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Talk:Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden

Ulrika name
In Swedish, she is known as Ulrika Eleonora. I highly doubt that the form Ulrike is more common, or even remotely close to as common, as that in English usage; afaik, it's a German/Danish form, not an English. The Britannica uses Ulrika. Unless arguments for Ulrike can be produced, I really think this article should be moved. -- Jao 17:06, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

I agree. Ulrika is the name form familiar in english-anguage literature. 213.243.157.114 15:30, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Eleanor
Eleonora is Eleanor in proper English. Since she is a monarch, the name should logically be translated into English, not left in its Swedish form Eleonora. 62.78.121.150 10:25, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

prejudice
In the second paragraph, what does "the prejudice of Queen Kristina" mean? —Tamfang (talk) 06:44, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps that she became monarch as the closest relative to the previous monarch, even though there was a male heir in the extended family? In the same way, Christina became monarch as the closest living relative to the previous monarch, even though she had a male cousin. Ulrika Eleonora's nephew should othervise be king, as he was the son of her elder sister, who was the heir before her. But this is only a guess, I don't really know much about it! --85.226.235.208 (talk) 15:52, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Jealousy scandal?
I know of no reliable source that has ever asserted that the queen almost made a scandal out of jealousy. On the contrary it is known that she never commented on the king having a mistress and that any opinion she might have had about it remained private and never has been known by anyone. I am adding a citation tag to the "scandal" assertion (which probabably is from a novel or other dramatized entertainment) and ask that the item be removed from this bio if not reliably sourced. SergeWoodzing (talk) 18:57, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

 * This is the text in question: In 1730, her spouse became the first king in Swedish history to have an official mistress, the young noble Hedvig Taube, who was given the title countess of Hessenstein. Of course, many Swedish kings have had mistresses, but the French way of having an official mistress had never been practiced in Sweden before, which was a great humiliation for Ulrika Eleonora[3]. In 1735, she had the bishops lecture both Frederick and Hedvig [4], and in 1739, she attempted to have Hedvig expelled [5]. Hedvig did pack her bags and left in direction for Germany. But when the king stopped Hedvig on her way out of the country, the Queen was close to making a scandal by bringing her complaints before the clergy fraction of the parliament [6]. In the end, she was forced to [7] accept the matter. It is now referenced. It is correct, that Ulrika never commented a word about the affair, although her great dislike is known in history. The lecture of Hedvig Taube, the attempt to exile Hedvig inspired by the silent disaprouval Ulrika displayed, is correct, but it is good that it is now referenced; it should have been already from the start by the one who added the information and the reference withouth in-line citations. It is true that in-line citations is not absolutely neccessary, but when it comes to information which may be questioned, it is vital, so it is excellent that the matter is now adjusted. Good work in noticing it! --85.226.41.180 (talk) 13:58, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I am sorry but I have to remove all the fiction citing references from Lindqvist, who for all intents and purposes is a novelist, who never cites any research, and by no means is considered a reliable source (notorious for inventing things and mixing fact with fiction - see Herman Lindqvist (journalist)). There is no reliable source of any kind about anything regarding Ulrica Eleanor's opinions of King Frederick's mistresses - only completely unsubstantiated gossip. This queen was known for never commenting on any of this or taking any action about it of any kind ever. Her reliable biography is Ulrika Eleonora d. y. Karl XII:s syster by Walfrid Holst (Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm 1956). Her "great disklike" is not known at all. It is just as likely that she whole-heartedly appoved of the whole affair with Countess Taube von Hessenstein, such as was common behavior among many royal wives of men with mistresses for centuries. SergeWoodzing (talk) 00:07, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I am very sorry to hear that. The fact that Hedvig Taube was lectured by the clergy, and that she was almost exiled from Sweden, is completely confirmed, and I trust that is not questioned. The reason for this was the quite discontent of Ulrika Eleonora. It is completely true that Ulrika never commented this affair, but her dislike was still known. That is something which Lindquist is not alone to say. "Gossip" about what contemporarys claim and interpeted in a story is also allowed in an article, on the condition that is is related as such. I am very sorry to see that is have been removed. I have also restored the ref about Lovisa Ulrika which was removed, by the way. --85.226.41.180 (talk) 08:24, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The fact that Hedvig Taube was lectured by the clergy and almost exiled should still be included. I think that is important to give a picture of the whole affair. But I am sad to say I haven't the time. Hopefully, someone else will reintroduce it from a different source, by someone whos oppinion is more respected. And of course: there is not only one, but many acceptable books from which to take information to this article. I am sure your ref Ulrika Eleonora d. y. Karl XII:s syster by Walfrid Holst, Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm 1956 is an excellent one, but all articles should have several sources, to give a balanced and neutral impression, as historians do have their different oppinions and interpetations, just like everyone else, so that reference should not be regarded as the only acceptable source. Just a general remarc. --85.226.41.180 (talk) 08:31, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you sincerely for referencing the Lovisa Ulrika item so clearly! I never said the Holst book is "the only acceptable source". I wrote "reliable biography". Obviously, many reliable writers have treated this queen extensively. But Holst's book is the only reliable biography so far. Also, gossip must be referenced reliably - as such! - if included in a WP article. "the quite discontent of Ulrika Eleonora" is an invention - we know absolutely nothing about any discontent on her part, quiet or not. Lastly, I could hope you might be able to find it in your heart to be pleased that we are removing fiction here, instead of being "very sorry" about it. WP needs a lot more such work, and a lot less fiction. Cordially, SergeWoodzing (talk) 11:08, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Frederick "unfaithful"?
It does not seem releveant to this article, in my opinion, nor necessary, to assert that King Frederick "however, had mistresses", right after relating the fact that his wife hoped to give birth to an heir. It would seem to be enough to state the fact that he had mistresses, without professing any special POV of our time or theirs, nor motivating that because it then was acceptable for men (only?) to be "unfaithful" but that that "was still adultary according to law and religion". We don't know if Frederick and Ulrica Eleanor still had sex or not and kept trying to have a legal heir, and we don't know if she supported him having mistresses or not (as many royal spouses of both sexes have done) - so why slant their story with some sort of unsourced indignation? SergeWoodzing (talk) 13:47, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Not trivial?
Can Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy please explain why the title Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel deserves a succession box? Did she wield power as landgravine? Was she significant or notable for being a landgrave's wife? How much does the reader benefit from knowing who was the landgrave's wife before her or after her? Did she ever even use that title? Surtsicna (talk) 21:55, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
 * It is not trivial. She held the title and was the wife of the ruling Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. This source calls her the Landgravine Ulrika Eleanora of Hesse. You been ranting about the lists of cosnorts articles and these are the only places where they can be linked.  Calling her Queen of the Goths and the Wends would be trivial on the succession boxes would be trivial not Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel which was what she was, along with being Queen of Sweden.--Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 22:12, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
 * You haven't answered any of my questions. She held the title, so what? We will mention it. Why do we need to link to women who held it before and after her? And you know very well that I am just one of many people concerned with the lists of consorts and these succession boxes. Surtsicna (talk) 22:52, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
 * What? Isn't that the entire concept of succession box to show their predecessors and successors? Why is Frederick of Hesse-Kassel and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia her predecessors and successors as Consorts of Sweden while Maria Amalia of Courland and Mary of Great Britain not her predecessors and successors as Consorts of Hesse-Kassel. What is the point of even link the people who held the position of Monarchs of Sweden before her for that matter? --Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 16:53, 20 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, the entire concept of a succession box is to show their predecessors and successors but you can't even compare the "Landgravine consort of Hesse-Kassel" succession box to the "Queen of Sweden" succession box. First of all, this woman is notable and significant for being a queen of Sweden. Nobody knows her for being a landgravine of anything. The article goes into detail about her predecessors and successors on a royal throne. It doesn't mention Maria Amalia of Courland or Mary of Great Britain at all, nor should it - they just happened to be married to minor German princelings who ruled the same bit of territory. Should we also have a succession box for her being wife of the heir to Hesse-Kassel? "Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Kassel" | Predecessor= Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg | Successor=Mary of Great Britain? Surtsicna (talk) 18:36, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden


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Apple Lossless Audio Codec

The Apple Lossless Audio Codec (ALAC), also known as Apple Lossless, or Apple Lossless Encoder (ALE), is an audio coding format, and its reference audio codec implementation, developed by Apple Inc. for lossless data compression of digital music. After initially keeping it proprietary from its inception in 2004, in late 2011 Apple made the codec available open source and royalty-free. Traditionally, Apple has referred to the codec as Apple Lossless, though more recently it has begun to use the abbreviated term ALAC when referring to the codec.

