text:
Madawaska—Restigouche

Madawaska—Restigouche is a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997. Its population in 2021 was 60,184.

Political geography
The district includes all of the County of Madawaska (except Saint-André) and all of the County of Restigouche except the extreme eastern part.

The neighbouring ridings are Miramichi, Tobique—Mactaquac, Rimouski-Neigette—Témiscouata—Les Basques, Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia, and Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine.

In 2008, Liberal support was focused in the eastern and central parts of the riding, particularly in Edmundston, Campbellton, and Dalhousie. Support for the Conservatives was centered in the western part of the riding, in a strip of land bordering both Maine and Quebec. There was also a pocket of Tory support outside Saint-Leonard. The NDP won six polls in the riding, all in the Dalhousie area, a community they won.

The electoral district was created in 1996 from Madawaska—Victoria and from Restigouche—Chaleur ridings. This riding gained a small amount of territory from Miramichi as a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
This riding gained some territory from Miramichi for the 42nd Canadian federal election.

title: Madawaska—Restigouche


text:
Talk:Cho Oyu

Ski history
The page needs Cho Oyu's ski history. 198.123.48.217 (talk) 18:12, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Be Bold and add it. Racerx11 (talk) 19:27, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

“Timeline” mostly copied from source URL
Content was copied from. Compare:

“Controversial third ascent by a German expedition. No proof of reaching the summit. Two mountaineers die in Camp 4 of exhaustion at 7600 m (25,000 foot) height.” (Original)

and

“1964 Controversial third ascent by a German expedition as there is no proof of reaching the summit. Two mountaineers die of exhaustion in camp 4 at 7,600m (24,935 ft).[4]” (Wikipedia)

That's not much difference. Is this really how it should be? Ghoffart (talk) 19:57, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:52, 5 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Cho Oyu China Nepal Animation Video.gif

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:52, 5 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Cho Oyu China Nepal Animation Video.gif

Cho oyu
Objectives of cho oyu 2400:1A00:B010:A6FB:4459:3C06:CC70:7D44 (talk) 08:27, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Cho Oyu not marked on ISS picture
For the life of me, I can not see 'Cho Oyo' marked or tagged in the picture from the ISS under 'View'. Is the picture cut off on the right side due to the length of the Info Box? Am I blind? Seki1949 (talk) 01:49, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Cho Oyu is marked, but yeah, it's on the far right of the picture. My money would be on the image being cut off in your view; you're not blind :) NekoKatsun (nyaa) 14:15, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cho Oyu


text:
Astronomical Society of the Pacific

The Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP) is an American scientific and educational organization, founded in San Francisco on February 7, 1889, immediately following the solar eclipse of January 1, 1889. Its name derives from its origins on the Pacific Coast, but today it has members all over the country and the world. It has the legal status of a nonprofit organization.

It is the largest general astronomy education society in the world, with members from over 40 countries.

Education and outreach programs
The ASP's mission is to promote public interest in and awareness of astronomy (and increase scientific literacy) through its publications, web site, and many educational and outreach programs.

 * The NASA Night Sky Network – a community of more than 450 astronomy clubs across the U.S. that share their time and telescopes to engage the public with unique astronomy experiences. The ASP provides training and materials to enhance clubs outreach activities, and inspires more than four million people through their participation in 30,000+ plus events.
 * Eclipse Ambassadors Off the Path is a NASA partner program to prepare 500 communities off the path of the 2024 Total Eclipse with the awe and science of solar eclipses. Partnering eclipse enthusiasts and undergraduate students create new partnerships with underserved audiences in their community.
 * Reaching for the Stars: NASA Science for Girl Scouts – The ASP is partnered on a NASA project to create new astronomy badges for Girl Scouts, connect them with their local astronomy clubs, and train amateur astronomers to make their outreach more girl-friendly. The ASP also connects adult Girl Scout volunteers to NASA's Night Sky Network (NSN).
 * My Sky Tonight – a set of research-based, science-rich astronomy activities that engage pre-kindergarten aged children, and trained hundreds of educators at museums, parks, and libraries across the U.S. on how to effectively engage their youngest visitors (ages 3–5) in astronomy.
 * The AAS Astronomy Ambassadors Program – provides mentoring and training experiences for young astronomers just starting their careers. The American Astronomical Society, in partnership with the ASP, members of the Center for Astronomy Education (CAE), and other organizations active in science education and public outreach, has created the program, which involves a series of professional-development workshops and a community of practice designed to help improve participants communication skills and effectiveness in doing outreach to students and the public.
 * On-the-Spot Assessment – a research-to-practice initiative led by the ASP (in collaboration with Oregon State University, the Portal to the Public Network via the Institute for Learning Innovation, and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory) to develop a set of embedded assessment strategies and professional development to support research scientists in effectively communicating science to the public.
 * The Galileoscope Project – Developed in 2009 for the International Year of Astronomy, the Galileoscope has become the centerpiece for teaching about telescopes in many programs. As a key component of the Galileo Teacher Training Program, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific engaged hundreds of educators in professional development related to telescopes and the Galileoscope.
 * Project PLANET – Leveraging resources developed as a part of the My Sky Tonight project to explore their usefulness in a formal, classroom setting.
 * Project ASTRO – a national program that improves the teaching of astronomy and physical science (using hands-on inquiry-based activities) by pairing amateur and professional astronomers with 4th through 9th grade teachers and classes.
 * Family ASTRO – a project that develops kits and games to help families enjoy astronomy in their leisure time and trains astronomers, educators, and community leaders.
 * Astronomy from the Ground Up (AFGU) – Providing informal science educators and interpreters with new and innovative ways to communicate astronomy. AFGU is a growing community of hundreds of educators from museums, science centers, nature centers, and parks around the U.S., who are actively enhancing and expanding their capacity to address astronomy topics for their visitors.
 * Classroom activities, videos, and resources in astronomy (many developed by the Society's educational staff) are sold through their online AstroShop or made available free through the website.

The ASP assists with astronomy education and outreach by partnering with other organizations both in the United States and internationally, and organizes an annual meeting to promote the appreciation and understanding of astronomy.

Publications
The society promotes astronomy education through several publications. The Universe in the Classroom, a free electronic educational newsletter for teachers and other educators around the world who help students of all ages learn more about the wonders of the universe through astronomy.

Mercury, the ASP's quarterly on-line membership magazine, covers a wide range of astronomy topics, from history and archaeoastronomy to cutting-edge developments. First published in 1925 as the Leaflets of the ASP, Mercury is now disseminated to thousands of ASP members and schools, universities, libraries, observatories, and institutions around the world. Mercury Online, a publicly accessible companion blog for Mercury, was established in 2019 "to showcase articles by our expert columnists after they've been published in Mercury magazine."

The ASP also publishes the journal Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (PASP) aimed at professional astronomers. The PASP is a technical journal of refereed papers on astronomical research covering all wavelengths and distance scales as well as papers on the latest innovations in astronomical instrumentation and software, and has been publishing journals since 1889.

The Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series (ASPCS) is a series of over 400 volumes of professional astronomy conference proceedings. Started in 1988, the Conference Series has grown to become a prominent publication series in the world of professional astronomy publications, and has published over 500 volumes. Volumes are sold to the attendees of the conferences of which the proceedings are published, as well as being offered through the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's AstroShop, and can be found in the libraries of major universities and research institutions worldwide. In 2004, the ASPCS stepped into electronic publishing, offering electronic access subscriptions for libraries and institutions, as well as individual access to volumes which they have purchased in hard copy form.

AstroBeat is an on-line ASP-membership column, which comes out every other week, and features a behind-the-scenes report on some aspect of astronomical discovery, astronomy education, or astronomy as a hobby, written by a key participant. Authors have included:
 * Clyde Tombaugh, retelling the story of his discovery of the (dwarf) planet Pluto
 * Michael E. Brown, discussing the naming of the dwarf planet Makemake
 * Noted astronomical photographer David Malin describing the transition from chemical to digital photography
 * Virginia Louise Trimble explaining how she selected her list of the top ten astronomical discoveries of the last thousand years.

