (as commonly occurs in anaerobic exercise, although the brain, heart, liver and kidney are significantly less tolerant than skeletal muscle), failure to expel carbon dioxide may cause respiratory acidosis (meaning bodily fluids and blood become too acidic thereby affecting homeostasis). In absence of oxygen, cells switch to anaerobic respiration which if prolonged may significantly increase lactic acid leading to metabolic acidosis.

To provide a simplified synopsis of the molecular mechanism of systemic gas exchange, upon inhalation of air it was widely thought oxygen binding to any of the heme sites triggers a conformational change in the protein unit of hemoglobin which then enables the binding of additional oxygen to each of the other heme sites. Upon arrival to the cellular region, oxygen is released at the tissue due to a conformational change in hemoglobin as caused by ionization of hemoglobin's surface due to the "acidification" of the tissue's local pH (meaning a relatively higher concentration of 'acidic' protons / hydrogen ions annotated as H+; an acidic pH is commonly referenced to as either low pH based on the acidity of pH 1-7 having a low number, or, referred to as a high pH due to the high concentration of H+ ions as the scale approaches pH 1); the local acidity is caused by an increase in the biotransformation of carbon dioxide waste into carbonic acid via carbonic anhydrase. In other words, oxygenated arterial blood arrives to cells in the "hemoglobin R-state" which has deprotonated/unionized amino acid residues (regarding hemoglobin's amines transitioning between the deprotonated/unionized Hb-NH2 to the protonated/ionized Hb-NH3+ state) based on the less-acidic pH (arterial blood averages pH 7.407 whereas venous blood is slightly more acidic at pH 7.371 ). The "T-state" of hemoglobin is deoxygenated in venous blood partially due to protonation/ionization as caused by the acidic environment hence causing a conformation unsuited for oxygen-binding (i.e. oxygen is 'ejected' upon arrival at the cell due to H+ ions bombarding the hemoglobin surface residues to convert Hb from "R-state" to "T-state"). Furthermore, the mechanism for formation of carbaminohemoglobin generates additional H+ ions that may further stabilize the protonated/ionized deoxygenated hemoglobin. Upon return of venous blood into the lung and subsequent exhalation of carbon dioxide, the blood is "de-acidified" (see also: hyperventilation) for the deprotonation/unionization of hemoglobin to re-enable oxygen binding as part of the transition to arterial blood (note this process is complex due to involvement of chemoreceptors, pH buffers and other physiochemical functionalities). Carbon monoxide poisoning disturbs this physiological process hence the venous blood of poisoning patients is bright red akin to arterial blood since the carbonyl/carbon monoxide is retained, whereas deoxygenated hemoglobin is dark red and carbaminohemoglobin has a blue hue.

At toxic concentrations, carbon monoxide as carboxyhemoglobin significantly interferes with respiration and gas exchange by simultaneously inhibiting acquisition and delivery of oxygen to cells, and preventing formation of carbaminohemoglobin which accounts for approximately 30% of carbon dioxide exportation. Therefore a patient suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning may experience severe hypoxia and acidosis in addition to the toxicities of excess carbon monoxide binding to numerous hemoproteins, metallic and non-metallic targets which affect cellular machinery (such as inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase).

Toxicokinetics
In common air under normal atmospheric conditions, a typical patient's carboxyhemoglobin has a half-life around 300 minutes. This time can be reduced to 90 minutes upon administration of high-flow pure oxygen, and the time is further reduced when oxygen is administered with 5% carbon dioxide as first identified by Esther Killick. Additionally, treatment in a hyperbaric chamber is a more effective manner of reducing the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin to 30 minutes and allows oxygen to dissolve in biological fluids for delivery to tissues.

Supplemental oxygen takes advantage of Le Chatelier's principle to quicken the decomposition of carboxyhemoglobin back to hemoglobin:

 * HbCO + O2 ⇌ Hb + CO + O2 ⇌ HbO2 + CO

Carboxyhemoglobin pharmaceuticals
As carbon monoxide is now understood to have a therapeutic potential, pharmaceutical efforts have focused on development of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules and selective heme oxygenase inducers.

An alternative method for drug delivery consists of carbon monoxide immobilized on bovine carboxyhemoglobin which is currently in late clinical development. Similarly, maleimide PEG conjugated human carboxyhemoglobin had previously been the subject of pharmaceutical development.

title: Carboxyhemoglobin


text:
AP5

AP5 (also known as APV, (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, or (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate) is a chemical compound used as a biochemical tool to study various cellular processes. It is a selective NMDA receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits the ligand (glutamate) binding site of NMDA receptors. AP5 blocks NMDA receptors in micromolar concentrations (~50 μM).

