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1921 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1921 in the United Kingdom.

Incumbents

 * Monarch – George V
 * Prime Minister – David Lloyd George (Coalition)

January to June

 * 1 January – Car tax discs introduced.
 * 8 January – Chequers becomes an official residence of the Prime Minister.
 * 14 January – Unemployment stands at 927,000.
 * 17 January – The first recorded public performance of the illusion of "sawing a woman in half" is given by stage magician P. T. Selbit at the Finsbury Park Empire variety theatre in London.
 * 20 January – Royal Navy K-class submarine HMS K5 sinks in the English Channel with the loss of all 57 crew on board.
 * 26 January – Abermule train collision: seventeen people are killed when two passenger trains collide head-on in Montgomeryshire.
 * January – Lord Rothermere's Sunday Pictorial announces formation of the Anti-Waste League as a political party opposing excessive government expenditure.
 * 12 February – Winston Churchill is appointed as Colonial Secretary.
 * 16 February – Unemployment now stands at over 1,000,000. The Government announces an increase in unemployment benefit.
 * 21 February – Conference of London of 1921–1922 convenes in an attempt to resolve problems arising from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
 * 1 March – The Australia national cricket team, led by Warwick Armstrong, becomes the first to complete a whitewash of the touring England team in The Ashes, something that will not be repeated for 86 years. This summer, the Australian cricket team in England will go on to win their first three Test matches.
 * 5 March – Irish War of Independence: Clonbanin Ambush – Irish Republican Army kills Brigadier General Cumming.
 * 11 March – Queen Mary becomes the first woman to be awarded an honorary degree by the University of Oxford.
 * 16 March – The United Kingdom signs a trade agreement with the Russian SFSR.
 * 17 March
 * Bonar Law, the Conservative Party leader, resigns due to ill health.
 * Dr Marie Stopes opens the United Kingdom's first birth control clinic in Holloway, London.
 * 19 March – Irish War of Independence: Crossbarry Ambush – British troops fail to encircle an outnumbered column of Irish Republican Army volunteers in County Cork, with at least ten British and three IRA deaths.
 * 21 March
 * Austen Chamberlain replaces Bonar Law as Conservative leader.
 * Irish War of Independence: Headford Ambush – The IRA kills at least nine British troops.
 * 26 March – Shaun Spadah wins the Grand National, ridden by Dick Rees.
 * 31 March – The government formally returns the coal mines from wartime control to their private owners, who demand wage cuts; in response, the Miners' Federation of Great Britain calls on its partner trade unions in the Triple Alliance to join it in strike action, leading in turn to the government declaring a state of emergency for the first time under the Emergency Powers Act 1920.
 * 1 April
 * Lockout of striking coal miners begins.
 * Airship R36, the first to carry a British civilian registration (G-FAAF), makes her maiden flight from William Beardmore and Company's works at Inchinnan, Scotland. (Work on R37 at Cardington Airfield was suspended in February.)
 * 3 April – Coal rationing begins.
 * 13 April – Lloyds Bank takes over Fox, Fowler and Company of Wellington, Somerset, the last provincial English bank to issue its own banknotes.
 * 15 April
 * "Black Friday": Transport union members of the 'Triple Alliance' refuse to support national strike action by coal miners.
 * National Unemployed Workers' Committee Movement set up by members of the Communist Party.
 * 23 April – Tottenham Hotspur F.C. beat Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 in the FA Cup Final.
 * 26 April – Police patrol London on motorcycles for the first time.
 * 3 May – The province of Northern Ireland is created within the United Kingdom under terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920.
 * 4 May – The IRA kill a former Royal Irish Constabulary inspector in Glasgow.
 * 5 May
 * London Schedule of Payments sets out the World War I reparations payable by the German Weimar Republic and other countries considered successors to the Central Powers.
 * Only thirteen paying spectators attend the football match between Leicester City and Stockport County played at Old Trafford, the lowest attendance in The Football League's history.
 * 7 May – Crown Prince Hirohito of Japan arrives on an official visit.
 * 15 May – The British Legion is founded as a voice for ex-servicemen by merger of the Comrades of the Great War, the National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers, the National Federation of Discharged and Demobilized Sailors and Soldiers and the Officers' Association, under the Presidency of Earl Haig.
 * 22 May – The United States beats the United Kingdom 9 rounds to 3 in the first golf international between the two countries.
 * 24 May – Irish elections, under terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920: In the Northern Ireland general election for the new Parliament of Northern Ireland (held by single transferable vote), Ulster Unionists win 40 out of 52 seats. The dominant-party system in Northern Ireland will last for fifty years.
 * 25 May – Irish War of Independence: the Irish Republican Army occupies and burns The Custom House in Dublin, the centre of local government in Ireland. Five IRA men are killed, and over eighty are captured by the British Army which surrounds the building.
 * 1 June – Humorist wins The Derby. For the first time the result is broadcast live by wireless.
 * 6 June – King George V opens Southwark Bridge in London.
 * 7 June
 * The new Parliament of Northern Ireland assembles in Belfast City Hall; James Craig is elected as first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.
 * J. M. M. Erskine, standing as an "Independent Anti-Waste" candidate, wins the Westminster St George's parliamentary seat in a by-election.
 * 10 June – Unemployment reaches 2,200,000.
 * 12 June – Sunday postal collection and delivery is suspended.
 * 14 June – First performance of the orchestral version of Vaughan Williams's The Lark Ascending conducted by Adrian Boult with Marie Hall as violin soloist in a concert at the Queen's Hall in London.
 * 15 June – 2,000,000 workers are currently involved in pay disputes.
 * 19 June – 1921 United Kingdom census (excluding Ireland)
 * 22 June – New Parliament of Northern Ireland, assembled at Belfast City Hall, is formally opened by King George V, making a speech (drafted by Jan Smuts) calling for reconciliation in Ireland.
 * 24 June – The world's largest airship, the R.38, makes its maiden flight at Bedford.
 * 25 June – Rainfall ends a drought which has lasted for one hundred days.
 * 28 June – The coal strike ends with the Miners' Federation of Great Britain obliged to accept pay cuts and no national bargaining.

July to December

 * 2 July – Bill Tilden and Suzanne Lenglen retain their Wimbledon titles.
 * 7 July – General Jan Smuts meets King George V to discuss the Irish situation.
 * 9 July – The Irish War of Independence comes officially to an end when a truce, coming into effect at noon on 11 July, is agreed between British and Irish forces.
 * 10/11 July – Heatwave with temperatures in the 90s in some parts of South-East England.
 * 10 July – Bloody Sunday: clashes between Catholics and Protestants in Belfast result in sixteen deaths (23 over the surrounding four-day period) and the destruction of over two hundred (mostly Catholic) homes.
 * 12 July – Sinn Féin representatives arrive in London for talks.
 * 18 July – Ulster Unionist negotiators walk out of the truce talks in London.
 * 28 July – First registration of practitioners of dentistry under the Dentists Act, making it a fully regulated profession.
 * 3 August – "Geddes Axe": announcement that the Prime Minister is appointing an advisory Committee on National Expenditure, made up of businessmen chaired by Sir Eric Geddes, to recommend reductions in government spending.
 * 19 August – Unemployment falls to 1,640,600.
 * 24 August – Airship R.38 explodes on her fourth test flight near Kingston upon Hull, killing 44 of the 49 Anglo-American crew on board.
 * 27 August – The first games in the new Football League Third Division North are played, a year after the southern section was formed. Among the new division's members are Stockport County, Walsall, Rochdale, Chesterfield and Tranmere Rovers.
 * 30 August – England defeat Australia, for the first time this year, in the final Test match.
 * 1 September – Poplar Rates Rebellion: led by George Lansbury, the Borough council in Poplar, London withholds collection of part of its rates, leading to six weeks' imprisonment for thirty councillors (including six women) and hasty passage of The London Authorities (Financial Provision) Act through Parliament to equalise tax burdens between rich and poor boroughs.
 * 7 September – David Lloyd George summons a meeting of the Cabinet at Inverness to discuss an independent Ireland's relationship with the British Empire.
 * 9 September – Charlie Chaplin visits London and is met by thousands.
 * 17 September – Shackleton–Rowett Expedition: Ernest Shackleton sets sail on his last expedition to Antarctica.
 * 23 September – The second female MP enters Parliament (Margaret Wintringham, in succession to her late husband at the Louth by-election).
 * October – The first women are admitted to study for full academic degrees at the University of Cambridge, but have no associated privileges.
 * 8 October – The steamer SS Rowan sinks off the coast of Scotland. Twenty-two people lose their lives.
 * 11 October – The Irish Treaty Conference opens in London.
 * 11 November – The British Legion holds the first official Poppy Day.
 * 21 November – Troops are sent to restore order after rioting breaks out in East Belfast.
 * 22 November – At least ten people are killed in widespread shootings in Belfast.
 * 30 November – Sir Basil Thomson retires after forty years as the head of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch.
 * 6 December – British and Irish negotiators sign the Anglo-Irish Treaty in London giving independence to the Irish Free State.
 * 9 December – John William Gott becomes the last person in England imprisoned for blasphemous libel.
 * 10 December – Frederick Soddy wins the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes".
 * 13 December – In the Four-Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, the Empire of Japan, United Kingdom, United States and French Third Republic agree to recognize the status quo in the Pacific.
 * 16 December – Parliament ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

Undated

 * The Scottish county of Haddingtonshire is renamed East Lothian.
 * Wicksteed Park in Kettering opens as the first inland amusement park in England.
 * An exceptionally dry year over England and Wales with only 629.0 mm making it the driest year on record since 1788, and not approached subsequently – the nearest being 1854 with 672.9 mm, 1864 with 703.3 mm, 1887 with 669.3 mm and 1933 with 717.7 mm, 1964 with 725.5 mm and 1973 with 739.9 mm. In South East England the average is only 396.4 mm with some stations recording less than 300 mm. It reached 34C (94F) in Southern and Eastern England on 10 and 11 July.

