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Oliver P. Morton

Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton (August 4, 1823 – November 1, 1877), commonly known as Oliver P. Morton, was a U.S. Republican Party politician from Indiana. He served as the 14th governor of Indiana during the American Civil War, and was a stalwart ally of President Abraham Lincoln. Morton worked hard to maximize Indiana's contribution to the war effort and marginalize the obstructionists. He was a principled and effective leader who fought for equality and nationalism through the use of governmental power. His forceful pursuit of civil rights and prosecution of Copperheads and white supremacists gained him lasting enemies among the antiwar elements. Morton thwarted and neutralized the Democratic-controlled Indiana General Assembly. He exceeded his constitutional authority by calling out the militia without approval, and during the period of legislative suppression he privately financed the state government through unapproved federal and private loans. He was criticized for arresting and detaining political enemies and suspected southern sympathizers. As one of President Lincoln's "war governors", Morton made significant contributions to the war effort, more than any other man in the state, and earned the lifelong gratitude of former Union soldiers for his support.

During his second term as governor, and after being partially paralyzed by a stroke, he was elected to serve in the U.S. Senate. He was a leader among the Radical Republicans of the Reconstruction era, and supported numerous bills designed to reform the former Southern Confederacy. In 1877, during his second term in the Senate, Morton suffered a second debilitating stroke that caused a rapid deterioration in his health; he died later that year. Morton was mourned nationally and his funeral procession was witnessed by thousands. He is buried in Indianapolis's Crown Hill Cemetery.

Family and background

Morton was an Indiana native born in Wayne County near the small settlement of Salisbury on August 4, 1823, to James Throck and Sarah Miller Morton. His grandfather had shortened the family's surname, Throckmorton, to Morton, but the males in the family carried Throck as a middle name. He was named for Oliver Hazard Perry, the victorious Commodore in the Battle of Lake Erie. Morton disliked his name from an early age, and before beginning his political career he shortened it to Oliver Perry Morton, dropping the middle names of Hazard and Throck. His mother died when he was three, and he was raised by his maternal grandparents. He spent most of his young life living with them in Ohio.

Morton returned to eastern Indiana as a young man, and joined his family at Centerville. Leaving school at the age of fifteen, Morton briefly worked as an apothecary's clerk, but left after a dispute with the proprietor and apprenticed as a hat maker. After four years in the hat-making business he became dissatisfied and quit to enroll at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he studied for two years and was initiated into Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He then briefly attended Cincinnati College to continue his law studies. In 1845 he returned to Centerville and was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1846. Morton formed a law practice with Judge Newman and became a successful and moderately wealthy attorney. John F. Kibbey, the man who Morton would later appoint as Indiana Attorney General, began studying law under Morton in Richmond in 1849. After Kibbey was admitted to the bar in 1852, he and Morton began to practice law together until 1860. Morton married Lucinda Burbank in 1845. The couple had five children, but only two survived infancy.

Early political career
In 1852 Morton campaigned and was elected to serve as a circuit court judge, but resigned after only a year; he found that he preferred to practice law. By 1854 he was active in Indiana politics. Initially, Morton was an anti-slavery Democrat, but living in a region dominated by the Whig Party he had little hope of furthering a political career without changing his party affiliation. Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which repealed the Missouri Compromise's ban on slavery in the western territories, beyond Missouri, had a divisive effect on both parties. As the Democrats divided over the issue, Morton took a stand with the Free Soil supporters and opposed the Act. Under the influence of U.S. Senator Jesse D. Bright, the state's Democrats expelled their anti-slavery members, including Morton, from the Indiana state convention in 1854. That same year Morton joined with other political factions to form the People's Party, the forerunner to the state's Republican Party.

By February 1856 Morton had made his way to the newly formed Republican party at the national level as a member of the resolutions committee to the preliminary national convention that met in Pittsburgh. He also served as a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia. Thirty-two-year-old Morton became the People's/Republican candidate for governor of Indiana in 1856. His Democratic opponent was Ashbel P. Willard, a popular state senator. Despite a hard-fought campaign that for the first time brought Morton to the attention of voters around the state, Willard defeated him in the general election by fewer than 6,000 votes, amid charges on both sides of fraudulent voting. Radical Republican George W. Julian, who detested Morton, contended that Morton did not take a strong enough position against slavery, and, as conservative former Whigs claimed, he had been too lenient on the issue in a state where southern-born residents wanted nothing to do with blacks or abolitionism. Despite these criticisms, Morton's anti-slavery speeches made him popular among the Republicans in Indiana. Noted for his "plain and convincing" manner of speaking, Morton's contemporaries said he was not "eloquent or witty", but rather "logical and reasonable".

By 1858, the People's party had officially adopted the name of Republican, and in 1860 the Republicans nominated Morton for lieutenant governor of Indiana on a ticket with the more conservative former Whig, Henry S. Lane, as its gubernatorial candidate. Savvy Republican politicians thought that Morton would be seen as too radical and could not carry the former Know-Nothing vote in the southern half of the state, while a man of Whig antecedents like Lane would. Because both men had strong support within the party, and neither had much desire to make open war on one another, a compromise was arranged, giving Lane the gubernatorial nomination and Morton the nomination for lieutenant governor. Both nominees understood that if they carried the state and a Republican majority was elected to the state legislature in the fall, the Indiana General Assembly would choose Lane for a seat in the U.S. Senate and Morton would become the successor to the Indiana governorship. The campaign focused primarily on the prevailing issues of the nation, including homesteading legislation, tariffs, and the looming possibility of civil war. Lane and Morton won in the state's general election and the Republicans gained control of the state legislature. As it had been pre-arranged with the candidates, on the day after Lane's inauguration as governor, the General Assembly chose him to fill a U.S. Senate seat. Lane resigned immediately and Morton succeeded him to become the fourteenth governor of Indiana on January 18, 1861, and its first governor to be born in the state.

War effort
Morton served as governor of Indiana for six years (1861–1867) and strongly supported the Union during the Civil War. While others urged compromise and conciliation, Morton demanded an end to concession discussions, with no further compromise, and, if necessary, the use of force to preserve the Union. In a speech he delivered on November 22, 1860, Morton declared: "If it is worth a bloody struggle to establish this nation, it is worth one to preserve it." He was also a staunch supporter of President Abraham Lincoln's conduct of the war. Morton, who was not in favor of conciliation, believed his role as Indiana's governor was "to denounce treason and uphold the cause of the Union."

Morton also believed that war was inevitable and began to prepare the state for its outbreak during his early tenure as governor. Morton appointed men to positions in state government who opposed any compromise with the southern states. He also established without legislative permission a state arsenal, where up to 700 men produced ammunition, and made many other preparations for the impending war.

Three days after the war began on April 12, 1861, at the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Governor Morton telegraphed President Lincoln offering 10,000 volunteers from Indiana under arms to help suppress the rebellion. By the end of April, about 12,000 Hoosier volunteers had signed up to fight for the Union, exceeding the state's initial quota of six regiments (4,683 men). In a special session of the Indiana General Assembly held on April 24, 1861, Morton called for Indiana's politicians to set aside party considerations and unite in defense of the Union. He also received the state legislature's authority to borrow and spend funds to purchase arms and supplies for Indiana's troops.

Among Lincoln's "war governors", who were critically important in the early prosecution of the war, "no governor played his role more valiantly or effectively than did Morton." Although Morton's efforts were not without controversy and garnered significant opposition from his political adversaries, his greatest strength during the war was his ability to raise volunteers and money for the Union army and to equip them for battle. Morton also successfully suppressed Indiana's Confederate sympathizers. As the leader of the Republicans in the state, he confronted the Peace Democrats, especially the "Copperheads".

Lincoln and Morton maintained a close alliance during the war, although Lincoln was wary at times of Morton's ruthlessness. Lincoln also recognized the Indiana governor had significant fears, once remarking that Morton was "a good fellow, but at times he is the skeeredest person I know." Morton was especially afraid that Kentucky, across the Ohio River from Indiana's southern border, would secede from the Union and pose a threat to Indiana's security.

Morton went to great lengths to ensure that Indiana contributed as much as possible to the war effort. He was not afraid to criticize others if he felt Indiana's interests were being overlooked. Morton frequently clashed with federal authorities and military leaders over recruitment policies, regimental assignments, appointment of military leaders, purchases of supplies, and the care given to sick and wounded soldiers, among other issues. Although he wanted Indiana to receive as much recognition as other states, Morton's political opponents often challenged his efforts. Governor Morton once complained to Lincoln that "no other free state is so populated with southerners", which he believed kept him from being as forceful as he wanted to be.

In 1862 Morton attended the Loyal War Governors' Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania, organized by Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin, that gave Lincoln the support needed for his Emancipation Proclamation. Emancipation and the conscription of men to fight a protracted war became major issues that divided Republicans and Democrats during Morton's tenure as governor.

Conflict with the General Assembly
Although Morton was able to keep the state united during the first phase of the war, once emancipation became an issue in 1862, the Republicans suffered a major defeat in the mid-term elections, and Morton lost the support of the strong Democratic majority in the legislature. Before the new legislature convened in 1863, Morton began circulating reports that the Democrats intended to seize control of the state government, secede from the Union, and instigate riots. The Democrats responded with harsh criticisms of Morton and Lincoln, the conduct of the war, and the issues of emancipation and the loss of constitutional rights, among others. Accusations on both sides created a tense atmosphere that only worsened relation between the two parties and guaranteed further confrontations.

Morton had already made several unconstitutional moves by acting on his own authority without legislative approval, including the establishment of the state arsenal, and the Democrats drafted legislation that attempted to reduce his authority. When Democrats in the state legislature sought to remove the state militia from Morton's command and transfer it to a state board of Democratic commissioners, the governor immediately disbanded the Indiana General Assembly. He feared that once in control of militia, the Democrats might attempt to force him from office and secede from the Union. Morton issued secret instructions to Republican legislators, asking them to stay away from Indianapolis, the state capital, to prevent the General Assembly from attaining the quorum needed to pass any legislation. All but four Republicans fled to Madison, Indiana, where they could quickly flee into Kentucky if the Democrats attempted to force their return to Indianapolis.

