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Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries

Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology is a book by Kenneth L. Feder on the topic of pseudoarchaeology. Feder is an emeritus professor of archaeology at Central Connecticut State University.

Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries takes a skeptical look at the many false claims in the field of archaeology and promotes the use of the scientific method to evaluate such claims. It follows in the tradition of Martin Gardner's Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. The author attempts to engage the reader through humor and personal anecdotes. The book is intended for both general consumption and as a textbook for archaeology courses. It was originally published in 1990 and in 2019 the 10th edition was published.

Preface
In the preface, the author discusses how there came to be 10 editions, lists what's new in this edition, describes the special features of the book, makes acknowledgements, and provides info about the cover photo.

My pseudoscience cheat sheet
Feder presents a concise skeptical framework to aid in evaluating archaeological claims.

Chapter 1, Science and Pseudoscience
The prevalence of belief in paranormal and pseudoscientific ideas and conspiracy theories abound: ghosts, the lost continent of Atlantis, alien visitors in the ancient past, telekinesis, bigfoot, Moon landing conspiracy theories, etc. Feder confesses that at one time he was inclined to believe that some of these ideas might be true and he discusses how his thinking evolved through experimentation and by finding serious errors in the claims made by the proponents. Regarding his reason for writing the book he states "I am very simply passionately curious about human antiquity, and I enjoy few things as much as sharing that passion through my teaching and publications, including this book. I find the misrepresentation of what we actually know about that past to be genuinely aggravating and attempt in these pages to respond to some of the more egregious examples."

Chapter 2, Epistemology: How You Know What You Know
The scientific method is how science works and this chapter emphasizes this by discussing how science is constantly evolving, improving, and sometimes overturning old results. Feder discusses the problem of confirmation bias, the natural tendency to only see evidence that supports a hypothesis that you are trying to prove, while discounting or ignoring evidence that contradicts it. He discusses the problem with the old rule "absence of evidence is not evidence of absence." He emphasizes the crucial importance of creativity and imagination as part of the scientific process in order to come up with possible explanations for things that are currently not understood. New hypotheses must be rigorously tested, and if they fail, rejected. He emphasizes that skepticism is an essential part of the scientific method. He gives a list of books that apply skepticism to widely held pseudoscientific ideas.

Chapter 3, GIANTS! Anatomy of an Archaeological Hoax
Some claim that giants once lived on the earth like Goliath of the Bible. Feder describes in detail the case of "the Cardiff Giant", a hoax that involved the "discovery" of a petrified stone giant in 1869. The hoax was a moneymaking success for some time until it was proven that the giant had been carved from stone and buried where it was later "found."

Chapter 4, Dawson’s Dawn Man: The Hoax at Piltdown
In 1912 there was the "discovery" of a supposed missing link in human evolution known as the Piltdown Man or Dawson's Dawn Man. Regarding this famous hoax, Feder notes it consisted of a modern human-like cranium and a primitive ape-like jaw. Human ancestors were actually the opposite - having an ape-like cranium perched atop the post-cranial skeleton of a creature who walked upright, like modern human beings. But the fake appeared to be consistent with some mistaken ideas about how humans evolved. It remains an open question as to who created the fake, though Charles Dawson for whom the specimen is named is at the heart of the story.

Chapter 5, Who Discovered America?
Christopher Columbus did not "discover" America. It had already been discovered some 20 to 30 thousand years earlier and was, at the time he arrived, inhabited by tens of millions of people. Feder discusses Columbus' voyages and his reluctance to believe that the lands he arrived at were not part of Asia. Public opinion at the time was biased by biblical passages about the sons of Noah populating the earth and about the lost tribes of Israel. Feder discusses the successful prediction of a land bridge to Asia during the last ice age and evidence that the American Indians were in fact descended from Asians.

Chapter 6, Who’s Next? After the Indians, before Columbus
There have been various false claims about early voyages to America including by Jews, Africans, and Irish monks. Feder notes that in some cases these claims were promoted with fake artifacts bearing inscriptions or other characteristics representative of the corresponding culture. In other cases genuine artifacts were incorrectly claimed to show characteristics of that culture. He then proceeds to discuss the one proven claim: that the Vikings made voyages to Greenland and from there, in the late 10th century, to Vinland (now Newfoundland, Canada). There are also dubious claims that the Vikings traveled further south into parts of what is now the United States.

Feder emphasizes the importance of verifying claims by finding good and abundant evidence: artifacts such as bones, remains of dwellings, artwork, and tools. He discusses the importance of validating any particular artifact that seems to strongly indicate the presence of a certain culture with "archaeological context." As Feder puts it: "the material remains produced by each culture are recognizable and, at the same time, recognizably different from the material remains produced by every other culture." Normally lots of material is found at a proposed site and it should be consistent with the particular artifact. Lacking such material is a strong indicator that the proposed culture did not exist at that site.

Chapter 7, The Myth of the Mound Builders
The people known as the Mound Builders lived in America prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus They had an advanced society with impressive art and agriculture and built enormous earthen mounds that were comparable in size to some of the Egyptian pyramids. Feder calls them "one of the best kept secrets in American history." The early attempts by archaeologists to understand them were greatly hampered by the mistaken and racist idea that the mound builders were too advanced to possibly be related to the Native Americans. There were also numerous "artifacts" that were used to promote the idea that these people came here from Europe or the Middle East hundreds of years before Columbus. These artifacts turned out to be fakes, and it was eventually proven that the mound builders were, in fact, the Native Americans.

Chapter 8, Lost: One Continent—Reward
The classic myth of Atlantis, starting with its origin more than 2000 years ago in the dialogs of the Greek philosopher Plato, described Atlantis as a great and powerful nation that was defeated in a war with the much weaker, but morally superior, Athens. After this, Atlantis was completely destroyed in a great calamity and disappeared without a trace. Feder lists about a dozen hypotheses about where Atlantis was located, none of which have any real evidence to support them. Feder presents a compelling argument that Plato's story was just that, a story, which was used as a device to make a philosophical argument. He discusses the lack of any real evidence of the existence of this supposed lost civilization and goes into detail about the many popular ideas that have been brought forth over the years. These include claims that Atlantis was the first true civilization and all other civilizations around the world appeared through diffusion from Atlantis, claims that the people of Atlantis had special psychic powers including the ability to move things remotely, and claims that many people have inherent knowledge of Atlantis because they lived there in a past life.

Chapter 9, Prehistoric E.T.: The Fantasy of Ancient Astronauts
It's been suggested that aliens from outer space visited the earth several thousand years ago and taught or helped humans to construct some of the great monuments of antiquity such as the Egyptian pyramids. Aliens also supposedly taught humans about agriculture, ceramics, metallurgy, writing and everything else that is of importance to a civilization. The main argument seems to be that humans were too dumb to have figured this stuff out on their own. Feder discusses Erich von Däniken, who produced a long series of books, beginning in 1970 with "Chariots of the Gods?". Von Däniken's "evidence" includes his interpretation of some ancient rock art (petroglyphs) as depicting aliens, astronauts, and space ships. Feder points out that there are quite reasonable interpretations that don't involve aliens. Von Däniken also makes the claim that the aliens had sex with human females who then produced intelligent offspring with alien genes. Then there was the long running TV series "Ancient Aliens" with Giorgio Tsoukalos. Again, a lot of claims are made, with no real evidence to back them up.

Chapter 10 The Mystery of Ancient Civilizations: How Did People Get So Smart?
There have been massive construction projects developed by ancient societies, some taking decades to complete with a dedicated workforce of thousands. Dating to about 11,600 years ago, the massive stone pillars at Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey, with intricate carvings of animals, is one of the first to provide evidence of monumental architecture. Feder stresses that it is a testament to human intelligence and ingenuity, not evidence of help from some advanced civilization. Feder also discusses the massive stone statues called the Moai on Easter Island, and the Mesoamerican and Egyptian pyramids. He discusses the evidence that these cultures developed their building skills over hundreds of years and that, in many cases, modern day archaeologists have been able to demonstrate how these building tasks could be accomplished without modern equipment.

Chapter 11 Good Vibrations: Psychics and Archaeology
Some people claim to have psychic powers that can allow them to make archaeological discoveries. Some claim they can use dowsing rods to locate buried artifacts. Others claim to simply know where to look and some claim that they can communicate with the long dead inhabitants of a site or that they can describe someone who once owned an artifact. Feder points out that there are logical places to look for artifacts because people like to live near a water source, with available food and shelter, etc. and thus no psychic ability is required to find likely places to dig. He goes on to describe his personal interactions with self proclaimed psychics and his testing of their claims. He also discusses real technology that exists which can help locate archaeological sites and buried structures without actually digging, such as Lidar, ground-penetrating radar, and magnetometry using a fluxgate gradiometer.

Chapter 12 Old-Time Religion, New Age Visions, and Paranormal Predictions
Creationism is the insistence that biblical creation stories are facts, so that humans and animals were created in their current forms just a few thousand years ago rather than evolving slowly over millions of years. Feder discusses how the pseudoscience called scientific creationism (later called intelligent design) emerged in an effort to provide an alternative to evolution which could be taught in schools. Feder also discusses Noah's Ark particularly the numerous unsubstantiated claims that it was found and the supposed evidence for the great flood. He also points out that within the laws of science, the ark could not be built nor could it accomplish the required task.

In this chapter Feder also discusses new age claims about certain archaeological sites emanating magic and power. He also discusses the crystal skulls which are supposed to have magical properties, which he states have been shown to be fakes. These were the subject of an Indiana Jones movie in which they were supposed to be of alien origin.

