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2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM; known as STP, standing for "Serenity, Tranquility and Peace") is a psychedelic and a substituted amphetamine. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and later reported in his book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. DOM is classified as a Schedule I substance in the United States, and is similarly controlled in other parts of the world. Internationally, it is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is generally taken orally.

History
STP was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by Alexander Shulgin, who was investigating the effect of 4-position substitutions on psychedelic amphetamines.

In mid-1967, tablets containing 20 mg (later 10 mg) of STP were widely distributed in the Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco under the name of STP, having been manufactured by underground chemists Owsley Stanley and Tim Scully. This short-lived appearance of STP on the black market proved disastrous for several reasons. First, the tablets contained an excessively high dose of the chemical. This, combined with DOM's slow onset of action (which encouraged some users, familiar with drugs that have quicker onsets, such as LSD, to re-dose) and its remarkably long duration, caused many users to panic and sent some to the emergency room. Second, treatment of such overdoses was complicated by the fact that no one at the time knew that the tablets called STP were, in fact, DOM.

Effects
Effects of this drug include substantial perceptual changes such as blurred vision, multiple images, vibration of objects, visual alterations, distorted shapes, enhancement of details, slowed passage of time, increased sexual drive and pleasure, and increased contrasts. It may cause mystical experiences and changes in consciousness. It may also cause pupillary dilation and a rise in systolic blood pressure.

Pharmacology
DOM is a selective 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor partial agonist. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its agonistic properties at the 5-HT2A receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOM is often used in scientific research when studying the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily. DOM is a chiral molecule, and R-(−)-DOM is the more active enantiomer, functioning as a potent agonist of the serotonin 5-HT family of receptors, mainly of the 5-HT2 subtype.

Analogues and derivatives
The 2,6-dimethoxy positional isomer of DOM, known as Ψ-DOM, is also mentioned in PiHKAL as being active, as is the alpha-ethyl homologue Ariadne. Analogues where the methoxy groups at the 2,5- positions of the aromatic ring have been altered have also been synthesised and tested as part of an effort to identify the binding mode of DOM at the 5-HT2A receptor. Both the 2- and 5- O-desmethyl derivatives 2-DM-DOM and 5-DM-DOM, and the 2- and 5- ethyl analogues 2-Et-DOM and 5-Et-DOM have been tested, but in all cases were significantly less potent than the corresponding methoxy compound, showing the importance of the oxygen lone pairs in 5-HT2A binding.

Toxicity
Very little is known about the toxicity of DOM. According to Alexander Shulgin, the effects of DOM typically last 14 to 20 hours, though other clinical trials indicate a duration of 7 to 8 hours.

Canada
Listed as a Schedule 1, as it is an analogue of amphetamine.

United States
DOM is Schedule I in the United States. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute (make, trade, own or give) without a DEA license.

Australia
DOM is schedule 9 under the Australia Poisons standard. A schedule 9 substance is a "Substances which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities."

United Kingdom
DOM is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

title: 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine


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Precedence effect

The precedence effect or law of the first wavefront is a binaural psychoacoustical effect concerning sound reflection and the perception of echoes. When two versions of the same sound presented are separated by a sufficiently short time delay (below the listener's echo threshold), listeners perceive a single auditory event; its perceived spatial location is dominated by the location of the first-arriving sound (the first wave front). The lagging sound does also affect the perceived location; however, its effect is mostly suppressed by the first-arriving sound.

The Haas effect was described in 1949 by Helmut Haas in his Ph.D. thesis. The term "Haas effect" is often loosely taken to include the precedence effect which underlies it.

History
Joseph Henry published "On The Limit of Perceptibility of a Direct and Reflected Sound" in 1851.

The "law of the first wavefront" was described and named in 1948 by Lothar Cremer.

The "precedence effect" was described and named in 1949 by Wallach et al. They showed that when two identical sounds are presented in close succession they will be heard as a single fused sound. In their experiments, fusion occurred when the lag between the two sounds was in the range 1 to 5 ms for clicks, and up to 40 ms for more complex sounds such as speech or piano music. When the lag was longer, the second sound was heard as an echo.

Additionally, Wallach et al. demonstrated that when successive sounds coming from sources at different locations were heard as fused, the apparent location of the perceived sound was dominated by the location of the sound that reached the ears first (i.e. the first-arriving wavefront). The second-arriving sound had only a very small (albeit measurable) effect on the perceived location of the fused sound. They designated this phenomenon as the precedence effect, and noted that it explains why sound localization is possible in the typical situation where sounds reverberate from walls, furniture and the like, thus providing multiple, successive stimuli. They also noted that the precedence effect is an important factor in the perception of stereophonic sound.

Wallach et al. did not systematically vary the intensities of the two sounds, although they cited research by Langmuir et al. which suggested that if the second-arriving sound is at least 15 dB louder than the first, the precedence effect breaks down.

The "Haas effect" derives from a 1951 paper by Helmut Haas. In 1951 Haas examined how the perception of speech is affected in the presence of a single, coherent sound reflection. To create anechoic conditions, the experiment was carried out on the rooftop of a freestanding building. Another test was carried out in a room with a reverberation time of 1.6 s. The test signal (recorded speech) was emitted from two similar loudspeakers at locations 45° to the left and to the right in 3 m distance to the listener.

Haas found that humans localize sound sources in the direction of the first arriving sound despite the presence of a single reflection from a different direction, and that in such cases only a single auditory event is perceived. A reflection arriving later than 1 ms after the direct sound increases the perceived level and spaciousness (more precisely the perceived width of the sound source). A single reflection arriving at a delay of between 5 and 30 ms can be up to 10 dB louder than the direct sound without being perceived as a secondary auditory event (i.e. it does not sound like an echo). This time span varies with the reflection level. If the direct sound is coming from the same direction the listener is facing, the reflection's direction has no significant effect on the results. If the reflection's higher frequencies are attenuated, echo suppression continues to occur even if the delay between the sounds is somewhat longer. Increased room reverberation time also expands the time span available for echo suppression.

