text:
Sid Eudy

Sidney Raymond Eudy (born December 16, 1960) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his tenures in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW), under the ring names Sid Justice, Sid Vicious,  and Sycho Sid.

Eudy is a six-time world champion, having won the WWF Championship twice, the WCW World Heavyweight Championship twice, and the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship twice. In addition to world title success, Eudy held the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship once, among other accolades. During his tenures with the WWF and WCW, Eudy headlined multiple pay-per-views for both organizations, main-eventing WrestleMania VIII and WrestleMania 13 in 1992 and 1997 respectively as well as Starrcade in 2000.

Early career (1987–1989)
Eudy entered wrestling after an encounter with Randy Savage and his brother Lanny Poffo. After being trained by Tojo Yamamoto, Eudy made his debut as he teamed with Austin Idol and wrestled the team of Nick Bockwinkel and Jerry Lawler. He then adopted the masked wrestler persona known as Lord Humongous. He began his career in Continental Championship Wrestling (CCW) in 1987, under a mask and the name Lord Humungous. On Christmas Day 1987 he won the NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division), going on to be the final titleholder. Later he turned fan favorite after rekindling a (kayfabe) childhood friendship with Shane Douglas, resulting in the two forming a tag team and capturing the NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship. He also competed in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he challenged Tatsumi Fujinami for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship under the name Vicious Warrior, but was unable to win the title. Eudy then made a very brief stint in World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), where he adopted one of his most notable ring names: Sid Vicious, which he took from the punk rock musician of the same name who played bass for the Sex Pistols.

The Skyscrapers (1989)
In 1989, Eudy signed with World Championship Wrestling and retained his Sid Vicious ring name. He made his televised debut in WCW by defeating DeWayne Bruce on the June 17, 1989 episode of Pro. Originally slated as a singles wrestler, Eudy was eventually paired with Danny Spivey to form The Skyscrapers. Managed by Teddy Long, The Skyscrapers feuded with The Steiner Brothers and The Road Warriors. During this time, he incorporated the Powerbomb as his finishing move. However, the team was short-lived; Eudy was replaced by "Mean" Mark Callous after suffering a broken rib and a punctured lung during a match with The Steiner Brothers at the November 1989 Clash of the Champions IX.

Four Horsemen (1990–1991)
Following his recovery, Eudy was introduced on the May 11, 1990 edition of NWA Power Hour as the newest member of Ric Flair's Four Horsemen, and he was billed by the ring announcers as being from "wherever he damn well pleases". Sid was the "muscle" of the group and initially brought in to counter-act the strength of RoboCop at Capital Combat. His first televised match back was a 26-second loss to Lex Luger on Clash of the Champions XI: Coastal Crush in which the referee performed a fast three count (in an interview in 2018, Sid stated the reason for the quick loss was punishment by booker Ole Anderson for having been seen playing softball during time off while he was rehabilitating from his punctured lung). As one of the Horsemen, Eudy feuded with Paul Orndorff and the Junkyard Dog. He attacked NWA World Heavyweight Champion Sting following the champion's title match of Clash of the Champions XII, setting up his first feud as a singles wrestler. At Halloween Havoc, a fake Sting (Barry Windham), in collusion with Sid, let Sid pin him after switching places with the real Sting in order for Sid to win the belt. However, they were thwarted when the real Sting came out and beat Sid to retain the title.

Sid's association with the Horsemen became tenuous following this episode, and he began a quasi-face run in November 1990 when he faced The Nightstalker at Clash of the Champions XIII: Thanksgiving Thunder, which Eudy won. However, was attacked post-match by the debuting Big Cat, in response of which Sid recruited former partner Spivey for a short-lived reunion of the Skyscrapers at Starrcade in December, where the two defeated The Big Cat and The Motor City Madman. Following this match Eudy made an abrupt return to heel status, ending Trucker Norm's WCW run in January 1991 and squashing Joey Maggs at Clash of the Champions XIV: Dixie Dynamite later that month. He returned to full-fledged Horsemen activity and participated in the WarGames match at WrestleWar. The Horsemen amicably split in April 1991, during which time he entered negotiations with the WWF. Despite a huge contract offer and a promise of a world championship run, Eudy announced his intentions to leave WCW. Before departing he had a short feud with 7'7" (231 cm) tall El Gigante that ended with his loss to the giant at SuperBrawl I.

World Wrestling Federation (1991–1992)
At a Superstars taping on May 28, 1991, Eudy made his WWF debut in an untelevised segment attacking The Mountie following Mountie's open offer. He defeated Ted DiBiase in his first WWF match at a non-televised event in Calgary on July 8. On the June 8 episode of Prime Time Wrestling, vignettes began airing promoting his WWF debut and introducing him as Sid Justice. On the July 20 episode of Superstars, Eudy debuted on WWF television and was announced as the special guest referee for the main event of that year's SummerSlam, where The Ultimate Warrior and the WWF Champion Hulk Hogan teamed up against The Triangle of Terror (Sgt. Slaughter, Col. Mustafa, and Gen. Adnan) in a 3-on-2 handicap match. Later that night, Sid saved Randy Savage and Miss Elizabeth from an attack at the hands of Jake Roberts and The Undertaker at the newly wed couple's reception. During this time, Sid defeated Kato in his first televised match on the September 21 episode of Superstars. In a match with Roberts, Sid injured his biceps and was forced to miss the Survivor Series pay-per-view.

Sid returned at the Royal Rumble, which had a special stipulation: the winner would win the vacant WWF Championship, which had been stripped from Hulk Hogan. Sid entered at No. 29 and was among the final four wrestlers, along with Hogan, Randy Savage, and Ric Flair, before he eliminated both Savage and then Hogan, leaving himself and Flair in the ring. Hogan, who was still at ringside after being eliminated, grabbed Sid's arm and tried to pull him over the top rope, giving Flair the chance to grab Sid's legs and throw him out to win the match and become the new WWF Champion. Less than a week later, on the January 25 episode of Superstars, WWF President Jack Tunney held a press conference to announce who would face Flair for the WWF Championship at WrestleMania VIII. Before Tunney even announced who the number one contender would be, Sid stood up as if Tunney called his name. Yet to Sid's annoyance, Tunney chose Hogan. Sid clutched the stack of papers he fanned himself with earlier and gave a menacing glance in Hogan's direction. After the press conference, Sid said what Jack Tunney did was "bogus." Sid later issued an apology to Hogan, which Hogan accepted. Sid and Hogan then teamed up to face The Undertaker and Flair on Saturday Night's Main Event XXX. During the match, after he double clotheslined Undertaker and Flair, Hogan reached to Sid for a tag. However, Sid refused to tag in and walked out of the match, turning heel in the process. Despite this, Hogan won the match by disqualification.

On February 23 on an episode of Wrestling Challenge, Sid appeared as a guest on Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake's "The Barber Shop". Knowing that Hulk Hogan (Beefcake's long-time real-life friend) was not in the arena, Sid threatened Beefcake and chased him off the set before destroying the Barber Shop with a chair. Later that night, it was announced that Hogan would battle Sid (and not WWF Champion Ric Flair) at the main event of WrestleMania VIII, resulting in Flair facing Randy Savage for the WWF Championship instead. A week later, Sid hired Harvey Whippleman as his manager. Sid also began a post-match gimmick where he would further "injure" his defeated opponents with one or more powerbombs (his finishing move), and sometimes – after the defeated wrestler placed on a stretcher – following this up by grabbing the stretcher and running it into a fixture, such as a ring post or guardrail. At WrestleMania VIII, Sid lost his match to Hogan by disqualification when Papa Shango interfered on Sid's behalf, allowing the two to double-team Hogan until the returning Ultimate Warrior stormed the ring and saved Hogan. Nearing the end of the match, Sid kicked out of Hogan's trademark running leg drop. Sid was disqualified when Whippleman quickly jumped into the ring to get involved.

On a November 22, 2011, edition of Wrestling Observer Radio, Dave Meltzer confirmed that Sid failed a drug test prior to his WrestleMania match with Hulk Hogan. He was allowed to do the match and then went on their European tour. After the tour, he was told he was going to serve his suspension, resulting in Eudy quitting instead and pursuing a career in softball. At the time of his departure from the WWF, Sid was about to embark on a feud with The Ultimate Warrior, the story being that Sid was angry the Warrior had stuck his nose in his business at WrestleMania VIII. Eudy competed on the WWF's European tour in April 1992, then began his feud with Warrior in the United States. They wrestled on two house shows, with Warrior winning twice by disqualification. After wrestling Warrior in Boston, Massachusetts on April 26, Eudy voluntarily quit the company due to disagreements with the Warrior and WWF management in particular about the outcome of his match with Warrior. The WWF replaced Sid with Papa Shango in the feud with Warrior.

Return to WCW (1993)
Eudy, under his Sid Vicious ring name, returned to WCW in May 1993 as a mystery competitor of Col. Robert Parker against Van Hammer at Slamboree. Sid defeated Hammer in a stretcher match. That summer he teamed with Big Van Vader and reignited his feud with Sting. At Fall Brawl, Sting's team (Sting, Davey Boy Smith, Dustin Rhodes, and The Shockmaster) defeated Sid's team (Sid, Vader, and Harlem Heat) in a WarGames match. At Halloween Havoc, Sid faced Sting in a rematch of the same pay-per-view three years previous, but was beaten via a roll-up. The following week on television Sid turned on Rob Parker and became a babyface. This would be Sid's last appearance with WCW before being released from his contract due to an incident with Arn Anderson. It had been planned to have Sid challenge then WCW World Heavyweight Champion Vader at that year's Starrcade, but Sid's departure removed him from this match and Ric Flair was elevated to be the challenger against Vader. Based on Worldwide tapings that took place prior to his departure, Sid would have defeated Vader and become the new champion.

United States Wrestling Association (1994–1996)
Following his departure from WCW, Eudy returned to what was now WCCW merged into United States Wrestling Association (USWA) in Memphis, where he began feuding with old rival Jerry Lawler. On July 16, he won the promotion's Unified World Heavyweight Championship by forfeit when Lawler, who had been attacked and injured by Eudy earlier in the card, could not appear for the scheduled match. While Lawler was able to defeat Eudy in non-title matches, Eudy was able to retain his title in several championship defenses through screwjobs initiated by The Spellbinder, his ally at the time. Sid also participated in the UWF Blackjack Brawl in September 1994, challenging "Dr. Death" Steve Williams for the UWF World Heavyweight Championship. On February 6, 1995, Lawler won the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship back from Sid. Later the two of them were tag team partners. Once again on August 30, 1996, Sid won the title back from Lawler. On September 2 he dropped the title back to Lawler.