Without the enactment of an appropriations bill, the state government would not have funds to operate, and the Democrats assumed that Morton would be forced to call a special session and recall the Republicans. The Democrats hoped to once again press their measures to weaken the governor, but Morton was aware of their plans. Going beyond his constitutional powers, Morton solicited millions of dollars in federal and private loans. Morton's move to subvert the state legislature was successful; he was able to privately fund the state government and the war effort in Indiana. Former Hoosier James Lanier of the New York banking firm of Winslow, Lanier and Company loaned Morton funds to pay interest on the state's debt until the state government could resume its revenue collecting efforts.

Morton's moves caused considerable rage among the Democrats, who launched a vicious attack on the governor. He responded by accusing his Democratic opponents of treason. Following the suppression of the General Assembly in 1862, Morton asked General Henry B. Carrington for assistance in organizing the state's levies for service. He also established an intelligence network under Carrington's leadership to deal with rebel sympathizers affiliated with the Knights of the Golden Circle, and, beginning in 1863, the American Knights, which merged with the Sons of Liberty. Members of these secret groups included Democrats and others who supported states-rights and opposed the Union cause during the war. Carrington succeeded in keeping the state secure, but his operatives also carried out arbitrary arrests, suppressed freedom of speech and freedom of association, and generally maintained repressive control over the southern-sympathetic minority. In an incident that would later be referred to as the Battle of Pogue's Run, Morton had soldiers disrupt a Democratic state convention, where many leaders of the Democratic Party were arrested, detained, or threatened. Morton also urged pro-war Democrats to abandon their party in the name of unity for the duration of the war, and met with some success. Former governor Joseph A. Wright was among the Democrats who had been expelled from the party in 1854, and in an attempt to show his bipartisanship, Morton appointed him to the U.S. Senate.

In reaction to Morton's actions against dissenters, the Indiana Democratic Party called Morton a "Dictator" and an "Underhanded Mobster." Republicans countered that the Democrats were using "treasonable and obstructionist tactics in the conduct of the war". Morton illegally—without approval from the state legislature—called out the state militia in July 1863 to counter Morgan's Raid, an incident where Confederate raiders under Confederate General John Hunt Morgan crossed the Ohio River into southern Indiana. Large-scale support for the Confederacy among Golden Circle members and southern Hoosiers in general declined after Morgan's raiders ransacked many homes bearing the banners of the Golden Circle, despite their proclaimed support for the Confederate cause. After Hoosiers failed to support Morgan's troops in significant numbers, Morton slowed his crackdown on Confederate sympathizers within the state, theorizing that because the Copperheads had failed to come to Morgan's aid in large numbers, they would similarly fail to aid a larger invasion.

Despite his controversial actions, one notable thing historians record from this period during Morton's first term as governor was the honesty with which the government was run. All of the borrowed money was accounted for with no political corruption and repaid in the years after the war. It was by these honest actions that Morton was able to avoid repercussions when the state legislature reconvened after Morton's reelection, this time with a new Republican majority.

Second term
In 1864 the war was nearing its end, but many Hoosiers were war weary and saw no end in sight as they prepared for the state's next gubernatorial election. Indiana's constitution prohibited a governor to serve more than four years in any eight-year period, but Morton was elected as Indiana's lieutenant governor in 1860 and had only been completing Lane's term, so he claimed that was eligible to run for governor in the upcoming election. The Democrats were furious and launched a bitter campaign against Morton, who did not do a great deal of campaigning. Instead, he successfully returned about 9,000 active-duty soldiers home on leave to vote in the election, presumably for Morton, "the soldier's friend", and his fellow Republicans.

Morton was reelected to office, defeating Democrat and longtime friend Joseph McDonald by more than 20,000 votes. Although the campaign was conducted in time of war, with both parties strongly opposing the other, both Morton and McDonald remained friends after the campaign and later served together in the U.S. Senate. Many Democrats claimed that Morton had rigged the election because Republicans retook the majority in both houses of the Assembly.

Morton was partially crippled by a paralytic stroke in October 1865 which incapacitated him for a time. For treatment, Morton traveled to Europe where he sought the assistance of several specialists, but none were able to help his paralysis. During his recovery, Lieutenant Governor Conrad Baker served as acting governor. With the war ending, Baker oversaw the demobilization of most of the state's forces. Morton returned to the governorship in March 1866, but he was never again able to walk without assistance.

First term
In 1867, Morton was elected by the Indiana General Assembly to serve as a U.S. Senator. He resigned from his post as governor that same year and turned over the leadership of the state government to Lieutenant Governor Baker. In the U.S. Senate, Morton became a member of the foreign affairs committee and quickly grew to become a Republican leader. He was also made chairman of the Committee of Privileges and Elections. Because of his stroke, Morton always sat while delivering his speeches, but he was noted by other senators for his effectiveness in speaking and debating.

Morton's close observers saw a man of untiring activity, "of unfaltering determination, quick as well as far-seeing..." Restless and full of energy, one newspaper commentated, "He accommodated himself with a kind of cynical indifference to his crippled body, as to a house badly out of repair, and dragged it about with him as a snail does a shell." As a U.S. Senator, "he excused himself from no duties; acted as chairman and member of several committees; was never absent from his seat, and was ready for debate at all times."

Unfriendly sources described Morton in exceedingly negative terms. "With a superabundance of the quality called 'force,' Senator Morton possesses one of the most terrible natures in public life," and as news correspondent George Alfred Townsend described him: "A dark, determined, brooding and desperate mind is reflected in his warthy complexion and introspective eyes. His powerful frame, prematurely wrecked, yet carrying alive the savage will, towers on his crutch, and in his very hobble is the tyrant's pace.... He wants to be terrible for the sake of freedom. His conscience and fortitude are thus fed from his fanaticism. Like all bloody bigots, he thinks he feels God's mercy moving in him."

Morton, who served in the U.S. Senate during Reconstruction, supported much of the Radical Republican program for re-making the former Confederate states. Early in his first term, Morton supported legislation to eliminate all civil government in the southern states and impose a military government. He also supported legislation to void the southern states' constitutions—in nearly every case imposed in 1865 without being submitted to the voters—and to require elections for representatives to state constitutional conventions that would be charged with writing new ones. In addition, he voted in favor of provisions declaring that the new state constitutions would go into effect only if adopted by a majority of registered voters, not just those voting in the special elections that called for the constitutions' adoption. At the same time, he favored stringent restrictions on former Confederates who were permitted to vote, in particular those who had taken an oath to support the United States Constitution, and had served the Confederate States of America in a political office or in its military.

During the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, Morton voted in favor of conviction, as did most moderate and all Radical Republicans, and openly voiced his disappointment at Johnson's acquittal. Although Morton delivered a speech in the fall of 1865 arguing that the recently freed slaves were unready for the vote, and once worked to end Indiana's so-called "Black Laws" that restricted blacks' basic civil rights, and the state constitutional provision forbidding their entry into the state, he reversed his position after the war. By 1866 Morton had come to share the general Republican belief that the only means of guaranteeing loyalty to governments protective of black civil rights must be through giving adult males of every race the franchise. As he explained, "I confess, and I do it without shame, that I have been educated by the great events of War." He championed the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, and when the Democrats began to resign en masse from the Senate during its debate to prevent a quorum, Morton engineered a maneuver that kept the bill in the docket and allowed it to be passed.

U.S. Senator George Frisbie Hoar once judged Morton as a man with "little regard for Constitutional scruples." Not that Morton would have willfully flouted his oath to uphold the U.S. Constitution, but Hoar added, "he believed that the Constitution should be interpreted in the light of the Declaration of Independence, so as to be the law of life to a great, powerful, and free people. To this principle of interpretation, all strict or narrow criticism, founded on its literal meaning, must yield." If so, Hoar's assessment put Morton in the same category as U.S. Senator Charles Sumner, who openly declared the Declaration's decree that all men were created equal the defining words by which all constitutional duty should be judged.

After President-elect Ulysses S. Grant's inauguration in 1869, Morton became one of the Grant administration's most able and reliable floor leaders. Morton helped shepherd through the bill readmitting Virginia to representation in Congress and voted in favor of the treaty annexing Santo Domingo to the United States. Later, he countered Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman Charles Sumner of Massachusetts in a bitter debate over the president's motives and intentions towards the Caribbean nation and its people. In the Senate Morton argued in favor of the Enforcement Act (1871), also known as the so-called Ku-Klux Act, that gave the president expanded power to oppose terrorism in the Deep South. Morton, known as a masterful waver of the "bloody shirt", was unstinting in his efforts to connect the Democrats to wartime treason and peacetime violence, and generally could be relied on to provide a ready and strong defense of the federal government's right to intervene and enforce the protection of the civil rights of black Americans. Morton championed the right of Louisiana's black leader, Pinckney B. S. Pinchback, to a seat in the U.S. Senate, although the effort was unsuccessful. Morton voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1875, and had his strongest support in 1876 among black Republicans in an increasingly "solid South".

The Grant administration, who recognized Morton as a powerful friend, offered him the position of Minister to Great Britain, replacing John Lothrop Motley, but Morton declined. Because the Indiana General Assembly was controlled by the Democrats, Morton feared a Democrat would be elected to his U.S. Senate seat. In 1874 similar concerns caused him to refuse invitations to accept a nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States. (Later, Grant recalled that concerns over Morton's ill health alone had kept him from proposing Morton for Chief Justice, but Grant may have mistaken. Well-advised sources at the time heard that the Senator from Indiana had been offered a place on the Supreme Court, unofficially, and Justice David Davis took the credit for convincing Grant that the rigor of the job would cause Morton a physical breakdown).

Second term
Morton was reelected to the U.S. Senate in 1873, and began his second term in 1874. His stand on paper money added to his controversial reputation. During a time of serious economic hardship and deflation, Morton favored a bill that would have added more paper currency to the money supply. He began his second term by leading the Senate's support for an inflation bill that President Grant vetoed. Morton's action was politically astute. In Indiana the demands for easy money topped the Democrats' list of priority issues, and in the fall of 1874, they carried the state's elections largely on that basis. However, within a year, Morton joined other Republicans in supporting the Specie Payment Resumption Act, which effectively suspended new currency issues and gave the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury the authority to withdraw currency from circulation.