Chapter 13 Epilogue: A Past We Deserve
With examples from the past and present, Feder shows how peoples' attitudes about archaeological sites being "spooky" is promoted by books and movies which tend to focus on the pseudoscience that the public already tends to believe in. Fiction is more entertaining than fact.

Reception
The book has generally received favorable reviews. In a recent review, Jacob J. Sauer of Vanderbilt University says "There is no other book I would recommend more to colleagues--or to anybody interested in learning more about archaeological myths and mysteries." Many reviewers commented favorably on the book's emphasis on using the scientific method. In his review of the 2nd edition, F. Donald Pate says "I recommend this book to both professional archaeologists and the general public. It does a fabulous job of educating the public regarding a systematic scientific approach to archaeological problems, and offers alternative explanations for a range of popular frauds and myths relating to the human past." The 1st edition of the book was not specifically intended as a textbook but soon came to be used as such. One reviewer of the 1st edition states "The book should both be of general interest and prove useful as a supplemental text for introductory archaeology courses." As a result, new features were added in later editions to facilitate its uses as a textbook. The book is required reading in many archaeology courses. Bettina Arnold, a professor of anthropology at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, writes that this book "has influenced thousands of undergraduates in introductory courses across the country (and presumably overseas as well), a significant contribution to the everlasting struggle to maintain some control over how professional archaeology is perceived by the general public." One reviewer, who was otherwise quite positive, found Feder's occasional use of sarcasm somewhat "off-putting," such as where he states in regards to claims about Noah's ark being scientifically feasible, "Obviously, a 30-ton, 40-foot-tall, 100-foot-long Supersaurus would have been more than a little cramped in its quarters." Some reviewers however see Feder's humor as a plus. For example, Heather Rockwell of University of Wyoming says "Feder's sardonic wit, amusing personal anecdotes, and rigorous attention to detail makes it essential reading for the aspiring archaeologist."

title: Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries


text: Category:Rock music

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Rock music


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Sparisjóðabanki

SPB (former Sparisjóðabanki Íslands) was a commercial bank in Reykjavík, Iceland, focusing on wholesale and investment banking services to savings banks, Icelandic and foreign financial institutions and other customers. It operated in the areas of trade finance and foreign exchange, payment services, treasury services and funding.

SPB shared offices with the Icelandic Savings Banks' Association and The Savings Banks' Guarantee Fund. There were about 90 employees in the Bank. It held a substantial stake in Teris, having been one of the original seven founders in 1989.

At the end of 2006 Icebank served as banking institution for most of Iceland's 23 savings banks. In 2009, the bank was liquidated by the District Court of Reykjavik.

title: Sparisjóðabanki


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Nubeluz

Nubeluz was a Peruvian children's show produced by Panamericana Televisión that aired from September 8, 1990 to November 7. 1996. It aired in a total of 19 Latin American countries, as well as the United States, Turkey, the Philippines, Egypt, Japan, Indonesia and China. It was produced by Rochi Hernández and written by Alonso Alegría, Maritza Kirchhausen, Catalina Lohmann, Clara María Cavagnaro and Fernando Gagliuffi, and was hosted by a group of female presenters called Dalinas, the best known being Mónica Santa María and Almendra Gomelsky.

History
The show succeeded El show de Yuly, another children's show hosted by Yuly Maiocchi based on the Brazilian Xou da Xuxa that aired from 1989 to 1990. After its cancellation, a replacement was sought by the station, who contacted Peruvian playwright Alonso Alegría due to his experience in the field. Alegría formed a creative team that included the participation of a linguist (Clara Cavagnaro), a graphic designer (Fernando Gagliuffi) and two writers (Catalina Lohmann and Maritza Kirchhausen).

The show first aired on September 8 of the same year, with its stage located at the Coliseo Amauta, the largest in Latin America at the time with a capacity of 5,000 people, and hosted by models Mónica Santa María and Almendra Gomelsky, who was brought on by Santa María. The show was watched by 8 million people. Its main contribution to the genre was the creation of an alternative world made of 'nube' (cloud) and 'luz' (light), with its own language, called 'glúfico', and its own peculiar manners and customs, where two weekly fiestas (replacing the terms "programme" or "show") were held.

Nubeluz featured several competitions between children (and even adults on occasion) divided into two coloured teams, always red and yellow, plus songs and dances, some with overt messages, performed by the Dalinas, interspersed with cartoons. The back-up dancers had nicknames of their own: Cíndelas for women, and Gólmodis for men, being paid US$800 each and starting careers after the show ended. The competition was also set to its own musical score, played in the background exclusively while competition was in progress. This musical score included an acoustic, instrumental remix of the song "Rock This Town" by the Stray Cats.

During the competitions, the Gólmodis were in charge of assisting and spotting the competitors. However, the Gólmodis were also in control of the swinging demolition pads during one of the competition's toughest events, "Glufiadores". The Cíndelas were in charge of handing out the prizes at the end of each event, as well as wrapping towels around the competitors at the end of events that involved getting wet.

Numerous well-known singing groups, as well as other noted personalities, most of them well known in Latin America, made special guest appearances on the show at various times during its run. They performed their own songs or showed off their own talents. They frequently even experienced the show's competition first-hand during their guest appearance.

The show enjoyed great success and was soon broadcast in many Latin American countries. Moreover, it began to be broadcast to other countries, such as China, Turkey, Egypt, The Philippines, and the United States among others. A magazine, PLAK, was the show's official publication. Nubeluz was originally created for broadcast in Spanish and in Peru. In the mid-1990s an English-language pilot appeared, starring Monica Potter as the first American Dalina. The 1995 season also featured a character called Glufo, much like the American Barney the Dinosaur, who was large with rainbow colored fur, a loud distorted voice, and ears that wiggled. During its final two seasons, Nubeluz was relocated to Venezuela.

The 1994 suicide of one of the main hostesses, Mónica Santa María, was a turning point that led to the programme's decline in popularity. The show finally ended in 1996. However, it was rebroadcast in other countries such as Venezuela with a different cast.

A pilot for a new version of the show was shot in March 2008 in Peru, with Patty Wong, Tracy Freundt, Brenda Carvalho and Katherine Jiménez as the new Dalinas.

Dalinas

 * Mónica Santa María (1990–94)
 * Almendra Gomelsky (1990–95)
 * Lilianne Kubiliun (1992–94)
 * Xiomara Xibillé (1993–95)
 * Karina Calmet (1995)
 * Scarlet Ortiz (1995–96)
 * Gaby Espino (1995–96)
 * Concetta Lo Dolce (1995–96)

Nubelinas

 * Xiomara Xibillé (1993–95)
 * Daniela Sarfati (1994)
 * María Pía Ureta (1994–96)

Cíndelas

 * Anabel Elías (1990-1994)
 * Antuané Elías (1990-1994)
 * Johanna Strauss (1990-1991)
 * Vanessa Viale Mongrut (1990-1992)
 * Brenda Natters (1990-1991)
 * Cinzia Canale (1990-1992)
 * Noelia Cogorno (1990-1995)
 * Linda Toledo (1990-1991)
 * Darlene Bernaola (1990-1991)
 * Carol Bernaola (1990-1991)
 * María Pía Ureta (1991-1994)
 * Elvira Villa (1991-1995)
 * Claudia Nagaro (1992-1995)
 * Rossana Fernández-Maldonado (1992-1995)
 * Daniela Sarfati (1993-1994)
 * María Pía Copello (1993-1994)
 * Anna Carina Copello (1994-1995)
 * Mitzy Silva (1994-1995)
 * Pierina Cogorno (1994-1995)
 * Valeria Leigh Wensjoe (1994-1995)
 * Alessandra Gaidolfi (1994-1995)
 * Mariella Cafferata (1995)

Dicolines

 * Ángela Carrillo (1991-1994)
 * Rudy Ocaña (1991)
 * Paola León Prado (1991)
 * Enrique Deschiave (1991-1992)
 * Sandra Sánchez (1991)
 * Daniel Vélez (1991)
 * Javier Mendoza (1991)
 * Tahisa Suárez (1991-1992)
 * Jesús Tanguis (1992-1994)
 * Felipe Berckemeyer (1992-1994)
 * Israel Gomelsky (1992)
 * Alice Raschio (1992-1994)
 * Anna Carina Copello (1991-1994)
 * Lilita de la Fuente (1993-1995)
 * Cinthia Iparraguirre (1993-1995)
 * Alfredo Pérsico (1993)
 * Daniel Sacovertiz (1993)
 * Rodrigo Siles (1993)
 * Lilian Pozo (1995)

title: Nubeluz


text:
Category:Musical theatre

Classification: Theatre: Genres: Musical theatre

Musical theatre is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance, and spoken dialogue.

 * For opera (including operetta and other special genres of opera) there is a separate category:
 * Opera

 * For Gilbert and Sullivan there is a separate category:
 * Gilbert and Sullivan

 * Individual works of musical theatre can be found in the subcategories of this category:
 * Musicals

 * Chinese Tradition of Musical theatre
 * Category:Chinese opera

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Category:Musical theatre


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Charles Palliser

Charles Palliser (born December 11, 1947, in Holyoke, Massachusetts) is an American-born and British-based novelist. His most well-known novel, The Quincunx, has sold over a million copies internationally. He is the elder brother of the late author and freelance journalist Marcus Palliser.

Life and career
Born in New England, Palliser is an American citizen but has lived in the United Kingdom since the age of three. He went to Oxford in 1967 to read English Language and Literature and took a First in June 1970. He was awarded the BLitt in 1975 for a dissertation on Modernist fiction. From 1974 until 1990, Palliser was a Lecturer in the Department of English at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. He was the first Deputy Editor of The Literary Review when it was founded in 1979. He taught creative writing during the Spring semester of 1986 at Rutgers University in New Jersey. In 1990, he gave up his university post to become a full-time writer when his first novel, The Quincunx, became an international best-seller. He teaches occasionally for the Arvon Foundation, the Skyros Institute, the University of London, London Metropolitan University, and Middlesex University. He was Writer in Residence at the University of Poitiers in 1997.