Alliance with Shawn Michaels and Million Dollar Corporation (1995)
On the February 20, 1995 episode of Raw Sid entered the WWE as the bodyguard of Shawn Michaels. Along with Jenny McCarthy, Sid accompanied Michaels to ringside for Michaels' WWF Championship match against then-champion and Michaels' former bodyguard, Diesel, at WrestleMania XI. Michaels had the match won after hitting his signature Superkick, but Sid stood on the ring apron and distracted referee Earl Hebner, allowing Diesel time to recover and pin Michaels after a Jackknife Powerbomb to win the match and retain his title. The next night on Raw, Michaels expressed dissatisfaction with Sid's interference and gave him the night off for his rematch against Diesel at the first-ever In Your House pay-per-view. In response, Sid replied to Shawn, "You don't give me the night off!", and attacked Michaels from behind before hitting him with a powerbomb three times, turning Michaels into a face again. Diesel came to Michaels' aid and clotheslined Sid over the top rope. Michaels claimed to have sustained a legitimate back injury as a result of the attack and was sidelined for six weeks, thus taking him out of the title match.

Two weeks later on the April 17 episode of Raw, Ted DiBiase announced Sid as the newest member of the Million Dollar Corporation after Bam Bam Bigelow left the Corporation. After joining, Sid challenged Diesel to a match for the WWF Championship at in Your House, which Diesel accepted. Diesel won the match via disqualification, and thus retained his title, when Tatanka interfered. After the match, Sid and Tatanka continued to double-team Diesel until Bam Bam Bigelow came out to save him. At the King of the Ring, Diesel and Bam Bam Bigelow defeated Sid and Tatanka. Sid faced Diesel once again at In Your House 2: The Lumberjacks for the WWF Championship in a lumberjack match, which Diesel won to end the feud. Following this, Sid moved on to a feud with Shawn Michaels and was scheduled to face him at SummerSlam, but was replaced by Razor Ramon at the request of WWF President Gorilla Monsoon, with Ramon challenging for Michaels' Intercontinental Championship in a ladder match as Sid was seen watching on the backstage television monitors. On the September 5 episode of Raw, Sid faced Michaels for the title but lost after being hit with three superkicks. Sid then started a brief feud with Henry Godwinn, culminating in a victory over Godwinn at In Your House 3: Triple Header.

On the November 13 episode of Raw, Sid faced the Intercontinental Champion Razor Ramon in a non-title match, with Ramon's friend The 1–2–3 Kid as the special guest referee. Razor was about to deliver the Razor's Edge on Sid, but The 1–2–3 Kid helped Sid avoid it, allowing Sid to pin Ramon after a powerbomb, with the Kid making a fast count. After the match, the Kid turned heel and joined the Million Dollar Corporation. In the first elimination match at Survivor Series, Sid and Corporation leader Ted DiBiase helped The 1–2–3 Kid pin Marty Jannetty to win and become the sole survivor for his team. Later in the event, Sid was randomly teamed up with his rival Shawn Michaels, Ahmed Johnson, and The British Bulldog to face Yokozuna, Owen Hart, Razor Ramon, and Dean Douglas in a "Wild Card" Survivor Series match. Sid was eliminated by Razor Ramon after Michaels hit Sid with superkick. After his elimination, Sid powerbombed Michaels. At In Your House 5: Seasons Beatings, Razor Ramon and Marty Jannetty defeated Sid and The 1–2–3 Kid. Sid and The 1–2–3 Kid teamed up the next night to participate in the first-ever Raw Bowl, which The Smoking Gunns won. Shortly after, Sid suffered a serious neck injury and left the WWF.

WWF Champion (1996–1997)
Eudy would not be seen again until the July 8 episode of Raw, when he took up the gimmick of "Sycho Sid". Under this version of his Sid gimmick, Eudy was a strident-voiced and intense character, prone to erratically unstable mannerisms, such as in his random contemplative stares off into the distance, excessive eye-blinking, laughter turned sudden seriousness, menacing fist bumps with fans during entrances, etc. In his return, he was announced as the replacement for The Ultimate Warrior (who left the WWF) for the six-man tag team match, teaming with former rival Shawn Michaels and Ahmed Johnson against Vader, Owen Hart, and The British Bulldog at the main event of In Your House 9: International Incident, effectively making him a face. However, Sid's team lost the match. The next night on Raw, Sid started a feud with The British Bulldog, whom he faced at SummerSlam on August 18 and pinned after a powerbomb. At In Your House 10: Mind Games on September 22, Shawn Michaels hit Mankind with the Sweet Chin Music and went for the pin to retain the WWF Championship, but Vader came out, broke up the count, attacked him, which got Mankind disqualified. After the match, Mankind and Vader double-teamed Michaels until Sid came out to make the save. He and Vader fought their way backstage, starting a feud between the two.

Sid fought Vader at In Your House 11: Buried Alive on October 20 in a match where the winner would face Shawn Michaels for the WWF Championship at Survivor Series on November 17. As Sid was about to powerbomb Vader, Vader's manager Jim Cornette got on the ring apron to distract him. Michaels responded and pulled Cornette off the apron before hitting him with the Sweet Chin Music. Sid then pinned Vader with a chokeslam to win the match and to become the number-one contender for the WWF Championship. After the match, Sid celebrated his victory with Michaels.

At the Survivor Series, history repeated itself. Sid grabbed a camera from the operator and prepared to hit Michaels with it. Michaels' manager, Jose Lothario, got on the ring apron and told Sid to put the camera down, but he refused and hit Lothario in the chest with it instead. Although this was the act of a heel, the audience cheered wildly for him and booed Michaels, just as they had done, in Sid's favor, four and a half years earlier against Hogan at the Royal Rumble. Sid dropped the camera, and as soon as he turned around, Michaels hit him with the Sweet Chin Music; however, Michaels went outside the ring to check on his manager instead of going for the pin. Sid hit Michaels in the back with the camera, then threw him back in the ring before hitting him with the powerbomb to win the WWF Championship. At In Your House 12: It's Time on December 15, Sid defended the title against Bret Hart in a match where the winner would defend the title against Shawn Michaels at the 1997 Royal Rumble on January 19. Hart made Sid tap out to the Sharpshooter, but the referee was knocked out and unable to witness the submission. As Michaels was commentating at ringside, Sid and Hart left the ring and started fighting right beside him. After Sid had pushed Michaels and then climbed into the ring with Hart, Michaels went to hit Sid but the latter threw Hart into him. He then pinned him after a powerbomb to retain the title.

At the Royal Rumble, Sid lost the title to Michaels. During the match, Sid hit the chokeslam on Michaels and repeatedly powerbombed him outside the ring. Later on in the match, Jose Lothario got on the ring apron, and Sid approached him, but before he could do anything to him, Michaels hit Sid in the back and the face with the camera, knocking him out in the process. Michaels went for the pin, but Sid managed to kick out. Michaels then hit Sid with Sweet Chin Music to become the WWF World Heavyweight Champion for the second time. He soon forfeited that same title due to being unable to wrestle, a claim widely disputed by many during that time, especially Bret Hart, who still believes that Michaels did not want to drop the title to him at WrestleMania 13. At In Your House 13: Final Four in Chattanooga, a four corners elimination title match was held for the vacant championship belt between Bret Hart, The Undertaker, Stone Cold Steve Austin and Vader. Hart won, and was scheduled to face Sid the following night, on the February 17, 1997, episode of Raw. During that match, Hart had Sid trapped in the Sharpshooter submission when Stone Cold Steve Austin, whom Hart was feuding with, came to the outside of the ring and hit Hart with a steel chair, allowing Sid to hit Hart with the powerbomb to win the WWF Championship for the second time.

At WrestleMania 13 on March 23, Sid lost the title against The Undertaker when Hart interfered during the match, allowing the latter to hit the Tombstone Piledriver and pin Sid to win the WWF Championship. Sid crapped his pants during the match. The next night on Raw is War, Sid made one more appearance after Bret Hart attacked an injured Shawn Michaels in the ring after a face-to-face promo about Hart turning on the fans. Sid was promoted as wrestling Bret at the April In Your House, and vs Mankind in May, but both ended up cancelled due to Sid sustaining a neck injury. He returned on the June 2 edition of Raw, losing a WWF Heavyweight title re-match to the Undertaker. At King of the Ring on June 8, Sid and The Legion of Doom faced The Hart Foundation (Owen Hart, The British Bulldog, and Jim Neidhart) in a six-man tag team match, which The Hart Foundation won when Owen pinned Sid with a roll-up. On June 9, Sid defeated Owen on Raw before disappearing from television for over a month. His last match was a loss to Owen in a house show in Toronto, Canada. He returned on the July 14 episode of Raw, making a brief final appearance, and despite being promoted as wrestling Vader at SummerSlam he was released by the WWF once again to recover from a neck injury that would require surgery.

Independent Circuit (1998)
After leaving WWF from a neck injury and being inactive for nearly a year, Sid wrestled in the independent circuit in Mississippi and New Jersey. He defeated King Kong Bundy at the Eddie Gilbert Memorial Brawl on February 28. Sid would work for Power Pro Wrestling in Tennessee.

Mexico (1999)
It was reported on Sky TV's WWF teletext service that Sid spent a period of time in early 1999 touring Mexico under the pseudonym "Sid Cyclope".

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999)
After some time on the Tennessee independent circuit, Eudy debuted in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in January 1999, where he had matches with The Dudley Boyz, John Kronus, Skull Von Krush and Justin Credible. He left ECW in May due to the monetary problems plaguing the promotion.

The Millennium Man and United States Heavyweight Champion (1999)
At the behest of his real-life friends Kevin Nash and Scott Hall, Eudy returned to WCW at The Great American Bash in June 1999, joining Randy Savage's heel stable Team Madness. Upon his return, he took the nickname of "The Millennium Man" and faced the WCW World Champion Kevin Nash on the July 5, 1999, episode of WCW Nitro. Sid was dubbed as undefeated having a winning streak much like Goldberg had previously; although, the majority of this streak was due to Sid coming to the ring and power bombing wrestlers already in a match or immediately following their match and thus "defeating" them.

On September 12, 1999, Sid won his first and only WCW United States Heavyweight Championship from Chris Benoit at Fall Brawl. He then began a feud with Goldberg who challenged him for the United States Heavyweight Championship at Halloween Havoc. Earlier that night, however, their backstage fighting led Sid to require stitches, though he refused to be treated, which led to Sid bleeding openly the entire night. After brawling with Goldberg, a weary Sid lost the match due to excessive bleeding, awarding Goldberg the United States Heavyweight Championship against his opponent's will. Sid lost again to Goldberg in an "I Quit" match at Mayhem, effectively ending their feud and Sid's "streak." WCW later released a VHS home video highlighting Sid's return to WCW called Sid Vicious: Millennium Man.