In 1876 Morton was a contender for the Republican nomination for president at the party's National Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. Richard W. Thompson offered Morton's name to the delegation at a nominee, but Morton's position on issuing paper money to inflate the currency, combined with his failing health, hurt his bid for the nomination among the convention delegates. However, neither of these issues made as much difference as Morton's association with the deeply discredited and scandal-ridden Grant administration. Morton's nomination would have made the Republicans vulnerable on both the Reconstruction and corruption issues. In addition, Grant's supporters had an alternative choice in U.S. Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York. Between the two nominees, the "stalwart" Republican bloc was divided, with no prospect of coming together because Conkling and Morton detested one another. When the balloting began, Morton's vote total placed him second to James G. Blaine, but Morton had slipped to fourth place by the sixth ballot. Blaine's opponents could only stop Blaine's nomination by uniting behind a candidate acceptable to reform-minded delegates and the stalwart bloc. On the seventh ballot nearly all the anti-Blaine delegates, including Morton's, united to give Rutherford B. Hayes the Republican nomination.

Morton ranked as one of the strongest members of the so-called "stalwart" faction of the Republican party: those members most deeply committed to protecting and preserving Republican governments in the South. Not surprisingly, during the winter of 1876–77, Morton was among the most aggressive supporters of Hayes's right to the presidency in a close election. When Morton was placed on the Electoral Commission, the group that determined the outcome of the election, there was never any doubt that his vote would be cast for Hayes. After Hayes's supporters made overtures to southern Democrats, offering assurances that the president-elect would take no active role in propping up Republican governors in Louisiana and South Carolina, there were fears that Morton might cause difficulties. In one speech Morton made it clear that the Democrats must make guarantees of fair play and equal rights for southern blacks, before he would support Hayes's program. The guarantees were given, or at least promises were made. To the general surprise of many, Hayes's policy withdrew military support from the Republican governments in those two states, and Morton proved to be one of the president's strongest defenders, urging that his fellow Republicans show patience and give the so-called "New Departure" time to prove itself.

Death
In 1877 Morton was named to lead a committee to investigate charges of bribery made against La Fayette Grover, a newly elected U.S. Senator from Oregon. The committee spent eighteen days in Oregon holding hearings and investigations. On the return trip, Morton detoured to San Francisco for a rest and visit. After dinner on the night of August 6, Morton suffered a severe stroke that paralyzed the left side of his body. The next day he was taken by train to Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, where he was met by his brother-in-law, John A. Burbank, the former governor of the Dakota Territory. Morton was accompanied by him to the home of his mother-in-law in Richmond, Indiana, where he stayed until October 15, then he was moved to his own home in Indianapolis to recover. He remained at Indianapolis, surrounded by his family, until his death on November 1, 1877.

Morton's remains were laid in state at the Indiana Statehouse, before their removal to Indianapolis's Roberts Park Methodist Church, where his funeral service was held. The service was attended by many dignitaries from across the United States, and President Hayes ordered all flags to half-staff. Because the church could not hold the large crowd, thousands of mourners waited outside and followed in a long procession to witness the burial at Indianapolis's Crown Hill Cemetery.

Legacy

Morton remains "the most powerful, important, and controversial governor in Indiana history." To his admirers and supporters, Morton was a decisive, effective, ambitious, and energetic leader as governor of Indiana during the Civil War; his detractors would describe him as a wily and power-hungry politician, who shifted his stance on issues to suit prevailing views for his own political gain. Although his tactics were controversial, and on occasion unconstitutional, he remained a dominant political figure from 1861 to 1877. As one of Lincoln's "war governors", Morton was most successful in recruiting and equipping Union troops during the Civil War, and became known as "the soldier's friend", in tribute to his crucial efforts in supplying and supporting the Union soldiers in the field. Morton was also known for standing firm against his political opponents, whom he often antagonized by his ruthlessness, and they frequently responded with severe criticism of his actions.

Policies and criticism
Morton had many critics during his long tenure in government service. They derided the manner in which he ran Indiana's state government during the Civil War and criticized his open suppression of the freedom of speech, arrests and detentions of his political opponents, and violations of the state and federal constitutions on more than one occasion. Morton justified his forceful actions as "a necessary wartime measure" to protect Indiana and defend the Union. In the U.S. Senate he became one of the foremost defenders of Republican governments in the southern states. Recent historiography of Reconstruction has found Morton among the most consistent supporters of the cause of equal justice under the law.

Morton was a formidable personality, detested by his enemies, and vilified in opposition newspapers. According to one account, Morton had no leavening wit, no humor, no breadth of intellect, no sparkle of conversation, to attract those who disagreed with him politically. Another Republican was said to have declared, "His presence is a deadly poison" and "He is a sphinx; and I am repressed into dumbness when trying to hold a conversation with that man." According to a southern newspaper that opposed his actions, Morton was "a vice-reeking Hoosier bundle of moral and physical rottenness, leprous ulcers and caustic bandages, who loads down with plagues and pollutions the wings of every breeze that sweeps across his loathsome putrefying carcass." Other critics and political opponents called him a tyrant and a bully, highlighting his ruthlessness in denouncing, even defaming his enemies, and spreading rumors that he had been a shameless womanizer, forcing himself on every female applicant for favor at the governor's mansion. One Democratic journalist wrote, "There is not, probably, in this country, a more conscienceless, corrupt, and utterly profligate man in public life than Morton" and "He is rotten physically, morally and politically." It was even alleged that his paralysis came from some unspeakable social disease, brought on by his habits. When the Senator declared himself in favor of woman suffrage, the Saint Paul Pioneer was not surprised. "Why shouldn't Morton espouse the woman's cause?" it asked. "It is woman that has made him what he is -- so the gossips say."

None of his critics could make charges of corruption stick. Senator Morton was among the earliest to refuse any share in the so-called "back pay" that Congress awarded its members in 1873, and returned his money to the U.S. Treasury as soon as it was given to him. Morton was untouched by the Crédit Mobilier scandal. A hostile Democratic House scoured the official files for some evidence of bribe-taking or shakedowns in awarding Civil War contracts, and came up empty-handed. For others, despite holding many positions that angered his opponents, Morton was highly regarded for remaining clean of graft during the war period when corruption was commonplace. For his honest conduct he was offered the thanks of the Indiana General Assembly and others on numerous occasions. After Morton learned that President Grant had nominated his son, John M. Morton, for Registrar of the Land Office in Dakota Territory, the Senator immediately wrote to ask that the selection be withdrawn, protest that he could not afford to have any relative appointed to any political office.

After the poor decision-making of Senators Jesse D. Bright and Graham N. Fitch, Morton succeeded in raising Indiana to national prominence during his lifetime. The state and its citizens were once the common subject of jokes to the eastern states, but much of that ceased after the Civil War.

Memorials

Morton is memorialized in the United States Capitol as one of Indiana's two statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection (Oliver P. Morton). A 1926 statue of Governor Morton by George Brewster serves as the Indiana State Memorial at Vicksburg National Military Park in Vicksburg, Mississippi, in honor of his role as a powerful wartime governor.

There are two statues of Morton in downtown Indianapolis. A statue on the east side of the Indiana Statehouse, facing Capitol Avenue, by sculptor Rudolf Schwarz was dedicated in 1907. The other statue, created by sculptor Frank Simmons, was installed in 1864 on Monument Circle, when it served as a city park, and was moved to its new location to become part of the Circle's Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument around 1899.

A statue of Morton stands on the second floor of the Wayne County Courthouse in Richmond, Indiana, where a previous high school was named for him; the central section of the current high school is named Morton Hall in his honor. Morton Senior High School in Hammond, Indiana, home of the Morton Governors, is named after him. The annual yearbook of Centerville Senior High School in Centerville, Indiana, is called The Mortonian in honor of Gov. Morton. Morton County, Kansas, and Morton County, North Dakota, are named in his honor.

The Oliver P. Morton House at Centerville was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

title: Oliver P. Morton


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Edward Tiffin

Edward Tiffin (June 19, 1766 – August 9, 1829) was an American politician who served as the first governor of Ohio and later as a United States Senator from Ohio as a member of the Democratic-Republican party.

Biography
Sources indicate that he was born in Carlisle; however he may have been born in or near Workington — also in the then county of Cumberland, England. Tiffin attended the Latin school in Carlisle, and became an apprentice to a student of medicine in 1778. Six years later he completed his apprenticeship. His family emigrated to Virginia in 1783, and he began practicing medicine at the age of seventeen. In 1789, he married Mary Worthington of Berkeley County, sister of future Governor of Ohio Thomas Worthington. She died, childless, in 1808. A year after their marriage, the Tiffins joined the Methodist church after hearing the preaching of Thomas Scott, who would be their neighbor and friend for many years. Bishop Asbury ordained Tiffin a deacon of the Methodist church November 19, 1792, authorizing him to preach. Tiffin and Worthington inherited sixteen slaves when Worthington's father died. They each decided to manumit their slaves and move to the Northwest Territory, where slavery was outlawed. Tiffin headed westward, along with Thomas Worthington, in 1798, settling in Chillicothe, Ohio.

Northwest Territory
Tiffin became the first doctor in Chillicothe, traveling on horseback, day and night, to treat the afflicted. He arrived with a letter addressed to the governor of the Northwest Territory, Arthur St. Clair from George Washington, recommending him for public office. Tiffin served as the Speaker of the Territorial House of Representatives from 1799 to 1801 and as president of the 1802 Constitutional Convention, where he cast a tie-breaking vote to deny the voting franchise to the new state's 337 African American residents. He was a leader of the Chillicothe Junto, a group of Chillicothe Democratic-Republican politicians who brought about the admission of Ohio as a state in 1803 and largely controlled its politics for some years thereafter. Among his colleagues in the faction were Thomas Worthington and Nathaniel Massie.

Tiffin was the obvious choice for the governorship when Ohio was admitted to the Union. He was elected almost without opposition to a first term and re-elected by similarly overwhelming numbers two years later. Tiffin acted promptly to stop the Burr conspiracy in his second term.