AP5 blocks the cellular analog of classical conditioning in the sea slug Aplysia californica, and has similar effects on Aplysia long-term potentiation (LTP), since NMDA receptors are required for both. It is sometimes used in conjunction with the calcium chelator BAPTA to determine whether NMDARs are required for a particular cellular process. AP5/APV has also been used to study NMDAR-dependent LTP in the mammalian hippocampus.

In general, AP5 is very fast-acting within in vitro preparations, and can block NMDA receptor action at a reasonably small concentration. The active isomer of AP5 is considered to be the D configuration, although many preparations are available as a racemic mixture of D - and L -isomers. It is useful to isolate the action of other glutamate receptors in the brain, i.e., AMPA and kainate receptors.

AP5 can block the conversion of a silent synapse to an active one, since this conversion is NMDA receptor-dependent.

title: AP5


text:
Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe

The Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe is an American twin-engine heavy-lift helicopter designed by Sikorsky Aircraft for the United States Army. It is named after Tarhe, an 18th-century chief of the Wyandot Indian tribe whose nickname was "The Crane". The civilian version is the Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane.

Development
Work on what would become the CH-54 can be traced back to Sikorsky's earlier activities with "sky-crane" helicopters, particularly the piston-engined Sikorsky S-60 of the late 1950s. Following the end of the Korean War, the United States Army sought to procure a successor to the Sikorsky CH-37 Mojave, an early piston-engined heavy lift helicopter; being aware of this need, Sikorsky were keen to fulfill it. The company was already working on the Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane, a civil-orientated heavy lift rotorcraft that was designed specifically for the purpose of carrying large payloads externally; the development of a military-configured derivative was viewed as a natural option. While Sikorsky were quick to recognise the advantages of adopting turboshaft propulsion, there were no suitable engines of that type initially available, thus it had to work with the American engine manufacturer Pratt and Whitney to modify their JT12 turbojet to produce one.

One innovative feature for any helicopter of the era was the incorporation of an automatic flight control system, effectively a fly-by-wire arrangement. This feature enabled the aft-facing crew member to control the rotorcraft's pitch, roll, and yaw with 10% control authority, along with an altitude-hold function; it was also praised for being relatively easy to fly under instrument flight rules (IFR). Considerable attention was paid to the fuselage's design, particularly to minimising weight and maintenance requirements. The landing gear was designed to kneel to make loading easier as well as to ease operations from sloped surfaces. From on onset, Sikorsky sought to enable the type to carry as diverse a range of cargoes as possible, leading to the incorporation of fitting for the carriage of barges and of a specially-designed multipurpose "people pod" that was suited for use for personnel transport, paratroop operations, and even as a mobile hospital or mobile command post.

On 9 May 1962, the first of three prototypes performed its maiden flight. It was subsequently tested by the US Army at Fort Benning while the other two underwent an evaluation in West Germany. During June 1963, it was announced that the US Army had placed an order for an initial six helicopters, designating it as the CH-54A; the first of these was officially accepted on 30 June 1963. Following a relatively brief period of testing and evaluation, the CH-54 was quickly put into active use in Vietnam.

Early on, the type had demonstrated itself to possess unrivalled performance in some aspects. , it continues to hold the helicopter record for highest altitude in level flight at 11000 m, which it set in 1971, as well at the fastest climb to 3,000, 6,000, and 9,000 m (10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 ft). On 20 April 1965, a CH-54A equipped with a people pod lifted 90 people, comprising its crew of three and 87 combat-equipped troops; this was the largest number of people to be lifted by a single helicopter at that time.

Operational history
The United States Army would ultimately procure 105 examples, which it operated under the designation of CH-54 Tarhe. It was most prolifically used during the Vietnam War, typically to provide logistical support and heavy transport activities in aid of American ground troops. In the theater, CH-54s would routinely be used to reposition artillery pieces such as the M101 howitzer, and even airlift bulky payloads such as bulldozers and patrol boats. In terms of retrieved aircraft alone, in excess of 380 were reportedly recovered via CH-54, resulting in the saving of several hundred million dollars.

In particular, those forces operating in and around the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam were unable to rely on ground supply routes due to the unavoidable challenges posed by the local geography; instead, they were almost entirely dependent on air support provided by rotorcraft such as the CH-54. The type would operate so close to the frontlines that several would come under fire from the North Vietnamese. One unusual use of the type came under the Combat Trap programme, which saw it drop 10,000 lb bombs, intended for clearing landing zones. One danger that its crews had to maintain awareness of was the strong downwash generated by the rotors; nearby tents were particularly at risk of being blown away.