Publications

 * Dorita Fairlie Bruce's children's novel The Senior Prefect, first of The Dimsie books.
 * Agatha Christie's first novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles, introducing Hercule Poirot (21 January; issued in the United States October 1920).
 * Walter de la Mare's novel Memoirs of a Midget.
 * Eleanor Farjeon's children's stories Martin Pippin in the Apple Orchard.
 * John Galsworthy's novel To Let, last of The Forsyte Saga.
 * A. S. M. Hutchinson's novel If Winter Comes.
 * Aldous Huxley's novel Crome Yellow.
 * Sheila Kaye-Smith's novel Joanna Godden.
 * D. H. Lawrence's novel Women in Love (10 June; issued in a limited edition in the United States November 1920).

Births

 * 1 January
 * Barbara Goalen, model (died 2002)
 * John Strawson, English general and military writer (died 2014)
 * Helen Yate, swimmer (died 2020)
 * 2 January
 * Kenneth Griffith, actor (died 2006)
 * Walter Harrison, politician (died 2012)
 * 4 January
 * Eric Bradbury, comic artist (died 2001)
 * Katharine Macmillan, Viscountess Macmillan of Ovenden, politician and aristocrat (died 2017)
 * 8 January – John Lambert, diplomat (died 2015)
 * 9 January
 * Robin Coombs, immunologist (died 2006)
 * Roy Farran, soldier and author (died 2006)
 * 10 January
 * Peggy Evans, actress (died 2015)
 * Andrew Humphrey, senior officer (died 1977)
 * 11 January – Kathleen Byron, actress (died 2009)
 * 12 January – Jim Mortimer, trade unionist (died 2013)
 * 14 January – Kenneth Bulmer, author (died 2005)
 * 15 January
 * John Terraine, military historian (died 2003)
 * Frank Thornton, actor (died 2013)
 * 16 January
 * Geoffrey Eastop, potter (died 2014)
 * George Thomson, journalist and politician (died 2008)
 * 18 January
 * Alfred Ball, air marshal (died 2012)
 * Roy Orrock, World War II pilot (died 2002)
 * 20 January
 * Dick Hern, racehorse trainer (died 2002)
 * Mike Peyton, cartoonist (died 2017)
 * 21 January – Charles Eric Maine, writer (died 1981)
 * 22 January
 * Kevin Stoney, actor (died 2008)
 * Arthur Turner, footballer (died 2019)
 * 23 January – Mary Wixey, track and field athlete (died 2017)
 * 24 January – Charles Jacob, stockbroker (died 2015)
 * 25 January
 * Peter Bayley, academic (died 2015)
 * Peter Jost, mechanical engineer (died 2016)
 * 26 January – Elisabeth Kirkby, English-born Australian actress, writer and politician
 * 27 January – Maurice Macmillan, politician (died 1984)
 * 31 January
 * Jimmy Deane, Trotskyist (died 2002)
 * Arthur Goddard, English-born Australian engineer (died 2022)
 * Ralph Harris, journalist (died 2008)
 * 1 February
 * Peter Sallis, actor (died 2017)
 * Patricia Robins, writer and WAAF officer (died 2016)
 * 3 February – George E. Felton, French-born computer scientist (died 2019)
 * 4 February
 * Peter Ashmore, admiral (died 2002)
 * Branse Burbridge, World War Two fighter pilot (died 2016)
 * 5 February
 * Marion Eames, novelist (died 2007)
 * John Pritchard, conductor (died 1989)
 * Sir Ken Adam, German-born British production designer (died 2016)
 * 6 February – Margaret Moncrieff, cellist (died 2008)
 * 7 February
 * Tito Burns, musician (died 2010)
 * Denis Shaw, character actor (died 1971)
 * 9 February – Leslie Collier, virologist (died 2011)
 * 14 February – Graham Leggett, RAF squadron leader (died 2013)
 * 16 February
 * Bob Evans, Welsh rugby union player (died 2003)
 * John Galbraith Graham, crossword compiler and priest (died 2013)
 * John Hasted, physicist and musician (died 2002)
 * Gerard Mansell, BBC executive (died 2010)
 * 17 February – John Hasted, physicist and musician (died 2002)
 * 20 February – Alex Thomson, Scottish rugby union player (died 2010)
 * 21 February – Morris Beckman, writer and anti-fascist activist (died 2015)
 * 22 February – David Greene, actor and film director (died 2003)
 * 24 February – Pat Kirkwood, actress (died 2007)
 * 26 February – Frank Caldwell, army general (died 2014)
 * 28 February – J. F. C. Harrison, historian (died 2018)
 * 1 March
 * Kenny Baker, jazz trumpeter (died 1999)
 * Jack Clayton, film director (died 1995)
 * Michael Kerr, German-born judge (died 2002)
 * 2 March
 * Christopher Lloyd, gardener and gardening writer (died 2006)
 * Robert Simpson, composer (died 1997)
 * 4 March
 * Jane Fawcett, codebreaker, singer and heritage preservationist (died 2016)
 * Joan Greenwood, actress (died 1987)
 * John Ryan, cartoonist (died 2009)
 * 7 March – Eleanor Summerfield, actress (died 2001)
 * 10 March
 * William Blezard, composer (died 2003)
 * John Christoforou, painter (died 2014)
 * 11 March – Philip Rahtz, archaeologist (died 2011)
 * 12 March – Joe Fagan, footballer and manager (died 2001)
 * 13 March
 * Cyril Poole, cricketer (died 1996)
 * Gitta Sereny, Austrian-born author (died 2012)
 * 15 March
 * David Cobb, marine artist (died 2014)
 * Philip Powell, architect (died 2003)
 * 16 March – Eileen Nearne, agent (died 2010)
 * 18 March – Arthur Keily, marathon runner (died 2016)
 * 19 March
 * Chris Barber, businessman (died 2012)
 * Tommy Cooper, Welsh-born comedian and magician (died 1984)
 * 21 March – Antony Hopkins, composer, conductor and pianist (died 2014)
 * 22 March – Tim Vigors, World War II fighter pilot (died 2003)
 * 23 March
 * Donald Campbell, water and land speed record seeker (died 1967)
 * Geoffrey Chater, actor and poet (died 2021)
 * David Ince, Scottish World War II RAF officer (died 2017)
 * 25 March
 * Mary Douglas, social anthropologist (died 2007)
 * Peter Horsley, RAF commander (died 2001)
 * 26 March – Julie Harris, costume designer (died 2015)
 * 27 March
 * Harry Clarke, footballer and cricketer (died 2015)
 * Richard Marner, actor (born in the Soviet Union; died 2004)
 * 28 March – Dirk Bogarde, actor and author (died 1999)
 * 29 March
 * Elizabeth Kelly, actress
 * Johnny Lawrenson, English rugby league winger (died 2010)
 * Hugh Neill, businessman (died 2017)
 * Tony Sutton, cricketer (died 2019)
 * 30 March
 * Tony Honoré, lawyer and jurist (died 2019)
 * Elizabeth Sutherland, 24th Countess of Sutherland, Scottish noblewoman (died 2019)
 * 31 March
 * James I. C. Boyd, author and railway historian (died 2009)
 * Milein Cosman, German-born artist (died 2017)
 * Roy Houghton, footballer
 * 1 April
 * William J. Fishman, academic (died 2014)
 * Steve Race, pianist, composer and radio presenter (died 2009)
 * 5 April
 * Patricia Ford, Northern Irish politician (died 1995)
 * Les Jackson, English cricketer (died 2007)
 * Christopher Hewett, English actor (died 2001)
 * 6 April – Philip Moore, Baron Moore of Wolvercote, private secretary to Queen Elizabeth II (died 2009)
 * 9 April – George Bryan, businessman (died 2013)
 * 10 April
 * Elizabeth Innes, paediatric haematologist (died 2015)
 * Robert Wade, New Zealand-born chess player (died 2008)
 * 13 April – Joan Rhodes, actress and entertainer (died 2010)
 * 15 April – Charlie Kelsall, Welsh footballer (died 2019)
 * 16 April – Peter Ustinov, actor, writer, dramatist and raconteur (died 2004)
 * 17 April – Jack Watson, cricketer (died 2012)
 * 20 April – Peter Baker, English soldier, author, publisher and politician (died 1966)
 * 21 April – Joe Mence, cricketer (died 2014)
 * 23 April
 * Gerald Campion, actor (died 2002)
 * Derek Granger, producer and screenwriter (died 2022)
 * 25 April
 * Lawrence Allen, Olympic racewalker (died 2018)
 * John Lucas, Army officer (died 2013)
 * 27 April – John Stott, British Anglican cleric, Christian author (died 2011)
 * 30 April – Gordon Mulholland, actor (died 2010)
 * 1 May – Michael Willoughby, 12th Baron Middleton, peer and politician (died 2011)
 * 3 May
 * Douglas Milmine, prelate (died 2017)
 * Gordon Murray, television producer and puppeteer (died 2016)
 * 4 May
 * John Goodwin, theatre publicist and writer (died 2018)
 * Stephen Hastings, politician (died 2005)
 * Corran Purdon, Irish-born army major general (died 2018)
 * Norman Sillman, sculptor and coin designer (died 2013)
 * 5 May
 * Mavis Batey, codebreaker (died 2013)
 * John Cavanagh, neurobiologist (died 2019)
 * 6 May – Elizabeth Sellars, Scottish actress (died 2019)
 * 7 May – Asa Briggs, historian (died 2016)
 * 8 May – Graham Leonard, bishop (died 2010)
 * 9 May – Rosemary Pratt, Marchioness Camden, artist, noblewoman and socialite (died 2004)
 * 11 May – Geoffrey Crossley, race car driver (died 2002)
 * 13 May – Bill Jones, footballer (died 2010)
 * 15 May – Alan Huggins, judge (died 2009)
 * 17 May
 * Jim Bradley, athletics coach (died 2015)
 * Dennis Brain, horn player (died 1957)
 * Owen Wade, medical researcher and physician (died 2008)
 * 18 May
 * Joan Eardley, painter (died 1963)
 * Sir Anthony Epstein, medical researcher (died 2024)
 * Olgierd Zienkiewicz, academic (died 2009)
 * 19 May
 * Leslie Broderick, Royal Air Force officer (died 2013)
 * Pauline Clarke, author (died 2013)
 * Leslie Sands, actor (died 2001)
 * 21 May
 * Peggy Cripps Appiah, children's author and socialite (died 2006)
 * Sandy Douglas, computer scientist (died 2010)