Tiffin was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1806 and resigned the governorship in March 1807 to take his seat. He served only two years, however, resigning after the death of his wife. "He was ever faithful to the interests of the West and diligent in seeking the welfare of its inhabitants. He procured an appropriation of public money for the improvement of the Ohio River. He secured better and speedier transportation of the mails; a better and more rapid system for the surveys of western lands; and urged such modifications of the laws regarding sales of western land as would, to use his own words, 'guard the purchasers of them from unnecessary embarrassments and frequent ruin.' " He also voted for the expulsion of the other Ohio Senator, John Smith, who had been implicated in the Burr conspiracy. He spent only a few months at home, however, before being elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, where he served as speaker from 1809 to 1811. Tiffin remarried April 16, 1809, to Mary Porter, originally from Delaware, and then of Ross County. Tiffin became the first commissioner of the United States General Land Office, which managed allocations of Federal lands.

He quickly helped remove the Federal records from Washington before it was sacked during the War of 1812. In 1814, he became the Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory, exchanging positions with Josiah Meigs so that he might spend more time near his home in Chillicothe. Tiffin served in the post until his death.

Death
Tiffin was buried in Grandview Cemetery, Ross County, Ohio. His death was reported in the newspapers, such as this notice in the Brattleboro Messenger (Brattleboro, VT), Sep. 18, 1829, p. 3: At Chillicothe, Doct. Edward Tiffin, formerly Governor of Ohio, and late Surveyor General of the United States, aged 64 years.

Legacy
The city of Tiffin in northwestern Ohio was named in honor of Tiffin in 1822.

"No man who has occupied the gubernatorial chair of Ohio has possessed a greater genius for the administration of public affairs than Edward Tiffin, its first governor. He appeared upon the scene of action in the Northwest Territory in its creative period, when the work of moulding the destinies of a future commonwealth was committed to the care of a very few men. Head and shoulders above them all stood Edward Tiffin. His official life displayed a better general average of statesmanship than that of any of his successors. ... His work in advancing and developing Ohio has not been equalled by any man in its history."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edward Tiffin


text:
Charles Whittaker

Charles Whittaker may refer to:

 * Charles Evans Whittaker (1901–1973), associate justice of the United States Supreme Court
 * Charles Whittaker (cricketer) (1819–1886), English cricketer
 * Charles Richard Whittaker (1879–1967), British anatomist

title: Charles Whittaker


text:
Talk:List of English words of Etruscan origin

Untitled 2004 post
defenestrate is a great word... --Dante Alighieri | Talk 00:25, Jun 4, 2004 (UTC)

Untitled 2005 post
I thought "April" came from the Latin word for "opening". RickK 06:12, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * from L. (mensis) Aprilis "(month) of Venus," second month of the ancient Roman calendar, dedicated to the goddess Venus and perhaps based on Apru, an Etruscan borrowing of Gk. Aphrodite. Replaced O.E. Eastermonað, which was similarly named for a fertility goddess.  Bogdan | Talk 09:13, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Cool, thanks. Wish I had an OED.  :-(  RickK 09:14, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Atrium
I removed atrium because most current references (all that I've seen) support (while often with some reservation) the derivation from PIE *ater-, 'fire, blackened, etc.'. This etymology is backed up by classical references (cf. Servius), but more important, according to some historians, the hearth was often located in the Roman atrium. The Etruscan idea largely derives from Varro, who wrote that atrium derives from the name of the Etruscan town Atria, where supposedly the atrium-style originated. Alexander 007 23:56, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ceremony and Ceasar source: *"Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española" by Guido Gómez de Silva (ISBN 968-16-2812-8)--Hraefen 20:50, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

My two cents
I personally see many problems with this list but I can't go into it right now. Mainly, a lot of bogus etymologies and made-up Etruscan words. I shall return! --Glengordon01 16:30, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Okay I'm back. As I said these Etruscan words need to be justified with either actual Etruscan texts (such as a CIE reference number, for example). I see none of this here. Sometimes glosses were made by classical authors but these need to be carefully examined. Some are genuine; some are completely dreamed out of thin air. Caution is due, as always.

 * atrium
 * As Alexander 007 says, Latin <âtrium> can be etymologized without imagining an Etruscan word that may not be attested. Oh indeed, there are similar-looking words which we may find in Etruscan, but proving that they actually mean atrium has not succeeded whatsoever. However, to be true to the modern knowledge on Proto-Indo-European (we're talkin', since 1950 or so), IE *ater- is now written with laryngeals, which are no longer considered controversial since the days of Julius Pokorny, and the days since the discovery of Hittite for that matter. Unfortunately the American Heritage dictionary still uses these outdated Pokornyisms and displays *ater-. Any recent book published in the past forty years however will show otherwise. The root should now be reflected as *h 1 eh 2 ter-. In IE, *eh2 produces the later long vowel *â that we see in the non-Anatolian languages like Latin. In Anatolian proper (to which Hittite belongs), the laryngeal is in fact preserved. No matter, atrium is in no way proven to be Etruscan. --Glengordon01 22:40, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You're obviously well-versed in IE and I assume that all your comments are made in good faith, but i think that you should read (reread?) WP:Verifiability where it says " As counter-intuitive as it may seem, the threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth." Rather than concentrating on the merit of the works that led someone to include something on this list, let's focus on providing balanced viewpoints.  What I mean by this is, let's not take 'atrium' off of this list, but rather, add to the body of the page your reasons (with citations of course) why the Etruscan derivation is doubtful.  This way, all viewpoints are given and the readers can decide for themselves which is true, or at least be aware of competing theories.  I am aware that much of Pokorny's work has now been revised, but as long as a major English dictionary is continuing to base their etymologies largely on his work, any word included on this list based on that work should not be removed.  I look forward to seeing any additional viewpoints that you can bring to this page (or any other etymology page for that matter).  Good luck.--Hraefen 23:20, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * On a related note, does anyone know of a good resource which is similar to American Heritage's IE index, but which reflects the modern revisions of Pokorny etc which Glengordon01 was referring to above? I would really be interested in comparing this to Pokorny.  Thanks.--Hraefen 23:33, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ironically, we find the verifiability within the wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_theory. Claiming that the Laryngeal Theory is unverifiable, even online, is like denying the existence of gravity. I've explained already why Indo-European can no longer be reconstructed this way. You should at least make sure that the wikipedia doesn't have resources already available on this subject. --Glengordon01 23:58, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you're misunderstanding the whole point of what I said...I never said that what you're saying is more OR less verifiable than anything else. I only said (I think it was pretty clear) that all views should be expressed.  We can talk about the finer points of reconstructed IE roots all day long, but that doesn't change the fact that on Wikipedia, anything from a credible source (American Heritage Dictionary definitely qualifies) should not be removed, rather other information (with verifiable sources) should be added to give balance to the issue at hand.  If you disagree with this, then you fundamentally disagree with WP:Verifiability (did you read this?), one of the three core policies of Wikipedia.  I thought I was being pretty diplomatic here and you have now made this whole thing an exercise in condescension.--Hraefen 15:13, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * WP:Verifiability is about _hearsay_, not about established theories.
 * WP:Verifiability is about _unpublished stories_, not published works.
 * The American Heritage Dictionary is just an English dictionary, not a book on Proto-IE.
 * A specialized work like Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture is published and verifiable.
 * EIEC is published by qualified experts.
 * EIEC does not show *ater-, nor can it because it accepts the modern Laryngeal theory.
 * Laryngeal theory states that *â (as in <âtrium>) can only come one possible source, *eh 2 .
 * Universities world-wide now accept this theory, and have for decades.
 * Julius Pokorny died 36 years ago; this book was published only 9 years ago.
 * I can't help your misinterpretations of condascension because these are all published and verifiable facts.
 * --Glengordon01 01:12, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
 * OK. You're still not understanding what I'm getting at and I think it might be intentional.  You seem to like to argue whether anyone is arguing with you or not.  I never doubted anything that you've said.  Do you understand that?  Do you?  I'll say it again.  I never doubted anything that you've said.  You're going out of your way to prove something that I never doubted.  The ONLY thing that I wanted to get across was that sourced info on wiki should not be removed, but other info which supports OR contradicts it can be added.  Let's just drop this line of conversation unless it becomes an actual point of contention.  But something tells me you don't want to.--Hraefen 02:07, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't help it if you aren't clear in expressing your viewpoint. Plus, I'm not taking anything off so why are you full of angst? I'm merely _adding_ to Alexander's input so don't have an aneurysm. Peace. --Glengordon01 08:50, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * April

 * I'd like to add that this etymology is also highly suspect. The reason is that I personally know of no reference to an actual Etruscan word anywhere. Sure, I could be wrong. No one can be on top of everything afterall, but if the word does exist, you'd think someone would have kindly supplied a reference number showing where the word lies. I see no reference number. It could be made-up for all I know. So I think this etymology should be withdrawn until it can be justified. In fact, April_31 explains the Latin term  as deriving from  'to open' (as of flower buds in the spring). So lacking a valid Etruscan source for the term, while simultaneously having a possible native source, probably nails the coffin on this lid. There's a good chance it ain't Etruscan. --Glengordon01 00:07, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It appears a few times in the Tabula Capuana, thought to be a kind of ritual calendar. Johundhar (talk) 07:56, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

 * arena

 * Hmm. Now isn't  a Latin word? Latin and Etruscan are different languages. They aren't even related. Again, reference number to Etruscan texts? Is this a gloss from a classical source perhaps? Gotta find something to back this up or it should be withdrawn. I notice a pattern actually. Is it simply because this word ends in <-na> that it is assumed to be non-Latin. That would be a hasty conclusion since there are native Latin words that happen to end in <-na> as well. If we had a real Etruscan word to go on, we'd be in business but... Thoughts? --Glengordon01 00:24, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * autumn

 * I have to admit at first glance Latin looks deliciously Etruscan but yet again we have no real Etruscan word anywhere! It seems that because of the variant, many consider it related to the verb  'I increase' as for example in this link, [] (Please excuse my French, hehe): 'autumnus ou auctumnus. Ce mot vient d'augeo, qui veut dire augmenter [...]' (English: 'autumnus or auctumnus. This word comes from augeo, which means to augment [...]'). This refers to the bounty or excess from harvest at that time of year. So here's another native word mistaken as Etruscan again. --Glengordon01 00:35, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * belt

