text:
Miramichi

The name "Miramichi" was first applied to a region in the northeast of New Brunswick, Canada, and has since been applied to other places in Canada and the United States. Although other interpretations have been suggested, it is believed that "Miramichi" was derived from the Montagnais words "Maissimeu Assi" (meaning Mi'kmaq Land), and was perhaps introduced for use in European languages by Jacques Cartier in 1535.

Miramichi is used in the names of many places, including:

Canada

 * New Brunswick
 * Miramichi, New Brunswick, a city in northern New Brunswick
 * Nelson-Miramichi, New Brunswick, a dissolved community that was merged into Miramichi in a 1995 municipal amalgamation

 * New Brunswick electoral districts
 * Miramichi—Grand Lake, the current federal electoral district
 * Miramichi, an earlier federal electoral district in New Brunswick (known as Northumberland and later as Northumberland-Miramichi)
 * Miramichi (provincial electoral district)
 * Miramichi-Bay du Vin, a provincial electoral district for New Brunswick
 * Southwest Miramichi, a provincial electoral district for New Brunswick
 * Miramichi Centre, a provincial electoral district for New Brunswick
 * Miramichi Bay-Neguac, a provincial electoral district for New Brunswick

 * Nova Scotia
 * Miramichi, Nova Scotia, a community in Inverness County, Nova Scotia

 * Ontario
 * Miramichi, a geographical area in Sudbury District, Ontario
 * Pembroke, Ontario, formerly known as Miramichi, Canada West (ca. 1828-1850)

United States

 * Miramichi, a community in Middletown, Connecticut
 * Miramichi, an historic post office in Hamilton County, Nebraska

Geographic features
===Canada ===

 * New Brunswick

 * Miramichi River
 * Southwest Miramichi River
 * Northwest Miramichi River
 * Little Southwest Miramichi River
 * Miramichi Valley, a region frequently shortened to simply "Miramichi"
 * Miramichi Highlands, a physiographic region of New Brunswick
 * Miramichi Lake, a lake lying at the headwaters of the Southwest Miramichi River in York County, New Brunswick
 * Miramichi Bay, an estuary of the Gulf of St. Lawrence

 * Nova Scotia
 * Miramichi Brook, a stream in Inverness County, Nova Scotia

 * Ontario
 * Miramichi Bay, a bay in Bruce County, Ontario
 * Miramichi Island, an island in Muskoka District, Ontario
 * Miramichi Island, an island in Parry Sound District, Ontario
 * Muskrat River, Ontario (near Pembroke) - formerly known as Miramichi River

 * Yukon
 * Miramichi Glacier

United States

 * Miramichi Lake, a lake in Osceola County, Michigan
 * Lake Mirimichi, a reservoir in Norfolk County, Massachusetts

Other places

 * Miramichi Bridge, a bridge crossing the Miramichi River at Newcastle, New Brunswick, Canada

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Miramichi


text:
User:Micahbales

Personal Profile
es:Usuario:micahbales fr:Utilisateur:Micahbales eo:Vikipediisto:Majko

title: User:Micahbales


text:
Phallogocentrism

In critical theory and deconstruction, phallogocentrism is a neologism coined by Jacques Derrida to refer to the privileging of the masculine (phallus) in the construction of meaning. The term is a blend word of the older terms phallocentrism (focusing on the masculine point of view) and logocentrism (focusing on language in assigning meaning to the world).

Derrida and others identified phonocentrism, or the prioritizing of speech over writing, as an integral part of phallogocentrism. Derrida explored this idea in his essay "Plato's Pharmacy".

Background
In contemporary literary and philosophical works concerned with gender, the term "phallogocentrism" is commonplace largely as a result of the writings of Jacques Derrida, the founder of the philosophy of deconstruction, which is considered by many academics to constitute an essential part of the discourse of postmodernism. Deconstruction is a philosophy of "indeterminateness" and its opposing philosophy, "determinateness". According to deconstruction, indeterminate knowledge is "aporetic", i.e., based on contradictory facts or ideas ("aporias") that make it impossible to determine matters of truth with any degree of certitude; determinate knowledge, on the other hand, is "apodictic", i.e., based on facts or ideas that are considered to be "true", from one perspective or another.

The phallogocentric argument is premised on the claim that modern Western culture has been, and continues to be, both culturally and intellectually subjugated by "logocentrism" and "phallocentrism". Logocentrism is the term Derrida uses to refer to the philosophy of determinateness, while phallocentrism is the term he uses to describe the way logocentrism itself has been genderized by a "masculinist (phallic)" and "patriarchal" agenda. Hence, Derrida intentionally merges the two terms phallocentrism and logocentrism as "phallogocentrism".

The French feminist thinkers of the school of écriture féminine also share Derrida's phallogocentric reading of 'all of Western metaphysics'. For example, decry the "dual, hierarchical oppositions" set up by the traditional phallogocentric philosophy of determinateness, wherein "death is always at work" as "the premise of woman's abasement", woman who has been "colonized" by phallogocentric thinking. According to Cixous & Clément, the 'crumbling' of this way of thinking will take place through a Derridean-inspired, anti-phallo / logocentric philosophy of indeterminateness.

Critique
Swedish cyberphilosophy authors Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist propose a critique of Derrida's interpretation of phallogocentrism in their works. They advocate a return to phallic vision as fundamental and necessary for western civilization after 1945. They regard this phallic return as materialized through technology rather than through ever more academic discourse. In response to Derrida et al., Bard & Söderqvist propose that the phallogocentric project – which they call eventology – rather needs to be complemented with a return to nomadology, or the myth of the eternal return of the same, a matrichal [sic] renaissance which they claim has already materialized in system theory and complexity theory, from which both feminism and androgynism are merely later but welcome effects. According to Bard & Söderqvist it is merely the centrism and not the phallogos in itself which has ever been problematic.

French philosopher Catherine Malabou, part-time collaborator with Derrida himself, has taken a similar constructive critical approach to the idea of phallogocentrism, for example  Going into dialogue with psychoanalytic masters like Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan and most recently Alain Badiou – to whose philosophy of the event, Malabou responds with a radical traumatology firmly rooted in the neurosciences – her take is simply that psychoanalysis is inadequate to respond to the challenges she forwards due to its phallogocentrist fixation, a dilemma she believes the neurosciences are better fit to solve. The name of her solution to this problem is plasticity.

title: Phallogocentrism


text:
Batfink

Batfink & Karate is an American animated television series, consisting of five-minute shorts, that first aired in April 1966. The 100-episode series was quickly created by Hal Seeger, starting in 1966, to send up the popular Batman and Green Hornet television series, which had premiered the same year.

Plot
Batfink is a bat superhero with metal wings. With the help of his sidekick, Karate, he fights crime in his city, usually against his recurring villain, Hugo A-Go-Go, but also against others.

Many episodes place Batfink in a dangerous cliffhanger-type situation; typically, this is effected by trapping him in some sort of bondage, placing him in a position that renders his wings useless. At the moment the potentially fatal shot is fired, the action freezes, and the narrator asks dramatically if Batfink will survive. The action then continues, with Batfink escaping, via a convenient, but previously unseen deus ex machina, or through the use of his superpowers.

Batfink
Batfink (voiced by Frank Buxton) is a superpowered anthropomorphic grey cyborg bat in a yellow costume with a big red "B" on the chest and red gauntlets and boots. He uses his supersonic sonar radar and black metallic wings to fight crime. When not fighting crime, Batfink lives in a split-level cave, though he also has a direct video link to the Chief's office in case his help is needed.

Batfink's "supersonic sonar radar" is a super-powered version of a bat's echolocation, used to locate prey. Batfink's power takes the form of the letters of the word "BEEP" either once or twice emanating from his mouth. The radar is anthropomorphic and sentient and can fly wherever Batfink needs them to go – accompanied by a distinctive beeping noise. His catchphrase during that time is "My supersonic sonar radar will help me!" Whenever Batfink said those words, he would say it through the open sun roof of the Battilac car, while it was not in motion. The radar can see, feel fear, evade capture and report back to Batfink on what it has seen. In one episode, the radar is ambushed and beaten up. The radar also gets confused, misdirected, and lost, leaving Batfink to rely on other means to spy upon the episode's villain. Once, when the radar is sent to investigate Queenie Bee and her swarm of villainous bees, it returns with the "EEP" swollen with bee stings. When Karate asks Batfink "How come they just stung the E-E-P?", he replies "Because a bee would never harm another bee. But a bee will tell on another bee.". The literal spelled-out appearance of an onomatopœia was a running gag not limited to the supersonic sonar radar; in one episode, Hugo A-Go-Go invented a tickling stick that tickles its adversaries into submission, which sent out the words "Kitchy Koo" to do the deed on Batfink (the episode ended with Batfink slicing the K's off to create the far more irritating, but less distracting, "Itchy Oo").

Batfink's main defense are his metallic wings, which he is able to fold around himself as a protective shield against most attacks, thereby spawning the most famous catchphrase of the show: "Your bullets cannot harm me – my wings are like a shield of steel!" He claims in some episodes that his wings are stainless steel, but in other episodes he explicitly states that they are not – since he always carries a can of spot remover to keep them polished. Batfink can also use his wings as offensive weapons. In one episode, he uses one of them as a sword during a duel. His wings can also help him fly at incredible speeds. They are often used to help him escape certain death or cut through bonds when he has been captured (he can break out of regular ropes, but not rubber ones). In the episode "Ebenezer the Freezer", Batfink has automatic retrorockets built into his wings, but not in any other episode. Sometimes, his wings hinder him. When in water, he will sink because of the weight of his metal wings. Powerful magnets are also a problem for him. Plutonium, for reasons unexplained (but possibly relating to his birth in a plutonium mine), also renders the wings useless. Batfink's life and wings are explained in the final episode, "Batfink: This Is Your Life", which depicts his boyhood and how his real wings were replaced.

Batfink rides in a customized pink car resembling a Volkswagen Beetle with scalloped rear fins and bat-winged red "B" emblems on the doors and hood. Called the "Battillac" (rhymes with "Cadillac"), the car is outfitted with a sun roof and many defensive devices, and is resistant to collision damage and energy weapons. Batfink often says something like "It's a good thing the Battillac is equipped with a thermonuclear plutonium-insulated blast shield!" and Karate replies, "It's also good it was a small bomb". As soon as a crime is acknowledged, Batfink says "Karate, the Battillac!"

In the last episode of the series, titled "Batfink: This Is Your Life", it is revealed that Batfink was born in an abandoned plutonium mine, which is where he obtained his powers, and that he lost his natural wings as a child while saving his mother's life, after escaped convicts blew up their mountain-top cave (plutonium in real life is too scarce in the Earth's crust to be mined, it must be synthesized, usually from uranium). This incident is what motivated him to become a crime-fighter.