Work
He has published five novels, which have been translated into a dozen languages; among them French, German, Dutch, Finnish, Spanish, Greek, Japanese, Lithuanian, Polish, and Russian. Palliser has also written for the theatre, radio, and television. His stage play, Week Nothing, toured Scotland in 1980. His 90-minute radio play, The Journal of Simon Owen, was commissioned by the BBC and twice broadcast on Radio 4 in June 1982. His short TV film, Obsessions: Writing, was broadcast by the BBC and published by BBC Publications in 1991. His short radio play, Artist with Designs, was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 21 February 2004.

Since 1990, he has written the Introduction to a Penguin Classics edition of the Sherlock Holmes stories; the foreword to a new French translation of Wilkie Collins’ The Moonstone, published by Éditions Phébus; and other articles on 19th century and contemporary fiction. He is a past member of the long-running North London Writers circle.

Awards and nominations
In 1991, The Quincunx was awarded the Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction by the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, which is given for the best first novel published in North America. The Unburied was nominated for the 2001 International International Dublin Literary Award.

Novels

 * The Quincunx: The Inheritance of John Huffam (Canongate 1989, and Ballantine 1990), ISBN 0-345-37113-5
 * The Sensationist (Cape and Ballantine, 1991), ISBN 0-345-37935-7
 * Betrayals (Cape and Ballantine, 1993)
 * The Unburied (Phoenix House and Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999), ISBN 0-7434-1051-3
 * Rustication (W. W. Norton & Company, 2013), ISBN 978-0-393-08872-4

title: Charles Palliser


text:
Laura Leighton

Laura Diane Leighton (born July 24, 1968) is an American actress. She played Sydney Andrews on the television series Melrose Place (1993–1997) and its continuation (2009–2010), and Ashley Marin on Freeform's series Pretty Little Liars (2010–2017).

Career
In the early 1990s, Leighton's first on-screen jobs were in a commercial for Pizza Hut and Dep Hair Gel before taking her first major acting role as Sydney Andrews in the prime time soap opera Melrose Place. The part was originally intended for only two episodes in season 1, but was eventually developed into a full-time role for the subsequent seasons 2 to 5 (1993–97). During the show's run, Leighton appeared on numerous magazine covers (including Entertainment Weekly and Rolling Stone and People). Leighton left the show at the end of the fifth season in 1997, which saw her character Sydney being struck and seemingly killed by a car, only moments after her wedding to Craig Field, played by David Charvet.

During breaks while filming Melrose Place, Leighton starred in the made-for-television films, In the Name of Love: A Texas Tragedy for FOX as Laurette Wilder, a woman from a poor background who falls for a rich man to the disgust of his grandparents, and The Other Woman for CBS as Carolyn Bryan, a newly married model who finds herself making friends with her husband's dying ex-wife. She also hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live in 1995 with musical guest Rancid.

After leaving Melrose Place in 1997 at the end of her contract, Leighton accepted a six-episode role on Beverly Hills, 90210. Aaron Spelling created the role of aspiring actress Sophie Burns for her, and she reportedly received a six-figure salary per episode. In 1999, she appeared in the independent short film Angels, Baby! directed by Jeff Fisher along with the Paul Lazarus-directed romantic comedy Seven Girlfriends opposite Tim Daly, and the thriller The Clean and Narrow opposite Jack Noseworthy which was released direct to video in early 2000.

In the 2000s, Leighton guest-starred in the shows Cupid and The Outer Limits, and voiced a part in the animated series Duckman. She later starred in the indie film The Sky Is Falling with Dedee Pfeiffer and Eric Close before taking a break to have her son Jack Douglas. In 2003, she returned to the small screen in Skin for FOX, which was cancelled after three episodes, and in the short-lived 2005 ABC series Eyes.

In 2006–07, after her FOX pilot Damages with Cole Hauser was not picked up, she made numerous prime-time guest appearances, on shows such as the ABC drama/comedy Boston Legal, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, CSI: Miami, and Shark. In 2004, she starred in the Lifetime movies A Deadly Encounter as Joanne Sanders, a single mother who is the victim of a stalker, and Love Notes, as Nora Flannery, a classic music critic who, while on a job, finds love with a popular country and western singer. Leighton also appeared in the thriller The Burrowers directed by J.T Petty and the Hallmark Channel movies Daniel's Daughter opposite Sebastian Spence and Mending Fences, opposite Angie Dickinson.

On April 5, 2009, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Leighton would appear in the 2009 series Melrose Place, reprising her role as the presumed-dead Sydney Andrews, who would serve as landlord at Melrose Place. The remake only lasted a single season on The CW before being cancelled. On December 7, 2009, ABC Family announced that Leighton had been cast in a lead role in the TV series Pretty Little Liars, a TV adaptation of a book of the same name by Sara Shepard as Ashley Marin, the mother of Hanna Marin played by Ashley Benson, one of the four main characters on the show. Leighton stayed with Pretty Little Liars for all seven seasons until the show's end in June 2017.

In 2018, Leighton guest starred on the CBS medical drama Code Black as Sonya Finn, and then starred in the Hallmark Christmas movie Christmas on Honeysuckle Lane. In 2020, she guest starred as Karen Scott on L.A.'s Finest, 2021 saw Leighton playing Corinne Simon in The CW's Dynasty. She appeared as Nettie in the episode "The Big Five Oh" of the Fantasy Island sequel series.

Accolades
Following her performance in the second season of Melrose Place, Leighton was featured on the cover of Entertainment Weekly ' s 1994 Fall TV Preview issue. She appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone with her co-stars Heather Locklear and Josie Bissett in May 1994, in an issue entitled "The Hot Issue". In 1995, she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her work on the series, was named one of the most beautiful people in the world by People magazine, and hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live. The role of Sydney Andrews, which she signed on to reprise in the 2009 Melrose Place spin-off, has been recognized by The Hollywood Reporter as "one of the most popular characters" from the original series.

Personal life
Leighton was born Laurie Miller in Iowa City, Iowa, and is a 1986 graduate of West High School in Iowa City. During her time at West High, Leighton was a cheerleader and a member of the school's show choir, and performed numerous solos during her time with the group. Leighton then joined The Young Americans and was a member of their 1987 "Around the World in 80 days" show.

In 1988, Leighton assumed her mother’s maiden name.

In May 1998, Leighton married her Melrose Place co-star Doug Savant. They have two children together: Jack and Lucy.

title: Laura Leighton


text:
Category:Lasers

A laser (from the acronym of Light Amplification by  Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is an optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam.

title: Category:Lasers


text:
Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley

Field Marshal Garnet Joseph Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, (4 June 1833 – 25 March 1913), was an Anglo-Irish officer in the British Army. He became one of the most influential and admired British generals after a series of successes in Canada, West Africa and Egypt, followed by a central role in modernizing the British Army in promoting efficiency.

Wolseley is considered to be one of the most prominent and decorated war heroes of the British Empire during the era of New Imperialism. He served in Burma, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, China, Canada and widely throughout Africa—including his Ashanti campaign (1873–1874) and the Nile Expedition against Mahdist Sudan in 1884–85. Wolseley served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces from 1895 to 1900. His reputation for efficiency led to the late 19th century English phrase "everything's all Sir Garnet", meaning, "All is in order."

Early life and education
Lord Wolseley was born into a prominent Anglo-Irish family in Dublin, the eldest son of Major Garnet Joseph Wolseley of the King's Own Scottish Borderers (25th Foot) and Frances Anne Wolseley (née Smith). The Wolseleys were an ancient landed family in Wolseley, Staffordshire, whose roots can be traced back a thousand years. Wolseley was born at Golden Bridge House, the seat of his mother's family. His paternal grandfather was Rev. William Wolseley, Rector of Tullycorbet, and the third son of Sir Richard Wolseley, 1st Baronet, who sat in the Irish House of Commons for Carlow. The family seat was Mount Wolseley in County Carlow. He had four younger sisters and two younger brothers, Frederick Wolseley (1837–1899) and Sir George Wolseley (1839–1921).

Wolseley's father died in 1840 at age 62, leaving his widow and seven children to struggle on his Army pension. Unlike other boys in his class, Wolseley was not sent to England to attend Harrow or Eton, but was instead educated at a local school in Dublin. The family circumstance forced Wolseley to leave school at age 14, when he found work in a surveyor's office, which helped him bring in a salary and continue studying maths and geography.

Early military career
Wolseley first considered a career in the church, but his financial situation meant that he would have needed a wealthy patron to support such an endeavour. Instead he sought a commission in the Army. Unable to afford Sandhurst or buying a commission, Wolseley wrote to his fellow Dubliner, Field Marshal The 1st Duke of Wellington, for assistance. Wellington, then the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, promised to assist him when he turned 16. However, Wellington apparently overlooked him and did not respond to another letter sent when he was 17. Wolseley unsuccessfully appealed to his secretary, Lord Fitzroy Somerset. The British Army was then recovering from significant casualties in the latest war in South Africa, and Wolseley wrote to Somerset, "I shall be prepared to start at the shortest notice, should your Lordship be pleased to appoint me to a regiment now at the seat of war." His mother then wrote to the Duke to appeal his case, and on 12 March 1852, the 18-year-old Wolseley was gazetted as an ensign in the 12th Foot, in recognition of his father's service.

