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Wil Ledezma

Wilfredo Jose Ledezma Acosta (born January 21, 1981) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. He previously played for the Detroit Tigers, Atlanta Braves, San Diego Padres, Arizona Diamondbacks, Washington Nationals, Toronto Blue Jays and Pittsburgh Pirates and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chiba Lotte Marines. He bats and throws left-handed.

Boston Red Sox
Ledezma was originally signed by the Boston Red Sox as an amateur free agent in 1998. He started his career with the DSL Red Sox in 1998, playing for them one season before joining the GCL Red Sox (1999) and the Augusta Greenjackets (2000). He missed the entire 2001 season due to a stress fracture in his left elbow. In 2002, he returned to Augusta but was shut down for the rest of the season on May 22 due to a lower back strain.

Detroit Tigers
Ledezma was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the 2002 Rule 5 draft on December 16, 2002, and made his Major League debut on April 2, 2003, for the Tigers, working two scoreless innings against the Minnesota Twins. His first win came in a two-inning relief appearance on June 4 against the San Diego Padres. He made his first start on July 8 against the Chicago White Sox. Overall, he was in 34 games (8 starts) during his rookie season and finished 3–7 with a 5.79 ERA.

Between 2004 and 2007, he alternated between pitching for the Tigers and for the AA Erie SeaWolves and AAA Toledo Mud Hens. In 2004 with Erie, he was named the Tigers "minor league pitcher of the year" and selected to the Eastern League mid-season all-star team. He pitched in 106 games for Detroit, with a 15–18 record and 5.15 ERA. Ledezma was also the winning pitcher in game 4 of the 2006 American League Championship Series.

Atlanta Braves
Ledezma was traded from the Tigers to the Atlanta Braves for Macay McBride on June 20, 2007. On July 13, 2007, he was placed on the restricted list. He had gone home to Venezuela during the All-Star break, during which he accidentally damaged his visa and passport in the washing machine. The Braves activated him from the restricted list on July 19, 2007. Ledezma was designated for assignment on July 29 by the Braves. He was 0–2 with a 7.71 ERA in 12 appearances for Atlanta.

San Diego Padres
On July 31, 2007, Ledezma was traded to the San Diego Padres for reliever Royce Ring. He appeared in 9 games with the Padres, with an ERA of 6.28 and also appeared in 11 games for the AAA Portland Beavers, where his ERA was 4.41.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On August 29, 2008, Ledezma was claimed off waivers by the Arizona Diamondbacks and appeared in 3 games for them before he was non-tendered following the season, becoming a free agent.

Washington Nationals
In January 2009, he signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals. He appeared in only 5 games for the Nationals, spending most of his time with the Syracuse Chiefs. He was released on July 6, 2009.

Toronto Blue Jays
Ledezma signed with the Toronto Blue Jays on August 5, 2009, and pitched in 8 games for the New Hampshire Fisher Cats and 3 for the Dunedin Blue Jays but was never called up to the Majors. In October 2009, he was granted free agency.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On November 30, 2009, Ledezma signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates, with an invite to Spring training.

On July 27, 2010, he was called up with Steven Jackson to replace Brad Lincoln and Brendan Donnelly. The Pirates designated Ledezma for assignment on December 24, 2010, to clear roster space after signing free agent pitcher Aaron Thompson. He was in 27 games for the Pirates, with an 0–3 record and 6.86 ERA.

Toronto Blue Jays
On January 5, 2011, Ledezma was claimed off waivers by the Toronto Blue Jays. He began the 2011 season with the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s before having his contract purchased on July 23. Jo-Jo Reyes was designated for assignment to make room on the 40-man roster for Ledezma.

Following a 12–0 loss to the Tampa Bay Rays on August 28 (during which Ledezma pitched the ninth inning and surrendered 6 earned runs on five hits and 3 walks), Ledezma was designated for assignment. Brian Tallet was called up to replace Ledezma. After the 2011 season, he elected for free agency.

Los Angeles Dodgers
In November 2011, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers that contained an invitation to spring training. The Dodgers assigned him to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes to start the 2012 season. He appeared in 38 games for the Isotopes, with a 3–3 record and 6.99 ERA. He was released on July 24, 2012.

Chiba Lotte Marines
On July 27, 2012, Ledezma signed with the Lotte Marines of the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). On August 24, 2012, he made his NPB debut. On December 1, 2012, he re-signed with Marines. Ledezma recorded a 3.23 ERA in 26 games for Lotte in 2013. On November 25, 2013, Ledezma became a free agent.

Detroit Tigers (second stint)
Ledezma signed a minor league deal with the Detroit Tigers on March 3, 2014. On March 27, 2014, Ledezma was released by the Tigers organization.

Leones de Yucatán
On June 13, 2014, Ledezma signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. He recorded a 1.91 ERA in 27 appearances before becoming a free agent after the year.

Minnesota Twins
On December 23, 2014, Ledezma signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins organization that contained an invitation to spring training. He was released on April 2, 2015.

Pericos de Puebla
On May 18, 2015, he signed with the Pericos de Puebla of the Mexican Baseball League. In 21 games for Puebla, Ledezma logged a 3–4 record and 3.55 ERA. On December 2, 2015, Ledezma was traded to the Leones de Yucatán. He was released by the team on February 5, 2016. On April 1, Ledezma re-signed with Puebla, and posted a 4.91 ERA in 21 games before being released on May 26.

Rojos del Águila de Veracruz
On May 27, 2016, Ledezma signed with the Rojos del Águila de Veracruz, where he logged a 2.03 ERA in 30 appearances. He became a free agent after the 2016 season. Ledezma later resigned with the club on June 20, 2017. In 21 games for Veracruz, Ledezma logged a 3.27 ERA with 27 strikeouts. He then became a free agent again following the 2017 season.

Piratas de Campeche
On March 31, 2019, Ledezma signed with the Piratas de Campeche of the Mexican League. He was released on May 2, 2019.

Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos
On June 27, 2021, Ledezma signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos of the Mexican League. On July 13, Ledezma was released by Dos Laredos after recording a 9.00 ERA in 3 appearances.

title: Wil Ledezma


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List A cricket

List A cricket is a classification of the limited-overs (one-day) form of the sport of cricket, with games lasting up to eight hours. List A cricket includes One Day International (ODI) matches and various domestic competitions in which the number of overs in an innings per team ranges from forty to sixty, as well as some international matches involving nations who have not achieved official ODI status. Together with first-class and Twenty20 cricket, List A is one of the three major forms of cricket recognised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). In November 2021, the ICC retrospectively applied List A status to women's cricket, aligning it with the men's game.

Status
Most Test cricketing nations have some form of domestic List A competition. The scheduled number of overs in List A cricket ranges from forty to sixty overs per side, mostly commonly fifty overs.

The categorisation of cricket matches as "List A" was not officially endorsed by the International Cricket Council until 2006, when the ICC announced it, along with its member associations, would be determining this classification in a manner similar to that done for first-class matches.

The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians created this category for the purpose of providing an equivalent to first-class cricket, to allow the generation of career records and statistics for comparable one-day matches. Only the more important one-day competitions in each country, plus matches against a touring Test team, are included. The categorisation was the work of Philip Bailey.

Matches were divided into three categories:
 * List A comprised the matches to be included in the final list.
 * List B was for matches where the players were of First-Class standard but the match was not considered to be of sufficient status (e.g. exhibition matches).
 * List C was to collect any other matches played by a team that had at some time previously appeared in List A, thus showing that the status of such matches had not been overlooked.

Matches that qualify as List A

 * One Day Internationals (ODIs)
 * Certain other international matches
 * Premier one-day tournaments in the 12 ICC Full Members
 * Official matches of a touring Test team against main first-class teams
 * Matches played in ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League and above, and previously the higher levels of the ICC World Cricket League

Matches that do not qualify as List A

 * Twenty20 cricket, including internationals, which is classified separately
 * World Cup warm-up matches
 * Other Tourist matches (for example, against first-class teams that are not part of the main domestic first-class competition, such as universities)
 * Festival and friendly matches
 * Matches not played under standard conditions (for example, more than 11 players per side)

First List A match
The first match retrospectively designated as a 'List A' game was played between Lancashire and Leicestershire in May 1963, in the preliminary round of the Gillette Cup. Each side batted for 65 overs, and bowlers were restricted to 15 overs each.

External source

 * ICC clarifies what counts and what doesn't, from Cricinfo, 30 July 2006

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List A cricket


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List of Jesuit secondary schools in the United States

Jesuits have founded and/or managed a number of institutions, the first of which was Georgetown Preparatory School, established in 1789. The second oldest is St. Louis University High School, which was founded in 1818. Jesuit secondary schools in the U.S. include (listed by state):

Alaska

 * Monroe Catholic High School (Fairbanks)

Arizona

 * Brophy College Preparatory (Phoenix)

California

 * Bellarmine College Preparatory (San Jose)
 * Cristo Rey San José Jesuit High School (San Jose)
 * Cristo Rey High School (Sacramento) (along with 2 other congregations)
 * Jesuit High School (Sacramento)
 * Loyola High School (Los Angeles)
 * St. Ignatius College Preparatory (San Francisco)
 * Verbum Dei Jesuit High School (Los Angeles)
 * Xavier College Preparatory (Palm Desert) (Jesuit-endorsed, as in Ignatian tradition)

Colorado

 * Arrupe Jesuit High School (Denver)
 * Regis Jesuit High School (Aurora)

Connecticut

 * Fairfield College Preparatory School (Fairfield)

District of Columbia

 * Gonzaga College High School (Washington, D.C.)