World Heavyweight Champion (2000)
After the "Millennium Man" gimmick ran dry, Sid became a face and started to contend for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. He was placed in a match at Souled Out in January to fill the suddenly vacant title after Bret Hart was forced to relinquish it due to a concussion. Sid would lose the match to Chris Benoit, but the title was again vacated as Benoit left for the WWF the next day. The on-screen explanation was that Sid's foot was under the rope during his submission loss. The next week, Sid was presented with a challenge by Nash, who had become commissioner of WCW. If he could beat Don and Ron Harris in a match on Monday Nitro that night, he would face Nash for the championship that night. Sid managed to defeat the Harris Brothers and eventually Nash himself to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Two nights later on Thunder, Nash stripped Sid of the championship due to him not beating the legal Harris brother in the match on Nitro. A rematch between Sid and Nash was set up, but Sid again defeated Nash on Nitro to win the title for a second time. He later successfully defended the title at SuperBrawl 2000 in a three-way match against Scott Hall and Jeff Jarrett.

At Uncensored, Sid defended his title against Jeff Jarrett thanks in part to help from a returning Hulk Hogan, which set up a match for the following night's Nitro pitting Sid and Hogan vs. Jarrett and Scott Steiner. During the course of the match, Sid turned heel and attacked Hogan, due to his being incensed that the fans were chanting Hogan's name. He chokeslammed Hogan and forced the referee to count Hogan being pinned, although the official result was a no contest. This apparently might have been to set up a match for the upcoming Spring Stampede pay-per-view in April. However, shortly after this, WCW began its New Blood angle and Sid (along with all the other WCW champions at the time) was stripped of his championship. He did not play a large role in the angle that followed, and was kept off of television for several months.

Injury and first retirement (2000–2001)
He returned late in the year as a challenger for Scott Steiner's WCW World Heavyweight Championship, but Sid failed to defeat Steiner in their title match at Starrcade. On January 14, 2001, at the Sin pay-per-view in Indianapolis at Conseco Fieldhouse (now Gainbridge Fieldhouse), Sid faced Steiner, Jeff Jarrett and Road Warrior Animal in a Four Corners match for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. During the match, however, he suffered a near career-ending injury. Members of WCW management allegedly felt that Eudy needed to broaden his arsenal of wrestling moves and suggested that he try an aerial maneuver, despite his "unwillingness". Eudy felt it unnecessary for a wrestler of his size and type to do high spots and did not feel comfortable doing them. During the match, Eudy suffered a leg fracture following his leap from the second turnbuckle in an attempted big boot on Steiner. This had him awkwardly landing with all his weight on one foot while kicking with the other, severely fracturing the leg on which he landed. Eudy broke his left leg in half, snapping both the tibia and fibula, with at least one of the bones breaking through the skin and rotating his foot without his input at 90 degrees anti-clockwise. The fracture was too graphic for many television stations to re-air, although it was shown on the following Nitro.

The injury put Sid out of action indefinitely, and he pondered retiring from wrestling for good: "I had about a year left on my contract, and I was thinking back then prior to hurting my leg what was I going to do as far as wrapping up my career. The only thing I really wanted to do was ideally go out in a big pay-per-view, like a WrestleMania or something like that main event, leave like that, and not come back again. It would really be the retirement match". A 17-inch (43 cm) rod was placed in his leg during the two-hour surgery. For a while, Eudy used a cane to walk. Sid later sued WCW, claiming that he was made to jump off the second rope against his objections. The injury forced a plot change in the SuperBrawl Revenge event. The main event was supposed to be Kevin Nash, Diamond Dallas Page, and Sid against Scott Steiner, Jeff Jarrett, and Road Warrior Animal but was rewritten as Kevin Nash versus Scott Steiner.

Recovery and later career (2002–2017)
After WCW was bought by the WWF in March 2001 and following surgery, Eudy was faced with the prospect of rehabilitation of his leg for three to five days per week for at least the next year. He was told by his doctor that he would never run again, and Sid set a goal of being able to do so. At first he was limited to using a cane, but through extensive effort was able to not only walk again, but in time run. During his arduous rehabilitation, Eudy made several appearances as World Wrestling All-Stars's (WWA) commissioner during its 2002 Australian tour, though at the beginning of WWA's Sydney show, it was announced that Eudy would not be featured due to a broken arm. Sid also filed a lawsuit with the Universal Wrestling Corporation (the Turner holding company for what remained of WCW's unpurchased assets), seeking redress for the injury that he sustained. The judge ultimately ruled in favor of the UWC.

After almost three and a half years of rehabilitation and preparation, Eudy returned to active wrestling on June 5, 2004 with the Canadian-based Internet Wrestling Syndicate. Appearing as Pierre Carl Ouellet's mystery partner, Eudy competed in and won a ten team battle royal. On July 14, 2007, Eudy debuted in Memphis Wrestling and started a feud with old rival Jerry Lawler while serving as "Hollywood" Jimmy Blaylock's enforcer. Sid also appeared at the Juggalo Championship Wrestling event Evansville Invasion, helping Tracy Smothers attack the promotion's Heavyweight Champion Corporal Robinson. Following this, Eudy had a match at the "Jerry Lawler 35th Anniversary Wrestling event" on November 7, 2008, at the Tennessee Fairgrounds. He wrestled in the main event and lost to Lawler. On February 28, 2009, Eudy returned to Memphis Wrestling and won a battle royal before defeating Lawler in a rematch. Later that year Sid began a European tour with American Wrestling Rampage. He was undefeated during the tour, including wins over X-Pac. Following this Eudy's appearances were greatly reduced as he began focusing on competition in over-50 bodybuilding. He would wrestle only three times in total in 2010 and 2011, defeating Chase Stevens, Josef von Schmidt, and Eddie Kingston.

On the June 25, 2012, episode of Raw, Eudy made his return to WWE as Sycho Sid in a match against Heath Slater, where he defeated Slater as part of the ongoing celebration building up to WWE's 1000th episode of Raw. It was his first appearance on Raw since the July 14, 1997 episode and his first match on the show since June 9, 1997. Eudy would reappear on the actual 1000th episode on July 23, where he and other WWE Legends helped Lita take down Slater. On August 5, 2017, Sid wrestled the last match of his career. He defeated Paul Rosenberg in Ottawa, Ontario for Great North Wrestling.

Personal life
Eudy and his wife, Sabrina Paige (née Estes), were married on December 30, 1983, in Shelby County, Tennessee. They have two sons: Frank, a cast member on the CBS reality show Big Brother 14 & 18, and Gunnar Eudy, who is also a wrestler.

Eudy is a fan of softball. During his time off from wrestling, he briefly played softball between 1997 and 1999.

During a WCW tour of Europe, both Eudy and Arn Anderson were involved in an argument at a hotel bar in the English town of Blackburn on October 27, 1993. Anderson threatened Eudy with a broken bottle; after being sent to their rooms by security chief Doug Dillinger, Eudy later came to Anderson's room and attacked him with a chair leg, and Anderson retaliated with a pair of scissors. Eudy received four stab wounds and Anderson received 20, losing a pint and a half of blood in the process. The fight was broken up by fellow wrestler 2 Cold Scorpio, who was credited with saving Anderson's life. Neither man pressed charges against the other, and British police declined to do so since both men would soon be leaving the country. Eudy was later fired over the incident.

In January 2011, Eudy was arrested in Shelby County, Tennessee. Initially pulled over for and charged with not wearing his seatbelt, Eudy was also charged with misdemeanor possession of marijuana and driving without a license. He was later released on $1,000 bond.

Other media
Eudy made an appearance in the 2000 film Ready to Rumble alongside David Arquette and Scott Caan. In 2011, he starred alongside fellow wrestlers Kurt Angle and Kevin Nash in the horror movie River of Darkness. He also starred in the 2011 horror film Death from Above, alongside fellow wrestlers Kurt Angle, James Storm, Matt Morgan, Terry Gerin and Jessica Kresa. On August 2, 2012, he appeared on the CBS reality show Big Brother 14 where his son, Frank, was a contestant.

Eudy was a playable character in the NES version of WWF WrestleMania: Steel Cage Challenge, the Game Boy game WWF Superstars 2 and the SNES version of WWF Super Wrestlemania. For WCW he appeared in WCW Backstage Assault. Unrelated to any wrestling promotion he was a playable character in both Legends of Wrestling II and Showdown: Legends of Wrestling as well.

Eudy appears as Sycho Sid in WWE 2K17, as downloadable content. Sid is also part of the roster in WWE 2K18 and WWE 2K19.

Championships and accomplishments

 * American Wrestling Federation
 * AWF Super Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Continental Wrestling Association
 * CWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Northeast
 * NWA Northeast Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Comeback of the Year (1996)
 * Ranked No. 16 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991
 * Ranked No. 122 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * Southeastern Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) (1 time)
 * NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shane Douglas
 * United States Wrestling Association
 * USWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * World Championship Wrestling
 * WCW World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (1 times)
 * World Wrestling Federation
 * WWF Championship (2 times)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Most Overrated (1993)
 * Readers' Least Favorite Wrestler (1993)
 * Worst on Interviews (1999)
 * Worst Worked Match of the Year (1990) vs. The Nightstalker

title: Sid Eudy


text:
Richard Masur

Richard Masur (born November 20, 1948) is an American character actor who has appeared in more than 80 films. From 1995 to 1999, he served two terms as president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG). He is best known for playing David Kane on One Day at a Time (1975–1976), Nick Lobo on Rhoda (1974–1977), Clark in The Thing (1982), Adult Stanley Uris in the miniseries It (1990), and Edward L. L. Moore on Younger (2016–2018).

Life and career
Masur was born in New York City to Jewish parents: a high school counselor mother, Claire Masur, and a pharmacist father, Jesse Masur. He has a sister, Judith Masur. He attended P.S. 28, Walt Whitman Junior High School, and Roosevelt High School, Yonkers, New York. He is married to Eileen Henry.

Masur studied at the Yale School of Drama toward an MFA in acting and appeared on stage before acting in movies and television shows during the 1970s. He appeared on an episode of The Waltons as well as in an episode of All in the Family in late 1974 and had recurring roles in Rhoda from 1974 to 1978; One Day at a Time from 1975 to 1976; Hot l Baltimore in 1975; and the pilot to an NBC sitcom, Bumpers, in 1977. In 1981, Masur played the role of a child molestor armed with a camera in the television film Fallen Angel. His next project was the 1982 horror/sci-fi movie The Thing as the dog handler Clark.

Masur played the father to Corey Haim's character in 1988's License to Drive and was part of the ensemble cast of the 1990 TV miniseries adaptation of Stephen King's It.

Masur played the role of a character modeled after Jewish American spy Jonathan Pollard in the film Les Patriotes (The Patriots) (1994), by French director Éric Rochant.