As a heavy transport helicopter, capable of retrieving numerous types of downed aircraft, it proved to be highly successful. The Tarhe can hold its cargo up and tight against its center spine to lessen drag and eliminate the pendulum effect when flying forward, as well as winch vehicles up and down from a hovering position, so the helicopter can deploy loads while hovering. Due to budget cuts, the Heavy Lift Helicopter (HLH) program was canceled and the CH-54 was not upgraded with larger engines. The relatively small fleet proved costly to maintain, thus the tandem-rotor Boeing CH-47 Chinook, a rival heavy lift helicopter, gradually supplemented the CH-54 for most transport duties, eventually replacing it in Regular Army aviation units during the 1980s. Another heavy lift helicopter, the Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion, had also been developed using many of the proven systems of the CH-54, including its engine, fuselage, and dynamic systems.

The CH-54 was also operated by the Army National Guard, where it performed a variety of military and civilian missions. It participated in various humanitarian relief operations, including the rescuing of a whale in Alaska. Unusual payloads include whole antenna towers and log cabins; another example was the use of a CH-54 to airlift air conditioners onto the roof of the Pentagon. Furthermore, it was commonly tasked with relocating non-airworthy or retired aircraft. Despite these atypical demands, the CH-54 achieved a strong safety record. The military cutbacks enacted at the end of the Cold War proved to be the death knell for the CH-54's military service; the final National Guard flight was conducted on 10 January 1993.

Following their withdrawal from military use, many CH-54s were acquired by civilian operators and thus continued to be used in this new capacity. Of these, Erickson Air-Crane of Central Point, Oregon, operates the largest fleet of S-64 helicopters in the world under the name Erickson S-64 Aircrane. These can be equipped with water-dropping equipment (some also have foam/gel capability) for firefighting duties worldwide. After obtaining the type certificate and manufacturing rights in 1992, Erickson remains the manufacturer.

Variants

 * YCH-54A
 * Preproduction aircraft, six built.

 * CH-54A
 * Production model powered by two 4500 shp Pratt & Whitney T73-P-1 turboshafts, 54 built.

 * CH-54B
 * Heavier version of the CH-54A with two 4800 shp T73-P-700 turboshafts and twin-wheeled main undercarriage, 37 ordered, 29 built.

 * S-64B
 * In 1968, Sikorsky proposed a three-engined growth version with upgraded rotor and gearbox. This was not proceeded with but did form the basis for the CH-53E Super Stallion.

Operators

 * NASA
 * United States Army
 * 273rd Heavy Helicopter Company
 * 355th Heavy Helicopter Company
 * 478th Heavy Helicopter Company
 * 2nd Battalion, 291st Aviation Company
 * United States Army Reserve
 * Army National Guard
 * Company D, 113th Aviation, 152nd Airlift Wing, Nevada ARNG 1986–1993 (received CH-54A )
 * 1160 Aviation Company, Georgia ARNG (received CH-54A )
 * 137th Transportation Company (Heavy Helicopter), Kansas ARNG (received CH-54A )
 * Company E, 185th Aviation Brigade, Mississippi ARNG (received CH-54A )
 * Pennsylvania (received CH-54A )
 * Alaska (received CH-54B )
 * Alabama (received CH-54B )
 * Connecticut (received CH-54B )
 * Connecticut (received CH-54B )

Surviving aircraft

A large number of surviving airframes exist in flyable condition as well as in museum collections worldwide.

title: Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe


text: File:Phish Rift.jpg

title: File:Phish Rift.jpg


text:
Talk:Duck Soup (1933 film)

Pre Code or not?
In the first sentence of the article the film is described as pre-code, but then later in the 'Other scenes and jokes' section, a joke is described which made fun of the code. According to the [Hays_Code] article the code started in 1930, and this movie is 1933, so that surely means it can't be considered a pre-code movie?

I am WP:BOLD and removing pre-code from the first sentence.

GeneralJohnsonJameson (talk) 14:23, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

 * @GeneralJohnsonJameson: Someone put the erroneous "Pre-Code" back in, so I deleted it again. Per Pre-Code article, "...the pre-Code era is either dated to the start of the sound film era, or more generally to March 1930..." Acwilson9 (talk) 19:25, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
 * See Pre-Code Hollywood, which states: "Pre-Code Hollywood was the brief era in the American film industry between the widespread adoption of sound in pictures in 1929 and the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code censorship guidelines, popularly known as the 'Hays Code', in mid-1934. Although the Code was adopted in 1930, oversight was poor, and it did not become rigorously enforced until July 1, 1934, with the establishment of the Production Code Administration (PCA)." The Code existed in 1933, but it wasn't taken seriously until the following year. By common understanding, a 1933 film would be Pre-Code -- although not much in the Marx Brothers' pre-1934 films would have required changing had the Code been in place. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 03:15, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duck Soup (1933 film)


text: Category:Amateur radio organizations

title: Category:Amateur radio organizations


text: User talk:203.18.238.26

title: User talk:203.18.238.26