Codec
ALAC supports up to 8 channels of audio at 16, 20, 24 and 32 bit depth with a maximum sample rate of 384 kHz.

ALAC data is frequently stored within an MP4 container with the filename extension .m4a. This extension is also used by Apple for lossy AAC audio data in an MP4 container (same container, different audio encoding). The codec can also be used by the .CAF file type container, though this is much less common.

ALAC is not a variant of AAC (which is a lossy format), but rather an unrelated lossless format that uses linear prediction (similar to other lossless codecs).

ALAC also does not use any DRM scheme; but by the nature of the MP4 container, it is feasible that DRM could be applied to ALAC much in the same way it is applied to files in other QuickTime containers.

According to Apple, audio files compressed with its lossless codec will use up "about half the storage space" that the uncompressed data would require. Testers using a selection of music have found that compressed files are about 40% to 60% the size of the originals depending on the kind of music, which is similar to other lossless formats.

ALAC has been measured to require around four times as much CPU power to decode than FLAC does, with implications for battery life on limited-power devices. Still the format has been recommended for older iPod devices based on claims of lower power usage.

Partly because of the use of an MP4 container, ALAC does not contain integrated error checking.

History
The data compression software for encoding into ALAC files, Apple Lossless Encoder, was introduced into the Mac OS X Core Audio framework on April 28, 2004, together with the QuickTime 6.5.1 update, thus making it available in iTunes since version 4.5 and above, and its replacement, the Music application. The codec is also used in the AirPort and AirPlay implementation.

David Hammerton and Cody Brocious analyzed and reverse engineered the codec without any documents on the format. On March 5, 2005, Hammerton published a simple open source decoder written in the C programming language on the basis of the work.

The Apple Lossless Encoder (and decoder) were released as open source software under the Apache License version 2.0 on October 27, 2011.

On May 17, 2021, Apple announced that they would begin offering lossless audio in Apple Music in June 2021, with all lossless music being encoded using ALAC.

Software
All current iOS devices can play ALAC encoded files.

The open source library libavcodec incorporates both a decoder and an encoder for the ALAC format, which means that media players based on that library (including VLC media player and MPlayer, as well as many media center applications for home theater computers, such as Plex, Kodi, and Boxee) are able to play ALAC files.

As of 2015, Windows 10 includes support for ALAC encoding and decoding, thereby enabling other media players to use it, e.g. Windows Media Player when ripping CDs or the Spotify desktop client for playback of local .m4a files.

The library was subsequently optimized for ARM processors and included in Rockbox.

Foobar2000 will play ALAC files as will JRiver Media Center and BitPerfect.

Lossless music via ALAC was added to Apple Music in June 2021, at no additional cost for all subscribers. The maximum fidelity for lossless music on Apple Music is 24-bit at 192 kHz.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Apple Lossless Audio Codec


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Common Cause

Common Cause is a watchdog group based in Washington, D.C., with chapters in 35 states. It was founded in 1970 by John W. Gardner, a Republican, who was the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in the administration of President Lyndon Johnson as well as chair of the National Urban Coalition, an advocacy group for minorities and the working poor in urban areas. In its early days, Common Cause focused its efforts on ending the Vietnam War and lowering the voting age from 21 to 18.

Sometimes identified as liberal-leaning, Common Cause has also been identified as nonpartisan and advocates government reform. It is identified with the reformist "good government" movement  and is often described as a watchdog group. The organization's tagline is "holding power accountable" and its stated mission is "upholding the core values of American democracy. We work to create open, honest, and accountable government that serves the public interest; promote equal rights, opportunity, and representation for all; and empower all people to make their voices heard in the political process."

Issue areas
The organization's stated issue areas are "money in politics", "voting and elections", "ethics", "a fair economy", and "media and democracy".

Constitutional conventions
Common Cause opposes and actively lobbies against modern-day efforts to call an Article V convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution by both progressive and conservative groups, such as that by the progressive political action committee Wolf PAC to limit large monetary donations to political candidates parties and groups, and by the conservative advocacy group Citizens for Self-Governance's "Convention of the States" initiative, which is backed by some Republican politicians.

In a May 2016 report entitled The Dangerous Path: Big Money's Plan to Shred the Constitution, Common Cause wrote that "There is nothing to prevent the convention, once convened, from proposing additional changes that could limit or eliminate fundamental rights or upend our entire system of government." While a constitutional convention could conceivably overturn the controversial Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC and limit the role of money in politics (as advocated by groups such as Wolf PAC), Common Cause suggests that the risk of a runaway convention is too great because "state legislatures, the majority of which are controlled by Republicans, would likely control the agenda at a constitutional convention" and as a result it is extremely unlikely "that a convention controlled by those legislatures would really do anything productive on money in politics, on voting rights, on democracy in general". Any amendments would need to be ratified by three-quarters of the states.

Ethics
Common Cause lobbied Congress to pass the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, requiring government officials to disclose their finances and restricting the "revolving door" between government and business. In 1989, they lobbied for passage of a new Ethics in Government Act, which ended special-interest honoraria for members of Congress and closed a loophole that allowed members to convert campaign funds to personal use.

The organization's efforts led to ethics probes and the resignations of House Speakers Jim Wright in 1988 and Newt Gingrich in 1995.

During the 2016 presidential elections, Common Cause suggested that the Clinton Foundation would create ethics and conflict of interest challenges for Hillary Clinton should she become president. They criticized Hillary Clinton's plan to give Chelsea Clinton control of the foundation and called for an independent audit and full disclosure of the foundation's donors.

The public interest group also criticized Donald Trump for his refusal to release his tax returns during the 2016 presidential election. The organization has been outspoken about the potential conflicts of interest from Trump's businesses and called for Trump to put his assets into a blind trust instead of handing over control of his businesses to his children.

Money in politics
In 1972, Common Cause sued President Richard Nixon's re-election campaign, the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, under the Federal Corrupt Practices Act in an attempt to force Nixon's campaign to report early campaign contributions. The lawsuit forced the disclosure of the names of several Nixon donors. In 1974, Common Cause supported passage of the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), encompassing public financing of presidential campaigns and oversight of campaign ethics through the Federal Election Commission.

Publicly-financed elections
Common Cause has advocated public financing of elections in order to decrease the influence of special-interest contributions. The group's most successful campaign finance reform efforts have been in New York City in 1999; Connecticut in 2005; Montgomery County, Maryland in 2014; Portland, Oregon in 2016; Howard County, Maryland in 2017; Prince George's County, Maryland in 2018; and California.