Karate
Kara "Karate" Te (voiced by Len Maxwell) is a gi-clad martial arts expert and Batfink's oafish sidekick who drives the Battillac. He is somewhat oversized and not very bright, but is strong enough to help Batfink out of any situation. He carries a wide variety of objects and gadgets in his "utility sleeve" (a parody of Batman's utility belt), but he often has trouble finding what he needs in it. Karate tends to succeed by dumb luck rather than by skill or ingenuity, and often Karate's involvement will make a bad situation worse. Karate is usually ordered to check downstairs while Batfink checks the upper floor. At the end of each episode, Karate will make a corny pun that is sometimes physical on the part of his stupidity. Karate's father was the blacksmith who made Batfink's metallic wings.

Karate is a direct send-up of Kato, the Green Hornet's companion, but his hulking size is inspired by the Bond villain Oddjob. Also, like in The Green Hornet, when both characters are in the car, Karate is the driver, while Batfink rides in the back seat. In early episodes, he speaks in a stereotypical Asian accent; in later episodes, he is voiced in a clipped, nasal speech pattern, inspired by Don Adams, whose Get Smart character, Maxwell Smart, was popular at the time. On occasion, Karate even utters the Maxwell Smart-inspired catchphrase, "Sorry about that, Batfink".

The Chief
The Chief of Police (voiced by Len Maxwell) is Batfink's contact on the local police force and informs Batfink of all the latest crimes via a direct video link to Batfink's Split-Level Cave; Batfink answers "The hotline — Batfink here". The Chief also has a wife and children, who never appear onscreen, but are mentioned by Karate as having seen them in the episode "Tough MacDuff."

The Mayor
The Mayor is the unnamed mayor of the city that Batfink protects.

The Narrator
The Narrator (voiced by Len Maxwell) narrates each episode while explaining certain information and doing the cliffhanger narration.

Hugo A-Go-Go
General Professor Hugo "Jerkules" A-Go-Go (voiced by Frank Buxton) is the wild-haired smocked main villain of the series. He speaks English with a German accent. He is referred to as the world's maddest scientist and spends his time in his secret laboratory creating weird and wacky inventions (including a robot bride, complete with robot mother-in-law) to defeat Batfink and dominate the world. He always manages to escape jail to antagonize the hero in a later episode. Hugo A-Go-Go often breaks the fourth wall and has conversations with the narrator.

Other villains
Other villains that are Batfink's enemies are:
 * Ebeneezer the Freezer is a villain who collaborated with Hugo A-Go-Go in a plot to freeze the city.
 * Mr. Boomer is the owner of Boomer Glass Works who has been using the sonic booms caused by his jets to improve his business.
 * Big Ears Ernie is a villain with sensitive hearing.
 * Manhole Manny is a villain who operates in the sewers.
 * Mr. M. Flick is a mad movie maker.
 * Skinny Minnie is the world's thinnest thief.
 * Bony Mahoney, Diet Wyatt and Scrawny Arnie the Narrow Knaves are the henchmen of Skinny Minnie.
 * Fatman is a criminal with an inflatable suit who steals fat items.
 * Gluey Louie is a villain who uses glue in his capers.
 * Brother Goose is a supervillain who always leaves taunting clues based on nursery rhymes.
 * Myron the Magician is a criminal magician.
 * Sporty Morty is a sports-themed villain that wields different sports equipment.
 * The Ringading Brothers are criminal acrobats.
 * Stupidman is a criminal who commits crimes that no sensible person would commit. He is also the brother-in-law of the Chief.
 * Professor Vibrato is a mad scientist that uses vibration technology.
 * Greasy Gus is a villain who uses grease in his crimes.
 * Number Zero is a villain whose real name is Plus A. Minus.
 * Swami Salami is a criminal snake charmer.
 * The Human Pretzel is a criminal contortionist.
 * Professor Hopper is a criminal flea circus owner who uses his trained fleas to commit crimes.
 * Roz the Schnozz is a criminal with a bloodhound-like nose.
 * Lucky Chuck is a lucky criminal.
 * Party Marty is a party-themed criminal who uses special party favors in his crimes.
 * Professor Flippo is a mad scientist who invented a machine that turns things upside down.
 * The Rotten Rainmaker is a villain with a weather-controlling machine.
 * Gypsy James is a parking-meter thief and fortune teller who makes voodoo dolls of Batfink and Karate to try to seal their fate.
 * The Chameleon is an art thief who uses portable camouflage screens.
 * Beanstalk Jack is a farmer who uses instant beanstalks in his crimes.
 * Curly the Human Cannonball is a criminal human cannonball.
 * Robber Hood is an archery-themed criminal.
 * Sandman Sam is a criminal who uses "slumber sand" that puts anyone to sleep.
 * The Great Escapo is an escape artist.
 * Daniel Boom is a criminal who uses explosives in his crimes.
 * Queenie Bee is a female supervillain with her army of bees. Batfink sends Queenie Bee to Sing Sing and her bees to "Sting Sting".
 * Sabubu is a thief from Baghdad.
 * The Mean Green Midget is a short criminal who grows fruits and vegetables to help in his crimes.
 * Napoleon Blownapart is a criminal who uses hand grenades to blow up stuff.
 * Magneto the Magnificent is a criminal who wields magnetic gauntlets.
 * Buster the Ruster is a criminal who uses a spray gun that shoots "rust dust".
 * Mike the Mimic is an impersonator.
 * Cinderobber is a criminal cleaning lady.
 * Mr. Bouncey is a former bouncer who uses a special spray to turn anything into rubber.
 * Old King Cruel
 * Victor the Predictor is a criminal who uses a prediction motif.
 * Goldyunlocks is a female villain with an obsession of unlocking every lock she sees. Batfink finally defeats her by putting her in a cell with no lock.
 * Phillip "Phil", Billiam "Bill" and Sylvester "Syl" the Three Baers are the henchmen of Goldyunlocks.
 * Bowl Brummel is a criminal bowler.
 * Harold Hamboné is an opera understudy.
 * Adam Blankenstein is a green-skinned criminal whose gun shoots out "blanks" that give people amnesia.
 * Whip Van Winkle is a criminal who uses whips in his crimes.
 * Tough MacDuff is Batfink's oldest enemy. After being released from prison, he gathered Hugo A-Go-Go and other villains in a plot to get Batfink to leave town.
 * Judy "Jujitsu" Jitsu is a martial artist, whose name is derived from jujutsu, and on whom Karate has a crush.
 * Father Time Bomb is a criminal who uses time bombs in his crimes.

Hidden political message
According to Dave Mackey's Batfink site, a two-part political message is concealed in two episodes, disguised as sped-up gibberish. Mackey translates the message as follows:
 * Part 1 (in "Spin the Batfink"): "The most dangerous force in America today is Walter Reuther and his political machine. It's time we realized that they intend to run this country. When the smut publishers put a..."
 * Part 2 (in "Bride and Doom"): "...dirty cover on a clean book, let's take it at face value and call it trash and dump it in the river".

Production and syndication
The cartoon was produced at Hal Seeger Studios, in New York City, and at Bill Ackerman Productions in Midland Park, New Jersey. It was syndicated by Screen Gems and continued to air on local stations throughout the 1980s. Nickelodeon briefly aired episodes of Batfink on Weinerville as well as its Nick in the Afternoon block in 1995 and 1997. In September 2006, it returned to the U.S. as part of "Cartoons Without a Clue", Boomerang's mystery lineup on weekends.

The Batfink series was very popular in the UK, becoming a cult series like the later Danger Mouse, and from 1967 onwards, it was shown at least once every year on UK terrestrial television until 1983, initially on the BBC network, where it was allocated an early evening slot just before the BBC News, and latterly as part of Children's ITV; it subsequently reappeared in 1986 on the ITV Saturday morning magazine show Get Fresh. In the early 1990s, it was repeated again as part of TV-am's Wide Awake Club/Wacaday series; after Wacaday finished in 1992, Batfink was consigned to the vaults in the UK for the next twelve years. It was introduced to a new audience in 2004,on the it first aired on 6 January 1994 on BBC One during its CBBC Block at the exact time of 16;00, was included in a number of episodes of the BBC's Saturday morning show Dick and Dom in da Bungalow, and since April 2006, it has been enjoying an extended, if somewhat irregular, repeat run on CBBC. This run finished in the 2010s.

Batfink was made quickly and cheaply by re-using stock sequences. Although most serial animations do this to some extent, Batfink did it more than most. Commonly repeated scenes include the intro to the initial briefings by the Chief (the TV screen hotline buzzing into life), Batfink and Karate getting into the Battillac, the Battillac going round mountain bends, the Battillac going over a bridge, Batfink's supersonic sonar radar, and others. Sometimes, the repeated scenes would be cut short, so that sections could be re-used to fit the storyline more closely.

DVD release

 * Cinema Club released the complete series on Region 2 DVD on 6 December 2004.
 * Shout! Factory released Batfink: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on 3 July 2007.
 * Both DVD boxsets run over four DVDs and contain all 100 episodes of the series.
 * In January 2007, A-Design released a single Batfink DVD in Bulgaria, which includes 26 5-minute segments.

title: Batfink


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Mordehai Milgrom

Mordehai "Moti" Milgrom is an Israeli physicist and professor in the department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, Israel.

Biography
He received his B.Sc. degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1966. Later he studied at the Weizmann Institute of Science and completed his doctorate in 1972. Before 1980 he worked primarily on high-energy astrophysics and became well-known for his kinematical model of the star system SS 433. In the academic years 1980–1981 and 1985–1986 he was at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. In 1983, he proposed modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) as an alternative to the dark matter and galaxy rotation curve problems,   although preliminary work and discussions on this subject started as early as 1981.

Milgrom and modified Newtonian dynamics
Milgrom suggests that Newton's law of universal gravitation should be modified for very small accelerations, typically of the order of 10−11g and less.

Recent findings
In 2022, a study about an astronomical observation of the tidal tails in five star clusters was published that might provide evidence of MOND. Specifically, there is an uneven distribution of stars that shows no indication that any dark matter was involved in causing it. Kyu-Hyun Chae's 2023-2024 study of widely-separated binary star pairs presents itself as robustly confirming the need to modify standard gravitational theory at low-valued accelerations.