Just a month after he joined the 12th Foot, Wolseley transferred to the 80th Foot on 13 April 1852, with whom he served in the Second Anglo-Burmese War. He was severely wounded when he was shot in the left thigh with a jingal bullet on 19 March 1853 in the attack on Donabyu, and was mentioned in despatches. Promoted to lieutenant on 16 May 1853 and invalided home, Wolseley transferred to the 84th Regiment of Foot on 27 January 1854, and then to the 90th Light Infantry, at that time stationed in Dublin, on 24 February 1854. He was promoted to captain on 29 December 1854.

Crimea
Wolseley accompanied the regiment to the Crimea, and landed at Balaklava in December 1854. He was selected to be an assistant engineer, and attached to the Royal Engineers during the Siege of Sevastopol. Wolseley served throughout the siege, where he was wounded at "the Quarries" on 7 June 1855, and again in the trenches on 30 August 1855, losing an eye.

After the fall of Sevastopol, Wolseley was employed on the quartermaster-general's staff, assisting in the embarkation of the troops and supplies, and was one of the last British soldiers to leave the Crimea in July 1856. For his services he was twice mentioned in despatches, received the war medal with clasp, the 5th class of the French Légion d'honneur and the 5th class of the Turkish Order of the Medjidie.

Six months after joining the 90th Foot at Aldershot, he went with it in March 1857 to join the troops being despatched for the Second Opium War. Wolseley was embarked in the transport Transit, which wrecked in the Strait of Banka. The troops were all saved, but with only their personal arms and minimal ammunition. They were taken to Singapore, and from there dispatched to Calcutta on account of the Indian Mutiny.

Indian Rebellion of 1857
Wolseley distinguished himself at the relief of Lucknow under Sir Colin Campbell in November 1857, and in the defence of the Alambagh position under Outram, taking part in the actions of 22 December 1857, of 12 January 1858 and 16 January 1858, and also in the repulse of the grand attack of 21 February 1858. That March, he served at the final siege and capture of Lucknow. He was then appointed deputy-assistant quartermaster-general on the staff of Sir Hope Grant's Oudh division, and was engaged in all of the operations of the campaign, including the actions of Bari, Sarsi, Nawabganj, the capture of Faizabad, the passage of the Gumti and the action of Sultanpur. In the autumn and winter of 1858–59 he took part in the Baiswara, trans-Gogra and trans-Rapti campaigns ending with the complete suppression of the rebellion. For his services he was frequently mentioned in dispatches, and having received the Mutiny medal and clasp, he was promoted to brevet major on 24 March 1858 and to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 26 April 1859.

During the rebellion, Wolseley displayed strong views towards native peoples, referring to them as "beastly niggers", and remarking that the sepoys had "barrels and barrels of the filth which flows in these niggers' veins".

Wolseley continued to serve on Sir Hope Grant's staff in Oudh, and when Grant was nominated to the command of the British troops in the Anglo-French expedition to China of 1860, accompanied him as the deputy-assistant quartermaster-general. He was present at the action at Sin-ho, the capture of Tang-ku, the storming of the Taku Forts, the Occupation of Tientsin, the Battle of Pa-to-cheau and the entry into Peking (during which the destruction of the Chinese Imperial Old Summer Palace was begun). He assisted in the re-embarkation of the troops before the winter set in. He was Mentioned, yet again, in Dispatches, and for his services received the medal and two clasps. On his return home he published the Narrative of the War with China in 1860. He was given the substantive rank of major on 15 February 1861.

American Civil War and Canadian Service
After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Wolseley was one of the special service officers sent to the Province of Canada in November 1861, in connection with the Trent incident.

In 1862, shortly after the Battle of Antietam, Wolseley took leave from his military duties and went to investigate the American Civil War. He befriended Southern sympathizers in Maryland, who found him passage into Virginia with a blockade runner across the Potomac River. There he met Generals Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson. He also provided an analysis of Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest. The New Orleans Picayune (10 April 1892) published Wolseley's ten-page portrayal of Forrest, which condensed much of what was written about him by biographers of the time. This work appeared in the Journal of the Southern Historical Society in the same year, and is commonly cited today. Wolseley addressed Forrest's role at the Battle of Fort Pillow near Memphis, Tennessee, in April 1864 in which black USCT troops and white officers were alleged by some to have been slaughtered after Fort Pillow had been conquered. Wolseley wrote, "I do not think that the fact that one-half of the small garrison of a place taken by assault was either killed or wounded evinced any very unusual bloodthirstiness on the part of the assailants."

Following the end of the Civil War in the United States, Wolseley returned to Canada, where he became a brevet colonel on 5 June 1865 and Assistant Quartermaster-General in Canada with effect from the same date. He was actively employed the following year in the defence of Canada from Fenian raids launched from the United States. He was appointed Deputy Quartermaster-General in Canada on 1 October 1867. In 1869 his Soldiers' Pocket Book for Field Service was published. In its pages Wolseley gave his opinion on the fitness of the officer corps of his time and other sensitive subjects. For that he was put on half-pay, according to one source.

In 1870, he successfully commanded the Red River Expedition to establish Canadian sovereignty over rebellious subjects in the North-West Territories (in present-day Manitoba). Manitoba, as part of the North-West Territories, entered Canadian Confederation in 1870 when the Hudson's Bay Company transferred its control of Rupert's Land to the government of the Dominion of Canada. British and Canadian authorities ignored the pre-existing Council of Assiniboia and botched negotiations with its replacement, the Métis' rebel provisional government headed by Louis Riel.

The campaign to put down the rebellion was made difficult by the poor communications at the time, Canada not yet having a transcontinental railway line. Fort Garry (now Winnipeg), the capital of Manitoba, was a small centre separated from eastern Canada by the rocks and forests of the Canadian Shield region of western Ontario. The easiest route to Fort Garry that did not pass through the United States was through a network of rivers and lakes extending for 600 mi from Lake Superior, infrequently traversed by non-aboriginals, and where no supplies were obtainable. The admirable arrangements made and the careful organization of the transport reflected great credit to the commander (Wolseley), who upon his return home was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George on 22 December 1870, and a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 13 March 1871.

Cardwell reforms
Appointed assistant adjutant-general at the War Office in 1871, he furthered the Cardwell schemes of army reform. The reforms met strong opposition from senior military figures led by the Duke of Cambridge, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. At their heart was the intent to expand greatly the Army's latent strength by building reserves, both through introducing legislation for 'short service', which allowed soldiers to serve the second part of their term on the reserve, and by bringing militia (i.e. non-regular) battalions into the new localised regimental structure. Resistance in the Army continued and, in a series of subsequent military posts, Wolseley fought publicly as well as inside the Army's structure to implement them, long after the legislation had passed and Cardwell had gone.

Ashanti

On 2 October 1873, Wolseley became Governor of Sierra Leone British West African Settlements, and the Governor of the Gold Coast. As Governor of both British Territories in West Africa he had charge over the Colonies of Gambia, Gold Coast and Western, Eastern, and Northern Nigeria, and in this role, commanded an expedition against the Ashanti Empire. Wolseley made all his arrangements at Gold Coast before the arrival of the troops in January 1874. At the Battle of Amoaful on 31 January, Wolseley's expedition defeated the numerically superior Chief Amankwatia's army in a four-hour battle, advancing through thick bush in loose squares. After five days' fighting, ending with the Battle of Ordashu, the British entered the capital Kumasi, which they burned. Wolseley completed the campaign in two months, and re-embarked his troops for home before the unhealthy season began. This campaign made him a household name in Britain. He received the thanks of both houses of Parliament and a grant of £25,000, was promoted to brevet major-general for distinguished service in the field on 1 April 1874, received the medal and clasp, and was made Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George on 31 March 1874, and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. The freedom of the city of London was conferred upon him with a sword of honour, and he was made honorary DCL of Oxford and LL.D of Cambridge universities.

Service at home, and in Natal, Cyprus, and South Africa
On his return home he was appointed inspector-general of Auxiliary Forces with effect from 1 April 1874. In his role with the Auxiliary Forces, he directed his efforts to building up adequate volunteer reserve forces. Finding himself opposed by the senior military, he wrote a strong memorandum and spoke of resigning when they tried to persuade him to withdraw it. He became a lifelong advocate of the volunteer reserves, later commenting that all military reforms since 1860 in the British Army had first been introduced by the volunteers. Shortly after, in consequence of the indigenous unrest in Natal, he was sent to that colony as governor and general-commanding on 24 February 1875.

Wolseley accepted a seat on the Council of India in November 1876 and was promoted to the substantive rank of major-general on 1 October 1877. He was promoted to brevet lieutenant-general on 25 March 1878. On 12 July 1878, he was appointed the first High Commissioner to Cyprus, a newly acquired possession.

In the following year, he was sent to South Africa to supersede Lord Chelmsford in command of the forces in the Zulu War, and as governor of Natal and the Transvaal and the High Commissioner of Southern Africa. Wolseley with his 'Ashanti Ring' of adherents was sent to Durban. But on arrival in July, he found that the Zulu War was practically over. After effecting a temporary settlement, he went on to the Transvaal. While serving in South Africa, he was promoted to brevet general on 4 June 1879. Having reorganized the administration there and reduced King Sekhukhune of the Bapedi to submission, he returned to London in May 1880. For his services in South Africa, he was awarded the South Africa Medal with clasp, and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 19 June 1880. Finally, as if to signify a meteoric rise in Imperial esteem, he was appointed Quartermaster-General to the Forces on 1 July 1880. He found that there was still great resistance to the short service system and used his growing public persona to fight for the Cardwell reforms, especially on building up reserves, including making a speech at a banquet in Mansion house in which he commented: '...how an Army raised under the long service system totally disappeared in a few months under the walls of Sevastopol.'