In January 2006, Masur began appearing as a recurring character on the soap opera All My Children. He has also appeared in guest spots on many TV shows, including M*A*S*H, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Hawaii Five-O, Happy Days, Picket Fences, Matlock, Murphy Brown, Law & Order, Kevin (Probably) Saves the World, All In The Family, and Transparent.

In December 2009, Masur played the role of Martin Stone in the off-Broadway play Dust.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard Masur


text:
Believing in Better

Believing in Better is the second studio album by Lennie Gallant, released in 1991 (see 1991 in music). The album helped earn Gallant Male Artist of the Year from the East Coast Music Awards and also garnered two Juno nominations.

Track listing

 * 1) "Believing in Better" (Gallant)
 * 2) "Man of Steel" (Gallant)
 * 3) "Martyn's Brook" (Gallant)
 * 4) "Is It Love I Feel (or courage I lack)" (Gallant/Corrigan)
 * 5) "The Hope for Next Year" (Gallant)
 * 6) "How Many Bridges" (Gallant)
 * 7) "The Cry for Love" (Gallant)
 * 8) "Crumbling Foundations" (Gallant)
 * 9) "The Stairs" (Gallant)
 * 10) "Someone Like You" (Gallant)
 * 11) "The Other Side" (Gallant/Corrigan)

Credits

 * Lennie Gallant	- guitar, vocals
 * Brian Bourne - bass, Chapman stick, vocals
 * Chris Corrigan - electric guitar
 * Janet Munson - violin, accordion, backing vocals
 * Tom Roach - drums, percussion, knee slaps
 * Christine Glen - backing vocals
 * Hart Rouge - backing vocals
 * Matt Zimbel - additional percussion
 * Bill Kinal - accordion, bass

title: Believing in Better


text: Talk:Believing in Better

title: Talk:Believing in Better


text:
User:Nunh-huh/monobook.css

/* use browser prefs for text size and font */ /* body, #globalWrapper { font: inherit !important; } */

{font-family:Verdana, font-size:140%} .diffchange {color: red;} body { background: white; } table.persondata {display:table;}

title: User:Nunh-huh/monobook.css


text:
Arrochar, Staten Island

Arrochar is a neighborhood in northeastern Staten Island in New York City in the United States. It is located directly inland of Fort Wadsworth and South Beach, on the east side of Hylan Boulevard south of the Staten Island Expressway; the community of Grasmere borders it on the west. It is today primarily a neighborhood of one- and two-family homes and small businesses.

History
Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the late 17th century Staten Island, the area was the site of a Lenape encampment. The name "Arrochar" comes from the estate of William Wallace MacFarland in the 1840s, who named it for his hometown of Arrochar in Scotland, the seat of the ancient chiefs of the Clan MacFarlane.

At the beginning of the 20th century the neighborhood became a fashionable gateway to the resort communities of South Beach and Midland Beach. The house of the MacFarland estate is now part of the grounds of St. Joseph Hill Academy, a Catholic girls school. Across Landis Avenue from St. Joseph Hill Academy sits St. John Villa Academy, a now-defunct all-girls Catholic high school. Throughout the 20th century it became a residential neighborhood for various ethnic groups, Italian-Americans being chief among them. Arrochar today is still inhabited by many Italians and has a growing Chinese-American community as well.

Education
Arrochar is served by the elementary school P.S.39 and St. Joseph Hill Academy (which is both elementary and high school).

Transportation
Arrochar once had its own train station, on the South Beach Branch of the Staten Island Railway. The station was located at Major Avenue. This station was abandoned when the SIRT discontinued passenger service on the South Beach Branch to Wentworth Avenue at midnight on March 31, 1953, because of city-operated bus competition. The tracks of the South Beach line have been removed and homes now stand on its former right-of-way.

Due to its proximity to the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, Arrochar is served by the express buses to and from Manhattan; the  buses to and from Brooklyn; and the  intra-borough buses.

title: Arrochar, Staten Island


text: Template:Municipalities in East Flanders


text:
Wikipedia:Goings-on/May 30, 2004

{| cellspacing=3 width="100%"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Goings-on in the week starting Sunday May 30 2004

 * The Template namespace initialisation script moves all non-interface messages from the MediaWiki namespace to the Template namespace. It also changes every instance of to  in the database.
 * Half-million pool opens. Go there and vote on when you think the English wikipedia will hit 500,000 articles.
 * Jimbo has declared today (June 1) to be Brion Vibber Day.
 * A vote on artificial languages equal rights is started on Meta: Meta:Artificial languages equal rights
 * The English Wikipedia was the final Wikipedia to be upgraded to MediaWiki 1.3, on 29 May. Please report bugs to MediaWiki 1.3 comments and bug reports.
 * Wikipedia now supports the use of categories. Categorization will be the center for coordinating efforts to categorize wikipedia. See m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Using Categories and Categorization requirements for more information on categorization.
 * After one week, we have almost 3000 categories.
 * Voting has begun in the Elections for the Wikimedia Board of Trustees
 * Jrdioko, Mirv and Niteowlneils become administrators. Congratulations!
 * Sysops obtain the ability to edit the site's monobook stylesheet at MediaWiki:Monobook.css!
 * There is discussion (including several polls) on suggested modifications to the monobook stylesheet at MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css.

 * - valign="top"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles featured on the Main Page
 * Chinatown (May 30)
 * Helium (May 31)
 * Simon & Garfunkel (June 1)
 * Carl Sagan (June 2)
 * Speech synthesis (June 3)
 * Belgium (June 4)
 * Dmitri Shostakovich (June 5)

 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles that gained "featured" status
 * Zeppelin (June 3)
 * Transit of Venus (June 5)
 * Emacs (June 5)

Pictures that gained "featured" status
 * Bumblebee (June 1)
 * Paris from Notre-Dame (June 6)
 * }

title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/May 30, 2004


text:
User:Khym Chanur/cologneblue.css

/* always underline links */ a { text-decoration: underline !important; }

/* use browser prefs for text size and font */ body, #globalWrapper { font: inherit !important; }

title: User:Khym Chanur/cologneblue.css


text:
Markovian

Markovian is an adjective that may describe:
 * In probability theory and statistics, subjects named for Andrey Markov:
 * A Markov chain or Markov process, a stochastic model describing a sequence of possible events
 * The Markov property, the memoryless property of a stochastic process
 * The Markovians, an extinct god-like species in Jack L. Chalker's Well World series of novels

 * Markovian Parallax Denigrate, references a mysterious series of Usenet messages

title: Markovian


text:
User:Chorrocks

Chris Horrocks lives and works in Philadelphia, PA, USA. He's a webmaster and computer "expert" by trade but would much rather live the life of a professional writer of fiction. He's fond of saying that "my head is a whorehouse full of useless information" and that now the Wikipedia project has given him an opportunity to make out-calls. You can leave messages for Chris at his User Talk Wiki.

Texts that I have started or made significant contributions to:
 * Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
 * Sophie Aldred
 * Apple III
 * Ray Bolger
 * Bonanza
 * The Call of Cthulhu
 * Canterbury Tales
 * Cincinnatus
 * Claudius
 * Clownfish
 * Contact (novel)
 * Cthulhu
 * Dantooine
 * Darth Malak
 * Doctor Who Quotes at Wikiquote
 * Golden Age of Arcade Games
 * Lorne Greene
 * Hand of Omega
 * Hungry Hungry Hippos
 * Infinite Empire
 * Jeremiah Horrocks
 * June 9
 * H.P. Lovecraft
 * The Long Now Project
 * Lord Dunsany
 * Lunar day
 * Lunokhod 1
 * Massachussetts Bay Colony
 * Mayflower Compact
 * Middle-earth
 * Necronomicon
 * Norton I
 * Notable Eccentrics
 * The Pnakotic Manuscripts
 * Pomacanthidae (In error; see Pomacentridae)
 * Rakata (Star Wars)
 * Marcus Atilius Regulus
 * Rice
 * Skaro
 * Star Forge
 * TRON (movie)
 * John Tower
 * Toynbee tiles
 * J.R.R. Tolkien
 * SS United States
 * Zip the Pinhead (William Henry Johnson)

title: User:Chorrocks


text: Category:Futurama

title: Category:Futurama


text:
User:Nommonomanac/monobook.css

pre { background: black } a {color: #CCCCFF; } a:visited { color: #CC99CC; } a:active { color: Orange; } a.external { color: #99CCCC; } a.external:visited { color: #CC9999; } a.new { color: #CC3399; } a.new:visited { color: #CC3399; } body { background: black; color: white; } .autocomment { color: #CCCCCC; } td {background: #333333; } .toctoggle, .editsection { font-size: smaller; background: #666666 } border: 1px solid #8888aa; background-color: #666666; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%; } .toccolours { border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#666666; padding:5px; font-size: 95%; } table.diff { background:black; } td.diff-otitle { background:#336600; } td.diff-ntitle { background:#336600; } td.diff-addedline { background:#336666; font-size: smaller; } td.diff-deletedline { background:#990000; font-size: smaller; } td.diff-context { background:#660066; font-size: smaller; }
 * 1) content { background: #333333; color: white; }
 * 1) p-logo a { background: url(file://localhost/C:/My Documents/net/x.gif) 35% 50% no-repeat !important; }
 * 1) infobox { background:#eeeeff;color:black;;}
 * 1) toc {

div.thumb div { border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #666666; padding: 2px; font-size: 94%; }

div.thumb img { border:1px solid #8888AA; margin-bottom:3px; background:#666666; } table {background: #333333; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { color: white; } legend { background: black; } @media All { head:first-child+body input { visibility: visible; border: 1px solid #2f6fab; color: white; background-color: black; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0.2em; } .pBody { background: #666666; }

/* Transform the user toolbar into a sidebox */ position:relative; z-index:3; width: 11.6em; }
 * 1) p-personal {

width: 10.8em; border: none; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0em; float: none; overflow: hidden; font-size: 95%; background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 0.8em 0.3em .5em; }
 * 1) p-personal .pBody {

line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("/style/monobook/bullet.gif");
 * 1) p-personal ul {

font-size:95%; margin: 0.3em 0 0 1.5em; padding:0; text-align:left; text-transform: none; }

display: list-item; padding:0; margin: 0 0 0 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em; }
 * 1) p-personal li {

/* supress the person icon by your username */ /* needed if not already in place */ li#pt-userpage { background: none }