Redistricting
The organization has sought to end the practice of gerrymandering in several states. In 2016, it filed a lawsuit in North Carolina challenging the constitutionality of district maps. The organization's North Carolina chapter has led a campaign to create a nonpartisan redistricting process, which has bipartisan support in the state. Common Cause is also challenging redistricting in Democratic-controlled states, such as Maryland.

Voting machines
Common Cause advocates a voter-verified paper audit trail for election machines in all states. The organization has documented complaints about electronic voting machines.

National popular vote
Common Cause is in favor of establishing a national popular vote for presidential elections to replace the current electoral college system. Following the November 2016 U.S. presidential election, Common Cause called for the National Popular Vote Compact to counteract what it called the "anti-democratic" outcome in that election.

Voter identification
Common Cause is partner organization of VoteRiders.

Leadership
Karen Hobert Flynn became the organization's president in June 2016. She served in this role until her death in March 2023.

The following individuals have served as president of Common Cause:
 * Jack Conway (1971–1975)
 * David Cohen (1975–1981)
 * Fred Wertheimer (1981–1995)
 * Ann McBride (1995–1999)—longtime Common Cause employee who served as vice president and lobbyist for the group before serving as president
 * Scott Harshbarger (1999–2002)—served as Massachusetts Attorney General before becoming Common Cause president
 * Chellie Pingree (2003–2007)—after stepping down as president of Common Cause, was elected as U.S. Representative from Maine
 * Robert W. (Bob) Edgar (2007–2013)—served as Democratic U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania before becoming president of Common Cause; died in office in April 2013
 * Miles S. Rapoport (2014–2016)—was president of Demos and Secretary of State of Connecticut before becoming president of Common Cause
 * Karen Hobert Flynn (2016–2023) —died in office in March 2023

The following are three of the most prominent individuals who have served as chairs of Common Cause's board:
 * John W. Gardner (1970–1978)—founder and chairman of the organization; served two three-year terms as chairman before stepping down.
 * Archibald Cox (1980–1992)—former Watergate special prosecutor.
 * Robert Reich (2013–2018*)—former Secretary of Labor in the Clinton Administration. (*Due to Common Cause's policy of nonpartisanship, Reich took a leave of absence from the group from February 2016 until after the November 2016 election in order to become involved in Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign.)

Funding
Common Cause has an annual combined budget of around $18 million. This includes its sister organization, the Common Cause Educational Fund. Common Cause is organized as a 501(c)(4) organization, and its sister organization, the Common Cause Educational Fund, is a 501(c)(3) organization.

title: Common Cause


text: Category:Complexity classes

title: Category:Complexity classes


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Patrick Tonyn

Patrick Tonyn (1725–1804) was a British General who served as the last British governor of East Florida, from 1774 to 1783. His governorship lasted the span of the American Revolution. East Florida was a Loyalist colony during the war.

Early life
Patrick Tonyn was born in Berwick-upon-Tweed in Northumberland in 1725, into a military family. His father, Charles Tonyn, was a Colonel in the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons. Patrick Tonyn became a captain in the 6th 6th Dragoons in 1751, and served with that regiment in Germany during the Seven Years' War. In 1759 the regiment fought at Minden and Wetter with great distinction. Tonyn was made lieutenant-colonel of the 104th Regiment of Foot in 1761.

Life in Florida and Revolution
Tonyn is generally described as a capable commander. During his tenure as governor of East Florida the colony enjoyed peace with the neighboring Indians, primarily due to his positive relationship with Ahaya the Cowkeeper, chief of the Alachua band of the Seminole tribe.

Like most favored British officers, Tonyn received a large grant in the new colony—a 20000 acre tract in 1767. This area of land was just south of Black Creek. Nautralist William Bartram, during his 1774 travels, noted that Tonyn's land grew indigo well. Bartram counted twenty enslaved workers when passing by the plantation. After a 1776 raid from Georgia, Tonyn was forced to give up this land for a plot east of the St. Johns River.

Fort Tonyn, which was located in present-day Nassau County, Florida, near the hamlet of Mills's Ferry was named after Tonyn.

On 1 March 1774, Tonyn arrived in St. Augustine, Florida as royal governor of East Florida. Throughout Tonyn's governorship, Loyalists from southern colonies sought refuge in St. Augustine. Another group was added to the population of the city when Andrew Turnbull's colony of New Smyrna to the south collapsed. Tonyn released the group (composed largely of Minorcans) from their indentures, and they too settled in St. Augustine in 1777.

During the American Revolution, Tonyn raised four black militia units in East Florida. Those who served were promised freedom. However, due to the efforts of slave owners and the passing of stricter slave codes, few of those who fought were granted their freedom.

From 1778 - 1785, Governor Tonyn lived in the coquina dwelling at 143 St. George Street in St. Augustine, in what is known today as the Peña-Peck House, run by the Woman's Exchange of St. Augustine.

Tonyn was instrumental in bringing his brother-in-law planter Francis Levett, an Englishman, to East Florida, having Levett given a seat on the Royal Council. Formerly a merchant in Leghorn, Italy, working for the Levant Company in Constantinople and scion of a well-connected English merchant family, Levett took up a large grant in Florida, which he later abandoned in favor of Georgia, where he was one of the first growers of Sea Island cotton. Levett's son-in-law Dr. David Yeats served as Secretary of the province of Florida under Governor Tonyn.

London and death
Tonyn was the victim in a fraud and deception trial at the Old Bailey in May 1796. Henry Weston was indicted for forging Tonyn's signature to transfer of £5,000. The Old Bailey records show that Weston, a young man with gambling debts, was sentenced to death.

Patrick Tonyn died in London on 30 December 1804.

title: Patrick Tonyn


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Maltby, South Yorkshire

Maltby is a former mining town and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. It was historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It is located 6 mi east of Rotherham and 10 mi north-east of Sheffield. It forms a continuous urban area with Hellaby, separated from the rest of Rotherham by the M18 motorway. It had a population of 16,688 at the 2011 Census.

History
The place-name 'Maltby' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Maltebi. The name means 'Malti's homestead or village'. Malti was a common Old Danish name.

Maltby was for centuries a small village near a stream based around farming. Roche Abbey, on the outskirts of Maltby, was founded in 1147 by Cistercian Monks from Newminster Abbey (near Morpeth, Northumberland), and was suppressed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII.

Coal was discovered in the area in the late 19th century; the last colliery in Rotherham was Maltby Main Colliery, established 1910 and faced with closure in March 2013. To house the colliery's workers, the colliery company built a large estate known as the 'Model Village' to the east of the town centre.

From 1900 until 1929, the town was served by Maltby railway station on the South Yorkshire Joint Railway, with services running between Doncaster and Worksop. The station's platforms still remain and the line is an important freight route. John Brown's Private Railway also ran by the west of Maltby, but the track has been lifted and is now a public footpath; a short stretch of track and a platform remains. During the Second World War, a munitions factory, ROF Maltby, was established on the outskirts of Maltby close to the colliery; an estate nicknamed 'Little London' was built to house its workers, who had moved from Enfield in London.

Maltby also had a knitwear factory, Byfords, which supplied companies including Pringle – but this closed in 1999,   and a police station was built on the site.

Maltby's main council housing stock went into serious disrepair during the 1980s with areas like "White City" and the "Tarran estate" (now demolished) worst affected. Maltby local government funding in 1997, council estates such as White City and Birk's Holt Drive have been redevelopment. Derelict land and a former club building was demolished and the land redeveloped during the 1990s by John & Jeanne Jebson and Richard & Jen Schofield who developed two private dwellings on Meadow Lane and developed individual building plots and named Foxcroft Meadows – an area of seven new builds. New council housing was opened in 2011 on the site of the former Tarran estate.