Egypt, the Nile Expedition and Commander-in-Chief

On 1 April 1882, Wolseley was appointed Adjutant-General to the Forces, and, in August of that year, given command of the British forces in Egypt under Khedive Tewfik to suppress the Urabi Revolt. Having seized the Suez Canal, he then disembarked his troops at Ismailia and, after a very short campaign, completely defeated Urabi Pasha at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir, thereby suppressing yet another rebellion. For his services, he was promoted to the substantive rank of general on 18 November and raised to the peerage as Baron Wolseley, of Cairo and of Wolseley in the County of Stafford. He also received the thanks of Parliament and the Egypt Medal with clasp; the Order of Osmanieh, First Class, as bestowed by the Khedive; and the more dubious accolade of a composition in his honour by poetaster William Topaz McGonagall.

On 1 September 1884, Wolseley was again called away from his duties as adjutant-general, to command the Nile Expedition for the relief of General Gordon and the besieged garrison at Khartoum. Wolseley's unusual strategy was to take an expedition by boat up the Nile and then to cross the desert to Khartoum, while the naval boats went on to Khartoum. The expedition arrived too late; Khartoum had been taken, and Gordon was dead. In the spring of 1885, complications with Imperial Russia over the Panjdeh Incident occurred, and the withdrawal of that particular expedition followed. For his services there, he received two clasps to his Egyptian medal, the thanks of Parliament, and on 28 September 1885 was created Viscount Wolseley, of Wolseley in the County of Stafford, and a Knight of the Order of St Patrick. At the invitation of the Queen, the Wolseley family moved from their former home at 6 Hill Street, London to the much grander Ranger's House in Greenwich in autumn 1888.

Wolseley continued at the War Office as Adjutant-General to the Forces until 1890, when he became Commander-in-Chief, Ireland. He was promoted to be a field marshal on 26 May 1894, and appointed by the Conservative government to succeed the Duke of Cambridge as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces on 1 November 1895. This was the position to which his great experience in the field and his previous signal success at the War Office itself had fully entitled him, but it was increasingly irrelevant. Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley's powers in that office were, however, limited by a new Order in Council, and after holding the appointment for over five years, he handed over the command-in-chief to his fellow field marshal, Earl Roberts, on 3 January 1901. He had also suffered from a serious illness in 1897, from which he never fully recovered.

The unexpectedly large force required for the initial phase of the Second Boer War, was mainly furnished by means of the system of reserves Wolseley had originated. By drawing on regular reservists and volunteer reserves, Britain was able to assemble the largest army it had ever deployed abroad. Nevertheless, the new conditions at the War Office were not to his liking. The fiasco now called Black Week culminated in his dismissal over Christmastide 1900. Upon being released from responsibilities he brought the whole subject before the House of Lords in a speech.

Lord Wolseley was Gold Stick in Waiting to Queen Victoria and took part in the funeral procession following her death in February 1901. He also served as Gold Stick in Waiting to King Edward during his coronation in August 1902.

Honorific and royal appointments
In early 1901, Lord Wolseley was appointed by King Edward to lead a special diplomatic mission to announce the King's accession to the governments of Austria-Hungary, Romania, Serbia, the Ottoman Empire and Greece. During his visit to Constantinople, the Sultan presented him with the Order of Osmanieh set in brilliants.

He was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902, and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902. For his service with the Volunteer Force, he was awarded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration on 11 August 1903. He was also honorary colonel of the 23rd Middlesex Regiment from 12 May 1883, honorary colonel of the Queen's Rifle Volunteer Brigade, the Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment) from 24 April 1889, colonel of the Royal Horse Guards from 29 March 1895 and colonel-in-chief of the Royal Irish Regiment from 20 July 1898.

In retirement, he was a member of the council of the Union-Castle Steamship Company.

Channel Tunnel
Wolseley was deeply opposed to Sir Edward Watkin's attempt to build a Channel Tunnel. He gave evidence to a parliamentary commission that the construction might be "calamitous for England", he added that "No matter what fortifications and defences were built, there would always be the peril of some continental army seizing the tunnel exit by surprise." Various contrivances to satisfy his objections were put forward including looping the line on a viaduct from the Cliffs of Dover and back into them, so that the connection could be bombarded at will by the Royal Navy. For a combination of reasons over 100 years were to pass before a permanent link was made.

Personal life and death
Wolseley was married in 1867 to Louisa (1843–1920), the daughter of Mr. A. Erskine. His only child, Frances (1872–1936) was an author and founded the College for Lady Gardeners at Glynde. She was heiress to the viscountcy under special remainder, but it became extinct after her death.

In his later years, Lord and Lady Wolseley lived in a grace-and-favour apartment at Hampton Court Palace. He and his wife were wintering at Villa Tourrette, Menton on the French Riviera, where he fell ill with influenza and returned to England, where he died on 26 March 1913.

He was buried on 31 March 1913 in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, to music played by the band of the 2nd Battalion Royal Irish Regiment, of which he was the first Colonel-in-Chief.

Legacy
There is an equestrian statue of Wolseley in Horse Guards Parade in London. This was sculpted by Sir William Goscombe John R.A. and erected in 1920. Wolseley Barracks, at London, Ontario, is a Canadian military base (now officially known as ASU London), established in 1886. It is on the site of Wolseley Hall, the first building constructed by a Canadian Government specifically to house an element of the newly created Permanent Force. Wolseley Barracks has been continuously occupied by the Canadian Army since its creation, and has always housed some element of The Royal Canadian Regiment. At present, Wolseley Hall is occupied by the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum and the regiment's 4th Battalion, among other tenants. The white pith helmet worn as part of the full-dress uniform of the RCR and many other Canadian regiments is known as a Wolseley helmet. Wolseley is also a senior boys house at the Duke of York's Royal Military School.

Field Marshal Lord Wolseley is commemorated by a tablet at St Michael and All Angels Church in Colwich, Staffordshire, a short distance from Shugborough Hall and Wolseley Park at Colwich, near Rugeley. The church was the burial place of the Wolseley baronets of Wolseley Park, the ancestral home of the Wolseley family.

W. S. Gilbert, of the musical partnership Gilbert and Sullivan, may have modelled the character of Major-General Stanley in the operetta The Pirates of Penzance on Wolseley, and George Grossmith, the actor who first created the role in the opening theatrical run, imitated Wolseley's appearance. In another of Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas, Patience, Colonel Calverley praises Wolseley in the phrase: "Skill of Sir Garnet in thrashing a cannibal".

The residential areas of Wolseley in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, located in the west central part of the city and of Wolseley, Saskatchewan, Canada, are named after him The town of Wolseley, Western Cape, South Africa, is named after Sir Garnet Joseph Wolseley. It was established on the farm Goedgevonden in 1875 and attained municipal status in 1955; prior to this it was known as Ceres Road.

The Sir Garnet pub in the centre of Norwich, overlooking the historic market place and city hall, is named after Field Marshal Lord Wolseley. The pub opened in about 1861 and adopted the name Sir Garnet Wolseley in 1874, changed after a brief closing (2011–2012) to Sir Garnet.

In Ghana, Wolseley is known by the name of "Sargrenti". He is portrayed as a villain in the 2014 novel The Boy Who Spat in Sargrenti's Eye by South African author Manu Herbstein. The story is a fictitious account of the Anglo-Ashanti war told from the perspective of an Ashanti boy named Kofi Gyan.

Wolseley's uniforms, field marshal's baton and souvenirs from his various campaigns are held in the collections of the Glenbow Museum in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Wolseley maintained a deep interest in notable individuals in early modern European history, and collected items related to many of them (for example, a box from Sir Francis Drake, a watch related to Oliver Cromwell, a funerary badge for Admiral Horatio Nelson and General James Wolfe's snuff box). These are also held in the collection.

In recognition of his success, an expression arose: "all Sir Garnet" meaning; that everything is in good order.

title: Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley


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Harris Publications

Harris Publications Inc. was an American special interest media company, operating over 75 brands with print, digital, mobile and live event platforms prior to its sale to Athlon Media in 2016. It produced magazines that educate, entertain, inform and inspire. Subject matters spanned an array of interests including decorating, gardening, beauty, automotive, entrepreneurship and small business, sports, outdoor living, history, tactical, entertainment and wellness. Harris' titles covered a variety of markets and focused on niche special interests, primarily in the United States.

Harris Comics (sold in 2010 to Dynamic Forces) published the former Warren Publishing character Vampirella for nearly two decades. Harris sold additional magazine brands including the basketball magazine Slam in 1998, African-American women's lifestyle magazine Honey in 1999, Guitar World in 2003 and XXL in 2014. Athlon Media acquired Harris Publications' magazine brands and websites in 2016 including Harris Farmers Almanac, American Frontiersman, Flea Market Style, Real Gardens and Music Icons.

History
Harris Publications was founded in 1977 by Stanley R. Harris, who had been in the magazine publishing business since the late 1960s. Harris's father William invented the Harris Press printing press.

One of Harris Publications' first successful and long-running titles was Guitar World, which it published beginning in 1980, before selling the property to Future US in 2003. The company sold its music and millennial division including XXL to Townsquare Media in 2014. XXL was one of the largest music sites focusing on hip-hop and urban culture.

On April 28, 2016, Harris Publications operations and its magazine brands and trademarks were acquired by Athlon Media. Athlon integrated many of Harris' brands into its Decorating & Gardening group and announced plans to further distribute Harris' content through its newspaper distribution resources.

Harris Comics
In 1983, Harris acquired the assets of the defunct Warren Publishing, including their well-known horror magazines Creepy, Eerie, and Vampirella. Forming Harris Comics in 1985, Harris published a single issue of Creepy (#146), but legal murkiness and a 1999 lawsuit by Warren publisher James Warren  resulted in his reacquisition of the rights to Creepy and sister publication Eerie.