Awards
The ASP makes several different awards annually:
 * The Bruce Medal for lifetime contribution to astronomy research. The medal is named after Catherine Wolfe Bruce.
 * The Klumpke-Roberts Award for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy, named for Dorothea Klumpke-Roberts.
 * The Gordon Myers Amateur Achievement Awards (formerly the Amateur Achievement Award), in recognition of significant contributions to astronomy by one not employed in the field of astronomy in a professional capacity.
 * The Bart Bok Award, named in honor of astronomer Bart Bok, awarded jointly with the American Astronomical Society to outstanding student projects in astronomy at the International Science and Engineering Fair.
 * The Thomas Brennan Award for exceptional achievement related to the teaching of astronomy at the high school level.
 * The Maria and Eric Muhlmann Award for recent significant observational results made possible by innovative advances in astronomical instrumentation, software, or observational infrastructure.
 * The Robert J. Trumpler Award, named in honor of astronomer Robert J. Trumpler, given to a recent recipient of a Ph.D degree with a particularly notable thesis.
 * The Richard Emmons Award is given for a lifetime of contributions to the teaching of astronomy to college non-science majors.
 * The Las Cumbres Amateur Outreach Award, established by Wayne Rosing and Dorothy Largay, seeks to honor outstanding educational outreach by an amateur astronomer to K-12 children and the interested lay public.
 * The Arthur B.C. Walker II Award, first announced in 2016, for research and teaching with a substantial commitment to students from underrepresented groups.

Defunct awards

 * The Donohoe Comet Medal (1890–1950). In July 1889 the ASP announced that a bronze medal for "the actual discovery of any unexpected comet" would be awarded on the basis of a $500 gift by Joseph A. Donohoe of San Francisco. The first award was made in March 1890 to W. R. Brooks for the discovery of the comet now known as 16P/Brooks. After the 250th medal had been awarded in 1950 the award was discontinued because photography had enabled the discovery of too many comets.
 * The Comet Medal (1969–1974). In 1968 the ASP Board voted to create a new Comet Medal to be awarded once yearly to recognize "an outstanding nonprofessional astronomer" for "past contributions to the study of comets." The first award was made in 1969 to Reginald L. Waterfield. After 1974, the Comet Medal was discontinued.

Affiliations
The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is an affiliate of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Recent presidents
Presidents of the ASP have included such notable astronomers as Edwin Hubble, George O. Abell, and Frank Drake. George Pardee, who later became Governor of the State of California, served as president in 1899.

 * 2019– Kelsey Johnson (University of Virginia, National Radio Astronomy Observatory)
 * 2017–2019 Chris Ford (Pixar Animation Studios, ret.)
 * 2015–2017 Connie Walker (National Optical Astronomy Observatory)
 * 2013–2015 Gordon Myers (IBM, ret.)
 * 2011–2013 William A. Gutsch (St Peters College, Jersey City)
 * 2009–2011 Bruce Partridge (Haverford College)
 * 2007–2009 James B. Kaler (U. of Illinois)
 * 2005–2007 Dennis Schatz (Pacific Science Center, Seattle)
 * 2003–2005 Catharine Garmany (U. of Colorado; National Optical Astronomy Observatories)
 * 2001–2003 Alexei Filippenko (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1999–2001 Frank N. Bash (U. of Texas)

Past presidents

 * 1997–1999 John R. Percy (U. of Toronto)
 * 1995–1997 Bruce Carney (U. of North Carolina)
 * 1993–1995 Russell Merle Genet (Fairborn Observatory)
 * 1991–1993 Julie Lutz (Washington State U.)
 * 1989–1991 Frank Drake (U. of California, Santa Cruz)
 * 1987–1989 James Hesser (Dominion Astrophysical Observatory)
 * 1985–1987 Sidney Wolff (U. of Hawaii, NOAO)
 * 1983–1985 David Morrison (U. of Hawaii & NASA Ames)
 * 1981–1983 Halton Arp (Hale Observatories)
 * 1979–1981 Leonard Kuhi (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1977–1979 Ann Boesgaard (U. of Hawaii)
 * 1975–1977 Geoffrey Burbidge (U. of California, San Diego)
 * 1973–1975 Ray Weymann (U. of Arizona)
 * 1971–1973 Harold Weaver (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1969–1971 George O. Abell (U. of California, Los Angeles)
 * 1967–1969 Helmut Abt (Kitt Peak National Observatory)
 * 1965–1967 Louis G. Henyey (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1962–1965 Robert Petrie (Dominion Astrophysical Observatory)
 * 1960–1962 Seth Barnes Nicholson (Mt. Wilson-Palomar Observatories; 2nd term)
 * 1958–1959 Nicholas Mayall (Lick Observatory; 2nd term)
 * 1956–1957 Andrew McKellar (Dominion Astrophysical Observatory)
 * 1954–1955 Olin Chaddock Wilson (Mt. Wilson & Palomar Observatories)
 * 1952–1953 Gerald Kron (Lick Observatory)
 * 1951 Otto Struve (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1950 Dinsmore Alter (Griffith Observatory)
 * 1949 Robert Julius Trumpler (U. of California, Berkeley; 2nd term)
 * 1948 Ira Sprague Bowen (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1947 C. Donald Shane (Lick Observatory; 2nd term)
 * 1946 Ralph Elmer Wilson (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1945 Ferdinand Neubauer (Lick Observatory)
 * 1944 Roscoe Frank Sanford (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1943 Armin Otto Leuschner (University of California, Berkeley; 3rd term)
 * 1942 Nicholas Mayall (Lick Observatory)
 * 1941 Arthur Scott King (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1940 C. Donald Shane (University of California, Berkeley)
 * 1939 Alfred Harrison Joy (Mt. Wilson Observatory; 2nd term)
 * 1938 Hamilton Jeffers (Lick Observatory)
 * 1937 Harold D. Babcock (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1936 Armin Otto Leuschner (U. of California, Berkeley; 2nd term)
 * 1935 Seth Barnes Nicholson (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1934 Sturla Einarsson (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1933 Edwin Hubble (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1932 Robert Julius Trumpler (Lick Observatory)
 * 1931 Alfred Harrison Joy (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1930 William Meyer (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1929 Frederick Hanley Seares (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1928 Joseph Haines Moore (Lick Observatory; 2nd term)
 * 1927 Paul W. Merrill (Mt. Wilson Observatory)
 * 1926 Bernard Benfield (2nd term)
 * 1925 Bernard Benfield (San Francisco engineer)
 * 1924 Arthur Black (San Francisco banker)
 * 1923 Walter Sydney Adams (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1922 Exum Lewis (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1921 Charles Cushing (San Francisco attorney, 2nd term)
 * 1920 Joseph Haines Moore (Lick Observatory)
 * 1919 Beverly L. Hodghead (San Francisco, attorney)
 * 1918 William Wallace Campbell (Lick Observatory, 3rd term)
 * 1917 Frank Cornish (San Francisco)
 * 1916 Sidney Dean Townley (Stanford U., 2nd term)
 * 1915 Robert Grant Aitken (Lick Observatory; 2nd term)
 * 1914 Russell Crawford (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1913 Alexander George McAdie (U.S. Weather Bureau)
 * 1912 Heber Curtis (Lick Observatory)
 * 1912 John Galloway (Berkeley)
 * 1911 Fremont Morse (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey)
 * 1910 William Wallace Campbell (Lick Observatory, 2nd term)
 * 1909 Charles Burckhalter (Chabot Observatory, 2nd term)
 * 1908 Charles Cushing (San Francisco attorney)
 * 1907 Armin Otto Leuschner (U. of California, Berkeley)
 * 1906 Sidney Dean Townley (Latitude Observatory, Ukiah)
 * 1905 George Edwards (University of California, Berkeley)
 * 1904 Otto von Geldern (San Francisco)
 * 1903 Charles Dillon Perrine (Lick Observatory)
 * 1902 John Dolbeer (San Francisco lumber businessman)
 * 1901 James Edward Keeler (Lick Observatory)
 * 1900 George Pardee (eye doctor and Governor of California)
 * 1899 Robert Grant Aitken (Lick Observatory)
 * 1898 William Alvord (San Francisco merchant/banker; Bank of California president; 14th mayor of San Francisco)
 * 1897 William Hussey (Lick Observatory) and William Alvord (San Francisco bank president)
 * 1896 Charles Burckhalter (Chabot Observatory; Co-founder)
 * 1895 William Wallace Campbell (Lick Observatory)
 * 1894 Eusebius Molera (San Francisco civil engineer)
 * 1893 John Martin Schaeberle (Lick Observatory)
 * 1892 William Montgomery Pierson (San Francisco attorney; drew up Society's articles of incorporation)
 * 1889–1891 Edward Singleton Holden (Lick Observatory; Founder)

Research resources

 * Astronomical Society of the Pacific records, 1909–1969, The Bancroft Library

title: Astronomical Society of the Pacific


text:
Hérouville-Saint-Clair

Hérouville-Saint-Clair is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

It is a suburb of the city of Caen, and lies adjacent to it in a northeasterly direction, along the west side of the Canal de Caen à la Mer. Its inhabitants are called Hérouvillais.