Florida

 * Belen Jesuit Preparatory School (Miami)
 * Jesuit High School (Tampa)

Georgia

 * Cristo Rey Atlanta Jesuit High School

Illinois

 * Christ the King Jesuit College Prep High School (Chicago)
 * Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Chicago)
 * Loyola Academy (Wilmette)
 * St. Ignatius College Prep (Chicago)

Indiana

 * Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School (Indianapolis)

Louisiana

 * Jesuit High School (New Orleans)

Maine

 * Cheverus High School (Portland)

Maryland

 * Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Baltimore)
 * Georgetown Preparatory School (North Bethesda)
 * Loyola Blakefield (Towson)

Massachusetts

 * Boston College High School (Boston)

Michigan

 * Loyola High School (Detroit)
 * University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy (Detroit)

Minnesota

 * Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Minneapolis)

Missouri

 * De Smet Jesuit High School (Creve Coeur)
 * Rockhurst High School (Kansas City)
 * Saint Louis University High School (St. Louis)

Montana

 * Loyola Sacred Heart High School (Missoula)

Nebraska

 * Creighton Preparatory School (Omaha)

New Jersey

 * St. Peter's Preparatory School (Jersey City)

New York

 * Canisius High School (Buffalo)
 * Cristo Rey New York High School (New York City) (with 2 other congregations)
 * Fordham Preparatory School (New York City)
 * Loyola School (New York City)
 * McQuaid Jesuit High School (Rochester)
 * Regis High School (New York City)
 * Xavier High School (New York City)

Ohio

 * Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland) (Cleveland)
 * St. John's Jesuit High School and Academy (Toledo)
 * St. Martin de Porres High School (Cleveland) (Cleveland)
 * St. Xavier High School (Cincinnati)
 * Walsh Jesuit High School (Cuyahoga Falls)

Oregon

 * Jesuit High School (Portland)

Pennsylvania

 * Saint Joseph's Preparatory School (Philadelphia)
 * Scranton Preparatory School (Scranton)

Puerto Rico

 * Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola (San Juan)

South Dakota

 * Red Cloud High School (Pine Ridge)

Texas

 * Cristo Rey Jesuit College Preparatory of Houston (Houston)
 * Jesuit College Preparatory School (Dallas)
 * Strake Jesuit College Preparatory (Houston)

Washington

 * Bellarmine Preparatory School (Tacoma)
 * Gonzaga Preparatory School (Spokane)
 * Seattle Preparatory School

Wisconsin

 * Campion High School (Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin) (closed in 1975; alumni association remains active)
 * Cristo Rey Jesuit High School Milwaukee
 * Marquette University High School (Milwaukee)


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Aarwangen District

Aarwangen District is a constitutional district in the northeast corner of the canton of Bern in Switzerland, with its seat at Aarwangen. From 1 January 2010, the district lost its administrative power. Since 2010, it remains a fully recognised district under the law and the Constitution (Art.3 al.2) of the Canton of Berne. Its municipalities became part of the administrative region Emmental-Oberaargau.

It is surrounded by the canton of Solothurn on the north, the canton of Aargau on the northeast, the canton of Lucerne on the east, the district of Trachselwald on the south, the district of Burgdorf on the southwest, and the district of Wangen on the west.

The district includes the following 25 municipalities and has an area of 154 km²:

 * CH-4912 Aarwangen
 * CH-4944 Auswil
 * CH-4913 Bannwil
 * CH-3368 Bleienbach
 * CH-4917 Busswil bei Melchnau
 * CH-4955 Gondiswil
 * CH-4932 Gutenberg
 * CH-4936 Kleindietwil
 * CH-4900 Langenthal
 * CH-4935 Leimiswil
 * CH-4932 Lotzwil
 * CH-4934 Madiswil
 * CH-4917 Melchnau
 * CH-4924 Obersteckholz
 * CH-4943 Oeschenbach
 * CH-4919 Reisiswil
 * CH-4914 Roggwil
 * CH-4938 Rohrbach
 * CH-4938 Rohrbachgraben
 * CH-4933 Rütschelen
 * CH-4911 Schwarzhäusern
 * CH-4922 Thunstetten
 * CH-4916 Untersteckholz
 * CH-4937 Ursenbach
 * CH-4923 Wynau

title: Aarwangen District


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Biliary atresia

Biliary atresia, also known as extrahepatic ductopenia and progressive obliterative cholangiopathy, is a childhood disease of the liver in which one or more bile ducts are abnormally narrow, blocked, or absent. It can be congenital or acquired. It has an incidence of one in 10,000–15,000 live births in the United States, and a prevalence of one in 16,700 in the British Isles. Biliary atresia is most common in East Asia, with a frequency of one in 5,000.

The cause of biliary atresia in Egyptian infants has been proven to be as a result of aflatoxin induced cholangiopathy acquired prenatally in infants who have glutathione S transferase M1 deficiency. The biliary atresia phenotype caused by congenital aflatoxicosis in GST M1 deficient neonates is named Kotb disease. Syndromic biliary atresia (e.g. Biliary Atresia Splenic Malformation (BASM)) has been associated with certain genes (e.g. Polycystic Kidney Disease 1 Like 1 - PKD1L1 ), and some infants with isolated biliary atresia may arise as a result of an autoimmune inflammatory response, possibly due to a viral infection of the liver soon after birth. In animals plant toxins have been shown to cause biliary atresia. The only effective treatments are operations such as the Kasai procedure and liver transplantation.

Signs and symptoms
Initially, the symptoms of biliary atresia are indistinguishable from those of neonatal jaundice, a usually harmless condition commonly seen in infants. However, infants with biliary atresia develop progressive conjugated jaundice, pale white stools, and dark urine. Some infants fail to thrive as there will be a degree of fat and fat-soluble vitamin malabsorption (e.g. Vitamin K). This may cause a bleeding tendency. Eventually, and usually after 2 months, cirrhosis with portal hypertension will develop. If left untreated, biliary atresia can lead to liver failure. Unlike other forms of jaundice, however, biliary-atresia-related cholestasis mostly does not result in kernicterus, a form of brain damage resulting from liver dysfunction. This is because in biliary atresia, the liver, although diseased, is still able to conjugate bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier.

Causes
The cause of biliary atresia in most infants is not fully understood and it is well possible that a number of factors may play a role, but especially maternal rotavirus infection during pregnancy and subsequent transmission of the virus to the child resulting in infection of the biliary epithelium and subsequent occluding fibrosis may be important in this respect. Some cases may relate to infection with other viruses (including COVID-19) as well, for instance infection with the hepatotropic virus reovirus 3 has been proposed and congenital cytomegalovirus infection, as well. In addition autoimmune processes may contribute to pathogenesis in some cases as well. However, with regard to these alternative causation the experimental evidence remains rather weak.

Genetics
An association between biliary atresia and the ADD3 gene was first detected in Chinese populations through a genome-wide association study, and was confirmed in Thai Asians and Caucasians. A possible association with deletion of the gene GPC1, which encodes a glypican 1-a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, has been reported. This gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q37) and is involved in the regulation of inflammation and the Hedgehog gene.

Egyptian infants with biliary atresia were found to have null GSTM1 genotype while all their mothers were heterozygous for GSTM1. Thus these infants may be protected in utero by their maternal detoxification system, yet once born they cannot handle the detoxification of an aflatoxin load.

Toxins
Some cases of biliary atresia may result from exposure to aflatoxin B1, and to a lesser extent aflatoxin B2 during late pregnancy. Intact maternal detoxification protects baby during intrauterine life, yet after delivery, the baby struggles with the aflatoxin in its blood and liver. Moreover, the baby feeds aflatoxin M1 from its mom, as aflatoxin M1 is the detoxification product of aflatoxin B1. It is a milder toxin that causes cholangitis in the baby.

There are isolated examples of biliary atresia in animals. For instance, lambs born to sheep grazing on land contaminated with a weed (Red Crumbweed) developed biliary atresia at certain times. The plants were later found to contain a toxin, now called biliatresone Studies are ongoing to determine whether there is a link between human cases of biliary atresia and toxins such as biliatresone. There are some indications that a metabolite of certain human gut bacteria may be similar to biliatresone.

Pathophysiology
There are three main types of extra-hepatic biliary atresia:
 * Type I: Atresia is restricted to the common bile duct.
 * Type II: Atresia of the common hepatic duct.
 * Type III: Atresia involves the most proximal part of the bile ducts (>95% of all cases).

In approximately 10% of cases, other anomalies may be associated with biliary atresia. The most common of these syndromic forms is BASM and might include heart lesions, polysplenia, situs inversus, absent venae cavae, and a preduodenal portal vein. Progressive cirrhosis is associated with signs and symptoms of portal hypertension, such as esophagogastric varix bleeding, hypersplenism, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatopulmonary syndrome.

In an Egyptian study, abnormally high levels of aflatoxin B1 and to a lesser extent aflatoxin B2 was found in liver tissue and blood of all neonates with biliary atresia. Aflatoxins may cause extensive damage to the hepatocytes leading to hepatitis and damage to bile ducts causing inflammation, adhesions and final obstruction of bile ducts. The affected neonates have a genetic detoxification defect that does not allow them to detoxify these aflatoxins timely or effectively. The babies have homozygous deficiency of glutathione S transferase (GST) M1. The aflatoxin damaged liver cells and bile duct cells are removed by neutrophil elastase and by involvement of immune system mediators such as CCL-2 or MCP-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), TGF-beta, endothelin (ET), and  nitric oxide (NO). Among these, TGF-beta is the most important pro-fibrogenic cytokine that can be seen in progressive cirrhosis.