/* bottom tab styling (not for IE currently) */ margin: -0.3em 0 0 11.5em; white-space:nowrap; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: visible; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0 0 0 1em; list-style: none; font-size: 95%; }   display: inline; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top: none; padding: 0.1em 0 0 0; margin: 0 0.3em 0 0; overflow: visible; background: black; }   border-color: #fabd23; padding: 0.2em 0 0 0; }   background-color: White; color: #005189; border: none; padding: 0.3em 0.8em 0 0.8em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: lowercase; position: relative; margin: 0; }   z-index: 3; text-decoration: none; }   padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; } /* offsets to distinguish the tab groups */ li#mytabs-ca-talk { margin-right: 1.6em; } li#mytabs-ca-watch { margin-left: 1.6em; }
 * 1) mytabs {
 * 1) mytabs .hiddenStructure { display: none; }
 * 2) mytabs li {
 * 1) mytabs li.selected {
 * 1) mytabs li a {
 * 1) mytabs li.selected a { z-index: 3; }
 * 2) mytabs .new a { color:#ba0000; }
 * 3) mytabs li a:hover {
 * 1) mytabs h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) mytabs li.istalk { margin-right: 0; }
 * 3) mytabs li.istalk a { padding-right: 0.5em; }
 * 4) mytabs-ca-addsection a {

/* comment out if bottom tabs should be rounded as well in moz */ /* #mytabs li, #mytabs li a { -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }*/

background-color: black;
 * 1) footer {

title: User:Nommonomanac/monobook.css


text:
User:Rogper~enwiki/monobook.css

/* ** Diff rendering */ table.diff { background:white; } td.diff-otitle { background:#ffffff; } td.diff-ntitle { background:#ffffff; } td.diff-addedline { background:#ccffcc; } td.diff-deletedline { background:#ffffaa; } td.diff-context { background:#eeeeee; }

title: User:Rogper~enwiki/monobook.css


text:
User:Tristanb/monobook.css

/* make a few corners round, only supported by moz/firefox/other gecko browsers for now */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; } -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

/* same following the css3 draft specs, any browsers supporting this? */ border-radius-topleft: 1em; border-radius-topright: 1em; } border-radius-topleft: 1em; border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { border-radius-topright: 1em; border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

title: User:Tristanb/monobook.css


text:
German Football Association

The German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund ; DFB ) is the governing body of football, futsal, and beach soccer in Germany. A founding member of both FIFA and UEFA, the DFB has jurisdiction for the German football league system and is in charge of the men's and women's national teams. The DFB headquarters are in Frankfurt am Main. Sole members of the DFB are the German Football League (Deutsche Fußball Liga; DFL), organising the professional Bundesliga and the 2. Bundesliga, along with five regional and 21 state associations, organising the semi-professional and amateur levels. The 21 state associations of the DFB have a combined number of more than 25,000 clubs with more than 6.8 million members, making the DFB the single largest sports federation in the world.

1875 to 1900
From 1875 to the mid-1880s, the first kind of football played in Germany was according to rugby rules. Later, association-style football teams formed separate clubs, and since 1890, they began to organise on regional and national levels.

1900 to 1933
The DFB (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) was founded on 28 January 1900 in Leipzig by representatives of 86 clubs. The vote held to establish the association was 62:22 in favour (84 votes). Some delegates present represented more than one club, but may have voted only once. Other delegates present did not carry their club's authority to cast a ballot. Ferdinand Hueppe, the representative of DFC Prague, was named its first president. The DFB consolidated the large number of state-based German regional competitions in play for a single recognized national title for the season 1902/03. Germans were not present in Paris when FIFA was founded by seven nations in May 1904, but by the time the FIFA statutes came into effect on 1 September, Germany had also joined by telegram as the eighth nation. The German national team played its first game in 1908.

Before 1914, the German Empire was much larger than today's Germany, comprising Alsace-Lorraine and the eastern provinces. The borders of the regional associations were drawn according to suitable railway connections. Also, teams based in Bohemia, then part of Austria-Hungary, were eligible, as they were German Football clubs and thus considered German. Thus, a German team from Prague was runner-up in the German championship. On the other hand, clubs of the Danish minority in Northern Schleswig refused to join the DFB. This area after World War I voted to join Denmark. Due to border changes imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, the DFB had to adapt its structure. The Saarland, Danzig, and the Memelland were detached from Germany and East Prussia was cut off from the main part by the Polish Corridor.

1933 to 1945
The role of DFB and its representatives like Felix Linnemann under Nazi Germany was documented in 100 Jahre DFB and by Nils Havemann in Fußball unterm Hakenkreuz. According to Gleichschaltung policy, the DFB, with its large membership from all political sides, and strong regional structures compared to weak national ones, submitted to new rulers and new Gau structures. On a short general meeting on 9 July 1933 in Berlin, the DFB did so, at least formally.

Later, the Hitler salute was made compulsory; Marxists and Jews were expelled. The records of German Jews were erased from the DFD's records, such as those of Gottfried Fuchs who had scored a world record ten goals for Germany in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, becoming the top scorer of the tournament and setting an international record. When, in 1972, German former player and national team coach Sepp Herberger asked the German Football Association vice president Hermann Neuberger to invite Fuchs as a guest or a guest of honour to an international against Russia on the 60th anniversary of Fuchs' performance for the German team, the DFB Executive Committee declined to do so, writing that it was not willing to invite Fuchs because it would have created an unfortunate precedent (as was pointed out, given that Fuchs was the last remaining former Jewish German international, the DFB's concern about creating a precedent was a difficult one to understand). As of 2016, Fuchs was still the top German scorer for one match.

A new organization, Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (German Reich League for Physical Exercise), was established and Linnemann was appointed leader of its Fachamt Fußball (Football section), which took over the operational affairs, whereas the DFB lost most of its duties until it was formally dissolved in 1940.

On the pitch, Germany had done well in 1934, but after a 0–2 loss to Norway in the quarter finals of the 1936 Summer Olympics, with Adolf Hitler attending, the DFB and football fell from grace. Reichsjugendführer Baldur von Schirach and the Hitler Youth took over youth football (under 16) from the clubs following a deal with Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten, who had been in charge of all sports in Germany since 1933, making DFB officials even more powerless. Germany had made a bid to host the 1938 World Cup, but it was withdrawn without comment.

Following the Anschluss in March 1938 that made Austria part of Germany, the Austrian Football Association became part of the German federation. New coach Sepp Herberger was told on short notice to use also Austrian players in his team, which was eliminated in the first round of the World Cup, weakening the situation of football within the Nazi politics to near meaninglessness. Four Germans (Hans Jakob, Albin Kitzinger, Ludwig Goldbrunner, and Ernst Lehner) represented West Europe in a FIFA friendly on 20 June 1937 in Amsterdam, and another two (Kitzinger again and Anderl Kupfer) represented a FIFA continental team on 26 October 1938 in London, England. During the war, Germany played international games until 1942.

1945 to 1963
In the aftermath of World War II, German organisations were disbanded by the allies. FIFA decided in November 1945 to ban the no longer existing DFB (and Japan's football association) from international competition, while the Austrian association was re-founded. Internationally, Germans were still represented, with Zürich-based Ivo Schricker serving as General Secretary of FIFA from 1932 to December 1950. In 1948, Switzerland requested FIFA to lift the ban on games against Germans, but this was denied. Swiss clubs played German clubs anyway, but had to cease doing so due to international protests. This was only changed in 1949 when The Football Association requested FIFA to lift the ban on club games. FIFA did so on 7 May 1949, two weeks before the Federal Republic of Germany was founded, thus games required permission by the military governments of the time. Due to partition into several occupation zones, and states, the DFB was legally re-founded in Stuttgart on 21 January 1950 only by the West German regional associations, without the Saarland Football Association in the French occupied Saarland, which on 12 June 1950 would be recognized by FIFA as the first of three German FAs after the war. At the FIFA congress held on 22 June prior to the 1950 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, the Swiss Football Association requested that the DFB be reinstated with full FIFA membership, which was granted on 22 September 1950 in Brussels. Thus, Germany was excluded from the 1950 FIFA World Cup and could resume international games only in late 1950.

In the early years of the division of Germany, West Germany claimed exclusive mandate of all of Germany. Unlike the IOC, which granted only provisional recognition to the East Germans in 1955, demanding they participate in an All-German Olympic team (United Team of Germany), FIFA fully recognized the East German Football Association in 1952. Winning the 1954 World Cup was a major success for the DFB, and the popularity of the sport in Germany.

The teams of the DFB and the Saarland were squared off in the qualifiers for the 1954 World Cup before the Saarland and its FA was permitted to rejoin Germany and the DFB in 1956.

1963 to present
Due to that success, and due to regional associations fearing to lose influence, the old amateur structure, in which five regional leagues represented the top level, remained in effect longer than in many other countries, even though a Reichsliga had been proposed decades ago. Also, professionalism was rejected, and players who played abroad were considered "mercenaries" and not capped. The conservative attitude changed only after disappointing results in the 1962 FIFA World Cup when officials like the 75-year-old Peco Bauwens retired. According to the proposals of Hermann Neuberger, the DFB finally introduced a single nationwide professional league, the Bundesliga, for the 1963–64 season.

The DFB has hosted the World Cup in 1974 and 2006. Germany also hosted the 1988 European Championship. Upon reunification in 1990, the East German Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR (DFV) was absorbed into the DFB.

The national team won the World Cup for a second time in 1974, a third time in 1990, and a fourth in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Also, they were crowned European champions three times, in 1972, in 1980 and in 1996. On top, the Mannschaft were runners-up in the 1966, 1982, 1986 and 2002 World Cups and in 1976, 1992 and 2008 European Championships.

The DFB has also overseen the rise of Germany as a world power in women's football. The national team has won World Cups in 2003 and 2007—the latter without conceding a goal in the final tournament, making them the only World Cup champions for men or women to do so. Furthermore, the women's national team's victory in 2003 made Germany the only nation to have won both the Men's and Women's World Cups, until Spain achieved the same milestone in 2023. They have also won eight UEFA Women's Championships, including the last six in succession.

In 1990, mere months before reunification became official, the DFB founded the women's Bundesliga (Frauen-Bundesliga), directly modelled after the men's Bundesliga. Initially, it was played in north and south divisions but became a single league in 1997. Bundesliga teams have enjoyed more success in the UEFA Women's Champions League than those from any other nation; four different clubs have won a total of seven titles, with the most recent being 2015 champions 1. FFC Frankfurt.

Since 2005, in memory of former German-Jewish Olympian international footballer Julius Hirsch who was killed in Auschwitz concentration camp during the Holocaust, the German Football Federation awards the "Julius-Hirsch-Preis" for outstanding examples of integration and tolerance within German football.

In 2018, Germany was chosen to host UEFA Euro 2024.

Critics
The main criticisms of the DFB are the lack of transparency and the commercialization of football, which has been strongly promoted by DFB officials.

Christian Prechtl, from the fan organization  FC PlayFair!, mentioned that the growing unpopularity of the men's national team is "just a perfect example of what can happen when you have the fans out of sight".