Just across the canal from Hérouville is a Renault Trucks manufacturing plant, which is situated between the canal and the Orne River. Just east of the river is the town of Colombelles.

Hérouville was the commune name until 1957.

Population
Hérouville-Saint-Clair experienced a very fast development which made it the most populous suburb of Caen. A simple village at the beginning of 1960, the commune passed from fewer than 2,000 inhabitants to almost 25,000 in less than fifteen years. This figure has varied little since 1975.

title: Hérouville-Saint-Clair


text:
Talk:Leon Czolgosz

"a moderate working man's socialist club, the Knights of the Golden Eagle"
This does not seem like an accurate description of the Knights of the Golden Eagle, based on their linked Wikipedia article (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Eagle). Nothing on their article suggests a connection with socialism, although it does mention that members were required to be "of the Christian faith" (which seems like an unusual requirement for a socialist club).

TLDR: KGE seem like just another of the quasi-masonic groups that were everywhere during the Golden Age of Fraternalism, not a "working man's socialist club." Mosi Nuru (talk) 01:04, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

Family origin
The "Belarussian-Jewish" story referenced in the article is completely made up. American and Polish genealogists have pinpointed the wedding of Paul Czolgosz and Mary Nowak to the church in Strzelce near Inowroclaw, Poland. Their marriage record is registered under #1 in 1867 in the marriage register of the Strzelce parish. Czolgosz is a rare Polish name only existing in this corner of Poland. The Czolgoszes settled in Alpena, Michigan among many other Catholic Polish families coming from Prussian Poland in the same period. PoznanProject (talk) 14:10, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

Burial location???
The article has two contradictory sentences. I cannot read the sources due to subscription required. Hoping someone has more info or resources that can Clear this up.

1. (Trial and Execution) The body was buried on prison grounds following the autopsy. [40]

2. (Legacy) Czolgosz is buried at Soule Cemetery in Cayuga County, New York. [47] Bome sall 1 (talk) 12:22, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leon Czolgosz


text:
2004 Malaysian Grand Prix

The 2004 Malaysian Grand Prix (officially the 2004 Petronas Malaysian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 21 March 2004 at the Sepang International Circuit. It was Race 2 of 18 in the 2004 FIA Formula One World Championship. The race was won by Michael Schumacher for Ferrari. This was also the first podium for future World Champion Jenson Button, who finished in 3rd place.

Friday drivers
The bottom 6 teams in the 2003 Constructors' Championship were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.

Race report
With all drivers starting on dry tyres, the action started sooner than expected as on the parade lap Kimi Räikkönen spun but was able to retake his grid position. Mark Webber, starting from P2, made a woeful start and slid down the field to be 9th by the 1st lap. Fernando Alonso on the other hand, made a brilliant start from 19th (2nd last) and was up behind Webber in 10th after lap 1. Michael Schumacher led from the start while drivers behind jostled for position. By the second lap, rain started to fall and cars were starting to lose traction on the dry tyres. Jarno Trulli overtook Button but the Brit promptly took the place back again. Alonso barreled past Webber for eighth and closed in on the McLaren of David Coulthard. From the back to a points position within four laps was an outstanding performance from Alonso but it was the best he got all race. By this time Michael Schumacher had already built up quite an advantage, but this was quickly eroded by the hard-charging Juan Pablo Montoya. It was to prove to be just a brief shower as soon the precipitation passed and Schumacher was back on his way.

Webber managed to get past Ralf but the Williams retaliated and got ahead again, puncturing the Jaguar's rear right tyre on his way. Takuma Sato spun into the gravel but recovered the BAR smartly and Webber had to pit for a tyre change. To add insult to injury he got a drive-through penalty for speeding in the pit lane and finally compounded his misery by spinning out of the race a few laps later.

A string of cars in the midfield were jostling for position, starting with Nick Heidfeld's Jordan in 11th, then Cristiano da Matta's Toyota, the second Jaguar of Christian Klien, Sauber's Giancarlo Fisichella and da Matta's teammate Olivier Panis. In the first round of pit stops Heidfeld's fuel rig failed and he had to go out and back in again. He eventually pulled into the pits to retire with a gearbox problem.

Trulli got ahead of Coulthard in the first stops and running order at the front, where not much was happening, was Michael, Montoya, Räikkönen. Montoya was falling away from the Ferrari in the second stint of the race but not letting him get too far ahead. Alonso took Coulthard for sixth but then the pair pitted for the second time and the McLaren got out ahead.

Alonso swapped to a two-stop strategy but it gave him no advantage and he seemed resigned to staying behind Coulthard, while Trulli, who had been on quite an early charge, also seemed to lose momentum. Ralf's engine unexpectedly gave up midway through the race, the first failure for BMW for 17 races. Felipe Massa, who was having a pretty good race, got held up by a Minardi and did a bit of agitated hand waving as he went by. The gap between Michael and Montoya was holding at around four seconds and Button moved up to third, jumping Räikkönen in the second pit stops. Both of the Finn's stops seemed quite long and eventually he pulled off to the side of the track with a transmission failure. Disappointing for Räikkönen and McLaren as Kimi was showing good pace until then.

Panis ducked into the pits only to find no crew ready for him and had to go straight back out. Then next lap he was back in again to serve a drive-through for speeding on his previous effort. Not a good day for Panis, or Toyota in general. Da Matta finished ninth after a fairly anonymous race.

In the final laps the BAR crew froze as one of the cars pulled off with an engine failure but it was Sato rather than third placed Button. Bad luck for Sato but the relief that it wasn't his teammate was palpable. Barrichello was gaining ground on Button but with only a few laps to go, he was not in a position to challenge.

Michael took the win with Montoya five seconds behind. BAR and Button were by far the happiest of the lot and the Englishman got the biggest cheer from the crowd as he lifted his first trophy on the third step of the podium.

Qualifying

 * Notes
 * – Giorgio Pantano, Fernando Alonso and Takuma Sato received a 10-place grid penalty for engine changes.

Race

 * Notes
 * – Pantano started the race from the pitlane.

Championship standings after the race

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

title: 2004 Malaysian Grand Prix


text:
Library (biology)

In molecular biology, a library is a collection of genetic material fragments that are stored and propagated in a population of microbes through the process of molecular cloning. There are different types of DNA libraries, including cDNA libraries (formed from reverse-transcribed RNA), genomic libraries (formed from genomic DNA) and randomized mutant libraries (formed by de novo gene synthesis where alternative nucleotides or codons are incorporated). DNA library technology is a mainstay of current molecular biology, genetic engineering, and protein engineering, and the applications of these libraries depend on the source of the original DNA fragments. There are differences in the cloning vectors and techniques used in library preparation, but in general each DNA fragment is uniquely inserted into a cloning vector and the pool of recombinant DNA molecules is then transferred into a population of bacteria (a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome or BAC library) or yeast such that each organism contains on average one construct (vector + insert). As the population of organisms is grown in culture, the DNA molecules contained within them are copied and propagated (thus, "cloned").

Terminology
The term "library" can refer to a population of organisms, each of which carries a DNA molecule inserted into a cloning vector, or alternatively to the collection of all of the cloned vector molecules.

cDNA libraries
A cDNA library represents a sample of the mRNA purified from a particular source (either a collection of cells, a particular tissue, or an entire organism), which has been converted back to a DNA template by the use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It thus represents the genes that were being actively transcribed in that particular source under the physiological, developmental, or environmental conditions that existed when the mRNA was purified. cDNA libraries can be generated using techniques that promote "full-length" clones or under conditions that generate shorter fragments used for the identification of "expressed sequence tags".

cDNA libraries are useful in reverse genetics, but they only represent a very small (less than 1%) portion of the overall genome in a given organism.

Applications of cDNA libraries include:
 * Discovery of novel genes
 * Cloning of full-length cDNA molecules for in vitro study of gene function
 * Study of the repertoire of mRNAs expressed in different cells or tissues
 * Study of alternative splicing in different cells or tissues

Genomic libraries
A genomic library is a set of clones that together represents the entire genome of a given organism. The number of clones that constitute a genomic library depends on (1) the size of the genome in question and (2) the insert size tolerated by the particular cloning vector system. For most practical purposes, the tissue source of the genomic DNA is unimportant because each cell of the body contains virtually identical DNA (with some exceptions).