Personal life
Milgrom is married and has three daughters.

title: Mordehai Milgrom


text:
Thrashing

The term thrashing may refer to:
 * Thrashing (computer science), an effect of computer memory contention
 * A severe corporal punishment
 * A clear victory
 * The dance style moshing
 * Threshing, a process in agriculture
 * Skateboard thrashing
 * Vandalism

title: Thrashing


text:
Ian Macfarlane

Ian Macfarlane may refer to:
 * Ian Macfarlane (economist) (born 1946), Australian economist, governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia, 1996–2006
 * Ian MacFarlane (footballer, born 1933) (1933–2019), Scottish football player and manager
 * Ian MacFarlane (footballer, born 1968), Scottish football player
 * Ian Macfarlane (politician) (born 1955), Australian politician

title: Ian Macfarlane


text:
Receivership

In law, receivership is a situation in which an institution or enterprise is held by a receiver – a person "placed in the custodial responsibility for the property of others, including tangible and intangible assets and rights" – especially in cases where a company cannot meet its financial obligations and is said to be insolvent. The receivership remedy is an equitable remedy that emerged in the English chancery courts, where receivers were appointed to protect real property. Receiverships are also a remedy of last resort in litigation involving the conduct of executive agencies that fail to comply with constitutional or statutory obligations to populations that rely on those agencies for their basic human rights.

Types of receivership
Receiverships can be broadly divided into two types:
 * those related to insolvency or enforcement of a security interest
 * those where either:
 * a person is incapable of managing their affairs and a court has appointed a receiver to manage the property on their behalf – for example, a receiver appointed by a court of protection under mental health legislation (in some jurisdictions, this is called conservatorship) or
 * a court seizes control of property because of breaches of law or regulation.

Receiverships relating to insolvency are subdivided into two further categories: administrative/equity receivership, where the receiver is granted wide management powers over all or most of the property of a business, and other receiverships (sometimes misleadingly called fixed charge receiverships) where the receiver has limited control over specific property, with no broader powers beyond managing or selling the individual asset.

Receivers are appointed by either a government regulator, privately, or a court.

The receiver's powers "flow from the document(s) underlying his appointment" – i.e., a statute, financing agreement, or court order.

Duties of a receiver
The receiver may:
 * run the company to maximize the value of the company's assets, sell the company as a whole, or sell part of the company and close unprofitable divisions
 * secure the assets of the company or entity
 * realize the assets of the company or entity
 * manage company affairs to pay debts.

United States
Several regulatory entities have been granted power by the Congress to place banking and financial institutions into receivership like the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency for failing nationally chartered commercial banks; the Office of Thrift Supervision for failing savings and loan associations (thrift institutions); and the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) for government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the 11 Federal Home Loan Banks. Most individual states also have granted receivership authority to their own bank regulatory agencies and insurance regulators. State Insurance Departments are accredited by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC)—which states, "State law should set forth a receivership scheme for the administration, by the insurance commissioner, of insurance companies found to be insolvent as set forth in the NAIC's Insurer Receivership Model Act."

Some organizations have come into existence on the state level to alter the proceedings. An example is the California Receivers Forum, which is a non-profit organization "formed by interested receivers, attorneys, accountants, and property managers, with support from the Los Angeles Superior Court, to address the needs and concerns of receivers, to facilitate communication between the receivership community and the courts, and to assist in raising the level of professionalism of receivers..." The California Receivers Forum reports five local affiliates in the state: Bay Area, Central California, LA/Orange County, Sacramento Valley and San Diego.

Court-appointed receivers are "the most powerful and independent of the judicially appointed managers." Unlike special masters and monitors, "the receiver completely displaces the defendants: the receiver makes large and small decisions, spends the organization's funds, and controls hiring and firing determinations." Examples of court-appointed receivers include:
 * In the District of Columbia, the D.C. Jail's medical care facility "was placed under court-ordered receivership in August 1995, after the District was held in contempt for repeatedly failing to implement court orders...intended to ensure adequate medical services to jail inmates". The receivership ended in September 2000.
 * An insolvent fuel company is managed by a court-appointed receiver.
 * A U.S. District Judge appointed a receiver for the multi-level marketing company Equinox International in August 1999. As of 2007, the receiver was authorized to distribute settlement funds from the now-defunct company to approved claimants.
 * After placing the California state prison health care system into receivership in June 2005, a U.S. District Judge appointed a receiver for it in February 2006. California Correctional Health Care Services (under control of the California Correctional Health Care Receivership) attempts "to bring medical care in California prisons up to constitutional standards".
 * In February 2007, a judge in Florida appointed a receiver for companies owned by Lou Pearlman that defrauded investors. The receiver later said about the companies "I don't see much in the way of hard assets that are worth anything or are not already fully encumbered [with debt]."

United Kingdom and certain other common law jurisdictions
Administrative receivership is a procedure in the United Kingdom and certain other common law jurisdictions whereby a creditor can enforce security against a company's assets in an effort to obtain repayment of the secured debt. It used to be the most popular method of enforcement by secured creditors, but recent legislative reform in many jurisdictions has reduced its significance considerably in certain countries.

Administrative receivership differs from simple receivership in that an administrative receiver is appointed over all of the assets and undertakings of the company. This means that an administrative receiver can normally only be appointed by the holder of a floating charge. Because of this unusual role, insolvency legislation usually grants wider powers to administrative receivers, but also controls the exercise of those powers to try to mitigate potential prejudice to unsecured creditors.

Typically, an administrative receiver is an accountant with considerable experience of insolvency matters.

Background to receivership in the UK
The common law has long recognised the concept of a receiver. Following development of the floating charge, creditors were effectively able to take security over a company's entire business by means of a floating charge over the undertaking. Security documents generally contained very wide powers of appointment such that on default the creditor could take over the business immediately and without the input of any court. A receiver appointed to the entire business became known as a receiver and manager. The receiver and manager would typically have extensive powers over the business, including the power to sell it at a time and on terms that suited the appointing creditor.

The ability to appoint a receiver and manager was a very powerful remedy, but it came to be considered unsatisfactory in that it was entirely a creature of the contract between the creditor and the borrower. There was no general ability on the part of the borrower or any other party to review the actions of the receiver (who would generally be acting on behalf of the borrower under the security document) or seek the supervision of the court. A general review of UK insolvency law in the 1980s began with the Cork Report and culminated in the Insolvency Act 1986. It put forward two major reforms. First, it put the receiver and manager on a statutory footing: a receiver appointed to all or substantially all of a company's property was now an administrative receiver and subject to some statutory responsibilities. Second, it introduced an "administration order" as an equivalent process to administrative receivership – but available to any company by court order independent of any particular security arrangement.

The UK Parliament expected that companies and creditors would use administration in preference to administrative receivership. Crucially, however, Parliament had conceded in the Insolvency Act that administrative receivership should have priority – that is, a secured creditor with a floating charge could defeat any attempt to commence an administration by appointing an administrative receiver. As a result, administration was not as popular as lawmakers had envisaged, and secured creditors habitually appointed administrative receivers to enforce security rights. Parliament took more drastic action in the Enterprise Act 2002. The administration regime was changed to make it more attractive, but also barred the right to appoint administrative receivers in any security created after 15 September 2003 (subject to certain specific exceptions). Any attempt to do so takes effect as a power to appoint an administrator.

Present situation
Administrative receivership still forms part of modern insolvency practice. Companies that get into financial difficulty today may well have security packages that were created before 15 September 2003, a situation likely to remain common for some years. Enforcement is also a significant aspect of the situations where administrative receivership is still permitted; for example, the ability to take control of the entirety of the assets is important in structuring insolvency-remote special purpose companies that issue securities or operate infrastructure projects.

In common law jurisdictions outside of the United Kingdom, administrative receivership remains popular. A number of offshore jurisdictions market transaction structures to banks on the basis that they still retain the freedom to appoint administrative receivers in those jurisdictions.

Because of their unique role, insolvency legislation usually confers wide powers on administrative receivers under applicable insolvency law, which is usually concurrent with powers granted under the security document. However, the corollary is that administrative receivers are usually required under applicable legislation to file reports in relation to the period of their receivership.

Ireland
Similarly to the United Kingdom process, methods for receiver appointment in Ireland are as follows:
 * creditor-appointed receiver on providing debenture document (the most common method)
 * High Court-appointed receiver under the Conveyancing Act 1881 or the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Ireland) 1877
 * under the Rules of the Superior Courts.

title: Receivership


text: User:Jrdioko/ru

title: User:Jrdioko/ru


text:
David Florida Laboratory

The David Florida Laboratory is the Canadian Space Agency's spacecraft assembly, integration and testing centre, in Shirleys Bay, just west of central Ottawa. It is operated by the Canadian Space Agency and rented out to Canadian and foreign aerospace and telecommunications companies and organizations for qualifying space bound equipment such as communication or scientific satellites, or components made to be placed on satellites or installed in a space station. The laboratory was named to honour C. David Florida, a leading Canadian pioneer in space research.

Officially opened in September 1972, the lab has been expanded over the years to accommodate the demand for its services. There are many support facilities such as storage areas, clean rooms, electrodynamic shakers, anechoic chambers, space (thermal and vacuum) simulation chambers and in-house mechanical, electrical and electronic shops.

In the past the David Florida Laboratory has tested satellites for Brazil, Indonesia, and the European Space Agency. Inmarsat has designated it as their authorized antenna test house. It has also tested Canadian satellites such as RADARSAT-1 and previously tested the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre) which now forms part of the Mobile Servicing System of the International Space Station. It completed work on the Orbiter Boom Sensor System which first flew on Shuttle Discovery during STS-114. The Laboratory worked on RADARSAT-2 prior to launch in 2007.

Recently the David Florida Laboratory has completed the integration and environmental testing of the Maritime Monitoring and Messaging Microsatellite (M3MSat). This is a technology demonstration satellite that will be used to assess the utility of having in space an Automatic Identification System ( AIS ) for reading signals from vessels to better manage transport in Canadian waters. M3MSat was scheduled to be launched in 2015.

The government announced in March 2024 that the laboratory will close by March 31, 2025.

title: David Florida Laboratory


text: User:Jrdioko/au

title: User:Jrdioko/au


text: User talk:203.217.13.170

title: User talk:203.217.13.170


text:
Talk:Paddy Roy Bates

Seperate article
IMO, Bates is a colorful enough character to get his own article, especially since he seems to have had some significance in the pirate radio world before founding Sealand. I'm going to take a shot at writing an article on him. Isomorphic 04:59, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

OK, I did what I could. There's more to write, I think. I could've wished for some better sources, but it doesn't seem like anyone's written anything definitive. I'd especially like a clearer picture of the disputes over Knock John Tower and Roughs Tower, when Bates first took each of them. The sources I found make it sound like he physically evicted someone from Knock John when he arrived, but I'm not sure. It's not clear at all whether there was anyone occupying Roughs Tower when he arrived, only that O'Rahilly had made an earlier claim, and made some attempt to asser that earlier claim. The incident with the petrol bombs seems to be widely reported. Isomorphic 08:39, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

his "titles"
I changed known as to styling himself as it's not clear that anyone really takes all this Sealand nonsense seriously. I mean it's decent and all for England not to kick him out, but that doesn't mean Wikipedia should endorse him - or denounce him, for that matter. Let's describe the man neutrally. Let this be a textbook case of not taking sides. Uncle Ed July 8, 2005 19:13 (UTC)
 * I agree. Thanks. Isomorphic 9 July 2005 00:28 (UTC)

What is the knock john tower mentioned in the article? All of the other sealand articles point to Rough's Tower (changing) ...

