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María Nsué Angüe

María Pilar Nsue Angüe Osa (1945 or 1950 – 18 January 2017) was a noted Equatoguinean writer and Minister of Education and Culture.

Background and early life
María was born in Bidjabidjan, Río Muni. Her family immigrated to Spain when she was a child where she studied literature. Born to ethnic Fang parents, she emigrated with her family to Spain when she was only eight years old. In narrating her own life, Maria Nsue often underscored the primal and formative impact of colonial interventions. She claimed to have been born in jail, in 1948, in the city of Bata, where her parents had been confined for resisting the authority of the colonial regime. She belonged to the Essasom tribe. She was the only child of José Nsue Angüe Osa and Alfonsina Mangue. Her father was an anticolonial and proindependence leader. She spent her early childhood in Bidjabidján as a result of the arbitrary delineations of European colonial cartographers and policy makers. At the age of eight, Maria Nsue was entrusted to a Protestant missionary family temporarily assigned to the local mission. This is the family that later took her to Madrid. She spent her youth under the Francoist regime. She would eventually return to Equatorial Guinea in her twenties after the country's independence.

Writings
Her 1985 novel, and most acclaimed work, Ekomo was the first novel written by an Equatoguinean woman to be published. It tells the story of a Fang woman and her husband. Ekomo is considered a work that changes the way one views the world. Equatorial Guinea which once belonged to Spain gained its independence in 1968 and then fell under a military dictatorship. La Guinea Española is the beginning of Guinean literature where many works were published reflecting on the connections and the clash between Guinean, Spanish, and Latin American cultures. Ekomo is considered Hispano-African Literature which differs from Afro-Hispanic literature. Nnange is the main character of the novel writing after the death of her husband Ekomo. She tells of the struggles of attempting to find a cure for her husband's illness. She then begins reflecting on a woman's place in society and her current position as an outcast without a husband or children. Ekomo is the first novel written by a woman in Equatorial Guinea.

Constant themes in her writing are the oppression of women and the consequences of colonization.

Poetry, articles and poems
Nsué Angüe also wrote several short stories, articles and poems. Frequent topics addressed in her work involve women's rights and post-colonial African society. Much of her work is inspired by popular Fang literature. In addition to Ekomo, she is the author of a volume of short stories entitled Relatos (1999), largely based on traditional Fang stories of rural life, told as if from the perspective of a grandmother, but intertwined with an unrelenting criticism of the politico-economic situation in her country. Similarly rooted in tradition, but integrating percussion and live performance through the application of modern technologies, is the CD-ROM project Mbayah, o la leyenda del sauce llorón (Mbayah, or the Legend of the Weeping Willow), released in 1997, for which she composed the narrative and music.

 * Ngouaba Nya, Jean Paul. Sobre los llamados "adjetivos relacionales" en el español de Guinea Ecuatorial : caso de "Ekomo" de María Nsué Angüe / Jean Paul Ngouaba Nya. Madrid, España: ACCI, Asociación Cultural y Científica Iberoamericana, 2017.
 * Nsué Angüe, María, 1948- author. Short stories. SelectionsCuentos y relatos / María Nsué ; prólogo de Gloria Nistal.Primera edición. Madrid (España): Sial Ediciones, 2016.
 * La recuperación de la memoria: creación cultural e identidad nacional en la literatura hispano-negroafricana, M'bare N'gom (compilador)]. [Alcalá de Henares, Spain]: Universidad de Alcalá, Servicio de Publicaciones, [2004?]
 * Miriam DeCosta-Willis (ed.), Daughters of the diaspora: Afra-Hispanic writers , Kingston; Miami: I. Randle, 2003.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: María Nsué Angüe


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User:Lumidek

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

Hi folks! My nickname is Lumidek, my real name is Luboš Motl, and I am a Czech physicist. My blog is at motls.blogspot.com.

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 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by DoubleGrazing was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

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Talk:How Social Structures Influence Gender Identity

The content under this page should probably go under Gender identity. Both articles need work, but having near identical content on different pages isn't helpful. I'd do this myself, but I'm a little busy with some other stuff right now. Dysprosia 13:29, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed; have added some of the content to Gender identity; much of the rest is covered under Gender role, so How Social Structures Influence Gender Identity redirected to there. 80.43.216.81 23:58, 17 May 2004 (UTC)


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Brum Beat

Brum Beat was a monthly magazine about the music of Birmingham, England, and the neighbouring towns. The magazine was started in 1970 as Midlands Beat by promoter and band-manager Jim Simpson, who sold it to its latter editor, Steve Morris, who in turn relaunched it in newspaper format as The Beat, before converting it into a website.

It took its original name from the term coined in the late 1950s to collectively describe the City's music scene, in the manner of the Mersey sound.

It has been suggested that The Moody Blues, formed in May 1964, were the first of the "Brum Beat" bands to become internationally famous. other bands such as the Spencer Davis Group were members of the Brum Beat scene.

title: Brum Beat


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Nera

Nera may refer to:

People

 * Nera Smajic (born 1984), Bosnian-born Swedish footballer
 * Nera Stipičević (born 1983), Croatian actress
 * Nera White (1935–2016), American basketball player
 * André António Ribeiro Novais (born 1988), Portuguese footballer known as Nera
 * Nera Quinn Hardy (born 2015), Daughter of professional wrestler Jeff Hardy
 * Nera Bošković, Great granddaughter of Roger Joseph Boscovich

Places

 * Nera Plateau, Russian Far East
 * Nera Gorge-Beușnița National Park, Romania

Rivers

 * Néra River, a river of New Caledonia
 * Nera (Danube), a tributary of the Danube, flowing through Romania and Serbia
 * Nera (Tiber), a tributary of the Tiber in Italy
 * Nera (Indigirka), a tributary of the Indigirka in Russia

Other uses

 * Hesperocharis nera, a butterfly of the family Pieridae
 * Naval Enlisted Reserve Association, a military advocacy group located in Falls Church, Virginia, USA
 * NERA (armour), types of tank armour
 * Nera (mythology), a character from Irish mythology
 * Nera (company), a Norwegian manufacturer of high capacity wireless point-to-point and point-to-multipoint telecommunication products
 * National Economic Research Associates, an American economic consultancy
 * Quarter note, note value with black head

title: Nera


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User:Avsa

Brazilian designer called Alexandre Van de Sande.

Image Zone
Images I've contributed:

250px|

Contact
Homepage: wanderingabout.com

Email: Alexandre Van de Sande at that big email from google

Wandering about wikipedia

 * Semantic Wikipedia proposal
 * Wikitex usability review
 * Usability guide for future improvements
 * Wikipedia talk:Categorization/Archive 5
 * User:Avsa/Lilypond example

works in wikipedia
Things I am proud to have started:

 * Oscar Niemeyer - Wrote big article out of a stub. Tried to put it featured but it was no good
 * UFO - Ufo-ism (created the topic, now something like mystics and religious aspects of ufos)
 * Fractal - How Long is the Coast of Britain? (with the images). now a featured article!
 * Women on Waves - started
 * I am cuba - started
 * David Vetter - started

Or you can see everything i've done here: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=Avsa

I didn't made this map, but I'm keeping here beacause it's one of my favorite images:

title: User:Avsa


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Hombres G

Hombres G is a Spanish pop rock band, formed in Madrid in 1983. They are widely considered one of Spain's most prominent pop groups of the 1980s and early 1990s. The band consists of David Summers (bass, vocals), Rafael Gutierrez (guitar), Dani Mezquita (guitar), and Javi Molina (drums).

Hombres G made their live debut at Madrid's Rock-Ola in 1983. Their sound was influenced by the early Beatles and the British new wave movement. They found commercial success with the release of Hombres G (1985) and the song "Devuélveme a mi chica". The youthful and adolescent nature of their music attracted a large audience, both at home and abroad – thousands covered the Gran Vía Madrileña during the release of their two films and Lima's Jorge Chávez International Airport was nearly closed due to the 20,000 fans that congregated on the landing runway during their first visit to Perú.

The group's sound began to expand and show more adult concerns with the albums Voy a pasármelo bien (1989) and Ésta es tu vida (1990). Hombres G went on hiatus after the release of their 1992 album, Historia del bikini. David pursued a solo career, Rafa and Dani remained involved in the music industry, and Javi devoted time to his bar in Madrid.

The group reconvened in 2002 and released Peligrosamente Juntos, a collection of new material, demos, and hits. Hombres G also embarked on an international tour. In 2003, a variety of groups paid tribute to them – Voy a pasármelo bien, un tributo a Hombres G was released in Europe and ''¿Qué te pasa? Estás borracho: Un tributo a Hombres G'' in the Americas.