 * 22 May – John Francis Marchment Middleton, anthropologist (died 2009)
 * 23 May
 * John Cloudsley-Thompson, naturalist and army officer (died 2013)
 * Humphrey Lyttelton, jazz musician and broadcaster (died 2008)
 * 26 May – Stan Mortensen, English footballer (died 1991)
 * 27 May – Bob Godfrey, animator (died 2013)
 * 31 May – Edna Doré, actress (died 2014)
 * 3 June – John Fage, historian (died 2002)
 * 5 June
 * George Dews, cricketer (died 2003)
 * John Fenton, priest and scholar (died 2008)
 * 8 June
 * Gordon Campbell, Baron Campbell of Croy, politician (died 2005)
 * Alwyn Williams, geologist (died 2004)
 * 10 June – Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Greek-born royal and consort of the British monarch (died 2021)
 * 11 June – Rodney Hill, mathematician (died 2011)
 * 12 June – Christopher Derrick, writer (died 2007)
 * 14 June – Leslie Gooday, architect (died 2013)
 * 22 June – Roland Gibbs, head of the British Army, from 1976 to 1979 (died 2004)
 * 23 June – Edward Sismore, RAF officer (died 2012)
 * 25 June – Dennis Wilson, poet (died 2022)
 * 27 June
 * Alan Colquhoun, architect, historian, critic and teacher (died 2012)
 * Muriel Pavlow, actress (died 2019)
 * 29 June
 * Fiennes Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis, life peer (died 2010)
 * Jean Kent, actress (died 2013)
 * 3 July – R. E. G. Davies, aviation historian (died 2011)
 * 4 July – Frederick Sydney Waller, shipbuilder (died 2016)
 * 7 July – Joe Wade, English footballer and manager (died 2005)
 * 8 July – Derek Rawcliffe, Anglican prelate (died 2011)
 * 11 July – Gretel Beer, Austrian-born cookery and travel writer (died 2010)
 * 13 July – Gerard Mansfield, admiral (died 2006)
 * 14 July – Leon Garfield, children's historical novelist (died 1996)
 * 15 July – Jean Heywood, actress (died 2019)
 * 18 July – Peter Austin, brewer (died 2014)
 * 19 July – Diana Elles, Baroness Elles, British barrister, United Nations representative from the United Kingdom (died 2009)
 * 20 July – Bob Block, comedy writer (died 2011)
 * 21 July – Felix Hope-Nicholson, aristocrat and genealogist (died 1990)
 * 23 July
 * Robert Brown, actor (died 2003)
 * Harry Hookway, civil servant and chief executive (died 2014)
 * 26 July – John S. R. Duncan, diplomat (died 2006)
 * 29 July
 * Michael Davies, jurist (died 2006)
 * Bettina Shaw-Lawrence, painter (died 2018)
 * 30 July – Diana Boddington, stage manager (died 2002)
 * 31 July – Peter Benenson, lawyer and human rights campaigner (died 2005)
 * 1 August
 * Joyce Baldwin, evangelical biblical scholar and theologist educator (died 1995)
 * Patrick Kay, general (died 2013)
 * 4 August – Geoffrey Wellum, fighter pilot and author (died 2018)
 * 5 August – Christopher Ewart-Biggs, ambassador and diplomat (died 1976)
 * 6 August – Ronald Grierson, German-born banker and businessman (died 2014)
 * 8 August
 * Alan Muir Wood, civil engineer (died 2009)
 * David Pears, philosopher (died 2009)
 * 9 August – Patricia Marmont, actress (died 2020)
 * 10 August – Jack Archer, athlete (died 1997)
 * 11 August – Tom Kilburn, co-inventor of the Williams-Kilburn tube, used for memory in early computer systems (died 1971)
 * 12 August – Patrick Howard-Dobson, army general (died 2009)
 * 13 August - Mary Lee, singer (died 2022)
 * 15 August – Patrick Nairne, civil servant (died 2013)
 * 17 August – Elinor Lyon, children's writer (died 2008)
 * 18 August
 * Francis Arthur Jefferson, World war army veteran (died 1982)
 * Norman MacKenzie, journalist, educationalist and historian (died 2013)
 * Gordon Thomas, Olympic silver-medal cyclist (died 2013)
 * 20 August – Edward Williams, composer (died 2013)
 * 22 August
 * James Menter, physicist (died 2006)
 * Tony Pawson, cricketer and writer (died 2012)
 * 24 August
 * Dudley Kernick, footballer (died 2019)
 * Eric Simms, ornithologist, writer and conservationist (died 2009)
 * Sam Tingle, English-Zimbabwean racing driver (died 2008)
 * 26 August – Alan Townsend, cricketer (died 2014)
 * 27 August – Trevor Baker, meteorologist (died 2016)
 * 29 August
 * Paddy Roy Bates, pirate radio broadcaster (died 2012)
 * Mary Donaldson, Baroness Donaldson of Lymington, politician (died 2003)
 * 31 August – James Cleminson, soldier and businessman (died 2010)
 * 1 September
 * Daphne Park, diplomat and spy (died 2010)
 * Austin Pearce, industrialist (died 2004)
 * 3 September
 * Bert Bushnell, Olympic gold medal-winning rower (died 2010)
 * Thurston Dart, harpsichordist, conductor (died 1971)
 * Bill Dean, actor (died 2000)
 * Cab Kaye, jazz singer and pianist (died 2000)
 * Sydney Knowles, Royal Navy frogman (died 2012)
 * 5 September – Kenneth Shearwood, cricketer (died 2018)
 * 6 September – John Bickersteth, British Anglican prelate (died 2018)
 * 7 September – Ronald Brown, politician (died 2002)
 * 8 September – Harry Secombe, entertainer (died 2001)
 * 11 September
 * Christopher Freeman, economist (died 2010)
 * Edwin Richfield, actor and screenwriter (died 1990)
 * 15 September
 * Richard Gordon, author (died 2017)
 * Clive Rose, diplomat (died 2019)
 * 16 September – Peter Russell, poet, translator and critic (died 2003)
 * 18 September – Sydney Cohen, South African-born pathologist (died 2017)
 * 19 September – Conway Berners-Lee, mathematician and computer scientist (died 2019)
 * 20 September
 * Leon Comber, author (died 2023)
 * Horace Gould, racing driver (died 1968)
 * 21 September – Jimmy Young, singer and radio broadcaster (died 2016)
 * 22 September – Charles Simeons, politician and pollution control consultant (died 2014)
 * 25 September – Alf Patrick, footballer (died 2021)
 * 27 September – Dennis Nineham, theologian and academic (died 2016)
 * 29 September
 * James Cross, Irish-English diplomat (died 2021)
 * Edward Norfolk, priest (died 2017)
 * Albie Roles, footballer (died 2012)
 * Francis Rose, botanist (died 2006)
 * 30 September – Deborah Kerr, actress (died 2007)
 * 2 October
 * Edmund Crispin, writer and composer (died 1978)
 * Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 2000)
 * 6 October – Val Biro, children's author, artist and illustrator (died 2014)
 * 7 October
 * John Gere, art historian and curator (died 1995)
 * Michael Hoban, teacher (died 2003)
 * 8 October
 * Michael Fox, judge (died 2007)
 * Robert Scholey, business executive (died 2014)
 * 10 October – Neil Carmichael, politician (died 2001)
 * 11 October – Paddy Ridsdale, Lady Ridsdale, politician and World War II agent (died 2009)
 * 12 October
 * Kenneth Griffith, actor (died 2006)
 * Logie Bruce Lockhart, Scottish rugby player and journalist (died 2020)
 * 15 October
 * Alan Smith, footballer (died 2019)
 * Geoffrey Russell, 4th Baron Ampthill, peer and businessman (died 2011)
 * 21 October
 * Malcolm Arnold, composter (died 2006)
 * Herbert Gutfreund, Austrian-born biochemist (died 2021)
 * John Wilton, diplomat (died 2011)
 * 22 October
 * Charles Ede, publisher (died 2002)
 * David Williams, admiral and governor (died 2012)
 * 23 October – Archie Lamb, diplomat, writer and businessman (died 2021)
 * 28 October – Stan Palk, footballer (died 2009)
 * 2 November
 * Pearl Carr, singer (died 2020)
 * Sally Gilmour, ballerina (died 2004)
 * 3 November – Sam Peffer, commercial artist (died 2014)
 * 4 November – Hugh Cunningham, army officer (died 2019)
 * 6 November – Eric Day, footballer (died 2012)
 * 7 November – Vivienne Harris, businesswoman and newspaper publisher (died 2011)
 * 10 November – Ernie Gregory, footballer (died 2012)
 * 11 November – Ron Greenwood, footballer and manager (died 2006)
 * 16 November – Paul Beeson, cinematographer (died 2001)
 * 17 November – James Beament, scientist (died 2005)
 * 22 November – Brian Cleeve, writer (died 2003)
 * 25 November – Johnny Johnson, Royal Air Force officer (died 2022)
 * 26 November – Mary Gillham, naturalist (died 2013)
 * 27 November – James Kinnier Wilson, assyriologist (died 2022)
 * 3 December
 * Arthur Clarke, sports shooter (died 2014)
 * Geoffrey Kirk, classical scholar (died 2003)
 * 8 December
 * Horace Barlow, neuroscientist (died 2020)
 * Bill Elsey, racehorse trainer (died 2019)
 * Terence Morgan, actor (died 2005)
 * 9 December – Terence Weil, cellist (died 1995)
 * 11 December – Liz Smith, character actress (died 2016)
 * 12 December – John Papworth, clergyman, writer and activist (died 2020)
 * 14 December – Simon Towneley, politician (died 2022)
 * 16 December – Alan Thornhill, artist and sculptor (died 2020)
 * 18 December – Jack Crompton, footballer (died 2013)
 * 19 December – Wilf Proudfoot, politician, businessman and hypnotist (died 2013)
 * 21 December
 * Peter Croker, footballer (died 2011)
 * William Reid, RAF pilot (died 2001)
 * 22 December – John Aiken, air marshal (died 2005)
 * 23 December – Harry Moule, cricketer (died 2016)
 * 24 December – Jimmy Clitheroe, comedian (died 1973)
 * 25 December – Joseph Pease, 3rd Baron Gainford, aristocrat (died 2013)
 * 27 December
 * Gordon Brunton, businessman (died 2017)
 * Cyril Roger, speedway racer (died 2015)

