text:
Talk:John VI of Portugal

This article is awful
As I feared, this article has been left to dust and it's still awful. What a pity. --Lecen (talk) 18:01, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * While I have not been reading the content, I do have to disagree with you on your comments. I have watched User:Cristiano Tomás and User:Jmabel heavily elaborate the content on this page for the last several weeks. Could you please advise as to the problems? ruben jc ZEORYMER  (talk) 21:42, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * If you don't like the title of the article, then open up an RM. GoodDay (talk) 18:36, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

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Titles
The tab "Titles, styles, and honours" should consider the use of title and style of His Imperial Majesty and Emperor of Brazil. The king wore the title and style of His Imperial and Royal Majesty ( some sources cited His Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty) the Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal. 217.129.159.137 (talk) 08:07, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:John VI of Portugal


text:
Joyal

Joyal is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * André Joyal (born 1943), Canadian mathematician
 * André Joyal (economist), Canadian economist
 * Dave Joyal (born 1983), American rock drummer
 * Eddie Joyal (born 1940), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Glenn Joyal, Manitoba judge
 * Serge Joyal (born 1945), Canadian senator

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joyal


text:
Frottola

The frottola (plural frottole) was the predominant type of Italian popular secular song of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. It was the most important and widespread predecessor to the madrigal. The peak of activity in composition of frottole was the period from 1470 to 1530, after which time the form was replaced by the madrigal.

While "frottola" is a generic term, several subcategories can be recognized, as would be expected of a musical form which was used for approximately a hundred years, maintaining immense popularity for more than half of that time. Most typically, a frottola is a composition for three or four voices (more towards the end of the period), with the uppermost voice containing the melody: instrumental accompaniments may have been used. The poem usually has a rhyme scheme of ABBA for a ripresa (reprise), and a stanza of CDCDDA or CDCDDEEA, though there is much variation between subtypes of frottola. Most likely the poetic forms are descended from the fourteenth-century ballata, though the music shows a startling simplification from late fourteenth-century practice.

Musically, the frottola avoids contrapuntal complexity, preferring homophonic textures, clear and repetitive rhythms, and a narrow melodic range. It was an important predecessor not only to the madrigal, but to much later practices in the Baroque era such as monody, since it anticipates chordal accompaniment, has the melody in the highest voice, and shows an early feeling for what later developed into functional harmony.

Very little is known about performance practice. Contemporary editions are sometimes for multiple voices, with or without lute tablature; occasionally keyboard scores survive. Frottole may have been performed as solo voice with lute accompaniment—certainly Marchetto Cara may have performed them this way at the Gonzaga court, as is implied by his renown as lutenist, singer, and composer of frottole—and they also may have been performed by other combinations of singers and instruments as well.

The most famous composers of frottola were Bartolomeo Tromboncino and Marchetto Cara, although some of the popular secular compositions of Josquin (for example Scaramella and "El Grillo") are stylistically frottole, though not in name.

The frottola was a significant influence not only on the madrigal, but on the French chanson, which also tended to be a light, danceable, and popular form. Many French composers of the period went to Italy, either to work in aristocratic courts or at the papal chapel in Rome. While in Italy, they encountered the frottola, and incorporated some of what they heard in their native secular compositions.

Composers
Composers of frottole include:

 * Francesco d'Ana
 * Giovanni Brocco
 * Antonio Caprioli
 * Marchetto Cara
 * Giacomo Fogliano
 * Lodovico Fogliano
 * Erasmus Lapicida
 * Filippo de Lurano
 * Rossino Mantovano
 * Michele Pesenti
 * Bartolomeo Tromboncino
 * Michele Vicentino

Except for Tromboncino and Cara, who were extremely famous, very little is known about most of these composers; in many cases only their names survive, and those because Petrucci, the prominent Venetian publisher, included their names in collections containing their music.

title: Frottola


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Vacuum ejector

A vacuum ejector, or simply ejector is a type of vacuum pump, which produces vacuum by means of the Venturi effect.

In an ejector, a working fluid (liquid or gaseous) flows through a jet nozzle into a tube that first narrows and then expands in cross-sectional area. The fluid leaving the jet is flowing at a high velocity which due to Bernoulli's principle results in it having low pressure, thus generating a vacuum. The outer tube then narrows into a mixing section where the high velocity working fluid mixes with the fluid that is drawn in by the vacuum, imparting enough velocity for it to be ejected, the tube then typically expands in order to decrease the velocity of the ejected stream, allowing the pressure to smoothly increase to the external pressure.

The strength of the vacuum produced depends on the velocity and shape of the fluid jet and the shape of the constriction and mixing sections, but if a liquid is used as the working fluid the strength of the vacuum produced is limited by the vapor pressure of the liquid (for water, 3.2 kPa or 32 mbar at 25 °C). If a gas is used, however, this restriction does not exist.

If not considering the source of the working fluid, vacuum ejectors can be significantly more compact than a self-powered vacuum pump of the same capacity.

Water aspirator
The cheap and simple water aspirator is commonly used in chemistry and biology laboratories and consists of a tee fitting attached to a tap and has a hose barb at one side. The flow of water passes through the straight portion of the tee, which has a restriction at the intersection, where the hose barb is attached. The vacuum hose should be connected to this barb. In the past, water aspirators were common for low-strength vacuums in chemistry benchwork. However, they are water-intensive, and depending on what the vacuum is being used for (e.g. solvent removal), they can violate environmental protection laws such as the RCRA by mixing potentially hazardous chemicals into the water stream, then flushing them down a drain that often leads directly to the municipal sewer. Their use has decreased somewhat as small electric vacuum pumps are far more effective, environmentally safe, and have become more affordable, but the unmatched simplicity and reliability of this device have caused it to remain popular for small labs or as a backup.

Another, much larger version of this device is used in maritime operations as a device to dewater (drain) areas in a ship that have been flooded in emergency situations. Typically referred to as an eductor in these applications, this is preferred over electrical pumps due to their simplicity, compact size, and greatly mitigated risk of explosion in the event that flammable liquids and/or vapors are present. Additionally, unlike many mechanical pumps, they can also pass debris as the eductor has no moving parts that can be fouled. This makes an eductor especially useful in situations where fitting a debris strainer to the suction port will present more issues than it resolves. The size of the debris that can be passed depends on the physical size of the eductor. Sizes, flow ratings, and applications vary, including eductors that are permanently installed (typically used in very large spaces, such as a ship's main engine room), or portable models that can be lowered into spaces by a rope and supplied and drained through firefighting hoses. Most are supplied through a ship's firefighting main, and portable models can also be supplied by an emergency pump, provided it can supply sufficient flow to operate the eductor.

Steam ejector
The industrial steam ejector (also called the "steam jet ejector", "steam aspirator", or "evactor") uses steam as a working fluid and multistage systems can produce very high vacuums. Due to the lack of delicate moving parts and the flow of steam providing somewhat of cleaning action, steam ejectors can handle gas flows containing liquids, dust, or even solid particles that would damage or clog many other vacuum pumps. Ejectors made entirely from specialised materials such as PTFE or graphite have allowed usage of extremely corrosive gasses, since steam ejectors have no moving parts they can be constructed in their entirety from almost any material that has sufficient durability.

In order to avoid using too much steam or impractical operating pressures, a single steam-ejector stage is generally not used to generate vacuum below approximately 10 kPa (75 mmHg). To generate higher vacuum, multiple stages are used; in a two-stage steam ejector, for example, the second stage provides vacuum for the waste steam output by the first stage. Condensers are typically used between stages to significantly reduce the load on the later stages. Steam ejectors with two, three, four, five and six stages may be used to produce vacuums down to 2.5 kPa, 300 Pa, 40 Pa, 4 Pa, and 0.4 Pa, respectively.

Steam ejectors are also suitable for pumping many liquids since if the steam can be easily condensed into the liquid then there is no need to separate the working fluid or manage a mist of liquid droplets. This is the manner in which a steam injector operates.