 * I was going to fight this one until I found McCallister's Etruscan Glossary link [] which vaguely mentions some sort of gloss 'by Romans'. You live, you learn. Well, I think it would be nice if I knew which Roman(s) in particular made this gloss. I don't know off-hand but have been personally looking into all this Etruscan mumbojumbo in the past six months in particular. The site refers cryptically to [g/lb83 60] but the Bibliography page is not working currently. There's a 98.2% chance that it refers to page 60 of a 1983 book, "The Etruscan Language", by Giuliano and Larissa Bonfante (hence g/lb). I must look that up for myself. Still, we must be careful since classical authors (like modern authors) may have had other reasons (political, personal, poetic, ironic, etc) for claiming these things. This word at least has potential as far as I can see. --Glengordon01 00:53, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Caesar

 * 'Caesar' had been popularily related to a native source,  'to cut' (hence ), with a fun story about Ceasarian birth. This is seen now to be a fantastic folk-etymology but no one appears certain about its real origins at all. In fact, it's got me curious now. But, what attested Etruscan word satisfactorily explains this name? Burden of proof tells me that this name should be taken off until justified. --Glengordon01 09:19, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * ceremony

 * If 'ceremony' is from Latin  'that pertaining to Caere', then we have to establish that the city of Caere is somehow an Etruscan name in order to justify it being listed here. A link to the Perseus Project shows the sources of the classical theories out there on the origin of Caere. Classic authors think that the city was founded by Pelasgians but that term was always kind of vague. Some are obviously contrived etymologies, real dillies. There are no guarantees at all, although it seems that the Etruscan language was at least the middleman for this term. Ultimate origin though? Not necessarily. --Glengordon01 09:46, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * person

 * This is all based on one possible interpretation of Etruscan <φersu>. The word is located next to a male individual on a mural in the Tomb of the Augurs. He wears a mask and hence the popular interpretation that <φersu> means "masked person". In some strange leap of association, since classical actors wore masks, is automatically assumed to be of Etruscan origin (?!). Forget the fact that he has a Persian-like beard, with Persian-like clothes with a Persian-like name next to him from a tomb created during the height of the Persian Empire. So you may be forgiven if you think that the published authors may not know what they're talking about and that you start suspecting that <φersu> means "Persian" instead. --Glengordon01 01:52, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, I should also add that while people keep on asserting "he wears a mask", the picture we see from the Tomb of the Augurs doesn't show us this with any clarity at all. Looks like his normal face to me. --Glengordon01 02:05, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I reneg on the mask. I can detect faintly that it could indeed be a mask because of differences in hue between the face and the body, making it more likely that the man is an actor in a typical classical play. Nonetheless, I'm even more convinced that <φersu> means "Persian" (specifying then the person's role, not accoutrement) because of the Greek word for "Persian", Περσου . This would ironically mean that Etruscan <φersu> is in fact a Greek loan! --Glengordon01 01:19, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * satellite

 * Satellite is from Latin 'attendent' []. The word however is found in a few Etruscan inscriptions like the inscription named "TLE 128":  "Vel Partunu, Velthur and Ramtha Satlna's son, years died 28" [][]. As we can see "sat(l)nal" here is a name, not a word, with the genitive ending <-l> signifying "of, from". It is certain that it does not mean "attendent" but the myth is still propogated by "Etruscan-is-a-Latinic-language" fetishists. Etruscan is not related to Latin. So despite being published, the theory is wrong and "satellite" cannot be Etruscan anymore than "igloo" can. The next question is where Latin comes from, for real this time. I'm not a Latin expert but my bet lies on  'to satisfy', which is what attendents do for their masters afterall. That verb is not Etruscan either. It's native, stemming directly from Proto-Indo-European *seh 2 - (Pokorny *sâ-). --Glengordon01 09:40, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I located another inscription with, again in the genitive case with the ending <-l>, that of TLE 135:  "Larth Camna, son of Larth and of Satna [...]" []. Again I hope this now makes it clear why  is simply an Etruscan name and has nothing to do with "satellite". --Glengordon01 09:57, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * sentinel

 * Since we know from the satellite example above that is a name in the genitive case, we know that this entry is yesterday's meatloaf as well. --Glengordon01 10:00, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * spurious

 * I found a link that supports this association []: "From Late Latin spurius, from Latin, illegitimate, probably of Etruscan origin." Note, that it says probably without any further explanation. Well, this can't be true based on the facts that we know, because the only word known in Etruscan resembling "spurious" is (sometimes spelled <śpur>) meaning "city" (found in TLE 676, for example) . How do we get from the meaning of "city" to "illegitimate" (!!) in a serious way without succumbing to amateurish folk etymology and word games? Nonetheless, it _is_ published, like so much else, but that doesn't mean it doesn't still make me cringe. --Glengordon01 10:09, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This is all very interesting, and you sound like something of an expert, however it sounds like this is your original research. If you can supply academic sources for your claims (even your own published work) then it would be fine to amend the article accordingly. Ben Finn (talk) 17:37, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I would add, Glengordon01, that most of your arguments above seem to assume that we can only assume a Etruscan origin of a Latin word if we now know of a recorded Etruscan word that resembles the Latin one, and that because Etruscan and Latin are unrelated (at least at the level of being non-IE and IE respectively), Latin cannot contain words borrowed from Etruscan.
 * What your arguments seem to be gloss over is that (a) The Etruscan culture bordered and dominated that of early Rome for several centuries, making borrowing (in both directions) extremely likely, and (b) Etruscan was still spoken in Italy and in Rome itself during the lifetimes of many classical Roman writers. (You must be aware that the Emperor Claudius was Etruscan-literate and compiled an Etruscan dictionary, sadly lost, with the aid of native Etruscan speakers.) Where a Roman writer recognised as a generally reliable scholar asserts that a given Latin word is borrowed from Etruscan, does that not have sufficient weight as to be worth utilising as a probability? {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.122.60.183 (talk) 04:54, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

Capitalized
I have capitalized each word as per the general convention in a dictionary entry. --Bhadani 08:25, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

--

 * General convention of what sort of dictionary? Sounds like an ancient Old English convention. I've decapitalized it back to normal because this is English not German. Names are capitalized; general nouns (even in a list such as this) simply aren't. --Glengordon01 06:53, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Cites?
It would really be nice if this article had some citations. Its just a list of words that the reader has to take on faith are of Etruscan origin. There are few if any etymologies, and none are sourced.

I wanted to add a few cites, so, as with most articles that discuss etymology, I started with the online dictionaries: namely, Random House, Merriam-Webster, and The American Heritage Dictionary (I used to use Oxford too, but I no longer have subscription). I also started with antenna, the first word in the list. None of the three dictionary etymologies lists Etruscan. Fine. I went to the Etruscan Glossary and did indeed find that supposedly antenna, antemna "sailyard" came from Etruscan; however, I cannot find their bibliography, and as a lowly non-Etrurophone and a linguistic layman, cannot decipher the string of characters ("[mp68: 369, pa]") after the entry.

Now, I have read some of the talk, and I realize some of you do not have a high opinion of the dictionaries; however, it would help if you put in some of your citations too. Thanks. --SigPig 14:13, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

sentinel?
The online etymology dictionary disagrees with this wikipedia article by stating the etymology as follows:

sentinel: 1579, from M.Fr. sentinelle, from It. sentinella, perhaps (via a notion of "perceive, watch"), from sentire "to hear, perceive," from L. senire "feel" (see sense). http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sentinel

Thus, I hereby call the word's satnal-root into question.
 * I think you're referring to satellite. Ben Finn (talk) 17:42, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

Antenna
The article says, antenna is ultimately from Greek, therefore (though it may have been borrowed into Latin from Etruscan), antenna is not an Etruscan word and should not be on the list. Likewise other words ultimately from Greek, which were borrowed into Latin from Etruscan, should be removed too. The word appearing in Etruscan is just a stage, like it appearing in Latin, French or English. Should we count it as a Latin word? No, and we should not count it as Etruscan either.

86.165.139.232 (talk) 09:14, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

Well, if it was borrowed from Etruscan (which you seem to admit as a possibility, but which I have no opinion on at the moment), then it was indeed and Etruscan word at that point, whatever its ultimate origin. I do think it would be useful to divide these items into words that have an exclusively Etruscan origin (or at least that don't have a good etymology beyond Etruscan) versus words that came ultimately from Greek but were borrowed from there into Etruscan and then into Latin (probably the larger category). But if I don't get to it, others are welcome to do so, if they are feeling energetic!Johundhar (talk)

Antenna/person
Antenna's most solid attribution is Latin, and even in this page it links ultimately to Greek. Its inclusion is as preposterous as the exclusion of "person," which is recognized as likely Etruscan in origin by all major etymological dictionaries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TheInimitableKaka (talk • contribs) 00:51, 27 February 2012 (UTC)


text:
Twenty-sixth Amendment

The Twenty-sixth Amendment may refer to the:

 * Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution — provides that the right to vote may not be denied on account of age, by any state or by the United States, to any American citizen age 18 or older.
 * Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland — permitted the state to ratify the Nice Treaty.
 * Twenty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution of India — 28 December 1971, abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic

title: Twenty-sixth Amendment


text:
Phnom Penh International Airport

Phnom Penh International Airport, formerly Pochentong International Airport , is the busiest airport in Cambodia and serves as the country's main international gateway. It is Cambodia's second largest airport by area after the new Siem Reap–Angkor International Airport. It is located in the Pou Senchey District, 10 km west of Phnom Penh, the nation's capital.

History
When Japan invaded and occupied Cambodia during the World War II, they built as many as fifteen airports through the country, including on the site of the current airport. It is reported that these airports were built using slave labor. After independence from France in 1953, King Norodom Sihanouk ordered new airstrips or improvements to existing sites.

During the Cambodian War, the airport was used extensively for airlifts of military and civilian supplies. Between October and December 1973, C-130's of the 374th Tactical Air Lift brought 3,000 tons of rice in via airlift. After the last land and water based routes fell into the hands of the Khmer Rouge in April 1975, the airport became the sole path for supplies for Phnom Penh.