Deaths

 * 1 January – Mary Macarthur, trade unionist (born 1880)
 * 12 January – Gervase Elwes, tenor (born 1866)
 * 18 January – Elizabeth Anne Finn, writer (born 1825 in Poland)
 * 26 January – Lord Herbert Lionel Henry Vane-Tempest, company director, killed in Abermule train collision (born 1862)
 * 8 February – George Formby Sr, entertainer (born 1876)
 * 27 February – Schofield Haigh, cricketer (born 1871)
 * 22 March – E. W. Hornung, author (born 1866)
 * 27 March – Sir Harry Barron, army officer and Governor of Tasmania (1909-1913) and Western Australia (1913-1917) (born 1847)
 * 1 April – Sir Edmund Poë, admiral (born 1849)
 * 2 April – Charles Blackader, general (born 1869)
 * 27 April – Arthur Mold, cricketer (born 1863)
 * 12 May – Sir Melville Macnaghten, police officer (born 1853)
 * 19 May – Michael Llewelyn Davies, inspiration for Peter Pan, drowned (born 1900)
 * 25 May – Sir Arthur Wilson, admiral of the fleet (born 1842)
 * 26 June – Alfred Percy Sinnett, theosophist (born 1840)
 * 29 June – Lady Randolph Churchill, socialite mother of Winston Churchill (born 1854 in the United States)
 * 12 July – Harry Hawker, pioneer of aviation, aircraft accident (born 1889 in Australia)
 * 13 July – Emily Davies, pioneer of women's rights and education (born 1830)
 * 12 August – Rosalind Howard, Countess of Carlisle, "The Radical Countess", campaigner (born 1845)
 * 2 September – Henry Austin Dobson, poet (born 1840)
 * 7 September – Alfred William Rich, watercolourist (born 1856)
 * 9 September – William Campbell, missionary in Taiwan (born 1841)
 * 11 September – Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, naval officer (born 1854)
 * 17 October – Edward John Bevan, chemist, partner of Charles Frederick Cross (born 1856)
 * 23 October – John Boyd Dunlop, inventor (born 1840)
 * 10 December – George Ashlin, architect (born 1837)
 * 11 December – Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury, lawyer, Lord Chancellor (born 1823)
 * 25 December – Sir George Atkinson-Willes, Royal Navy admiral (born 1847)

title: 1921 in the United Kingdom


text: User talk:129.176.151.118

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:129.176.151.118


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Living Tribunal

The Living Tribunal is a cosmic entity appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Strange Tales #157 (June 1967) and was created by Stan Lee, Marie Severin, and Herb Trimpe.

Publication history
The Living Tribunal debuted in a storyline called "The Sands of Death" in Strange Tales #157–163 (June–December 1967), giving mystic hero Doctor Strange a limited time to prove Earth is worth saving. Established as apparently the supreme power in the Marvel Universe, the character made several sporadic appearances over the years, including What If #32 (April 1982); Rom #41 (April 1983) and Secret Wars II #6 (December 1985). The Living Tribunal revealed clues as to its true purpose and nature in Silver Surfer (vol. 3) #31 (December 1989).

After brief appearances in the role of observer in Guardians of the Galaxy #16 (September 1991) and Quasar #26 (Sept. 1991), the character had a significant role in the limited series Infinity Gauntlet #1–6 (July–December 1991), Warlock and the Infinity Watch #1 (February 1992), and DC vs. Marvel #1–4 (April–May 1996). The Living Tribunal's role was eventually expanded on in She-Hulk (vol. 2) #12 (November 2006).

The Living Tribunal was featured in the 2003's Marvel: The End storyline. The character also made an appearance during the Time Runs Out storyline, and battled Beyonders.

Fictional character biography
The Living Tribunal is an entity that oversees and maintains balance in the realities that constitute the Marvel Comics Multiverse, including the mainstream universe and all alternate universes. He serves as a judge of these realities.

The character is first encountered by Doctor Strange, announcing its intent to destroy Earth due to its potential for evil. After a series of trials, Doctor Strange is able to convince the Living Tribunal that good also exists, and Earth is spared. The Tribunal reappears to the Galadorian spaceknight Rom; appears briefly with the rest of the cosmic hierarchy when in discussion with the entity the Beyonder; and reveals to the former Herald of Galactus (the Silver Surfer) that its three faces represent "Equity" (hooded face), "Vengeance" (partially shrouded face), and "Necessity" (fully shrouded face). The fourth side of the Living Tribunal's head is a void, with the entity claiming that the cosmic entity the Stranger once existed as this part of its being. The character also witnesses the triumph of the hero Quasar—acting as the avatar of cosmic entity Infinity—over the villain Maelstrom, who acts for the entity Oblivion.

During DC vs. Marvel, the Tribunal teamed up with the Spectre to save their worlds from the two cosmic brothers' attempts to destroy one of the two multiverses. Their pact, with the help of Access, created the Amalgam multiverse by merging the two multiverses, to "buy some time". As the new Amalgam multiverse was unstable, the former multiverses are restored. The struggle of "The Brothers" continues until the efforts of Batman and Captain America against them make them realize they both "Did Well", and the multiverses are spared.

The Living Tribunal's power is virtually limitless, as the entity prevents the Infinity Gems from being used in unison, although it remains subservient to a single, even higher entity referred to as "One-Above-All" (not to be confused with the celestial also called the One Above All). The entity has representatives called The Magistrati who dispense judgments by request on alien worlds, and chose to reveal the previously unseen face of "Necessity" to She-Hulk as a reflection of her own face, stating that the face is a "Cosmic Mirror which reminds us to always judge others as we would have ourselves judged".

Iron Man and the Watcher later find what appears to be the Living Tribunal's withered corpse on the moon, with no sign of who killed it.

When Yellowjacket ventured into the Multiverse during the Time Runs Out storyline, the cause of his death was discovered: the Living Tribunal had died fighting the Beyonders while attempting to halt the annihilation of the Marvel Multiverse.

An alternative version of Adam Warlock later took up the Living Tribunal's vacant position, on orders from the One-Above-All (here called "Above-All-Others").

After the devourer of worlds Galactus evolves into a lifebringer, Lord Chaos and Master Order consider this to throw the cosmic hierarchy out of balance, and ask the new Living Tribunal to render judgment. However, when the Tribunal decides in favor of a "new balance for a new cosmos", Order and Chaos join forces to seemingly kill the entity. The Living Tribunal is later resurrected and seen taking Lord Chaos and Master Order to judgment after the defeat of the First Firmament.

Powers and abilities
Thanos wielding the Infinity Gauntlet ranked the Tribunal's power as the highest in Marvel's regular multiversal hierarchy. However, the Tribunal has also referred to a higher entity that vastly eclipses its own power, and was killed by the Beyonders.

The Living Tribunal was the embodiment of the Marvel Multiverse, and the sum totality of all the abstract entities within it. Nonetheless, the Tribunal is not as powerful as the multiversal incarnation of Eternity and was referred to as an internal function of the entity.

In other media

 * Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the screenwriters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, revealed that the Living Tribunal was originally planned to have an appearance in the latter, in which they would have judged Thanos for his crimes against the universe, including "The Blip".
 * The Living Tribunal makes a cameo appearance in the MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness.

title: Living Tribunal


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User talk:Lulubutterfingers

Do not vandalize articles. If you continue you can be blocked from editing in Wikipedia. - Tεx  τ  urε  19:23, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

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Gamora

Gamora is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer/artist Jim Starlin, the character first appeared in Strange Tales #180 (June 1975). Gamora is the adopted daughter of Thanos, and the last of her species. Her powers include superhuman strength and agility and an accelerated healing factor. She also is an elite combatant, being able to beat most of the opponents in the galaxy. She is a member of the superhero group known as the Infinity Watch. The character played a role in the 2007 crossover storyline "Annihilation: Conquest", becoming a member of the titular team in its spin-off comic, Guardians of the Galaxy, before becoming the supervillain Requiem in the 2018 crossover storylines "Infinity Countdown" and "Infinity Wars".

Gamora has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise. Zoe Saldaña played the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018), additionally portraying a version of the character from an alternate timeline in Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). Ariana Greenblatt portrayed a young Gamora in Avengers: Infinity War.

Creation
Starlin commented on the character's creation stating, "She's the straight man for the Pips and the Draxes and the what have you, which doesn't make her the most interesting character, but makes her essential to get the rest of the story moving. So I always treated her as such. I had one story in particular, one Infinity Watch story, where she tries to show everyone how much of an adult she is by dealing with these U.N. soldiers who eventually piss her off, and she wrecks everything, disproving her point entirely. But most of the time she's the solid one, the one that brings everyone back to the reality they should be at. I've always used her as a supporting character. She was created as a supporting character. I have a limit on how much work I can do, so I never shot off on thinking about solo adventures with her. Even when she wasn't in a group, she was always a supporting character for Adam Warlock. I'm sure I could find those hooks that would make a solo story, I've just never done it. She probably works either way, but I've only ever used her one way."

Publication history
The character debuted in Strange Tales #180 (1975), and was created by Jim Starlin. She returned in issue #181, Warlock #9, 10, 11 and 15 (1975-1976), and in the 1977 annuals for The Avengers and Marvel Two-in-One. In 1990, she returned in Silver Surfer vol. 3 #46-47. She had a minor role in The Infinity Gauntlet #1-6 (1991) and co-starred in Warlock and the Infinity Watch #1-42 (1992-1995). She was also featured in the Infinity War (1992) and Infinity Crusade (1993) crossovers. After appearing in Infinity Abyss #1-6 (2002), Annihilation: Ronan #1-4 (2006), Annihilation #1-6 (2006), Annihilation: Conquest #6 (2008) and Nova vol. 4 #4-12 (2007-2008), Gamora costarred in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 2 #1-25 (2008-2010). She played a minor role in The Thanos Imperative #1-6 (2010).