The cascade of immune involvement to remove damaged hepatocytes and cholangiocytes ushers regeneration. Yet in infants with biliary atresia regeneration is defective, and results in cirrhosis, as these infants have disrupted p53 and disrupted GSTPi. p53 and GSTPi are responsible for DNA fidelity at regeneration. Hence, these infants get accelerated cirrhosis and march to portal hypertension.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by an assessment of history, physical examination in conjunction with blood tests, a liver biopsy, and ultrasound scans imaging and is prompted by prolonged or persistent jaundice, with abnormalities in liver function tests. Ultrasound or other forms of imaging such as radio-isotope liver scans can also be used but final confirmation is usually only reached at the time of exploratory surgery.

Differential diagnoses
The differential diagnoses are extensive and include: Alagille syndrome, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Byler disease (progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis), Caroli disease, choledochal cyst, cholestasis, congenital cytomegalovirus disease, congenital herpes simplex virus infection, congenital rubella, congenital syphilis, congenital toxoplasmosis, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, idiopathic neonatal hepatitis, lipid storage disorders, neonatal hemochromatosis, and total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis.

Treatment
Most (>95%) infants with biliary atresia will undergo an operation designed to retain and salvage the native liver, restore bile flow, and reduce the level of jaundice. This is known as the Kasai procedure (after Morio Kasai, the Japanese surgeon who first developed the technique) or hepatoportoenterostomy. Although the procedure is not thought of as curative, it may relieve jaundice and stop liver fibrosis, allowing normal growth and development. Published series from Japan, North America, and the UK show that bilirubin levels will fall to normal values in about 50-55% of infants, allowing 40-50% to retain their own liver to reach the age of 5 and 10 years (and beyond). Liver transplantation is an option for those children whose liver function and symptoms fail to respond to a Kasai operation.

Recent large-scale studies by Davenport et al. (Annals of Surgery, 2008) show that the age of the patient is not an absolute clinical factor affecting prognosis. The influence of age differs according to the disease etiology—i.e., whether biliary atresia is isolated, cystic (CBA), or accompanied by splenic malformation (BASM).

It is widely accepted that corticosteroid treatment after a Kasai operation, with or without choleretics and antibiotics, has a beneficial effect on postoperative bile flow and can clear jaundice, but the dosing and duration of the ideal steroid protocol are controversial. Furthermore, it has been observed in many retrospective longitudinal studies that corticosteroid treatment does not seem to prolong survival of the native liver or transplant-free survival.

Epidemiology
Biliary atresia seems to affect females slightly more often than males, and Asians and African Americans more often than Caucasians. It is common for only one child in a pair of twins or within the same family to have the condition. There seems to be no link to medications or immunizations given immediately before or during pregnancy. Diabetes during pregnancy particularly during the first trimester seems to predispose to a number of distinct congenital abnormalities in the infant such as sacral agenesis, transposition of the great vessels and the syndromic form of biliary atresia.

title: Biliary atresia


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Ayreon

Ayreon is a musical project by Dutch songwriter, singer, musician and record producer Arjen Anthony Lucassen. Ayreon's music is described as progressive rock, progressive metal and power metal sometimes combined with genres such as folk, electronica, experimental and classical music. The majority of Ayreon's albums are dubbed "rock operas" (or "metal operas") because the albums contain complex storylines featuring a host of characters, usually with each one being represented by a unique vocalist.

Each Ayreon album tells a different story, but all, with the exceptions of Actual Fantasy, The Theory of Everything, and Transitus, take place in the same fictional, science fiction universe; additionally, Lucassen's solo album Lost in the New Real is also set in the Ayreon universe. Ayreon's music is characterized by the use of traditional instruments in rock music (guitars, bass guitar, drums, analogue synthesizers, electric organs) mixed with instruments more native to folk and classical music (e.g. mandolins, violins, violas, celli, flutes, sitars and didgeridoos). Lucassen writes the music and the lyrics, sings and plays most of the instruments on all of the Ayreon albums, alongside many guest musicians. His most regular collaborator is drummer Ed Warby.

Due to the project's particular nature, Ayreon live performances are rare, and no official Ayreon live show took place until 2017. Several Ayreon songs were first included in two live albums by other Lucassen bands: Live on Earth by Star One (2003) and Live in the Real World by Stream of Passion (2006).

Origins: The Final Experiment and Actual Fantasy (1995–1998)
The first Ayreon CD, released in 1995, is The Final Experiment, which has a mixture of science fiction and medieval themes. The album features thirteen singers and seven instrumentalists, most of them Dutch. The Final Experiment is often mentioned as one of the first metal operas. The album was originally titled Ayreon: The Final Experiment, with the artist listed as Arjen Lucassen, but upon re-release, the title was changed to The Final Experiment, and the artist was changed to Ayreon.

Actual Fantasy from 1996 is the only Ayreon album without a continuous story. With its individual fantasy stories, it can still be considered a concept album, though. There are only three singers and three instrumentalists on Actual Fantasy. Themes inspired by songs on this album can be found on later Ayreon releases, particularly the two Universal Migrator albums. The album did not sell as well as its predecessor.

Continuation of the Ayreon storyline (1998–2008)
The double album Into the Electric Castle followed in 1998, continuing the Ayreon storyline from The Final Experiment. The album features eight singers, each playing a role of a single character, and eleven instrumentalists. Arjen has stated that he wanted this particular album to be a more flight-and-fancy-free record, or "pure escapism" than the previous albums' more serious tones, and portrayed his characters in more of a B movie light. The album was a huge success and is widely regarded as one of Ayreon's best albums.

The twin Universal Migrator albums were released in 2000. The first album, The Dream Sequencer consists of soft, atmospheric progressive rock, whereas the second album, Flight of the Migrator, consists of a more heavy-metal theme. Both of the albums feature around ten singers supported by many instrumentalists. One of the more notable guests was Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden, who made an appearance on the Flight of the Migrator album.

Shortly following Universal Migrator came Ayreonauts Only, an album generally meant to be only for diehard fans of Ayreon. The album itself was the second to not follow a specific storyline; it instead contained alternate versions (With different vocalists or instrumentalists) of existing songs, or the original demos used when recording them. In addition, it contained a preview of Arjen's then-upcoming project, Ambeon. It is the only Ayreon album not to see re-release on InsideOut.

In 2004 came The Human Equation. As on Into the Electric Castle, there are several singers, each playing their own role. With The Human Equation, Ayreon turned away from the usual science fiction and fantasy themes with a seemingly semi-normal psychological theme.

Starting in 2004, after changing from Transmission Records to InsideOut, Arjen began rereleasing his Ayreon catalog on the new label, with enhancements ranging from basic (The Universal Migrator, issued as a two-disc set instead of two separate albums) to drastic (Actual Fantasy, "Revisited" with completely re-recorded drums, bass, synth and flute). In 2005, to coincide with the 10th anniversary of Ayreon, The Final Experiment was reissued with a bonus semi-acoustic disc.

At the end of September 2006, when Arjen's new studio was finished, he began making a new album entitled 01011001, which was released on 23 January 2008. This album was noticeably darker than previous Ayreon releases, Lucassen attributes this to a depression and his divorce in the preceding year.

On 25 April 2008, Arjen released a new Ayreon EP named Elected. The EP features two tracks from 01011001, one from The Human Equation and an Alice Cooper cover (Elected), with vocals by Arjen and Tobias Sammet.

On 16 September 2008, Arjen announced in his official website the release of Timeline, his second compilation album, that will reunite selected songs from all Ayreon albums and an unreleased one in three CDs and a DVD. The album was released on 7 November 2008 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and all of the EU on 17 November 2008. It was released in America on 13 January 2009.

Hiatus (2008–2012)
Arjen took a break from Ayreon and completed a new side project, Guilt Machine, in 2009. He also went on to release a second Star One album in 2010, and then a solo album under his own name in 2012.

The Theory of Everything and The Source (2012–2017)
The Theory of Everything was released on 28 October 2013. In 2015, The Human Equation was performed in its entirety live in an unofficial full-scale theatrical production called The Theater Equation, with Lucassen making an appearance and helping promote the project. It was performed four times, all at the Nieuwe Luxor theater in Rotterdam between 18 and 20 September. Although produced as an unofficial series of performances, it was recorded and released in June of the following year as an official Ayreon release, The Theater Equation, produced and mixed by Lucassen himself.

The Source was released on 28 April 2017, marking a return to science fiction and the Ayreon storyline. It is Lucassen's first album under his new label, Mascot Label Group.

Focus on live performances (2017–2020)
In November 2016, Lucassen announced the first ever official Ayreon concerts for September 2017, entitled Ayreon Universe. The show featured 16 singers and 11 instrumentalists, all of which had previously worked together with Lucassen on his studio albums. Unlike The Theater Equation, it consisted of unrelated songs from Ayreon performed after each other as in a traditional concert, with a few songs from Star One featured as well. One of the performances was released as a live album/DVD on 30 March 2018, titled Ayreon Universe – The Best of Ayreon Live.

On 7 December 2017, Lucassen stated that a new Ayreon concert would take place on 22 June 2018 at Graspop Metal Meeting, where they would headline the Marquee stage. It featured the same instrumentalists as the Ayreon Universe shows and most of its vocalists, along with Simone Simons and Tom S. Englund, who had never performed live with Ayreon before, and Mark Jansen, who had never collaborated with Lucassen before, and Barry Hay; Lucassen himself also performed a few songs.

Between 13 and 15 September 2019, the album Into the Electric Castle was performed in Tilburg in its entirety similarly to The Theater Equation in 2015, this time as official Ayreon performances. Fish, Anneke van Giersbergen, Damian Wilson, Edward Reekers, Edwin Balogh, and George Oosthoek returned from the original cast, alongside Ed Warby and flutist Thijs van Leer, who also performed on the original album. Simone Simons and Mark Jansen of Epica, Praying Mantis singer John Jaycee Cuijpers, Marcela Bovio, Bovio's husband and VUUR bassist Johan van Stratum, and Ex Libris members Dianne van Giersbergen and Bob Wijtsma were also featured, with actor John de Lancie acting as narrator. One of the performances was released as the live album Electric Castle Live and Other Tales on 27 March 2020.