Conditions for occurrence
The precedence effect occurs if the subsequent wave fronts arrive between 2 ms and about 50 ms later than the first wave front. This range is signal dependent. For speech, the precedence effect disappears for delays above 50 ms, but for music, the precedence effect can still occur with delays approaching 100 ms.

In two-click lead–lag experiments, localization effects include aspects of summing localization, localization dominance, and lag discrimination suppression. The last two are generally considered to be aspects of the precedence effect:
 * Summing localization: for time delays below 2 ms, listeners only perceive one sound; its direction is between the locations of the lead and lag sounds. An application for summing localization is the intensity stereophony, where two loudspeakers emit the same signal with different levels, resulting in the localized sound direction between both loudspeakers. The localized direction depends on the level difference between the loudspeakers.
 * Localization dominance: for delays between 2 and 5 ms, listeners also perceive one sound; its location is determined by the location of the leading sound.
 * Lag discrimination suppression: for short time delays, listeners are less capable of discriminating the location of the lagging sound.

For time delays above 50 ms (for speech) or some 100 ms (for music) the delayed sound is perceived as an echo of the first-arriving sound, and each sound direction is localized separately and correctly. The time delay for perceiving echoes depends on the signal characteristics. For signals with impulse characteristics, echoes are perceived for delays above 50 ms. For signals with a nearly constant amplitude, the threshold before perceiving an echo can be enhanced up to time differences of 1 to 2 seconds.

A special appearance of the precedence effect is the Haas effect. Haas showed that the precedence effect appears even if the level of the delayed sound is up to 10 dB higher than the level of the first wave front. In this case, the precedence effect only works for delays between 10 and 30 ms.

Applications
The precedence effect is important for hearing in enclosed spaces. With the help of this effect, it remains possible to determine the direction of a sound source (e.g. the direction of a speaker) even in the presence of wall reflections.

Sound reinforcement systems
Haas's findings can be applied to sound reinforcement systems and public address systems. The signal for loudspeakers placed at distant locations from a stage may be delayed electronically by an amount equal to the time sound takes to travel through the air from the stage to the distant location, plus about 10 to 20 milliseconds, and played at a level up to 10 dB louder than the sound reaching this location directly from the stage. The first arrival of sound from the source on stage determines perceived localization whereas the slightly later sound from delayed loudspeakers simply increases the perceived sound level without negatively affecting localization. In this configuration, the listener will localize all sound from the direction of the direct sound, but they will benefit from the higher sound level, which has been enhanced by the loudspeakers.

Ambience extraction
The precedence effect can be employed to increase the perception of ambience during the playback of stereo recordings. If two more speakers are placed to the left and right of the listener (in addition to the two main speakers), and are fed with the same program material but delayed by 10 to 20 milliseconds, the random-phase ambience components of the sound will become sufficiently decorrelated that they cannot be localized. This effectively extracts the recording's existing ambience, while leaving its foreground "direct" sounds still appearing to come from the front.

Multichannel audio decoding
The effect was taken into account and exploited in the psychoacoustics of the Fosgate Tate 101A SQ decoder, developed by Jim Fosgate in consultation with Peter Scheiber and Martin Willcocks, to produce much better spatiality and directionality in matrix decoding of 4-2-4 (SQ quadraphonic) audio.

Haas kicker
Many older LEDE ("live end, dead end") control room designs featured so-called "Haas kickers" – reflective panels placed at the rear to create specular reflections which were thought to provide a wider stereo listening area or raise intelligibility. However, what is beneficial for one type of sound is detrimental to others, so Haas kickers, like compression ceilings, are no longer commonly found in control rooms.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Precedence effect


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Haylie Duff

User:MelisCSA85 questioned this one, so I put it up. Her sister Hilary Duff seems notable enough. I would suggest merge with that and/or Lizzie McGuire Dunc Harris | Talk 08:42, 30 May 2004 (UTC)


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County of Hainaut

The County of Hainaut (Comté de Hainaut; Graafschap Henegouwen; comitatus hanoniensis), sometimes spelled Hainault, was a territorial lordship within the medieval Holy Roman Empire that straddled the present-day border of Belgium and France. Its most important towns included Mons (Bergen), now in Belgium, and Valenciennes, now in France.

The core of the county, named after the river Haine, stretched southeast to include the Avesnois region and southwest to the Selle (Scheldt tributary). In the Middle Ages, its Counts also gained control of part of the original pagus of Brabant to its north and the pagus of Oosterbant to the east, but they did not form part of the old pagus of Hainaut. In modern terms, the original core of Hainaut consisted of the central part of the Belgian province of Hainaut, and the eastern part of the French département of Nord (the arrondissements of  Avesnes-sur-Helpe and  Valenciennes).

Hainaut appears in 8th-century CE records as a Frankish  gau or pagus which included the Roman towns of Famars and Bavay. In the 9th century, if not earlier, it was also described as a county, which implies that it had a single count governing it. As with many counties of the region, there was apparently a 10th-century fragmentation of territories among different counts, which is difficult to reconstruct. In 1071 a single large territorial county was given its more-or-less final form that lasted for the rest of the Middle Ages.

For much of its existence the County of Hainaut was a frontier territory, bordering upon the Kingdom of France. From 843 the County formed part of the "middle kingdom" of Lotharingia. After about 925 Lotharingia was definitively attached by King Henry the Fowler to his eastern Frankish realm that would become the Kingdom of Germany. Hainaut and its neighbourhood remained an important frontier area, or "march", during the High Middle Ages. Though a part of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled from present-day Germany, it was culturally and linguistically French and ecclesiastically part of the Catholic Archdiocese of Reims. Like its neighbours such as the counties of Brabant and  Flanders, it frequently became entangled in the politics of France.