The character, along with the other Guardians, appears in Avengers Assemble issues #4-8 (2012). She stars in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3, a part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch, and in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 4. Parts of her origin story were told in a 2017 series titled Gamora that lasted five issues and were collected into the graphic novel Gamora: Memento Mori (2017). While being set on Earth-616, it retcons some elements of the established continuity to match the movie version.

Fictional character biography
Gamora is the last of her species, the Zen-Whoberis, who were exterminated by the Badoon (in her original timeline, her species was exterminated by the Universal Church of Truth). Thanos found her as a child and decided to use her as a weapon. Gamora was raised and trained by Thanos to assassinate the Magus, the evil, future version of Adam Warlock. Thanos showed her little kindness during her childhood, but Gamora was very loyal to the man who promised her the opportunity to avenge the death of her family. Gamora became very proficient in martial arts, earning the nickname "The deadliest woman in the whole galaxy". When she was a teenager, Thanos took her on a trip to Tartoonla #7. Gamora disobeyed Thanos's orders, and due to this, came into conflict with a group of thugs. She was greatly outnumbered, and despite her skills, she was defeated and then raped by the assailants. Thanos found her half dead, and in turn, murdered all of her assailants and restored her to health, cybernetically enhancing her to superhuman levels.

As an adult, Gamora was sent as an assassin against the Universal Church of Truth, quickly becoming feared by its agents, the Black Knights. She exacted revenge for the genocide of her race by killing every member of the church involved before the event occurred. Gamora met and teamed up with Adam Warlock, who wanted to stop his future, evil self. She even managed to get close to the Magus but failed her assassination in the last second. Together with Warlock, Pip the Troll and Thanos, Gamora fought to escape the Black Knights of the Universal Church of Truth and Magus's Death Squad. She was then assigned by Thanos to protect Adam Warlock, but she became suspicious of Thanos's plans, and was then attacked by Drax the Destroyer.

Eventually the Magus was defeated, but Thanos revealed himself as a greater threat. Gamora aided Captain Mar-Vell, Drax, and the Avengers against Thanos. Gamora and Pip tried to prevent Thanos from destroying half of all the life in the universe. Gamora attempted to slay Thanos, but he mortally wounded her, and destroyed Pip's mind. Adam Warlock found them, and Gamora warned Adam of Thanos's plans, and Adam absorbed their souls into his Soul Gem. When Adam Warlock died as well, his spirit reunited with his friends in the world within the Soul Gem.

Infinity Watch
Inside the Soul Gem was Soulworld, a place where Gamora, Pip and eventually Adam Warlock himself lived at peace. Other beings who had been absorbed by the Soul Gem, such as Kray-Tor and Autolycus, also lived in peace with former enemies.

Gamora met the Silver Surfer when he traveled to "Soulworld", and also battled Drax the Destroyer.

When Thanos managed to obtain all the Infinity Gems, forming the Infinity Gauntlet, Adam Warlock decided that he must be stopped. Warlock led Gamora and Pip the Troll out of Soulworld into the real world. Their souls took over the bodies of three humans, who had recently died in a car crash. Gamora thus returned to the corporeal world by taking possession of the body of Bambi Long, whose body then began transforming into a duplicate of Gamora's original body. However, Gamora was soon erased from existence by Thanos when he erased half the population in the universe. When Nebula claimed the Gauntlet from Thanos, Gamora returned to existence.

Warlock now had the Infinity Gauntlet, giving him near omnipotence. Gamora and Pip persuaded Doctor Strange to help them find and stop Warlock, who was going mad with power. The Living Tribunal intervened and Warlock divided the Infinity Gems among several guardians, known as the Infinity Watch. Gamora received the Time Gem, but was incapable of consciously using it, though it did give her sporadic precognitive dreams and visions. Gamora had become romantically interested in Adam, but Adam did not respond to her. In an argument over the Infinity Watch member Maxam, Gamora left the Infinity Watch and the Time Gem behind. She returned to work as a mercenary until Adam Warlock approached her again. They continued to travel together and eventually Adam reciprocated her love. Adam and Gamora remained in a pocket dimension to raise the cosmic being known as Atleza.

Annihilation
Gamora later reappears in the pages of Ronan, having left the company of Adam Warlock and settled on the world Godthab Omega as leader of a group of female warriors called The Graces, where her mind has been altered by Glorian. She is intent on re-establishing her reputation as the deadliest woman in the universe and now wields the Godslayer sword. At one point, she is seen reclining on a 'throne' made of corpses. She joins the United Front, using her skills to launch quick counterattacks against the Annihilation Wave. She engages in a sexual relationship with the United Front's leader, Nova.

During the Phalanx's invasion of the Kree home-world following the Annihilation War, Gamora is assimilated as a "select" of the hive mind. They dispatch her to apprehend Nova after he flees the planet. She is later freed by Nova and the Technarch Tyro, but left in severe distress, longing again for the sense of companionship brought by the Phalanx, and continuing to adopt her Phalanx mannerisms.

She joins the new Guardians of the Galaxy.

Gamora was taken prisoner by Magus when he faked the death of himself and several other Guardians. She was rescued by Star-Lord and played a minor role in the war with the "Cancerverse".

She later appears on Earth to aid the Avengers against Thanos.

During the Original Sin storyline, Gamora was seen with Moon Knight and Winter Soldier's group, investigating the murder of Uatu the Watcher.

Countdown to Infinity
Later, Gamora was confronted in her dreams by an elderly version of herself who turned out to be a part of her which had remained trapped in the Soul Stone after she left its internal paradise. This gave Gamora a motivation to recover the Soul Stone at whatever cost. When the Guardians of the Galaxy find the Power Stone, Gamora pleads with Star-Lord to let her use the Stone so she could get the Soul Stone and recover the piece of her soul trapped within it. Quill refuses and Gamora leaves him with a parting kiss.

Infinity Wars
After experiencing reoccurring dreams concerning encounters with an older version of herself, Gamora came to the realization that a portion of her soul remained trapped inside the Soul World. Determined to set it free, Gamora set out to find the Soul Gem. To this end, she located Grandmaster and made a deal with him to perform missions for him with the Guardians of the Galaxy in exchange for information, hoping to find about the Soul Gem this way. When carrying a heist on the Collector's collection, Tivan agreed to help Gamora in her mission. He made a deal with Gamora, offering his assistance in stealing the Soul Gem if it turned out the Grandmaster possessed it, in exchange for the Infinity Gem Gamora bluffed about possessing.

When the Collector interrupted the Guardians' rendezvous with their client, the Grandmaster revealed he had challenged his brother just to test him. The Collector and the Grandmaster learned that some of their fellow Elders were mysteriously altered or gone, and determined they could be linked to the disappearance of the Infinity Stones. Since helping the Grandmaster and the Collector gather the stones aligned with her plans, Gamora convinced her teammates to embark on a quest to find them. After helping the Nova Corps defend the Power Stone which had manifested in the planet Xitaung, the Guardians took off with it to Oblitus. They were approached by Adam Warlock and Kang the Conqueror, who had joined forces to find the Time Stone and already had the Soul Gem in their possession. Gamora attempted to force Warlock to hand over the Soul Gem, and a fight broke out. During the battle, Drax managed to hold it, but was exposed to the corruption of Soulworld. He struck Gamora to prevent her from opening the gem, and departed with Warlock and Kang. In addition to Drax's betrayal, the other Guardians refused to follow Gamora into pursuing Kang. Outraged by her teammates' behavior, Gamora left them to obtain the Soul Gem on her own. To help her quest, Gamora kidnapped a master forge-smith from Nidavellir and forced him to make her a sword, killing him afterwards. She later agreed to parley with Star-Lord to steal the Power Stone from him, by switching it with a fake without him noticing, and encrusted the hilt of her Infinity Blade with it. Sporting her masked armor and the encrusted sword, Gamora attacked Thanos before he could set out to gather the Infinity Stones to prevent his interference. After being felled, Thanos remarked that Gamora was going to conduct his requiem. Despite brushing off her father's comment and killing him, Gamora decided to adopt that word as her new alias, and became known as Requiem. After murdering Thanos, Gamora started being plagued by apparitions of him. Requiem subsequently interrupted a conclave of the new Infinity Watch to steal the Infinity Stones, and her true identity was quickly revealed to her former allies. Star-Lord was surprised by Gamora's uncharacteristic behavior, and she tried to kill him, he was only saved by the intervention of Doctor Strange using the Time Stone. As the conflict continued, Gamora managed to get her hands on the Reality Stone, and quickly claimed the remaining Stones from their owners. Encouraged by Thanos' apparition, Gamora hesitantly opened a portal to the Soul Gem and reunited with the fragment of herself, becoming whole again. She then set out to rebalance the Soul Gem.

To prevent opposition from her quest and to feed the being Devondra, who was responsible for the Soul Gem's hungering for souls, Gamora used the Infinity Stones to fold the universe in half and merge the two halves together before sending the new universe into a pocket dimension called Warp World inside the Soul Gem. Gamora planned to create a reality once Devondra devoured all the souls and ensure that suffering no longer existed in this new universe. She also sealed Loki into the Soul Gem when he asked to be her counsel. Gamora and Loki's companion Flowa then traveled to the God Quarry so Gamora could investigate what laid beneath it as she couldn't see past it. Even with the Infinity Stones, Gamora was unable to breach the barrier at the bottom of the God Quarry. After fending off alternate reality versions of Captain Marvel and Moondragon, Gamora was confronted by Loki and his newly assembled Cosmic Avengers who had managed to escape the Soul Gem. Wielding copies of the Infinity Stones Gamora unintentionally created when she created Warp World, the Cosmic Avengers easily subdued Gamora and took the Infinity Stones from her. However, Loki used his sorcery to take control of Gamora's Infinity Stones and used them to send her and the alternate reality Phyla-Vell and Moondragon to Warp World before transporting himself to the unknown realm that existed beneath the God Quarry. While in Warp World, Gamora was clobbered by Soldier Supreme and nearly consumed by Devondra but was rescued by Peet, the fusion of Star-Lord and Groot. The Cosmic Avengers eventually returned with the Infinity Stones after Loki relinquished them. With Adam Warlock's help, the Cosmic Avengers restored the universe while also allowing Warp World to remain in existence. They then fled Soul World using the Soul Gem with Gamora, Star-Lord, Groot, Rocket Raccoon, Moondragon, and Phyla-Vell, but Drax had to stay behind to keep the portal opened. They arrived on Earth and crash-landed in Egypt. Phyla-Vell and Moondragon wanted to punish Gamora for destroying their universe, even though that was the work of a different Gamora. Adam Warlock decided to send Gamora to a random location using the Infinity Stones to redeem herself. Gamora ended up on an unknown planet with a resurrected Magus.