Members
Direct members of the DFB are only its five regional associations and its 21 state associations, along with the German Football League, whereas the clubs participating in the German football league system are members of the state associations covering their district. Today, more than 25,000 clubs are organised in those state associations, fielding nearly 170,000 teams with over two million active players and totalling over six million members, the largest membership of any single sports federation in the world. The Association governs 870,000 female members and 8,600 female teams.

Regional and state associations
The DFB is organised into five regional associations, which themselves are sub-divided into 21 state associations. These associations typically have their boundaries run along the borders of the German states, with the exception of some states (North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, and Baden-Württemberg) having up to three state associations covering different areas of such state.

Southern Germany
The Southern German Football Association (Süddeutscher Fußball-Verband; SFV) covers the states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse. The SFV, formed on 17 October 1897 under the name of Verband Süddeutscher Fußball-Vereine, originally administered the Southern German football championship, until it was dissolved by the Nazis in 1933. Reformed in the American occupation zone after the Second World War, it operated the Oberliga Süd, the regional division of the former top level German Oberliga until the introduction of the Bundesliga in 1963. Since the 2012–13 season, the SFV, except its member Bavarian FA, along with the Football Association of the Southwest is in charge of the Regionalliga Südwest, a step 4 division in the German football league system. The SFV itself is formed by the following state associations:
 * Baden Football Association (Badischer Fußball-Verband; BFV)
 * Bavarian Football Association (Bayerischer Fußball-Verband; BFV)
 * Hessian Football Association (Hessischer Fußball-Verband; HFV)
 * South Baden Football Association (Südbadischer Fußball-Verband; SBFV)
 * Württemberg Football Association (Württembergischer Fußball-Verband; WFV)

Southwestern Germany
The Southwestern Regional Football Association (Fußball-Regional-Verband Südwest; FRVS) covers the states Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland and was formed after the Second World War in the French occupation zone in Germany. Its highest league until the introduction of the Bundesliga in 1963 was the Oberliga Südwest, the regional division of the former top level German Oberliga. Since the 2012–13 season, the FRVS, along with the Southern German football association is in charge of Regionalliga Südwest, a step 4 division in the German football league system. Additionally, the FRVS administers the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar, a step 5 division. The FRVS itself is formed by the following state associations:
 * Rhineland Football Association (Fußball-Verband Rheinland; FVR)
 * Saarland Football Association (Saarländischer Fußball-Verband; SFV)
 * Southwest German Football Association (Südwestdeutscher Fußball-Verband; SWFV)

Western Germany
The Western German Football Association (Westdeutscher Fußballverband; WDFV) covers the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The association was known as WFLV from 2002 to 2016 and used to administer the Western German football championship until 1933. From 1947 to 1963, its highest league was the Oberliga West, the regional division of the former top level German Oberliga. Since the 2008–09 season, the WDFV is in charge of the Regionalliga West, a step 4 division in the German football league system. The WDFV itself is formed by the following state associations:
 * Middle Rhine Football Association (Fußballverband Mittelrhein; FVM)
 * Lower Rhine Football Association (Fußballverband Niederrhein; FVN)
 * Westphalia Football and Athletics Association (Fußball- und Leichtathletikverband Westfalen; FLVW)

Northern Germany
The Northern German Football Association (Norddeutscher Fußball-Verband; NFV) covers the states of Bremen, Hamburg, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. The association used to administer the Northern German football championship until 1933. From 1947 to 1963, its highest league was the Oberliga Nord, the regional division of the former top level German Oberliga. Since the 1994–95 season, the NFV is in charge of the Regionalliga Nord, a step 4 division in the German football league system. The NFV itself is formed by the following state associations:
 * Bremen Football Association (Bremer Fußball-Verband; BFV)
 * Hamburg Football Association (Hamburger Fußball-Verband; HFV)
 * Lower Saxony Football Association (Niedersächsischer Fußball-Verband; NFV)
 * Schleswig-Holstein Football Association (Schleswig-Holsteinischer Fußball-Verband; SHFV)

Northeastern Germany
The Northeastern German Football Association (Nordostdeutscher Fußball-Verband; NOFV) covers the states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The association is the youngest of the five regional associations, having been formed after German reunification in 1990 as a successor of the disbanded German Football Association of the GDR. Since the 2012–13 season and previously from 1994 to 2000, the NOFV administers the Regionalliga Nordost, a step 4 division in the German football league system, and the step 5 Oberliga Nordost. The NOFV itself is formed by the following state associations:
 * Brandenburg Football Association (Fußball-Landesverband Brandenburg; FLB)
 * Berlin Football Association (Berliner Fußball-Verband; BFV)
 * Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Football Association (Landesfußball-Verband Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; LFVM)
 * Saxony Football Association (Sächsischer Fußball-Verband; SFV)
 * Saxony-Anhalt Football Association (Fußball-Verband Sachsen-Anhalt; FSA)
 * Thuringian Football Association (Thüringer Fußball-Verband; TFV)

Presidents

 * Ferdinand Hueppe (1900–1904)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Nohe (1904–1905)
 * Gottfried Hinze (1905–1925)
 * Felix Linnemann (1925–1940)
 * Peco Bauwens (1950–1962)
 * Hermann Gösmann (1962–1975)
 * Hermann Neuberger (1975–1992, died in office)
 * Egidius Braun (1992–2001)
 * Gerhard Mayer-Vorfelder (2001–2004)
 * Gerhard Mayer-Vorfelder and Theo Zwanziger (2004–2006)
 * Theo Zwanziger (2006–2012)
 * Wolfgang Niersbach (2012–2015)
 * Acting: Rainer Koch and Reinhard Rauball (2015–2016)
 * Reinhard Grindel (2016–2019)
 * Acting: Rainer Koch and Reinhard Rauball (2019)
 * Fritz Keller (2019–2021)
 * Acting: Rainer Koch and Peter Peters (2021–2022)
 * Bernd Neuendorf (2022–present)

Administration
DFB Administration is located in Frankfurt (Main). It is headed by Secretary General Friedrich Curtius and managing directors Heike Ullrich (Deputy Secretary General), Oliver Bierhoff and Markus Holzherr.

Major competitions
FIFA World Cup
 * Champions (4): 1954, 1974, 1990, 2014
 * Runners-up (4): 1966, 1982, 1986, 2002
 * Third place (4): 1934, 1970, 2006, 2010
 * Fourth place (1): 1958

UEFA European Championship
 * Champions (3): 1972, 1980, 1996
 * Runners-up (3): 1976, 1992, 2008
 * Third place (3): 1988, 2012, 2016

Summer Olympic Games
 * Gold Medal (1): 1976
 * Silver Medal (2): 1980, 2016
 * Bronze Medal (3): 1964, 1972, 1988
 * Fourth place (1): 1952

FIFA Confederations Cup
 * Champions (1): 2017
 * Third place (1): 2005

Major competitions
FIFA Women's World Cup
 * Champions (2): 2003, 2007
 * Runners-up (1): 1995
 * Fourth place (2): 1991, 2015

UEFA Women's Championship
 * Champions (8): 1989, 1991, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013
 * Runners-up (1): 2022
 * Fourth place (1): 1993

Summer Olympic Games
 * Gold Medal (1): 2016
 * Bronze Medal (3): 2000, 2004, 2008

DFB Mascot
The official mascot is an eagle with black feathers and a yellow beak called "Paule" (since 26 March 2006).

title: German Football Association


text:
Arrochar

Arrochar can refer to:

 * Arrochar, Argyll and Bute, Scotland
 * Arrochar and Tarbet railway station
 * Arrochar Alps, Argyll and Bute, a group of small mountains
 * Arrochar, Staten Island, New York
 * Arrochar (Staten Island Railway station)

title: Arrochar


text:
List of WWE Champions

The WWE Championship is a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship in WWE, currently defended on the SmackDown brand. It was the first world title established in WWE, at the time known as the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), having been introduced in 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship. The WWWF, a National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) territory, did not recognize Lou Thesz's victory over reigning NWA champion Buddy Rogers and sought to create its own world title upon exiting the body. The WWWF rejoined the NWA in 1971; however, one of the caveats of rejoining is that the championship would no longer be recognised as a "world championship", and only as a regional heavyweight championship. The promotion was renamed World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1979 and ended its affiliation with the (NWA) in 1983, with the title also renamed to reflect the changes; it regained its world championship status upon leaving the NWA. In 2001, it was unified with the World Championship and became the Undisputed WWF Championship. In 2002, the WWF was renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and split its roster into two brands, Raw and SmackDown. The title, now renamed the WWE Championship, was then designated to the SmackDown brand while WWE established an alternate world title known as the World Heavyweight Championship for the Raw brand. A third alternate world title, the ECW World Heavyweight Championship, was reactivated for the ECW brand in 2006. It was vacated and decommissioned when the ECW brand disbanded in 2010.

When WWE Champion Randy Orton defeated World Heavyweight Champion John Cena at the TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs pay-per-view event on December 15, 2013, in a Tables, ladders, and chairs match, the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship, resulting in the retiring of the former, as well as the renaming of the latter to the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. On June 27, 2016, the name was shortened back to the WWE Championship, before assuming the WWE World Championship name on July 26, when the brand extension returned. It became designated to the SmackDown brand and WWE again established an alternate world title known as the WWE Universal Championship for the Raw brand. In December 2016, WWE again shortened the title's name back to WWE Championship. Since April 2022, the title has represented one-half of the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship, with the other half represented by the Universal Championship, but both titles have retained their individual lineages. Under the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship moniker, the title was moved to SmackDown in the 2023 draft and Raw established a new World Heavyweight Championship as an alternative title.

The championship is generally contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition. Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name while others use their real name. Cody Rhodes is the current champion in his first reign. He won the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship (WWE and Universal Championships) by defeating Roman Reigns in a Bloodline Rules match at WrestleMania XL Night 2 on April 7, 2024, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

As of July 29, 2024, there have been 147 recognized reigns between 55 recognized champions and 11 recognized vacancies (there are 4 reigns, 2 people, and 2 vacancies that are not recognized by the WWE). The first champion was Buddy Rogers, who was awarded the championship in 1963. The champion with the single longest reign is Bruno Sammartino with a reign of 2,803 days while the record for longest combined reign is also held by Sammartino at 4,040. John Cena has the most reigns with 13. Nine men in history have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year (365 days) or more: Bruno Sammartino (who achieved the feat on two occasions), Pedro Morales, Bob Backlund, Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, John Cena, CM Punk, AJ Styles, and Roman Reigns. Of those nine, four held the championship for a continuous reign of 1,000 days or more: Bruno Sammartino (who achieved the feat on two occasions), Pedro Morales, Bob Backlund and Hulk Hogan.