Todo esto es muy extraño (2004) was the first studio album released after the end of their hiatus. The following year they completed a sold-out tour with the Spanish pop rock band El Canto del Loco. Their next album, 10 (2007), received a nomination at the 2008 Latin Grammy Awards. Since then, they've released Desayuno continental (2010), En la playa (2011), 30 años y un día (2015), y Resurrección (2019).

Formation and the first singles (1982–1983)
Rafael Gutiérrez Muñoz and David Summers Rodríguez met in the hallways of Televisión Española by mere coincidence in 1982; they were participants in the show Aplauso.

Rafael's brother, Felipe, played bass in the rock band Tequila, but they'd recently dissolved. Rafa saw no definite role in the groups he had been part of: Plástico (a group formed with Toti Árboles and Eduardo Benavente, who later became involved with Alaska y los Pegamoides), Las Chinas, and Los Zombies de Bernardo Bonezzi.

David knew how to play clarinet, an instrument he studied due to his admiration for clarinetist Benny Goodman. Rafa asked David to play clarinet in the new group he was forming with his brother Felipe.

However, David was already committed to forming a group with his two childhood friends, Daniel Mezquita Hardy and Francisco Javier de Molina Burgos. The three were classmates at the Facultad de Ciencias de la Información de Madrid. They'd been playing months prior under the names "Los Residuos" and "La Burguesía Revolucionaria".

David welcomed Rafa's invitation to play music together, but instead asked him to play guitar with him, Dani, and Javi. Rafa accepted. They discarded their first idea of a name, "Bonitos Redford", and found inspiration in the 1935 James Cagney crime film G Men, which in Spain aired as "Contra el imperio del crimen". In the film, the G-Men were agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Hombres G joined the independent recording company, Lollipop, who in 1983 released their first two singles: "Milagro en el Congo / Venezia" and "Marta tiene un marcapasos / La cagaste, Burt Lancaster". Assisting in the recording process were Fernando Cabello (sax) and two friends of the group, Eva Dalda and Lydia Iovanne.

The group's early sound was reminiscent of La Movida Madrileña and shared similarities with Los Zombies, Los Ejecutivos Agresivos, Los Nikis, and Alaska y los Pegamoides. The rhythm and speed of the group's songs was also inspired by the sound of the American rock band, The Ramones.

Live debut, a new recording contract, and the first album (1984)
Hombres G made their live debut at Madrid's Rock-Ola in 1983. Lollipop encountered financial difficulties and was unable to support the band beginning in early 1984.

Not long after, the group was interviewed by Radio España with the purpose of promoting one of their performances. That is where they met Paco Martín, recent founder of the recording company, Twins. Ricardo Chirinos, vocalist of Pistones, had suggested the group to Martín. After listening to the interview and viewing the concert later that night, Martín was convinced that Hombres G was the group that he and fellow founder Pepe Escribano were looking for. He talked with the group after the show and the contract was set to be signed the next day.

Recording on their debut album, Hombres G, commenced two weeks later at Trak studios under producer Paco Trinidad. Included in the album were a new version of "Venezia" and "Devuélveme a mi chica". The album featured two covers: "No lloraré", based on "I Never Cry" by Alice Cooper, and "Sin Ti", a remake of the song "Reality" by Romanian composer Vladimir Cosma. The album contained a very accessible pop sound, enjoyable lyrics, and youthful romanticism. The front cover is a still from the 1963 American science fiction comedy, The Nutty Professor.

A few weeks later, it seemed Hombres G was not going to enjoy commercial success. Escribano became impatient and abandoned the company. Two weeks later, radio support and album sales increased. Six months later, the album reached 50,000 copies and a year later: 150,000. Sales eventually reached the millions.

Popularity and promotion (1985)
Hombres G experienced increasing popularity. Their first performance at the Gran Musical de la Cadena SER was scheduled for noon, as was the tradition. However, fans began to congregate at the front door beginning at 4 in the morning.

The group made over 100 performances in 1985, in addition to television appearances and promotion in youth magazines. Many of their fans were female adolescents and the group found itself increasingly pressured, for they could no longer stroll through the streets of any Spanish city without hordes of girls following them.

The second album and distribution throughout the Americas (1986)
The group returned to Trak studios in February 1986 to begin recording their second album, La cagaste... Burt Lancaster (You Fucked Up... Burt Lancaster; named after one of their first songs). 60,000 copies of the album were ordered a month before its release. Hombres G salvaged one of the songs from the Lollipop era, "Marta tiene un marcapasos" – the single went on to top the sales charts in Spain. The album's sound has been described as less punk and more new wave than its predecessor. It made use of ska rhythms ("Visite Nuestro Bar") and was influenced by the slow sounds of the 1960s ("Te quiero" & "Un par de palabras"). The cover of the album featured an image of the American actor, Burt Lancaster, continuing Hombres G's string of references to American cinema.

Their second album was even more successful than the first. The group began to receive proclamations of love, letters written in blood, and others in which the senders threatened suicide if they couldn't have a date with the group. One fan from Zaragoza sent more than 200 individually numbered letters.

That summer, Hombres G went on tour, which included a performance at the Madrilenian bull arena Las Ventas, where the public began to congregate outside the venue beginning at 8 in the evening of the day before.

With a consolidated market in Spain, Paco Martín placed his bet on taking the group to the Americas. He sent copies of their albums to companies across the American continent, receiving the first response from the Peruvian offices of CBS. Hombres G was edited in Peru in mid-1986, and in a few weeks, the album surpassed 50,000 copies. La cagaste… Burt Lancaster was published later, but received a similar response. The next phone call was from the central offices of CBS in New York, to distribute Hombres G throughout all of America. Hombres G found success in Mexico and Venezuela, where their albums obtained gold and platinum certification. Following the summer of 1986, sales of their first two albums reached nearly a million copies in Spain.

In December 1986, the group was invited to attend the gala of the Bravo Awards. The group was nominated in three categories and won "Mejor Agrupación de Habla Hispana" (Best Spanish Speaking Group).

Release of the first film and third album (1986–1987)
David's father, Manuel Summers, was one of the most popular comedy film directors in Spain. The group received the offer to star in an autobiographic film. The result was Sufre mamón, a movie filmed in Ibiza and Madrid, and which was set to premiere in March 1987.

Once filming was finished, Hombres G began to work on their third album. The group didn't have much time to write new compositions, but the fast and tight lifestyle that they'd recently experienced served as inspiration. David isolated himself for a week at a cottage his family owned in Huelva, writing 12 compositions. For the next 15 days, the group finished work on the songs. A week later, Hombres G left for Manchester with Chilean producer Carlos Narea, and recorded Estamos locos... ¿o qué? (Are We Crazy... Or What?). The album featured a variety of sounds, including songs based on very rapid rhythms (such as No, no… no) and more traditional rock influences (such as Y cayó la bomba (fétida) ). The themes of the lyrics concerned romance, intimacy, and masochistic tendencies.

The release of the album coincided with the release of their first film. When the film premiered, it caused the collapse of the Gran Via Madrileña, where nearly 10,000 fans crowded the streets. When the group arrived, dozens of journalists and graphic reporters attempted to obtain snapshots. For security reasons, the four found themselves obligated to remain inside one room for several hours, and were unable to view the film until much later. Their assistants faced a similar scenario: even though they were able to gain entrance to the screening, they were unable to hear it due to the deafening murmur originating from the street and the constant singing of the fans watching the film.

Tours in Spain and the American continent (1987)
Endorsed by the fervor of their popularity, the group embarked on a tour of 60 performances across the bull rings and soccer stadiums of the most important Spanish cities. That summer, nearly one million people saw Hombres G live.

In October, the group performed in America for the very first time, touring Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, the United States, and Mexico. When they arrived in Peru, the airplane windows revealed a crowd of more than 20,000 people spread across the landing runway of the Jorge Chávez International Airport. The plane commander refused to open the doors until he knew what was happening. Banners welcoming Hombres G could be seen everywhere.

The group was protected by four security guards at every hotel they lodged in, in order to prevent fans from seeping into their rooms – though one fan managed to accomplish the feat.

After visiting Peru and Chile, Hombres G visited Ecuador. They performed twice for audiences of 40,000 at each show. Their stay in the Americas amounted to two months of intense promotional activity.

A break, the second film, and the fourth album (1988)
Hombres G enjoyed their first break in three years at the end of 1987. David took advantage of the tranquility of Christmas to compose new material.