What nonsense? It's a sovereign nation. It's in international waters, and can be independant if it wants. The article should be renamed to "Roy I, Prince of Sealand", in the manner of any other sovereign princes (liechtenstein, monaco, etc.). -Alex, 12.220.157.93 05:25, 28 February 2006 (UTC).

 * It's a decrepit WW2 relic that will probably eventually fall into the sea during a storm. Comparing it to Monaco is just plain silly. --Gene_poole 06:05, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Being a "decrepit WW2 relic that will probably eventually fall into the sea during a storm" and being "plain silly" compared to Monaco does nothing to support your argument: how does that make Sealand sovereign or not sovereign? Seungri400 (talk) 18:09, 24 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Just realized I'm 16 years late. Seungri400 (talk) 18:09, 24 April 2022 (UTC)

Death?
The article claims that Bates died in Jan 2006, but I can't find a single news report about it. Hoax? --kingboyk 21:51, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Sealand. --kingboyk 04:45, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Certainly a hoax. Prader-Willi syndrome is an astronomically unlikely cause of death in a healthy man of his age.  +sj + 01:15, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I did follow that avenue when I first read about it, but unfortunately I didn't really understand the Prader-Willi syndrome article :) --kingboyk 01:35, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://fletcher.tufts.edu/faculty/rubin/courses/l201/L201_VIIA4_Reefs.doc
 * In Paddy Roy Bates on Mon Jul 17 15:06:03 2006, 404 Object Not Found
 * In Paddy Roy Bates on Thu Jul 27 00:40:42 2006, 404 Object Not Found

maru  (talk)  contribs 04:40, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.sixtiescity.com/Radio/PirateRadio.htm
 * In Paddy Roy Bates on Mon Jul 17 15:06:05 2006, 404 Not Found
 * In Paddy Roy Bates on Thu Jul 27 00:40:43 2006, 404 Not Found

maru  (talk)  contribs 04:41, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Citations needed
This is quite a nice start for a biographical article: it covers the notable events in his life succinctly and in a proper tone, and seems to be reasonably comprehensive (for a stub, at least :)). Unfortunately it's lacking citations. --kingboyk 18:53, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Merge
There is very little information on Bates, and his significance appears to rest solely on Sealand. This article should, I think, be merged. Guy (Help!) 06:44, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There's undoubtedly a case to be made for a merge (it's what we often do in the case of musicians who are notable only for membership of one band, for instance) but on the other hand I think Bates is notable for things other than (but directly related to) Sealand; specifically his involvement in offshore pirate radio and Radio Essex. Radio Essex (pirate) is already a redirect to here, so this is already a collation to an extent. Summary: Not sure :) --kingboyk 11:49, 11 May 2007 (UTC) PS: he's not exactly loaded down with incoming links

Taxes
Does anyone know if there's ever been a problem with the British government taxing this man? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.110.210.139 (talk) 02:58, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Noble ?
Firstly, he is not technically a noble, he is a royal, being a prince and all - but I can't find the proper stub. Secondly, his ability to issue to himself this title stems from his claim to sovereignty, which is disputed. Frankly we should be neutral is cases such as this and not take side, even if our POV is that this is not legitimate. Outback the Koala (talk) 21:06, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
 * He is none of these things! His country is a sunken concrete barge on a sandbank. There is no need for neutrality where the claim is complete fantasy. I have just pronounced myself King of my Armchair and will now be printing my own money. I will make you a Lord if you like. I hope you will take a neutral view and agree that I might well be a King, although no-one else in the world thinks so. Maidonian (talk) 22:49, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I beg to differ, it would be ignorant to say there is no legal basis for Bates' claim to sovereignty; however I guess I reluctantly must agree that he is generally not defined by a WP:RS as a bona fide royal. Outback the Koala (talk) 23:50, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I now pronounce you Lord Koala. Maidonian (talk) 23:59, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
 * lol, thankx... :) Outback the Koala (talk) 00:43, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Rewrite
I've noticed the dead links to sources and the general lack of citations and have decided to rewrite the article in proper neutral view with relevant citations. I've been researching him for a history class project and have found some pretty good sources (an interview with his own son for example). It will be done in my personal sandbox if anyone cares to check up on it. I'll copy pasta it here when I'm all done. If anyone has comments the can leave them on my own talk page. Thanks. Chris (talk) 00:50, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Death
Apparently he died 9th October 2012

http://www.sealandgov.org/_blog/Sealand_News/post/Prince_Roy_of_Sealand_aka_Roy_Bates_%28passed_away_9th_October_2012_Obituary%29/ Ace Combat Fanatic (talk) 12:17, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Book
There is an encounter between the Bates and the author of 'Attention All Shipping: A Journey Round the Shipping Forecast' therein described. Jackiespeel (talk) 20:59, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Paddy Roy Bates


text:
Cumberland County, New York

Cumberland County, New York was a county in the Province of New York that became part of the state of Vermont. It was divided out of Albany County in New York in 1766, but eventually became a part of Vermont in 1777. At that time, Vermont was holding itself out as the Republic of Vermont and was not admitted to the Union until 1791.

Located south of Gloucester County and east of Charlotte County (Anderson, p. 67 ), incorporated from Albany County (see map from 1777 Charlotte County, Province of New York), Cumberland County was fused with Gloucester County, New York to become Cumberland County, Vermont, which, along with Bennington County, comprised the only two counties in that state. The Vermont Cumberland County was abolished by being partitioned into several new counties in Vermont and one in New Hampshire.

title: Cumberland County, New York


text: User talk:24.165.97.148

title: User talk:24.165.97.148


text:
Gloucester County, New York

Gloucester County, New York is a former county in New York that became part of the state of Vermont. It was a part of Albany County in the Province of New York until 1770 and was lost to Vermont in 1777. At that time, Vermont was holding itself out as the Republic of Vermont and did not become a state until 1791.

The County of Gloucester name was used occasionally in contemporary documents. Yet the 28 February 1770 Order for Erection and many subsequent documents refer to the region as the County of Glocester. Contemporary maps also refer to the area as the County of Glocester.

title: Gloucester County, New York


text:
User:FormerUser3

Well, I'm a 13 year old and I go to Middle School. I really like writing & love this WIKI idea.

Guys on WIKI, realize many people worked hard to bring the articles to you so you should use it well!

I will try to contribute a lot & hope to be an ADMIN some day on WIKI.

title: User:FormerUser3


text: User talk:68.33.142.21

title: User talk:68.33.142.21


text:
Milan Papyrus

The Milan Papyrus is a papyrus roll inscribed in Alexandria in the late 3rd or early 2nd century BC during the rule of the Ptolemaic dynasty. It is currently held by the University of Milan (inventory no. 1295 R), and it is also known in scholarship under its label P.Mil.Vogl. VIII 309.

History
Originally discovered by anonymous tomb raiders as part of a mummy wrapping, it was purchased in the papyrus "grey market" in Europe in 1992 by the University of Milan.

As the earliest surviving example of a Greek poetry book as well as the largest addition to the corpus of classical Greek poetry in many years, the tale of the discovery made The New York Times and National Geographic.

Labelled the "Milan Papyrus," it was published in a scholarly edition in 2001, edited by Guido Bastianini, Claudio Gallazzi, and Colin Austin, with contributions by other scholars. The edition included the complete transcription of the recto of the papyrus, with extensive commentary, and high-quality facsimiles of the whole roll.

In 2002, Austin and Bastianini published a comprehensive, smaller edition, Posidippi Pellaei quae supersunt omnia, "all the surviving works of Posidippus of Pella", including the epigrams of the papyrus, the epigrams known through Tzetzes and other epigrams transmitted by the Palatine Anthology, with Italian and English translations. This has been considered the authoritative edition of Posidippus' works ever since.

Scholars have rushed to mine this new trove of highly conscious literary productions at the most sophisticated level that were created in a major center of Hellenistic culture.

After a "standing-room only" discussion at the American Philological Association annual meeting in January 2001, a seminar on the Milan Papyrus was held at Harvard's Center for Hellenic Studies in April 2002, and international conferences were held at Milan, Florence and Cincinnati, in November 2002.

Scholarly work on the Milan Papyrus, on Posidippus, who is now revealed in a broader range of subjects, and on the Alexandrian literary epigram in general, was invigorated by the discovery and proceeds apace.

Description & contents
Over six hundred previously unknown lines of Greek poetry are on the roll, representing about 112 brief poems, or epigrams. Two of these were already known and had been attributed by the 12th-century AD Byzantine scholar John Tzetzes to the Hellenistic epigrammatist Posidippus of Pella (c. 310 – c. 240 BC), a Macedonian who spent his literary career in Alexandria. The initial reaction has been to attribute all the new lines to Posidippus, though Franco Ferrari suggests that there is evidence the manuscript is an anthology, in which Posidippus' epigrams predominated.

In addition to the epigrams, which are written on the recto (i.e., the inner surface of the roll), the papyrus also bears a mythological text in Greek, heavily damaged, which was written on the verso (the outer surface) and, as of 2023, is still unpublished.

In terms of the date, one source suggests that "One side contains approximately 600 lines of verse in a hand that has been dated to c. 230-200 BCE. The other side has some mythological material which dates to the early 2nd century BCE." Another says "All sixteen columns of P.Mil.Vogl. VIII 309 are written in a style dating back to ca. 220 BC".

Texts and sources

 * Posidippus A.-B. = Austin, C. – Bastianini, G. (edd.), Posidippi Pellaei quae supersunt omnia, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2002, ISBN 88-7916-193-8
 * Bastianini, G. – Gallazzi, C. (edd.), Papiri dell’Università di Milano - Posidippo di Pella. Epigrammi, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2001, ISBN 88-7916-165-2
 * G.-P., HE = Gow, A. S. F. – Page D. L., The Greek Anthology I: Hellenistic Epigrams, Cambridge 1965.
 * Tzetzes, Chiliades L. = Leone, P. L. M. (ed.), Ioannis Tzetzae Historiae, Napoli 1968.