After the collapse of the Khmer Republic in 1975, Pochentong was almost completely closed to international travel, with the exception of some flights directly from Beijing. These flights consisted of cadres to train the new government, as well as some Cambodian intellectuals and diplomats who volunteered to return to the country.

In July 1995, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) signed a concession agreement with the French–Malaysian joint venture company. The company, Société Concessionaire d'Aéroport (SCA), is 70% owned by Vinci Airports and 30% owned by Muhibbah Masteron. In return for a 20-year concession, SCA committed to a $100 million improvement program.

In March 2011, Air France began flights to Paris via Bangkok using Airbus A340s. The stopover changed to Ho Chi Minh City the following year. The route lasted until March 2013.

In 2014 SCA and announced the start of the $100 million project to expand the passenger terminals at Phnom Penh and Siem Reap international airports to accommodate continued strong passenger growth. The project saw the extension of the parking lots and terminals, more check-in and immigration counters, and new baggage handling systems. Additionally, the commercial areas were enlarged to allow for more retail shops, new restaurants and food and beverage outlets, and mezzanine lounges to cater to first class and business travelers. The expansions allowed the airport to double its capacity to handle 5 million passengers a year from 2.5 million passengers.

In 2015, Cambodian opposition politician Son Chhay asked the government to rescind the concession agreement with SCA. He claimed that Cambodia "may be getting ripped off in the deal".

In 2020, SCA lost the concession for Phnom Penh (along with Siem Reap) after plans were announced to build two new airports in those locations. Vinci Airports remained as the operator of Phnom Penh Airport.

Future
In January 2018, the Cambodian government approved a proposal to build a new airport to serve Phnom Penh that will cost an estimated US$1.5 billion. The new international airport will replace the existing Phnom Penh International Airport, with initial plans having the facilities being constructed on partially reclaimed land adjacent to Boueng Cheung Loung, a large lake in Kandal Province about 30 kilometres south of Phnom Penh.

Cambodia Airport Investment, a joint venture 90 percent owned by Overseas Cambodia Investment Corporation (OCIC), one of the country's largest real estate developers, and 10 percent by the government's State Secretariat of Civil Aviation, plans to invest the $1.5 billion to construct the new airport. The OCIC will invest US$280 million, while unspecified "foreign banks" will provide US$1.1 billion in funding. The OCIC will own 90 per cent of the shares in the completed airport, with the rest going to the SSCA While the construction plans are still in the early stages of development, the 4F class airport will be capable of handling large long-haul aircraft and will reportedly cover an area of around 2,600 hectares, which would make it one of the largest airports in the world.

In 2020, Prime Minister Hun Sen announced that Phnom Penh airport would remain active after the new airport was activated, primarily serving as air freight, military, local flights, private flights and high-level visitors.

Overview
The airport is at an elevation of 40 ft above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 05/23 with an asphalt surface measuring 3000 x. The airport has two terminal buildings – one for international and one for domestic operations. Recently, it added a new facility for VIP service. The international terminal has four aerobridges built in 2003. Three more aerobridges were added during the passenger terminal expansion in 2016–2017. The airport's design capacity is 5 million people per year.

Ground transportation
There are a few options to transfer to or from Phnom Penh International Airport and the city. Outside the arrival hall, passengers can take a taxi provided by the Airport Taxi Association or book a ride from Grab, a ride-hailing app. In April 2018, trains operated by Royal Railway Cambodia began running express from Phnom Penh International Airport (parking area) to Phnom Penh Railway Station (City Center). Trains run every 30 minutes and the journey takes roughly 30 minutes, fare of one-way is US$2.50. There is also the city bus and an airport express bus.

Accidents and incidents

 * 3 December 1973: A Douglas DC-3 XW-PHV of Air Union was reported to have crashed shortly after take-off.
 * 19 January 1975 A Douglas C-47A XU-HAK, Douglas DC-3 XU-KAL of Khmer Hansa and Douglas C-47A N86AC of South East Asia Air Transport were all destroyed in a rocket attack on the airport.
 * 22 February 1975: A Douglas C-47A XU-GAJ of Khmer Hansa was damaged beyond economic repair in a rocket attack.
 * 10 March 1975: A Douglas DC-3 of Samaki Airlines was damaged beyond economic repair in a rocket attack.
 * 11 March 1975: ADouglas DC-3 of Khmer Hansa was damaged beyond economic repair in a rocket attack.
 * xx March 1975: A Vickers Viscount XW-TDN of Royal Air Lao crashed at Phnom Penh International Airport. The pilot was not qualified to fly the aircraft. All four people on board were killed. ''Accident aircraft also reported as XW-TFK with a date of 15 March.
 * 11 April 1975: A Douglas DC-3 (possibly XW-PKT) of Sorya Airlines was hit by shrapnel shortly after take-off. The aircraft was destroyed by fire and two of the three occupants were killed. The same day, Douglas C-47B XW-TFB of Air Cambodge was damaged beyond economic repair in a rocket attack.
 * 3 September 1997: Vietnam Airlines Flight 815, operated by a Tupolev Tu-134 crashed on approach to Pochentong Airport, killing 65 of the 66 passengers on board. The aircraft was entirely destroyed. The aircraft was flying from Ho Chi Minh City to Phnom Penh. The Tupolev was approaching the Phnom Penh airport runway in heavy rain from 2,000 meters; at this point the control tower ordered the pilot to attempt an approach from the west due to a wind pick-up. The crew then lost communication with the tower, and three minutes later the aircraft collided at low level with trees, damaging the left wing. The aircraft then slid 200 yards into a dry rice paddy before exploding. Pilot error was later identified as the cause of the crash; the pilot continued his landing descent from an altitude of 2,000 meters to 30 meters even though the runway was not in sight, and ignored pleas from his first officer and flight engineer to turn back. When the aircraft hit the trees, the pilot finally realized the runway was not in sight and tried to abort the approach; the flight engineer pushed for full power, but the aircraft lost control and veered left; the right engine then stalled, making it impossible to gain lift.

title: Phnom Penh International Airport


text:
User:RandalSchwartz

I'm Randal L. Schwartz. I'm also described at my home page.

Search user languages

title: User:RandalSchwartz


text:
Twenty-seventh Amendment

The Twenty-seventh Amendment may refer to:
 * Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution (1992), which prohibits changes to Congress members' salaries from taking effect until after an election of representatives
 * Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India, 1971 amendment establishing the union territory of Manipur (granted full statehood in 1986)
 * Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (2004), which abolished Irish citizenship by birth
 * Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936, which amended the Constitution of the Irish Free State so as to abolish the office of Governor-General, and removed all direct references to the King

title: Twenty-seventh Amendment


text:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux

Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG) is an American book publishing company, founded in 1946 by Roger Williams Straus Jr. and John C. Farrar. FSG is known for publishing literary books, and its authors have won numerous awards, including Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards, and Nobel Prizes. the publisher is a division of Macmillan, whose parent company is the German publishing conglomerate Holtzbrinck Publishing Group.

Founding
Farrar, Straus, and Company was founded in 1945 by Roger W. Straus Jr. and John C. Farrar. The first book was Yank: The G.I. Story of the War, a compilation of articles that appeared in Yank, the Army Weekly, then There Were Two Pirates, a novel by James Branch Cabell.

The first years of existence were rough until they published the diet book Look Younger, Live Longer by Gayelord Hauser in 1950. The book went on to sell 500,000 copies and Straus said that the book carried them along for a while. In the early years, Straus and his wife Dorothea, went prospecting for books in Italy. It was there that they found the memoir Christ Stopped at Eboli by Carlo Levi and other rising Italian authors: Alberto Moravia, Giovannino Guareschi and Cesare Pavese. Farrar, Straus also poached or lured away authors from other publishers—one was Edmund Wilson, who was unhappy with Random House at the time but remained with Farrar, Straus for the remainder of his career.

In 1950, the name changed to Farrar, Straus & Young (for Stanley Young, a playwright, author (at Farrar & Rinehart ), a literary critic for The New York Times, and an original stockholder and board member).

Merger
In 1953, Pellegrini & Cudahy merged with Farrar, Straus & Young.

Robert Giroux joined the company in 1955, and after he later became a partner, the name was changed to Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Giroux had been working for Harcourt and had been angered when Harcourt refused to allow him to publish Salinger's Catcher in the Rye. Giroux brought many literary authors with him including Thomas Merton, John Berryman, Robert Lowell, Flannery O'Connor, Jack Kerouac, Peter Taylor, Randall Jarrell, T.S. Eliot, and Bernard Malamud. Alan Williams described Giroux's "Pied Piper sweep" as "almost certainly the greatest number of authors to follow, on their own initiative, a single editor from house to house in the history of modern publishing." In 1964, Straus named Giroux chairman of the board and officially added Giroux's name to the publishing company.

Sale
Straus continued to run the company for twenty years after his partner Farrar died, until 1993 when he sold a majority interest of the company to the privately owned German publishing conglomerate Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. Straus offered FSG to the Holtzbrinck family because of their reputation for publishing serious works of literature.

21st century
Jonathan Galassi served as both president and publisher until 2018. Andrew Mandel joined in 2004 as deputy publisher. Eric Chinski is editor-in-chief. In 2008, Mitzi Angel came from Fourth Estate in the UK to be publisher of the Faber and Faber Inc. imprint. In 2018, Angel succeeded Galassi as publisher, and was named president in 2021. Other notable editors include Sean McDonald, Daphne Durham, and Alex Star.

In February 2015 FSG and Faber and Faber announced the end of their partnership. All books scheduled for release and previously released under the imprint will be moved to the FSG colophon by August 2016.

Name history

 * Farrar, Straus, and Company (1945–1951)
 * Farrar, Straus and Young (1950–1956)
 * Farrar, Straus and Cudahy (1953–1963) – acquired L.C. Page & Co. in 1957
 * Farrar, Straus, and Company (1963–1964) after Cudahy left the firm.
 * Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1964–present)

Current imprints

 * MCD/FSG, which is viewed as a kind of a lab to experiment with new styles and genres. The imprint is headed by Sean McDonald, who is joined by Daphne Durham, formerly editor-in-chief and publisher of Amazon Publishing, as executive director.
 * FSG Originals
 * Hill and Wang publishes books of academic interest and specializes in history. Its authors include Roland Barthes, William Cronon, Langston Hughes, and Elie Wiesel.
 * North Point Press published literary nonfiction with an emphasis on natural history, travel, ecology, music, food, and cultural criticism. Its authors include Peter Matthiessen, Beryl Markham, Guy Davenport, A. J. Liebling, Margaret Visser, Wendell Berry, and M. F. K. Fisher.