A new film project was launched under Manolo Summers in 1988. Filming began in March. Locations included Spain, Acapulco, and Puerto Vallarta. The movie was to be titled La cagaste Burt Lancaster but the actor Burt Lancaster threatened legal action; the name was changed to Suéltate el pelo. One of the film's actresses was Mexican singer Tatiana Palacios, and it is rumored that she and Gutiérrez dated while the movie was being filmed.

Hombres G recorded Agitar antes de usar (Shake Before Using) between February and March 1988. The music on the album fit the categories of pop rock, rock and roll, and ballad and spawned the commercially successful single, "Suéltate el pelo".

Both the movie and album were released almost simultaneously, right before the summer season. Hombres G toured Spain and the American continent once again, placing special emphasis on Mexico. At this time, sales of all their albums totaled more than 2 million copies in Mexico. Sales in the smaller Spanish market were half of that figure, but Hombres G had already become the best selling band of the decade.

In September 1988, the group performed at the "Concierto de Conciertos" in Bogotá, Colombia. The show was a mega concert that spanned several days and featured a variety of artists. Among the performers were Miguel Mateos, Franco de Vita, Los Prisioneros, Timbiriche, José Feliciano, and Los Toreros Muertos. It was there that a radio announcer baptized Hombres G as the Latin Beatles.

An evolving sound and a farewell (1989–1992)
Voy a pasármelo bien (I'm Going to Have A Good Time) was released in 1989. The group felt less pressured when composing songs for the album and their music showed a departure from the adolescent concerns of their previous works. Their image began to reflect a more adult world. The album continued the group's pop rock sound, but showed new influences. The song "Aprendiendo a caer", made use of bossa nova and "Madrid, Madrid" has been compared to Frank Sinatra's music. The group toured both sides of the Atlantic with a new perspective.

Hombres G recorded Ésta es tu vida (This Is Your Life) in the summer of 1990 in Madrid and London. Their sixth studio album contained more profound lyrics and a more sophisticated sound; it featured music performed by the London Symphony Orchestra. During this period Summers and Mezquita composed several songs for artist Luz Casal, including the ballad Te Dejé Marchar.

That same year, Dani Mezquita married Elena Portables. On January 18, 1992, Summers married his longtime girlfriend, Marta Madruga.

Hombres G bid farewell on May 20, 1992, with their seventh album, Historia del bikini (History of the Bikini). Production was completed by Colin Fairley, whose experience included working with artists Elvis Costello and Nick Lowe.

Hiatus (1992–2002)
Following the release of their seventh album were various compilation records such as Los singles 1984–1993 and Las Baladas, but they never offered new material.

Over the following years, all members of the group remained involved in music. Summers pursued a solo career, touring Spain and the Americas and releasing four albums. Manuel Summers died before the release of David Summers; as a result, the album was dedicated to him. Rafa performed with other musicians and participated in the first album by Ella Baila Sola. He also formed a group called "Rafa & Co." who released a self-titled album in 1996. Dani became a marketing director for the record company DRO East West. Javier cared for his Pop'n'Roll bar in Madrid, playing drums now and then for the groups he invited to perform.

Career comeback and tributes (2002–2004)
After their extended break, Hombres G returned with new material. In 2002 they released Peligrosamente Juntos (Dangerously together), an album that included hits, demos, and five new songs. The version released in America contained the new songs Lo noto and En otro mundo. The European version contained the mentioned songs and also contained Intimidad, No te escaparás and Te vi.

At the end of 2003, Spanish pop groups such as El Canto del Loco, Los Piston, Antonio Vega, Los Secretos, Mikel Erentxun, Seguridad Social, Álex Ubago and La Cabra Mecánica, united to make a tribute album to Hombres G. The album Voy a pasármelo bien, un tributo a Hombres G (I'm going to have a good time, a tribute to Hombres G), contained cover versions of classic Hombres G singles. Another tribute was made in America with groups such as División Minúscula, Moderatto and La Quinta Estación.

In 2004, their first two films were released in DVD format in a pack called Hombres G – Las películas (Hombres G – The Movies), also including extras. That same year, Hombres G released El año que vivimos peligrosamente (The year that we lived dangerously). It included live versions of songs from their Peligrosamente Juntos tour.

Todo esto es muy extraño and tour (2004–2007)
For the first time in over twelve years, Hombres G released a new studio album entitled Todo esto es muy extraño (This is all very strange) in 2004. The album was produced by Nigel Walker and contained 11 new songs. The release marked the return of Hombres G to the music scene. The first single off the album was ¿Por qué no ser amigos? which featured the frontman from the Spanish pop/rock band El canto del loco. No lo sé and ¿Qué soy yo para tí? were the other singles released off the album.

Hombres G embarked on numerous tours throughout Spain, Latin America, and the United States in support of this album. The album had minimal diffusion in the Americas.

10 and tour (2007–2009)
On September 18, 2007, Hombres G released their tenth album 10, which contained 11 new songs. The album spawned two singles: Me Siento Bien and Hombre Real.

10 is described as tuning into the "raw energy of early rock" and hinting at Euro-rock and at the "atmospheric aesthetic favored by Coldplay and the legendary U2" by AllMusic.

Hombres G toured Spain and the Americas in support of 10. One of their performances included a benefit show for the victims of the 2007 Peruvian earthquake.

The album was nominated for "Best Pop Album By A Duo or Group With Vocal" at the 2008 Latin Grammy Awards.

New Phase and Desayuno Continental (2009–present)
Hombres G finished off support for their tenth album and announced the beginning of a new phase in which Internet technology would play a major role in their music. Instead of immediately releasing a traditional album, Hombres G released a single and music video entitled "Separados", exclusively through their official website. Furthermore, they performed the songs "Desayuno Continental" and "No Puedo Soportar Perderte", in addition to "Separados", to a small audience at their own Pop'n'Roll bar in Madrid.

Hombres G's transition into modern Internet technology was also marked by their acquisition of Facebook and Twitter accounts and their use of those as main information outlets. The Spanish website Popes80 christened them "Hombres G 2.0". In addition, "Separados" attained the number one spot on Popes80's Top 20 Hits chart on the week of October 6, 2009.

The name of Hombres G's new studio album was announced on September 23, 2010: Desayuno Continental. They presented it on November 9, 2010, at la Riviera de Madrid. The first single released from the album was "El Secreto de Vivir". In 2018, the group announced a joint US tour with the Argentinian band Enanitos Verdes.

Band members

 * David Summers - lead vocals, bass, guitars
 * Rafael Gutierrez - guitars, backing and occasional co-lead vocals
 * Dani Mezquita - guitars, keyboards, piano, backing and occasional co-lead vocals
 * Javi Molina - drums, percussion, backing and occasional lead and co-lead vocals

Albums

 * Hombres G (1985)
 * La cagaste... Burt Lancaster (1986)
 * Estamos locos... ¿o qué? (1987)
 * Agitar antes de usar (1988)
 * Voy a pasármelo bien (1989)
 * Ésta es tu vida (1990)
 * Historia del bikini (1992)
 * Peligrosamente Juntos (2002)
 * Todo esto es muy extraño (2005)
 * 10 (2007)
 * Desayuno continental (2010)
 * En la playa (2011)
 * 30 años y un día (2015)
 * Resurrección (2019)
 * La Esquina de Rowland (2021)