She is later seen raising Magus, and still being plagued by Thanos' apparition. Thanos tells her that he will not be dead for long.

The Final Gauntlet
When it was learned from Thanos' will that he plans to resurrect himself by uploading his consciousness into an unrevealed being, many assumed it was Gamora. So, Gamora's uncle Starfox formed the Dark Guardians to prevent this. Gamora was on Halfworld at the time keeping an eye on ex-Guardian Rocket. She was later picked up by the Guardians to protect her from harm. However, the Dark Guardians followed Gamora's ex-lover Nova, knowing that he would search for her and warn her of their intent. Once Nova found Gamora, the Dark Guardians attacked Nova and the Guardians, forcing them to crash-land on an unnamed planet. After subduing the Guardians and Nova, the Dark Guardians took Gamora prisoner.

As the Dark Guardians were about to kill Gamora, they were attacked by the Asgardian death goddess Hela and the Black Order who planned to resurrect Thanos. Hela then revealed that Thanos planned to come back in Starfox's body, not Gamora's. Thanos' consciousness took control of Starfox shortly after. When the Guardians arrived to rescue Gamora, they found Gamora surrounded by the Dark Guardians, who explained what happened.

Gamora rejoined the Guardians who with the remaining Dark Guardians attacked Hela's hideout in Knowhere to stop Thanos' resurrection. While Thanos was transferring his consciousness from Starfox's body into his, Gamora stabbed Starfox with a sword to stop it. However, this only caused Thanos to be brought back with a broken mind. When Thanos was accidentally hit with a missile that generated a black hole, Thanos, Hela, and Knowhere were sucked up while the Guardians and Dark Guardians escaped.

Powers and abilities
Gamora received treatments from Thanos that enhanced her speed, strength, agility, and durability to rival Adam Warlock's (to better slay the Magus, his evil, future self). Thanos also helped her become a formidable hand-to-hand combatant, trained in the martial-arts techniques from various planets, in the uses of the known weaponry of the Milky Way galaxy, and stealth techniques. She is also a highly skilled gymnast and assassin, and formerly possessed a telepathic link to Thanos. She uses a wide variety of weaponry, most notably a dagger whose unknown properties made it capable of slaying even beings of such immense power as Thanos and the Magus.

In the pages of Infinity Watch, it is revealed that Gamora had been cybernetically enhanced to have superhuman strength, speed, and a rapid-healing ability. Gamora's strength and speed were further enhanced by Adam Warlock when they returned from Soulworld.

Gamora possesses a regenerative healing factor, allowing her to recover more quickly.

Gamora is one of the most skilled martial artists in the Marvel Universe. She is capable of defeating opponents who possess superhuman strength and durability that far surpass her own, and she has defeated a military platoon containing dozens of combat-trained men in only a few minutes. She has learned to paralyze or kill opponents using vital-point strikes directed at certain nerve clusters. Although skilled in the use of most conventional weapons, she prefers to use knives and swords.

While Gamora was with the Infinity Watch, she possessed the Infinity Gem called the "Time Gem". The gem was mentally linked to her, giving her the potential power to control time. She said that she did not know how to employ its powers and preferred not to use it. While she possessed the Time Gem, Gamora was prone to precognitive dreams and visions, though she had no conscious control over them. Later, despite no longer possessing the gem, she was claimed to retain some measure of this capability at the time of the Phalanx conquest.

Accolades

 * In 2018, CBR.com ranked Gamora 18th in their "25 Most Powerful Guardians Of The Galaxy" list and 19th in their "20 Guardians Of The Galaxy Members Ranked From Weakest To Strongest" list.
 * In 2019, Daily Mirror ranked Gamora 13th in their "Best female superheroes of all time" list.
 * In 2019, CBR.com ranked Gamora 1st in their "10 Daughters Of Marvel Supervillains That Are More Dangerous Than Their Parents" list.
 * In 2020, Scary Mommy ranked Gamora 3rd in their "Looking For A Role Model? These 195+ Marvel Female Characters Are Truly Heroic" list.
 * In 2020, CBR.com ranked Gamora 2nd in their "15 Strongest Swordfighters In Marvel Comics" list
 * In 2021, CBR.com ranked Gamora 18th in their "20 Strongest Female Superheroes" list.
 * In 2022, The A.V. Club ranked Gamora 31st in their "100 best Marvel characters" list.
 * In 2022, CBR.com ranked Gamora 5th in their "10 Best Cosmic Heroes in Marvel Comics" list.

Television

 * Gamora appears in Silver Surfer, voiced initially by Mary Long and later by Alison Sealy-Smith.
 * Gamora appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Nika Futterman. This version is a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy.
 * Gamora appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced again by Nika Futterman in "Guardians and Spaceknights" and by Laura Bailey in "Widow's Run". This version is a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy.
 * Gamora appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., voiced again by Nika Futterman. This version is a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy.
 * Gamora appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Masato Funaki.
 * Gamora appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced by Vanessa Marshall. Similar to the MCU incarnation, this version is a member of the titular team whose race was previously slaughtered by Thanos. Subsequently, she was taken in by him before eventually rebelling to prevent him from obtaining the Cosmic Seed.
 * Gamora appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy: The Thanos Threat, voiced again by Vanessa Marshall. This version is a member of the titular team.

Marvel Cinematic Universe

Zoe Saldaña portrays Gamora in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. She first appears in the live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy (2014),  before making subsequent appearances in the live-action films Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018). Furthermore, Saldaña also portrays an alternate timeline version of Gamora in the live-action film Avengers: Endgame (2019) and reprised the role in the 2023 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. Additionally, Ariana Greenblatt portrays a young Gamora in Infinity War while Cynthia McWilliams voices an alternate timeline version in the Disney+ animated series What If...?.

Video games

 * Gamora appears as a playable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 * Two incarnations of Gamora appear as playable characters in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
 * Gamora appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Danielle Nicolet.
 * Gamora appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity 2.0, voiced again by Nika Futterman.
 * Gamora appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.
 * Gamora appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
 * Gamora appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0, voiced again by Nika Futterman.
 * Gamora appears in Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series, voiced by Emily O'Brien.
 * Gamora appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite, voiced again by Vanessa Marshall.
 * Gamora appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.
 * Gamora appears as a playable character in Marvel Powers United VR, voiced again by Vanessa Marshall.
 * Gamora appears as a playable character in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Vanessa Marshall.
 * Gamora appears in Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced by Kimberly-Sue Murray.
 * Gamora appears in Marvel Snap.

Merchandise

 * Gamora received a figure in "The Classic Marvel Figurine Collection" in 2012.
 * A Gamora figure was released as part of the "Marvel Legends" Guardians of the Galaxy film tie-in line.
 * A figure of the comic book incarnation of Gamora was released in a Guardians of the Galaxy-themed Hasbro boxed set.

title: Gamora


text:
User:Funkybuddha

He's mad funky and he's the bassist for Mutant Carrot.

title: User:Funkybuddha


text:
United States House Committee on the Judiciary

The U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, also called the House Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is charged with overseeing the administration of justice within the federal courts, federal administrative agencies, and federal law enforcement entities. The Judiciary Committee is often involved in the impeachment process against federal officials. Because of the legal nature of its oversight, committee members usually have a legal background, but this is not required.

In the 118th Congress, the chairman of the committee is Republican Jim Jordan of Ohio, and the ranking minority member is Democrat Jerry Nadler of New York.

History
The committee was created on June 3, 1813, for the purpose of considering legislation related to the judicial system. This committee approved impeachment resolutions/articles of impeachment against presidents in four instances: against Andrew Johnson (in 1867), Richard Nixon (in 1974), Bill Clinton (in 1998), and Donald Trump (in 2019).

In the 115th Congress, the chairman of the committee was Republican Bob Goodlatte of Virginia, and the ranking minority member was initially Democrat John Conyers of Michigan. On November 26, 2017, Conyers stepped down from his position as ranking member, while he faced an ethics investigation. On November 28, 2017, Jerrold Nadler of New York was named as acting ranking member.

In the 116th Congress, the House flipped from Republican to Democratic control. Doug Collins, a Republican from Georgia's 9th congressional district, became ranking member and served from 2019 to 2020. In early 2020, Collins stepped down from his leadership position when he became a candidate in the 2020 special election held to replace retiring U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson. Under House Republican rules, members must relinquish leadership positions if they launch a bid for another office. Collins was succeeded as ranking member by Jordan, who represents Ohio's 4th congressional district, but who has never taken a bar examination or practiced law.

Predecessor committees

 * Claims: Functions merged in 1946
 * Immigration and Naturalization: Functions merged in 1946
 * Internal Security: Functions merged in 1975
 * Un-American Activities: Functions merged into Internal Security in 1969
 * Patents: Functions merged in 1946
 * Revision of Laws: Functions merged in 1946
 * War Claims: Functions merged in 1946

Members, 118th Congress
Resolutions electing members: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (R),  (D),  (D),  (R)

Historical membership rosters
<!--===117th Congress=== Resolutions electing members: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (D),  (R)

 * Subcommittees

116th Congress
Sources: (Chair),  (Ranking Member),  (D),  (R),  (R),  (R)

 * Subcommittees

115th Congress
Sources: (Chair),  (D),  (R) and  (D)

114th Congress
Sources:
 * Resolutions electing Republican members: (Chairs) and  (R)
 * Resolutions electing Democratic members: (D) and  (D)

112th Congress
Sources:
 * Resolutions electing Republican members: (Chair),  (Members)
 * Resolutions electing Democratic members (Ranking member),  (Members)

Antitrust Task Force: 108th Congress
Chairman: Jim Sensenbrenner (R-WI); Ranking member: John Conyers (D-MI)

The Antitrust Task Force during the 108th Congress existed from March 26, 2003, to September 26, 2003. All Judiciary Committee Members also served as members of the Task Force, and conducted hearings and investigations into consolidation of the Bell Telephone Companies.