Former imprints

 * Sarah Crichton Books publishes books with a slightly commercial bent. The imprint launched with Cathleen Falsani's The God Factor in 2006. Ishmael Beah's A Long Way Gone was a bestseller and a Starbucks-featured book in 2007.
 * Faber and Faber Inc. published a backlist of drama and books on the arts, entertainment, music, pop culture, cultural criticism, and the media. Its authors included David Auburn, Margaret Edson, Doug Wright, Richard Greenberg, Tom Stoppard, David Hare, Neil LaBute, Peter Conrad, Martin Eisenstadt and Courtney Love.
 * Scientific American / FSG, led by Amanda Moon, publishes non-fiction popular science books for the general reader. Its authors include Jesse Bering, Daniel Chamovitz, Kevin Dutton, and Caleb Scharf.
 * Noonday Press
 * Melanie Kroupa Books (children's book imprint, 2000–2008)
 * FSG Originals x Logic, a short-lived imprint for technology books that published Blockchain Chicken Farm.

Books for Young Readers
FSG Books for Young Readers publishes National Book Award winners Madeleine L'Engle (1980), William Steig (1983), Louis Sachar (1998), and Polly Horvath (2003). Books for Young Readers also publishes Natalie Babbitt, Roald Dahl, Jack Gantos, George Selden, Uri Shulevitz, Ozge Samanci, and Peter Sis.

Awards
• ; Winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature

• Knut Hamsun (1920)

• Hermann Hesse (1946)

• T. S. Eliot (1948)

• Pär Lagerkvist (1951)

• François Mauriac (1952)

• Juan Ramón Jiménez (1956)

• Salvatore Quasimodo (1959)

• Nelly Sachs (1966)

• Yasunari Kawabata (1968)

• Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1970)

• Pablo Neruda (1971)

• Eugenio Montale (1975)

• Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978)

• Czesław Miłosz (1980)

• Elias Canetti (1981)

• William Golding (1983)

• Wole Soyinka (1986)

• Joseph Brodsky (1987)

• Camilo José Cela (1989)

• Nadine Gordimer (1991)

• Derek Walcott (1992)

• Seamus Heaney (1995)

• Mario Vargas Llosa (2010)

• Peter Handke (2019)

• Louise Glück (2020)

• ; Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize

• Norman Angell (1933)

• Elie Wiesel (1986)

• Nelson Mandela (1993)

• ; Winners of the Pulitzer Prize

• John Berryman (1965)

• Bernard Malamud (1967)

• Jean Stafford (1970)

• Robert Lowell (1974)

• Paul Horgan (1976)

• Lanford Wilson (1980)

• James Schuyler (1981)

• Charles Fuller (1982)

• Marsha Norman (1983)

• Thomas L. Friedman (1983, 1988, 2002)

• Oscar Hijuelos (1990)

• Charles Wright (1998)

• Michael Cunningham (1999)

• John McPhee (1999)

• Margaret Edson (1999)

• C. K. Williams (2000)

• David Auburn (2001)

• Louis Menand (2002)

• Jeffrey Eugenides (2003)

• Paul Muldoon (2003)

• Doug Wright (2004)

• Marilynne Robinson (2005)

• Elizabeth A. Fenn (2015)

• Frank Bidart (2017)

• James Forman Jr. (2018)

• Anne Boyer (2020)

• ; Winners of the National Book Award

• Bernard Malamud (1959, 1967)

• Robert Lowell (1960)

• John Berryman (1969)

• Elizabeth Bishop (1970)

• Isaac Bashevis Singer (1970, 1974)

• Donald Barthelme (1972)

• Flannery O'Connor (1972)

• Richard B. Sewall (1975)

• Michael J. Arlen (1976)

• Tom Wolfe (1980)

• Paula Fox (1983)

• Larry Heinemann (1987)

• Thomas L. Friedman (1989)

• Alice McDermott (1998)

• Edward Ball (1998)

• Susan Sontag (2000)

• Jonathan Franzen (2001)

• Shirley Hazzard (2003)

• C. K. Williams (2003)

• Richard Powers (2006)

• Denis Johnson (2007)

• George Packer (2013)

• Louise Glück (2014)

• Evan Osnos (2014)

Notable authors
• Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

• Ben Lerner

• Bernard Malamud

• Carlo Levi

• Denis Johnson

• David Duchovny

• Edmund Wilson

• Isaac Bashevis Singer

• Jamaica Kincaid

• Jeffrey Eugenides

• Jesse Singal

• Joan Didion

• John Berryman

• John McPhee

• Jonathan Franzen

• Joseph Brodsky

• Flannery O'Connor

• Louise Glück

• Madeleine L'Engle

• Paul Beatty

• Peter Taylor

• Randall Jarrell

• Robert Lowell

• Roberto Bolaño

• Scott Turow

• Susan Sontag

• T.S. Eliot

• Theodore Sturgeon

• Thomas Merton

• Tom Wolfe

• Walker Percy

• Yusef Komunyakaa

Staff
Jack Kerouac's then-girlfriend Joyce Johnson, started work in 1957, when Sheila Cudahy was a partner at the firm.

title: Farrar, Straus and Giroux


text:
Shrikant Jichkar

Shrikant Jichkar (Marathi : श्रीकांत जिचकर) (14 September 1954 – 2 June 2004) was an Indian central civil servant and politician. He obtained 20 university degrees, and was elected the youngest Member of the Legislative Assembly in the country at the age of 26.

Biography
He was born to a Marathi family. His first degrees were in medicine (MBBS and MD from Nagpur), following which he read a Bachelor of Laws, Master of Laws in international law, Master of Business Administration, Doctor of Business Management, Bachelor of Journalism, Doctor of Literature in Sanskrit, along with ten Masters of Arts degrees in public administration, sociology, economics, Sanskrit, history, English literature, philosophy, political science, ancient Indian history, culture & archaeology, and Psychology. Most of his degrees were with First Merit, and he obtained several gold medals for his degrees. Between 1973 and 1990 he wrote 42 university examinations, every summer and every winter.

In 1978, he stood for the Indian Civil Service examination conducted by Union Public Service Commission, following which he was selected as a central civil servant under the Indian Police Service cadre. He later resigned from the cadre and stood for the civil service exam to become a central civil servant under the Indian Administrative Services cadre in 1980. Four months after joining, he resigned once more to contest his first general election, where he was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, becoming the youngest MLA in the country at the age of 26. He later became a minister, at one point holding 14 portfolios.

He was a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (1980–85), Maharashtra Legislative Council (1986–92) and served as Minister of State, Government of Maharashtra. He was a member of Rajya Sabha, India (1992–98). He founded the Sàndipani school at Nagpur in 1992. He unsuccessfully contested in the 1998 loksabha election from Bhandara-Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency) and 2004 loksabha election from Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency), and lost by a small margin of votes.

He died when a truck collided with his car on 2 June 2004 near Kondhali, approximately 61 kilometers from Nagpur. He was accompanied by a relative of his, Shriram Dhawad, who sustained multiple injuries from the accident.

Philanthropy
He established Sāndipani School, Nagpur in 1993 under the Shrikant Jichkar Foundation. He also contributed to the education and health of unprivileged children through his trust. After his death, his children continue his philanthropic ventures under the banner of Zero Gravity Foundation.

title: Shrikant Jichkar


text:
The Cremation of Sam McGee

"The Cremation of Sam McGee" is among the most famous of Robert W. Service's poems. It was published in 1907 in Songs of a Sourdough. (A "sourdough", in this sense, is a resident of the Yukon.) It concerns the cremation of a prospector who freezes to death near Lake Laberge (spelled "Lebarge" by Service), Yukon, Canada, as told by the man who cremates him.

Poem
Sam McGee has left his (fictional) hometown of Plumtree, Tennessee to seek gold in the Yukon. While traveling the Dawson Trail with Cap, the narrator, Sam becomes convinced that he will die of exposure to the cold and asks Cap to cremate his body. Cap agrees to the request; Sam dies the next day, leaving Cap to haul the body along the trail in search of an opportunity to cremate it. Upon reaching the "marge [shore, edge] of Lake Lebarge," he finds a derelict steamer frozen in the ice and decides to make use of it. Once Cap has lit and fueled the boiler furnace, he stuffs in Sam's body and walks away as it burns. He returns some time later and, upon opening the furnace door, is stunned to see Sam smiling contentedly and asking him to close it so the heat will not escape.

Robert Service based the poem on an experience of his roommate, Dr. Leonard S. E. Sugden, who had cremated a corpse in the firebox of the steamer Olive May.

A success upon its initial publication in 1907, the poem became a staple of traditional campfire storytelling in North America throughout the 20th century. An edition of the poem, published in 1986 and illustrated by Ted Harrison, is read widely in Canadian elementary schools.

Background
Although the poem was fiction, it was based on people and things that Robert Service actually saw in the Yukon. Lake Laberge is formed by a widening of the Yukon River just north of Whitehorse and is still in use by kayakers. The Alice May was based on the derelict stern-wheeler the Olive May that belonged to the Bennett Lake & Klondike Navigation Co. and had originally been named for the wife and daughter of Albert Sperry Kerry Sr. It was abandoned after it struck a rock near Tagish, which is about 50 kilometres south of Lake Laberge. Dr. Sugden used its firebox to cremate the body of Cornelius Curtin (who had died of pneumonia). (Although a boat named Alice May sank on Lake Laberge, that happened a decade after the publication of the poem.)

William Samuel McGee was primarily a road builder but did indulge in some prospecting. Like others, McGee was in San Francisco, California, at the time of the Klondike Gold Rush and in 1898 left for the Klondike.

In 1904, Service, who was working in the Canadian Bank of Commerce (the predecessor of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce) branch in Whitehorse, saw McGee's name on a form and used it in his poem as it was a rhyme for "Tennessee".