Singles

 * "Milagro en el Congo / Venezia" – 1983
 * "Marta tiene un marcapasos / La cagaste, Burt Lancaster" – 1983
 * "Devuélveme a mi chica" – 1985
 * "Venezia" – 1985
 * "Dejad que las niñas se acerquen a mí / Lawrence de Arabia" – 1985
 * "Marta tiene un marcapasos" – 1986
 * "Visite nuestro bar / En la playa" – 1986
 * "Te quiero / Indiana" – 1986
 * "El ataque de las chicas cocodrilo / La carretera" – 1986
 * "Una mujer de bandera / Temblando" – 1987
 * "No, no... no / ¿Qué te he hecho yo?" – 1987
 * "Y cayó la bomba (fétida) / Huellas en la bajamar" – 1987
 * "Temblando / Huellas en la bajamar" – 1987
 * "Master mix / Slow mix" – 1987
 * "Tengo una chica / Viernes" – 1988
 * "Nassau / Viernes (instrumental)" – 1988
 * "Si no te tengo a ti / La madre de Ana" – 1988
 * "Suéltate el pelo / Nassau" – 1988
 * "Voy a pasármelo bien / Esta tarde" – 1989
 * "Te necesito / México" – 1989
 * "Chico tienes que cuidarte / Dulce Belén" – 1989
 * "Madrid, Madrid / Madrid, Madrid (instrumental)" – 1989
 * "Esta es tu vida / Esta es tu vida II" – 1990
 * "Estoy pintando tu sonrisa" – 1990
 * "Rita / Voy a hablar con Él" – 1990
 * "La primavera" – 1991
 * "Un minuto nada +" – 1992
 * "El orgullo de mamá (versión SG) / El orgullo de mamá (versión LP)" – 1992
 * "Tormenta contigo" – 1992
 * "Lo Noto" – 2002
 * " No te escaparás" – 2003
 * " ¿Por qué no ser amigos?" – 2004
 * " ¿Qué soy yo para ti?" – 2005
 * " No lo sé" – 2005
 * " Me siento bien" – 2007
 * "Hombre real" – 2008
 * "Separados" – 2009
 * "El secreto de vivir" – 2010
 * "Vete de mi" – 2010
 * "Lo noto (featuring Miguel Bosé)" – 2011
 * "Por una vez" – 2014
 * "Esperando un milagro" – 2014
 * "Depende de ti" – 2015
 * "Devuélveme a mi chica (with Enanitos Verdes)" – 2018
 * "Con los brazos en cruz" – 2019
 * "Confía en mi" – 2019

Live albums

 * El año que vivimos peligrosamente (2004)
 * En la playa (2011)
 * En la arena (2015)
 * Huevos revueltos (En vivo) (with Enanitos Verdes) – 2018

Compilation albums

 * Grandes Éxitos (1986)
 * Los Singles 1984 – 1993 (1993)
 * Las Baladas (1996)
 * Lo mejor de... (1998)
 * Hombres G 1985 – 1992 (2001)
 * Peligrosamente Juntos (2003)
 * Los Singles 1985 – 2005 (2006)
 * 30 años y un día (2015)
 * De Rosa al Amarilllo (2023)

Concert films

 * En Directo Las Ventas 1 de julio 2003
 * En Directo Hombres G + El canto del loco desde el Calderón 6 de Julio 2005
 * En la arena (2015)

Filmography

 * Sufre mamón (1987)
 * Suéltate el pelo (1988)

title: Hombres G


text:
John Harington Gubbins

John Harington Gubbins (24 January 1852 – 23 February 1929) was a British linguist, consular official and diplomat. He was the father of Sir Colin McVean Gubbins.

Education
Gubbins attended Harrow School and would have gone on to Cambridge University, had family finances allowed.

Career
Gubbins was appointed a student interpreter in the British Japan Consular Service in 1871. He was English Secretary to the Conference at Tokyo for the Revision of the Treaties, after Ernest Satow left Japan in 1883. On 1 June 1889, he was appointed Japanese Secretary in Tokyo.

He was employed in London at the Foreign Office from February to July 1894 in the Aoki-Kimberley negotiations which resulted in the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (16 July 1894). He was appointed CMG in the 1898 Birthday Honours.

He was, especially in retirement, a close friend of Satow. He was elected the first President of the newly founded Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch in 1900.

Despite having no university degree, Gubbins was awarded an honorary master's degree from Balliol College and was made Lecturer in Japanese language at Oxford University (1909–12). Lack of pupils led to his position being terminated.

Family
Gubbins frequently visited Colin Alexander McVean at his residence in Yamato Yashiki, Tokyo in the 1870s, and met McVean's daughter Helen. After McVean returned to Scotland and settled down on the Isle of Mull, Gubbins visited the McVean family and met Helen again. 41-year-old Gubbins and 24-year-old Helen fell in love and were married in Newington, Scotland, in 1894, then lived in Japan. They had four children, who spent much time with the McVeans on the Isle of Mull. The second son was Colin McVean Gubbins, later chief of the Special Operations Executive.

title: John Harington Gubbins


text:
Duchy of Bar

The County of Bar, later Duchy of Bar, was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire encompassing the pays de Barrois and centred on the city of Bar-le-Duc. It was held by the House of Montbéliard from the 11th century. Part of the county, the so-called Barrois mouvant, became a fief of the Kingdom of France in 1301 and was elevated to a duchy in 1354. The Barrois non-mouvant remained a part of the Empire. From 1480, it was united to the imperial Duchy of Lorraine.

Both imperial Bar and Lorraine came under the influence of France in 1735, with Bar ceded to the deposed king of Poland, Stanisław Leszczyński. According to the Treaty of Vienna (1738), the duchy would pass to the French crown upon Stanisław's death, which occurred in 1766.

County (1033–1354)
The county of Bar originated in the frontier fortress of Bar (from Latin barra, barrier) that Duke Frederick I of Upper Lorraine built on the bank of the river Ornain around 960. The fortress was originally directed at the counts of Champagne, who had made incursions into Frederick's allodial lands. Frederick also confiscated some lands from the nearby Abbey of Saint-Mihiel and settled his knights on it. The original Barrois was thus a mixture of the duke's allodial lands and confiscated church lands enfeoffed to knights. On the death of Duke Frederick III in 1033, these lands passed to his sister, Sophia (died 1093), who was the first person to associate the comital title with Bar, styling herself "Countess of Bar".

Sophia's descendants, of the House of Montbéliard, expanded Bar "by usurpation, conquest, purchase, and marriage" into a de facto autonomous state perched between France and Germany. Its population was francophone and culturally French, and the counts were involved in French politics. Count Reginald II (died 1170) married Agnes, a sister of the queen of France, Adele. His son, Henry I, died on the Third Crusade in 1190. From 1214 to 1291 Bar was ruled by Henry II and Theobald II, who secured the western frontier with Champagne by granting fiefs to French nobles and buying their homage.

In 1297 King Philip IV of France invaded the Barrois because Count Henry III had given aid to his father-in-law, Edward I of England, when the latter intervened against France in the Franco-Flemish War. In the Treaty of Bruges of 1301 Henry was forced to recognise all of his county west of the river Meuse as a fief of France. This was the origin of the Barrois mouvant: a territory that was turned into a fief was said to have "moved" and entered the mouvance of its suzerain. It was subject to the Parliament of Paris. The Treaty of Bruges did not represent any expansion of French territory. The territory to the west of the Meuse was French since the Treaty of Verdun of 843, but in 1301 it became a direct fief of the crown, including its allodial parts.

Medieval duchy (1354–1508)
In 1354 the Count of Bar took the ducal title and was thereafter recognised as a Peer of France. Père Anselme (died 1694) believed that Count Robert had been created a duke by King John II of France in preparation for the count's marriage to John's daughter, Mary. The rulers of Bar were not created dukes by imperial appointment. The only title Count Robert received by imperial grant in 1354 was that of Margrave of Pont-à-Mousson. This margraviate was frequently bestowed by the Dukes of Bar on their heirs apparent. In that same year the emperor raised the County of Luxembourg into a duchy and Bar fell between two duchies, Luxembourg and Upper Lorraine. The ducal title was eventually accepted by the emperors, however, and the imperial tax register of 1532 records the "Duchy on the Meuse" (Herzogtum von der Maß) as a voting member of the Reichstag.

In 1430 the last duke of the male line of the ruling house, Louis, died. Bar passed to his great-nephew, René I, who was married to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. In 1431 the couple inherited Lorraine. On René's death in 1480, Bar passed to his daughter Yolanda and her son, René II, who was already Duke of Lorraine. In 1482 he conquered the prévôté of Virton, a part of the Duchy of Luxembourg, and annexed it to Bar. In 1484 Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, regent for King Charles VIII of France, formally installed him in the Duchy of Bar. In his final testament published in 1506, René decreed that the two duchies of Bar and Lorraine should never be separated. The two duchies remained joined in personal union permanently.

Modern duchy (1508–1766)
On 2 October 1735 the preliminary Treaty of Vienna between France and the Empire was drawn up, ending the War of the Polish Succession and granting Bar and Lorraine to the deposed king of Poland, Stanislaus Leszczynski. It was agreed that he should receive Bar immediately, but for Lorraine he had to wait until the death of Grand Duke Gian Gastone of Tuscany (which took place on 9 July 1737), so that the deposed duke of Lorraine could inherit Tuscany. In January 1736, Stanislaus formally renounced his claim to the Polish throne (although he was allowed to retain the royal title). In August, France and the Empire finalized their agreement concerning the exchange of territories. The emperor renounced his suzerainty over Bar and Lorraine.