The counts of Hainaut were often rulers of other counties, including Flanders and Holland. Examples of such personal unions include the following:
 * Hainaut and Flanders: 1067–71 and again 1191–1246
 * Hainaut, Holland and  Zeeland: 1299–1356
 * Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland as part of Bavaria-Straubing: 1356–1432

In 1432, Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland joined Flanders, Artois, Namur, Brabant,  Limbourg, and later  Luxembourg, within the large agglomeration of territories in the Low Countries belonging to the French House of Valois-Burgundy. This new state, the Burgundian Netherlands, was inherited by the Habsburg dynasty in the 1470s.

In 1659 and 1678 southern Hainaut was acquired by France. The northern part continued as part of the Habsburg Netherlands. Like much of that state, the northern part of Hainaut was absorbed into the First French Republic in 1797 after the end of the Ancien Régime; it later became part of newly-formed Belgium in 1830.

Geographical definition

The river Haine, for which the original pagus (country or territory) is named, flows from east to west. It originates in the once forested area between Binche and modern Charleroi, near the Sambre. It empties into the Scheldt. From the earliest records, Hainaut also extended south of the Haine to the upper Sambre, the Helpe Majeure, Helpe Mineure and the Avesnois region in the Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe.

Hainaut's pagus also extended southwest along the Scheldt as far as the Selle river, where the most significant Roman city of the area was Famars (Roman Fanum Martis, literally 'shrine of Mars'), which had been a religious and administrative centre. In the early Middle Ages, records sometimes refer to places within the pagus of Hainaut as being within the pagus Fanomartenis, indicating that either Hainaut had an alternative name, or that Fanum Martis was base to a sub-pagus. According to the 10th-century monk Folcuin, Hainaut was simply a new name for the old Roman name, which had been connected to pre-Christian superstition. The geographical definition of Hainaut as found in the oldest medieval records, was relatively stable, as shown by Faider-Feytman, Deru, and other historians of the region. According to archaeological evidence, geographical Hainaut, including Avesnes, formed the oldest region of development in the civitas of the Belgic Nervii. They had their early capital in Bavay in Hainaut (Roman Bagacum), which became a major Roman crossroads.
 * To the south of the Avesnois, beyond the forest and hills of Thiérache was the pagus and bishopric of Laon, the modern department of Aisne, which was one part of the old civitas of the Roman era Remi.
 * To the southwest, the pagus of Cambrai lay beyond the Senne river, and became the capital of the civitas of the Nervii, and later the seat of the medieval bishop who had jurisdiction over Hainaut and Brabant. According to Xavier Deru, this region only developed during the Roman era, with Cambrai itself positioned on the point where a major Roman road crossed the Scheldt. This region corresponds closely to the modern French Arrondissement of Cambrai, and both it and the bishopric are sometimes referred to as the "Cambrésis".
 * Directly to the west across the Scheldt from Valenciennes, lay the pagus called the Osterbant (fr, de, nl), which was originally part of the civitas of the Atrebates in Roman times, which has its traditional capital in Arras. The medieval bishopric of Arras contained only two archdeaconries: Arras itself, and Osterbant. While Osterbant was a region that was competed over by the powerful counties of Flanders and Hainaut in the Middle Ages, the rest of the Atrebates' old country became the basis of the medieval county of Artois, which was normally under Flemish control. In modern France, Osterbant is similar in definition to the Arrondissement of Douai.
 * To the north, also within the original civitas of the Nervii, lay what would become the oldest form of the pagus of Brabant, stretching between the Scheldt and Dyle and including modern Aalst and Brussels. Medieval and modern Hainaut stretch into the south of the old pagus of Brabant. As shown by Deru, archaeological evidence such as coin finds confirm the cultural connections between Brabant and Hainaut in Roman times.
 * To the east of the River Haine lay the Silva Carbonaria ("charcoal forest") which once defined a major boundary. Beyond it, the regions which today contain Charleroi, Namur and Leuven were all within the Roman Civitas Tungrorum and medieval Bishopric of Liège.

Etymology
The etymology of Hainaut is thought to be Germanic. The first part is the river name (the modern Haine, probably based on Germanic) and the second component was originally based upon Germanic *awja, which appears in several old Frankish gau names, such as Masau, the oldest name of the pagus on the Meuse river north of Maastricht. The related word "gau", used in the modern Dutch and German names of Hainaut, Hennegouwen and Hennegau, was also used but never became popular in medieval documents concerning this particular area.

Earliest records
The first surviving records indicating that Hainaut was a county are the records of the Carolingian dynasty being divided into parts in 831, 843 and 870. Most of the early medieval records mentioning Hainaut, starting in the 9th century, describe it as a pagus, a land or country, rather than a county. 8th- and 9th-century attestations, as listed by Ulrich Nonn, however, never name any specific counts who ruled it:
 * 750. A document of Pepin the Short refers to a place in pago Hainoavio.
 * 779. A document of Charlemagne refers to a place in pago Haginao.
 * 831. Louis the Pious announced that the division of the empire would be such that his son Louis the German's domain of Bavaria would include places west of the Meuse including Ainau. The record is not explicit about it being a county or pagus.
 * 843. The Treaty of Verdun, as recorded in the Annales Bertiniani mentions hainaum among the regions between the Scheldt and Rhine to become part of the middle kingdom of Lothair I, and implies it is a county.
 * 844. A document of Lothair I refers to places in pago Hainoense [...] pago Hainnioense
 * 847. A document of Charles the Bald names places in pago Hagnuensi.
 * 852. A document of Lothair I names places in pago Haynau.
 * 855. A document of Lothair II names places in pago Hainau.
 * 870. A document of Charles the Bald names places in pago Hainao.
 * 870. The Treaty of Meerssen mentions the comitatus Hainoum, a county, and granted it to the western kingdom.
 * 872. A document of Charles the Bald names places in pago Hainau.