Governance
Until 1974, Maltby had an urban district council, and was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Following the Local Government Act 1972, Maltby is now governed by Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, part of the metropolitan county of South Yorkshire, and also has a parish council, Maltby Town Council. Maltby Town Council has a majority of independents but has Labour representatives for the Rotherham Borough Council. The political makeup of Maltby Town Council is below:

The town lies in the South Yorkshire constituency of Rother Valley, currently held by Conservative MP Alexander Stafford.

Maltby has many distinct areas.

 * Maltby town centre
 * Model Village (south west of the town centre)
 * Cliff Hills (to the west of the town centre)
 * White City (to the southeast of the town centre)
 * Little London (to the north of the town centre)
 * Birks Holt estate
 * New estate
 * Highfield Park

Amenities
Before coal was discovered in the area, Maltby was a small agricultural village, centred on the Parish Church of St Bartholomew's (ref Domesday Book / Saxon Tower), with a population of around 500 at the start of the 1900s. With the opening of the mine in 1907 miners came from all parts of the UK – Wales, Staffordshire, Durham, Scotland and Ireland (the latter descendants of the canal (navvies) and railway building). The miner's Model Village was built with its centre piece as the Church of the Ascension, an annexe to the Parish Church, and in addition a significant presence of Methodist, Congregational, Salvation Army and Roman Catholic places of worship developed. The new community spawned several working men's clubs, including the 'Stute' (short for the Miner's Welfare Institute), the 'Slip', the ROF Club (Royal Ordnance Factory) and Catholic Club. The most significant sports clubs were the Miner's Institute ('Maltby Main' – football and cricket) and Roche Abbey Cricket Club, where Freddy Trueman commenced his illustrious career.

At its peak, Maltby had a population of 18,158 in 1991, but following deindustrialisation in the 1980s/90s, this figure has dropped by roughly 10%, standing at 16,688 in 2011.

The town is served by a variety of shops and businesses. There are multiple public houses in the town, the oldest of which is the White Swan which dates from the 16th century. In 2015, the White Swan closed, and the building is now a curry house.

Despite the rebuilding/refurbishment of some housing stock at the beginning of the 21st century, the ward of Maltby, particularly the eastern area, (in 2010) included areas of high deprivation, according to data generated by the Department for Communities and Local Government.

Education
Maltby Academy on Braithwell Road (B6376) is a secondary school which serves the town and some surrounding villages. It was previously known as Maltby Comprehensive School until receiving academy status in 2010. Permission was granted in 2012 to rebuild the school, to the opposition of some residents.

Initially however, the 'campus' comprised Maltby Grammar School and Maltby Hall Secondary Modern School built on the site of Rolleston Hall. The Grammar School was built in 1931 through the enterprise of County Alderman Dunn, a miner and Labour Councillor, and survived through to the 1970s, guided throughout by the Headmaster, Gerald Rush, pupils being drawn from the adjacent mining towns of Dinnington, Thurcroft, Edlington and Rossington, plus Wickersley, Bramley, Laughton, Tickhill, Bawtry and smaller villages of Braithwell, Micklebring, Anston, Austerfield and other smaller settlements. The Grammar School period architecture survives today with its imposing front and iconic clock set high above Rotherham Road.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire. Television signals are received from the Emley Moor TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Sheffield, Heart Yorkshire, Capital Yorkshire, Hallam FM, Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire (formerly Rother FM), and Rotherham Radio, a community based station.

The Rotherham Advertiser is the town’s local newspaper.

Sport
The ancient game of "beck ball" was revived in the mid-1980s to some success; this is a sort of rugby game, where opposing teams generally fight a turf war in the local stream, Maltby Dike – or Beck as locally known. This stream runs through the valley past St Bartholomew's, thence past Maltby Crags, through the Norwoods, through the centre of Roche Abbey, emptying into the River Ryton at Blyth a few miles downstream. Below Maltby, the stream has also been referred to as the 'Comwell'. Near to Roche Abbey is Sandbeck Hall, the home of the Earl of Scarborough.

Transport
The town is served by high frequency (every 10 mins during the day) buses: the X1 SteelLink service to Sheffield runs via Rotherham town centre and the Meadowhall Shopping Centre. In addition, there is also service X2, which runs through Maltby every 30 mins in the daytime from Rotherham to Maltby via Flanderwell, Sunnyside, Bramley and also to Doncaster via Braithwell and Balby every hour; these are all run by First South Yorkshire.

Maltby is situated close to junction 1 of the M18 motorway, allowing quick access by car for commuters to Sheffield and Doncaster, and the A631 road runs through the town, linking it with the centre of Rotherham.

Maltby Colliery

Sinking of the original shafts of Maltby Colliery began in 1907, as part of the development a large estate known as the "Model Village" was constructed as housing for the colliery workers.

An explosion in the colliery occurred in 1923, resulting in 27 deaths. Maltby Main pit was the site of mass picketing during the '80's miners' strike, which lasted almost exactly a year from March 1984 to March 1985, and the pit was the last to return to work when the strike ended. Post nationalisation the pit was sold to RJB Mining (later known as UK Coal) in 1994, and later to Hargreaves Services in 2007.

After encountering geological problems when trying to access a new coal seam, colliery owner Hargreaves announced that on health and safety grounds the mine would have to close. Maltby Colliery closed in March 2013, with a march held by former miners and residents of the town to mark the occasion.

The Miners' Welfare Institute (locally known as the "Stute"), a working men's club for miners, closed in 2018. There was a long-running campaign to reopen the Stute, until it was damaged by a large fire in April 2021, forcing the pub to close permanently.

People associated with Maltby

 * Chuckle Brothers, entertainers
 * Fred Trueman, cricketer, was educated at Maltby Hall School. He moved to Maltby from Stainton, and worked at Maltby Colliery, as did his father.
 * Lynne Perrie, an actress who played the role of Ivy Brennan in Coronation Street for 23 years, lived in the Cliff Hills area until her death in March 2006.
 * Duggie Brown, Lynne Perrie's brother, entertainer (ex Brookside) lived in the Maltby area before moving away during the 1970s.
 * Bill Waddington, actor, played Percy Sugden in Coronation Street
 * Fred Kitchen, author, wrote a number of biographical works on rural life and worked in and around the Maltby area. His best-known work is Brother to the Ox.
 * George Rolleston, English physician and zoologist. He was the first Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology to be appointed at the University of Oxford.
 * Liam Kirk, English ice hockey player. He became the first player born and trained in England to be drafted into the NHL when he was selected by the Arizona Coyotes in the 7th round of the 2018 NHL Entry Draft.

In popular culture

 * Bramley, near Maltby, was the setting for the book Welcome to Everytown by philosopher Julian Baggini, who lived in the area for six months for the purpose.
 * The town also featured as the central location in the 2018 film Pond Life.

title: Maltby, South Yorkshire


text:
Talk:Alfred Adler

Birthplace
I think you mean he was born in Penzing.... not Penzig.

According to german sources (biography and internet) Alfred Adler was born in Rudolfsheim which belongs today to the 15th borough of Vienna. Later the family moved from Rudolfsheim to Penzing. 81.62.54.186 19:24, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Alfred Adler, MD
I think you'll find that Dr. Adler was trained as a physician, not as a psychologist. While his theory is psychological, and not medical, the record is clear.