On 30 September 1736, Stanislaus signed a convention, known as the Declaration of Meudon, whereby the French king would appoint the governor of Lorraine. On 8 February 1737, Stanislaus took possession of Bar and on 21 March of Lorraine. On 18 November 1738, the final Treaty of Vienna was signed. Stanislaus turned over the incomes from Bar and Lorraine to the French crown in exchange for a generous pension, which he used to fund construction projects in the duchies. On his death on 23 February 1766 the duchies passed to the royal domain of France as per the treaty.

List of rulers
All the dates are regnal dates. All rulers before Sophia ruled Bar, but did not use the title "Count of Bar".

Counts of Bar

 * House of Ardennes
 * Frederick I (959–978), Duke of Upper Lorraine
 * Theodoric I (978–1027), Duke of Upper Lorraine
 * Frederick II (1019–1026), Duke of Upper Lorraine
 * Frederick III (1027–1033), Duke of Upper Lorraine
 * Sophia (1033–1093)
 * with Count Louis of Montbéliard (1038–1071)

 * House of Montbéliard
 * Theodoric II (1093–1105)
 * Reginald I (1105–1150)
 * Reginald II (1150–1170)
 * Henry I (1170–1189)
 * Theobald I (1189–1214)
 * Henry II (1214–1239)
 * Theobald II (1239–1291)
 * Henry III (1291–1302)
 * Edward I (1302–1337)
 * Henry IV (1337–1344)
 * Edward II (1344–1352)

Dukes of Bar

 * House of Montbéliard
 * Robert (1352–1411)
 * Edward III (1411–1415)
 * Louis (1415–1431)

 * House of Anjou
 * René I (1431–1480)
 * Yolanda (1480–1483)
 * René II (1483–1508)

Margraves of Pont-à-Mousson

 * Robert (1354–1411), Duke of Bar
 * Edward III (1411–1415), Duke of Bar
 * Louis (I) (1415–1419), Duke of Bar
 * René I (1419–1441, 1443–1444), Duke of Bar
 * Louis (II) (1441–1443)
 * John (1444–1470), Duke of Lorraine
 * Nicholas (r. 1470–1473), Duke of Lorraine
 * vacant (1473–1480)
 * René II (r. 1480–1508), Duke of Lorraine and Bar

 * From the death of René II, the list is identical with that of Lorraine.

title: Duchy of Bar


text:
Henry, Count of Portugal

Henry (Portuguese: Henrique, French: Henri; c. 1066 – 22 May 1112), Count of Portugal, was the first member of the Capetian House of Burgundy to rule Portugal and the father of the country's first king, Afonso Henriques.

Family relations
Born in about 1066 in Dijon, Duchy of Burgundy, Count Henry was the youngest son of Henry, the second son of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy. His two older brothers, Hugh I and Odo I, inherited the duchy. No contemporary record of his mother has survived. She was once thought to have been named Sibylla based on an undated obituary reporting the death of "Sibilla, mater ducus Burgundie" (Sibylla, mother of the Duke of Burgundy), under the reasoning that she was not called duchess herself and hence must have been the wife of Henry, the only father of a duke who never himself held the ducal title, yet this was probably a reference to her daughter-in-law, Sibylla, mother of the then-reigning Hugh II. Historian Jean Richard suggested that she might instead have been called Clémence. Whatever her name, her son Henry was kinsman (congermanus) of his brother-in-law, Raymond of Burgundy, and this relationship may have come through either, or both, of their mothers, who are both of undocumented parentage. It has been suggested that Henry's mother may have been the daughter of Reginald I, which would make her the maternal aunt of Raymond who would then be Henry's first cousin. This solution is problematic, as Henry's brother Odo I, Duke of Burgundy married Raymond's sister, Sibylla, and though marriages between close kin sometimes took place through dispensation, the prohibition against first-cousin marriages in church law makes it likely that the relationship between Odo and Sibylla, and hence that between Henry and Raymond, was more distant. Based on the relationship between Henry and Raymond and the apparent introduction of the byname Borel into the family of the dukes of Burgundy through this marriage, genealogist Szabolcs de Vajay suggested Henry's mother was a daughter of Berenguer Ramon I, Count of Barcelona, and his wife Guisla de Lluçà.

One of his paternal aunts was Constance of Burgundy, the wife of Alfonso VI of León, and one of his great-uncles was Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, one of the most influential and venerated personalities of his time. Count Henry's family was very powerful and governed many cities in France such as Chalon, Auxerre, Autun, Nevers, Dijon, Mâcon and Semur.

Reconquista
After the defeat of the Christian troops in the Battle of Sagrajas in October 1086, in the early months of the following year, King Alfonso VI appealed for aid from Christians at the other side of the Pyrenees. Many French nobles and soldiers heeded the call, including Raymond of Burgundy (Henry's brother), Odo I, and Raymond of St. Gilles. Not all of them arrived at the same time in the Iberian Peninsula and it is most likely that Raymond of Burgundy came in 1091. Although some authors claim that Count Henry came with the expedition which arrived in 1087, even though "documentary evidence here is much more slight", his presence is confirmed only as of 1096 when he appears confirming the forais of Guimarães and Constantim de Panoias.

Three of these French nobles married daughters of King Alfonso VI: Raymond of Burgundy married infanta Urraca, later Queen Urraca of León; Raymond of St. Gilles married Elvira; and Henry of Burgundy married Teresa of León, an illegitimate daughter of the king and his mistress Jimena Muñoz.

Pact with his cousin Raymond of Burgundy
Between the years 1096 and 1105, count Raymond, seeing that his influence in the curia regis was diminishing, reached an agreement with his cousin Henry of Burgundy. The birth of King Alfonso's only son, Sancho Alfónsez, was also perceived as a threat by the two cousins. They agreed to share power, the royal treasury, and to support each other. Under this agreement, which counted with the blessings of their relative, the Abbot of Cluny, Raymond "promised his cousin under oath to hand him over the Kingdom of Toledo and one third of the royal treasury upon the death of King Alfonso VI". If he could not deliver Toledo, he would give him Galicia. Henry, in turn, promised to help Raymond "obtain all the dominions of King Alfonso and two thirds of the royal treasury".

Historians who date the pact closer to 1096 surmise that news of this agreement might have reached the king who, in order to counter the initiative of his two sons-in-law, appointed Henry governor of the region extending a flumine mineo usque in tagum (from the Minho river to the banks of the Tagus). Until then, this region had been governed by count Raymond who saw his power limited to just Galicia, thereby nullifying the terms of the pact.

Other historians however have showed that the pact could not have been made before 1103, several years after the two counts had been granted their respective title, implying that their alliance must have prevailed over their hypothetical rivalry.

After the death of Alfonso VI
After Raymond's death, Queen Urraca (Teresa's half-sister) married Alfonso the Battler for political and strategic reasons. Henry took advantage of the family conflicts and political unrest to serve on both sides and aggrandize his domains at the cost of the squabbling royal couple.

Caught under siege in Astorga by the King of Aragon, then at war with Urraca, Henry held the city with the help of his sister-in-law. Henry died on 22 May 1112, from wounds received during the siege. His remains were transferred, following his previous orders, to Braga where he was buried in a chapel at Braga Cathedral, the building of which he had promoted. After his death, his widow ruled alone.

Legacy
Count Henry was the leader of a group of gentlemen, monks, and clerics of French origin who exerted great influence in the Iberian Peninsula, promoted many reforms and introduced several institutions from the other side of the Pyrenees, such as the customs of Cluny and the Roman Rite. They occupied relevant ecclesiastical and political positions which provoked a strong backlash during the last years of the reign of King Alfonso VI.

Marriage and issue
He married Teresa of León around 1095. From Teresa, Henry had the following issue:

 * Urraca Henriques (c. 1095 – 1173), the wife of Bermudo Pérez de Traba, tenente in Trastámara, Viseu, Seia, and Faro in A Coruña;
 * Sancha Henriques (c. 1097 – 1163), married firstly Sancho Nunes de Celanova, with issue. After becoming a widow, married secondly Fernando Mendes de Bragança, with no issue from this marriage;
 * Teresa Henriques (born c. 1098);
 * Afonso Henriques (1109 – 1185). He was named after his maternal grandfather, King Alfonso VI, perhaps "as a way of remembering that the blood of the Emperor of all Hispania also ran through his veins". Afonso became Count of Portugal in 1112 and King of Portugal in 1139.

title: Henry, Count of Portugal


text:
USS Dale (DD-4)

The second USS Dale was a Bainbridge class destroyer in the United States Navy.