Secondary literature

 * Un Poeta Ritrovato. Posidippo di Pella. Giornata di studio - Milano 23 novembre 2001, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2002, ISBN 88-7916-199-7

title: Milan Papyrus


text: User talk:67.20.254.218

title: User talk:67.20.254.218


text:
Postcodes in New Zealand

Postcodes in New Zealand consist of four digits, the first two of which specify the area, the third the type of delivery (street, PO Box, Private Bag, or Rural delivery), and the last the specific lobby, RD (rural delivery) number, or suburb. The present postcode system was introduced in New Zealand in June 2006, which, unlike the previous system, applies to all items of mail with effect from June 2008. In October 2008, New Zealand Post launched a 'remember your postcode' campaign, offering a $10,000 prize for remembering a postcode.

This replaced a previous system, introduced in 1977, in which New Zealand Post did not require individual items of mail to include the postcode in the address. Optical character recognition (OCR) enabled automated sorting machines to scan entire addresses, rather than just postcodes, as was the case with older machines. This was very similar to the case in Ireland. OCR technology was introduced in 1992; when the first of seven OCR machines were installed in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch Mail Centres, most mail was sorted manually.

Allocation
There are 1,856 postcodes, each of which may serve up to 10,000 individual locations. Postcodes are generally allocated north to south.

 * 00 – unused
 * 01 – Whangarei, Marsden Point, Ngunguru
 * 02 – Kawakawa, Kerikeri, Moerewa, Paihia, Russell
 * 03 – Dargaville
 * 04 – Kaikohe, Kaitaia
 * 05 – Mangawhai, Waipu
 * 06 – North Shore, West Auckland (urban); West Auckland (PO box); south-western Central Auckland
 * 07 – North Shore, West Auckland (rural); North Shore (PO Box)
 * 08 – Helensville, Kumeu
 * 09 – Hibiscus Coast, Warkworth, Wellsford, Snells Beach; Great Barrier Island
 * 10 – Central Auckland, Waiheke Island (urban), Rakino Island
 * 11 – Central Auckland (PO box, central)
 * 12 – Central Auckland (PO box, western bays)
 * 13 – Central Auckland (PO box, inner south-west)
 * 14 – Central Auckland (PO box, outer south-west)
 * 15 – Central Auckland (PO box, inner south-east)
 * 16 – Central Auckland (PO box, outer-south-east)
 * 17 – Central Auckland (PO box, eastern bays)
 * 18 – Waiheke Island (PO box)
 * 19 – Waiheke Island (rural)
 * 20 – South Auckland (urban, north and east)
 * 21 – South Auckland, Pukekohe, Tuakau, Waiuku (urban, south); South Auckland (PO box, north and east)
 * 22 – South Auckland (PO box, south)
 * 23 – Pukekohe, Tuakau, Waiuku (PO box)
 * 24 – Pokeno, Mercer, Mangatawhiri
 * 25 – South Auckland (rural)
 * 26 – Pukekohe, Tuakau, Waiuku (rural)
 * 27 – unused
 * 28 – unused
 * 29 – unused
 * 30 – Rotorua, Murupara
 * 31 – Tauranga, Whakatane, Edgecumbe, Katikati, Kawerau, Opotiki, Te Puke, Matakana Island
 * 32 – Hamilton, Raglan
 * 33 – Taupo, Morrinsville, Te Aroha, Turangi
 * 34 – Cambridge, Tokoroa, Mangakino, Matamata, Putaruru
 * 35 – Coromandel, Ngatea, Tairua, Thames, Whitianga
 * 36 – Paeroa, Waihi, Waihi Beach, Whangamata
 * 37 – Huntly, Ngāruawāhia, Te Kauwhata
 * 38 – Te Awamutu
 * 39 – Otorohanga, Taumarunui, Te Kuiti
 * 40 – Gisborne, Ruatoria
 * 41 – Hastings, Napier, Wairoa
 * 42 – Waipawa, Waipukurau
 * 43 – New Plymouth, Eltham, Inglewood, Stratford, Waitara
 * 44 – Palmerston North
 * 45 – Whanganui, Patea
 * 46 – Hawera, Ohakune, Opunake, Raetihi
 * 47 – Feilding, Marton, Taihape
 * 48 – Ashhurst, Bulls, Foxton, Shannon, Waiouru
 * 49 – Dannevirke, Pahiatua, Woodville
 * 50 – Lower Hutt, Upper Hutt, Kapiti, Porirua, Tawa (urban); Lower Hutt (PO Box).
 * 51 – Upper Hutt (PO Box)
 * 52 – Kapiti, Porirua (PO Box)
 * 53 – Kapiti, Lower Hutt, Porirua, Upper Hutt (rural)
 * 54 – unused
 * 55 – Levin, Ōtaki
 * 56 – unused
 * 57 – Carterton, Featherston, Greytown, Martinborough
 * 58 – Masterton
 * 59 – unused
 * 60 – Wellington (urban)
 * 61 – Wellington (PO box, central & west)
 * 62 – Wellington (PO box, south & east)
 * 63 – unused
 * 64 – Wellington (PO box, north)
 * 65 – unused
 * 66 – unused
 * 67 – unused
 * 68 – unused
 * 69 – Wellington (rural)
 * 70 – Nelson, Richmond, Brightwater, Mapua, Wakefield
 * 71 – Motueka, Takaka
 * 72 – Blenheim, Picton
 * 73 – Cheviot, Kaikoura, Hanmer Springs
 * 74 – Rangiora, Amberley, Oxford
 * 75 – Akaroa, Darfield
 * 76 – Kaiapoi, Leeston, Lincoln, Prebbleton, Rolleston
 * 77 – Ashburton, Methven, Rakaia
 * 78 – Greymouth, Hokitika, Reefton, Westport
 * 79 – Timaru, Geraldine, Temuka, Twizel, Waimate
 * 80 – Christchurch (urban); Chatham Islands
 * 81 – Christchurch (PO Box, central)
 * 82 – Christchurch (PO Box, south)
 * 83 – unused
 * 84 – Christchurch (PO Box, west)
 * 85 – Christchurch (PO Box, north)
 * 86 – Christchurch (PO Box, central-east)
 * 87 – unused
 * 88 – Christchurch (PO Box, north-east and south-east)
 * 89 – Christchurch (rural and PO Box, rural)
 * 90 – Dunedin, Mosgiel, Port Chalmers
 * 91 – unused
 * 92 – Balclutha, Milton
 * 93 – Queenstown, Alexandra, Arrowtown, Cromwell, Ranfurly, Wanaka
 * 94 – Oamaru, Palmerston
 * 95 – Clinton, Lawrence, Roxburgh, Tapanui
 * 96 – Nightcaps, Ohai, Otautau, Tuatapere; Fiordland, Te Anau
 * 97 – Gore, Lumsden, Mataura, Winton
 * 98 – Invercargill, Bluff, Edendale, Riverton, Wyndham; Stewart Island
 * 99 – unused

Examples
In cities and large towns, the last two digits indicate one of the four modes of delivery, as illustrated by addresses in Palmerston North:

 * Street address, in which mail is delivered directly to homes by the 'postie';

 * 43 Vogel Street
 * Roslyn
 * Palmerston North 4414

 * PO Box address, in which mail is delivered to a private box, usually at a Post Shop (formerly Post Office), for collection;

 * PO Box 400
 * Palmerston North Central
 * Palmerston North 4440

 * Private Bag, in which a private mail bag is delivered to an organisation such as a large company or a government department
 * Private Bag 11222
 * Manawatu Mail Centre
 * Palmerston North 4442

 * Rural Delivery, used in rural areas for home deliveries.

 * Railway Road
 * RD 10
 * Palmerston North 4470

Previous system
Although postcodes were first introduced in New Zealand in 1977, these were used entirely for pre-sorting large volumes of mail in bulk, similar to the Mailsort system used by Royal Mail in the United Kingdom. Consequently, postcodes were not usually seen in addresses:

 * New Zealand Post
 * Private Bag 39990
 * Wellington Mail Centre
 * Lower Hutt

Under the old system, Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch were divided into postal zones, which were incorporated into the postcode system for use in bulk mailings. For example, for the former Wellington 4:

 * Flat 2
 * 173 Park Road
 * Johnsonville
 * Wellington 6004

In cities and large towns, the last two digits indicated the mode of delivery, as illustrated by addresses in Palmerston North:

Street address:

 * 43 Vogel Street
 * Palmerston North 5301

Post Office Box address:

 * P O Box 4000
 * Palmerston North 5315

Private Bag address
 * Private Bag 11222
 * Palmerston North 5320

Rural Delivery address

 * Railway Road
 * R D 10
 * Palmerston North 5321

NB: Prior to the changeover, New Zealand Post also required that a space be inserted between the letters 'P' and 'O' in 'PO Box' or 'R' and 'D' in 'RD'.

Māori names
New Zealand Post recognises Māori names for cities and towns in New Zealand; for example, the Māori Language Commission's address is:

 * Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori
 * Pouaka Poutāpeta 411
 * Te Whanganui a Tara 6140

In English, this translates as:

 * Māori Language Commission
 * PO Box 411
 * Wellington 6140

In spite of the considerable difference between the two languages, there was no need to add the postcode under the old system, which in this case would have been 6015.

Freepost
Mail to members of the New Zealand Parliament is delivered free of charge for individuals (organisations must pay regular rates). The cost is deducted from the Member's budget.

 * Rt Hon
 * Prime Minister
 * Private Bag 18888
 * Parliament Buildings
 * Wellington 6160

Other Freepost mail includes a unique number as well as the PO Box or Private Bag number:

 * Freepost 112002
 * CARM
 * PO Box 913
 * Dunedin 9054

title: Postcodes in New Zealand


text:
Abayudaya

The Abayudaya (Abayudaya is Luganda for "People of Judah") are a Jewish community in eastern Uganda, near the town of Mbale. They are devout in their practice, keeping kashrut and observing Shabbat. There are several different villages where the Abayudaya live. A community that converted to Judaism in the 20th century, most community members are affiliated with the Reform and Conservative movements of Judaism. In June 2016, Rabbi Shlomo Riskin led a Beit Din that performed an Orthodox conversion for the Putti community of Abayudaya.

The Abayudaya's population is estimated to number between 2,000 and 3,000; like their neighbors, they are subsistence farmers. Most Abayudaya are of Bagwere origin. Some, from Namutumba, are Basoga. They speak Luganda, Soga, or Gwere, and some have learned Hebrew as well.