Many such early medieval pagi in Europe have histories going back to the Roman Empire. As the Roman empire lost centralized control of this region, which lay in the Roman province of Belgica II, it came under the administration of Childeric I, who had been the military ruler of the Frankish army who previously fought under Romans in Gaul, north of the Loire. The Merovingian dynasty, and later the Carolingians, kept many of the Roman districts, and established counts to administer pagi.

10th century
As explained by Nonn, there are very few, if any, clear records of counts of all Hainaut in the 10th century. The region is associated by many historians such as Leon Vanderkindere with the so-called Reginarid dynasty who were a powerful and rebellious Lotharingian family, known for their frequent use of the name Reginar. This is because later in the 10th century a branch of this family succeeded to take the county by force, after returning from exile. However, while the later family clearly claimed to have once had important rights throughout Lotharingia, the exact nature of most of these is unclear, and their possession of a county in Hainaut before Reginar III can not be proven.

The only medieval record which claims that Reginar I had direct lordship over Hainaut was the much later Dudo of Saint-Quentin, who is considered to be unreliable for this period. He names Reginar as "Duke" (Latin dux) of both Hesbaye and Hainaut, and discusses his march against Rollo in Walcheren, together with a Frisian ruler named Radbod, at some point in late 9th or early 10th century. The late 14th century Annales Hannoniae, which give legendary origins of the Counts of Hainaut, describes this Reginar I as a count of Mons – a title held by his descendants.

The first recorded count who was associated as a count with any part of Hainaut in a contemporary record was Count Sigehard. Leon Vanderkindere proposed that this Sigehard was given the county while Reginar I was out of favour. In fact no such connections can be proven. He was more clearly described as a count in the pagus Liugas, east of Liège.
 * 902. The county of Sigarhard included Wandre and Esneux in the pagus of Liège (in pago Leuchia in comitatu Sigarhardi).
 * 908. He was recorded once as a count who was present agreements made about both Lobbes Abbey (Laubacensum abbatiam), which was described as part of the county and pagus of Hainaut (in pago ac in comitatu Hainuensi sitem), and Theux, which was described as being in the pagus and county of Liugas (in pago ac in comitatu Liwensi positum).
 * 915. Theux is described as being both in the pagus of Liugas and the county of Sigehard (in pago Leuviensi atque in comitatus Sichardi sitam).
 * 916 and 919, Sigehard appears in two documents of West Francia king Charles the Simple dated at Herstal near Liège.
 * 920. Sigehard was also recorded as a "venerable" count in a document concerning Crespin Abbey, concerning a grant.. According to Nonn, the record shows that he had held the land involved.

From 925, Lotharingia, including Hainaut, was continuously part of the eastern kingdom, "Germany". In 939, the Reginars led a rebellion against Germany which was defeated. Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine, the son of Reginar I who had been leader of this rebellion, was killed.

Reginar II (died before 943), the younger son of Reginar I, was named as a Count of Hainaut in the late 11th-century life story (Vita) of Gerard of Brogne (died 959), but this work is considered unreliable, and we can not be certain of this position. His son Count Reginar III Longneck, may also have been a count in Hainaut. What is more certain is that he unsuccessfully rebelled against Duke Bruno the Great, so he was deposed from all offices, exiled and banned in 958. The Vita of Gerard of Brogne also names him as a count of Hainaut. Ulrich Nonn considers it likely that he held Mons because it aligns with other evidence.

A Count named Amelric who was "from" the pagus of Hainaut (Latin: ex pago Hainou) is named in or after 953 in the Deeds of the bishops of Cambrai. This is generally taken to mean that Hainaut already included the jurisdictions of more than one count. Apart from the one associated with Mons, Amulric perhaps held a county based in Valenciennes.

The second or third count of Hainaut to be named in a contemporary record was however called Godefrid, starting in 958, the year of Reginar III's exile. He is generally considered to be Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine who died in 964 in Italy.

After the death of Godfrey in Italy, he was replaced in Hainaut by a Count Richer, who was perhaps the same Count Richer who held a county in the pagus of Liège. In 972 he died. In 973 two noble brothers, Werner and Reynold, were killed near Mons fighting the two sons of Reginar III, Reginar IV and Lambert, who had returned to claim their father's property. Also in 973, Counts named Amelric and Richizo appeared in a royal grant in favour of Crispin Abbey in Hainaut. Amelric is probably the count of 953 mentioned above, with his seat in or near Valenciennes. According to Hlawitchka, Richizo is probably Richwin, a brother of Count Richer who died in 972.

The Regnarid brothers apparently did not succeed in gaining Hainaut, or even Mons for some decades. The Gesta of the bishops of Cambrai records that two counts named Godefrid and Arnulf succeeded Richizo and Amelric, and these two counts were involved in a defense of Cambrai in 979, and appear in other records. They are believed to be the same as Count Godfrey "the captive", and Arnulf of Valenciennes.

In 998 the Reginar IV regained control over the County of Mons, in Hainaut, from Godfrey according to Alberic of Trois-Fontaines. Historian Michel de Waha believes this late report can not be trusted, and that we can only say they took control in the period 985–1015, and probably after 1007. Reginar IV died 1013, and was succeeded by his son Reginar V. Reginar IV's brother Lambert, who made himself Count of Louvain, died in battle in Hainaut in 1015.

The County of Valenciennes disappears from records after the death of Arnulf of Valenciennes in about 1011, with this part of Hainaut possibly being taken over by the County of Flanders.