Construction
Dale was launched on 24 July 1900 by William R. Trigg Company, Richmond, Virginia; sponsored by Miss M. H. Wilson; placed in reserve commission on 24 October 1902, Lieutenant Harry E. Yarnell in command; outfitted at Norfolk, Virginia; and commissioned in full on 13 February 1903.

Pre-World War I
Assigned to the North Atlantic Fleet, Dale cruised with the First Torpedo Flotilla on the Atlantic coast, taking part in a fleet search problem conducted off Maine, and passing before President Theodore Roosevelt in review off Oyster Bay, New York, on 17 August 1903.

The First Torpedo Flotilla - convoyed by USS Buffalo (1892) - cleared Norfolk on 12 December 1903 and sailed to the Asiatic Station by way of the Mediterranean and the Suez Canal. Arriving at Cavite, Philippine Islands, on 14 April 1904, Dale cruised in the islands and on the coast of China until placed out of commission in reserve at Cavite on 5 December 1905. Recommissioned on 10 July 1907, she remained on duty with the Asiatic Fleet, cruising to Japan and China, engaging in torpedo and battle practice and maneuvers with the flotilla, guarding and inspecting the target range at Cavite, and transporting mail and passengers.

World War I
After the United States entered World War I, Dale patrolled the entrance to Manila Bay from 30 June – 1 August 1917, then sailed to join US Patrol Squadrons based on Gibraltar, arriving there on 20 October. She patrolled and escorted convoys in the eastern Mediterranean until the end of the war. Clearing Gibraltar on 8 December 1918, Dale arrived at Charleston, South Carolina on 12 January 1919, was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 9 July 1919, and sold to Henry A. Hitner's Sons Company on 3 January 1920.

Noteworthy commanding officers

 * Lieutenant Harry E. Yarnell (24 October 1902 – 13 February 1903) (Later Admiral)
 * Lieutenant Hutchinson Ingham Cone (13 February 1903 – 27 April 1904) (Later Rear Admiral)
 * Lieutenant Harry E. Yarnell (27 April 1904 – 17 July 1905) (Later Admiral)
 * Lieutenant Frank Jack Fletcher (4 April 1910 – 20 April 1912) (Later Admiral) - Fletcher-class destroyer named for him

title: USS Dale (DD-4)


text:
O2 Academy Birmingham

O2 Academy Birmingham is a music venue located in Birmingham, West Midlands, England.

Venue
The original O$2$ Academy Birmingham was located at Dale End (the venue is now known as Forum Birmingham). In September 2009, the O2 Academy moved to the site of the former Dome II Nightclub located on Horsefair, Bristol Street. The decision to move to a brand new venue was decided twofold. The former venue was unsuitable for the needs of a modern music venue and the building complex it resided in, along with the Oasis Centre above, was scheduled for demolition as part of a project called Martineau Galleries.

At the new venue in Bristol Street, local band Editors headlined the opening night followed by further gigs the following nights by The Twang, The Streets and Ocean Colour Scene. For these gigs, commemorative wristbands were given out as part of a marketing campaign by members of the marketing team known as O$2$ angels.

Like the former Academy venue, the new venue has a multi-room operation with the main room having a capacity of 3,009 (of which there is a dedicated 600 capacity seated area) and two other rooms, the O$2$ Academy 2 with 600 and O$2$ Academy 3 with 250. However, in an improvement to the Dale End site, the new venue was designed to allow all three venues to be in use at the same time. A dedicated queuing system and box office is also in operation for each room. Therefore, the venue has a full capacity of 3,859.

To coincide with the launch of the Bristol Street venue, the club night Propaganda moved from the Gatecrasher venue in Birmingham to the Academy on Friday 18 September 2009. This is now a club night spread over all three academy rooms, playing a variety of indie/pop music. Subculture, a well known metal/rock club which was hosted at the Dale End Academy, moved to the new venue on 26 September 2009.

Arenas
The O2 Academy Birmingham has three performance areas.

Main room
The main room, simply known as the Academy is by far the largest performance area in the complex, with a total capacity of 3,009 of which 2,409 is standing room in the stalls. Above the main stalls there is a tiered-seated balcony with a capacity of 600. This area has its own entrance, bar, toilets and cloakroom facilities.

Academy 2
Academy 2 is a smaller room which caters for audiences of up to 600. In the Academy 2 there is standing room only, although there is a raised disabled viewing area.

Academy 3
Academy 3 is the smallest of the three stages, with a total all-standing capacity of 250.

title: O2 Academy Birmingham


text:
Bethune (disambiguation)

Béthune is a town in northern France.

Bethune may also refer to

Places

 * Bethune Township, Ontario, Canada
 * Bethune, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Arrondissement of Béthune, Pas-de-Calais, France
 * Bethune, Colorado, U.S.
 * Bethune, South Carolina, U.S.
 * Bethune Beach, Florida, U.S.

People

 * Bethune (surname), people with the surname Bethune
 * Bethune baronets, the name of two baronetcies, one in the United Kingdom and the other in Nova Scotia
 * Clan Bethune, a Scottish clan
 * House of Bethune, a medieval French family
 * Norman Bethune, a Canadian surgeon, advocate of socialized medicine, and Communist

Schools

 * Bethune College, in Kolkata, India
 * Bethune-Cookman University, in Daytona Beach, Florida, U.S.
 * Dr Norman Bethune Collegiate Institute, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Films

 * Bethune, a 1964 documentary directed by Donald Brittain
 * Bethune (1977 film), a 1977 film about the life of Norman Bethune
 * Bethune: The Making of a Hero, a 1990 film about the life of Norman Bethune

Other uses

 * Béthune (river), in Normandy, France

title: Bethune (disambiguation)


text:
Forgiven, Not Forgotten

Forgiven, Not Forgotten is the debut studio album by Irish pop rock group the Corrs. It was released by Atlantic Records on 26 September 1995 across the world. The album was primarily produced by David Foster, with additional production by Jim Corr. In January 1997, a special tour edition of the album was released in Australia and New Zealand and featured a bonus disc containing live and rare tracks which were recorded from their Forgiven, Not Forgotten World Tour.

The title track and the band were featured in an episode of Beverly Hills, 90210 called "Turn Back the Clock". The band performed the song at a New Year's Eve party at the Peach Pit After Dark. The album spawned five official single releases.

Background
Before signing to Atlantic Records the band began recording in a makeshift-home-studio Jim rented out in their hometown of Dundalk. The band recorded on an eight-track and began making demo tapes, "I remember it being very cold... We had fruit boxes on the wall for soundproofing" Caroline remembered. After performing in Whelan's bar in Dublin, the band caught the eye of Jean Kennedy Smith who invited the band to perform at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in Boston.

Once in America they met Jason Flom, Atlantic Records's head of A&R: "When they walked into my New York office, I was immediately taken by their beauty, their obvious grace and style. They played me a cassette with "Love to Love You" and "Closer" on it, then they told me they played all the instruments themselves and wrote the songs. Man, I thought I'd died and gone to heaven." However Flom knew the band needed someone to produce their album so suggested they meet David Foster, a Canadian musician, producer, composer and arranger. While in New York, two days before the band were scheduled to head home, they crashed a recording session at The Hit Factory, a recording studio in New York City. Foster invited the band upstairs to perform around a piano, where they sang "Forgiven, Not Forgotten" live. Sharon would go on to say "I think he was taken back [sic] by how polished we sounded even then".

Tour
On 26 April 1996, the Corrs embarked on their Forgiven, Not Forgotten World Tour that started in Ennis, Ireland, before then travelling to Europe, Australia, Asia, America and Canada, ultimately lasting the better part of two years.

The Band

 * Andrea Corr – lead vocals, tin whistle
 * Caroline Corr – drums, bodhrán, acoustic piano, vocals
 * Jim Corr – guitar, keyboards, acoustic piano, keyboard programming, vocals
 * Sharon Corr – violin, vocals

Featuring

 * David Foster – additional keyboards, string arrangements
 * Simon Franglen – Synclavier programming
 * Michael Thompson – guitar
 * Tal Herzberg – bass guitar on "Secret Life"
 * Neil Stubenhaus – bass guitar on "Toss the Feathers"
 * Simon Phillips – drums on "Toss the Feathers"

Production

 * Producers and Arrangements – Jim Corr and David Foster
 * Engineers – Andrew Boland, Felipe Elgueta and Dave Reitzas.
 * Mixing – Dave Reitzas and Bob Clearmountain
 * Mix Assistant – Ryan Freeland
 * Mastered by Bob Ludwig at Gateway Mastering (Portland, ME).
 * Assistant Mastering Engineer – Brian K. Lee
 * Art Direction – Richard Bates and Sung Lee-Crawforth
 * Photography – Guzman (Constance Hansen and Russell Peacock).