David L. Hanson, Ph.D. davidofseattle@comcast.net

 * _ _ Could we have more detail on this? DLH seems to say he was not a psychiatrist, tho my impression is that he was one of the 3 core figures of psychoanalysis, and that all psychoanalysts are psychiatrists. (Admittedly i haven't done my WP research on those, but it would be valuable to state & interpret the results on this talk page.)
 * _ _ It also needs to be borne in mind that he is part of the roots of psychology, and IMO helping create psychology & psychiatry before they became as institutionalized by society as they now are makes one a psychologist w/o having formal training in it, and may make one a psychiatrist as well.
 * _ _ Was he recognized as a psychoanalyst, as my impression is, or not?
 * _ _ As long as I know, psychiatry is rather the oldest specialized medical practice, having its first specialized hospital unit set by 750 of the present era, at Baghdad (See Kaplan & Sadock´s The Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 7th edition, 2000, p. 3302). Surgery entered the universe of medical practices and university studies only much more recently. (sanderfridman@yahoo.com)

Re-Write
The article has undergone a substantial re-write during June and July 2007. It had been assessed as a B class piece, I have requested that it be re-assessed and is now in the A class department queue under reconsideration. References to scholarly sources, tightening of the writing, additional categories, a photo (although it is one of the more unattractive ones, I prefered the drawing that was there earlier) and concerns expressed above have all been taken into account in the re-writing.

title: Talk:Alfred Adler


text:
Category:Chinese classic texts

This is a comprehensive list of all articles which pertain to classical works of Chinese literature.

See Chinese classic texts, Chinese poetry, Chinese literature.

tr:Kategori:Çin tarihi metinleri

title: Category:Chinese classic texts


text:
Talk:Claire Clairmont

Untitled
i believe claire was the most important of shelley's female friends, and she is very underestimated in biographies.

"Seduced" by Byron??
The header "Seduced by Byron" isn't accurate, even according to this article. Claire pursued Byron and not the other way around. I would like to change this misleading phrasing.Gingerwiki (talk) 01:15, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. Plain "Byron" would be better, I think. qp10qp (talk) 16:09, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

You can change it but the facts you cannot change. Although Claire pursued Byron, it was Byron that seduced her and not the other way around. He was far more experienced than she was, and he      took advantage of that fact. Take it from me, I know as I have been in the same situation myself!!!! Sirswindon (talk) 03:27, 21 November 2008 (UTC)SirSwindon

Marina or Maria
All my sources, which I reffed, say Maria. James Bieri, who went to Naples and looked at the registration certificate, gives "Mary", with a question mark, from which I take it that the legibility is a problem. I daresay you have sources for "Marina", but "Maria" is not wrong. I think this is a red herring, anyway, since Shelley gave Mary Godwin's name at the baptism. qp10qp (talk) 19:21, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * All mine say Marina. I also typed it into a search engine and turned up a number of literary journal articles that quote the name as "Marina Padurin." The interpretation of the last name is also different in some of the sources. One said it was Shelley's Italianization of some theory of Mary's.--Bookworm857158367 (talk) 16:59, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

 * But if he was trying to disguise her name: a) why make her so traceable? b) why give her correct name at the baptism later that day? qp10qp (talk) 18:57, 6 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I changed the main text to "Maria" or "Marina" to reflect that sources differ on the names. There's no way to know what his intent was. It appears to be a minor point. I'm going to attempt to get this into Good Article shape. Would you help with formatting the references properly or tracking down more? --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 23:41, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure. I have some good books on the Shelleys. And I have Gittings and Manton, which I read before Christmas with great pleasure. qp10qp (talk) 01:43, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Great! I have Eisler's biography of Byron and I found some journal articles and book excerpts on-line, but the article could definitely use more references from those definitive sources. I'd like to fill in more of the details about her educational background, other things she wrote, where she lived, details from her correspondence, etc. The format for the references probably needs to be standardized, too, probably the way it was done for the Mary Shelley article and Fanny Imlay article. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 03:58, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Referencing styles
To explain what I've done:

The system is that of shortened refs, so that the notes contain an abbreviated reference and the full reference is found in the bibliography. I find that this makes editing very much quicker, because one can make footnotes instantly, without fiddling about with templates. I rarely cite anything but books and articles, so I am not entirely certain of where the link brackets etc. go for online refs, but I have tried to follow a consistent pattern.

I am using the Turabian/Chicago style guides, which I have copies of in front of me. The principle is that notes use commas and bibliographical references use full stops: this is why I have dismantled footnote templates to place information in the latter. For four or more authors, one should say "et al" in the notes but write them out in the bibliography. Calling it a bibliography rather than references makes the list come up on Google for people searching for bibliographies on Claire Clairmont.

The Deirdre Coleman reference really needs some information about the source and publisher, but I can't work out where the homepage is for that site. It is not yet clear to me that it is a reliable source. I would suggest that the Scotsman review is definitely not a reliable source, being a review. We can cross these bridges closer to GA (why not aim for FA?).

Please alter anything you don't like. The main thing is to get the information over, and the above methods are not set in stone.qp10qp (talk) 00:18, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It looks a lot better now. If someone has a copy of the history of governesses that was reviewed in The Scotsman, it would be better to replace the source, I agree. I don't think newpaper articles or reviews are necessarily unreliable, however. Yes, I'd like to see it get to FA eventually, but we should probably put it through a peer review/GA process first. I've nominated it for GA and we'll see what suggestions are made then. I'm not completely happy with the way I set up the photos/pull quotes, so if someone with a better eye than I have can make them more aesthetically pleasing, that would be nice. Thanks for the help. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 00:51, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's ready for GA yet, though, because there's so much more to say about her later life. qp10qp (talk) 01:16, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * You're probably right. I don't have much more to add, though, so if you have the materials with more background, I hope you'll keep adding to it. I think she deserves a full treatment biography with all the details we can find on her.--Bookworm857158367 (talk) 02:25, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

GAN Review
Hello, I'll be reviewing this article for GAN. There are a few things that need to be taken care of so it can fulfill the criteria, so I'll be putting the nomination on hold. I've been watching the development of Mary Shelley with great interest over the past few months, so I think I know what I'm doing here. :)

Two major issues need to be addressed, however: first, at only one sentence long, the lead section needs to be greatly expanded. Per WP:LEAD, the beginning section must summarize the entire article. Second, I'm concerned about the lack of referencing. There are surely enough works to pull from, as the Bibliography suggests, but there are entire paragraphs with only one sentence buried in the middle. The "Death of Allegra" section, which is only one paragraph long, has only one reference. In order to satisfy WP:V, I suggest that more inline citations be added, especially at the end of quotes; “He [Trelawny] likes a turbid and troubled life; I a quiet one; he is full of fine feeling and has no principles; I am full of fine principles but never had a feeling (in my life).” has no ref, for example. The entire first section, which contains some claims that will certainly be contested ("It is suspected..."), only has one ref.