In 1909 McGee traveled south of the Yukon to build roads, including some in Yellowstone National Park. Eventually, McGee and his wife moved to live with their daughter outside of Beiseker. However, in 1930 McGee returned to the Yukon to try prospecting along the Liard River, but met with no success. He did however return with an urn that he had purchased in Whitehorse. The urns, said to contain the ashes of Sam McGee, were being sold to visitors.

McGee spent the rest of his life at his daughter's farm where he died in 1940 of a heart attack.

Legacy
On 17 August 1976, Canada Post issued "Robert W. Service, Sam McGee" as an 8¢ stamp designed by David Charles Bierk.

Johnny Cash's reading of the poem was National Public Radio's song of the day on May 9, 2006. Cash's "The Cremation of Sam McGee" was released along with a vast collection of personal archive recordings of Johnny Cash on the two-disc album Personal File.

Canadian folksinger/songwriter Stompin' Tom Connors created an uptempo song summarizing the tale in the early 1970s on his album Stompin' Tom Meets Big Joe Mufferaw.

In 2022, musician Seth Boyer adapted the poem into a bluegrass song for use in the video essay Fear of Cold by Jacob Geller.

title: The Cremation of Sam McGee


text:
Manzi

Manzi may refer to:

People

 * Alberto Manzi (1924–1997), Italian school teacher, writer and television host
 * Catello Manzi (born 1950), American harness racing driver and trainer
 * Elios Manzi (born 1996), Italian judoka
 * Emanuele Manzi (born 1977), Italian male mountain runner
 * Franco Manzi (born 1966), Italian Catholic priest and academic
 * Guglielmo Manzi (1784–1821), Italian classicist and librarian
 * Homero Manzi (1907–1951), Argentine tango writer, author of various famous tangos
 * Jim Manzi (born 1951), former chairman, president and CEO of Lotus Development Corporation
 * Jim Manzi (software entrepreneur) (born 1963), National Review contributing editor and software company chairman
 * Juli Manzi (born 1976), Brazilian musician and biographer
 * Leonardo Manzi (born 1969), Brazilian football coach and a former player
 * Pamela Manzi, Italian chemist
 * Pedro Manzi (born 1988), Uruguayan-born Spanish professional footballer
 * Roberto Manzi (born 1959), Italian fencer
 * Stefano Manzi (born 1999), Italian motorcycle racer
 * Thierry Manzi (born 1996), Rwandan professional footballer
 * Warren Manzi (1955–2016), American playwright and actor

Places

 * Manzi (蠻子), a disparaging term for Southern China

title: Manzi


text:
Omaha (horse)

Omaha (March 24, 1932 – April 24, 1959) was a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who is the third winner of the American Triple Crown.

In a racing career which lasted from 1934 to 1936, Omaha won 9 of his 22 races. He had his greatest success as a three-year-old in 1935 when he swept the Triple Crown. As a four-year-old, he narrowly lost the Ascot Gold Cup.

Background
Foaled at Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky, Omaha was a chestnut horse with a white blaze who stood 16.3 hands high. He was the son of 1930 U.S. Triple Crown winner Gallant Fox and the mare Flambino. Omaha was the third horse to ever win the Triple Crown, which he did in 1935. Flambino also produced the Ascot Gold Cup winner Flares and was the sister of La France, the direct female ancestor of many notable thoroughbreds including Danzig Connection, Decidedly, and Johnstown.

The horse was owned by and bred William Woodward Sr.'s famous Belair Stud in Bowie, Maryland. He was trained by Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons, who also trained Omaha's sire to the Triple Crown. As a yearling, Omaha was leggy and awkward-looking but a favorite of Woodward, who reportedly considered sending the horse to England to be trained for the Epsom Derby. In the event, Omaha's move to England was postponed until 1936. He was ridden to his biggest wins by Canadian jockey Smokey Saunders.

1934: two-year-old season
In his two-year-old season, Omaha finished second in a maiden race on June 18, 1934, and then won a similar event five days later. He failed to win in his remaining seven starts that year, although he ran well in several important races. He finished fourth to Balladier in the United States Hotel Stakes and fourth behind Boxthorn in the Saratoga Special Stakes. On August 22, Omaha finished second to Psychic Bid in the Sanford Stakes and was later third to the same horse in the Hopeful Stakes.

In the Champagne Stakes on September 6, Omaha finished second by a neck to Balladier, who set a track record of 1:16.6 for the six and a half furlong race. Ten days later, Omaha contested the season's most valuable race, the Futurity at Belmont Park, in which he ran fourth behind Chance Sun. On his final appearance of the season, he finished second in the Junior Champion Stakes over one mile, beaten a nose by Sailor Beware in a race-record time of 1:36.6.

1935: three-year-old season
Omaha began his three-year-old season by winning an allowance race at Aqueduct Race Track. In the Wood Memorial Stakes, he ran third to Today and Plat Eye after finishing "like a runaway train".

Omaha started second favorite for the Kentucky Derby, with his supporters including Damon Runyon, who tipped the colt despite describing him as "a big, leggy, green thing that seems to invariably get into a lot of trouble". Despite cold weather and heavy rain, the race attracted a crowd of 50,000 to Churchill Downs, and the filly Nellie Flag was made favorite. Saunders kept Omaha clear of early trouble before moving the colt into the lead in the backstretch. Omaha was never seriously challenged and won by a length and a half from Roman Soldier without Saunders ever using his whip. Whiskolo finished third ahead of Nellie Flag and Blackbirder.

A week after his Derby win, Omaha was made odds-on favorite for the Preakness Stakes in front of a record crowd of 40,000 at Pimlico Race Course. He caught the front-running Brannon on the turn out of the backstretch and drew clear to win by six lengths from Firethorn, with Psychic Bid a further six lengths back in third. Omaha refused to stand still for the post-race ceremonies, meaning that Saunders had to collect the presentational rose wreath "on the fly".

The colt was brought back in distance for the Withers Stakes over one mile on May 27. He was made 1/2 favorite, but despite finishing strongly he failed to catch Rosemont and was beaten by one and a half lengths. In the Belmont Stakes over one and a half miles on June 8, Omaha started 7/10 favorite over Rosemont and Firethorn. Racing on a sloppy track, he was towards the rear in the early stages and entered the stretch covered in mud. He then produced "one of his famous stretch drives" to win by a length and a half from Firethorn, with a further eight lengths back to Rosemont in third.

Two weeks after his Belmont Stakes win, Omaha took on older horses for the first time in the Brooklyn Handicap. He was no match for the four-year-old Discovery, who won by six lengths from King Saxon in record time of 1:48.2 for nine furlongs. Omaha was a further four lengths back in third. A week later, he returned to his own age group for the Dwyer Stakes. Ridden by Wayne Wright, he defeated the CCA Oaks winner Good Gamble by one and a half lengths. On July 21, Omaha started 2/5 favorite for the Arlington Classic in front of a crowd of 40,000 in Chicago. He took his winnings for the season to $142,225 by winning in track record time from St Bernard, Bloodroot, and Black Helen. He was reported to be lame in August and missed the rest of the season, although the exact nature of his injury was never fully explained.

There were no formal "Horse of the Year" awards in 1935, but Omaha was recognised as the champion three-year-old colt in the United States. Discovery, however, was regarded as the year's outstanding horse.

1936: four-year-old season
In January 1936, Omaha was moved to Aqueduct racecourse, where he was exercised under the supervision of British trainer Cecil Boyd-Rochfort. He was then loaded aboard the RMS Aquitania and shipped to England to enter Boyd-Rochfort's Newmarket stable. His principal objective was the Ascot Gold Cup, which no American horse had won since Foxhall's triumph in 1882.

On May 9, he made his British debut in the Victor Wild Stakes over one and a half miles at Kempton Park Racecourse, where he was ridden by his new jockey, Pat Beasley. Racing on turf and on a right-handed track for the first time, Omaha accelerated past his opponents half a mile from the finish and won "impressively" by one and a half lengths from Montrose. Four weeks later, he returned to the same course for the Queen's Plate over two miles. He took the lead in the straight and won from Lord Derby's colt Bobsleigh in what was described as a "thrilling" finish.

At Royal Ascot on June 18, Omaha contested the two and a half mile Ascot Gold Cup. He started favorite at odds of 11/8 against eight opponents, with his biggest danger appearing to be Quashed, a non-Thoroughbred filly who had won The Oaks in 1935. Before the race, which attracted a crowd estimated at 150,000, Omaha appeared agitated and almost unseated Beasley on several occasions. He was restrained by Beasley in the early stages before moving up to challenge Quashed for the lead just before the right-hand turn into the straight. The filly and the colt raced together throughout the closing stages, drawing well clear of the remaining runners. A furlong from the finish, Omaha drew level and looked the likely winner, but Quashed rallied in the final strides and was awarded the victory by a short head. Many years later, the 1936 Gold Cup was described by The Observer as the greatest race of all time. In his only subsequent race in England, Omaha ran second by a neck to Taj Akbar in the one and a half mile Princess of Wales's Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse in July. In this race, Omaha carried 138 pounds, eighteen pounds more than the winner, a three-year-old who had finished second to Mahmoud in The Derby.

Omaha remained in training with Boyd-Rochfort and was aimed at the 1937 Ascot Gold Cup. He was found to be lame shortly before the race and never ran again.

Stud career
Retired to stand at stud at Claiborne Farm, he failed to perform satisfactorily and in 1943 was turned over to the Jockey Club's Breeding Bureau, which sent him north to a stud farm in New York State where he remained for seven years. He was then moved west in 1950 to Nebraska, where he lived out the last nine years of his life on a farm near Nebraska City, about 45 miles (72 km) south of the city of Omaha. During the 1950s, the Triple Crown winner was taken to the Ak-Sar-Ben racetrack in Omaha, where he appeared in the winner's circle.

When Omaha died in 1959 at the age of 27, he was buried at the Ak-Sar-Ben Racetrack.

Omaha was not considered a successful sire with the best of his progeny being the Bing Crosby Handicap winner Prevaricator and the Louisiana Handicap winner South Dakota. His more remote descendants included Nijinsky II and three Kentucky Derby winners.

In 1965, he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. In The Blood-Horse ranking of the top 100 thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century, Omaha was ranked #61.

title: Omaha (horse)