An additional use for the injector technology is in vacuum ejectors in continuous train braking systems, which were made compulsory in the UK by the Regulation of Railways Act 1889. A vacuum ejector uses steam pressure to draw air out of the vacuum pipe and reservoirs of continuous train brake. Steam locomotives, with a ready source of steam, found ejector technology ideal with its rugged simplicity and lack of moving parts. A steam locomotive usually has two ejectors: a large ejector for releasing the brakes when stationary and a small ejector for maintaining the vacuum against leaks. The exhaust from the ejectors is invariably directed to the smokebox, by which means it assists the blower in draughting the fire. The small ejector is sometimes replaced by a reciprocating pump driven from the crosshead because this is more economical of steam and is only required to operate when the train is moving.

Air ejector
Commonly called an air ejector, Venturi pump, or vacuum ejector. This ejector is similar in operation to the steam ejector but uses high-pressure air as the working fluid. Multistage air ejectors can be used, but since air cannot easily be condensed at room temperature, an air ejector is usually limited to two stages as each subsequent stage would have to be significantly larger than the last. These are commonly used in pneumatic handling equipment when a small vacuum is required to pick up objects since compressed air is often already present to power other parts of the equipment. Air ejectors used to suction liquids directly will produce a fine mist of droplets, this is how airbrushes and many other spraying systems operate, but when a spray is not required it is typically an undesirable effect that limits the applications to gas suction.

title: Vacuum ejector


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Fusing (manufacturing)

For the art, see stained glass fusing.

Fusing is a type of manufacturing process for joining or terminating electrical magnet wire, that is coated with a varnish (film) type insulation, to itself or some type of electrical terminal, without prior removal of the insulation. During the fusing process, the varnish film insulation is vaporized automatically. The entire process takes between a quarter of a second to 50 seconds, depending upon the geometry of the wires being joined.

title: Fusing (manufacturing)


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Faber & Faber

Faber and Faber Limited, commonly known as Faber & Faber or simply Faber, is an independent publishing house in London. Published authors and poets include T. S. Eliot (an early Faber editor and director), W. H. Auden, Margaret Storey, William Golding, Samuel Beckett, Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes, Seamus Heaney, Paul Muldoon, Milan Kundera and Kazuo Ishiguro.

Founded in 1929, in 2006 the company was named the KPMG Publisher of the Year.

Faber and Faber Inc., formerly the American branch of the London company, was sold in 1998 to the Holtzbrinck company Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG). Faber and Faber ended the partnership with FSG in 2015 and began distributing its books directly in the United States.

History
Faber and Faber began as a firm in 1929, but originated in the Scientific Press, owned by Sir Maurice and Lady Gwyer. The Scientific Press derived much of its income from the weekly magazine The Nursing Mirror. The Gwyers' desire to expand into trade publishing led them to Geoffrey Faber, a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford; they founded Faber and Gwyer in 1925. After four years, The Nursing Mirror was sold and Geoffrey Faber and the Gwyers agreed to go their separate ways. Faber selected the company name of Faber and Faber, although there was no other Faber involved.

T. S. Eliot, who had been suggested to Faber by Charles Whibley, had left Lloyds Bank in London to join Faber as a literary adviser; in the first season, the firm issued his Poems 1909–1925. In addition, the catalogues from the early years included books by Ezra Pound, Jean Cocteau, Herbert Read, Max Eastman, George Rylands, John Dover Wilson, Geoffrey Keynes, Forrest Reid, Charles Williams, and Vita Sackville-West. In 1928, Faber and Faber published its first commercial success, Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man. The book was at first published anonymously; the author's name, Siegfried Sassoon, was added to the title page for the second impression. Over the next six months, it was reprinted eight times.

Role in publishing
Poetry was originally the most renowned part of the Faber list, with W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, and Louis MacNeice joining Ezra Pound, Marianne Moore, Wyndham Lewis, John Gould Fletcher, Roy Campbell, James Joyce, David Jones (artist-poet) and Walter de la Mare being published under T. S. Eliot's aegis.

Under Geoffrey Faber's chairmanship, the board in 1929 included Eliot, Richard de la Mare, Charles Stewart, and Frank Vigor Morley. The firm's art director was Berthold Wolpe. Faber published biographies, memoirs, fiction, poetry, political and religious essays, art and architecture monographs, children's books, and an ecology list. It also published Eliot's literary review, The Criterion. Eliot rejected two books by George Orwell, A Scullion's Diary (the original version of Down and Out in Paris and London) and Animal Farm.

During the Second World War, paper shortages resulted in high profits, but much of this profit went to taxation.

Notable postwar Faber writers include William Golding (although the company almost rejected his Lord of the Flies), Lawrence Durrell, Robert Lowell, Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, W. S. Graham, Philip Larkin, P. D. James, Tom Stoppard, and John Osborne. The firm increased its investment in contemporary drama, including plays by three Nobel Laureates: Harold Pinter, Samuel Beckett, and T. S. Eliot. Other playwrights subsequently joined Faber, including Alan Ayckbourn, Alan Bennett, Brian Friel, Tony Harrison, David Hare, Frank McGuinness, and Timberlake Wertenbaker.

Today
Modern writers such as Kazuo Ishiguro, Peter Carey, Orhan Pamuk, and Barbara Kingsolver also joined Faber. In addition, Faber has published the translated work of prominent novelists and poets including Milan Kundera, Thomas Bernhard, Günter Grass, Nikos Kazantzakis, Wisława Szymborska, Mario Vargas Llosa, and Czesław Miłosz. Having published the theatrical works of Samuel Beckett for several years, the company acquired the rights to the remainder of his oeuvre from the publishing house of John Calder in 2007. Faber announced in October 2011 that Jarvis Cocker, lead singer of the band Pulp, would be joining as editor-at-large, an appointment similar to one held by Pete Townshend of The Who in the 1980s.

In 2008, the imprint Faber Finds was set up to make copyrighted out-of-print books reavailable, using print-on-demand technology. Works republished in the imprint have included items from the Mass-Observation archives, and works by John Betjeman, Angus Wilson, A. J. P. Taylor, H. G. Wells, Joyce Cary, Nina Bawden, Jean Genet, P. H. Newby, Louis MacNeice, John Carey, F. R. Leavis, Jacob Bronowski, Jan Morris, and Brian Aldiss. In 2009, Faber Finds began to release e-books.

Faber's American arm was sold in 1998 to Farrar, Straus and Giroux ("FSG"), where it remained as an imprint focused on arts, entertainment, media, and popular culture. In February 2015, Faber announced the end of its partnership with FSG.

In June 2012, to coincide with the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, Faber launched a website – Sixty Years in Sixty Poems. Commissioned for The Space – the new digital arts platform developed by the Arts Council in partnership with the BBC – Sixty Years in Sixty Poems took the poems from Poet Laureate Carol Ann Duffy's anthology, Jubilee Lines, and interpreted them using actors' recordings, sound-based generative design, and archive film footage.

Faber Academy
In 2008, Faber launched Faber Academy, a creative writing business offering courses for aspiring writers. Courses include "Writing a Novel", "Advanced Poetry", and "Getting Started: Beginners' Fiction". At times, courses are tutored by famous writers, such as Mike Figgis, Jeanette Winterson, and Tobias Hill. Notable students have included S. J. Watson and Georgian/British singer-songwriter Katie Melua.

In 2018, The Faber Academy started offering a scholarship to two writers every year, with a focus on under-represented groups such as writers of colour, disabled writers and LGBTQ+ writers.

Faber Digital
Faber Digital was launched in 2009. It has published a number of book-related apps for the iPhone and the iPad, including Malcolm Tucker: The Missing Phone (which was nominated for a BAFTA award), QI: Quite Interesting, Harry Hill's Joke Book, and The Waste Land for iPad app. The Waste Land for iPad app was Faber's second collaboration with Touch Press, following the Solar System for iPad, which won the Futurebook Award for Digital innovation at the Book Industry Awards in 2011. In 2013, in partnership with Bloomsbury Publishing plc, Faber Digital launched Drama Online, a subscription-based digital content platform for libraries, educators, students, and researchers.

Faber Factory
Faber introduced Faber Factory in 2011, an eBook conversion and digitisation service. Faber Factory won the Services to Independent Publishers Award at the IPG Awards in 2013 and 2015.