Ayreon was supposed to headline the Night of the Prog Festival in Germany on 18 July 2020 to perform Into the Electric Castle once again, however the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Transitus and continued live performances (2020–present)
On 8 May 2020, Lucassen revealed on his YouTube channel that his next album would be an Ayreon album, titled Transitus and to be released the same year; the album would be released alongside a tie-in comic book.

On 13 May 2020, he announced the first member of the cast, actor Tom Baker, providing spoken vocals as the character of "The Storyteller". The rest of the cast was announced during the following week, also including Tommy Karevik of Kamelot and Seventh Wonder as the lead character of Daniel, Cammie Gilbert of Oceans of Slumber as Abby, Micheal "Mike" Mills of Toehider as The Statue, Amanda Somerville as Lavinia, Paul Manzi of Arena and The Sweet as Henry, Dianne van Giersbergen of Ex Libris as The Soprano, Threshold drummer Johanne James as Abraham, Simone Simons of Epica as The Angel of Death, and Dee Snider of Twisted Sister as Daniel's Father; Marcela Bovio of MaYaN (and Lucassen's former band Stream of Passion) and Caroline Westendorp of The Charm the Fury portray a duo of characters known as the Furies.

Featured musicians include Joe Satriani and former Megadeth member Marty Friedman on lead guitars and YouTube musician Patty Gurdy on the hurdy-gurdy. Keyboardist Joost van den Broek, violinist Ben Mathot, and flutist Jeroen Goossens, all of whom had been featured on every Ayreon album since 2008's 01011001, are also returning. Juan van Emmerloot acted as drummer, making Transitus Ayreon's second album after 2000's Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer not to have Ed Warby on drums, as Lucassen stated that he did not originally conceive Transitus as an Ayreon album, and felt like it would need a completely different style of drummer. Although they had long lost track of each other, he and Van Emmerloot had worked together 35 years prior, when Lucassen was part of Vengeance and Van Emmerloot was a session drummer; after becoming curious about what had happened to Van Emmerloot since their last meeting, Lucassen looked his drumming videos on YouTube and realized he would be a perfect fit for Transitus.

Transitus was released on 25 September 2020.

On 13 October 2022, Lucassen announced more Ayreon concerts in September 2023 in Tilburg, in which the studio album 01011001 was performed in its entirety. The shows were recorded for a live album titled 01011001 - Live Beneath the Waves, to be released on 17 May 2024.

Etymology
Lucassen said, "Though I do like the similarity of the sound of my own name Arjen and the project name Ayreon, this is purely coincidental. Yet no one seems to believe that! Originally I called the leading character of the first Ayreon album 'Aries'. But then I had to change it because it had to fit the meter of the song. I wanted the new name to sound old fashioned because of the medieval influences, so I used the old-English sounding 'AY' (Aylesbury, Ayrshire). But I also wanted it to sound modern because of the futuristic parts ("2084") so I used 'ON' (electron, neutron, etc.), hence 'Ayreon'."

Most regular collaborators

 * Ed Warby – drums, percussion (1998–present)
 * Joost van den Broek – piano, synthesizer (2004–present)
 * Jeroen Goossens – flutes (2004–present)
 * Ben Mathot – violin (2007–present)
 * Johan van Stratum – bass guitar (2015–present) (Live shows)

For guest members, see List of Ayreon guest musicians.

Music videos

 * "The Stranger From Within" (1996)
 * "Day Eleven: Love" (2004)
 * "Loser" (2004)
 * "Come Back to Me" (2004)
 * "Beneath the Waves" (2008)
 * "The Day That the World Breaks Down" (2017)
 * "Get Out!" (2020)
 * "This Human Equation" (2020)
 * "Hopelessly Slipping Away" (2020)
 * "Talk of the Town" (2020)
 * "Daniel’s Descent into Transitus Medley" ("Listen to My Story") (2020)

title: Ayreon


text:
User talk:Pigsonthewing/Archive 2

Concorde
When you amended the Concorde page by adding information regarding the British Airways auction of Concorde memorabilia, you deleted the info about the Air France auction. User:Moriori, 23.59, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * I overwrote the second, duplicate occurrence of that text Andy Mabbett 11:16, 31 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Fanzines
I think it was my fault fanzines disappeared from the sf page - I took a while to do my edit and ran into an edit conflict, I merged in The Anome's change but didn't realise your change had happened since I started editing as well, sorry :) --AW
 * No worries ;-) Andy Mabbett 01:16, 1 Nov 2003 (UTC)

BT Tower
Why is the BT Tower now at BT Tower (London)? Are there lots of other buildings called "BT Tower" that it needs to be distinguished from? -- Anon.

 * I have already replied on the article's talk page. Andy Mabbett 13:21, 1 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Monarchy
Look, the statement may be true, but one bill proposed by Tony Benn is hardly evidence of that. And, in any event, it doesn't belong in the introduction ot the article. john 00:31, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "look"; of course the bill is evidence. The rest of your comment *is* just a PoV. Andy Mabbett 10:55, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hiya, Andy.

Quick question about your link to a "UK site with coverage of allegations" on the George_Smith_(Royal_servant) page. Where exactly on this self-styled republican ("Campaigning to abolish the monarchy in favour of a representative British Republic") site are the allegations covered?

Also: this link differs from the others, which point to established print and online media sources. I'm wondering if it doesn't knock the neutrality slightly off kilter to link to a site that is vigorously campaigning for the abolition of the monarchy?

Perhaps a paragraph indicating (if, indeed, there is evidence to support this) that some commentators consider this affair (in conjunction with the Burrell affair) to be a full-blown constitutional crisis - and that calls for the abolition of the monarchy have become more vocal as a result of these rumours and allegations - would be apropos? The link you provide would seem to be more appropriate in that context.

chocolateboy 13:13, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Under "news". It's the only English site known to have repeated (via a link to offshore pages) the allegations. I don't consider neutrality to be compromised by linking to partisan comment; feel free to link to something of expressing the opposite viewpoint. Feel free also to submit a para. such as you suggest Andy Mabbett 14:15, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Ah, that's interesting. Thanks for clarifying. Unfortunately, I still can't see the allegations. I can't find a "news" link on that page. The "latest" link points to a page with the interesting headline "What was the 'Mail on Sunday' story that was suppressed?", but unfortunately the link 404s. Could you provide a direct link to the allegations page on www.republic.org.uk?
 * The page you cite was indeed the one I had in mind. Interesting..! Andy Mabbett 15:42, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * ;-) Chocolateboy 15:57, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Also, throneout.com appears to be an English site as well... I don't know which came first, but I doubt www.republic.org.uk is the "only" English site trafficking in or linking to these allegations.
 * If, as seems the case, the republic.org.uk site no longer links to the allegations, can I persuade you to replace that obsolete link with the throneout.com link? You might consider moving the www.republic.org.uk link to the Burrell affair page, which does contain a paragraph in the vein outlined above. Chocolateboy 15:17, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Feel free Andy Mabbett 15:48, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Chocolateboy 15:57, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I added the word republican to the link. I think in this case it is worth informing the reader that the link, good and all as it is, is not an objective media link but a link to a page that is agenda-driven. Similar a monarchist link should have a mention that it isn't a neutral site but comes with an agenda. That doesn't mean the contents of the page in every case is POV, but the reader when seeing the link should be given some idea of the source so that they can keep it in mind before entering the link, rather than find the agenda only after they have entered what they presumed to be an agenda-free NPOV site. :-) FearÉIREANN 21:30, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Imponderables
The Imponderables joke wasn't missed. It was just more amusing to play straight man.:) JamesDay 17:14, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * That's what they all say ;-) Andy Mabbett 22:04, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Snacja, etc

 * Like I said on my page, I'm new and I didn't know whether to add or to type a new comment. Sorry for the cofussion. But both Michal Arkusz and Sanacja are legitamite, I assure you. Why censor them, and not the other small parties listed on here? Sanacja 01:58, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * The party has nothing to do with Hitler, why do you keep adding his reference to the page's description?Sanacja 02:11, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I have not said that the supposed party "has anything to do with Hitler"; the refernce (on Sanacja is to the similarity of two slogans.
 * But that is a misleading association of the two. Clearly most nationalists in one way or another identify with a "nation", but that does not automatically make them Nazis. By placing a link to Hitler next to the Sanacja slogan you are implying that it is Nazi, which is not true. It would be as if I placed a link to Hitler next to any Germans on here, yes there is a commonality, but it is a false association intended to slight the target reference. I believe you are doing this out of spite, and not out of common sense. Sanacja 16:26, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I don't care two figs what you "believe". Andy Mabbett 17:26, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Your formatting seems to have caused VfD to be duplicated in place. 141.156.242.211 03:14, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The main page of their website, directly there. Says they want all western slavs in a polish federation, which means poles, czechs, slovaks, and sorbs. Morwen 20:39, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The further explanation you added to Modern Sanacja is a good start in clarifying things, but I still disagree with the claim that the Nalecz is the Nazi Odal Symbol. The Nalecz is a Polish heraldic clan sign (pg. 195 in "Europe" by Norman Davies). I agree that it resembles the Odal, but it is not the same thing. To you this may make no difference, but to us there is a big difference between Polish clan signs and Nazi symbols. Sanacja 02:06, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Where did you get the information about Rachel's toothbrush? WhisperToMe 00:21, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Stop (The Wall)
You sure? Don't forget that the Line "STOP" is part of Waiting for the Worms according to the CD.