I also have some minor suggestions and/or corrections:
 * Is an infobox truly necessary? She wasn't a professional, after all.  I chuckled at first when I saw "mother of Lord Byron's daughter Allegra" under "Occupation".  Infoboxes are not mandatory, but I won't fight for its removal if you're partial to it. :)
 * The first sentence of the first section in the body begins with "She"; treat this as the first sentence of the article and introduce the subject by full name (or at least first and surname).
 * The prose needs reworking in most areas; some sentences are short and too staccato for my liking. For example, "In December of 1801, Mary Jane Clairmont married William Godwin."  This sentence can be supplemented with background information; don't think that every reader is going to click on that link to find out who Godwin is!  Who is Godwin?  Who was he previously married to?  Where is this taking place?  It's not stated where Clairmont was born, where she grew up, that the family relocated to live with the Godwins, etc.  In short, we need more.
 * Mary Shelley does not need to be linked twice in the first section; the first time suffices. Mary is also referred to by two separate names in the space of a few lines: Mary and Mary Shelley.  Refer to her first as Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin and then as Mary Godwin.
 * Name confusion also with Mrs. Godwin (nee Clairmont): she's first Mary Jane Vial Clairmont and then Mary Jane Godwin. Consistency is key, although I admit that name changes do make it difficult.
 * Godwin, Clairmont... call people by their full names when there are lots of them about. Copy-editing will fix this: "Mary Jane Godwin was also a sharp-tongued woman who often quarreled with Godwin and favored her own children over Godwin's daughters" becomes "Mrs Godwin was a sharp-tongued woman who often quarreled with her husband and favored her own children over her stepdaughters."
 * Clairmont encouraged all of his children to read widely and give lectures as soon as they could read. Is that supposed to be "Godwin encouraged..."?
 * Why is Fanny Imlay's death not mentioned?
 * Who are these people? Byron, Shelley, Hogg?  It's not even mentioned that Bysshe Shelley was a poet when he was first introduced.  Don't assume that the reader knows who you're talking about.  Even "Clairmont entered into an affair with the Romantic poet George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, known as Lord Byron" will be an improvement.  Something, anything.
 * Punctuation does not go inside the quotes unless it's part of the quote: fix "horrors," "The Idiot," and "Claire."
 * Again, Mary Shelley is continuously referred to as Mary Shelley before she becomes Mary Shelley. She was Mary Godwin until she married.
 * Watch the repetitive interwiki links; Percy Bysshe Shelley is linked to three times in one section, Switzerland is linked to the second time it's mentioned instead of the first, etc.
 * Also watch the dashes: I see double dashes (--) and single dashes (-) in place of what should be en dashes (–).
 * The references for/and the two poems in the "Percy Bysshe Shelley" section do not match up. They should be part of the quote, not after it.
 * Something funky going on here; doubled ref? posthumous collection of Shelley's works published in 1824.[10] [11]<[10]
 * Bysshe Shelley's death is mentioned in passing ("After Shelley's death...") twice, but it's not explained. What happened?  One of the main problems with this article's comprehensiveness is that the reader has to assume too much.  This may be "common knowledge" to some, but not to everyone.  It's okay to explain things!
 * It bothers me that it only takes one paragraph to sum up forty years of a person's life; might the last paragraph be expanded?

In short, this needs quite a bit of work, but as I have faith that this can be improved I'm putting it on hold. Here's the game plan: expand the lead; cite, cite, cite; more information is greatly needed, especially descriptions of people and what makes them notable; pay attention to name confusions: refer to people by their first or fullnames if necessary, but keep with the chronology. Instead of names, how about using titles or relationships? Use "stepsister" for "Mary Shelley" or Mr. Godwin for Mary's father, for example. An impartial copy-edit may also help. Let me know if you have any questions about this refer or would like additional insights. Best of luck, María ( habla con migo ) 19:13, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your detailed review. Bookworm knows that I think the submission for GA jumped the gun. I haven't got time to do the work myself, which at my slow pace would take a month. My advice to Bookworm is to withdraw the nomination, giving us space to work through the above very helpful suggestions at our leisure over the next several months. (Personally, I find Claire a much more interesting woman after she moves to Russia, but the article doesn't cover this yet.) qp10qp (talk) 20:42, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure, if Bookworm wants to withdraw the nom, it would take the pressure off from having to meet a deadline. I work better under pressure, but maybe that's just me.  :)  Let me know either way, guys. María ( habla  con migo ) 22:54, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to agree with Qp10qp here about withdrawing the GA nomination at this time. Your suggestions will certainly be useful in improving on the article, but I don't have most of the books mentioned in the article and can't assign page numbers. I think Qp10qp has more of them, if not the time right now. We'll nibble away at it and hopefully resubmit it soon. I'd like to see the article improved on and brought up to FA level eventually. Thanks so much for your time. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 00:02, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've removed the nomination from the GAN list; because it's a withdrawal and not a fail, I see no reason to add the GAN fail template to the top of this page. Best of luck on a future nomination; if you'd like another review pre-nom, just let me know and I'd be glad to look it over again.  María ( habla  con migo ) 03:12, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

family info
This was removed, not by me. I note it here in case any future editor sees fit to re-include it. ("Clairmont" here refers to Mary Jane, Claire's mother.)
 * Thus Clairmont's son was first cousin to Tory politician Charles Trefusis, 19th Baron Clinton, whose father had married Albertina Marianna Gaulis.

BrainyBabe (talk) 19:04, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Is that really relevant? --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 00:11, 18 June 2011 (UTC)
 * If I felt convinced of its utter relevance, I would have reinstated it in the article. As I indicated above, I think it holds the possibility of usefulness to someone else venturing on improving this article in future years. But see the next section. BrainyBabe (talk) 11:19, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

Unexplained rollback
User:Bookworm857158367 made this revision, without edit summary or discussion here. It is more or less a complete rollback of what I'd added over the previous few days: Claire Clairmont's place of birth, wikilinks about her father, family connections, where she first lived in London, her youngest sibling, and so on. The diff re-instates spurious links to "voluptuous" and "brunette", and re-introduces the error re Percy Shelley. It deletes all the new information about Lady Mount Cashell, aka Mrs Mason, also known as Margaret King -- and the link to that article is now gone. Not seeking an edit war, I ask here: is there any reason for this? BrainyBabe (talk) 11:11, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't think the additions regarding Margaret King and others are relevant to the article. The information regarding Percy Shelley is cited and was taken from a mainstream biography. I restored some of the information about her parentage. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 13:35, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

Objectivity is questionable here.
It seems that a number of parts of this article seem rather subjective, speculative, or otherwise non-factual. This is most prevalent in the sections concerning Clairmont's relationship with Byron and Shelley.
 * Byron
 * "Clairmont was a lively, voluptuous brunette with a good singing voice and a hunger for recognition"-unless Byron, Clairmont, Shelley or some noteworthy source said this, I don't think it belongs here
 * "The three young people traipsed across war-torn France, into Switzerland, fancying themselves like characters in a romantic novel, as Mary Shelley later recalled, but always reading widely, writing, and discussing the creative process"-This definitely needs a reliable source
 * "During the summer of 1814, she started a story called "The Idiot," which has since been lost."-If nothing is known about it, then it shouldn't be mentioned.
 * "But though Claire lacked the literary talent of her stepsister and brother-in-law, she always longed to take center stage."-that's an author's opinion if ive ever heard one
 * "more romantic-sounding "Claire."-same problem
 * " (A year marked by agricultural failures and widespread European famine, but also of significant literary advances as the Godwin-Shelley-Byron circle holed up indoors, 1816 would later be known as the "year without a summer".) "-Thats quite a tangent, and should be revised
 * "Clairmont was to say later that her relationship with Byron had given her only a few minutes of pleasure, but a lifetime of trouble."-Thats a horrible way to end this
 * Shelley
 * "In October 1814, Shelley deliberately frightened Clairmont by assuming a particularly sinister and horrifying facial expression. "How horribly you look ... Take your eyes off!" she cried."-this anecdote, while interesting, is not really important

Overall, this article refers to personal journals of the people involved fairly often. While journals may indeed be firsthand accounts, they are also subject to their author's opinions such as when Mary Shelley states "I am perfectly convinced in my own mind that Shelley never had an improper connexion [sic] with Claire ... we lived in lodgings where I had momentary entrance into every room and such a thing could not have passed unknown to me." I'm not so sure these accounts should be considered reliable, and some are hardly relevant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.235.117.243 (talk) 04:14, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 11:49, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Claire Clairmont


text:
Michael Bowes-Lyon, 18th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne

Michael Fergus Bowes-Lyon, 18th and 5th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, (7 June 1957 – 27 February 2016), styled Lord Glamis between 1972 and 1987, was a British politician and soldier, and a  first cousin, once removed, of Queen Elizabeth II. He was usually known to family and friends as Mikey Strathmore.