High Middle Ages (1000–1250)
Reginar V, the son of Reginar IV, married the granddaughter of his father's old rival, Godefrid the "captive". The bishop, Gerard of Florennes, accepted this diplomatic marriage despite the couple being within the degrees of relationship where this would normally not be allowed.

When the last Reginarid Count of Hainaut, Herman, the son of Reginar V, died without issue in 1051, his widow Richilde married Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders, who was a vassal of the French crown. On the death of his father in 1067, Baldwin VI became the ruler of both Hainaut and Flanders. He was succeeded by his son Arnulf III, who was killed at the Battle of Cassel in 1071 in an inheritance dispute with his uncle, Robert I the Frisian. The victorious Robert acquired Flanders, but his sister-in-law Richilde retained the adjacent Lower Lorraine territories in the Holy Roman Empire as her dowry. The revived County of Hainaut, therefore, emerged from the refeudalisation of three immediate counties:
 * the County of Mons
 * the southern part of the old Pagus of Brabant
 * the Ottonian Margraviate of Valenciennes

The unification of the County of Hainaut as an Imperial fief was accomplished after Arnulf's defeat in 1071, when Richilde and her son Baldwin II tried to sell their fiefs to Emperor Henry IV. Henry IV ordered the Prince-Bishop of Liège to purchase the fiefs and then return them as a unified county to the countess Richilde and, through the chain of feudal authority, to the Dukes of Lower Lorraine.

Although Baldwin II did not inherit the County of Flanders, he and his descendants, Baldwin III, Baldwin IV, and Baldwin V, were in the male line of the Counts of Flanders, and the two lines joined again. Baldwin V married the heiress of Flanders, Margaret in 1169, becoming "Baldwin VIII" of Flanders, and during his lifetime Flanders, Hainaut and Namur were united under one lord.

In the next generation, Namur was given to a different son than Flanders and Hainaut, which remained together under Baldwin VI/IX, who became the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. Baldwin's brother, Philip I of Namur was regent in Hainaut but also had to fight Luxembourg for control of Namur. Baldwin himself was killed in Bulgaria, leaving two heiresses, Joan who ruled but died childless in 1244, and Margaret who ruled from 1244 and married twice. The lines of her two husbands divided Flanders and Hainaut between them:
 * Jean of Avesnes, eldest son of Margaret's first husband, founded a new line of Avesnes counts of Hainaut and died in 1257.
 * Guy of Dampierre, eldest surviving son of Margaret's second husband, founded the new line of Flanders counts and died in 1305. He also became count of Namur, though this inheritance was given to a different child.

Late Middle Ages (1250–1500)
From 1299, Hainaut's count Jean II, d'Avesnes, the son of Jean I, was also Count of Holland and Zeeland, through his mother. He was also an unsuccessful claimant to become Count of Flanders. After his grandson William died in 1347, these same lordships went to his sister, and were held by members of the Wittelsbach dynasty who also possessed the Dukedom of Bavaria-Straubing. This branch of the Wittelsbach family held Hainaut until 1436.

The Wittelsbachs struggled against each other in the so-called Hook and Cod wars which were partly driven by factions in Holland. After the death of Duke William II of Bavaria-Straubing in 1417, Hainaut was inherited by his daughter Jacqueline, who had a powerful opponent in her cousin, Philip the Good.

Already in 1428, effective control of Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland was acquired by Philip the Good. In 1432 Jacqueline had to cede the inheritance rights of Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland to Duke Philip. The last independent countess died early on 8 October 1436 (presumably of tuberculosis) in Teylingen Castle, near The Hague, where she is buried. Her estates were incorporated into the Burgundian Netherlands.

Philip was already Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders, Artois, Namur and Franche-Comte, and would later become Duke of Brabant, Limbourg, and Luxembourg. His family, the House of Valois-Burgundy, a branch of the French royal family, created a powerful state between France and Germany and Hainaut was part of it. Charles the Bold of Burgundy, the son of Philip, was however killed at the Battle of Nancy in 1477, and the male line of the Burgundian dukes became extinct. In the same year, Charles' daughter Mary of Burgundy married Archduke Maximilian I of Habsburg, the son of Emperor Frederick III, and Hainaut passed to the Habsburg dynasty, who were emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and kings of Spain.

King Louis XI of France had hoped to take advantage of the death of his cousin, Charles and sent an army to invade the Netherlands. However, the French were defeated at the Battle of Guinegate in 1479, and Hainaut was consolidated in the Habsburg Netherlands by the Treaty of Arras in 1482.

Early modern period (1500–1800)
Hainaut became part of the Burgundian Circle in the Holy Roman empire in 1512. It was ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1555 to 1714.

In 1579 Hainaut was a member of the Union of Arras which submitted to the rule of Habsburg Spain, while the northern Union of Utrecht rebelled and formed the Dutch Republic in 1581.

The 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees and the 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen cut Hainaut in two. The southern area, around the towns of Valenciennes, Le Quesnoy and Avesnes, was ceded to France under King Louis XIV. During the French revolution it formed the basis of the newly named French département of Nord. Today the area is still referred to as French Hainaut.

The northern part of Hainaut, around Mons, remained part of the Spanish Netherlands, which became the Austrian Netherlands after the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht – moving possession from one branch of the Habsburgs to another.

In 1797, during the French Revolution, the northern part of the county was ceded to France by Emperor Francis II, who was also count of Hainaut. It became the French département of Jemappe. After the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the northern part, once again called Hainaut, went to the new Kingdom of the Netherlands, and then in 1830 to the Kingdom of Belgium which was created from the southern part of that kingdom. It forms the basis of the modern Province of Hainaut in Belgium. In modern Hainaut the traditional county's heritage can still for example be seen in the dialect differences. The western part of Hainaut is a transitional area between Picard and Walloon dialects.

title: County of Hainaut


text: Category:Monarchs

title: Category:Monarchs


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Richard Diebenkorn

Richard Diebenkorn (April 22, 1922 – March 30, 1993) was an American painter and printmaker. His early work is associated with abstract expressionism and the Bay Area Figurative Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. In the late 1960s he began his extensive series of geometric, lyrical abstract paintings. Known as the Ocean Park paintings, these paintings were instrumental to his achievement of worldwide acclaim.