Oh well, I had my volume down, and the film still confuses the hell out of me Fizscy46
 * Yes. Andy Mabbett 09:20, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Well, I am sure that he Syd Barrett is Catatonic, that part isn't a rumour, but yet you removed it. Fizscy46 This site, 10th paragraph Going catatonic at all can be a sign of catatonia. He also continued to do that on 2 of the bands television appearences.Fizscy46
 * Evidence? Andy Mabbett 11:20, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Unsubstantiated hearsay. Andy Mabbett 14:56, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Concorde
Andy, I put the Concorde pic and caption onto Wikipedia. I took the pic, yesterday at Filton. I'm not going to get into a reversion war on the strange "undercarriage lowered" addition but I just want to tell you I can't imagine why you think that's a necessary addition. The undercarriage is perfectly clear, especially on the Large Version and in any case an aircraft landing usually does have its undercarriage down! Please don't reply to this and I won't be reverting you (unless someone else does, of course). Adrian Pingstone 21:19, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * "Please don't reply to this" ??? Andy Mabbett 21:35, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * You just did!
 * Adrian Pingstone 22:19, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Introduction sections
Please do not insert arbitrary "Introduction" sections. The first paragraph or two of every article should be a broad summary of the entire article. A single sentence will not do. This first section is supposed to be the type of information one would find in a concise encyclopedia. The sections are where the detail is supposed to go. See news style. Thanks! --mav 21:36, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)~
 * I see nothing on that page which says that a contents box should appear below the fold; especially on a 17" monitor at high resoluton and medium font size. Andy Mabbett 21:51, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Why would it? It is just talking about general organization (inverted pyramid with the most important information first and detail later). The lead summarizes the main points and is the first part of an article. Once that is read people can continue with the rest of the article using the TOC for navigation if they want. But the most important part - the summary - most be first. --mav

Euston tube station
Currently Euston tube station redirects to Euston station. If this is to remain so, we ought to keep the info about the tube station at the top so it doesn't cause scrolling down and confusion? Morwen 23:24, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Better to move the tube station stuff to a separate page (and mention Euston Square, too). Andy Mabbett 23:34, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

"undercarriage" on Concorde page
This "undercarriage" nonsense has to stop - it is destroying the page history. Please add your voice to a straw poll I set up at Talk:Concorde. --mav 22:22, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * There is no nonesense; the undercarriage is lowered. If you're worried about the article history, stop removing my comment from the caption. Andy Mabbett 22:24, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * It is jargon. And you are the only person who wants it in there. This is a cooperative project, if you cannot cooperate with others and bend to the will of the majority, then this isn't the place for you. --mav 22:28, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Wiki is an encylopedia - are you seriously suggesting that jargon should never be used? "Undercarriage" is mentioned on ~20 other aircraft pages. You haven't tried to remove it from them. The mention in the caption on Concorde (to which you refer) links to an explanations. When you can demonstrate "the will of the majority" (rather than three or four abusive individuals; though you seem to confuse co-operation and majority dictat), do let me know Andy Mabbett 22:39, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * That is what the vote is for. Jargon has its place, but a caption is not such a place. --mav
 * Cite? Andy Mabbett 22:54, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * cf Luna, London and Earth. Andy Mabbett 23:05, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Echoes
I don't see the need to remove the doubled links. It makes it much nicer if someone can link from any particular song, rather than looking for another one from the same album. Also, if you are to remove them, at least do it correctly. And yes I have read the manual of style -Fizscy46 15:14, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

As for Dark Side, I don't think 'founder member' is correct. When have you ever heard it used like that? Its always been 'founding member', or 'founder'

 * Google:
 * Searched the web for "founder member". Results 1 - 10 of about 85,000
 * The Manual of Style (which you have apparently read) accepts both British and American spelling, although recommending American spelling for American subjects and vice versa. Do you intend to query every edit I make to Pink Floyd related pages? Andy Mabbett 15:34, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Searched the web for "founding member".  Results 1 - 10 of about 1,760,000
 * Would you rather an edit war? Perhaps we can delve into the blackout type of edit war, and creat 200 edit pages?
 * As a large Pink Floyd fan (Like yourself), I make frequent checks on the, and change little things. Spelling is fine, but with compilation albums, its user friendly to link to the album from every track. -Fizscy46 02:23, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Cyndi Lauper
Hi again.

Thanks for your Cyndi Lauper edit.

The original wording of the intro, which you reinstated, struck me as somewhat clumsy and inelegant, which is why I reorganized it. While I appreciate your invocation of "standard form", I've certainly seen a number of pages that bend that rule in the interests of more perspicuous or elegant prose.

Indeed, the Manual_of_Style_(biographies) sanctions both constructions. While the blurb states: "For people who are best known by a pseudonym, the birth name should usually [emphasis mine] appear first in the article", the 2nd example it gives follows the pattern of the edit you reverted: "E. B. White, born Elwyn Brooks White... " &c. (I've edited that page now to make this example less of a contradiction.)

The problem I have with the first rule is that (in conjunction with the "born on..." clause) it leads to a telegraphic style in which the intro ends up gasping for the verb: "William Henry Gates, III (born October 28, 1955), commonly known as Bill Gates". This, to my ear, reads less fluidly than: "Cyndi Lauper (born Cynthia Ann Stephanie Lauper on June 20 or June 22 (sources vary), 1953) is a singer...". The original version of that sentence was particularly "gaspy" because of that additional apposition, "sources vary".

Of course, the page also emphasizes that "Writers are NOT expected or required to follow all or any of these rules" ;) I am reminded of Orwell's "Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous".

chocolateboy 18:13, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Several days ago you joined the discussion of whether Brunswick or Braunschweig should be the home of the article on the German city. After a brief discussion, the question was moved from the Votes for deletion page to Talk:Brunswick. Quite a bit of fact-finding has occurred since then, but the decision appears to have reached an impasse. Could I ask you to take a few minutes to review the facts presented on Talk:Brunswick and share your current thoughts? Thanks. Rossami 22:25, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Moving pages
Copy and paste moves cannot be accepted and will be reverted. There's a "move this page" function. --Jiang | Talk 08:11, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Cannot move to a page whath already exists. Please stop trying to impose a US- centric view onto a page which was written in British English. Andy Mabbett 08:14, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Please discuss this at Talk:Residence hall. --Jiang | Talk 08:15, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I will use Talk:Hall of residence Andy Mabbett 08:16, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Please, if you want the page moved, please sit and discuss it. C/p moves are never accepted and will be reverted. --Jiang | Talk 08:17, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, you cannot get your way using brute force. You need to discuss. Copying and pasting is not only bad form, but it will get you nowhere. --Jiang | Talk 20:15, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Fortunately, you cannot get your way using brute force. You need to discuss. Andy Mabbett 20:16, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * You are the one hijacking the page history, not me. I wouldn't engage in a move war if you moved it correctly. You could have easily done that to begin with. --Jiang | Talk 20:27, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * A lie. Andy Mabbett 20:29, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Do you deny that you are copying and pasting? How can I be lying? --Jiang | Talk 22:10, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I've put Jiang on Conflicts between users. Secretlondon 12:30, Dec 14, 2003 (UTC)

BTW theres a disgussion about the counties debacle at Naming conventions (places) if you're interested G-Man 19:12, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Conflicts between users - was called Problem Users. Secretlondon 19:28, Dec 14, 2003 (UTC)

Blanking articles
Blanking articles that are listed on Votes for deletion just makes extra work for those who want to look at the content. -- Oliver P. 00:41, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Copyright issue
Yes, Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden may raise copyright issues all around. See my comments on Talk:Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden. In short, I translated (and took the visuals) from a Romanian-language wikipedia article, but it may well have copyright issues of which I was unaware.

I think that my English-language text is probably OK; the article is basically a recitation of facts, and a loose translation of material of this sort is probably not a copyright violation, but a word-for-word copy sure is. You are welcome to pursue this as you see fit. -- Jmabel 04:19, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Woodstock
Since you made Woodstock into a disambiguation page (or rather redirected it to one), please go to whenever you have a chance and fix all the links directing there. --Jiang | Talk 11:40, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I'll be glad to advise you of my rates for undertaking directed work. They're not cheap. Andy Mabbett 11:56, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Drayton
Thanks for starting the disambiguation page Drayton. I was going to do that for all the multiple place names featured in Buckinghamshire once I'd finished on that particular project. Incidentally, Drayton Manor, Buckinghamshire is not somewhere I've come cross from a historical viewpoint. Which Drayton does it refer to: Drayton Beauchamp or Drayton Parslow? Francs2000 16:13, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Streetmap lists it as such . Andy Mabbett 16:18, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Just checked that and it's referring simply to the manor of Drayton Beauchamp. It's nowhere special, just separate from the rest of the parish.  Are we to create an article just for a single house that isn't anywhere particularly special? Francs2000 16:30, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * You know the area better than I; feel free to edit the list as you see fit. Andy Mabbett 16:37, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Fawley
Re: Fawley. It is unwise to assume that just because two places are called the same that they have the same meaning. Fawley in Berks means 'clearing frequented by fallow deer'. Fawley in Bucks means 'fallow-coloured clearing'. Fawley in Hants means 'clearing with ploughed land'. Fawley Chapel in Herefs means 'clearing where hay is made'. Francs2000 22:33, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Fair enough - and interetsing enough to be listed on that page, which I've done. Andy Mabbett 22:39, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

?
what do you mean by copy edit?