History
The group owes its origin to Muganda military leader Semei Kakungulu. Originally, Kakungulu was converted to Christianity by British missionaries around 1880. He believed that the British would allow him to be king of the territories Bukedi and Bugisu, which he had conquered in a battle for them. However, when the British limited his territory to a significantly smaller size and refused to recognize him as king as they had promised, Kakungulu began to distance himself from them. In 1913, he became a member of the Bamalaki sect, which followed a belief system that combined elements of Judaism, Christianity, and Christian Science, most notably, a refusal to use western medicine (based on a few sentences taken from the Old Testament). This led to conflict with the British when the Bamalaki refused to vaccinate their cattle. However, upon further study of the Bible, Kakungulu came to believe that the customs and laws described in the Five Books of Moses (the Torah) were really true. When, in 1919, Kakungulu insisted on circumcision as prescribed in the Hebrew Bible, the Bamalaki refused and told him that if he practiced circumcision he would be like the Jews. Kakungulu responded, "Then, I am a Jew!" He circumcised his sons and himself and declared that his community was Jewish. According to Henry Lubega, "he fled to the foot of Mt. Elgon and settled in a place called Gangama where he started a separatist sect known as Kibina Kya Bayudaya Abesiga Katonda (the Community of Jews who trust in the Lord)." The British were infuriated by this action and they effectively severed all ties with him and his followers.

The arrival of a foreign Jew known as "Yosef", presumably of Ashkenazi background, in 1920 contributed much towards the community's acquisition of knowledge about the seasons in which Jewish holidays, such as Pesach, Shavuot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and Sukkot, take place. A source in the Abayudaya community confirms that the first Jew to visit the community was Yosef, who stayed with and taught the community for about six months, and would appear to have first brought the Jewish calendar to the Abayudaya community.

Furthermore, the laws concerning kashrut were first introduced to the community by Yosef. The community continues to practice kashrut today. Yosef's teachings influenced Semei Kakungulu to establish a school that acted as a type of Yeshiva, with the purpose of passing on and teaching the skills and knowledge first obtained from Yosef.

After Kakungulu's death from tetanus in 1928, Samson Mugombe Israeli, one of his disciples, became the spiritual leader of the community, which isolated itself for self-protection.

In 1962, Arye Oded, an Israeli studying at Makerere University, visited the Abayudaya and met Samson Mugombe. This was the first time the Abayudaya had ever met an Israeli, and the first time the community was meeting a foreign Jew since Yosef. Oded had many long interviews with Mugombe and other leaders and explained to them how Jews in Israel practised Judaism. Oded then wrote a book ("Religion and Politics in Uganda,") and numerous articles on the community and their customs which introduced them to world Jewry.

However, in the 1970s they were persecuted by Idi Amin, who outlawed Jewish rituals and destroyed synagogues. Some of the Abayudaya community converted to either Christianity or Islam in the face of religious persecution. A core group of roughly 300 members remained, however, committed to Judaism, worshipping secretly and fearful that they would be discovered by their neighbors and reported to the authorities. This group later named itself "She'erit Yisrael" — the Remnant of Israel — meaning the surviving (Ugandan) Jews.

The community underwent a revival in the 1980s. Approximately 400 Abayudaya community members were formally converted by five rabbis of the Conservative branch of Judaism in February 2002, and conversions by Conservative rabbis continued during the following years. During the 1990's they were related to a Messianic (Christian) Jewish congregation led by David Finkelstein.

Today
As of 2017, the community lives near the newly built Stern Synagogue on Nabugoye Hill outside Mbale and the nearby synagogue in the village of Namanyonyi plus others live in Nasenyi, Nalubembe, Buseta, Nangolo and the sole Orthodox community, Putti, all in Pallisa District. An eighth village, Namutumba, with a synagogue, is in Magada Village, approximately 70 km south. Finally, a ninth village, Apac, is way north of Mbale. A census was conducted in 2015 by village members, which showed the total population as 1067.

Namutumba, the largest village, is a thriving Jewish community with about 244 members with an active synagogue. The community has built an interfaith primary school - Tikkun Olam Primary School (TOPS) serving its greater community, has active young leadership in economic development and is seeking to improve the lives of all its community members. Yoash Mayende is the Director of TOPS, a completely solar campus. Rabbi Levi Shadrach Mugoya is their current spiritual leader. The elder Rabbi Eri appointed Shadrach to be his successor, “a great honor and a great responsibility.” Shadrach attended Uganda Christian University and graduated with a degree in Project Planning and Entrepreneurship in 2013. He studied in the yeshiva of the chief Abayudaya Rabbi, Gershom Sizomu. Shadrach is now pursuing his studies with ALEPH (Alliance for Jewish Renewal) so that he can lead his people well as their rabbi. The Conservative Yeshivah in Israel has accepted him to study for 2017–2018.

Gershom Sizomu, the spiritual leader of the Abayudaya and the Rosh Yeshiva, was enrolled in the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies five-year graduate program at the American Jewish University in Los Angeles, California where he studied Hebrew, rabbinic literature, the Bible, Jewish philosophy, and other subjects. Upon completion of this program, Sizomu received his ordination as a rabbi under the auspices of the Conservative movement on May 19, 2008, and returned to Uganda to lead its Jewish community. He is the first native-born black rabbi in sub-Saharan Africa. He is also the first chief rabbi of Uganda. In February 2016 he was elected as a Member of Parliament in Uganda representing Bungokho North outside of Mbale.

A new synagogue, Stern Synagogue, named after Ralph and Sue Stern, Jewish Americans who contributed $100,000, now has replaced the small Moses Synagogue on Nabugoye Hill as of 2017. Other key donors are Eyal, Yael, Leya and Aely Aronoff. Julius and Ray Charlstein Foundation. Naty and Debbie Saidoff. The synagogue is, according to Rabbi Sizomu, the biggest in sub-Saharan Africa.

Another development is the possible recognition of the Putti Abayudaya by Israel and the Orthodox Jewish world, thanks to the efforts of Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, founding Chief Rabbi of Efrat and Chancellor of the Ohr Torah Stone institute, in coordination with Putti Village Assistance Organization (PVAO). This plan received a setback in 2018 when the Israel Ministry of the Interior ruled that the Putti Abayudaya were not a recognised Jewish community and so their conversion is "not recognized for the purpose of receiving status in Israel". The community is governed by an elected board, currently chaired by Tarphon Kamya. Putti village receives outside support from PVAO. Besides the five synagogues, Jewish schools have been established with outside help from individuals and organizations where secular and Jewish subjects are taught. Unlike many Christian-run schools, learning Hebrew and Judaism is merely optional for non-Jewish students. Christian, Muslim, and Jewish students attend these schools. Scholarships given by outside sources have enabled some students to attend Universities as well. The following are the currently existing community institutions:

 * The Hadassah Primary School located between Nabugoye and Namanyonyi
 * The Semei Kakungulu High School (Nabugoye Hill)
 * Tikkun Olam Primary School (Namutumba)
 * A Yeshiva (Nabugoye Hill) The building of the Yeshiva is being funded by a grant from the United Synagogue Youth Tikun Olam program
 * A new Jewish Hospital (Kampala) Galilee Community General Hospital
 * A new Jewish Orthodox synagogue Located right in the center of Kampala
 * The Tobin Medical Centre located in Mbale funded by Be'chol Lashon

Community relations
Their Christian and Muslim neighbors once looked upon the Abayudaya with disdain and hatred, but relations have improved significantly and some view members of the Abayudaya with respect and admiration. It should also be noted that the community has been growing at a steady rate. Numbering only 300 individuals at the time of the fall of Idi Amin, the Abayudaya have grown to as many as 2,000 individuals since that time.

In 2002 the story of the Abayudaya was told in the book Abayudaya: The Jews of Uganda, with photographs and text by photojournalist Richard Sobol and musical recordings produced by Jeffrey Summit and published by Abbeville Press. Sobol has continued to travel and lecture with a multi media slide presentation to help bring the Ugandan Jews out of isolation.

In 2007 an independent production team, Marion Segal Productions, made a documentary film on the Abayudaya on behalf of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC-TV). Its title, "Pearls of Africa," is a reference to the fact that this region of Africa is also known as the pearl of Africa. The documentary was directed and narrated by filmmaker, Guy Lieberman, in association with producer Marion Segal, both South African Jews. Included in the documentary are interviews with Aaron Kintu Moses, J.J. Keki, Enosh K. Mainah, and other leaders of the Abayudaya, both in the Nabugoye Hill community and in the Putti community. It also includes interviews with two wives who show their Sabbath preparations, speak about their children's education, and discuss the intimate side of Jewish marriage and the need for a mikveh. The documentary generated considerable interest amongst the South African Jewish community and inspired members to make financial and other contributions (e.g. books) to the Abayudaya. Subsequent to this documentary, the South African Jewish community also hosted two of the younger generation of Abayudaya to share their stories at local Jewish events.

In 2003, J.J. Keki, a member of the Abayudaya community, led the effort to create a cooperative for coffee-growers in the region, including not only the Jewish coffee-growers, but Christian and Muslim coffee-growers as well. The result was Mirembe Kawomera, Luganda for "Delicious Peace". In partnership with Thanksgiving Coffee Company of Fort Bragg, California, the cooperative is working in bringing new prosperity to members of all religions.

Religious life and customs
As the community increased its ties and interactions with outside Jewish communities, namely in the United States and Israel, its religious ideology and customs shifted towards mainstream Judaism. Members attend Shabbat services regularly both on Friday evenings and Saturdays. Congregations remove their shoes before entering the synagogue. This custom is believed to have been practiced by Jews in biblical times and is still practiced by a few Jewish communities today. The Abayudaya follow kashrut and slaughter their own animals accordingly.

Music
Music has been an important aspect in the lives of the Abayudaya. In recent years, the community has produced two CDs that are centered on religious themes. One of the albums, entitled "Abayudaya: Music from the Jewish people of Uganda" was produced by Jeffrey Summit and nominated for a Best Traditional World Music album at the 47th Grammy Awards.

The Abayudaya community has received further recognition and respect within the Jewish community because of the work of Noam Katz, a Jewish American musician. His 2005 CD, Mirembe ("peace" in Luganda), featured the Abayudaya in the majority of its songs. In addition to studying at a seminary, Katz travels throughout North America, and gives a slideshow/concert which showcases the music of the Abayudaya.