Reigns
As of July 29, 2024.

Combined reigns
As of July 29, 2024.

title: List of WWE Champions


text:
User:Nommonomanac/monobook.js

function morelinks { var tabs = document.getElementById('p-cactions').cloneNode(true); tabs.id = 'mytabs'; var listitems = tabs.getElementsByTagName('LI'); for (i=0;i<listitems.length;i++) { if(listitems[i].id) listitems[i].id = 'mytabs-' + listitems[i].id; } document.getElementById('column-content').appendChild(tabs); } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load",morelinks,false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload",morelinks);

title: User:Nommonomanac/monobook.js


text:
Provinces of the Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is divided into thirty-one provincias (provinces; singular provincia), while the national capital, Santo Domingo, is contained within its own Distrito Nacional ("National District"; "D.N." on the map below).

The division of the country into provinces is laid down in the constitution (Title I, Section II, Article 5) and enacted by law. The latter is currently Law 5220 on the Territorial Division of the Dominican Republic (Ley No. 5220 sobre División Territorial de la República Dominicana), issued 1959 and frequently amended to create new provinces and lower-level administrative units.

The provinces as administrative divisions
The provinces are the first-level administrative subdivisions of the country. The headquarters of the central government's regional offices are normally found in the capital cities of provinces. The president appoints an administrative governor (Gobernador Civil) for each province but not for the Distrito Nacional (Title IX of the constitution).

The provinces are divided into municipalities (municipios), which are the second–level political and administrative subdivisions of the country.

The Distrito Nacional was created in 1936. Prior to this, the Distrito Nacional was the old Santo Domingo Province, in existence since the country's independence in 1844. It is not to be confused with the new Santo Domingo Province, which split off from it in 2001. While it is similar to a province in many ways, the Distrito Nacional differs in its lack of an administrative governor and consisting only of one municipality, Santo Domingo, the city council (ayuntamiento) and mayor (síndico) which are in charge of its administration.

The provinces as constituencies
The provinces are also constituencies for the elections to the bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la República). Each province elects one member of the Senate (Senado) and a guaranteed minimum of two members of the Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados).

Statistics
The following is a table of the provinces and their capital cities. The population figures are from the 2021 population estimate.

title: Provinces of the Dominican Republic


text:
Arrochar, Argyll

Arrochar (An t-Àrchar or An Tairbeart an Iar) is a village located near the head of Loch Long, on the Cowal Peninsula, in Argyll and Bute, Scottish Highlands. The Arrochar Alps are named after the village. The village is within the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.

Historically in Dunbartonshire, it is overlooked by a group of mountains called the Arrochar Alps, and in particular by the distinctive rocky summit of the Cobbler. It enjoys good communications as it is at the junction of the A83 and A814 roads and is served by Arrochar and Tarbet railway station. In addition the A82 road runs through Tarbet 2 mi east.

For over five centuries this area, the feudal barony of Arrochar, was held by the chiefs of Clan MacFarlane and before them by their ancestors the barons of Arrochar. The family is Celtic in the male line and native to their Highland homeland of tall peaks and deep lochs just above the waist of Scotland. The settlement was a key target for Viking raiders who took their boats 2 mi overland to Tarbet to attack the unprotected inland settlements at Loch Lomond before their defeat in 1263 at the battle of Largs.

The western end of Arrochar marks the traditional boundary of Argyll and Dunbartonshire, and this remained the case under local government reorganisation in 1975. However, in 1996 the boundaries of Argyll and Bute and West Dunbartonshire were substantially redrawn, bringing the whole area into Argyll and Bute.

Arrochar Torpedo Testing Facility

The photograph shows the former torpedo testing facility at the head of Loch Long. It was decommissioned in 1980 and is currently part demolished. Demolition has been stalled since a fire on the site in June 2007.

Torpedoes were fired up Loch Long from tubes at the front of the facility. A boat stood by to recover the (unarmed) torpedoes where they were returned for analysis. The now roofless shed to the left and the main part of the building have tracks where torpedoes were stored and worked on. Hoists on the first floor lowered the torpedoes into the tubes.

The control room at the top looking straight down the loch housed a camera. Behind the control room, above the loading shed, is office accommodation. The rest of the facility included housing and workshops but these have been sold off.

title: Arrochar, Argyll


text:
The Big Picture

The Big Picture may refer to:

Music

 * The Big Picture (Michael W. Smith album), a 1986 album
 * The Big Picture (Michael Shrieve album), a 1988 collaborative album by Michael Shrieve and David Beal
 * The Big Picture (Elton John album), a 1997 album
 * The Big Picture (Big L album), a 2000 album
 * The Big Picture (Rob Brown album), a 2004 album by jazz saxophonist Rob Brown
 * The Big Picture (Bap Kennedy album), a 2005 album
 * The Big Picture (The Salads album), a 2006 album
 * The Big Picture (Da' T.R.U.T.H. album), a 2009 album
 * The Big Picture (Fred Frith and ARTE Quartett album), a 2009 album
 * "The Big Picture" (song), a 1988 single by Y Kant Tori Read
 * "Big Picture" (London Grammar song), a 2017 song
 * "The Big Picture", a song by Devo from the 1990 album, Smooth Noodle Maps
 * "The Big Picture", a song from the 1992 self-titled album, King's X
 * "The Big Picture", a song by Bright Eyes from the 2002 album, Lifted or The Story Is in the Soil, Keep Your Ear to the Ground
 * "Big Picture", a song by Loverboy from the 1997 album Six

Film and television

 * The Big Picture (1989 film), a 1989 American comedy film
 * The Big Picture (2000 film), a short film directed by Michael and Peter Spierig
 * The Big Picture (2010 film) (L'Homme qui voulait vivre sa vie), a 2010 French feature film
 * The Big Picture (American TV series), a 1951–1964 documentary series
 * The Big Picture (Indian TV series), an Indian game show
 * The Big Picture with Avi Lewis, a Canadian television program hosted by Avi Lewis
 * The Big Picture with Kal Penn, 2015 American documentary TV series
 * "The Big Picture" (Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends), a 2006 episode of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends
 * "The Big Picture", a recurring segment during the 1980s on Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update by A. Whitney Brown
 * Big Picture (web series), a 2018 South Korean web television series

Other uses

 * Big Picture (magazine), a magazine by the Wellcome Trust
 * The Big Picture (painting), a 1903 painting by Tom Roberts, formally known as The Opening of the First Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia by H.R.H. The Duke of Cornwall and York (later H.M. King George V), May 9, 1901
 * The Big Picture, a 1997 novel by Douglas Kennedy
 * The Big Picture Art Exhibition, UAE
 * The Big Picture (Carroll book), a 2016 book by Sean M. Carroll
 * The Big Picture: Who Killed Hollywood? and Other Essays, a 2000 book by William Goldman
 * The Big Picture, a blog by finance writer Barry Ritholtz

title: The Big Picture


text:
Bartenieff Fundamentals

Bartenieff Fundamentals are a set of principles for "corrective body movement" developed by Irmgard Bartenieff, who studied with Rudolf Laban and colleagues in Germany (1925). After coming to the United States in the 1940s and becoming a physical therapist, Bartenieff developed the method in the form of a set of exercises, based on concepts and principles of kinesiological functioning, that can be extended into all types of movement possibilities. Bartenieff in developing this work fused her studies in both Laban movement analysis with Physiotherapeutic principles and the influence of both is a strong component of the Fundamentals.

The Fundamentals are usually taught in the context of, and alongside, other aspects of Laban Movement Analysis and are considered by many to be an expansion of the Body category of this work.

Principles

 * Dynamic Alignment
 * Breath Support
 * Core Support
 * Rotary Factor
 * Initiation and Sequencing
 * Spatial Intent
 * Centre of Weight/Weight Transference
 * Effort Intent
 * Developmental Patterning and its Support for Level Change

Basic Six
There can be many varieties and expansions of Bartenieff Fundamentals, but a group of movement sequences have become known as the Basic Six. Descriptions can be found in various sources but they were originally written down in the Bartenieff's book, Body Movement: Coping with the Environment. In the Basic Six everything is done starting in semi-supine or supine. Additionally to the Basic Six Bartenieff describes variations and elaborations of these exercises which utilise more varied spatial and dynamic qualities and stronger muscular force. All descriptions below only describe one side but usually both sides will be explored.

Peggy Hackney remarks that when she studied with Bartenieff these exercises were not done in isolation but were starting points for more complex creative movement explorations and would be taken off the floor and into space. These exercises were originally devised whilst Bartenieff practiced physiotherapy in a polio ward but they have been adapted and used with a variety of populations and variations are commonly used in Contemporary dance training.

While the Basic Six and their common supplementary/preparatory exercises represent the most codified aspect of the Fundamentals, many variations and additional exercises are taught but not necessarily described in writing but nevertheless form an integral part of the oral transmission of this material.

Flexion - Extension; Abduction - Adduction; Internal Rotation - External Rotation
Consists of the above movements in the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. The purpose is partly to sensitise the practitioner to the various planes of motion the body is capable as well as engaging movement in the shoulder joint.

Breath Flow Support
Consists of bringing awareness to the way the breath shapes the body's "internal kinesphere" during inhaling and exhaling. This is described generally as growing and shrinking, bulging and hollowing in the sagittal dimension, widening and narrowing in the horizontal dimension and lengthening and shortening in the vertical dimension.

Additionally, voice may be added. Bartienieff describes these sounds as relating to different parts of the spine and trunk and mentions yogic and tantric influences.

Ooo (as in "you) - Reverberates in the pelvis/lower abdomen

Oh - Reverberates around the navel and lower spine

Aah (as in "yoga") - Reverberates in the upper abdomen and lower ribs

Eeh (as in "say") - Reverberates in the middle chest and thoracic spine

Eee (as in "meeting") - Reverberates in the base of the skull"'Movement rides on the flow of breath' Be aware of 'subtle inner shape changes in the cavities (mouth, chest, abdomen) and fine gradations that occur in different configurations of limbs...and subtleties in phrasing'"

Heel Rock / Rocking Preparation / "Rock and Roll"
From a supine position - consists of a rhythmic rocking action of the whole body from the heels. Occurs in the sagittal plane. Although the movement is initiated in the ankles, it will usually progress through the entire body including the head.

Pre-lift
From supine. Consists of sliding each foot, one at a time towards the pelvis, whilst maintaining awareness of a connection between the ischial tuberosities (sits-bones) and the heels. Reverse the movement. The spine should not move and will usually need to be actively "grounded" in order to maintain its position.

Lift
From semi-supine. Consists of lifting the femur up towards the chest, leading from the knee. Maintain the angle of the knee (i.e. the knee should not increase in flexion or extension) during this motion). Reverse and return the foot to the floor. Like the pre-lift the spine will usually need to be actively "grounded".