Introduction
I don't see how it makes sense to call a section "introduction" when the first paragraph is the introduction. --Jiang | Talk 23:50, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry for your lack of understanding. I have lots of books with "introductions", but each has text preceding it. Please stop making ridiculous edits, messing up page structures (e.g your last change to BBC Radio 4) and using wildly misleading headings, on many pages (e.g "Development" for one small part of Netscape Navigator), just to change my use of "introduction" as a heading - unless you can cite a policy against this? Andy Mabbett 00:07, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * An encyclopedia is not a book. Therefore, we don't have acknowledgements and prefaces. What do you wan't to all the first paragraph if you call another section the "introduction"? What was wrong with my edit for BBC Radio 4? How about using the word "creation" for Netscape Navigator? Development still makes sense, as that section describes how it was initially develped, as opposed to improvements. --Jiang | Talk 00:21, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * "What do you wan't to all (sic) the first paragraph if you call another section the "introduction"?" - Answered on one of the pages on which you removed an "introduction" header earlier today. "What was wrong with my edit for BBC Radio 4?" - Answered when I reverted that page. There is nothing wrong with "introduction" - unless you can cite a policy against this? Andy Mabbett 00:26, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I've already stated on this page what is wrong with having a section entitled "introduction". The current policy refers to the opening paragraph as the intro. I don't know if we can still call it the same thing if we have a section named "introduction". If you cannot find what is wrong with my edits, then don't revert. Conversely, I do find something wrong with yours. --Jiang | Talk 00:31, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * "I've already stated on this page what is wrong with having a section entitled "introduction"" - and I've refuted that. "The current policy refers to the opening paragraph as the intro." What policy? "I don't know if we can still call it the same thing if we have a section named "introduction"." Noone else has had a problem with it. "If you cannot find what is wrong with my edits..." I can and have done. Andy Mabbett 00:41, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * If you have a problem, express it. (Here) What do you mean by "what policy"? "Noone else has had a problem with it." is not a valid argument. --Jiang | Talk 00:45, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I don't have a problem, other than the fact that you keep making facile and damaging changes to articles, just so that "introduction" is not used as a header. I have three times now asked you to site teeh policy which says "introduction" cannot be used. "Noone else has had a problem with it." is perfectly valid, on a project which relies on consensus. Andy Mabbett 00:47, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

See Guide to Layout. If it's damaging, tell me how it's damaging. That's what I'm asking for. If you find it damaging, then you do have a problem with it.

Only two people are in this discussion. One is for, one is against. Where is the consensus to go with your version? --Jiang | Talk 00:54, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * "See Wikipedia:Guide to Layout." - where? The word "introduction" does not even appear on that page. If it's damaging, tell me how it's damaging." I have done. Andy Mabbett 00:57, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The word "introductory" does.

No you have not told me how it's damaging. You are being uncooperative by purposely refusing to clarify your views in this disucssion. If I say you haven't, then you explain it anyways because you are failing to communicate. --Jiang | Talk

I cannot parse your last (apart from If you say I haven't explained something, then I explain it, which is good), but which part of
 * Please stop making ridiculous edits, messing up page structures (e.g your last change to BBC Radio 4) and using wildly misleading headings, on many pages (e.g "Development" for one small part of Netscape Navigator),

and the releavnt edit hostories do you have trouble understanding? Andy Mabbett 01:25, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Again, I ask how are my edits "ridiculous", how did I "mess up the page structure" of BBC Radio 4? Please provide a specific argument, rather than broad generalizations. Please also link to the edit histories with arguments you would like me to see.

I already stated above: "How about using the word "creation" for Netscape Navigator? Development still makes sense, as that section describes how it was initially develped, as opposed to improvements." You never answered me on that. --Jiang | Talk 01:29, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Oh, and regarding the consensus issue - I'm not the first to complain:. --Jiang | Talk 01:30, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Scottish folk music
Why did you move music of Scotland to Scottish folk music? Aside from being inconsistent with other music of XXX articles, it's POV and inaccurate. When the main page gets to be too long, it can be split up in whatever way is logical. Preemptively splitting is silly. Tuf-Kat 00:38, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)
 * Because Scotland has other types of music, also. In what way do you feel that is it "PoV"? There was one page; there is still one page. Noone has presumptively split" Andy Mabbett 00:41, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * See talk:Scottish folk music

Seattle Center
I really don't want to get into an edit war, but is there a reason why at the start of Seattle Center you changed "Seattle Center" to "The Seattle Center"? I've lived in Seattle more than half of my life, and while I'd be lying if I said I'd never heard anyone refer to it that way, the official name is "Seattle Center" (as you can easily see at http://www.seattlecenter.com/default2.asp), not "The Seattle Center", and I would be willing to swear on a stack of mothers that it is also in more common use, at least among the city's residents. -- Jmabel 00:49, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Seemed more gramatical, feel free to revert if it's not so. Personally, I'm not a fan of "newspeak"Andy Mabbett 00:53, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * It's not "newspeak", it's a place name. Would you call Darien Center, NY, "the Darien Center"? -- Jmabel 02:42, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Probably. Andy Mabbett 22:21, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square: lyric copyright
Nightingale etc lyrics are from 1915, therefore out of copyright (70 years). Incidentally, this page is up to 31k, so you might want to archive or dump. Jim
 * "70 years" copyright runs from death of author, not time of writing. Andy Mabbett 22:20, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

IMDb
hello, did u read the change i made? the link was relevant!!!! read it and see... it links to rec.movie.arts, which is what the imdb website was originally based on, so is very relevant! Steeev 17:02, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

911
so are you saying the whole thing was a coincidence as well? are you saying there was no planning involved in the 911 attacks? the unbelievable amount of planning that must have gone into that attack must be evidence enough that it was no coincidence!
 * No. (refers to September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks) Andy Mabbett 13:37, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * do u seriously believe the date they chose was just a coincidence? they must have spent years planning that attack, do u really think they would just pick a date out of thin air, the propaganda coup of having the attack on the date 911 was enormous!
 * yes. Can you try to write in English, please? Thank you. Andy Mabbett 14:07, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * if your definition of writing in english, is writing uninformative single word sentences such as "yes." and "no." then, i will try, if it makes things easier for u to understand.

Life in the freezer
I'm watching this series right now (thanks to BitTorrent). I love David Attenborough's work. Are you planning to write a more detailed summary? If not, I might do it.—Eloquence
 * Please do! Andy Mabbett 22:00, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

see also Talk:Trials of Life

Birmingham
Regarding the transport section on the Birmingham article, you do seem to be in a minority of one with you're insistance of having multiple headers. So far, at least three people have agreed with my idea of just having one, which I personally would like to change it to. G-Man 22:26, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * My previous comemnts apply. Have you done as I suggested? Andy Mabbett 22:35, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * What do you mean exactly G-Man 22:37, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * "go and read about STRUCTURED markup, heading (<Hn) tags, etc.)"Andy Mabbett 22:43, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I have, and as I have already argued, I do not believe that it is neccesary for single sentences and short paragraphs to have their own sub-section, as it looks messy.

I have also pointed out to you that the guidelines on page layout are just that - guidelines. And are not intended as rules to be followed rigidly regardless of circumstances, when it might be more sensible to do things differently. G-Man 22:50, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Neither of which addreses my point.Andy Mabbett 22:53, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * How exactly does it not address you're point? G-Man 22:55, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * HTML is a structural mark-up langauge. That means that distinct sections should be marked as such (this is of particular relevance for non- standard readers (including people using text- readers and "spiders", as I think I've mentioned before). Andy Mabbett 23:00, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

But I dont believe that it is neccesary to divide the transport section into distinct sections, the Transport header covers the whole topic perfectly well: Heck, Its only a short section G-Man 23:04, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I've noted your belief. Andy Mabbett 23:06, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Well from what I've seen, more people agree with me than with you. You're beliefs on this matter are no more valid than mine, it is an honest difference of opinion, I probably wont convince you and you wont convince me.

The wikipedia works on consensus and majority rule, and in this matter at least you seem to be in a minority G-Man 23:13, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I haven't presented you with beliefs; I've presented you with facts (even though I had already realised that you were not likely to be able to be convinced by them); you should know that, having just confirmed that you have read up on the matter. Also, "consensus" and "majority" are incompatible, in this context. HTH.Andy Mabbett 23:16, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

We seem to be arguing in circles here. You have still not answered why it is neccesary to sub-divide the transport section, when the single Transport header would suffice G-Man 23:26, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * HTML is a structural mark-up langauge. That means that distinct sections should be marked as such (this is of particular relevance for non- standard readers (including people using text- readers and "spiders", as I think I've mentioned before).Andy Mabbett 23:35, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I see this argument is clearly getting nowhere, so we will just have to agree to disagree G-Man 15:39, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Well, I'm glad to say that I think we have reached a good compromise: the section in question is divided into subheaders as Andy Mabbett wanted, but the sub-sections and -headers have been improved and more content added, content which warrants the subheaders it has. I think the latter was G-Man's main concern, that the content didn't warrant dividing. --Sam 19:53, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The Prince of Wales
Hi Andy, I reverted some of your changes to Charles, Prince of Wales.

Firstly, the disambigulation link is generally put up front to enable someone who went to the page and found something different to what they were expecting to know where else to go. Putting it at the bottom makes no sense as people are hardly going to read down through the article to find the disambigulation.

Secondly, it is standard practice to begin articles on royalty on wikipedia with a person's title or name/title in bold, then their personal name in bold italics. Your move of the Prince of Wales conflicts with the agreed style applied to all royal articles.

Thirdly, it was agreed after a discussion that the disambigulation links should be italicised. Leaving them as ordinary type was thought of as clumsy and ugly.