Location
The firm's original location was its Georgian offices at 24 Russell Square, in Bloomsbury, London. Faber later moved to 3 Queen Square, London, and on 19 January 2009 the firm moved to Bloomsbury House, 74–77 Great Russell Street, London. The company relocated to The Bindery, Hatton Garden, London in 2023.

Nobel Laureate authors published by Faber

 * 1948: T. S. Eliot
 * 1960: Saint-John Perse
 * 1969: Samuel Beckett
 * 1980: Czesław Miłosz
 * 1983: William Golding
 * 1992: Derek Walcott
 * 1995: Seamus Heaney
 * 1996: Wisława Szymborska
 * 1999: Günter Grass
 * 2005: Harold Pinter
 * 2006: Orhan Pamuk
 * 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa
 * 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro

title: Faber & Faber


text:
Ball (disambiguation)

A ball is a spherical round object with various uses.

Ball(s) or The Ball may also refer to:

Places

 * Ball (crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Ball, Cornwall, a hamlet in the north of Cornwall, England, UK
 * Ball, Louisiana, a town in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, US
 * Balls (mountain range), a mountain range in Madera County, California, US

People with the surname

 * Ball (surname), a list of people with the surname Ball
 * Ed Balls, a British politician
 * Katy Balls, a British journalist
 * William Lawrence Balls, a British botanist

Anatomy

 * Ball (foot), a bottom part of the foot
 * Balls, a slang word for testicles, which may also apply to chutzpah or bravery

Film and theatre

 * Le Bal (1931 film), a French film
 * The Ball (1958 film) (Mingea), a Romanian film
 * Le Bal (1983 film), an Algerian film
 * Balls (film) (Swedish: Farsan), a 2010 Swedish comedy film
 * The Ball (2011), an Australian documentary, runner up for the 2011 AACTA Award for Best Documentary Under One Hour
 * The Ball (play), a 1632 play by James Shirley

Games

 * Ball (Game & Watch), a game for the Nintendo Game & Watch
 * The Ball (video game), a 2010 video game

Groups

 * Balls (rock band), a 1969–1971 British rock band
 * B.A.L.L., a 1987–1990 American rock band

Albums

 * Ball (Iron Butterfly album), 1969
 * Ball (Widespread Panic album), 2003
 * Balls (Elizabeth Cook album), 2007
 * Balls (Sparks album), 2000
 * Balls (EP), by Guttermouth, 1991
 * Balls, by Napoleon Murphy Brock, 2003

Songs

 * "Ball" (song), by T.I., 2012
 * "Ball", by DJ Khaled from Victory, 2010
 * "Ball", by Susumu Hirasawa from Sword-Wind Chronicle BERSERK Original Soundtrack, 1997
 * "The Ball", from the musical Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812, 2012
 * "Un bal", the second movement of Symphonie fantastique by Hector Berlioz, 1830

Television

 * Balls (TV channel), a defunct Filipino sports channel
 * "The Ball" (Dynasty 1985), an episode
 * "The Ball" (Dynasty 1986), an episode
 * "The Ball" (Kanon), an episode

Brands and enterprises

 * Ball (St. Paul's Churchyard), an historical bookseller in London
 * Ball Corporation, a U.S. packaging manufacturer and metal can maker
 * Ball Watch Company

Computing and technology

 * BALL (Biochemical Algorithms Library), a versatile set of C++ classes for molecular modelling
 * Blog Assisted Language Learning, an application of computer-assisted language learning

Schools

 * Ball High School, a public secondary school in Galveston, Texas, US
 * Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, US

Social gatherings

 * Ball (dance party)
 * The Ball (event), a NYC Jewish singles event on Christmas Eve

Sports

 * Ball (rhythmic gymnastics)
 * Baseball (ball), the physical object
 * Ball (baseball statistics), a pitch outside the strike zone and not swung at by the batter
 * Basketball (ball)
 * Cricket ball, the physical object
 * Ball (cricket) or delivery, a single action of bowling
 * Football (ball)
 * Ball (association football)
 * Gaelic ball
 * Ball (gridiron football)
 * Rugby ball
 * Golf ball
 * Handball (ball)
 * Pickleball, the ball used in the game
 * Ball!, a warning of an errant ball on the court
 * Softball (ball)
 * Tennis ball
 * Whiffle ball or wiffle ball

Other uses

 * Ball (bearing), special highly spherical and smooth balls, most commonly used in ball bearings
 * Ball (mathematics), the solid interior of a sphere
 * Ball of wax example, also known as the wax argument, a thought experiment by René Descartes in his Meditations on First Philosophy
 * Boule de Genève (Geneva ball), a type of pendant watch in the shape of a small ball
 * Times Square Ball or the Ball
 * Round shot or cannonball or ball, a round projectile fired from guns and cannons

title: Ball (disambiguation)


text:
Category:Sportspeople

For specific roles (competitor, coach, etc.), see Category:Sports occupations and roles.

title: Category:Sportspeople


text:
Category:Tennis players

Below are sub-categories for tennis players with Wikipedia articles. (See NTENNIS and WP:GNG on Wikipedia notability for tennis players.)

See also List of male tennis players and List of female tennis players for extensive lists of the top ranked players in tennis history.

wa:Categoreye:Rilomés djouweus d' tenisse

title: Category:Tennis players


text:
Talk:Dreamcatcher (disambiguation)

Split
This page needs to be split into separate articles and made into a disambiguation page. -- LGagnon 20:18, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * 'Tis done. 81.168.80.170 21:52, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Take Away
I take away "Dreamcatcher Multimedia, an American paper roleplaying game publisher", simply because that article exists no more. AkiShinji 23:38, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dreamcatcher (disambiguation)


text:
Lauda (song)

The lauda (Italian pl. laude) or lauda spirituale was the most important form of vernacular sacred song in Italy in the late medieval era and Renaissance. Laude remained popular into the nineteenth century. The lauda was often associated with Christmas, and so is in part equivalent to the English carol, French noel, Spanish villancico,   and like these genres occupies a middle ground between folk and learned lyrics.

Origin and spread of the lauda
Originally, the lauda was a monophonic (single-voice) form, but a polyphonic type developed in the early fifteenth century. The early lauda was probably influenced by the music of the troubadours, since it shows similarities in rhythm, melodic style, and especially notation. Many troubadours had fled their original homelands, such as Provence, during the Albigensian Crusade in the early 13th century, and settled in northern Italy where their music was influential in the development of the Italian secular style.

A monophonic form of the lauda spread widely throughout Europe during the 13th and 14th centuries as the music of the flagellants; this form was known as the Geisslerlied, and picked up the vernacular language in each country it affected, including Germany, Poland, England and Scandinavia.

After 1480 the singing of laude was extremely popular in Florence, since the monk Savonarola (and others) had prohibited the dissemination of any other style of sacred vernacular music. Many of Josquin's motets and masses are based on melodies he heard in laude during his sojourns in Italy around this time.

Laude had a resurgence of popularity again at the time of the Counter-Reformation, since one of the musical goals of the Council of Trent was to increase the intelligibility of text, and the simple, easily understood laude provided an ideal example.

The lauda declined in importance with the development of the oratorio. However, tunes and lyrics continued to influence later music.

Latin songs with some characteristics of the lauda
Song Latin songs, notably 13 Latin antiphons preserved in the Bobbio Abbey, have sometimes been called "Latin laude," however which more closely resemble Latin language version of the Italian ballata.

Selected recordings

 * O cieco mondo - composers Jacopo da Bologna, Alexander Demophon, Francesco Landini, Vincenzo Ruffo, and Anonymous. Paul Van Nevel Huelgas Ensemble, Deutsche Harmonia Mundi

title: Lauda (song)


text: Category:Babylon 5 characters

title: Category:Babylon 5 characters


text:
Diane Kruger

Diane Kruger ( Heidkrüger; ; born 15 July 1976) is a German actress. Early in her career, she gained worldwide recognition and received the Trophée Chopard from the Cannes Film Festival.

Kruger became known for her roles in film as Helen in the epic war film Troy (2004), Dr. Abigail Chase in the heist film National Treasure (2004) and its 2007 sequel, Bridget von Hammersmark in Quentin Tarantino's war film Inglourious Basterds (2009), and Gina in the psychological thriller film Unknown (2011). She also starred as Detective Sonya Cross in the FX crime drama series The Bridge (2013–14). In 2017, she made her German-language debut in Fatih Akin's In the Fade, for which she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress. In 2019, Kruger starred in the spy-thriller The Operative with Martin Freeman.