Applications of genomic libraries include:
 * Determining the complete genome sequence of a given organism (see genome project)
 * Serving as a source of genomic sequence for generation of transgenic animals through genetic engineering
 * Study of the function of regulatory sequences in vitro
 * Study of genetic mutations in cancer tissues

Synthetic mutant libraries

In contrast to the library types described above, a variety of artificial methods exist for making libraries of variant genes. Variation throughout the gene can be introduced randomly by either error-prone PCR, DNA shuffling to recombine parts of similar genes together, or transposon-based methods to introduce indels. Alternatively, mutations can be targeted to specific codons during de novo synthesis or saturation mutagenesis to construct one or more point mutants of a gene in a controlled way. This results in a mixture of double stranded DNA molecules which represent variants of the original gene.

The expressed proteins from these libraries can then be screened for variants which exhibit favorable properties (e.g. stability, binding affinity or enzyme activity). This can be repeated in cycles of creating gene variants and screening the expression products in a directed evolution process.

DNA extraction
If creating an mRNA library (i.e. with cDNA clones), there are several possible protocols for isolating full length mRNA. To extract DNA for genomic DNA (also known as gDNA) libraries, a DNA mini-prep may be useful.

Insert preparation
cDNA libraries require care to ensure that full length clones of mRNA are captured as cDNA (which will later be inserted into vectors). Several protocols have been designed to optimise the synthesis of the 1st cDNA strand and the 2nd cDNA strand for this reason, and also to make directional cloning into the vector more likely.

gDNA fragments are generated from the extracted gDNA by using non-specific frequent cutter restriction enzymes.

Vectors
The nucleotide sequences of interest are preserved as inserts to a plasmid or the genome of a bacteriophage that has been used to infect bacterial cells.

Vectors are propagated most commonly in bacterial cells, but if using a YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome) then yeast cells may be used. Vectors could also be propagated in viruses, but this can be time-consuming and tedious. However, the high transfection efficiency achieved by using viruses (often phages) makes them useful for packaging the vector (with the ligated insert) and then introducing them into the bacterial (or yeast) cell.

Additionally, for cDNA libraries, a system using the Lambda Zap II phage, ExAssist, and 2 E. coli species has been developed. A Cre-Lox system using loxP sites and the in vivo expression of the recombinase enzyme can also be used instead. These are examples of in vivo excision systems. In vitro excision involves subcloning often using traditional restriction enzymes and cloning strategies. In vitro excision can be more time-consuming and may require more "hands-on" work than in vivo excision systems. In either case, the systems allow the movement of the vector from the phage into a live cell, where the vector can replicate and propagate until the library is to be used.

Using libraries

This involves "screening" for the sequences of interest. There are multiple possible methods to achieve this.

title: Library (biology)


text:
Châteauguay—Saint-Constant

Châteauguay—Saint-Constant was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 to 2015. Its population in 2006 was 107,165.

Châteauguay—Saint-Constant was created in 2003 from Châteauguay riding, with the exception of a portion of Châteauguay that was transferred in Beauharnois—Salaberry and Saint-Jean ridings.

Geography
The district included all of the Regional County Municipality of Roussillon including Kahnawake Indian Reserve No. 14, but excluding the cities of Candiac and La Prairie and the Municipality of Saint-Philippe in the east of the county municipality. The neighbouring ridings were Vaudreuil—Soulanges, Beauharnois—Salaberry, Brossard—La Prairie, LaSalle—Émard, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine, and Lac-Saint-Louis.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of parliament:

title: Châteauguay—Saint-Constant


text:
2830 Greenwich

2830 Greenwich (prov. designation: ) is a bright Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 14 April 1980, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's U.S. Anderson Mesa Station, Arizona, and named for the historical Royal Greenwich Observatory in England. The stony S-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 24 hours and measures approximately 9 km in diameter

Classification and orbit
Greenwich is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,340 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as at Crimea-Nauchnij in 1969, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 11 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.

Naming
This minor planet is named for the Royal Greenwich Observatory, home of the Astronomer Royal and located in the London borough of Greenwich, England. The naming took place on the occasion of the centennial of its adoption as "the Greenwich prime meridian for longitude and time". Founded for naval purposes in 1675, the Royal Observatory quickly became a leading institution in astronomy. In 1884, the prime meridian finally became a worldwide standard. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 May 1984 (M.P.C. 8801).

Physical characteristics
In the Tholen taxonomy, Greenwich is classified as a stony S-type asteroid.

Lightcurves
In May 2002, a photometric lightcurve analysis by French amateur astronomer Christophe Demeautis gave an ambiguous rotation period of 24 hours with a brightness variation of 0.5 in magnitude (U=2).

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Greenwich measures between 7.9 and 9.5 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.17 and 0.19. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-results, that is, a diameter of 9.252 kilometer with an albedo of 0.1865 and an absolute magnitude of 12.61.

title: 2830 Greenwich


text:
Hérouvillette

Hérouvillette is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Places and monuments

 * Hérouvillette: Church of the "Nativité-de-Notre-Dame" (XIV).
 * Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardronnette: Church of Sainte-Honorine (XVIII).
 * Lavoir on the "Aiguillon".

title: Hérouvillette


text:
George Norcross

George E. Norcross III (born March 16, 1956) is an American businessman, organizer, and political boss. A member of the Democratic Party, Norcross is considered a power broker in southern New Jersey.

Norcross is executive chairman of Conner Strong & Buckelew, an insurance and benefits brokerage. He is chairman of the board of trustees for Cooper University Health Care System, MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper and Cooper University Hospital, all in Camden, New Jersey, and has served as a trustee since 1990. He led the effort to create the Cooper Medical School of Rowan University and to partner with MD Anderson Cancer Center to create the MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, which opened in 2013.

Norcross has been a prominent political leader in New Jersey for more than 30 years, since before he became chairman of the Camden County Democratic Committee in 1989, a position he held until 1993. For many years, he was named one of the most powerful non-elected political figures in New Jersey by the website PolitickerNJ.com.

Norcross was a member of the Democratic National Committee until 2021 when he changed his voter registration to Florida. He formerly belonged to Mar-a-Lago, the club owned by former United States President Donald Trump. In June 2024, Norcross was indicted on 13 charges of racketeering and criminal enterprise by State Attorney General Matthew Platkin.

Early life
Norcross was born on March 16, 1956, in Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, the son of George E. Norcross Jr., the president of the AFL–CIO Central Labor Union of Camden and Gloucester Counties, and his wife, Anne Carol Norcross. His father was active in the community of Camden, served as a board member of Cooper University Hospital, and chaired the board of United Way. His mother died at the age of 84 in 2016.

Norcross graduated from Pennsauken High School and briefly attended Rutgers University–Camden. He has three brothers: Donald, a United States Congressman representing New Jersey's 1st congressional district; Philip, managing partner of the law firm Parker McCay; and John, a psychologist, author, and professor at the University of Scranton.

Insurance
Norcross is the executive chairman of insurance, risk management, and employee benefits brokerage and consulting firm Conner Strong & Buckelew, where he has worked since 1979. Norcross was named the second most powerful man in the New Jersey business world by NJBiz.com in 2014, 2015, and 2016, and made the list's top ten list in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. In September 2015, Norcross was announced as one of the local investors in The Camden Waterfront, a $1 billion development on Camden's waterfront initially developed by Liberty Property Trust and designed by Robert A.M. Stern. Norcross said he would invest $50 million in the project, and in March 2017, Norcross announced his company would move to the Camden waterfront as part of a $245 million development.

Cooper University Health Care System
Norcross is chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Cooper University Health Care System, Cooper University Hospital and the MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, in Camden, New Jersey. He has served as a Cooper trustee since 1990. Norcross launched the Cooper Medical School of Rowan University and helped to facilitate the opening of the MD Anderson Cooper Cancer Center in October 2013.

In the wake of the Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014, Cooper announced a "Veterans VIP Priority Program" that provided day care to veterans in New Jersey's seven southern counties. In November 2014, Cooper and Norcross were awarded the "Seven Seals" award by the Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve in recognition of the program.

In February 2012, Norcross penned an op-ed in the Courier-Post praising the idea of merging Rowan University and Rutgers-Camden. In June that year, the state approved the partnership.