In the early 1990s Harris Comics revived Vampirella, publishing Vampirella stories in various series and formats from 1991 to 2007. A number of U.K. creators worked for Harris on its Vampirella titles, including Grant Morrison, Gary Frank, Mark Millar, John Smith, Ian Edginton, and Malachy Coney. In January 2007 Fangoria Comics made the announcement that the character Vampirella was now owned by Fangoria, however, in April Harris replied that this was not factual, and began publishing Vampirella Quarterly.

Harris Comics also published a number of non-Vampirella comics in the superhero and science fiction genres. The 2002–2003 imprint Anarchy Studio published manga comics featuring the characters Vampi and Xin. Harris Comics operated until 2008, and in March 2010 Dynamite Entertainment acquired the Vampirella property.

Small Business Magazine, a Harris bi-monthly publication for first time entrepreneurs was launched in 1988 by Susan Rakowski. Two spinoff publications were published and sold worldwide.

Automotive

 * Mopar Action
 * Rides
 * America's Best Big Trucks
 * 0-60

Beauty

 * Short Hair
 * Celebrity Hairstyles
 * Short Styles

Crafts

 * Fresh Quilts
 * Room to Create

Comics

 * Creepy—published one issue of the former Warren Publishing title in 1985
 * Cyberfrog (1996)—Ethan Van Sciver character acquired from Hall of Heroes
 * Flux (1994–1995)—video games, comics, and music
 * Harsh Realm (1994)
 * The Rook (1995)—original Eerie character revamped by Harris
 * Vampi (2000–2002)
 * Vampirella (various titles, 1991–2008)—acquired from Warren Publishing
 * Xin (2002–2003)

Decorating

 * Beach Cottages
 * Country Collectibles
 * Decorating Shortcuts
 * Flea Market Style
 * Organized Room by Room
 * Romantic Country
 * Storage Solutions
 * Small Space Decorating

Dogs

 * Dog News—considered the bible of the conformation show industry
 * D—D is the Annual Magazine of Dog News released to coincide with the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show

Entertainment

 * Style Makers
 * Hollywood Icons
 * Music Icons

Gardening

 * Container Gardening
 * Fleas Market Gardens
 * Great Backyards
 * Porches and Gardens
 * Real Gardens

Music

 * Guitar World (1980 – 2003) — acquired by Future US
 * Revolver (2000–2003) — acquired by Future US
 * Scratch (2004–2007)
 * XXL (1997 – 2014) - acquired by Townsquare Media
 * elektro 2012-2014, acquired by Townsquare Media

Outdoor living

 * The New Pioneer
 * Harris' Farmer's Almanac
 * America Frontiersman

Small Business

 * Small Business Opportunities
 * Get Rich At Home
 * Start Your Own Business

Sports

 * Pro Football Draft
 * College Football Guide
 * Basketball Draft
 * SLAM Magazine—acquired by Peterson Publishing in 1998

Guns and weapons

 * Ballistic
 * Combat Handguns
 * Guns & Weapons for Law Enforcement
 * Guns of the Old West
 * Tactical Weapons
 * Personal & Home Defense (published bi-annually)
 * Special Weapons for Military & Police
 * Survivor's Edge
 * Tactical Knives
 * Tactical Life

Guns (annual)

 * Gun Buyers Guide—2012, 2014 & 2015
 * The Complete Book of Guns—2015
 * The Complete Book of Handguns—2012 through 2015
 * Gun Annual—2014
 * The Complete Rifleman—1989 through 2011

Wellness

 * Naturally, Danny Seo
 * Herbal Remedies

Miscellaneous

 * PC How-To Guide
 * Woman—acquired by Condé Nast Publications in 1988
 * ANTENNA
 * Honey acquired by Vanguarde Media in 1999

title: Harris Publications


text: User talk:82.43.55.44

title: User talk:82.43.55.44


text: Category:Sport in Ireland

title: Category:Sport in Ireland


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Casa Rosada

The Casa Rosada, literally the Pink House, is the president of the Argentine Republic's official workplace, located in Buenos Aires. The palatial mansion is known officially as Casa de Gobierno ("House of Government" or "Government House"). Normally, the president lives at the Quinta de Olivos, the president of Argentina's official residence, located in Olivos, Greater Buenos Aires. The characteristic color of the Casa Rosada is baby pink, and it is considered one of the most emblematic buildings in Buenos Aires. The building also houses a museum, which contains objects relating to former presidents of Argentina. It has been declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina.

History
The Casa Rosada sits at the eastern end of the Plaza de Mayo, a large square which since the 1580 foundation of Buenos Aires has been surrounded by many of the most important political institutions of the city and of Argentina. The site, originally at the shoreline of the Río de la Plata, was first occupied by the "Fort of Juan Baltazar of Austria", a structure built on the orders of the founder of Buenos Aires, Captain Juan de Garay, in 1594. Its 1713 replacement by a masonry structure (the "Castle of San Miguel") complete with turrets made the spot the effective nerve center of colonial government. Following independence, President Bernardino Rivadavia had a Neoclassical portico built at the entrance in 1825, and the building remained unchanged until, in 1857, the fort was demolished in favor of a new customs building. Under the direction of British Argentine architect Edward Taylor, the Italianate structure was Buenos Aires' largest building from 1859 until the 1890s.

The old fort's administrative annex, which survived the construction of Taylor's Customs House, was enlisted as the presidential offices by Bartolomé Mitre in the 1860s and his successor, Domingo Sarmiento, who beautified the drab building with patios, gardens and wrought-iron grillwork, had the exterior painted pink reportedly in order to defuse political tensions by mixing the red and white colors of the country's two opposing political parties: red was the color of the Federalists, while white was the color of the Unitarians. An alternative explanation suggests that the original paint contained cow's blood to prevent damage from the effects of humidity. Sarmiento also authorized the construction of the Central Post Office next door in 1873, commissioning Swedish Argentine architect Carl Kihlberg, who designed this, one of the first of Buenos Aires' many examples of Second Empire architecture.

Presiding over an unprecedented socio-economic boom, President Julio Roca commissioned architect Enrique Aberg to replace the cramped State House with one resembling the neighboring Central Post Office in 1882. Following works to integrate the two structures, Roca had architect Francesco Tamburini build the iconic Italianate archway between the two in 1884. The resulting State House, still known as the "Rose House", was completed in 1898 following its eastward enlargement, works which resulted in the destruction of the customs house.

A Historical Museum was created in 1957 to display presidential memorabilia and selected belongings, such as sashes, batons, books, furniture, and three carriages. The remains of the former fort were partially excavated in 1984–85, and the uncovered structures were incorporated into the Museum of the Casa Rosada. Located behind the building, these works led to the rerouting of Paseo Colón Avenue, unifying the Casa Rosada with Parque Colón (Columbus Park) behind it. Plans were announced in 2009 for the restoration of surviving portions of Taylor's Customs House, as well.

The Casa Rosada itself in 2006 underwent extensive renovation delayed by the 2001 economic crisis. The first phase was completed for the 2010 bicentennial of the May Revolution that led to independence, with a second phase begun in 2017.

The Fort
In 1536, Don Pedro de Mendoza established a settlement near the mouth of the Riachuelo de los Navíos, called Nuestra Señora del Buen Ayre. In 1580, Juan de Garay founded the city at the place which was to be the Plaza Mayor (nowadays Plaza de Mayo), naming it Santísima Trinidad while the port retained the name of the original settlement; the "Royal Fort of Don Juan Baltasar de Austria" was built in 1594. It was replaced in 1713 by a more solid construction with turrets, sentry boxes, a moat and a drawbridge that upon being completed in 1720 was given the name of "Castillo San Miguel" (St. Michael's Castle). President Bernardino Rivadavia modified the fort in 1820, and the drawbridge was replaced by a neoclassical portico. The site which was for defence purposes at that time and also seat of the Spanish and Home governments, is where Government House currently stands.

In the Pink House Museum one of its cannon holes can be found in part of a storage room of the Royal Treasury's warehouse.

New Customs House
Under the direction of the English architect, Edward Taylor, the New Customs House was built in 1855 back to back with the rear walls of the Fort, facing the river. It is the first public building of great size built by the young mercantile State of Buenos Aires; its semicircular shape had five floors for depots and fifty one storage rooms with arched ceilings, surrounded by loggias. From the central tower at the top of which there was a clock and a beacon, stretched out a 300 m pier providing wharfaging for ships of greater draught to cast their anchors. Via two side ramps carts, loaded with goods, accessed the manoeuvring dock. It was used for almost forty years and it was demolished down to the first floor by the Madero Port project and its foundations are buried under what is today Colón Park.

The Post Office Palace
President Domingo Sarmiento ordered the construction of the Postal headquarters in 1873 on open ground that had remained after the south wing of the Buenos Aires Fort had been demolished. This project was carried out by the Swedish architect Carlos Kihlberg (Swedish:Carl August Kihlberg), with a design inspired by Italian Renaissance Revival architecture and French Second Empire details.

As Government House looked totally insignificant compared to this new post office building, President Julio Roca called upon the department of civil engineers to produce a project for extending and repairing the former, and the project submitted by the Swedish architect, Enrique Aberg (Swedish: Henrik Åberg) was adopted. It proposed the demolition of the Fort and the construction of another building, identical to the post office, differentiating it by incorporating a long balcony on the first floor for the use of authorities during public festivities and parades. This was the end of the Fort of which only some walls and one of the cannon holes can be seen in the current Government House museum. For aesthetic reasons and to solve the problem of lack of space it was later decided that the Post Office building be incorporated into Government House. Architect Francesco Tamburini was commended this task. He designed a great central archway to join the two buildings into one, bringing together the surroundings where the New Customs House and Old Arcade were, interpreted by the architect as enveloping a central main axis on which the entrances were located, emphasized by a higher archway.