Early life
Diane Heidkrüger was born on 15 July 1976. She grew up in a deeply Catholic German family, and attended Catholic school. She has stated that one of her grandmothers was Polish.

She was brought up in West Germany with her younger brother, Stefan. Her mother sent her to student exchange programs when she was a teenager to improve her English. As a child, Kruger wanted to become a ballerina and successfully auditioned for the Royal Ballet School in London, but a knee injury cut short her ballet career. Later, Kruger moved to Paris, attending drama school and working as a model and began learning and speaking fluent French.

Modeling
In 1993, Kruger represented Germany in the Elite Model Look and started modeling afterwards. Despite her relatively short stature for a model, she managed to land bookings such as advertisements from Yves Saint Laurent, Chanel, Salvatore Ferragamo, Giorgio Armani, Jil Sander, Christian Dior, Burberry and Louis Vuitton; runway shows from Marc Jacobs, D&G and Sonia Rykiel; and appearances on the cover of Vogue Paris, Marie Claire and Cosmopolitan to her modeling repertoire. She gradually stopped modelling after deciding to pursue a career in acting.

Acting

Kruger became interested in acting and took lessons at the Cours Florent. She made her film debut in 2002, opposite Dennis Hopper and Christopher Lambert in The Piano Player, a TV film by Jean-Pierre Roux. The same year, she also starred in her then husband's directorial début Mon Idole.

She played Julie Wood in 2003's Michel Vaillant and Lisa in Wicker Park (2004), alongside Josh Hartnett and Rose Byrne. One of her more high-profile roles to date is her portrayal of Helen of Sparta in Wolfgang Petersen's epic Troy. In 2004, Kruger starred with Nicolas Cage and Sean Bean (who co-starred with her in Troy) in the film National Treasure, going on to appear in films Joyeux Noël (2005) and Copying Beethoven (2006). She reprised her role as Dr. Abigail Chase in National Treasure: Book of Secrets, released in December 2007.

Kruger was the hostess of the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. Kruger was a jury member of the 58th Berlin International Film Festival in 2008. The festival is chaired by Costa Gavras.

In 2009, she co-starred as a German actress turned Allied spy in Quentin Tarantino's film Inglourious Basterds. In December 2009, she announced the nominations of the 67th Golden Globe Awards and also picked up nominations from the Screen Actors' Guild for Best Supporting Actress and Outstanding Performance by a Cast of a Motion Picture for her role in Inglourious Basterds.

Kruger played Anna in Jaco Van Dormael's Mr. Nobody. Critical response has praised the film's artistry and Kruger's acting. Kruger made a cameo appearance in an April 2010 episode of the Fox show Fringe, in which her former boyfriend, actor Joshua Jackson, starred. In 2010, Kruger also appeared in Mark Ronson's music video for "Somebody to Love Me", where she plays Boy George.

In the 2011 film Unknown, Kruger starred as Gina, a Bosnian undocumented immigrant, and key character alongside leading actor Liam Neeson. It was also announced in 2011 that Kruger had replaced Eva Green in the role of Marie Antoinette in the French-language film, Les Adieux à la Reine. In 2012, she was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. The festival is chaired by Nanni Moretti. She starred in the film adaptation of Stephenie Meyer's novel The Host, which was released in March 2013. Kruger also portrayed El Paso, Texas, police officer Sonya Cross on FX's The Bridge, which aired in 2013. In 2015, she was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2015 Venice Film Festival. In 2016, she co-starred in The Infiltrator with Bryan Cranston and John Leguizamo.

In 2017, Kruger made a rare film appearance in Germany in the thriller In the Fade by Fatih Akin, for which she won several awards. In 2019, Kruger replaced Marion Cotillard in the spy movie The 355, playing a BND agent.

In 2022, Kruger starred in the thriller Out of the Blue, opposite Ray Nicholson, son of Jack. The following year, she joined the cast of David Cronenberg's The Shrouds, replacing Léa Seydoux. She will portray three different characters in the film.

Public image

Kruger was included in People "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" 2004 issue. She appeared on Maxim "Hot 100" list twice, ranking at No. 50 in 2005 and No. 88 in 2009. She also ranked at No. 83 on AskMen "Top 99 Women" list in 2010.

Kruger is a brand ambassador for Swiss watch manufacturer Jaeger-LeCoultre. In December 2009, she was announced as the global "spokesmodel" of L'Oréal. It was announced in May 2010 that she would become the latest face for Calvin Klein's newest fragrance line, Beauty.

Personal life
Kruger is fluent in German, English and French. Additionally, she studied Latin in school for eight years, though she does not speak it. Kruger has stated that she has a fear of horses and will not take part in any films that require her to ride or interact with horses, revealing that she has given up roles in the past because of this. Her fear stems from having been previously thrown off the animals by accident.

In 1999, she began dating French actor and director Guillaume Canet. They were married on 1 September 2001. They acted together in Joyeux Noël (2005) and divorced in 2006. Kruger said that the marriage was unsuccessful because their careers had kept them in different parts of the world.

From 2006 to 2016, she was in a relationship with actor Joshua Jackson.

In 2015, Kruger met actor Norman Reedus on the set of Sky. The two were first seen together as a couple in July 2016. In November 2018, Kruger gave birth to their daughter, her first and his second child.

Honors

 * Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Officier_ribbon.svg Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (22 September 2014).

title: Diane Kruger


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Scream

Scream may refer to:

 * Screaming, a loud vocalization

Amusement rides

 * Scream (Heide Park), a gyro drop tower in Soltau, Germany
 * Scream! (ride), a tower ride at Six Flags Fiesta Texas and Six Flags New England
 * Scream! (roller coaster), at Six Flags Magic Mountain in California

Fictional characters

 * Scream (comics), a fictional character in the Spider-Man comic book series
 * Angar the Screamer or Scream, a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe

Films and television

 * Scream, a 1964 Greek noir film directed by Kostas Andritsos
 * Scream (1981 film), a slasher film
 * Scream (franchise), a series of American horror films
 * Scream (1996 film), the first of the series of horror films
 * Scream 2, the second of the series of horror films, 1997
 * Scream 3, third movie in the horror films series, 2000
 * Scream 4, fourth installment of the film series, 2011
 * Scream (TV series), a 2015 television adaptation of the film franchise
 * Scream (2022 film), the fifth installment of the film series
 * Scream VI, the sixth installment of the film series, 2023
 * Scream (TV channel), a Canadian cable TV channel (2001-2009)

Albums

 * Scream (Chad Wackerman album), 2000
 * Scream (Chris Cornell album), 2009
 * Scream (Michael Jackson album), 2017
 * Scream (Melody Club album), 2006
 * Scream (Ozzy Osbourne album), 2010
 * Scream (Pretty Maids album), 1994
 * Scream (Markus Schulz album), 2012
 * Scream (Sarah Bettens album), 2005
 * Scream (Tokio Hotel album), 2007
 * Scream (Tony Martin album), 2005

Songs

 * "Scream" (2NE1 song), 2012
 * "Scream" (Avenged Sevenfold song), 2008
 * "Scream" (Billy Idol song), 2005
 * "Scream" (Chris Cornell song), 2008
 * "Scream" (Dizzee Rascal song), 2012
 * "Scream" (Kelis song), 2010
 * "Scream" (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song), 1995
 * "Scream!" (Misfits song), 1999
 * "Scream" (Norther song), 2006
 * "Scream" (Sergey Lazarev song), a 2019 song that represented Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest
 * "Scream" (Timbaland song), 2007
 * "Scream" (Tiësto and John Christian song), 2017
 * "Scream" (Tokio Hotel song), 2005
 * "Scream" (Usher song), 2012
 * "Scream", a song by Adelitas Way from their self-titled album
 * "Scream", a song by Artful Dodger
 * "Scream", a song by Black Flag from My War
 * "Screaming", a song by Bronski Beat from The Age of Consent
 * "Scream", a song by CeeLo Green featured in Despicable Me 2
 * "Scream", a song by Collective Soul from Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid
 * "Scream", a song by Dio from Killing the Dragon
 * "Scream", a song by Dreamcatcher
 * "Scream", a song from the High School Musical 3: Senior Year film soundtrack
 * "Scream", a song by Ima Robot from Ima Robot
 * "Scream", a song by In Flames from Come Clarity
 * "Scream", a song by Monrose, a B-side of the single "Hot Summer"
 * "Scream", a song by Sharon Needles from Taxidermy
 * "Scream", a song by Slipknot from Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)
 * "Scream", a song by TVXQ from Tree
 * "Screaming", a song by Band-Maid, a B-side of the single "Start Over"
 * "Scream", a song by Grimes from Art Angels
 * "Screaming", a song by Loathe from I Let It In and It Took Everything