Formica Freitag Bakery
In January 2022, Norcross and his family became majority partners in the Formica Bakery, a maker of "Atlantic City Original" bread which had fallen into bankruptcy in 2019. It was subsequently renamed Formica Freitag Bakery, and merged with Valitni's Italian Bakery of Pleasantville in January 2023.

Politics
Norcross was considered the "political boss" of the "Democratic machine" in New Jersey, particularly in South Jersey. He held significant sway over local party organizations, fundraising, and candidates' access to the county line. Norcross was chairman of the Camden County Democratic Party from 1989 to 1995 and was a prolific fundraiser, with influence over many county jobs and contracts. Journalist Steve Kornacki wrote in 2011, "It’s not written down anywhere, but it’s acknowledged by everyone (privately, of course): You don’t run for office as a Democrat in South Jersey unless George is OK with it—and you don’t win in the fall without him." In tapes leaked in 2005, Norcross was recorded saying he could secure allies with jobs and punish political opponents. Norcross allegedly attempted to have a town's solicitor fired because he ran for a local party chairmanship, pressuring the town's mayor with threats to his private job.

By 2003, Norcross held influence over more than a dozen powerful state legislators and controlled government contracts through a pay-to-play system that directed businesses' donations to campaigns; In 2009, Norcross was instrumental in the ousting of Richard Codey as senate president in favor of his childhood friend Stephen Sweeney. Governor Jon Corzine's loss to Chris Christie in the 2009 gubernatorial election was credited in part to Norcross's not having used his machine to mobilize voters for Corzine. Norcross subsequently had a positive relationship with the Republican governor.

In 2021, Sweeney, then president of the New Jersey Senate, and one of Norcross's closest allies, lost re-election. Politico said that the loss indicated a substantial decline in Norcross's power and influence. In 2023, he announced that he was decreasing his involvement in politics, saying it was "time for others to lead" and conceding that Sweeney's loss had left him "sitting in the backseat".

Criticism
The office of the Attorney General of New Jersey and the United States Attorney's office under Chris Christie investigated Norcross after he was secretly taped discussing state politics. After investigation and significant media coverage, he was not charged. Norcross was also the subject of a federal investigation in 2016 where his phones were wiretapped. The United States Attorney's Office for New Jersey sent Norcross a letter confirming that no action was warranted and the investigation was closed.

Norcross has been associated with businesses that are alleged to have received special treatment from the New Jersey Economic Development Authority.

An investigative task force was formed to look into the operations and procedures of the NJEDA. Norcross sued the State of New Jersey to stop the highly critical report from becoming public. After a five-hour court hearing about the injunction, Norcross lost and within minutes, the report was made public.

Racketeering charges
On June 17, 2024, New Jersey Attorney General Matthew Platkin unsealed a thirteen-count racketeering indictment against Norcross and five other individuals, including his brother, Philip. The indictment accused Norcross and the other defendants of conspiring to illegally obtain waterfront property and property rights, unlawfully collecting millions of dollars in government tax credits, and attempting to influence and control public officials.

On July 9, 2024, Norcross and his 4 co-defendants were in Mercer County Courthouse in Trenton, New Jersey. They all pleaded not guilty. Norcross's lawyer, Michael Critchley, "emphatically" said he was not guilty to Superior Court Judge Peter E. Warshaw Jr.

Personal life
Norcross has two children. He was previously listed as a resident of Cherry Hill, New Jersey, but in 2023, Norcross was reported to be an official resident of Florida, living there "about 90 percent of [the] time".

Norcross was listed as one of the state's wealthiest people, ranked 41st in New Jersey in 2015 with a net worth of almost $250 million.

title: George Norcross


text:
Heuland

Heuland is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Heuland


text:
Talk:Dhaulagiri

Confusion
Into Thin Air lists Dhaulagiri as the sixth highest mountain in the world, while this article lists it as the seventh. But I have the hardcover version, dated November 1996, so has another mountain been discovered, or it is just a first printing edition mistake? Hbdragon88 02:51, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The book is in error. See Eight-thousander. RedWolf 04:32, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If you do not count Lhotse as a separate mountain (which is defensible, although virtually no one makes that choice) then Dhaulagiri becomes number 6. Also, the heights of Dhaulagiri and Manaslu are not known precisely enough to be certain that Manaslu is not higher; this would make Dhaulagiri number 8. All that said, the standard listing has Dhaulagiri at number 7. -- Spireguy 16:03, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Parent Mountain
Can anybody tell the parent mountain of Dhaulagiri regarding prominence? There are sources that claim it's Mount Everest, but could this be correct? The highest ridge from Dhaulagiri to Everest would much likely pass over Cho Oyu first, wouldn't it? Thanks in advance--Rupert Pupkin (talk) 01:06, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The parent of Dhaulagiri is K2, according to the List of peaks by prominence. I think that's correct, although it's been years since I traced the relevant divides. I do know it's a close call, with the col linking to Cho Oyu/Mount Everest not being much lower than the col linking to K2. So since it's almost a toss-up, and since all possible parents are far away, it's one of the situations where the prominence parent has relatively little significance (i.e. it doesn't provide you with much extra information). -- Spireguy (talk) 02:17, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The information at mongabay is not correct. To draw a line from Dhaulagiri to Everest you have to go at least as low as Mustang Lo, 4594m. The line from Dhaulagiri to K2 is longer but can remain as high as a remote 4810m pass on the Tibet plateau. I carried out the research in 2004 using SRTM data. It was independently confirmed by another researcher. Viewfinder (talk) 03:18, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Ooops. I obviously totally forgot about my question some month ago. That happens when you don't watch your watchlist... Shame on me. And thank you guys very much for your help. But I'm not sure if I can agree with the statement about little significance. I myself (at least) find it rather interesting to know that - derived from that fact - the Kali Gandakhi Valley is such a deep cut into the continent. Annapurna and Dhaulagiri are standing very close together, they look like siblings but no, they have different parents. That's something :-) --Rupert Pupkin (talk) 18:48, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

"Other peaks in the Dhaulagiri Himalaya" world rank 72
Hello. With no other knowledge than what's provided in the table and the footnotes, it looks to me like ranking Dhaulagiri VI at number 72 is in error because Dhaulagiri VI does not meet the 500m prominence criterion. Should it be Churen Himal (Main) instead?Wikimedes (talk) 22:00, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Done. Yes the 72 rank belongs to Churen Himal (main). I have made the correction. Good catch. --Racerx11 (talk) 23:28, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

 * There is another issue. It shows Churen Himal (main) with question mark under first ascent and List of highest mountains has it first climbed in 1970. I will look into this as well unless you or someone else has the solution. --Racerx11 (talk) 23:28, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually it says "unknown" but in any case, it appears the descrepancy about if and when it was climbed has something to do with the differing sources on the elevation of these peaks as noted in the footnotes. I am unsure what correction, if any, is needed. Racerx11 (talk) 23:40, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

Dhaulagiri VI listed twice
Dhaulagiri VI is listed twice on the table of other peaks in the Dhaulagiri Himalaya, with 2 different prominences. It appears that it was originally listed in the Churen Himal with a prominence of 485, then was added again with a prominence of 453 by this edit. Which is correct?--Wikimedes (talk) 17:57, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Prominence is only accurate when cols as well as peaks have been accurately surveyed. Even with GPS fixes, vertical uncertainty is typically 2-3 times larger than horizontal.  Also fixes taken in cols tend to have fewer satellites in view for obvious reasons.