You may not have realised that all three were agreed formats and not someone's personal foible. As they were agreed, in some cases after long debates on naming formats, I have returned them to the agreed format. :-) FearÉIREANN 00:50, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I have respondsed to some of the above comments where you also made them; on the article's talk page. Additionally, large sections of italicised text are dficult to read, espeically for people with reading disabilities such as dyslexia. Andy Mabbett 00:52, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Worcs
Do we need a list of towns in the United Kingdom which straddle traditional county borders? :) Morwen 21:17, Dec 23, 2003 (UTC)
 * No, but if you want one, I can think of someone we could give the job to! Andy Mabbett 21:21, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure they like to think about it much - in much the same way they try to ignore Cromartyshire when they use the term 'geographical county'. Morwen 21:23, Dec 23, 2003 (UTC)

Stone Fruits
Andy, maybe there is some way to make this clearer on the Seed page, but the "stone" of a fruit like a peach is NOT the seed, but part of the fruit (the seed IS inside). The idea of an encyclopedia is not to further misinformation. Actually, now that I look carefully at your last change, I see that you did acknowledge that. Sorry. I'll fix it the way you intended - Marshman 04:33, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)

One
Regarding the songs on one:

They could either stay as small disambiguated mini-articles separated with horizontal lines on the main article, be added to a separate One (disambiguation) page, or to the disambig header of the article. This is really disambiguation and not so much relevant information about the number one and its cultural meaning (too specific and little known). But we generally do not write articles about individual songs unless they are extraordinarily remarkable, so that information is probably better placed in the articles about the artists.

Whenever an article turns into a bullet point list, you move away from the article format and should probably start thinking about whether you're really dealing with a disambiguation page or with a list.—Eloquence

The Tube
I don't know what part of the UK you must come from but I've rarely heard anyone in Britain say "the tube" and mean the television "the telly" is much more common. Whereas I've heard it in various American TV shows and films for many years. Mintguy 23:33, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I am trying to disambiguate the "director" link on the Andy Hamilton page. I updated the link to television director. Please fix if I guessed wrong. Rossami 23:23, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Kylie Minogue
You've done some good work on the Kylie Minogue page. Would you consider supporting its application to become a featured article? -> Featured_article_candidates. 131.111.250.45 14:40, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pigsonthewing/Archive 2


text:
Little Big Man (film)

Little Big Man is a 1970 American revisionist Western film directed by Arthur Penn, adapted by Calder Willingham from Thomas Berger's 1964 novel of the same title. It stars Dustin Hoffman, Chief Dan George, Faye Dunaway, Martin Balsam, Jeff Corey and Richard Mulligan. The film follows the life of a white man who was raised by members of the Cheyenne nation during the 19th century, and then attempts to reintegrate with American pioneer society. Although broadly categorized as a Western, or an epic, the film encompasses several literary/film genres, including comedy, drama and adventure. It parodies typical tropes of the Western genre, contrasting the lives of white settlers and Native Americans throughout the progression of the boy's life.

Little Big Man is an early revisionist Western in its sympathetic depiction of Native Americans, and its exposure of the villainous practices of the United States Cavalry. The revision uses elements of satire and tragedy to examine prejudice and injustice. Little Big Man is an anti-establishment film of the period, indirectly protesting America's involvement in the Vietnam War by portraying the United States Armed Forces negatively.

The film was released to American theatres by National General Pictures on December 23, 1970, to widespread critical acclaim and commercial success. Several retrospective reviews have positioned Little Big Man as one of the best American films of the 1970s. The film received three BAFTA Award nominations, including for Best Actor in a Leading Role for Hoffman. Chief Dan George received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, the first Indigenous North American actor to be nominated for an Oscar.

In 2014, Little Big Man was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.

Plot
The film is framed with narration by 121-year-old Jack Crabb, who is telling his life story to a historian. In 1859, 10-year-old Jack and his sister Caroline survive the massacre of their parents by the Pawnee, and are discovered by Shadow, a Cheyenne brave, who takes the siblings to his village. Caroline escapes, but Jack remains and is reared by the good-hearted tribal leader, Old Lodge Skins. Jack unwittingly makes an enemy of another boy, Younger Bear. Younger Bear eventually owes his life to Jack when he saves Younger Bear's life. Jack is given the name "Little Big Man".

In 1865, Jack is captured by U.S. Cavalry troopers during a skirmish, and renounces his Cheyenne upbringing to save himself from being killed. Jack is put in the foster care of Reverend Silas Pendrake and his sexually frustrated wife, Louise, who tries to seduce Jack. After witnessing Mrs. Pendrake having sex with the soda shop owner, Jack leaves the Pendrake household and renounces his foster parents and religion.

In 1866, Jack becomes the apprentice of snake-oil salesman Meriweather. The two are tarred and feathered when their customers realize that Meriweather's products are fraudulent. One angry customer is Jack's now-grown sister Caroline, with whom he reunites. She attempts to mold her brother into a gunslinger named "the Soda Pop Kid". At a saloon, Jack meets Wild Bill Hickok, who takes a liking to him. When Hickok is forced to kill a man in self-defense, Jack loses his taste for gunslinging, and Caroline deserts him.

Jack becomes a partner in a general store and marries Olga, a Swedish woman. Jack's business partner turns out to be a thieving scoundrel. Cavalry officer George Armstrong Custer pays a visit. He suggests the couple restart their lives further west, and assures them they have nothing to fear from "Indians." The couple set out, but their stagecoach is ambushed by Cheyenne warriors, and Olga is abducted. Setting out in search of her, Jack is reunited with Old Lodge Skins and Younger Bear. Younger Bear has become a Contrary — a warrior who does everything in reverse. Jack makes friends with the Heemaneh Little Horse, but continues his search for Olga.

Jack becomes a "muleskinner" in Custer's 7th Cavalry, only because Custer incorrectly determines that was Jack's past job. He takes part in a battle against the Cheyenne, but when the troopers begin killing women and children, Jack flees. Jack is attacked by Shadow, who does not recognize him. Shadow is killed by a cavalryman, and Jack discovers Shadow's daughter Sunshine giving birth while hiding from the onslaught. He returns with her to Old Lodge Skins's tribe. Sunshine becomes his wife and bears him a child. Jack again encounters Younger Bear, who now the henpecked husband of the long-lost Olga. Olga does not recognize Jack, who makes no attempt to make her remember him. Jack reluctantly takes in Sunshine's widowed sisters as wives, and agrees to father children with them.

In November 1868, Custer and the 7th Cavalry attack the Cheyenne camp at the Washita River. Jack saves the now-blind and elderly Old Lodge Skins, but Sunshine, their child, and her sisters are killed. Jack tries to infiltrate Custer's camp to exact revenge, but loses his nerve. Disheartened, Jack becomes the town drunk in Deadwood, South Dakota. While in a drunken stupor, he is recognized by Wild Bill Hickok, who gives him money to clean up. Hickok is shot and killed while playing cards and, with his last breath, asks Jack to bring money to a widow with whom he was having an affair. The "widow" turns out to be Louise Pendrake, now a prostitute. Jack gives her the money, but again rebuffs her sexual advances.

Jack becomes a trapper and hermit. His mind becomes unhinged after coming across an empty trap with a severed animal limb. While attempting suicide, he sees Custer and his troops marching nearby and decides to resume his quest for revenge. Custer hires Jack as a scout, reasoning that anything he says will be a lie, thus serving as a perfect reverse barometer.

In 1876, Jack tricks Custer into leading his troops into a trap at the Little Bighorn by truthfully telling Custer of the overwhelming force of Native Americans hidden in the valley. As his troops are slaughtered by the Sioux and Cheyenne, Custer begins to rave insanely. A wounded Jack tells him to shut up. Custer attempts to shoot him but is killed by Younger Bear, who then carries Jack away from the battlefield. Having thus discharged his life debt, Younger Bear announces that the next time they meet, he can kill Jack without becoming an evil person.

Back at the Cheyenne camp, Jack accompanies Old Lodge Skins to the Indian burial ground, where the old man, dressed in full chief's regalia, decides to end his life with dignity. He offers his spirit to the Great Spirit, and lies down at his spot at the Indian Burial Ground to wait for death. Instead, it begins to rain. Old Lodge Skins is revealed to still be alive, and says, "Well, sometimes the magic works. Sometimes it doesn't." They return to his lodge to have dinner.

Back in the present day, Jack ends his narrative story and dismisses the historian.

Historical basis
The historical Little Big Man was a Native American leader bearing no resemblance to the Jack Crabb character. Little Big Man is known for his involvement in the capture and possible assassination of Crazy Horse at Fort Robinson in 1877.

The movie's portrayal of the Battle of Washita River as a Custer-led massacre of women and children (which Penn compares to the Holocaust) is not entirely accurate, as the camp was partially occupied by tribal warriors. The film, however, is consistent with historical records of other encounters between Indians and the U.S. Cavalry; the Cavalry's common tactic was to wait until the warriors had left the camp to hunt, or to lure the warriors away with assurances of good hunting, then to attack the unprotected village. The two massacre scenes are historically reversed; the Sand Creek massacre occurred first in 1864, in which Colorado militia (not including Custer) attacked a peaceful contingent of Native Americans, killing more than 150 women, children and elderly men. (The Sand Creek Massacre was depicted in another 1970 Western, Soldier Blue.) The Custer-led raid on the Washita occurred in 1868.

The film also presents an inaccurate representation of the death of Wild Bill Hickok. Hickok was actually killed nearly two months after the Battle of the Little Bighorn, on August 2, 1876, while playing poker at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon in Deadwood, South Dakota. Uncharacteristically, Hickok had his back turned to the door. At 4:15 p.m., Jack McCall walked in and shot Hickok in the back of the head. Hickok was famously holding two pairs — aces of uncertain suits and black eights — when he was shot, a set of cards thereafter called the "Dead Man's Hand".