Biography
Richard Clifford Diebenkorn Jr. was born on April 22, 1922, in Portland, Oregon. His family moved to San Francisco, California, when he was two years old. From the age of four or five he was continually drawing. In 1940, Diebenkorn entered Stanford University, where he met his first two artistic mentors, professor and muralist Victor Arnautoff, who guided Diebenkorn in classical formal discipline with oil paint, and Daniel Mendelowitz, with whom he shared a passion for the work of Edward Hopper. Hopper's influence can be seen in Diebenkorn's representational work of this time. While attending Stanford, Diebenkorn visited the home of Sarah Stein, the sister-in-law of Gertrude Stein, and first saw the works of European modernist masters Cézanne, Picasso, and Matisse.

Also at Stanford, Diebenkorn met his fellow student and future wife, Phyllis Antoinette Gilman. They married in 1943 and went on to have two children together, a daughter, Gretchen (1945), and a son, Christopher (1947). The beginning of the United States's involvement in World War II interrupted Deibenkorn's education at Stanford, and he was not able complete his degree at that time. Diebenkorn entered the United States Marine Corps in 1943, where he served until 1945.

While enlisted, Diebenkorn continued to study art and expanded his knowledge of European modernism, first while enrolled briefly at the University of California, Berkeley, and later on the East Coast, while stationed at the Marine base in Quantico, Virginia. While enrolled at Berkeley he had three influential teachers: Worth Ryder, Erle Loran, and Eugene Neuhaus. Both Ryder and Erle Loran had studied art in Europe in the 1920s and brought their first-hand knowledge of European modernism to their teaching. Neuhaus emigrated from Germany in 1904 and was a seminal figure in establishing the Bay Area as a center of art appreciation and education on the West Coast. On the East Coast, when he transferred to the base in Quantico, Diebenkorn took advantage of his location to visit art museums in Washington, DC, Philadelphia, and New York City. This allowed him to study in person the paintings of modern masters such as Pierre Bonnard, Georges Braque, Henri Matisse, Joan Miró, and Pablo Picasso. Also at this time, he had his first exposure to the new New York–based artists who were beginning their abstract Surrealism-based paintings. The work of Robert Motherwell, in particular, left an impression. Diebenkorn began his own experiments in abstract painting.

In 1945, Diebenkorn was scheduled to deploy to Japan; however, with the war's end in August 1945, he was discharged and returned to life in the Bay Area.

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, Diebenkorn lived and worked in various places: San Francisco and Sausalito (1946–47 and 1947–1950), Woodstock, New York (1947), Albuquerque, New Mexico (1950–1952), Urbana, Illinois (1952–53), and Berkeley, California (1953–1966). He developed his own style of abstract expressionist painting. After World War II, the art world's focus shifted from the School of Paris to the United States and, in particular, to the New York School. In 1946, Diebenkorn enrolled as a student in the California School of Fine Arts (CSFA) in San Francisco (now known as the San Francisco Art Institute), which was developing its own vigorous style of abstract expressionism. In 1947, after ten months in Woodstock on an Alfred Bender travel grant, Diebenkorn returned to the CSFA, where he adopted abstract expressionism as his vehicle for self-expression. He was offered a place on the CSFA faculty in 1947 and taught there until 1950. He was influenced at first by Clyfford Still, who also taught at the CSFA from 1946 to 1950, Arshile Gorky, Hassel Smith, and Willem de Kooning. Diebenkorn became a leading abstract expressionist on the West Coast. From 1950 to 1952, Diebenkorn was enrolled under the G.I. Bill in the University of New Mexico’s graduate fine arts department, where he continued to adapt his abstract expressionist style.

For the academic year 1952–53, Richard Diebenkorn took a faculty position at the University of Illinois in Urbana, where he taught painting and drawing. In November and December 1952, he had his first solo exhibit at a commercial art gallery, the Paul Kantor Gallery in Los Angeles.

In September 1953, Diebenkorn moved to back to the San Francisco Bay Area from New York City, where he had spent the summer. He took a position at California College of Arts and Crafts in 1955, teaching until 1958. He established his home in Berkeley and lived there until 1966. During the first few years of this period, Diebenkorn abandoned his strict adherence to abstract expressionism and began to work in a more representational style. By the mid-1950s, Diebenkorn had become an important figurative painter, in a style that bridged Henri Matisse and abstract expressionism. Diebenkorn, Elmer Bischoff, Henry Villierme, David Park, James Weeks, and others participated in a renaissance of figurative painting, dubbed the Bay Area Figurative Movement. His subject matter during this period included interiors, landscapes, still lifes, and the human figure. Diebenkorn began to have a measure of success with his artwork during this period. He was included in several group shows and had several solo exhibits. In 1960, a mid-career retrospective was presented by the Pasadena Art Museum (now the Norton Simon Museum). That autumn, a variation of the show moved to the California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco. In the summer of 1961, while a visiting instructor at UCLA, Diebenkorn first became acquainted with printmaking when his graduate assistant introduced him to the printmaking technique of drypoint. Also while in Southern California, Diebenkorn was a guest at the Tamarind Lithography Workshop (now the Tamarind Institute), where he worked on a suite of prints completed in 1962.