Other uses in music

 * Scream (band), an American punk band
 * Screaming (music), a form of singing

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Scream (magazine), a British bi-monthly horror magazine
 * Scream (Norwegian magazine), a Norwegian hard rock and metal magazine
 * Scream! (comics), a British weekly horror comic anthology
 * The Scream, a painting by Edvard Munch
 * Wilhelm scream, a film and television stock sound effect

Brands and enterprises

 * Scream (music club), in Los Angeles, California
 * Scream Pubs, a pub chain in the UK

Other uses

 * Scream (cipher), a word-based stream cipher

title: Scream


text:
Talk:Dive tables

Square profile
the "square dive" profile which dive tables are designed for is a commonly used term (see e.g., , ), although "rectangular" would of course be a better expression. regards, High on a tree 20:30, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * OK ;) Mark Richards 21:48, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. ukexpat (talk) 03:37, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Dive table → Dive tables — Requesting the page be moved back to its stable title (moved by user to this title earlier today). The reason given for the change was "no reason for plural form as per Wikipedia naming conventions", but WP:SINGULAR specifically makes the exception for articles which are "the names of classes of objects". The overwhelming use is dive tables in the plural, particularly as any named set of tables (e.g. US Navy tables, Bühlmann tables) will consist of several discrete tables. —RexxS (talk) 22:16, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
 * For examples of where the word 'tables' is used to refer to collections of sets of tabular data, see Rudolphine Tables, Alfonsine tables, Iguvine Tables, Alternative periodic tables, League tables of British universities, Thomson Financial League Tables, Generating trigonometric tables, etc. --RexxS (talk) 00:38, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Singular is almost always preferable. — the Man in Question (in question)  23:47, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Agree. Since the start of research into repetitive diving, no printed guidelines have involved the use of a single table. In fact, the guidelines printed prior to that were also generally split in several tables of information (one for each depth) similar to the format of the existing United States Navy decompression tables. --Gene Hobbs (talk) 01:19, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Support The Common decompression tables section clearly notes how this is a class of tables.--Labattblueboy (talk) 14:51, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Dive tables


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Rathaus Spandau (Berlin U-Bahn)

Rathaus Spandau (Spandau Town Hall) is the western terminus of Berlin U-Bahn line U7 (the Eastern one being Rudow). It was opened on 1 October 1984 with the line's extension from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau. The station takes its name from the nearby Rathaus Spandau, the historic city hall of Spandau.

Close to the U-Bahn station Rathaus Spandau is the Berlin-Spandau station of the Berlin S-Bahn line S5 and the Deutsche Bahn for regional and intercity transport. The next station on the U7 line is Altstadt Spandau.

The station was built in a box under a cover in order to minimise the disturbance of surface traffic. With its two island platforms, the station, which was designed by Rainer G. Rümmler, has almost monumental dimensions. It has a big hall with high ceilings, much light and 64 lamps, columns with black granite and a parquet floor like floor. The southern end of its platforms are spanned by a gallery for the movement of passengers to the surface and from which the entire station can be seen. The U-Bahn station also includes a signal control centre for the line to Paulsternstraße.

U-Bahn line U7 uses the inner tracks, which are built for large profile trains, while the track beds of the outer tracks, which are built for the operation of small profile trains on a planned extension of the U-Bahn line U2, which currently runs only as far as Ruhleben, are currently empty. Uniquely for the Berlin U-Bahn, this line would run to the left of the platforms to improve interchanges for the planned extensions of the U7 to Staaken and the U2 to Falkenhagener Feld. An extension of the U7 south to Heerstraße is currently being planned, with a projected completion date in the mid-2030s. In 2021, the 4.26km, 5-station extension was projected to cost €578 million.

Although the station is very close to Spandau S-Bahn station, it has kept its name. Nevertheless, Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe buses always show the destination as S+U Rathaus Spandau, but the S-Bahn station is only signed as Spandau.

title: Rathaus Spandau (Berlin U-Bahn)


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Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii)

The Institute for Astronomy (IfA) is a research unit within the University of Hawaiʻi System, led by Doug Simons as Director. IfA main headquarters are located at 2680 Woodlawn Drive in Honolulu, Hawaii, 21.3075°N, -157.81139°W, adjacent to the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa campus. Additional facilities are located at Pukalani, Maui and Hilo on Hawaii island (the Big Island). IfA employs over 150 astronomers and support staff. IfA astronomers perform research into Solar System objects, stars, galaxies and cosmology.

The Institute for Astronomy was founded in 1967 to conduct research and to manage the observatory complexes at Haleakalā, Maui and the Mauna Kea Observatory on the summit of Mauna Kea. It has approximately 55 faculty and employs over 300 people.

title: Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii)


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Altstadt Spandau (Berlin U-Bahn)

Altstadt Spandau is a station in the Spandau district of Berlin, on that city's U-Bahn line. It takes its name from the Altstadt Spandau, the historic central area of the former independent city of Spandau.

The station was opened on 1 October 1984 (architect R.G.Rümmler) with the line's extension from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau. It lies between Rathaus Spandau and Zitadelle stations. The next station is Zitadelle.

The station was, like many U-Bahn stations at that time, very elaborately and magnificently designed by Rainer G. Rümmler. In March 2017, it was announced that the station - along with six other northern U7 stations - would be heritage listed. This happened at the end of 2018.

It lies at a depth of 14 m, as to the east the nearby river Havel had to be crossed. Therefore the caisson method was used to construct the station. In the direction of Spandau Town Hall, the then unusual shield tunneling method was used to preserve the historical buildings in Spandau's Altstadt (Old Town).

A barrier-free extension of the station, including a lift, is planned for the end of 2019.

title: Altstadt Spandau (Berlin U-Bahn)


text: Category:The Beatles albums

title: Category:The Beatles albums


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Prime Minister of Slovakia

The prime minister of Slovakia, officially the chairman of the government of the Slovak Republic (Slovak: Predseda vlády Slovenskej republiky), commonly referred to in Slovakia as Predseda vlády or informally as Premiér, is the head of the government of the Slovak Republic. Officially, the officeholder is the third-highest constitutional official in Slovakia after the president of the Republic (appointer) and chairman of the National Council; in practice, the appointee is the country's leading political figure.

Since the office was created in 1969, fifteen different people have served as head of government. Since 1993, when Slovakia gained independence, nine people have occupied the function. On 25 October 2023, Robert Fico became the prime minister of Slovakia.

History
The office of the prime minister of Slovakia was established in 1969 by the Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation. A similar office had existed from 1918 when various officials were presiding over executive bodies governing the Slovak part of Czechoslovakia or the Slovak State respectively. Since 1993, when the independent Slovak Republic was established, nine persons have held the office. Since 25 October 2023, the prime minister of Slovakia has been Robert Fico.

Powers and role
Since Slovakia is a parliamentary republic, the prime minister is accountable to the National Council. The Slovak Constitution provides that upon the accession to the office, each prime minister must gain and thereafter maintain the confidence of the Parliament. When the prime minister loses confidence, the president must dismiss him and designate a new prime minister or entrust the dismissed prime minister to act as a caretaker with limited powers.

The prime minister is the most powerful state office since he commands and presides over the government. Although it is not the prime minister but the president who appoints ministers in Cabinet, the president appoints ministers on the prime minister's advice.