The film's depiction of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer as a lunatic at the Battle of the Little Bighorn was intended as satire, although many of his quirks and vanities were inspired by contemporary observations. Custer's fatal tactics at the Little Bighorn were far more complex than portrayed in the film, which portrays him as having a searing hatred of Indians, and acting ruthlessly towards them in battle.

The character of Jack Crabb is partially based on Curley, one of Custer's Native American scouts from the Crow tribe. Curley rode with Custer's 7th Cavalry into the valley of the Little Bighorn, but was relieved of duty before the final attack, retreating to a nearby bluff to witness much of the action. Many conflicting stories of the era embellished Curley's participation, stating in several cases that he disguised himself with a Cheyenne blanket to escape the immediate field of battle. He was interviewed many times, with some writers claiming him to be the only surviving witness from the U.S. side of Custer's Last Stand. Curley gave several variations of his participation in the battle, and the accuracy of his later recollections has been questioned. However, Thomas Leforge, who had recruited most of the Crow scouts for the event, maintained in Leforge's narrated biography that the claims were false, and that Curley neither took part as a scout had been expected to take part, nor claimed to have been in the battle.

Production
To obtain the hoarse voice of a 121-year-old man, Dustin Hoffman sat in his dressing room, screaming at the top of his lungs for an hour. The makeup for the ancient Crabb was created by Dick Smith from foam latex, and included revolutionary false eyelids that could blink along with the actor's. Due to editing, and much to Smith's chagrin, no blinks were visible in the finished film. Of the makeup, Hoffman was quoted in Life as saying, "I defy you to put on that makeup and not feel old".

The role of Chief Old Lodge Skins was initially offered to Marlon Brando, Paul Scofield and Laurence Olivier, all of whom turned it down. The Little Bighorn battle scenes were filmed on location at Crow Agency, Montana, near the actual battle site. Some of the town scenes were filmed in Nevada City, Montana, a town that, by 1970, consisted predominantly of historic 19th-century buildings brought from elsewhere in Montana.

Aside from the Little Bighorn battle, all outdoor Indian scenes were filmed near Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Some interior and various other footage was shot on Hollywood sets. All Indian extras were North American Indians; although Aimée Eccles, who played Sunshine, is of British and Chinese descent, and Cal Bellini, who played Younger Bear, was a Malay originally from Singapore.

Old Lodge Skins dies at the end of the novel, but not in the film. In an interview, Arthur Penn explained the change: "We thought long and hard about this and in the first draft of the script he does die, but this death would have introduced an element of sadness into the film and we didn't want this. The film would have become dramatic, even melodramatic, instead of being picaresque. I also wanted to show that not only were the Indians going to be destroyed, but they were also condemned to live. On the whole, audiences like their entertainment dramatically compact and homogenous, but I want the opposite. A film should remain free and open, not with everything defined and resolved."

Reception
Little Big Man received widespread acclaim from film critics. It was among AFI's 400 movies nominated to be on their list of America's greatest 100 movies.

In his December 15, 1970, review, Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the movie, "Arthur Penn's most extravagant and ambitious movie, an attempt to capture the essence of the American heritage in the funny, bitter, uproarious adventures of Jack Crabb." Roger Ebert, of the Chicago Sun-Times, agreed, giving the film four stars out of four, and describing Little Big Man as "an endlessly entertaining attempt to spin an epic in the form of a yarn". Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote, "Arthur Penn has made a tangy and, I think, unique film with American verve, about some of the grisly things that American verve has done."

Awards and nominations
Chief Dan George was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Actor in a Supporting Role. He won many honors for his performance, including the National Society of Film Critics Award and the New York Film Critics Circle Award. He was also nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Supporting Actor. Hoffman was nominated as Best Actor by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. The screenplay by Calder Willingham was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award as Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium. The film won a Special Mention at the 7th Moscow International Film Festival in 1971.

In 2014, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.

Legacy
Arthur Hiller's 1984 comedy drama Teachers features Richard Mulligan partially reprising his Custer role as Herbert Gower, an outpatient from a mental institution who is accidentally put in charge of a U.S. history class. Gower teaches his pupils while impersonating historical figures, including Custer, but also Abraham Lincoln and Ben Franklin, among others.

Actress Lily Gladstone, who is the first Indigenous person to win a Golden Globe award for acting, has expressed admiration for Little Big Man, calling it a "great film". However, she has also criticized the film's casting of Asian actors in Native American roles, which she interpreted as a means of likening the treatment of Indigenous peoples to American involvement in the Vietnam War. "That was absolutely an important talking point," she has stated, "but it was also Native history being used as a device to talk about something more political."

Home media
, Little Big Man has been released worldwide on VHS and DVD, and in the U.S. on a region-free Blu-ray.

In popular culture
The 2023 film The Holdovers, which is set in 1970, features a brief scene where Little Big Man is shown playing at the Boston Orpheum Theatre. During the scene, protagonist Paul Hunham, a classics professor portrayed by Paul Giamatti, remarks of the film, "You know, this is not only amusing, but for a movie, it's a fairly accurate depiction of life among the Cheyenne."

title: Little Big Man (film)


text:
Meikirch

Meikirch is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

History
Meikirch is first mentioned in 1208 as Mönchilcha.

Evidence of prehistoric settlements in Meikirch include rich Hallstatt sites in Grächwil and a Roman estate with wall paintings in Meikirch. The modern village was first settled and owned by the Monastery of Frienisberg. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the village was owned by the Bernburg family of Bolligen. During the 16th century, it was owned by the hereditary Schultheiss family of Aarberg, the Aebischers. In 1555 the Aebischer family sold the village to the city of Bern.

The village church was first mentioned in 1275, but was built in the 7th and 8th century on top of the ruins of a Roman villa. Portions of the early medieval and medieval churches have been preserved in spite of later alterations. The church tower is from the 12th century. In 1528, after the Protestant Reformation, the church came under the authority of Bern.

After the 1798 French invasion, it became part of the District of Zollikofen. Five years later, after the collapse of the Helvetic Republic, it was placed in the District of Aarberg. The municipality was on the old Bern-Frienisberg-Aarberg road and during the 18th and 19th centuries was part of the postal route between those towns. In 1851-52 a new road was built between Wohlen and Frieswil which bypassed Meikirch. The population began to decline after 1850 and the rate increased after World War I. During this time, the local farms changed from grain farming to cattle and dairy farming, which required fewer people and drove villagers away from Meikirch. The decline stopped with improved transport infrastructure, including the 1948 Postauto route to Bern. The population began to increase when, in 1960, a new road to Bern was completed. The old village houses were rebuilt and the new developments of Schützenrain, Weissenstein and Neu-Grächwil were built to provide housing for new residents. The Meikirch secondary school was founded in 1974.

Geography
Meikirch has an area,, of. Of this area, 6.53 km2 or 63.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.69 km2 or 26.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.02 km2 or 9.4% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.3%. Out of the forested land, nearly all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 47.5% is used for growing crops and 14.6% is pastures, while 1.8% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is a distant part of the agglomeration of Bern on the south-eastern edge of the Frienisberg plateau. It consists of the villages of Meikirch, Ortschwaben (first mentioned in 1185 as Nortsuaben) and Wahlendorf, the hamlets of Grächwil, Weissenstein and Äzikofen as well as scattered farms.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a Church Argent roofed Gules in chief sinister a Mullet of the second. The church (Kirche) makes this an example of canting arms.

Demographics
Meikirch has a population of. , 5.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -5.1%. Migration accounted for -4.9%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.9%.

Most of the population speaks German (2,368 or 95.4%) as their first language, French is the second most common (24 or 1.0%) and Italian is the third (19 or 0.8%).

, the population was 48.0% male and 52.0% female. The population was made up of 1,047 Swiss men (44.6% of the population) and 79 (3.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,162 Swiss women (49.6%) and 57 (2.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 631 or about 25.4% were born in Meikirch and lived there in 2000. There were 1,153 or 46.5% who were born in the same canton, while 445 or 17.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 196 or 7.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 18.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.3%.

, there were 999 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,297 married individuals, 103 widows or widowers and 83 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 239 households that consist of only one person and 91 households with five or more people. , a total of 958 apartments (94.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 33 apartments (3.3%) were seasonally occupied and 21 apartments (2.1%) were empty.

, the construction rate of new housing units was 1.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 4.48%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 24.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (17.7%), the BDP Party (16.5%) and the Green Party (12.4%). In the federal election, a total of 1,173 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 62.0%.

Economy
, Meikirch had an unemployment rate of 1.47%. , there were a total of 492 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 87 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 29 businesses involved in this sector. 155 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 26 businesses in this sector. 250 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 53 businesses in this sector.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 376. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 58, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 135 of which 20 or (14.8%) were in manufacturing and 116 (85.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 183. In the tertiary sector; 24 or 13.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 45 or 24.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 19 or 10.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 22 or 12.0% were in the information industry, 12 or 6.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 28 or 15.3% were in education and 9 or 4.9% were in health care.

, there were 202 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,031 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 31.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 47.9% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 314 or 12.7% were Roman Catholic, while 1,749 or 70.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 9 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.36% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 155 individuals (or about 6.24% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 32 (or about 1.29% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 3 individuals who were Buddhist and 3 individuals who were Hindu. 217 (or about 8.74% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 73 individuals (or about 2.94% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Meikirch about 979 or (39.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 514 or (20.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 514 who completed tertiary schooling, 66.7% were Swiss men, 27.4% were Swiss women, 3.7% were non-Swiss men and 2.1% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 214 students attending classes in Meikirch. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 35 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 11.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 11.4% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 6 primary classes and 93 students. Of the primary students, 7.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 5.4% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 4 lower secondary classes with a total of 81 students. There were 8.6% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 4.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were 4 students in Meikirch who came from another municipality, while 149 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Meikirch