Family and background
Lord Strathmore was the only son of Michael Bowes-Lyon, 17th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and his wife, Mary Pamela McCorquodale. He was a grandnephew of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and a first cousin, once removed, of Queen Elizabeth II.

Michael Bowes-Lyon was educated at Sunningdale School, Eton College, the University of Aberdeen, and RMA Sandhurst. He rose to the rank of captain in the British Army (serving with the Scots Guards). He succeeded his father as 18th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne in 1987.

Marriage and children
Lord Strathmore was married three times.

On 14 November 1984, Bowes-Lyon married Isobel Charlotte Weatherall (born c. 1962), great-granddaughter of Henry Keswick and sister of businessman Percy Weatherall, Tai-pan of Jardine Matheson. Her elder sister Catherine Nony Weatherall was married to Sir Nicholas Soames.

The Earl and his first wife were separated in 2003 and were divorced in 2005. They had three sons:

 * Simon Bowes-Lyon, 19th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (b. 18 June 1986)
 * Hon. John Fergus Bowes-Lyon (b. 1988)
 * Hon. George Norman Bowes-Lyon (b. 1991)

On 24 November 2005, at Glamis Castle, Strathmore married Dr. Damaris E. Stuart-William, a clinical psychologist. They were separated in 2007 and were divorced in 2008. They had a son:

 * Hon. Toby Peter Fergus Bowes-Lyon (b. March 2005) (legitimised upon the marriage of his parents)

On 4 August 2012, Strathmore married Karen Baxter (née Orrock), who survived him.


text:
Perrysville

Perrysville may refer to:

 * Perrysville, Indiana
 * Perrysville, Ohio
 * Perrysville, Pennsylvania

title: Perrysville


text: User talk:68.74.152.236

title: User talk:68.74.152.236


text:
Royal Army

Royal Army may refer to:

Past

 * French Royal Army (Armée royale, "Royal Army"), an army from 1652 to 1830
 * Royal Albanian Army (Ushtria Mbretërore, "Royal Army"), an army from 1924 to 1939
 * Royal Hungarian Army
 * Royal Italian Army (Regio Esercito, "Royal Army"), an army from 1861 to 1946
 * Royal Sardinian Army, from 1416 until it became the Royal Italian Army on 4 May 1861
 * Royal Saxon Army
 * Royal Serbian Army, the army of Serbia that existed between 1882 and 1918
 * Royal Yugoslav Army, the army of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1941

In Asia

 * Royal Bahraini Army
 * Royal Cambodian Army (កងទ័ពជើងគោក, Kâng Toăp Cheung Koŭk; lit. 'Land Army')
 * Royal Jordanian Army
 * Royal Army of Oman (الجيش الملكي, "Royal Army")
 * Royal Thai Army

Elsewhere

 * Royal Danish Army
 * Royal Moroccan Army (الجيش الملكي, "Royal Army")
 * Royal Netherlands Army (Koninklijke Landmacht, "Royal Army")

title: Royal Army


text:
Ko Samui

Ko Samui (or Koh Samui), often locally shortened to Samui (เกาะสมุย, ), is an island off the east coast of Thailand. Geographically in the Chumphon Archipelago, it is part of Surat Thani Province, though as of 2012, Ko Samui was granted municipal status and thus is now locally self-governing. Ko Samui, with an area of 228.7 sqkm, is Thailand's second largest island after Phuket. In 2018, it was visited by 2.7 million tourists.

History
The island was probably first inhabited about 15 centuries ago, settled by fishermen from the Malay Peninsula and southern China. It appears on Chinese maps dating back to 1687, under the name Pulo Cornam.

The origin of the name samui is unknown. It may come from the Sanskrit-Tamil word สมวย, meaning 'sea weather'. Or it may derive from the name of a tree known locally in southern Thailand as ต้นหมุย (full name ต้นสมุย). A third possibility is that it originated from early Hainanese traders to Samui. In Hainanese Chinese, เซ่าบ่วย means 'first island', 'barrier', or 'gate', or literally 'beautiful beach'. As it was their first port of call in Thailand, it became its name and evolved to สมุย. Some people believe that the word "samui" derives from the Malay word saboey, or 'safe haven'. There is no firm corroboration of any of these theories. Ko เกาะ is the Thai word for "island".

Until the late 20th century, Ko Samui was an isolated self-sufficient community, having little connection with the mainland of Thailand. The island was without roads until the early 1970s and the 15 km journey from one side of the island to the other could involve a whole-day trek through the mountainous central jungles.

Ko Samui's economy now is based primarily on a successful tourist industry, as well as exports of coconut and rubber.

Economic growth has brought not only prosperity but also major changes to the island's environment and culture.

Governance
The first local government on Samui island was established in 1956 with the sanitary district Ko Samui, which however only covered the area around the settlement. In 1963 it was enlarged to cover the entirety of Samui and Pha-Nga islands, which at that time were still in the same district. In 1973, the area of the Ko Pha-Ngan District became a separate sanitary district. Since 1981, the sanitary district covers the area of the whole district.

Like all sanitary districts, Ko Samui became a subdistrict municipality (thesaban tambon) in 1999. In 2008, the subdistrict municipality was upgraded to a town municipality (thesaban mueang), and in 2012, the town was upgraded to a city municipality.

The conversion of the municipality into a special administrative area with greater powers of self-governance similar to Pattaya has been discussed since 2008, but as of 2018, no action has been taken.

Geography
Ko Samui is in the Gulf of Thailand, about 35 km northeast of Surat Thani town (9°N, 100°E). It is the most significant island in the Chumphon Archipelago. The island measures some 25 km at its widest point. To the north are the populated resort islands of Ko Pha-ngan, Ko Tao, and Ko Nang Yuan. Close to Bangrak in northeast Samui is the small uninhabited island of Ko Som, and to the northeast of Chaweng is the tiny Ko Matlang. To the south are Ko Taen and Ko Matsum, each of which have small tourist facilities. To the far west are 44 other islands which together compose Mu Ko Ang Thong National Park which is accessible by a day-trip boat tour from Ko Samui.

The central part of Ko Samui is mostly tropical jungle with tree coverage and many beautiful creatures. It also includes its largest mountain, Khao Pom, peaking at 635 m. The various lowland and coastal areas are connected by one route, which is a 51 km-long road, encircling the island. Many other concrete roads branch off from this route to service other areas.

On the west coast of the island is the original capital, Nathon, which still houses many government offices, as well as two of the island's five major piers. Nathon is the major port for fisheries and for vehicular and goods transportation from the mainland. As the site of the main port and the closest city to the mainland has made Nathon the commercial centre for Samui locals. More recently, the transition from dependence on the local coconut industry along with the continued growth and development of the tourist industry, as well as the northeastern location of the airport, has led to the increase of commercial activity in Chaweng and Bophut.

Climate
Ko Samui has a tropical monsoon climate according to the Köppen climate classification, based on an analysis of 1971–2010 Thai Meterological Department data. The climate is warm and humid for most of the year. In comparison to Phuket and most of the rest of southern Thailand, Samui's weather is relatively drier (Samui receives about 1,960. mm rain per year, and Phuket gets 2,220 mm). Phuket's wet season is spread over six to eight months. Ko Samui has only two months with more than 212 mm of rain. The heaviest precipitation typically falls in the time frame from mid October to early December. For the rest of the year, given the tropical climate, rain showers are brief; 20–60 minutes duration is typical.