The Palace
The outlay of the buildings is three stories on Balcarce Street and four stories plus a basement/galleries of Government House Museum, on Avenida Paseo Colón, practically covering the footage of a whole bloc. All the original rooms that are on the three main façades have direct ventilation and lighting, while the original internal rooms were designed in such a way that ventilation and light should come from the loggia that surround internal patios designed for this purpose. All, except one, were crowned by skylights, of which only two remain. The original structure consists of packwalls of varying thickness and slabs supported by brick counter ceilings with steel or wood roof lines, according to the sector. Following a long process of construction the current building was officially inaugurated in 1898, during the second presidency of General Julio Roca.

Rooms
The president sits at his or her office on a seat known as the "Seat of Rivadavia". The seat itself did not actually belong to Bernardino Rivadavia, the first president of Argentina, but is instead a homage to the early statesman.

The Hall of Busts houses marble busts of the many presidents of Argentina, made by diverse artists both national and international. The list, however, is not exhaustive, and subjected to political biases. President Néstor Kirchner ordered in 2006 the removal of all busts of presidents that took power during coups, but the busts of José Félix Uriburu, Pedro Pablo Ramírez and Edelmiro Julián Farrell were spared and finally removed during the administration of Mauricio Macri. President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner broke the timeline order of the busts, and placed instead the busts of Kirchner, Raúl Alfonsín, Hipólito Yrigoyen and Juan Perón in a prominent location. The administration of Macri reordered the busts under the supervision of the National Academy of History of Argentina, and Alberto Fernández restored the order set by Cristina Kirchner. President Javier Milei added the bust of Carlos Menem, gathering it next to Mitre, Pellegrini, Sarmiento and Roca, while those of Kirchner and Alfonsín were moved away. The internal regulations specify that presidents should have a bust 8 years after they leave office, but for varied reasons Isabel Perón, Fernando de la Rúa, Adolfo Rodríguez Saá and Eduardo Duhalde do not have busts.

title: Casa Rosada


text:
The Official Story

The Official Story (La historia oficial) is a 1985 Argentine historical drama film directed by Luis Puenzo and written by Puenzo and Aída Bortnik. It stars Norma Aleandro, Héctor Alterio, Chunchuna Villafañe and Hugo Arana. In the United Kingdom, it was released as The Official Version.

The film deals with the story of an upper middle class couple who lives in Buenos Aires with an illegally adopted child. The mother comes to realize that her daughter may be the child of a desaparecida, a victim of the forced disappearances that occurred during Argentina's last military dictatorship (1976–1983), which saw widespread human rights violations including many thousands of murders.

Among several other international awards, it won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards, a first for a Latin American film.

It was selected as the eighth greatest Argentine film of all time in a poll conducted by the Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken in 2000. In a new version of the survey organized in 2022 by the specialized magazines La vida util, Taipei and La tierra quema, presented at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival, the film reached the 28 position. Also in 2022, the film was included in Spanish magazine Fotogramas's list of the 20 best Argentine films of all time.

Plot
The film is set in Argentina in 1983, in the final year of the country's last military dictatorship, during which a campaign of state-sponsored terrorism produced thousands of killings and torture of accused political leftists and innocents alike, who were buried in unmarked graves or became desaparecidos.

Alicia Maquet, a high school history teacher, and her husband, Roberto Ibañez, a government official, live in Buenos Aires with their 5-year-old adopted daughter, Gaby. Alicia, like other members of the Argentine upper-middle class, is not aware of how much killing and suffering has gone on in the country, and naively believes only guilty people are arrested.

Alicia's views are challenged by a fellow teacher, Benítez (Patricio Contreras), and some of her students. During a discussion about the death of Argentinean founding father Mariano Moreno, one student, Costa, argues that the government-issued history textbooks are "written by murderers."

Ana, Alicia's longtime friend, returns from exile in Europe and explains why she never told Alicia she was leaving. At first Ana laughs as she tells of her apartment being ransacked by officials, but soon begins to sob as she describes being held captive and tortured for having lived with Pedro, who was labeled as subversive, even though she hadn't seen him in two years. She says that while she was held captive, she witnessed pregnant women leave to give birth but return without their babies, whom she believes were sold to rich couples.

Alicia increasingly wonders about Gaby's origins and asks questions about Gaby's birth, a topic her husband has told her to ignore. Alicia asks why they celebrate the day they brought her home rather than the day she was born, and whether or not Roberto actually met Gaby's mother. Roberto insists it was a normal adoption.

Costa continues to provoke his classmates, and one day Alicia arrives to see newspaper accounts of the desaparecidos taped to the blackboard. When Alicia reports the student, Benítez intervenes to protect him. Alicia gradually becomes friendly with Benítez as her research brings her closer to the truth.

While seeking Gaby's hospital birth records, Alicia learns of an organization searching for missing children. She meets Sara, whose pregnant daughter was kidnapped by the armed forces, and believes Gaby may be her granddaughter. Sara has a photo of her daughter at Gaby's age, looking identical to Gaby.

Roberto faces stress at work due to the machinations of his colleagues, several of whom disappear over the course of the film. Ana confronts him and accuses him of denouncing her and causing her arrest. He also comes into friction with his liberal father and brother, who frown on his ties to the ruling conservative military elite and argue in favor of social justice.

Alicia brings Sara home to meet Roberto, but he is infuriated and demands that Sara leave. After Alicia realizes he does not care about knowing the truth about Gaby's parents, she informs Roberto that Gaby is not at home and asks him how he feels not knowing where his child is, which prompts him to assault her in a fit of rage. The violence is interrupted by a telephone call from Gaby, who is at her grandparents’ house. She asks Roberto to let her sing "En el país de Nomeacuerdo" (In the Country of Idonotremember), a nursery rhyme, to her mother and, after she hangs up, Alicia tearfully grabs her purse and walks out the door, leaving her keys behind.

The final scene shows Gaby sitting in a wicker rocking chair, continuing to sing.

Cast

 * Norma Aleandro as Alicia Marnet de Ibáñez
 * Héctor Alterio as Roberto Ibáñez
 * Chunchuna Villafañe as Ana
 * Hugo Arana as Enrique
 * Guillermo Battaglia as José
 * Chela Ruiz as Sara
 * Patricio Contreras as Benítez
 * María Luisa Robledo as Nata
 * Aníbal Morixe as Miller
 * Jorge Petraglia as Macci
 * Analía Castro as Gaby
 * Daniel Lago as Dante
 * Augusto Larreta as General
 * Pablo Rago as Enrique's son

Background
The film is based on the real political events that took place in Argentina after Jorge Rafael Videla's reactionary military junta assumed power on March 24, 1976. During the junta's rule, the parliament was suspended; unions, political parties and provincial governments were banned; and, in what became known as the Dirty War, between 9,000 and 30,000 people deemed left-wing "subversives" disappeared from society.

Like many progressive actors and others in the country, the lead actress in the film, Norma Aleandro, was forced into exile during this time. She traveled to Uruguay first and Spain later. She returned after the fall of the military government in 1983. Aleandro once said, "Alicia's personal search is also my nation's search for the truth about our history. The film is positive in the way it demonstrates that she can change her life despite all she is losing."

The Official Story can be considered alongside a group of other films that were the first to be made in Argentina after the downfall in 1983 of the last Argentine dictator, Gen. Leopoldo Galtieri, and his autocratic regime. These films deal frankly with the repression, the torture, and the disappearances during Argentina's Dirty War in the 1970s and early 1980s; they include Funny Dirty Little War (1983) and Night of the Pencils (1986). A second group of films, which includes Verónico Cruz (1988) uses metaphor and hints at wider socio-political issues.

Production
At first, director Puenzo, fearing for his safety, intended to shoot the film in secret, using hidden 16mm cameras. But the junta government fell right about the time the screenplay was completed.

The film was entirely shot in the city of Buenos Aires, including the Plaza de Mayo where the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo congregated in the late 1970s with signs and pictures of desaparecidos who were subjected to forced disappearance by the Argentine military in the Dirty War. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo continue to protest every Thursday afternoon at 3:30 pm in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires.

Distribution
The Official Story first opened in Argentina on April 3, 1985. It has also been featured at various film festivals including the Toronto Festival of Festivals, the Berlin International Film Festival, the Cannes Film Festival, and the Mar del Plata Film Festival. It was picked up for US distribution by Almi Pictures with a wider 1986 theatrical release. In 2015, the film received a 4K restoration performed by worldwide rights holder Historias Cinematograficas Cinemania, with funding by the Argentinian National Film Institute. In May 2018, this 4K restoration made a US screening at the Cannes Classics festival.

Video release
The 1986 US VHS release by Pacific Arts video was a 4:3 cropped TV print with burnt-in English subtitles, but fully uncut with original Spanish audio in mono. This master was reused for the 1999 Fox Lorber DVD and VHS release. In 2003, Koch Lorber put out a remastered US DVD release featuring an HD transfer presented in anamorphic 1.78:1 widescreen, and 5.1 plus original 2.0 Spanish audio tracks. This master was also used for the region 0 NTSC format Australian DVD release by Umbrella Entertainment. In 2011, the film had made its first-ever video debut in the UK by Arrow Video on DVD. Unlike the 2003 Koch Lorber and Umbrella DVDs, the 2011 Arrow DVD is inferior to them due to utilizing a NTSC-PAL converted 4:3 letterbox presentation of the Almi Pictures US theatrical print with burnt-in English subtitles. In 2018, Cohen Media Group picked up US video and digital rights to the 2015 4K restoration, with a remastered DVD and Blu-ray release commencing in October.