Upon his return to Berkeley in the fall of 1961, Diebenkorn began seriously exploring drypoint and printmaking with Kathan Brown at her newly established fine arts printing press, Crown Point Press. In 1965, Crown Point Press printed and published an edition of thirteen bound volumes and twelve unbound folios of Diebenkorn's first suite of prints, 41 Etchings Drypoints. This project was the first publication of Crown Point's catalog). Diebenkorn would not do any more etching again until 1977 when Brown renewed their artistic relationship. From then until 1992, Diebenkorn returned almost yearly to Crown Point Press to produce work.

Also in the fall of 1961, Diebenkorn became a faculty member at the San Francisco Art Institute, where he taught periodically until 1966. He also taught intermittently during these years at a number of other colleges, including the California College of Arts and Crafts and Mills College in Oakland, the University of Southern California (USC), the University of Colorado, Boulder, and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

In September 1963, Diebenkorn was named the first artist-in-residence at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, an appointment that lasted until June 1964. His only responsibility in this position was to produce art in a studio provided by the university. Students were allowed to visit him in the studio during scheduled times. Though he created a few paintings during his time at Stanford, he produced many drawings. Stanford presented an extensive show of these drawings at the end of his residency.

From fall 1964 to spring 1965, Diebenkorn traveled through Europe, and he was granted a cultural visa to visit important Soviet museums and view their holdings of Matisse's paintings. When he returned to painting in the Bay Area in mid-1965, his works summed up all he had learned from more than a decade as a leading figurative painter.

The Henri Matisse paintings French Window at Collioure, and View of Notre-Dame, both from 1914, exerted tremendous influence on Richard Diebenkorn's Ocean Park paintings. According to art historian Jane Livingston, Diebenkorn saw both Matisse paintings in an exhibition in Los Angeles in 1966, which enormously affected him and his work. Livingston said about the January 1966 Matisse exhibition that Diebenkorn saw in Los Angeles, "It is difficult not to ascribe enormous weight to this experience for the direction his work took from that time on. Two pictures he saw there reverberate in almost every Ocean Park canvas. View of Notre Dame and the French Window at Collioure, painted in 1914, were on view for the first time in the US." Livingston said, "Diebenkorn must have experienced French Window at Collioure as an epiphany."

In September 1966, Diebenkorn moved to Santa Monica, California, and took up a professorship at UCLA. He moved into a small studio space in the same building as his old friend from the Bay Area, Sam Francis. During this time, he lived in a house on Amalfi Drive in Santa Monica Canyon, where he would host an artist collective. In the winter of 1966–67, he returned to abstraction, this time in a distinctly personal, geometric style that departed from his early abstract expressionist period. The Ocean Park series, begun in 1967 and developed for the next 18 years, became his most famous work and resulted in approximately 135 paintings. Based on the aerial landscape and perhaps the view from his studio window, these large-scale abstract compositions were named after a community in Santa Monica, where he had his studio. Diebenkorn retired from UCLA in 1973. The Ocean Park series bridged his earlier abstract expressionist works with color field painting and lyrical abstraction.

In 1986, Diebenkorn decided to leave Santa Monica and Southern California. After traveling and looking around several different areas in the western United States, in 1988, Diebenkorn and his wife settled in Healdsburg, California, where he built a new studio. In 1989 he began suffering serious health issues related to heart disease. Though still producing prints, drawings, and smaller paintings, his poor health prevented him from completing larger paintings. In 1990, Diebenkorn produced a series of six etchings for the Arion Press edition of Poems of W. B. Yeats, with poems selected and introduced by Helen Vendler.

Diebenkorn died due to complications from emphysema in Berkeley on March 30, 1993.

Exhibitions
Diebenkorn had his first show at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco 1948. The first important retrospective of his work took place at the Albright–Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, in 1976–77; the show, then traveled to Washington, DC, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, and Oakland. In 1989, John Elderfield, then a curator at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, organized a show of Diebenkorn's works on paper, which constituted an important part of his production.

In 2012, an exhibition, Richard Diebenkorn: The Ocean Park Series, curated by Sarah C. Bancroft, traveled to the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, the Orange County Museum of Art, and the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, DC.

Major recent shows in the San Francisco Bay Area have included Diebenkorn: The Berkeley Years, July–September 2013, at the De Young Museum, San Francisco; an exhibition of small works, June 6–August 23, 2015, at the Sonoma Valley Museum of Art, Sonoma; and Matisse/Diebenkorn, a major show highlighting Matisses's influence on Richard Diebenkorn, March 11–May 29, 2017, at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Collections
Diebenkorn's work can be found in a number of public collections including the New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, Hawaii; Albertina, Vienna, Austria; Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago; Baltimore Museum of Art; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; the de Young Museum, San Francisco; Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Michigan, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Minneapolis Institute of Art; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas; Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. The Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University is home to 29 of Diebenkorn's sketchbooks as well as a collection of paintings and other works on paper.

Recognition
In 1978, Diebenkorn was awarded The Edward MacDowell Medal by The MacDowell Colony for outstanding contributions to American culture.

In 1991, Diebenkorn was awarded the National Medal of Arts. In 1979, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1982.

Art market
In 2018, Diebenkorn's Ocean Park #126 painted in 1984 became the most expensive picture by the artist auctioned when it went for $23.9 million at Christie's New York. The previous record from 2012, also at Christie's, was Ocean Park #48 painted in 1971 for $13.5 million. At a 2014 Sotheby's sale of Rachel Lambert Mellon's private collection, Italian fashion designer Valentino Garavani bought Ocean Park #89 (1975), an abstract image of a sunset, for $9.68 million.