Administration
Ko Samui is an amphoe (district) of Surat Thani Province, divided into seven sub-districts (tambons) and 39 administrative villages (mubans). The entire island is one city municipality (thesaban nakhon). The district covers the island, as well as the Ang Thong archipelago and some other small islands nearby.

Originally, the district included all of the islands of Surat Thani Province. The islands Ko Pha-ngan and Ko Tao were split off as the minor district (king amphoe) Ko Pha-ngan effective 1 October 1970. In 1980, administrative village number seven of Ang Thong Sub-district covering the islands Ko Chueak, Ko Nok Phao, and Ko Rikan was reassigned to Don Sak District, where it now forms village number 11.

Transport

Samui Airport is a private airport built and owned by Bangkok Airways, which is the only airline with services to Ko Samui from mainland Thailand since the airport's construction in 1989. Due to its use of locally produced palm leaves and a natural, open-air cooling system, the terminal complex received an Environment Impact Assessment Award under the guidance of Prasert Prasarttong-Osoth. Ko Samui airport is built in an open style, drawing connections between it and traditional Thai architecture. In 2009, the airport handled 1.3 million passengers and 17,707 aircraft operations. Flights from Samui to Phuket and other Thai destinations are available, and in 2012, the Thai government announced the possibility of a second Ko Samui airport due to complaints of high airport fees.

Several ferries connect the island with the mainland, including two car/passenger ferries, and connect Don Sak to piers in the west of the island, in Lipa Noi and in Nathon. Public buses to all parts of the mainland operate from a new bus station north of Nathon. Privately operated songthaews circle the ring road like a bus service with fixed fees mostly only in the daytime, and private taxis which charged a fixed, flat fee depending on the destination.

Tourism
The expansion of tourism in Ko Samui has resulted in growth of building resorts, bungalows, and luxury private villas on the island. The island's total of 17,479 hotel rooms in 2013 was increased by an additional 459 new rooms in 2015. A gradual shift in demand is seeing more Asian visitors and families, but the top three source markets have been Germany, the UK, and Thailand, which contribute a combined 27 percent share. Bangkok Airways continues to modernize its fleet with new Airbuses, phasing out older ATR 72 propeller planes, which will provide 189,000 additional airline seats for Samui travelers. The airport has already increased the number of daily flights from 36 to 50.

The island received more than 2.5 million foreign visitors in 2017, up from 2.34 million in 2016. According to a luxury hotelier, tourists traveling to Ko Samui spend an average of 7,700 to 8,200 baht per head per day.

, legislators in the Thai parliament have put forward a proposal to build an 18 km bridge linking mainland Nakhon Si Thammarat Province with Ko Samui. The MPs claim that the project would spur economic growth in south Thailand. They propose that—if built—it be named "Chan-o-cha" in honour of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha.

Attraction sites
Samui has several tourist attraction sites ranging from beaches, waterfalls and is full of history. Some of the top attraction sites in this island include:

 * Beaches– Koh Samui is home for some of the most beautiful beaches in Thailand. Among the famous beaches include Chaweng Beach, Lamai Beach, Maenam Beach and Choeng Mon Beach.
 * Wat Phra Yai– Also called Big Buddha Temple, it is one of the most iconic landmarks in Koh Samui. It has the giant golden Buddha statue, seated in a lotus position which is 12 meters high and is a symbol of peace and prosperity.
 * Hin Ta and Hin Yai Rocks– These are natural rock formations also known as Grandfather and Grandmother Rocks. They resemble male and female genitalia and are believed to bring fertility and good luck.
 * Na Muang Waterfalls
 * Fisherman's Village
 * Secret Buddha Garden
 * Elephant Sanctuaries In the last years, Koh Samui developed several elephant sanctuaries in a big wild area. A place to increase learning, compatibility, and understanding between humans and elephants as sentient beings. All assist in elephant care by supporting sincere and beneficial ethical tourism.

Environmental improvements
Ko Samui hosts some 2,700,000 visitors per year. To manage this, every resort, hotel, villa, restaurant, and facility is required to maintain their own septic tank systems so there is no need for widespread wastewater treatment. Rainwater collection from roadway run-off along Samui's main ring road has been vastly improved during the main Ring Road revitalization and improvement project begun in 2017 and nearly completed as of 2020. The project has widened the main ring roads all the way around the entire island, upgrading with new steel-reinforced concrete along with asphalt blacktop, new sidewalks, additional street-lights, and run-off water collection. Ko Samui has three main run-off water treatment plants, in Chaweng, Lamai, and Maenam, to handle the rainwater collection from the roads; since all sewage is handled by each property's own required septic systems.

Other islands such as Koh Tao and Koh Phangan (famous for its full moon parties) have much more serious problems due to lack of good infrastructure and enforcement. Plans to build more water treatment plants on those other island has been stymied by lack of funding, making Koh Samui's better infrastructure much more appealing.

Medical care
Samui has five private hospitals: Samui International Hospital; Wattanapat Hospital Samui; Thai International; Bandon Hospital; and Bangkok Hospital Samui. The government hospital is in Nathon.

title: Ko Samui


text:
Talk:Bering Strait

Arbitrary section header
Lynne Cox swam the frigid Bering Strait separating Alaska and Russia, a feat never before successfully attempted.

Cox documents the years of training and other swimming feats that led to her eventual triumph in the Bering Strait in her book Swimming to Antarctica: Tales of a Long-Distance Swimmer.

Cox recently took a walk along Seal Beach, in Orange County, Calif., to explain to NPR's Karen Grigsby Bates how she trained for many of her swims within eyeshot of the pier and the surfers that hug the coast.

During her swim of the Bering Strait, she crossed the International Date Line -- something Cox says she found metaphorically important.

"Because really, you're swimming from the present into the future," she tells Bates. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.240.57.4 (talk • contribs) 31 May 2004

 * Note that she swam between the Diomede Islands (2 miles), not across Bering Strait (58 miles). 2 miles is not so tough for a good swimmer. BIL 19:52, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

I think a bridge across the strait will change the world as we know it.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.176.245.102 (talk • contribs) 08:02, 7 April 2005

 * If you want the page deleted put it on VfD, this is neither the proper median nor method. If you continue to remove peoples comments you will be blocked. -- Cat chi? 20:00, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Future Tunnel?
I know about the Bering Strait Bridge article, but Russia's proposed tunnel seems to more concrete. Should this be mentioned here at all? http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=a5OJJzlp0xwM&refer=canada Yubimusubi 04:47, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, add it. --Canadianshoper 23:48, 19 May 2007 (UTC)who made itp??
 * I agree. 99.95.168.141 (talk) 00:13, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

Alert
This article breaks the know political attacks! NoRmIaD (talk) 23:51, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Locator map?
Does this need a clear global locator map? A reader requested "specific location" in feedback. -- Beland (talk) 02:26, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The article has since been updated to include new locator maps so I removed the requested map template. Transpoman (talk) 01:42, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Population, Expeditions
Nothing about the Inuit people who live there. I'd expect something besides "sparsely populated." Kortoso (talk) 20:54, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

Info on Ice / No-Ice situation
Would be useful to know the current and historical situation about how many months of the year the strait id "bridged" by ice, or open for navigation. Has this changed significantly with global warming ? What was the probable situation at the time of the presumed pre-historic migration from Asia to America.RB-Ex-MrPolo (talk) 03:44, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

3rd paragraph should also describe treatment of Russian citizens if they enter the Russian coast of the Bering Strait
99.95.168.141 (talk) 17:03, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bering Strait