 * Prominence is often estimated from contour maps giving a range of possibilities bounded by the most optimistic and the most pessimistic. SRTM data may also be used, but they give average elevations in cells several arc-seconds of latitude/longitude square, not readings at exact positions of cols.  Obviously these are most accurate in broad saddles.LADave (talk) 17:27, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Peakbagger.com gives 453 meters prominence, claiming the col between Dh.s IV and VI is 6,815 meters. Global.mongabay.com says 485 meters prominence but provides no explanation.  If you look at the terrain map that pops up on peakbagger.com, you'd be tempted to say something over 500 meters prominence, but I'll assume that the contour maps underestimate col heights because they clearly underestimate peak elevations.  I'm accepting peakbagger as the more credible of the two, pending further discussion. LADave (talk) 20:14, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good way to go. Though from the Google maps at peakbagger.com, it looks like any path to a higher peak has to dip below a 6800m contour line, resulting in >468m prominence.  The 485m prominence may well be correct, but it's probably better to go with the source that lists the key col.  (BTW, peakbagger.com lists the nearest higher peak, which may not be the parent peak used in the prominence calculation, if I understand things correctly.)--Wikimedes (talk) 22:34, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm assuming "terrain" (contour) maps shown on Google Maps or Wikimapia derive from SRTM data, which are average elevations within cells. These again underestimate the ridgeline elevations we would want for prominence determination.  Of course systematic bias will be greatest on "knife edge" ridges where ridgeline elevation most exceeds average elevation within its cell.  Switching to satellite photo imagery shows a sharp ridgeline, because there is a sharp transition from sunlit south-facing slopes to shadow on the north side instead of the gradual transition you'd see along a whaleback ridge. Thus a 6815 meter col elevation is at least plausible despite what the contour map shows.LADave (talk) 18:47, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

1st winter ascent
Copied from User_talk:Ongulpenguin:

Hi Ongulpenguin, your edits on Dhaulagiri, Kukuczka and Eight-thousander you are doing on all wikis are wrong. A "winter ascent" means starting from 21 December. For this types of records we don't consider ascents in "winter condition" but only ascents from 21 December (=winter season). Cya. --Rotpunkt (talk) 15:30, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
 * That is western calendar definition .. Remember that the Himalayan mountains are belong to the Eastern world. As a fact, Nepal and China’s permit winter season start is on December 1st. The arguments based on one-sided (western-only) views are not fair especially for this kind of encyclopedia items. Even accepted the western definition, the Japanese ascent in1982 is the evident fact. So, it should be added to the timeline record of the climbing history of Dhaulagiri. Ongulpenguin (talk) 02:58, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * With the right explanation it is better, however this is a well known concept in mountaineering (there are many not official ascents before 21 December, for example Lafaille on Shisha Pangma and not only in Himalaya but also in Alps for example). The official first winter ascent remains to Kukuczka, and changing this fact on all wikis was wrong.--Rotpunkt (talk) 08:07, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * "Fact" and "Official" are not same. The fact in this case is the actual date reached on the summit, and the official is recognition and authorization of its significance by somebody. Who authorized the official first winter ascent ? Do you know who didi it? But I would not argue this point any more. Just leaving the statement of the "fact" that Nepali Government at that moment had authorized that Koizumi is the first winter ascenter. This must be the historical fact. Isn't it ? Ongulpenguin (talk) 08:32, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * As I said before you can add the fact as an historical event however "permit winter season start" (December 1st) and "winter season start" (December 21th) are two different things.--Rotpunkt (talk) 08:44, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree with the difference of the two.Ongulpenguin (talk) 08:47, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * For the mountaineering peaple, the astronomical definition of winter might be a well-known concept. But the general readers of the Wikipedia (including me) may not be familiar with that concept. I would recommend that definite criteria for the official recognition of the mountaineering activities in the winter season should be addressed clearly in the Wikipedia.Ongulpenguin (talk) 09:04, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry but your last edits in Dhaulagiri and winter are wrong again. As the mounteverest.net article says there is not a western calendar but a world calendar vs permit winter season: the article says "The world’s seasonal calendar has winter beginning on December 21st, whereas Nepal and China’s permit winter season start is on December 1st." I will add a note in the first ascent article, to make the criteria clear.--Rotpunkt (talk) 09:14, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I cannot find any definition of "world calendar winter " in the Wikipedia. Can you ? Instead, the only thing I found in the "winter" item of the Wikipedia to mach your arguments is "In the USA and Canada (and sometimes in Britain) the season is regarded as beginning at the solstice and ending on the following equinox – in the Northern Hemisphere, depending on the year, this corresponds to the period between 21 or 22 December and 19, 20 or 21 March". We (you and me ) are contributing to the Wikipedia. As far as we want to contribute to the Wikipedia, we have to respect the items in the Wikipedia to get a guarantee of objectivity. Wikipedia is NOT the place where individuals make their assertion. And, I do not believe the western people use the "world" properly. They tend to use such words ignoring the eastern culture. The use of "world" by western people are not always means "global". As far as referring to the "winter" item, one can find many definitions of winter. Your "world calendar" is NOT defined there, and your argument is only effective within the realm of USA and Canada's traditional. So, I AM NOT wrong. You ARE wrong as far as in the Wikipedia. I think we need the third opinion independent from you and me to solve this issue.Ongulpenguin (talk) 13:43, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

End copied text.--Wikimedes (talk) 20:07, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

(random unindent) I had not heard of the "world calendar" either, but that is what the cited source uses, so that is what we should use in the Wikipedia article unless another reliable source can be found that uses a better term. (According to Wikipedia's article Season, the December 1 beginning for winter is used in meteorology, whereas the December 21 beginning is from the customary timing of astronomy. The article also says that in southern maritime climates the meteorological dates are usually used as the official dates, whereas in northern continental climates, the astronomical dates are usually used, so it may be more of a northern vs. southern distinction than a western vs. eastern distinction (this section is uncited in the article, and I'm not sure it's accurate).)  What's relevant for this article (Dhaulagiri) is what the mountaineering bodies that decide what constitute a winter ascent have adopted, and I'm pretty sure that it's the astronomical calendar (Dec 21) rather than the meteorological calendar (Dec 1).--Wikimedes (talk) 20:46, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi Wikimedes I think that with the last additions (text and references) in first ascent (including Ongulpenguin fixes) the concept is clear. Thanks for your contributions here. --Rotpunkt (talk) 21:34, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi Rotpunkt. I'm glad you were able to work it out.  The first ascent article's coverage of winter ascents looks good to me as well, and has been improved by your and Ongulpenguin's additions.--Wikimedes (talk) 20:53, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

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NbhinbMountain
Bhylk 2400:1A00:B030:6DB1:71E3:A6F7:3631:57C1 (talk) 17:30, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dhaulagiri


text:
Vila Velha

Vila Velha (lit. 'Old Village') is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Espírito Santo. It lies across from Vitória, the state capital. Its population was 467,722 (2022) and its area is 210.23 km2.

Geography
Vila Velha forms part of the Greater Vitória metropolitan area. To the north is Vitória, to the west Cariacica and Viana, to the south Guarapari, and to the east the Atlantic Ocean. The Deputy Darcy Castelo de Mendonça Bridge, known as Third Bridge (Portuguese: Terceira Ponte), is the second tallest bridge in Brazil, connecting and reducing the distance between the cities of Vila Velha and Vitória.

The Jacarenema Ecological Reserve, a 307 ha conservation area established in 1997, lies along the coast to the south of the main city and contains the mangrove estuary of the Jucu River. The Morro do Penedo Natural Monument protects a granite rock mass about 132 m high on the coast of Vitória Bay.

Economy
Notable corporations in Vila Velha include Garoto, one of Brazil's largest chocolate manufacturers.

Vila Velha has been through several years of intense real estate development and several luxury buildings are now a common sight in all of its main beaches. Some critics argue that this practice can be considered excess urbanization of a previously low-profile area, despite the economic benefits.

History

 * Vila Velha is the oldest township in Espírito Santo. It was founded as Vila do Espírito Santo ("Village of the Holy Spirit") on 23 May 1535 by Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, the first captain of Espírito Santo. (The nickname "Green Shins" given to people from Vila Velha originated from the green algae that stuck to the legs of sailors returning from shore to Coutinho's ship.) He was forced to return to Portugal around 1550 in order to recruit new colonists, as there were not enough to sustain the colony. Upon his return, however, he discovered that there had been violent disputes between the colonists, slaves, and natives, which had forced most inhabitants to flee to the island of Vitória. In response, Coutinho relocated the capital to Vitória. Afterward, Vila Velha remained a quiet town until quite recently; the 1828 census, for example, showed only 1,250 people in the town. Today, however, Vila Velha is the biggest city in the entire state of Espírito Santo and has approximately 500,000 inhabitants.

Notable people

 * Sávio — Brazilian football player
 * André Stein - Brazilian beach volleyball player
 * Francielly Pereira — Brazilian group rhythmic gymnast
 * Pâmella Oliveira - Brazilian triathlete.

title: Vila Velha


text:
Moksha language

Moksha (мокшень кяль, ) is a Mordvinic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Mokshas. with around 130,000 native speakers in 2010. Moksha is the majority language in the western part of Mordovia. Its closest relative is the Erzya language, with which it is not mutually intelligible. Moksha is also possibly closely related to the extinct Meshcherian and Muromian languages.

Cherapkin's Inscription
There is very little historical evidence of the use of Moksha from the distant past. One notable exception are inscriptions on so-called mordovka silver coins issued under Golden Horde rulers around the 14th century. The evidence of usage of the language (written with the Cyrillic script) comes from the 16th century.