The music of the Abayudaya is distinctly African yet Jewish at the same time. Many of the songs combine words in Luganda as well as Hebrew. Additionally, Psalms and prayers are set to a distinctly African tune and rhythm. Music is viewed as important by the community for a variety of reasons. Some elders of the community have maintained that it was music that enabled the community to persevere through the harsh conditions that it had to endure under the reign of Idi Amin.

title: Abayudaya


text:
Talk:Ostashkov

What is the original Russian name of the location? In Poland the name Ostaszków (not Ostaszkowo) is used, but perhaps the orginal name has another, better transcrypton to English..?Halibutt

 * Seing no response I decided to move this article manually. I hope you don't mind. Halibutt 05:14, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Apparently Ghirlandajo tries to wipe out any mention of the Ostashkov POW camp from the article on Ostashkov. I know that parts of the camp were located on an island near the town, but still the adress was Ostashkov, and the camp was referred to both by the NKVD, the prisoners themselves and all books on the topic as Ostashkov camp, not "Lake Seliger Camp". Finally, Ostashkov is the name featured on execution documents and on letters sent from the camp through the joint Nazi-Soviet commission. Why exactly should the mention of the massacre of prisoners of Ostashkov be erased from an article on Ostashkov? Halibutt 12:32, August 8, 2005 (UTC)

I think the camp should be mentioned, together with (one of?) its name(s) here. Full info may be moved to a more specific para. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 15:06, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would also add that the camp was not only called Ostashkov camp by those who ran it (NKVD), but also by the imprisoned themselves. Besides, its postal adress was Ostashkov as could be seen in the letters to the inmates found in the graves. And, last but not least, the camp the inmates were kept in is referred to as Ostashkov by (almost?) all books on the topic, be them Polish, English or Russian. Same goes for webpages. Halibutt 15:57, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * And yet another argument - Ghirlandajo mentioned somewhere (though sadly not here) that the Ostashkov camp should not be mentioned in the article on Ostashkov because of the distance. If it is so, then why would we mention the Nilov monastery at all? Halibutt 08:16, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I checked the map and verified that the island with the monastery is about 10 km north from the town, in a straight line (more like 8 km really, counting from the town's northern edge). Obviously, if one were to drive around the lake, the driving distance may come out to something like 30 km. Anyhow, the two places are certainly close enough to be closely associated. Balcer 00:25, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * BTW, I have recently added the Russian name of the camp to the article (Осташковский спецлагер НКВД СССР), yet Ghirlandajo reverted it without any explanation given. Sure, I don't insist, though hearing the motives would be nice. Halibutt 13:58, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Firstly, the name is spelled incorrectly. Secondly, even if you kind of fetishistic about Polish spellings, there is no need to flood English-language encyclopedia with Cyrillic spellings. --Ghirlandajo 14:04, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not a fetishist and your reply would really be better without such remarks. Apart from that, thanks for the explanation. Halibutt 08:56, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * However, we require external links in other languages? Do we? --Bhadani 13:08, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ostashkov


text:
Art Rooney

Arthur Joseph Rooney Sr. (January 27, 1901 – August 25, 1988), often referred to as "the Chief", was the founding owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, an American football franchise in the National Football League (NFL), from 1933 until his death. Rooney is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, was an Olympic qualifying boxer, and was part or whole owner in several track sport venues and Pittsburgh area pro teams. He was the first president of the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1933 to 1974, and the first chairman of the team from 1933 to 1988.

Family history
Rooney's great-grandparents, James and Mary Rooney, were Irish Catholics who emigrated from Newry in County Down, Ireland to Canada during the Great Famine in the 1840s. While living in Montreal, the Rooneys had a son, Arthur (who would become Art Rooney's grandfather). James and Mary later moved to Ebbw Vale, Wales, where the iron industry was flourishing, taking their son Arthur, then 21, with them. This Arthur Rooney married Catherine Regan (who was also Irish Catholic), in Wales, and they had a son, Dan. Two years after Dan Rooney was born, the family moved back to Canada and eventually ended up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1884. Along the way the family grew to include nine children of which Dan was the second.

Dan Rooney remained in the Pittsburgh area, and eventually opened a saloon in the Youghiogheny Valley coal town of Coulter, Pennsylvania (or Coultersville). This is where Dan Rooney met and wed Margaret "Maggie" Murray, who was the daughter of a coal miner, and where the couple's first son, Arthur Joseph Rooney, was born. Dan and Maggie would eventually settle their family in Pittsburgh's North Side in 1913, where they bought a three-story building at the corner of Corey Street and General Robinson Street. Dan operated a cafe and saloon out of the first floor with the family living above. The building was located just a block from Exposition Park, which had been home to the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team until 1909.

Rooney had a brother, Silas Rooney, who later entered the priesthood. Silas Rooney eventually became the athletic director for St. Bonaventure University in 1947 and invited the Steelers to play their training camp at the university in the 1950s. Another brother, James P. Rooney, later was elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly, winning easily in part because Art had renamed the team after James, who also played on the squad, as a promotional tactic.

Education and athletics
Rooney attended St. Peter's Catholic School in Pittsburgh, Duquesne University Prep School, then several semesters at Indiana Normal School before completing a final year at Temple University on an athletic scholarship. After graduation, he dedicated himself to sports, winning the AAU welterweight belt in 1918 and tried out for the 1920 Olympic Team, he played minor league baseball for both the Flint, Michigan "Vehicles" and the Wheeling, West Virginia "Stogies". In 1925 he served as Wheeling's player-manager and led the Middle Atlantic League in games, hits, runs, stolen bases and finished second in batting average (his brother Dan Rooney, Wheeling's catcher that year, finished third). Art also played halfback for the semi-pro Pittsburgh "Hope Harvey" and "Majestic Radio" clubs which he later took over and renamed the J.P. Rooneys before purchasing an NFL franchise for $2,500 in 1933.

Pittsburgh Steelers
Rooney's affiliation with the National Football League (NFL) began in 1933 when he paid a $2,500 franchise fee to found a club based in the city of Pittsburgh. He had named his new team the "Pirates" which was also the name of the city's long-established Major League Baseball club of which Rooney was a fan since a childhood spent in the shadow of the team's stadium.

Since the league's inception in 1920, the NFL had wanted a team in Pittsburgh due to the city's already-long history with football as well as the popularity of the Pittsburgh Panthers football team, an NCAA national championship contender during this period. The league was finally able to take advantage of Pennsylvania relaxing their blue laws that prior to 1933 prohibited sporting events from taking place on Sundays, when most NFL games take place.

In 1936, Rooney won a parlay at Saratoga Race Course, which netted him about $160,000. He placed the bet based on a tip from New York Giants owner Tim Mara, a bookmaker. He used the winnings to hire a coach, Joe Bach, give contracts to his players and almost win a championship. The winnings funded the team until 1941 when he sold the franchise to NY playboy Alex Thompson. Thompson wanted to move the franchise to Boston so he could be within a five-hour train ride of his club. At the same time, the Philadelphia Eagles ran into financial problems. Rooney used the funds from the sale of franchise to get a 70% interest in the Eagles, the other 30% held by Rooney friend and future NFL commissioner, Bert Bell. Bell and Rooney agreed to trade places with Thompson. Bell took the role of President of the Steelers that he relinquished to Rooney in 1946 when Bell became Commissioner. Rooney got his good friend and his sister's father in law, Barney McGinley, to buy Bell's shares. Barney's son Jack, Art's brother in law, retained the McGinley interest that passed to his heirs when he died in 2006.

Rooney sent shock waves through the NFL by signing Byron "Whizzer" White to a record-breaking $15,000 contract in 1938. This move, however, did not bring the Pirates a winning season, and White left the team for the Detroit Lions the following year. The club did not have a season above .500 until 1942, the year after they were renamed the Pittsburgh Steelers.

During World War II, the Steelers had some financial difficulties and were merged with the Philadelphia Eagles in 1943 and the Chicago Cardinals in 1944.

After the war, Rooney became team president. He longed to bring an NFL title to Pittsburgh but was never able to beat the powerhouse teams, like the Cleveland Browns and Green Bay Packers. The Steelers also struggled with playing in a city and era where baseball was king and were treated as something of a joke compared to the Pirates. The team also made some questionable personnel calls at the time such as cutting a then-unknown Johnny Unitas in training camp (Unitas would go on to a Hall of Fame career with the Baltimore Colts) and trading their first round pick in the 1965 draft to the Chicago Bears (who would draft Dick Butkus with the pick), among others.

Nevertheless, Rooney was popular with owners as a mediator, which would carry over to his son Dan Rooney. He was the only owner to vote against moving the rights of the New York Yanks to Dallas, Texas after the 1951 season due to concerns of racism in the South at the time. (Ultimately, the Dallas Texans failed after one year, and the rights were moved to Baltimore, where the team became the Baltimore Colts. The team now plays in Indianapolis.) In 1963, along with Bears owner George Halas, Rooney was one of two owners to vote for the 1925 NFL Championship to be reinstated to the long-defunct Pottsville Maroons.

Pittsburgh Penguins
As a pillar of the community in many aspects, Rooney was asked to lend his considerable influence in the city's bid to reclaim an NHL franchise during the league's expansion in 1967. Although Pittsburgh enjoyed championship hockey with the professional but "minor league" Pittsburgh Hornets since its NHL franchise (the Pirates hockey team) disbanded in 1930 from the effects of the Great Depression, many city leaders were pushing for the region to become more "major league" suggesting that Mr. Rooney use his influence in the sports industry to have the league award Pittsburgh a franchise. Rooney proved his worth and from 1967 until the early 1970s was a part owner of the Pittsburgh Penguins.

Homestead Grays
In a 1981 interview by the Pittsburgh Press Rooney related that "from time to time he had helped financially support the Negro league team, the Homestead Grays, and . . . was a better baseball fan than football fan."

Track sports
Rooney also acquired the Yonkers Raceway in 1972, the Palm Beach Kennel Club, Green Mountain Kennel Club in Vermont, Shamrock Stables in Maryland and owned the Liberty Bell Park Racetrack outside Philadelphia.

Later life
Following the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, the Steelers agreed to leave the NFL Eastern Conference and joined the AFC Central Division.

Through expert scouting, the Steelers became a power. In 1972, they began a remarkable 8–year run of playoff appearances, and 13 straight years of winning seasons, including three additional playoff berths. In Rooney's 41st season as owner, the club won the Super Bowl. During Rooney's lifetime the team also had Super Bowl victories following the 1975, 1978 and 1979 seasons. They also won the Super Bowl in the 2005 and 2008 seasons, making the Steelers the first-team following the AFL–NFL merger to win six Super Bowls.

Following the Steelers' victory in Super Bowl IX, Rooney stepped down from day-to-day management of the team, but remained the ultimate source of authority until his death. Dan, his son, took over as team president. Rooney died from complications of a stroke on August 25, 1988. An August 1987 Pittsburgh Press story stated that Rooney never missed a Hall of Fame induction ceremony in all 25 years, and that he was asked to present his third inductee, John Henry Johnson, that month. In memory of "The Chief," Steelers wore a patch on the left shoulder of their uniforms with Rooney's initials AJR for the entire season. The team ended up finishing 5-11, their worst record since a 1–13 showing in 1969. He is buried at the North Side Catholic Cemetery in Pittsburgh.