Pelvic Forward Shift (Sagittal Pelvic Shift)
From semi supine. The pelvis is lifted and brought towards the feet in the sagittal plane. Reverse the movement

Pelvic Lateral Shift
From semi-supine. Lift the pelvis minimally from the floor and shift it laterally. The pelvis should not tilt in the horizontal, vertical or sagittal plane but should simply glide to the left or the right. Reverse back to centre.

This is known to be one of the most complex of the Basic Six. Although the movement of the pelvis appears so simple it requires complex involvement and interaction of the hip-rotators and other muscles. Various movement teachers including Bartenieff, Martha Eddy and Robert Ellis Dunn have commented that unidimensional movement is actually much harder to produce that three dimensional or planar movement.

Body Half
From supine. Lie in a big "X" position with the legs and arms abducted. Bring the knee and elbow together on one side of the body. Reverse by reaching the fingers and toes diagonally aware from the centre. The body stays as close to "flat" in the vertical plane as possible. Bartenieff stressed that it is better to do this minimally but flat than to close the knee and elbow too much and to come out of the plane.

Knee drop (Diagonal Knee Reach)
From semi supine. Leading with one knee, let the leg externally rotate and drop to one side. The opposite leg will follow this movement.

Although the final shape is very superficially similar to "lumbar twists" in yoga, in the Knee Drop the pelvis will not roll as much and the movement should be fairly passive - gravity does most of the work. And Bartenieff stresses (1980, p. 243) there should be no tension in the abdomen.

Variation: Alternating Knee Drop and Arms
In this variation the arm on the opposite side of the body is brought into an active diagonal relationship with the leg initiating the Knee Drop.

Arm Circles
From the final position of the Knee Drop. Keeping the hand on the floor the hand traces a circle over the head to the opposite side and continues in the same circle back to its original position. Reverse the movement. The upper body should roll with the hand and the eyes and head follow the movement where possible. The initial movement is initiated in the hand but the reversal is usually initiated in the scapular.

Variation - Diagonal Sit Up
The circle is made wider and this shifts the body weight into an asymmetrical kneeling position and the arms circle around the body. Reverse the movement.

Supplementary Exercises
Additionally to the Basic Six, Bartenieff describes (1980, p. 250-259) an additional set of exercises, which are not as frequently taught or considered part of the core canon of the Fundamental.

They are titled: the See Saw - a partnering exercise, preparatory exercise for creeping to standing, the Lower Unit Sequence - walking through hands from quadruped position, condensing from sitting to lying, creeping to standing for locomotion and creeping to stable standing, and sitting to standing to walking - propulsion sequence.

Finally, a number of exercises are frequently taught, but not described in Body Movement (1980) including "X-rolls" (diagonal rolls) and "Xs and Os" (although this is arguably a variation on Preparatory Exercise for Creeping to Standing).

Patterns of Total Body Connectivity
Also known as Developmental Body Organisations, Developmental Movement Patterns and Basic Neurocellular Patterns.

The sequence of these patterns is based on the writings and teaching of Peggy Hackney, a student of Irmgard Bartenieff and Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen. They synthesise principles from the Bartenieff Fundamentals with the Basic Neurocellular Patterns (formally known as the Basic Neurological Patterns) identified by Bainbridge Cohen. The symbols associated with these patterns were developed by Hackney in consultation with Martha Eddy.

Bainbridge Cohen developed these patterns based on her experience as an occupational therapist and her training in Neurodevelopmental Therapy at the Bobath Centre in London and with influence from the writings of Temple Fay. When Bainbridge Cohen developed these patterns there were originally only four described - spinal, homologous, homolateral and contralateral movement - which were compared to the movements of fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals respectively. Soon navel radiation and breathing were added, followed by mouthing. These six patterns were later subdivided into the vertebrate and Prevertebrate patterns, with the original four being the vertebrates and the newer additions being prevertebrate. Currently Bainbridge Cohen identifies 19 Basic Neurocellular Patterns which include transitional patterns, variations and modifications of the basic patterns.

The prevertebrate patterns are known as: The vertebrate patterns are:
 * Vibration
 * Cellular Breathing
 * Sponging
 * Pulsation
 * Navel Radiation
 * Mouthing
 * Pre-Spinal
 * Spinal Yield and Push (skull to tail)
 * Spinal Yield and Push (tail to skull)
 * Homologous Yield and Push (hands to feet)
 * Homologous Yield and Push (feet to hands)
 * Homolateral Yield and Push (one hand to one foot)
 * Homolateral Yield and Push (one foot to one hand)
 * Spinal Reach and Pull (skull to tail)
 * Spinal Reach and Pull (tail to skull)
 * Homologous Reach and Pull (hands to feet)
 * Homologous Reach and Pull (feet to hands)
 * Contralateral Reach and Pull (one hand to opposite foot)
 * Contralateral Reach and Pull (one foot to opposite hand)

Hackney's adaptation of this material emphasises an earlier, simpler version of the Basic Neurocellular patterns and relates each pattern to the Basic Six as well as other principles within the scope of the Bartenieff Fundamentals and interpretations of their psychophysical qualities.

These patterns, both in Bainbridge Cohen's and Hackney's interpretation, describe a developmental progression which parallels ontogenetic development (i.e. embryo to adult) as well as phylogenetic development (i.e. single celled organism to human).

Breath
quite simple it is Based on the physiological process of respiration and acknowledges both internal (cellular) respiration and external (lung) respiration. In addition to the basic physiological process of breathing, the growing and shrinking of the body through the breath has a significant impact on the musculature of the body and provides a background rhythm to all other activity."The body grows and shrinks as a single undifferentiated mass, as an amoeba, the simplest form of life, the most basic sense of being. The most fundamental movement, lungs and also oxygen in blood flow and saturation of cells (cellular breathing), moves through a rhythm of expanding and condensing. When breath is integrated throughout the body, then all parts of the body will move at least slightly in coordination with the in / out breath rhythm.""In simple words the use of breathing pattern is to recuperate and get in touch with one’s own 'internal state', with one’s body self, 'proprioceptive self', 'where you are in the moment', to find your entire body connected through your internal core."

Core-Distal (Navel Radiation)
Based on the connectivity between the centre of the body, identified as the navel, and the distal ends of the body, identified of the hands, feet, head and tail. This pattern resembles that of starfish and other sea creatures with similar patterns of locomotion."The breath gradually expands outwards connecting the inner core to limbs all 6 limbs (2 hands, 2 feet, head, tail) which reach outward away from center, and back inward toward center, like a starfish or octopus, squid, the core of the body is activated and connected through the midlimbs to the distal ends of limbs."

Head-Tail (Spinal)
Based on the basic connectivity of the central axis. Includes the vertebral column but also includes the mobility and motility of other axial structures such as the digestive tract and the spinal cord. In the Basic Neurocellular this actually manifests as 2 prevertebral patterns - mouthing and soft-spinal - and four vertebral patterns (see above). Spinal movement has a strong relationship with the horizontal plane and oral/anal rooting."'In Spinal movements, for example, we develop rolling, establish the horizontal plane, differentiate the front and back of our bodies, and gain the ability to attend.'""To turn and twist into 'new options', 'can help unblock or unstick fixed notions', to find many other possibilities by following one’s own curiosity outwards into the world in flexible, twisting, plastique directions."

Upper-Lower (Homologous)
Based on differentiation of the upper and lower body. In Hackney's description this is not necessarily a symmetrical relationship, whilst the parallel in the Basic Neurocellular Patterns - Homologous Movement - this is symmetrical. In Upper-Lower patterning the limbs are involved and mostly the upper body functions in mobility and articulation, whilst the lower body functions in stability and locomotion. Has a strong relationship with the saggital plane and reflexes such as the symmetrical tonic lumbar, symmetrical tonic neck, Babkin and Moro reflexes. "In homologous movements we develop symmetrical movements such as push-ups and jumping with both feet, establish the saggital plane, differentiate the upper part of our bodies from the lower part of our bodies, and gain the ability to act.""The upper and lower body each function as integrated units, with the upper body (rib-cage, shoulder-girdle, arms and hands) works in contrast to the lower body (pelvic girdle, legs and feet), e.g. where the lower body supports and upper body moves as a unit, such as traveling movements of a frog or rabbit.""Can be expressive of basic instincts for self survival, status, personal power, being grounded in the search supporting a reach into the environment. To 'push through to the goal', linear-directional goals."

Body-half (Homolateral)
Based on the differentiation of the left and right sides of the bodies. One side of the body stabilised while the other mobilises. Movement usually switches from one side to the other but doesn't cross the midline. In the Basic Neurocellular Patterns this relates to homolateral movement and has a strong affinity with the vertical plane."'In homolateral movements we develop assymetrical movements such as crawling on our bellies and hopping on one leg, establish the vertical plane, differentiate the right side of our bodies from the left, and gain the ability to intend.""The right and left sides of the body each open / close in contrast to each other, or an entire side steps as a unit in counterbalance with the entire other side, like a reptile or some mammals; often a slower traveling speed (e.g. humans stroll with both hands in pockets) since it is not a reaching pattern (body-half is pushing only, in locomotion with body-half the limbs traveling forward do so just from the impulse of the push, rather than a full reaching out into space).""Oppositions, dichotomies, dualisms, polarities, 'On the one hand, On the other hand' yes/no, do it/don’t, good/bad, correct/incorrect, simple-clear opposites (NOT complex relationships)."

Diagonal (Contralateral)
Based on the connectivity of an upper limb to an opposite lower limb, or a lower limb to its opposite upper limb. This tends to stimulate movement in spirals and is evident in complex human movement and is the basis of walking."'In contralateral movements we develop diagonal movements such as creeping on our hands and forelegs, walking, running and leaping; establish three-dimensional movement; differentiate the diagonal quadrants of our bodies; and gain the ability to integrate our attention, intention and action.'""The body connects diagonally (top-left to bottom-right etc.) as in the oppositional locomotion of higher mammals emerging when the limb moving forward reaches actively into space, thus connecting back into the pushing leg; contralateral connectivity then can turn into rhythmic flex/extend patterns connecting across opposite limbs. Twisting, curving and spiral patterns often occur when the limbs are leading in diagonals across the body.""Expresses the most complex level of evolution, can express integration of dualistic issues in complex ways, interconnected, spiraling, connect across right and left, integrating the analytic verbal side with the spatial symbolic; feeling & form; simultaneous relationships in several complex directions 'tying and untying forms in three-dimensional space', 'winding in one body area will initiate an unwinding in another to complete the phrase, thus opening space in a new way', conceptualize how phenomena are networked and multifaceted."

title: Bartenieff Fundamentals