Dialects
The Moksha language is divided into three dialects:
 * Central group (M-I)
 * Western group (M-II)
 * South-Eastern group (M-III)

The dialects may be divided with another principle depending on their vowel system:
 * ä-dialect: Proto-Moksha *ä is retained: śeĺmä  "eye", t́äĺmä  "broom", ĺäj  "river".
 * e-dialect: Proto-Moksha *ä is raised and merged with *e: śeĺme "eye", t́eĺme  "broom", ĺej  "river".
 * i-dialect: Proto-Moksha *ä is raised to, while Proto-Moksha *e is raised to and merged with *i: śiĺme  "eye", t́eĺme  "broom", ĺej  "river".

The standard literary Moksha language is based on the central group with ä (particularly the dialect of Krasnoslobodsk).

Official status
Moksha is one of the three official languages in Mordovia (the others being Erzya and Russian). The right to one's own language is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Mordovia Republic. The republican law of Mordovia N 19-3 issued in 1998 declares Moksha one of its state languages and regulates its usage in various spheres: in state bodies such as Mordovian Parliament, official documents and seals, education, mass-media, information about goods, geographical names, road signs. However, the actual usage of Moksha and Erzya is rather limited.

Use in literature
Before 1917 about 100 books and pamphlets mostly of religious character were published. More than 200 manuscripts including at least 50 wordlists were not printed. In the 19th century the Russian Orthodox Missionary Society in Kazan published Moksha primers and elementary textbooks of the Russian language for the Mokshas. Among them were two fascicles with samples of Moksha folk poetry. The great native scholar Makar Evsevyev collected Moksha folk songs published in one volume in 1897. Early in the Soviet period, social and political literature predominated among published works. Printing of Moksha language books was all done in Moscow until the establishment of the Mordvinian national district in 1928. Official conferences in 1928 and 1935 decreed the northwest dialect to be the basis for the literary language.

Use in education
The first few Moksha schools were established in the 19th century by Russian Christian missionaries. Since 1973, Moksha has been allowed to be used as the language of instruction for the first three grades of elementary school in rural areas, and as an elective subject. Classes in universities in Mordovia are in Russian, but the philological faculties of Mordovian State University and Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute offer a teacher course of Moksha. Mordovian State University also offers a course in Moksha for other humanitarian and some technical specialities. According to annual statistics from the Russian Ministry of Education for 2014-2015, there were 48 Moksha-medium schools (all in rural areas) where 644 students were taught, and 202 schools (152 in rural areas) where Moksha was studied as a subject by 15,783 students (5,412 in rural areas). Since 2010, the study of Moksha in Mordovian schools is not compulsory, but can be chosen only by parents.

Revitalisation efforts in Mordovia
Policies regarding the revival of the Moksha and Erzya languages in Mordovia started in the late 1990s, when the Language, and Education Laws were accepted. From the early 2000s on, the policy goal has been to create a unified Mordvin standard language despite differences between Erzya and Moksha.

However, there have been no executive programmes for the implementation of the Language Law. Only about a third of Mordvin students had access to Mordvin language learning, the rest of whom are educated through Russian. Moksha has been used as the medium of instruction in some rural schools, but the number of students attending those schools is in rapid decline. In 2004, Mordovian authorities attempted to introduce compulsory study of the Mordvin/Moksha as one of the Republic's official languages, but this attempt failed in the aftermath of the 2007 education reform in Russia.

Vowels
There are eight vowels with limited allophony and reduction of unstressed vowels. Moksha has lost the original Uralic system of vowel harmony but maintains consonant-vowel harmony (palatalized consonants go with front vowels, non-palatalized with non-front).

There are some restrictions for the occurrence of vowels within a word:
 * 1)  is an allophone of the phoneme  after phonemically non-palatalized ("hard") consonants.
 * 2)  does not occur after non-palatalized consonants, only after their palatalized ("soft") counterparts.
 * 3)  and  do not fully contrast after phonemically palatalized or non-palatalized consonants.
 * 4) * Similar to, does not occur after non-palatalized consonants either, only after their palatalized counterparts.
 * 5) * After palatalized consonants, occurs at the end of words, and when followed by another palatalized consonant.
 * 6) * after palatalized consonants occurs only before non-palatalized consonants, i.e. in the environment.
 * 7) The mid vowels' occurrence varies by the position within the word:
 * 8) * In native words, are rare in the second syllable, but common in borrowings from e.g. Russian.
 * 9) * are never found in the third and following syllables, where only  occurs.
 * 10) * at the end of words is only found in one-syllable words (e.g. ве  "night", пе  "end"). In longer words, word-final $⟨i⟩$ always stands for  (e.g. веле  "village", пильге  "foot, leg").

Unstressed and  are slightly reduced and shortened  and  respectively.

Consonants
There are 33 consonants in Moksha.

is realized as a sibilant before the plural suffix  in south-east dialects.

Palatalization, characteristic of Uralic languages, is contrastive only for dental consonants, which can be either "soft" or " hard". In Moksha Cyrillic alphabet the palatalization is designated like in Russian: either by a "soft sign" $⟨и⟩$ after a "soft" consonant or by writing "soft" vowels $⟨į⟩$ after a "soft" consonant. In scientific transliteration the acute accent or apostrophe are used.

All other consonants have palatalized allophones before the front vowels as well. The alveolo-palatal affricate lacks non-palatalized counterpart, while postalveolar fricatives  lack palatalized counterparts.

Devoicing
Unusually for a Uralic language, there is also a series of voiceless liquid consonants: $⟨ы⟩$. These have arisen from Proto-Mordvinic consonant clusters of a sonorant followed by a voiceless stop or affricate:.

Before certain inflectional and derivational endings, devoicing continues to exist as a phonological process in Moksha. This affects all other voiced consonants as well, including the nasal consonants and semivowels. No voiceless nasals are however found in Moksha: the devoicing of nasals produces voiceless oral stops. Altogether the following devoicing processes apply:

For example, before the nominative plural : Devoicing is, however, morphological rather than phonological, due to the loss of earlier voiceless stops from some consonant clusters, and due to the creation of new consonant clusters of voiced liquid + voiceless stop. Compare the following oppositions:
 * кал "fish" – калхт  "fish"
 * лем "name" – лепть  "names"
 * марь "apple" – марьхть  "apples"
 * калне "little fish" – калхне  (< ) "these fish"
 * марьне "my apples" – марьхне  ( < ) "these apples"
 * кундайне "I caught it" – кундайхне  ( < ) "these catchers"

Stress
Non-high vowels are inherently longer than high vowels and tend to draw the stress. If a high vowel appears in the first syllable which follow the syllable with non-high vowels (especially and ), then the stress moves to that second or third syllable. If all the vowels of a word are either non-high or high, then the stress falls on the first syllable.

Stressed vowels are longer than unstressed ones in the same position like in Russian. Unstressed vowels undergo some degree of vowel reduction.

Writing systems
Moksha has been written using Cyrillic with spelling rules identical to those of Russian since the 18th century. As a consequence of that, the vowels are not differentiated in a straightforward way. However, they can be (more or less) predicted from Moksha phonotactics. The 1993 spelling reform defines that in the first (either stressed or unstressed) syllable must be written with the "hard" sign $⟨u⟩$ (e.g. мъ́рдсемс mə́rdśəms "to return", formerly мрдсемс). The version of the Moksha Cyrillic alphabet used in 1924-1927 had several extra letters, either digraphs or single letters with diacritics. Although the use of the Latin script for Moksha was officially approved by the CIK VCKNA (General Executive Committee of the All Union New Alphabet Central Committee) on June 25, 1932, it was never implemented.

Morphosyntax
Like other Uralic languages, Moksha is an agglutinating language with elaborate systems of case-marking and conjugation, postpositions, no grammatical gender, and no articles.

Case
Moksha has 13 productive cases, many of which are primarily locative cases. Locative cases in Moksha express ideas that Indo-European languages such as English normally code by prepositions (in, at, toward, on, etc.).