Designated Prime Minister of Slovakia
Designated Prime Minister of Slovakia (designovaný predseda vlády) is an unofficial title for a person who has been entrusted by the president of the Slovak Republic with forming a new government and replacing the outgoing prime minister. This title, as well as the authorization of the president to entrust the designated prime minister, is not set by an act but is a legal or, more precisely, constitutional tradition. According to this tradition, the president designates a person who has the support of the majority of deputies in the National Council.

Autonomous Land of Slovakia (1938–1939)

 * Jozef Tiso (7 October 1938 – 9 March 1939)

Slovak Republic (1939–1945)

 * Jozef Tiso (14 March 1939 – 17 October 1939)
 * Vojtech Tuka (27 October 1939 – 5 September 1944)
 * Štefan Tiso (5 September 1944 – 4 April 1945)

title: Prime Minister of Slovakia


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Interval cycle

In music, an interval cycle is a collection of pitch classes created from a sequence of the same interval class. In other words, a collection of pitches by starting with a certain note and going up by a certain interval until the original note is reached (e.g. starting from C, going up by 3 semitones repeatedly until eventually C is again reached - the cycle is the collection of all the notes met on the way). In other words, interval cycles "unfold a single recurrent interval in a series that closes with a return to the initial pitch class". See: cycle.

Interval cycles are notated by George Perle using the letter "C" (for cycle), with an interval class integer to distinguish the interval. Thus the diminished seventh chord would be C3 and the augmented triad would be C4. A superscript may be added to distinguish between transpositions, using 0–11 to indicate the lowest pitch class in the cycle. "These interval cycles play a fundamental role in the harmonic organization of post-diatonic music and can easily be identified by naming the cycle."

Here are interval cycles C1, C2, C3, C4 and C6:

Interval cycles assume the use of equal temperament and may not work in other systems such as just intonation. For example, if the C4 interval cycle used justly-tuned major thirds it would fall flat of an octave return by an interval known as the diesis. Put another way, a major third above G♯ is B♯, which is only enharmonically the same as C in systems such as equal temperament, in which the diesis has been tempered out.

Interval cycles are symmetrical and thus non-diatonic. However, a seven-pitch segment of C7 will produce the diatonic major scale:

This is known also known as a generated collection. A minimum of three pitches are needed to represent an interval cycle.

Cyclic tonal progressions in the works of Romantic composers such as Gustav Mahler and Richard Wagner form a link with the cyclic pitch successions in the atonal music of Modernists such as Béla Bartók, Alexander Scriabin, Edgard Varèse, and the Second Viennese School (Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Anton Webern). At the same time, these progressions signal the end of tonality.

Interval cycles are also important in jazz, such as in Coltrane changes.

"Similarly," to any pair of transpositionally related sets being reducible to two transpositionally related representations of the chromatic scale, "the pitch-class relations between any pair of inversionally related sets is reducible to the pitch-class relations between two inversionally related representations of the semitonal scale." Thus an interval cycle or pair of cycles may be reducible to a representation of the chromatic scale.

As such, interval cycles may be differentiated as ascending or descending, with, "the ascending form of the semitonal scale [called] a 'P cycle' and the descending form [called] an 'I cycle'," while, "inversionally related dyads [are called] 'P/I' dyads." P/I dyads will always share a sum of complementation. Cyclic sets are those "sets whose alternate elements unfold complementary cycles of a single interval," that is an ascending and descending cycle:

In 1920 Berg discovered/created a "master array" of all twelve interval cycles:

Berg's Master Array of Interval Cycles Cycles P 0 11 10 9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0 P I  I 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11  0 _______________________________________ 0  0  | 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 11  1  | 0 11 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0 10  2  | 0 10  8  6  4  2  0 10  8  6  4  2  0  9  3  | 0  9  6  3  0  9  6  3  0  9  6  3  0  8  4  | 0  8  4  0  8  4  0  8  4  0  8  4  0  7  5  | 0  7  2  9  4 11  6  1  8  3 10  5  0  6  6  | 0  6  0  6  0  6  0  6  0  6  0  6  0  5  7  | 0  5 10  3  8  1  6 11  4  9  2  7  0  4  8  | 0  4  8  0  4  8  0  4  8  0  4  8  0  3  9  | 0  3  6  9  0  3  6  9  0  3  6  9  0  2 10  | 0  2  4  6  8 10  0  2  4  6  8 10  0  1 11  | 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11  0  0  0  | 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0

Source:

title: Interval cycle


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Zitadelle (Berlin U-Bahn)

Zitadelle is a station on the Berlin U-Bahn line U7. It was opened on 1 October 1984 with the line's extension from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau. Its name means "Citadel" in English and it was named for the historic Spandau Citadel. Unlike most U-Bahn stations, Zitadelle has side platforms. The station's interiors were also designed to resemble the citadel's style.

It lies between the stations Altstadt Spandau and Haselhorst. It was built/opened by R.G.Rümmler in 1984 (planned was the name "Am Juliusturm"). This station has side platforms because during its construction the important street above could not be blocked. So first the northern platform was built then the southern. The next station is Haselhorst.

title: Zitadelle (Berlin U-Bahn)


text:
Anovulation

Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. Therefore, ovulation does not take place. However, a woman who does not ovulate at each menstrual cycle is not necessarily going through menopause. Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility.

In addition to the alteration of menstrual periods and infertility, chronic anovulation can cause or exacerbate other long-term problems, such as hyperandrogenism or osteopenia. It plays a central role in the multiple imbalances and dysfunctions of polycystic ovary syndrome.

During the first two years after menarche 50% of the menstrual cycles could be anovulatory cycles.

It is in fact possible to restore ovulation using appropriate medication, and ovulation is successfully restored in approximately 90% of cases. The first step is the diagnosis of anovulation. The identification of anovulation is not easy; contrary to what is commonly believed, women undergoing anovulation still have (more or less) regular periods. In general, women only notice that there is a problem once they have started trying to conceive.

Temperature charting is a useful way of providing early clues about anovulation, and can help gynaecologists in their diagnosis.

Signs and symptoms
Anovulation is usually associated with specific symptoms. However, it is important to note that they are not necessarily all displayed simultaneously. Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) occurs in about 20% of women with ovulatory dysfunction. Infrequent and light menstruation occurs in about 40% of women with ovulatory dysfunction. Another potential symptom is irregular menstruation, where five or more menstrual cycles a year are five or more days shorter or longer than the length of the average cycle. Absence of mastodynia (breast pain or tenderness) occurs in about 20% of women with ovulatory problems. Also possible is increased body mass and facial hair, which is relatively easy to treat, and is often associated with PCOS, or polycystic ovary syndrome.

Associated conditions
For most women, alteration of menstrual periods is the principal indication of chronic anovulation. Ovulatory menstrual periods tend to be regular and predictable in terms of cycle length, duration and heaviness of bleeding, and other symptoms. Ovulatory periods are often accompanied by midcycle symptoms such as mittelschmerz or premenstrual symptoms. In contrast, anovulation usually manifests itself as irregularity of menstrual periods, that is, unpredictable variability of intervals, duration, or bleeding. Anovulation can also cause cessation of periods (secondary amenorrhea) or excessive bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). Mittelschmerz and premenstrual symptoms tend to be absent or reduced when a woman is anovulatory.

Causes
Hormonal imbalance is the most common cause of anovulation and is thought to account for about 70% of all cases. About half the women with hormonal imbalances do not produce enough follicles to ensure the development of an ovule, possibly due to poor hormonal secretions from the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland controls most other hormonal glands in the human body. Therefore, any pituitary malfunctioning affects other glands under its influence, including the ovaries. This occurs in around 10% of cases. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus. In 10% of cases, alterations in the chemical signals from the hypothalamus can easily seriously affect the ovaries. There are other hormonal anomalies with no direct link to the ones mentioned above that can affect ovulation. For instance, women with hyper- or hypothyroidism sometimes have ovulation problems. Thyroid dysfunction can halt ovulation by upsetting the balance of the body's natural reproductive hormones.