Release details

 * 1995, UK, Atlantic 7567-92612-2, release date: 22 September 1995, CD
 * 1995, Mexico, Atlantic 7826-94675-2, release date: 22 September 1995, CD
 * 1995, UK, Atlantic 7567-92612-4, release date: 26 September 1995, Cassette
 * 1995, Japan, Warner AMCY-913, release date; 21 December 1995, CD (with bonus track)
 * 1996, UK (reissue), release date: 19 February 1996, CD
 * 1997, Japan, Warner AMCY-2427, release date: 25 October 1997, CD (with bonus track)
 * 1997, Australia, New Zealand, Atlantic 7567-92754-2, release date: January 1997, CD (limited tour edition)
 * 1999, UK, Atlantic 7567926128, release date: 29 November 1999, MiniDisc
 * 2001, Australia, Atlantic 7567-80963-2, release date: 2001, CD (double release with Talk on Corners special edition)
 * 2001, France, Atlantic 7567-93072-2, release date: 2001, CD (as gold disc limited collector's edition)
 * 2017, The Netherlands, Music On Vinyl Atlantic MOVLP1768 8719262002456, release date: 2017-05-26, 1 LP, 180 gram audiophile vinyl

title: Forgiven, Not Forgotten


text: File:Forgiven Not Forgotten.jpg

title: File:Forgiven Not Forgotten.jpg


text:
Richard Dale

Richard Dale (November 6, 1756 – February 26, 1826) was an American naval officer who fought in the Continental Navy under John Barry and was first lieutenant for John Paul Jones during the naval battle off of Flamborough Head, England against HMS Serapis (1779) in the celebrated engagement of September 23, 1779. He became one of the six original commodores of the permanent United States Navy, and commanded a blockade of Tripoli in 1801 during the First Barbary War of Thomas Jefferson's presidency.

Early years
Richard Dale was born in Portsmouth parish, Norfolk County, Virginia, the eldest son of Winfield Dale, shipwright and merchant, and Ann Sutherland. His father died when Dale was ten years old. Two years later, Dale signed on with a merchant vessel owned by an uncle that took him to Liverpool, England. Upon his return to Virginia, Dale became apprenticed to a ship-owner, through whom he made several journeys to the West Indies. Within five years, he achieved the rank of chief mate on a valuable brig. He remained in the merchant service until the spring of 1776.

Revolutionary War
Dale's record during the Revolutionary War proved eclectic. After departing the merchant service in 1776 he signed on as a lieutenant in the navy of the colony of Virginia. His tenure proved brief, since he was captured shortly thereafter by a tender of the frigate HMS Liverpool (1758). He knew many of the men in the ship's crew from his time as a merchant, and they persuaded Dale to sign up for the British cause. He served for Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia. While fighting for the British, Dale received his first battle wounds when he was caught in a confrontation with American pilot boats. During his convalescence in Norfolk, Virginia, he determined that he would return to the patriot cause at his first opportunity. En route to Jamaica, the British vessel upon which Dale traveled was captured by the American Captain John Barry on his ship USS Lexington (1776). Dale volunteered to serve on the American ship, and entered their service with the rank of Midshipman. He continued on with Lexington after Barry was replaced as captain by William Hallock, who promoted Dale to Master's Mate. Unfortunately for Dale, the ship was captured by the British frigate HMS Pearl (1762). Select officers from Lexington were taken onto Pearl as prisoners, Dale included, although a sudden gale permitted the rest of the America crew to escape. In January 1777, Dale was released in a prisoner exchange and returned to Lexington, now under yet another captain, Henry Johnston. Lexington joined a squadron that caused some destruction on the coast of Ireland, which compelled the British to chase and, eventually, capture the brig and its crew. They were taken to Plymouth, England and the crew imprisoned in Mill Prison in September 1777.

Mill Prison
Charged with high treason against the crown, Johnston, Dale and the rest of the crew were treated harshly in the prison. A lack of sufficient food compelled them at one point to kill and eat a dog for survival. Their conditions improved only after sympathetic British civilians collected enough money to supply them with the bare necessities for sustenance. Still, the American sailors were unprepared to wait out the remainder of the war in prison, and dug a tunnel under the wall through which they attempted to make their escape. Dale and a colleague were re-captured as they attempted to board a ship from London to Dunkirk, and were returned to Mill Prison. As punishment for their escape attempt, they were both subjected to forty days of solitude in the "Black Hole."

While in prison, Dale obtained a journal wherein he used his time constructively. He continued the education he had not completed in his youth. He taught himself the multiplication table, different weights and measures, multiplication and division, as well as fractions. He also examined the rules of barter, stocks and interest, and created a glossary of different naval commands necessary to captain a ship.

After a captivity at Mill Prison that lasted over a year, Dale finally managed to successfully escape in February, 1779. He walked out of the prison gates without creating suspicion, wearing the uniform of a British officer. He never recorded how he had obtained the uniform. He also obtained the necessary papers in London to leave England and make his escape to L'Orient, France.

Bonhomme Richard
In L'Orient, Dale signed on as Master's Mate with John Paul Jones on USS Bonhomme Richard (1765), which was a French East Indiaman that had been converted to a warship. He received a promotion to First Lieutenant in short order. The ship cruised along the west coast of Ireland and brought the war into British waters. Through the capture or destruction of many vessels, he contributed to the disruption of British trade, and made many residents impatient for the war to end.

On September 23, 1779, Bonhomme Richard met HMS Serapis off the coast of Flamborough Head, near Yorkshire. Described as being somewhat reckless in his bravery, Dale commanded the forward guns in the close fighting of the battle. When rumors that Bonhomme Richard was sinking reached him from below decks, and that the crew was prepared to surrender, Dale went to ascertain the damage. Upon his assessment that the ship would not yet sink, he inspired the crew to persist in the fight. He compelled his British prisoners to man the pumps to keep the ship afloat while the battle continued above.

After Captain Richard Pearson of Serapis struck his flag and declared the battle an American victory, Dale, as second in command of Bonhomme Richard, was the first American to board the British vessel. He then arranged for Pearson to meet with Jones to arrange the surrender of Serapis. Once his duties had been fulfilled, Dale realized that he had been wounded in the melee. A large splinter had resulted in a serious injury to Dale's foot and ankle. The pain from the wound caused him to collapse and faint.

When the damage done to Bonhomme Richard proved irreparable, the Americans boarded HMS Serapis and departed the scene. Although he required some time to convalesce, Dale remained as Jones' first lieutenant for two more years, first on USS Alliance (1778), then on USS HMS Ariel (1777). When Ariel arrived at the port of Philadelphia on the 14th of April, 1781, it was the first time Dale had been on American soil in four years. The rank of first lieutenant that Jones bestowed upon Dale was, to this point, recognized only by the French government that had financed Jones' privateer ventures. In recognition for his services, the American Continental Congress now officially recognized his rank as well, and made him a first lieutenant in the Continental Navy.

Continental Navy
When Congress appointed John Paul Jones as commander of the not-yet-built 74-gun ship-of-the line USS America (1782), Jones asked Dale to remain in his service. Dale declined Jones' offer, concerned that he would be kept away from sea too long during construction of the ship. His decision proved astute, since Congress ultimately gave the ship to the French government in payment of a debt, rather than to Jones to captain. Instead, Dale signed on as lieutenant for Captain Nicholson of USS Trumbull (1776), for the Continental Navy. Almost immediately after its departure from Philadelphia, Trumbull was confronted by a British frigate during a severe storm. Dale was wounded, then captured in the ensuing fight and taken to New York City. New York had been occupied by British forces since 1776, and Dale was again a prisoner of war.

This time, his imprisonment was comparatively short. Continental agents negotiated an early release for Dale. Within two months' time, he was free again. He signed on as the first officer on the American privateer USS Queen of France (1777), a large merchant ship for which the Continental Congress approved a letter of marque. This gave Queen of France the authority to attack British vessels in the name of the Continental Navy. When Dale received command of the ship, he was able to use it to advantage and captured a number of the enemy's vessels.

Dale returned to Philadelphia in February 1783. When the war officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in September of that year, the Continental Navy was officially disbanded. Along with all the other Continental officers, Dale's commission ended and he became a civilian for the first time in eight years.