Antitrust Task Force: 110th Congress
Chairman: John Conyers (D-MI); Ranking member: Steve Chabot (R-OH)

The Antitrust Task Force during the 110th Congress was established February 28, 2007, as a temporary subcommittee to examine the pending merger between XM Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio. The task force operated like any other subcommittee, except that it only has a six-month term. House Rules limit each full committee to just five subcommittees, and any task force, special subcommittee, or other subunit of a standing committee that is established for a cumulative period longer than six months in a Congress counts against that total. A longer term for the task force would cause the Judiciary Committee to exceed this limit.

Judicial Impeachment: 110th and 111th Congresses
Chairman: Adam Schiff (D-CA) Ranking member: Bob Goodlatte (R-VA)

Established in September 2008, the Judicial Task force on Judicial Impeachment was to look into charges against District Judge Thomas Porteous. The investigation was not completed by the end of the 110th Congress, and it was reestablished after the 111th Congress convened in January 2009. The responsibilities of the Task Force were expanded to include the case of Judge Samuel B. Kent, leading to hearings and his subsequent impeachment by the full House of Representatives. The Task force finally voted to impeach Porteous on January 21, 2010.

Projects

 * Administrative Law, Process and Procedure Project (2005–2006)

Hearings

 * The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials (hearing) (2007)
 * Equal Justice for Our Military Act of 2009, HR 569 (111th Congress) (2009). Congress holds a hearing to consider granting members of the U.S. Armed Forces access to the Supreme Court of the United States.


text:
Talk:Mindset (computer)

Windows 1.0 connection
Windows 1.0 is repeatedly mentioned, but it's not clear how that software was related to the Mindset. In some deleted changes, the Mindset was described as being designed to run Windows 1.0, but that was deleted for lack of sources. So what's the Windows connection, if any? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dgpop (talk • contribs) 2016-11-30T00:36:58 (UTC)

How can it have a `10K' hard disk?
How can it have a `10K' hard disk? For that era, 10Mb sounds much more reasonible, is it a typo?

 * I'm assuming it is, will change it unless someone can come up with actual docs.
 * MSTCrow 08:04, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

Hard Drive
The hard drove was 10MB and was enormous and loud.67.188.83.121 07:24, 12 February 2007 (UTC)Neil Balthaser

title: Talk:Mindset (computer)


text:
Children's rights

Children's rights or the rights of children are a subset of human rights with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to minors. The 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) defines a child as "any human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier." Children's rights includes their right to association with both parents, human identity as well as the basic needs for physical protection, food, universal state-paid education, health care, and criminal laws appropriate for the age and development of the child, equal protection of the child's civil rights, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of the child's race, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, religion, disability, color, ethnicity, or other characteristics.

Interpretations of children's rights range from allowing children the capacity for autonomous action to the enforcement of children being physically, mentally and emotionally free from abuse, though what constitutes "abuse" is a matter of debate. Other definitions include the rights to care and nurturing. There are no definitions of other terms used to describe young people such as "adolescents", "teenagers", or "youth" in international law, but the children's rights movement is considered distinct from the youth rights movement. The field of children's rights spans the fields of law, politics, religion, and morality.

Justifications

"[There] is a mass of human rights law, both treaty and 'soft law', both general and child-specific, which recognises the distinct status and particular requirements of children. [Children], owing to their particular vulnerability and their significance as the future generation, are entitled to special treatment generally, and, in situations of danger, to priority in the receipt of assistance and protection."

- Jenny Kuper

As minors by law, children do not have autonomy or the right to make decisions on their own for themselves in any known jurisdiction of the world. Instead their adult caregivers, including parents, social workers, teachers, youth workers, and others, are vested with that authority, depending on the circumstances. Some believe that this state of affairs gives children insufficient control over their own lives and causes them to be vulnerable. Louis Althusser has gone so far as to describe this legal machinery, as it applies to children, as "repressive state apparatuses".

Structures such as government policy have been held by some commentators to mask the ways adults abuse and exploit children, resulting in child poverty, lack of educational opportunities, and child labour. On this view, children are to be regarded as a minority group towards whom society needs to reconsider the way it behaves.

Researchers have identified children as needing to be recognized as participants in society whose rights and responsibilities need to be recognized at all ages.

Historic definitions of children's rights
Sir William Blackstone (1765-9) recognized three parental duties to the child: maintenance, protection, and education. In modern language, the child has a right to receive these from the parent.

The League of Nations adopted the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1924), which enunciated the child's right to receive the requirements for normal development, the right of the hungry child to be fed, the right of the sick child to receive health care, the right of the backward child to be reclaimed, the right of orphans to shelter, and the right to protection from exploitation.

The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) in Article 25(2) recognized the need of motherhood and childhood to "special protection and assistance" and the right of all children to "social protection".

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959), which enunciated ten principles for the protection of children's rights, including the universality of rights, the right to special protection, and the right to protection from discrimination, among other rights.

Consensus on defining children's rights has become clearer in the last fifty years. A 1973 publication by Hillary Clinton (then an attorney) stated that children's rights were a "slogan in need of a definition". According to some researchers, the notion of children's rights is still not well defined, with at least one proposing that there is no singularly accepted definition or theory of the rights held by children.

Children's rights law is defined as the point where the law intersects with a child's life. That includes juvenile delinquency, due process for children involved in the criminal justice system, appropriate representation, and effective rehabilitative services; care and protection for children in state care; ensuring education for all children regardless of their race, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, religion, disability, color, ethnicity, or other characteristics, and; health care and advocacy.

Classification
Children have two types of human rights under international human rights law. They have the same fundamental general human rights as adults, although some human rights, such as the right to marry, are dormant until they are of age, Secondly, they have special human rights that are necessary to protect them during their minority. General rights operative in childhood include the right to security of the person, to freedom from inhuman, cruel, or degrading treatment, and the right to special protection during childhood. Particular human rights of children include, among other rights, the right to life, the right to a name, the right to express his views in matters concerning the child, the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the right to health care, the right to protection from economic and sexual exploitation, and the right to education.

Children's rights are defined in numerous ways, including a wide spectrum of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Rights tend to be of two general types: those advocating for children as autonomous persons under the law and those placing a claim on society for protection from harms perpetrated on children because of their dependency. These have been labeled as the right of empowerment and as the right to protection.

United Nations educational guides for children classify the rights outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child as the "3 Ps": Provision, Protection, and Participation. They may be elaborated as follows:

 * Provision: Children have the right to an adequate standard of living, health care, education and services, and to play and recreation. These include a balanced diet, a warm bed to sleep in, and access to schooling.
 * Protection: Children have the right to protection from abuse, neglect, exploitation and discrimination. This includes the right to safe places for children to play; constructive child rearing behavior, and acknowledgment of the evolving capacities of children.
 * Participation: Children have the right to participate in communities and have programs and services for themselves. This includes children's involvement in libraries and community programs, youth voice activities, and involving children as decision-makers.

In a similar fashion, the Child Rights International Network (CRIN) categorizes rights into two groups:
 * Economic, social and cultural rights, related to the conditions necessary to meet basic human needs such as food, shelter, education, health care, and gainful employment. Included are rights to education, adequate housing, food, water, the highest attainable standard of health, the right to work and rights at work, as well as the cultural rights of minorities and indigenous peoples.
 * Environmental, cultural and developmental rights, which are sometimes called "third generation rights", and including the right to live in safe and healthy environments and that groups of people have the right to cultural, political, and economic development.

Amnesty International openly advocates four particular children's rights, including the end to juvenile incarceration without parole, an end to the recruitment of military use of children, ending the death penalty for people under 21, and raising awareness of human rights in the classroom. Human Rights Watch, an international advocacy organization, includes child labour, juvenile justice, orphans and abandoned children, refugees, street children and corporal punishment.

Scholarly study generally focuses children's rights by identifying individual rights. The following rights "allow children to grow up healthy and free":
 * Freedom of speech
 * Freedom of thought
 * Freedom from fear
 * Freedom of choice and the right to make decisions
 * Ownership over one's body

Physical rights
A report by the Committee on Social Affairs, Health, and Sustainable Development of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe identified several areas the Committee was concerned about, including procedures such as "female genital mutilation, the circumcision of young boys for religious reasons, early childhood medical interventions in the case of intersex children and the submission to or coercion of children into piercings, tattoos or plastic surgery". The Assembly adopted a non-binding resolution in 2013 that calls on its 47 member-states to take numerous actions to promote the physical integrity of children.

Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child enjoins parties to "take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation". The Committee on the Rights of the Child interprets article 19 as prohibiting corporal punishment, commenting on the "obligation of all States Party to move quickly to prohibit and eliminate all corporal punishment." The United Nations Human Rights Committee has also interpreted Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibiting "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" to extend to children, including corporal punishment of children.

Newell (1993) argued that "...pressure for protection of children's physical integrity should be an integral part of pressure for all children's rights."

The Committee on Bioethics of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (1997), citing the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), asserts that "every child should have the opportunity to grow and develop free from preventable illness or injury."

Intersex rights

Intersex children are children born or develop, atypical sexual traits. Historically intersex children have been the subject of involuntary surgical assignment and later hormone replacement therapy to a binary sex/gender, which was often concealed from patients; in the US, this system was known as the optimum gender of rearing model, which organizations such as the ISNA heavily criticized. Intersex children often face high levels of mental stress, and stigmatization, as well as isolation for having atypical bodies, or undergoing medical procedures.

The World Health Organization standard of care for intersex children is to delay all surgery until the child is old enough to participate in informed consent, unless emergency surgery is needed. Intersex people are likewise more likely to develop gender dysphoria then the general population. Organizations such as InterACT and intersex civil society groups exist to support and advocate for intersex youth, and stop involuntary unnecessary medicalization and shame surrounding intersex subjects.