Currently, the four main causes of ovulatory disorders are polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HA), primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and hyperprolactinemia.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Women with PCOS make up the greatest portion of anovulatory women in clinical practice. The criteria for a PCOS diagnosis is referred to as the Rotterdam criteria and consists of

 * 1) oligoovulation and/or anovulation
 * 2) excess androgen activity
 * 3) polycystic ovaries (by gynecologic ultrasound)

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Hypothalamic causes of HA include functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) and isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Laboratory findings of low serum estradiol and low FSH are associated with the decrease in hypothalamic secretion of GnRH.

A rare form of HA that presents as primary amenorrhea can be due to a congenital deficiency of GnRH knows as idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism or, Kallmann syndrome if it is associated with anosmia. Infiltrative disease or tumors affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary can result in HA.

FHA accounts for around 10–15% of all cases of anovulation. Weight loss or anorexia can lead to FHA by causing a hormonal imbalance, leading to irregular ovulation (dysovulation). It is possible that this mechanism evolved to protect the mother's health. A pregnancy where the mother is weak could pose a risk to the baby's and mother's health. On the other hand, excess weight can also create ovarian dysfunctions. Dr Barbieri of Harvard Medical School has indicated that cases of anovulation are quite frequent in women with a BMI (body mass index) over 27 kg/m2.

Primary ovarian insufficiency
POI was previously referred to as premature ovarian failure (POF) and diagnosed when menopause occurred before age 40 but occurs in only 1 percent of all women. The ovaries can stop working in about 5% of cases. This may be because the ovaries do not contain eggs. However, a complete blockage of the ovaries is rarely a cause of infertility. Blocked ovaries can start functioning again without a clear medical explanation. In some cases, the egg may have matured properly, but the follicle may have failed to burst (or the follicle may have burst without releasing the egg). This is called luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome (LUFS). Physical damage to the ovaries, or ovaries with multiple cysts, may affect their ability to function. This is called ovarian dystrophy.

Hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolactinemia anovulation makes up 5 to 10 percent of women with anovulation. Hyperprolactinemia inhibits gonadotropin secretion by inhibiting GnRH. Hyperprolactinemia can be confirmed by several measurements of serum prolactin.

Fertility awareness and LH measurement
Symptoms-based methods of fertility awareness may be used to detect ovulation or to determine that cycles are anovulatory. Charting of the menstrual cycle may be done by hand, or with the aid of various fertility monitors. Records of one of the primary fertility awareness signs—basal body temperature—can detect ovulation by identifying the shift in temperature which takes place after ovulation. It is said to be the most reliable way of confirming whether ovulation has occurred.

Women may also use ovulation predictor kits (OPKs) which detect the increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels that usually indicates imminent ovulation. For some women, these devices do not detect the LH surge, or high levels of LH are a poor predictor of ovulation; this is particularly common in women with PCOS. In such cases, OPKs and those fertility monitors which are based on LH may show false results, with an increased number of false positives or false negatives. Dr. Freundl from the University of Heidelberg suggests that tests which use LH as a reference often lack sensitivity and specificity.

Classification and testing
The World Health Organization criteria for classification of anovulation include the determination of oligomenorrhea (menstrual cycle >35 days) or amenorrea (menstrual cycle >6 months) in combination with concentration of prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2). The patients are classified as WHO1 (15%)—hypo-gonadotropic, hypo-estrogenic, WHO2 (80%)—normo-gonadotropic, normo-estrogenic, and WHO3 (5%)—hyper-gonadotropic, hypo-estrogenic. The vast majority of anovulation patients belong to the WHO2 group and demonstrate very heterogeneous symptoms ranging from anovulation, obesity, biochemical or clinical hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. This classification system does not include a separate category for anovulation caused by hyperprolactinemia, and experts do not consistently use this system.

Diagnosis of anovulation cause involves hormone level tests, in conjunction with an assessment of associated symptoms. A patient history and physical exam should include history of onset and pattern of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, signs of PCOS such as hyperandrogenism and obesity, eating disorders, causes of excessive physical or mental stress, and breast secretions. Patients with symptoms of hyperandrogenism, such as hirsutism, can be tested for serum androgen levels as well as serum total testosterone levels. A 17-hydroprogesterone test may also be conducted if congenital adrenal hyperplasia is suspected. If the differential is broad, hormone serum levels of estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin can be diagnostic since most causes of anovulation are hormonal imbalances. Transvaginal ultrasound may also be used to visualize polycystic ovaries.

Treatments
Treatment should be based on diagnosis of anovulation. Treatment varies based on the 4 most common causes of anovulation: polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HA), primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and hyperprolactinemia. Importantly, semen analysis should be carried out of the XY partner to exclude severe XY factors before managing anovulatory subfertility. Overall, in healthy individuals with anovulation, ovulatory disorders may be favorably influenced by a healthy diet such as a higher consumption of monounsaturated fats rather than trans fats, vegetable rather than animal protein sources, high fat dairy, multivitamins, and iron from plants and supplements.

Treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
Treatment for management of anovulation due to PCOS is multifaceted, including weight reduction, ovulation induction agents, insulin-sensitizing agents, gonadotrophins and ovarian drilling. In PCOS patients with overweight or obesity, weight loss is first line treatment. Studies show a reduction in weight as little of 5% by caloric restriction and increased physical activity can re-establish spontaneously ovulation and improve response to ovulation induction therapy if initiated. Weight loss also generally results in improved menstrual regularity and pregnancy rates in women with PCOS.

It is well recognized that insulin resistance can be part of the sequelae of PCOS and if present, contribute to anovulation. Metformin, a biguanide, is a common insulin sensitizer often given to treat women with PCOS. No other insulin sensitizers have evidence of effective and safe use of fertility treatment. Previously, metformin was recommended as treatment for anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome, but in the largest trial to date, comparing clomiphene with metformin, clomiphene was more effective than metformin alone. Following this study, the ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored A consensus workshop does not recommend metformin for ovulation stimulation. Subsequent randomized studies have confirmed the lack of evidence for adding metformin to clomiphene.

Ovulation induction
The main ovulation induction medications include:
 * Antiestrogen, causing an inhibition of the negative feedback of estrogen on the pituitary gland, resulting in an increase in secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Medications in use for this effect are mainly clomifene citrate and tamoxifen (both being selective estrogen-receptor modulators), as well as letrozole (an aromatase inhibitor.
 * Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), directly stimulating the ovaries. In women with anovulation, it may be an alternative after 7–12 attempted cycles of pituitary feedback regimens (as evidenced by clomifene citrate), since the latter ones are less expensive and more easy to control.

Treatment for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HA)
In women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism suspicious for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, treatment should be centered around weight gain, reducing intensity and frequency of exercise, and stress reduction with psychotherapy or counseling. Athletes and women with anorexia can have reduced GnRH pulsing due to hypothalamic dysfunction due to increased energy requirements without their needs being met calorically and severely reduced caloric intake, respectively. If anovulation persists following lifestyle modifications, ovulation can be induced with pulsatile gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or gonadotrophin (FSH & LH) administration.

Treatment for primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)
For women with POI that desire pregnancy, ovulation induction strategies should be avoided and assisted reproduction, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) with donor oocytes, should be offered.

Treatment for hyperprolactinemia
For anovulatory women with hyperprolactinemia without symptoms, they can forgo treatment and continue with close follow up and medical observation. If symptoms of hyperprolactinemia are present, dopamine agonists, such as bromocriptine, are first line treatment which act by inhibiting production of prolactin by the pituitary and can shrink a prolactin-secretin lesion (i.e. prolactinoma) if present. In rare cases, endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery and radiotherapy, may be required to resect and shrink a prolactinoma if greater than 10 mm in size. Importantly, individuals should be able to conceive following normalization of serum prolactin levels and shrinking or removal of the tumor.

Other treatments
Corticosteroids (usually found in anti-inflammatory drugs) can be used to treat anovulation if it is caused by an overproduction of male hormones by the adrenal glands. Corticosteroids are usually used to reduce the production of testosterone.

title: Anovulation


text:
Talk:Good Burger

The Setting of Good Burger
Good Burger takes place in the fictional California city of Brierdale. Evidence supporting this is the delivery Ed and Dexter make to professional basketball player Shaquille O'Neal who, from 1996 to 2004, played with the Los Angeles Lakers and a fire engine displaying the city's name in the finale.