In 1783, Dale became an original member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati.

Merchant and family
Dale got involved in the China Trade after the war, both as an investor and as a seaman. He became a successful captain and merchant during his commercial ventures between the United States and seaports in the Far East, in both China and India. When he was stateside, he often found himself in Philadelphia, the capital of the new country during the years 1790 through 1800. He used this time to visit his former commander and lifelong friend, John Barry. On one visit, Dale met the cousin of Barry's wife Sarah, Dorethea Crathorne. Richard and Dorethea were married on September 15, 1791, at Christ Church in Philadelphia. Their first child was born the next year, while they lived at their first home together at 49 Pine Street. Seven more children were to follow. During their lives together in Philadelphia, the Dales also lived at 69 Pine, 271 Chestnut, 69 Spruce, and 296 Walnut Streets. The first ten years of their marriage often found Dale at sea as the captain of different vessels, either commanding merchant ships or in the newly established United States Navy.

United States Navy
In 1794, President George Washington established the United States Navy through order of Congress, ostensibly to protect American merchant vessels from the threat of privateers from the Barbary Nations, who took advantage of the new country's lack of a strong military presence in the Mediterranean Sea. Secretary of War Henry Knox selected six men, the elite of the country's naval command, to become the first commanders in the new branch of the American military. Richard Dale was selected as one of those six. Dale accepted the appointment and traveled to Norfolk, Virginia, for his first assignment: to supervise construction on the frigate USS Chesapeake (1799). Due to the signing of a peace treaty with Algiers, one of the Barbary nations, which created some stability in the Mediterranean, construction on the frigate was halted. Dale requested and received a temporary furlough from the Navy and resumed business in the China trade. He was called back into the Navy in 1796 because of tensions that had developed between the United States and France, in what was known as the Quasi-War. As captain of the modified merchant ship USS Ganges (1794), which was hastily equipped for military service, Dale gained the distinction of being the first man to command a ship at sea on behalf of the United States Navy. Ganges was used to protect the American coastline during the conflict and did not see any fighting.

A conflict of another kind caused Dale to request a second furlough after hostilities with France were redressed. Dale and some of the other five naval leaders became engaged in a dispute over their proper ranks. While government officials considered their concerns, Dale resumed the Far East trade. He commanded the Indiaman "Canton", returning to Delaware Bay 11 April, 1800. Upon his return to Philadelphia, the issue had been settled to his satisfaction, and Dale accepted his orders. He was to command a small fleet assigned to protect American merchant ships in the Mediterranean Sea. American ships were no longer safe against the privateers of the North African nation-states.

Barbary War
During the First Barbary War with North Africa Commodore Dale sailed in the flagship USS President (1800) with Captain James Barron and a fleet of four other ships. In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson assigned them to blockade the city of Tripoli, where government-sanctioned pirates seized European and American merchant ships and enslaved their crews. The United States government reluctantly paid tribute to the leaders of Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers for a number of years to ensure the protection of American interests. Regardless, the Barbary pirates continued to sporadically seize American property and sailors. During the years 1801 and 1802, while Dale and his fleet regulated these waters, American ships remained unthreatened. Dale maintained the blockade until a lack of provisions and rampant illness among the crews of his ships compelled him to return to his base in Virginia.

Dale received new orders to return to the Mediterranean after his return to the States; however, he was dissatisfied with the conditions of his assignment. He resigned his commission in the United States Navy when he discovered that there would be no captain on his flagship. He considered it a dishonor for him to assume the responsibilities of a captain while serving as a commodore. Instead. he returned to Philadelphia as a civilian, and lived the remainder of his life on land, with his wife and family.

Retirement and death
Dale had done well for himself as a merchant seaman. Upon his return to Philadelphia, he changed the focus of his career and became a director of the Insurance Company of North America. Six months later, he shifted allegiance to the Union Insurance Company, and remained there as one of its directors for over twenty years. He served as its president from September 1824 to July 1825.

Back in 1785, George Washington signed a certificate that admitted Dale into the Society of the Cincinnati, which honored officer veterans of the Revolutionary War. Dale remained an active member for the rest of his life, and became involved in the effort to construct a monument dedicated to George Washington in Philadelphia, which ultimately never materialized. He was also active in the Society for the Relief of Poor and Distressed Masters of Ships, Their Wives and Children (est. 1765), and served in the Washington Benevolent Society of Pennsylvania. During the War of 1812, he was a member of the General Committee, formed to protect Philadelphia from potential attack by the British military.

A Protestant Episcopalian, he devoted himself to the religious affairs of the church in Philadelphia. In 1816, he served as president of the Marine Bible Association of the City of Philadelphia, founded by the Philadelphia Bible Society with the intention to further the spiritual welfare of American merchant seamen. He was a co-founder of the Mariner's Church, a non-denominational church located right off the docks of the city port to cater to traveling seamen. Designed by William Strickland, it was one of the largest churches in the city at the time. He also served as a member of the Standing Committee of the Diocese, a Trustee of the Episcopate Fund, and participated in various conventions dedicated to the perpetuation of the Episcopalian message. He closely followed the construction and affairs of the St. Stephens Church in Philadelphia during its construction and until his death. Dale was sixty-nine when he died in Philadelphia. Originally laid to rest in the Christ Church Burial Ground, and followed by Dorethea with her death four years later, they were both reinterred in the Laurel Hill Cemetery in 1888.

Children

 * Mary Dale – September 6, 1792 to August 7, 1793
 * Richard Dale, Jr. – January 2, 1795 to 1815. Dale, Sr. used his not insubstantial influence within the United States Department of the Navy to get both Dale Jr. and his brother John Montgomery positions within the Navy, with the caveat that they serve on different ships.  Dale Jr. served aboard his father's former command, President, during the War of 1812, when he was involved in a battle with a squadron of Royal Navy ships off the coast of Bermuda.  Struck by a cannonball that severed his leg, he later died as a prisoner on the island.
 * John Montgomery Dale – January 4, 1797 to December 15, 1852. Served as a captain within the United States Navy, and eventually dedicated the sloop-of-war USS Dale (1839), which was named in honor of his father.
 * Samuel Sutherland Dale – 1799 (died an infant)
 * Edward Crathorne Dale – February 21, 1801 to December 18, 1868.
 * Sarah Barry Dale – January 14, 1804 to March 6, 1839
 * Ann Dale – 1806 (died an infant)
 * Elizabeth Dale – September 21, 1807 to ???

Ships
During the course of his career, Dale served on many different ships under a variety of national flags and in various capacities. His final mission, in the capacity of Commodore of the United States Navy, found him serving at the head of a small fleet of ships. Many of the ships upon which Dale served are as follows: privateer endorsed by the Continental Congress. Final vessel served on during the conflict with England. After this, he was discharged from the Continental Navy
 * Unidentified vessel commanded by an uncle – 1768. During his preliminary career on merchant vessels, Dale began as an apprentice and rose to the rank of chief mate, working largely in the West Indies trade.
 * Unidentified light cruiser in the service of Virginia – 1776 (captured by the British)
 * Lady Susan – 1776. A British vessel on which he served during the Revolution
 * Lexington – 1776, 1777. Served as a midshipman under John Barry, Master's Mate under William Hallock, 1776, again after capture and release in 1777, under a new captain, Henry Johnston
 * Bonhomme Richard – 1779. Served as First Lieutenant under John Paul Jones in this French privateer
 * Alliance – 1779. First Lieutenant under Jones
 * Ariel – 1780–1781. First Lieutenant under Jones
 * Trumbull – July to November, 1781. First Lieutenant under Captain Nicholson
 * Queen of France – Late 1781 or early 1782 – February, 1783. Served as first lieutenant initially, then as captain in this
 * Chesapeake – 1784. As captain in the United States Navy, he was responsible for the ship's construction, although he did not sail in it.
 * Canton – 1785–1787. The first merchant vessel out of the United States used for the China trade
 * Alliance – 1787–1788. Modified since the war to become a merchant vessel, again for the China trade
 * Pigou – 1796. As captain, a merchant vessel used for the East India trade
 * Ganges – pre-1798 – 1798 – Dale commanded first as a modified merchant vessel, and again once she was converted into a war ship. Sailed in the latter capacity during the quasi-war with France.
 * 1801 – 1802 – Commanded a squadron including the President, (flagship), the Philadelphia, the Essex, and the Enterprise within the Mediterranean Sea, protecting American merchant vessels against Tripolitan and other Barbary privateers.

Namesakes
See USS Dale for a list of ships named in his honor.

title: Richard Dale