Other issues
Other issues affecting children's rights include the military use of children, sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.

Difference between children's rights and youth rights
In the majority of jurisdictions, for instance, children are not allowed to vote, to marry, to buy alcohol, to have sex, or to engage in paid employment. Within the youth rights movement, it is believed that the key difference between children's rights and youth rights is that children's rights supporters generally advocate the establishment and enforcement of protection for children and youths, while youth rights (a far smaller movement) generally advocates the expansion of freedom for children and/or youths and of rights such as suffrage.

Parents' rights and responsibilities
Parents' rights and Right to family life are connected with Parental responsibilities. Parents are given sufficient powers to fulfill their duties to the child.

Parents affect the lives of children in a unique way, and as such their role in children's rights has to be distinguished in a particular way. Particular issues in the child-parent relationship include child neglect, child abuse, freedom of choice, corporal punishment and child custody. There have been theories offered that provide parents with rights-based practices that resolve the tension between "commonsense parenting" and children's rights. The issue is particularly relevant in legal proceedings that affect the potential emancipation of minors, and in cases where children sue their parents.

A child's rights to a relationship with both their parents is increasingly recognized as an important factor for determining the best interests of the child in divorce and child custody proceedings. Some governments have enacted laws creating a rebuttable presumption that shared parenting is in the best interests of children.

Limitations of parental powers
Parents do not have absolute power over their children. Parents are subject to criminal laws against abandonment, abuse, and neglect of children. International human rights law provides that manifestation of one's religion may be limited in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

Courts have placed other limits on parental powers and acts. The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Prince v. Massachusetts, ruled that a parent's religion does not permit a child to be placed at risk. The Lords of Appeal in Ordinary ruled, in the case of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and another, that parents' rights diminish with the increasing age and competency of the child, but do not vanish completely until the child reaches majority. Parents' rights are connected to the parent's duties to the child. In the absence of duty, no parents' rights exists. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled, in the case of E (Mrs) v Eve, that parents may not grant surrogate consent for non-therapeutic sterilization. The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled, in the case of B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto: While children undeniably benefit from the Charter, most notably in its protection of their rights to life and to the security of their person, they are unable to assert these rights, and our society accordingly presumes that parents will exercise their freedom of choice in a manner that does not offend the rights of their children.

Adler (2013) argues that parents are not empowered to grant surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of children.

Movement
The 1796 publication of Thomas Spence's Rights of Infants is among the earliest English-language assertions of the rights of children. Throughout the 20th century, children's rights activists organized for homeless children's rights and public education. The 1927 publication of The Child's Right to Respect by Janusz Korczak strengthened the literature surrounding the field, and today dozens of international organizations are working around the world to promote children's rights. In the UK the formation of a community of educationalists, teachers, youth justice workers, politicians and cultural contributors called the New Ideals in Education Conferences (1914–37) stood for the value of 'liberating the child' and helped to define the 'good' primary school in England until the 80s. Their conferences inspired the UNESCO organisation, the New Education Fellowship.

A.S. Neill's 1915 book A Dominie's Log (1915), a diary of a headteacher changing his school to one based on the liberation and happiness of the child, can be seen as a cultural product that celebrates the heroes of this movement.

Opposition
The opposition to children's rights long predates any current trend in society, with recorded statements against the rights of children dating to the 13th century and earlier. Opponents to children's rights believe that young people need to be protected from the adultcentric world, including the decisions and responsibilities of that world. In a dominantly adult society, childhood is idealized as a time of innocence, a time free of responsibility and conflict, and a time dominated by play. The majority of opposition stems from concerns related to national sovereignty, states' rights, the parent-child relationship. Financial constraints and the "undercurrent of traditional values in opposition to children's rights" are cited, as well. The concept of children's rights has received little attention in the United States.

International human rights law
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is seen as a basis for all international legal standards for children's rights today. There are several conventions and laws that address children's rights around the world. A number of current and historical documents affect those rights, including the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb in 1923, endorsed by the League of Nations in 1924 and reaffirmed in 1934. A slightly expanded version was adopted by the United Nations in 1946, followed by a much expanded version adopted by the General Assembly in 1959. It later served as the basis for the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The United Nations adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1966. The ICCPR is a multilateral international covenant that has been ratified or acceded to by nearly all nations on Earth. Nations which have become state-parties to the Covenant are required to honor and enforce the rights enunciated by the Covenant. The treaty came into effect on 23 March 1976. The rights codified by the ICCPR are universal, so they apply to everyone without exception and this includes children. Although children have all rights, some rights such as the right to marry and the right to vote come into effect only after the child reaches maturity.

Some general rights applicable to children include:

 * the right to life
 * the right to security of person
 * the right to freedom from torture
 * the right to freedom from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
 * the right to be separated from adults when charged with a crime, the right to speedy adjudication, and the right to be accorded treatment appropriate to their age

Article 24 codifies the right of the child to special protection due to his minority, the right to a name, and the right to a nationality.

Convention on the Rights of the Child
The United Nations' 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, or CRC, is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights—civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. Its implementation is monitored by the Committee on the Rights of the Child. National governments that ratify it commit themselves to protecting and ensuring children's rights, and agree to hold themselves accountable for this commitment before the international community. The CRC is the most widely ratified human rights treaty with 196 ratifications; the United States is the only country not to have ratified it.

The CRC is based on four core principles: the principle of non-discrimination; the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and considering the views of the child in decisions that affect them, according to their age and maturity. The CRC, along with international criminal accountability mechanisms such as the International Criminal Court, the Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone, is said to have significantly increased the profile of children's rights worldwide.

Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action urges, at Section II para 47, all nations to undertake measures to the maximum extent of their available resources, with the support of international cooperation, to achieve the goals in the World Summit Plan of Action. And calls on States to integrate the Convention on the Rights of the Child into their national action plans. By means of these national action plans and through international efforts, particular priority should be placed on reducing infant and maternal mortality rates, reducing malnutrition and illiteracy rates and providing access to safe drinking water and basic education. Whenever so called for, national plans of action should be devised to combat devastating emergencies resulting from natural disasters and armed conflicts and the equally grave problem of children in extreme poverty. Further, para 48 urges all states, with the support of international cooperation, to address the acute problem of children under especially difficult circumstances. Exploitation and abuse of children should be actively combated, including by addressing their root causes. Effective measures are required against female infanticide, harmful child labour, sale of children and organs, child prostitution, child pornography, and other forms of sexual abuse. This influenced the adoptions of Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict and Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.

Enforcement
A variety of enforcement organizations and mechanisms exist to ensure children's rights. They include the Child Rights Caucus for the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Children. It was set up to promote full implementation and compliance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and to ensure that child rights were given priority during the UN General Assembly Special Session on Children and its Preparatory process. The United Nations Human Rights Council was created "with the hope that it could be more objective, credible and efficient in denouncing human rights violations worldwide than the highly politicized Commission on Human Rights." The NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child is a coalition of international non-governmental organizations originally formed in 1983 to facilitate the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.

National law
Many countries around the world have children's rights ombudspeople or children's commissioners whose official, governmental duty is to represent the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens regarding children's rights. Children's ombudspeople can also work for a corporation, a newspaper, an NGO, or even for the general public.

United States law
The United States has signed but not ratified the CRC. As a result, children's rights have not been systematically implemented in the U.S.

Children are generally afforded the basic rights embodied by the Constitution, as enshrined by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Equal Protection Clause of that amendment is to apply to children, born within a marriage or not, but excludes children not yet born. This was reinforced by the landmark US Supreme Court decision of In re Gault (1967). In this trial 15-year-old Gerald Gault of Arizona was taken into custody by local police after being accused of making an obscene telephone call. He was detained and committed to the Arizona State Industrial School until he reached the age of 21 for making an obscene phone call to an adult neighbor. In an 8–1 decision, the Court ruled that in hearings which could result in commitment to an institution, people under the age of 18 have the right to notice and counsel, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination. The Court found that the procedures used in Gault's hearing met none of these requirements.

The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) that students in school have Constitutional rights.

The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled in the case of Roper v. Simmons that persons may not be executed for crimes committed when below the age of eighteen. It ruled that such executions are cruel and unusual punishment, so they are a violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

There are other concerns in the United States regarding children's rights. The American Academy of Adoption Attorneys is concerned with children's rights to a safe, supportive and stable family structure. Their position on children's rights in adoption cases states that, "children have a constitutionally based liberty interest in the protection of their established families, rights which are at least equal to, and we believe outweigh, the rights of others who would claim a 'possessory' interest in these children." Other issues raised in American children's rights advocacy include children's rights to inheritance in same-sex marriages and particular rights for youth.

German law
A report filed by the President of the INGO Conference of the Council of Europe, Annelise Oeschger finds that children and their parents are subject to United Nations, European Union and UNICEF human rights violations. Of particular concern is the German (and Austrian) agency, Jugendamt (German: Youth office) that often unfairly allows for unchecked government control of the parent-child relationship, which have resulted in harm including torture, degrading, cruel treatment and has led to children's death. The problem is complicated by the nearly "unlimited power" of the Jugendamt officers, with no processes to review or resolve inappropriate or harmful treatment. By German law, Jugendamt (JA) officers are protected against prosecution. JA officers span of control is seen in cases that go to family court where experts testimony may be overturned by lesser educated or experienced JA officers; In more than 90% of the cases the JA officer's recommendation is accepted by family court. Officers have also disregarded family court decisions, such as when to return children to their parents, without repercussions. Germany has not recognized related child-welfare decisions made by the European Parliamentary Court that have sought to protect or resolve children and parents' rights violations.

Global children's rights

 * Children's rights in Chile
 * Children's rights in Colombia
 * Children's rights in Japan
 * Children's rights in Mali
 * Children's rights in the United Kingdom
 * Declaration of the Rights of the Child
 * The Rights of the Child in Iran
 * Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
 * Timeline of young people's rights in the United States
 * Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa

title: Children's rights


text: User talk:171.159.192.10

title: User talk:171.159.192.10