However, also similarly to Indo-European prepositions, many of the uses of locative cases convey ideas other than simple motion or location. These include such expressions of time (e.g. on the table/Monday, in Europe/a few hours, by the river/the end of the summer, etc. ), purpose (to China/keep things simple), or beneficiary relations. Some of the functions of Moksha cases are listed below:

 * Nominative, used for subjects, predicatives and for other grammatical functions.
 * Genitive, used to code possession.
 * Allative, used to express the motion onto a point.
 * Elative, used to code motion out of a place.
 * Inessive, used to code a stationary state, in a place.
 * Ablative, used to code motion away from a point or a point of origin.
 * Illative, used to code motion into a place.
 * Translative, used to express a change into a state.
 * Prolative, used to express the idea of "by way" or "via" an action or instrument.
 * Lative, used to code motion towards a place.

There is controversy about the status of the three remaining cases in Moksha. Some researchers see the following three cases as borderline derivational affixes.

 * Comparative, used to express a likeness to something.
 * Caritive (or abessive), used to code the absence of something.
 * Causal, used to express that an entity is the cause of something else.

Relationships between locative cases
As in other Uralic languages, locative cases in Moksha can be classified according to three criteria: the spatial position (interior, surface, or exterior), the motion status (stationary or moving), and within the latter, the direction of the movement (approaching or departing). The table below shows these relationships schematically:

title: Moksha language


text:
Whip-lash squid

The Mastigoteuthidae, also known as whip-lash squid, are a family of small deep-sea squid. Approximately 20 known species in six genera are represented, with members found in both the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zone of most oceans. Originally described by Verill in 1881, it was later lowered by Chun (1920) to a subfamily (Mastigoteuthinae) of the Chiroteuthidae. However, Roper et al. (1969) raised it back to the family level, and this has not been changed since. The taxonomy of this family is extremely unstable, and there have been at times one genus, two genera and four subgenera(Salcedo-Vargas & Okutani, 1994), two genera and several 'groups' (Salcedo-Vargas, 1997), five genera and one species with an uncertain placement, or six genera.

Description
Mastigoteuthids range in size from quite small species in the genus Mastigoteuthis, to relatively gigantic sizes in the genus Idioteuthis. However most are rather small, from 3–15 centimetres total mantle length. Their most distinctive features are their extremely elongate tentacles—which retract into membranous lateral sheaths of the fourth (and largest) arms—and their very large ovate fins, which may occupy up to 80% of the mantle length in some species. It is from these 'whip-like' tentacles that their common name derives. Unlike most other squid, the club of the mastigoteuthid tentacle is not significantly (usually not at all) broader than the rest of the tentacle and is covered in very small suckers—in some species, invisible to the naked eye—which impart an extremely sticky property to the clubs, themselves answering for 70% or more of the tentacle's length in some species.

Many species also possess photophores (bioluminescent organs) which may be located on either the skin, the surface of the eyeball, or the eyelid. These photophores have a "lens" of chromatophores, pigment cells which may allow the squid to modify the colour of the light produced by the photophores. The mantle of some species is adorned with conical or hemispherical tubercles. Most species have arm suckers that possess sharp or blunt conical teeth, which are either larger or present only on the distal side, however some species, such as Mastigoteuthis inermis, have smooth sucker rings with no teeth at all (however, the validity of this species is uncertain at the present time). Coloration is typically a rich reddish brown or dark purple.

Species in the genus Echinoteuthis and Idioteuthis are known to have expanded tentacular clubs as paralarvae (for both species) or adults (Idioteuthis).

Behaviour
Members of this family have scarcely been observed in life, but at least two species (Mastigopsis hjorti and Magnoteuthis magna) are known to hover above the ocean bottom in a vertical orientation, the head pointing downward. The squid use their large fins to maintain this orientation and use both their extended tentacles like fly paper, held rigidly at a constant distance apart: this has been termed the "tuning fork" position. Prey items apparently consist primarily of benthic crustaceans.

Although mastigoteuthids possess ink sacs (which could suggest forays into shallower, lit waters), all observations have been over the bottom in deep water. Deep-sea squids commonly possess ink. The squid seem to lack the ability of rapid jet propulsion and instead rely on their large fins.

Species
This family is taxonomically little understood, but there have many recent advances in its systematics. With many species represented by single, damaged, and juvenile specimens, this group is still creating controversy in the taxonomic community. Salcedo-Vargas and Okutani (1994) reclassified the family and eliminated the genus Echinoteuthis, added two subgenera, and reduced the number of species to eight. Three years later, after the careful examination of skin tubercles and photophores, Salcedo-Vargas eliminated his subgenera, and increased the number of species to 17 (Salcedo-Vargas, 1997). According to the World Register of Marine Species the classification of the Mastigoteuthidae is:
 * Genus Echinoteuthis Joubin, 1933
 * Echinoteuthis atlantica (Joubin, 1933)
 * Echinoteuthis danae Joubin, 1933
 * Echinoteuthis famelica (Berry, 1909)
 * Genus Idioteuthis Sasaki, 1916
 * Idioteuthis latipinna * Sasaki, 1916
 * Idioteuthis cordiformis (Chun, 1908)
 * Genus Magnoteuthis Salcedo-Vargas & Okutani, 1994
 * Magnoteuthis magna (Joubin, 1913)
 * Magnoteuthis microlucens (Young, Lindgren & Vecchione, 2008)
 * Magnoteuthis osheai Braid & Bolstad, 2015
 * Genus Mastigopsis Grimpe, 1922
 * Mastigopsis hjorti (Chun, 1913)
 * Genus Mastigoteuthis
 * Mastigoteuthis agassizii Verrill, 1881
 * Mastigoteuthis dentata Hoyle, 1904
 * Mastigoteuthis flammea Chun, 1908
 * Mastigoteuthis glaukopis Chun, 1908
 * Mastigoteuthis grimaldii (Joubin, 1895)
 * Mastigoteuthis psychrophila Nesis, 1977
 * Mastigoteuthis schmidti Degner, 1925
 * Mastigoteuthis hastula * (Berry, 1920)
 * Mastigoteuthis inermis * Rancurel, 1972
 * Mastigoteuthis iselini * MacDonald & Clench, 1934
 * Mastigoteuthis latipinna * (Sasaki, 1916)
 * Mastigoteuthis okutanii * Salcedo-Vargas, 1997
 * Mastigoteuthis tyroi * Salcedo-Vargas, 1997
 * Genus Mastigotragus
 * Mastigotragus pyrodes (Young, 1972)

The taxa listed above with an asterisk ( * ) are taxon inquirendum and needs further study to determine if it is a valid taxon or a synonym.

The validity of several species remains to be reviewed, and the placement of the species Mastigotragus pyrodes in a separate genus should be assessed with genetics.

title: Whip-lash squid


text:
Heurtevent

Heurtevent is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

title: Heurtevent


text:
Talk:Whip-lash squid

"Octosquid"
http://starbulletin.com/2007/07/05/news/story03.html

The newly discovered species is tentatively placed in this genus. ~Kylu ( u | t )  01:29, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

After evaluating the article, the formatting and organization is well kept with subheadings and proper citations. Fordaqq (talk) 22:16, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whip-lash squid


text:
Hiéville

Hiéville is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

Etymology
French linguist René Lepelley writes that the etymology of Hiéville is similar to that of the commune Hiesville in the Manche department. Both names probably come from the word 'hedo' (derived from the Ancient Greek word for pleasure) and the Old French word 'ville', which originally referred to a rural estate or territory. Ville itself was derived from the Latin phrase 'villa rustica,' a countryside home.

title: Hiéville


text:
La Hoguette

La Hoguette is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
Five rivers run through the commune the Filaine, Gronde, Traine-feuilles, Trainefeuille and Bilaine.

The Commune has an area of woods known as Saint-André.

Archeology
La Hoguette is also the type site of the early Neolithic La Hoguette culture that is found mainly in association with Linear pottery (Linearbandkeramic) or Limburg pottery in Northern France, The Netherlands, Alsace and Western Germany. It is believed to ultimately derive from the Mediterranean Cardial culture traditions. Important sites of the La-Hoguette culture include Stuttgart-Wilhelma, Dautenheim and Godelau.

The La Hoguette pottery was found under a later megalithic tomb and first misidentified as Linearbandkeramic. La Hoguette marks the westernmost point of the distribution of this culture. The place name La Hoguette is believed to derive from the Old Norse word Haugr meaning a knoll or a hill.

Places of interest
Abbaye de Saint-André-de-Gouffern is the remains of a 12th century Abbey built in 1127 and is classed as a Monument historique

Personalities
La Hoguette was the birthplace of Georges Marchais (1920–1997), head of the French Communist Party.

title: La Hoguette


text:
User:Bodq

My name is Bohdan.

I live in Ukraine, Vinnytsia.

--bodq 17:39, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Bodq