Rewording Request
Just in case to shorten the film plot, here are some sentences that I have reworded:

"In need of money, Dexter gets a job at Mondo Burger, but a clash with the strict manager, Kurt Bozwell, he gets dismissed."

"Kurt isn't fooled by Ed and Dexter's disguises, kidnaps them and sends them to Demented Hills Asylum to prevent the public from learning Mondo Burger's secret"

I'm not going to add them onto the plot. It's just a suggestion. Thanks 81.97.18.158 (talk) 06:45, 3 December 2015 (UTC)

Sources for sequel info
Stumbled across this looking for something else entirely. Looks like we can use it in the production section of the eventual sequel article. Not sure how useful it is for us right now.

https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/05/02/metro/good-burger-2-filming-begins-rhode-island-may-18/

Millahnna (talk) 02:14, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

"Welcome to Good Burger, home of the Good Burger. Can I take your order?" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Good_Burger,_home_of_the_Good_Burger._Can_I_take_your_order%3F&redirect=no Welcome to Good Burger, home of the Good Burger. Can I take your order?] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 01:22, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Good Burger


text:
Haselhorst (Berlin U-Bahn)

Haselhorst is a station on the Berlin U-Bahn line U7. It was opened on 1 October 1984 with the line's extension from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau. Its name means "hazel eyrie" in English; it was named for the locality where it lies: Haselhorst in the borough of Spandau. It lies between the stations Zitadelle and Paulsternstraße. It was built by R.G.Rümmler, mentionable are interesting light effects on the ceiling. The next station is Paulsternstraße.

title: Haselhorst (Berlin U-Bahn)


text:
Paulsternstraße (Berlin U-Bahn)

Paulsternstraße is a station on the Berlin U-Bahn line U7. It was opened on 1 October 1984 (constructed by Rümmler), with the line's extension from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau. Its name means "Paul Stern Street" in English, Paul Stern having been the name of a pub owner after whom a Spandau neighbourhood was named. The station's interiors are notable for the large and colorful mosaics which decorate almost all walls. All signs spell "Paulsternstrasse".

It lies between the stations Haselhorst and Rohrdamm.

The Paulsternstraße is also a street in Berlin, Spandau. The walls are covered with pictures of flowers, grass and sunpatterns. The ceiling is also covered with stars. The next station is Rohrdamm.

title: Paulsternstraße (Berlin U-Bahn)


text:
Category:East Germany

 * The German Democratic Republic (GDR) − East Germany (1949−1990) — the former in Germany.
 * Part of the divided with, and within the Communist  "behind" the Iron Curtain in Europe.

title: Category:East Germany


text:
Rohrdamm (Berlin U-Bahn)

Rohrdamm is a station on the Berlin U-Bahn line U7 in the Siemensstadt district.

Designed by architect Rümmler, the station was opened on 1 October 1980, as part of the line's extension from Richard-Wagner-Platz to Rohrdamm. Until the second extension of the line from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau in 1984, it was the western terminus of the U7. The name literally means "pipe dam"; as the eponymous street was laid out along a water pipe which gets its water from the Tegeler See and fills the water works in Jungfernheide, from which about 250,000 people get drinking water. The station's machine-like decoration, featuring cog-wheels and pipes, points to this. The adjacent stations are Paulsternstraße and Siemensdamm.

title: Rohrdamm (Berlin U-Bahn)


text:
Talk:Houses of the Molé

Mole, Not Molé
Removed the unnecessary tilde from the word in order to be faithful to the actual Spanish word. Ftalkfanatico 03:34, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Bushwhacked
Has nobody noticed that a lot of the Bush samples on this album and Rio Grande Blood are taken from Chris Morris' Smokehammer and Bushwhacked? In particular the parts where he is made to say 'I have a message for the people of Iraq: go home and die' and the whole 'I have adopted sophisticated terrorist tactics' bit. I'm surprised they got away with it to be honest. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.229.225.16 (talk) 16:37, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ministryhotm.JPG
Image:Ministryhotm.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 08:14, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

psalm 23
The track's name was Silence, not Psalm 23, least that is what iTunes says. I think Psalm 23's real name is Silence. I can't make a reference to show you, so you'd have to see for yourselves. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nightingale12 (talk • contribs) 07:45, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

The Star-Spangled Banner
This version of The Star-Spangled Banner was also in the film Donnie Darko (2001). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.181.247.109 (talk) 10:33, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

"Alien" Jourgenson?
Is this spelling in the Personnel section a typo, or is Alain Jourgenson's name really spelled as "Alien" on the album/CD? BobCubTAC (talk) 09:34, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Houses of the Molé


text:
Siemensdamm (Berlin U-Bahn)

Siemensdamm is a station on the Berlin U-Bahn line U7, located in the Spandau district. It was opened on 1 October 1980 (designed by R.G.Rümmler) with the line's extension from Richard-Wagner-Platz to Rohrdamm. The station is named after an arterial street, which itself is named after Werner von Siemens. The company he founded, Siemens AG, has many facilities in the station's surroundings.

The station is constructed as a "Multi-Purpose Facility". It is prepared and partially stocked to be used as an NBC shelter. It is specified to sustain 4,332 people for 14 days. The next station is Halemweg.

title: Siemensdamm (Berlin U-Bahn)


text:
Major League Volleyball

Major League Volleyball (MLV) was a women's professional volleyball league in the United States. It was established in 1987 and disbanded during its third season on March 20, 1989.

The league was launched in 1987 with six teams consisting of nine players per team, most of them former Olympians or college All-Americans. According to the league's first commissioner, Steve Arnold, each MLV player received a base salary of $5,500 per season. Bonuses were awarded to teams for each victory and for a top-three finish, while the team that won the league championship received $25,000. Bonuses were also awarded to players for excelling in one of six statistical categories. For example, the player who was best in serving aces got an extra $3,000. The egalitarian pay scale made contract negotiations unnecessary.

There were no independent team owners during the first two years of the league's existence. Instead, there were essentially six major shareholders. "It was a concept I developed through having operated pro sports leagues and teams," said Arnold, an attorney who had been a sports agent and was involved with the World Football League, American Basketball Association, World Hockey Association and World TeamTennis. Before the league's third and final season began in 1989, Major League Volleyball granted licensing agreements to ownership groups for each of the league's six teams. The initial licensing fee paid by each ownership group was $100,000. During the MLV's two years in operation they gave out awards for Most Valuable Player (MVP). In the leagues first season in 1987 it was given to Rita Crockett. And in 1988 it was awarded to Ruth Lawson of the Minnesota Monarchs.

The MLV draft was open to any American players who did not have collegiate eligibility and did not play for a professional league in another country or on the U.S. national volleyball team. Through a trust agreement with the USVBL, the players retained their Olympic eligibility.

MLV got a contract with ESPN to televise 10 regular season contests on a tape delay basis, and a playoff game and live coverage of the league's championship match. It had a solid start in attendance with crowds between 350 and 3,000 in the opening weeks of competition in 1987. The three-day championship tournament held at Williams Arena in 1988 had a total attendance of 7,072, including 3,404 (a league record) for the semifinal match between the San Jose Golddiggers and Minnesota Monarchs on Friday, May 20.

The league had only two sets of warmups circulating among its teams until two weeks into the first season. And the game uniforms, ordered from Japan, were in quarantine until two days before the season opened.

The content, records, and player information were obtained from a collection of VCR recordings of the original ESPN broadcasts. Commentary on players is credited to MLV sports analyst and host Chris Marlowe.

Franchises

 * Chicago Breeze (1987–1989)
 * Dallas Belles (1987)/Arizona Blaze (1988)/Portland Spikers (1989)
 * Los Angeles Starlites (1987–1989)
 * Minnesota Monarchs (1987–1989)
 * New York Liberties (1987–1989)
 * San Jose Golddiggers (1987–1989)
 * Sacramento Stars (1987–1989)

Champions

 * 1987 Los Angeles Starlites (3–2 vs San Jose Goldiggers)
 * 1988 Los Angeles Starlites (3–0 vs San Jose Goldiggers)
 * 1989 No Champion (Minnesota had the best record at time of disbanding.)

title: Major League Volleyball