Legacy

In 1964, he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Duquesne University named their football field in his honor in 1993. In 1999 Rooney ranked 81st on the Sporting News' "100 Most Powerful Sports Figures of the 20th Century" list. A statue of his likeness graces the entrance to the home of the Pittsburgh Steelers, Heinz Field. The street that runs adjacent to Heinz Field on Pittsburgh's North Side is named "Art Rooney Avenue" in his honor. In 2000, he was inducted as a "pioneer" into the American Football Association's Semi-Pro Football Hall of Fame.

During Rooney's life, the Steelers would often use a late-round draft pick on a player from a local college like Pitt, West Virginia or Penn State. Though these players rarely made the team, this practice was intended to appeal to local fans and players.

Art Rooney is the subject of, and the only character in, the one-man play The Chief, written by Gene Collier and Rob Zellers.

Arthur J. Rooney was married to Kathleen Rooney née McNulty (1904–1982) for 51 years, until her 1982 death. Kathleen was the mother of Art's five sons, who are Dan Rooney, the chairman of the board of directors of the Pittsburgh Steelers and a former United States Ambassador to Ireland, Art Rooney Jr., Timothy Rooney, Patrick Rooney, and John Rooney (all also directors of the Pittsburgh Steelers). She is also the grandmother of the couple's 32 grandchildren, including current Steelers president Art Rooney II and U.S. Representative Thomas J. Rooney (R, FL-16). The couple also has about 75 great-grandchildren, including actress sisters Kate Mara and Rooney Mara.

title: Art Rooney


text:
Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)

The Special Task Force (STF) (Sinhala: විශේෂ කාර්ය බලකාය ; Tamil: சிறப்பு அதிரடிப் படை) is an elite police tactical unit of the Sri Lanka Police specialising in clandestine and covert operations, combat and patrolling in urban areas, combat search and rescue, counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations, crowd control, executive protection, forward observer, hostage rescue, indirect fire, irregular warfare, jungle and mountain warfare, parachuting, psychological warfare, search and rescue people who are in distress or imminent danger from disaster. serving high-risk arrest and search warrants, special reconnaissance, support military operations, tactical emergency medical, tracking, and unconventional tactics. It was formed in 1983 not as a military force, but rather as a highly specialised armed police unit.

Function
The STF heads counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, hostage rescue, serving high-risk arrest and search warrants missions, and – as the most highly trained police organisation in Sri Lanka – it would be the lead unit whenever law enforcement forces engaged the Tamil Tigers (LTTE). The STF is mostly stationed in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka where the LTTE was wiped out. Some small number of units are placed in Mannar District and Vavuniya District.

Other units are based in Colombo and provide VIP security. The STF is internationally recognised for its expertise in these areas and it is often invited to assist foreign law enforcement agencies with planning major events such as the 2008 Beijing Olympics and in dealing with possible terrorist threats.

Formation

When the Special Task Force (STF) was formed in 1983, it comprised mainly existing policemen. It was headed by the 1960 Rome Olympian and existing Senior Superintendent of Police, Dharmasiri Weerakoon. The STF were trained by the Sri Lankan Army in the handling of Infantry weapons and were given basic training in jungle warfare.

They deeply resemble a paramilitary organisation and later separate training facilities for the Special Task Force have been established in Kalutara, 42 km south of Colombo. The first platoons formed were deployed in the North of Sri Lanka to provide additional support for police stations and to stem the LTTE separatists.

The STF was enhanced considerably in 1983 when former British Special Air Service (SAS) crack teams were brought in to provide specialised training in all aspects of counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations. The SAS experts trained the STF troops at Katukurunda wing of the Police College, after making the training school into a sophisticated training complex. Further training was provided with assistance of Keenie Meenie Services in 1984.

Later, the STF experts took over from the SAS in 1988. Today the STF has a fully-fledged training wing, regarded as one of the best in South East Asia. 11 August 1984, that the Israel Security Agency Shin Beth was involved in the training of the Sri Lankan armed forces. Many officers belonging to Israel were also involved in the training of the Sri Lankan soldiers in Colombo.

In 2008, the STF received P2 APCs from Indonesia made by Sentra Surya Ekajaya to help the unit conduct their counterinsurgency operations against the LTTE.

Operations

By 1987, heavily involved in the Sri Lankan civil war, the STF was in control of the area from Kiran to Potuvil in the Batticaloa District. The STF was deployed in Company formation into 15 separate camps. When the Indian Peace Keeping Force was moved into the Batticaloa in 1987 as part of the ongoing peace process, the STF was in complete control of Batticoloa, and had restored a level of normalcy to the area. From 1983 to 1987 when the STF was in control over Batticoloa not a single STF camp had come under attack from the LTTE.

In 2019 STF involved in 2019 Kalmunai shootout.

Operation Niyathai Jaya (Definite Victory)
In its first major operation since the signing of the ceasefire agreement in 2002, Special Task Force troops launched a limited offensive named "Definite Victory" (In Sinhala: නියතයිි ජය) on January 4, 2007 against LTTE rebels in the Kanchikudichcharu and Thoppigala south regions of the Ampara District, as a reaction to the child abductions in Bakmitiyawa, Ampara and abduction of two teachers and 23 Tamil children in December 2006 while they were returning from extra classes to their homes.

As a result of this offensive, the elite police commandos were able to overrun more than fifteen (15) rebel camps including the Stanly Base, which was the main LTTE camp in the Ampara District and a regional intelligence and supply camp of the LTTE, Bagayadi Base, where local and foreign foodstuffs and sanitary material was stored, Janak Base, which made clothing identical to Sri Lanka Army and Special Task Force uniforms, Jeewan Base, which was another supply camp from which the STF was able to recover four vehicles and the Diana Base where LTTE leaders meet. This camp was furnished with luxury items which were denied to the ordinary LTTE cadres.

After the fall of Stanly Base, STF troops were able to find an explosive laden truck and a motor cycle that the rebels were planning to use to carry out suicide attacks in the capital of Colombo. And it is also reported that LTTE was housing a large number of child soldiers conscripted by them in this camp. Other than that, STF troops were able to recover a large quantity of arms and ammunition, coffins, large number of anti-personnel mines, vehicles , satellite and radio receivers, global positioning systems, power generators, boats with name and logo of the Non Governmental Organization "Save the Children", tents with the logo of "UNHCR" and a fully equipped hospital donated to the militants by a Dutch INGO named ZOA Refugee Care This NGO donated hospital is named by the tigers as Thileepan memorial hospital. STF also said that they also found a water tanker truck donated by, the Tamil Rehabilitation Organization (TRO) which is a front organisation of the LTTE, who collect funds especially in the United States and Canada purportedly for civilians, but actually for the militant group. However, aid workers argue that the supplies must have been taken after they evacuated their office due to heavy fighting. Jeevan Thiagarajah, the head of the Consortium for Humanitarian Agencies, has stated that the matter is simply a misunderstanding.

As a result of this mission STF troops able to kill four rebels and the STF commented that the militants were fleeing from the area without retaliating against their troops.

Criticism
The Special Task Force has been accused of various human rights abuses including extrajudicial killings and involvement in the disappearance of individuals.

 * According to a United Nations commissioned study conducted in 1997, the STF was the arresting agency in 5% of the 1219 reported cases of disappearances in the Batticaloa district in North Eastern Province between 1988 and 1996.
 * Additionally, after a visit to Sri Lanka from 24 August to 5 September in the same year, UN Special Rapporteur Bacre Waly Ndiaye reported the existence of allegations that individuals had died "while in the custody of the Special Task Force of Sri Lanka in Colombo".
 * At least two incidents of extrajudicial killings involving members of the STF have also been noted by the Sri Lankan government or outside observers. Following the newest round of fighting between the government and the LTTE starting in April 1994, the mutilated bodies of between 21 and 31 Tamil males were discovered in rivers and lakes near Colombo.
 * On 17 August ten STF officers (and fifteen others) were charged with committing the murders, which allegedly took place at the STF headquarters in Colombo. In addition, at least 17 extrajudicial killings were carried out by Sri Lankan security forces (including the STF) in Eastern Province in retaliation for LTTE attacks. Human rights monitors determined the deceased to be civilians, but security forces maintained that they were LTTE members.

Armoured vehicles

 * Unibuffel – Mine-protected APC
 * Land Rover Defender
 * Unicorn APC
 * P2 APC

Amphibious vehicles

 * Disaster Management Amphibious Multi Unit Vehicles

Weapons

 * Mortars
 * Type 84 (W84) 82 mm mortars
 * Type 89 60 mm mortars

 * Small arms

Handguns
 * Glock 17
 * Beretta 92
 * Smith & Wesson M&P
 * M1911 pistol
 * Browning Hi-Power

Assault Rifles
 * Type 56 Assault rifles
 * CAR-15
 * M4 carbine
 * QBZ-95

Sub-machine guns
 * H&K MP5 Submachine Guns
 * Uzi Submachine Guns

Sniper Rifles
 * Heckler & Koch PSG1 Sniper Rifles

Grenade launchers
 * M203 Grenade launcher

Rocket launchers
 * Type 69 RPG Rocket launchers (Chinese version of RPG-7)

Missile launchers
 * SA-18 Missile launcher

Machine guns
 * Ultimax 100 LMG

title: Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)


text:
Talk:Crimethink

I hope no one objects to me getting rid of the word "Situationism" and replacing it with "Situationist thought." Situationism does not exist. -micahbales 17 May, 2004.

"Crimethink" was coined by George Orwell, and not by any variety of Dadaist grouping. I am therefore editing this to reflect that.

I'm moving the stuff about Crimethinc to its own page. I think your assessment of crimethinc's poliics as mysterious is wrong, though I do not agree with them.--XmarkX 12:13, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

In fact, it seems to me that the only thing on this page that refers to Crimethink as opposed to Crimethinc is the reference to George Orwell. So I'm going to strip off the first sentence too. Revert if I am wrong.--XmarkX 12:19, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Why not merge this page with thoughtcrime? They're just two different names for the exact same thing. I don't know how to so I won't even try.--Acebrock 20:50, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Do it. Bdelisle 08:15, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crimethink


text:
Xinjing

Xinjing may refer to:

 * Heart Sutra or Xinjing (心經), a Chinese-language sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism

Places in China

 * Changchun, the capital city of Jilin, known as Xinjing (新京) during the Manchukuo era (1932–1945)
 * Xinjing Township (新景乡), a township in Tongwei County, Gansu

Towns

 * Xinjing, Guangxi (新靖), in Jingxi, Guangxi
 * Xinjing, Guizhou (新景), in Yanhe Tujia Autonomous County, Guizhou
 * Xinjing, Shanghai (新泾), in Changning District, Shanghai

title: Xinjing