Critical response
The film won many awards when first released and, as such, the drama was widely well received in the 1980s. Walter Goodman, film critic for The New York Times, believes the film was well balanced, and wrote, "Mr. Puenzo's film is unwaveringly committed to human rights, yet it imposes no ideology or doctrine. The further miracle is that this is the 39-year-old director's first feature film."

Critic Roger Ebert lauded the film in his film review, writing, "The Official Story is part polemic, part thriller, part tragedy. It belongs on the list with films like Z, Missing and El Norte, which examine the human aspects of political unrest. It is a movie that asks some very hard questions ... Alicia is played in the movie by Norma Aleandro, whose performance won the best actress award at this year's Cannes Film Festival. It is a performance that will be hard to forget, particularly since so much of it is internal. Some of the key moments in the film come as we watch Aleandro and realize what must be taking place inside her mind, and inside her conscience. Most political films play outside the countries that they are about; "The Official Story" is now actually playing in Argentina, where it must be almost unbearably painful for some of the members of its audiences. It was almost as painful for me."

Film critics Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat, of the website Spirituality and Practice, were painfully touched by the story they viewed. They write, "The Official Story is a wrenching and painful drama that crystallizes the horror and the obscenity of political activities that annihilate family solidarity in the name of ideology...The Official Story packs a shattering visceral punch."

A few critics were dismissive of the story Puenzo tells. For example, The Chicago Reader Dave Kehr thought "Puenzo's methods are so crudely manipulative ... that the film quickly uses up the credit of its good intentions."

Wins

 * Academy Awards: Oscar; Best Foreign Film; 1985.
 * Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards: LAFCA Award Best Foreign Film; (tied with Ran); 1985.
 * New York Film Critics Circle Awards: NYFCC Award Best Actress; Norma Aleandro; 1985.
 * Toronto International Film Festival: People's Choice Award, Luis Puenzo, 1985.
 * Premios ACE: Premio ACE Cinema; Best Actress, Norma Aleandro; Cinema - Best Director, Luis Puenzo; Cinema - Best Film; 1986.
 * Golden Globes: Best Foreign Language Film; 1986.
 * Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Silver Condor; Best Actress, Norma Aleandro; Best Cinematography, Félix Monti; Best Director, Luis Puenzo; Best Editing, Juan Carlos Macías; Best Film; Best New Actress, Analía Castro; Best Original Screenplay, Aída Bortnik and Luis Puenzo; Best Supporting Actor, Patricio Contreras; Best Supporting Actress, Chela Ruiz; 1986.
 * Berlin International Film Festival: Interfilm Award, Otto Dibelius Film Award, Luis Puenzo, (tied with Un Complicato intrigo di donne, vicoli e delitti); 1986.
 * Cannes Film Festival: Best Actress, Norma Aleandro; Prize of the Ecumenical Jury, Luis Puenzo; 1985.
 * Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards: KCFCC Award Best Foreign Film; 1986.
 * David di Donatello Awards: David Best Foreign Actress, Norma Aleandro; 1987.

Nominations

 * Academy Awards: Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen; 1985.
 * Cannes Film Festival: Golden Palm, Luis Puenzo; 1985.
 * Sant Jordi Awards: Best Foreign Actress, Norma Aleandro; 1987.
 * Best Foreign Language Film, U.S. National Board of Review of Motion Pictures

title: The Official Story


text:
Category:Religion in Ireland

This category relates to religion in the island of Ireland as a whole, including both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

title: Category:Religion in Ireland


text:
Royal Style and Titles Act

A Royal Style and Titles Act, or a Royal Titles Act, is an act of parliament passed in the relevant country that defines the formal title for the sovereign as monarch of that country. This practice began in 1876, when the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Royal Titles Act. By that law, and the subsequent Royal Titles Act 1901 and Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927, the monarch held one title throughout the British Empire. Following the enactment of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the governments of the now separate and independent realms sharing one person as sovereign agreed in 1949 that each should adopt its own royal style and title, which was done in 1952. As colonies became new realms, they passed their own royal style and titles acts. Most of the laws were created during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II.

Background

Until the early part of the 20th century, the monarch's title throughout the British Empire was determined exclusively by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. As the Dominions gained importance, the British government began to consult their governments on how the monarch should be titled. By 1926, following the issuance of the Balfour Declaration, it was determined that the changes in the nature of the Empire needed to be reflected in King George V's title. This led to the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927; though, again, this applied one title to the King across the whole Empire. The preamble to the Statute of Westminster 1931 established the convention requiring the consent of all the Dominions' parliaments, as well as that of the United Kingdom, to any alterations to the monarch's style and title. It had been decided among the realms in 1949 that each should have its own monarchical title, but with common elements. Which elements, however, was not determined after the accession of Elizabeth II as queen in February 1952. The parliament of each then-realm of the Commonwealth passed its own Royal Style and Titles Act before Elizabeth's coronation in June of the following year.

Antigua and Barbuda
The Royal Titles Act, 1981, passed by the Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda, gave that body's assent to the adoption of a title by the monarch of Antigua and Barbuda. After the Governor-General's proclamation dated 11 February 1982, the sovereign's official title was Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.

Australia
The Parliament of Australia passed in 1953 a Royal Style and Titles Act, giving the Australian monarch, then Elizabeth II, the title Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of the United Kingdom, Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. This was amended in 1973 to remove the reference to the United Kingdom and the term defender of the faith.

Canada

The Canadian Parliament passed in 1947 the Royal Style and Titles Act and an order-in-council was issued on 22 June the following year to remove the term Emperor of India from the Canadian sovereign's title. In 1953, the same legislature passed another Royal Style and Titles Act, consenting to the issuance of a royal proclamation changing the royal style and title. This was done on 28 May, declaring the Canadian monarch's title to be, in English, Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada, and Her other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, and, in French, Elizabeth Deux, par la grâce de Dieu, Reine du Royaume-Uni, du Canada, et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défenseur de la Foi.

In April 2023, after the accession of Charles III to the Canadian throne, the Deputy Prime Minister, on behalf of Cabinet, introduced Bill C-47 in the House of Commons. This bill contained provisions that authorized the King to issue a royal proclamation establishing his title for Canada, which excludes a reference to the United Kingdom and the title Defender of the Faith. The bill received royal assent on 22 June 2023 and a proclamation of the new title was issued on 8 January the following year. The new title is, in English, Charles the Third, by the Grace of God King of Canada and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth and, in French, Charles Trois, par la grâce de Dieu, Roi du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth.

Ceylon
The Royal Titles Act 1953, passed by the Parliament of Ceylon, granted the Ceylonese monarch the title and style Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Ceylon and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.

The Gambia
The Royal Style and Titles Act 1965, passed by the National Assembly of the Gambia, granted the Gambian monarch the title and style Elizabeth the Second, Queen of The Gambia and all Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.

Ghana

The Parliament of Ghana's Royal Style and Titles Act 1957 granted the Ghanaian monarch the title and style Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Ghana and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.

New Zealand
One of the first post-Second World War examples of New Zealand's status as an independent monarchy was the alteration of the monarch's title by the Royal Titles Act 1953. For the first time, the official title of New Zealand's monarch mentioned New Zealand separately from the United Kingdom and the other realms, to highlight the monarch's role specifically as sovereign of New Zealand, as well as the shared aspect of the Crown throughout the realms. The title created from this act was Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Her Other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. After the passage of the Royal Titles Act 1974, the monarch's title in New Zealand was Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of New Zealand and Her Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

Nigeria
The Royal Style and Titles Act 1961, passed by the Parliament of Nigeria, granted the Nigerian monarch the title and style Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Nigeria and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. An introductory part of the style, By the Grace of God, was nevertheless added in official use.

Sierra Leone
The Sierra Leonean Parliament's Royal Style and Titles Act 1961 granted the Sierra Leonean monarch the title and style Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Sierra Leone and of Her Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.

Solomon Islands
The Royal Style and Titles Act 2013, passed by the National Parliament of Solomon Islands, granted the Solomon Islander monarch the style and title Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Solomon Islands and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. The title was already in non-statutory use since 1988, when it was included in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade Manual.

South Africa
The Royal Style and Titles Act 1953, passed by the Parliament of South Africa, granted the South African monarch—at the time Queen Elizabeth II) a style and title rendered in three languages:

 * In English: Elizabeth II, Queen of South Africa and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth
 * In Afrikaans: Elizabeth II, Koningin van Suid-Afrika en van Haar ander Koninkryke en Gebiede, Hoof van die Statebond
 * In Latin: Elizabeth II, Africae Australis regnorumque suorum ceterorum Regina, consortionis populorum Princeps

Tuvalu
The Royal Style and Title Act 1987, passed by the Tuvaluan Parliament, granted the Tuvaluan monarch the style and title Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Tuvalu and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.

United Kingdom

The Royal Titles Act 1901 allowed for the addition of the words and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas to the monarch's title.

The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 was amended in 1948 by the Indian Independence Act 1947 so as to omit the words Emperor of India from the monarch's title in the United Kingdom. King George VI's title became George VI by the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith.

The Royal Titles Act 1953 specified that it applied only to the United Kingdom and those overseas territories whose foreign relations were controlled by the United Kingdom. The legislation tidied up the use of the title King of Ireland, following Ireland's transition to a republic in 1949.

As authorised by the act, Queen Elizabeth II proclaimed that her title in the United Kingdom would be Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. The title was equivalently, and, for the first time, set in Latin, as Elizabeth II, Dei Gratia Britanniarum Regnorumque Suorum Ceterorum Regina, Consortionis Populorum Princeps, Fidei Defensor.

title: Royal Style and Titles Act


text: Category:Thriller films

title: Category:Thriller films