Author William Benton made a painting in the style of Diebenkorn's Ocean Park for a friend who was a big admirer of the artist's work. At the back of the painting, Benton wrote a message signed with Diebenkorn's name. When the friend died in 1995, his estate was evaluated and an appraiser, not knowing the paintings provenance, marked the work as worth $50–60,000.

title: Richard Diebenkorn


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Pilgrim's Pride

Pilgrim's Pride Corporation is an American, multi-national food company, currently one of the largest chicken producers in the United States and Puerto Rico and the second-largest chicken producer in Mexico. It exited bankruptcy in December 2009 and relocated its U.S. headquarters to Greeley, Colorado, in 2011. It is majority-owned by JBS S.A. Pilgrim's Pride purchased Gold'n Plump for $350 million in late November 2016.

Description of firm
Pilgrim's Pride is a multi-national corporation and employs about 38,000 people with sales of $8.1 billion in 2012, and has operations in 12 states, Mexico and Puerto Rico. It has the capacity to process about 36 million birds per week resulting in almost 9.5 billion pounds of live chicken annually.

Pilgrim's Pride products are distributed primarily through foodservice and retail outlets.

Pilgrim's traces its origins to a feed store opened in 1946 in Pittsburg, Texas, by Lonnie "Bo" Pilgrim and his older brother, Aubrey. They were known to give away free chicks with the bags of feed they sold, thereby expanding their business. Bo, wearing traditional Pilgrim clothing, with a pet chicken named "Henrietta" under his arm, was featured in Pilgrim's Pride advertisements. He became the president of the company after Aubrey died of a heart attack in 1966. Today, Pilgrim's Pride is vertically integrated, meaning the company has its own divisions for every process from "egg to table".

Pilgrim's Pride is a supplier of Kentucky Fried Chicken and was named its "supplier of the year" in 1997. Other customers include Walmart, Publix, and Wendy's. By 2012, Pilgrim's was the exclusive rotisserie chicken supplier for Costco, supplying 50 million 3-pound marinated chickens, ready to be placed into a rotisserie.

News events in the 2000s/2010s
On October 12, 2002, Pilgrim's Pride recalled 27.4 million pounds of sliced deli poultry after finding a strain of Listeria monocytogenes in the drain of one of their facilities. It was the largest food recall in the US at the time. The outbreak killed 7 people, sickened 46, and caused 3 miscarriages.

In 2003, Pilgrim's Pride acquired Pierce Chicken (formerly owned by ConAgra Foods and before that part of Hester Industries). Pierce Chicken is best known for its brand-name Wing Dings, Wing Zings, and various other prepared food products.

In May 2004, Pilgrim's Pride experienced an outbreak of avian influenza in Hopkins County in northeast Texas; 24,000 breeder hens were destroyed to contain the outbreak.

On July 20, 2004, PETA released a video showing cruelty to chickens at a Pilgrim's Pride plant in West Virginia. The video showed Pilgrim Pride employees strangling, stomping, and flinging live chickens into a wall. Pilgrim's Pride investigated, dismissed 11 employees including managers, and has provided ongoing animal welfare training to its work force after KFC owner Yum Brands threatened to cease purchasing from the company following the incident; none of the employees faced any criminal charges.

Pilgrim's is also a supplier of cattle feed to various ranching operations in East Texas. The supply of cattle feed was criticized because of the alleged use of "inedible" chicken parts being used for protein content. This is a common practice in the poultry industry known as protein conversion, so as to profit from all parts of the bird. Protein conversion uses techniques to convert inedible parts of the animal, for example keratin in feathers and skin, into digestible protein to be used for livestock and pet food.

On December 4, 2006, Pilgrim's Pride announced the successful acquisition of Gold Kist (formerly the third largest chicken company) for $21.00 a share. Although there was initial resistance from Gold Kist, the board members of both companies voted unanimously to combine the two companies.

On December 17, 2007, Pilgrim's Pride's CEO, O.B. Goolsby Jr., died after suffering a stroke while on a hunting trip in South Texas with customers.

On April 16, 2008, after an investigation US Immigration and Customs Enforcement raided plants in Batesville, Arkansas; Live Oak, Florida; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Mount Pleasant, Texas; and Moorefield, West Virginia. Officials arrested 311 foreign national employees on suspicion of identity theft. Of those employees, 91 were formally charged.

On December 1, 2008, Pilgrim's Pride filed for bankruptcy.

On May 27, 2014, the company announced a $6.4 billion cash and debt offer to acquire the shares in Hillshire Brands. A rival bid from Tyson Foods came two days later. On June 9, 2014, the company announced it was withdrawing its bid for Hillshire after Tyson Foods had increased its offer to $8.55 billion.

On July 21, 2017, the company's co-founder, Lonnie "Bo" Pilgrim, died at the age of 89.

On September 23, 2020, Pilgrim's Pride announced the appointment of Fabio Sandri as CEO, replacing Jayson Penn. Penn went on leave in June following an indictment earlier this year on charges of price-fixing and bid-rigging. In February 2021, Pilgrim's Pride agreed to pay a $107 million fine on charges of bid rigging and price fixing.

Purchase by JBS S.A.
On September 17, 2009, JBS USA Holdings, Inc. announced the purchase of 64% of the shares of Pilgrim's Pride. JBS USA. is a subsidiary of Brazilian multinational JBS S.A., the largest meat processor in the world, and the largest by revenue. Currently JBS USA Holdings, Inc. owns 78.5% of the company.

As a result, Pilgrim's Pride closed its corporate offices in Texas and Georgia and moved its headquarters to Greeley, Colorado. The move caused the former headquarters in Pittsburg, Texas, and a location in nearby Mt. Pleasant, Texas, to cut employment by a total of 160 people. Other locations which lost jobs included sites in Atlanta, Dallas, and Broadway, Virginia.

COVID-19 pandemic
In late April 2020, an outbreak of COVID-19 began at the Pilgrim's Pride plant in Lufkin, Texas. On May 8, a worker at the Lufkin plant was found dead in her home after being diagnosed with COVID-19. After the West Virginia National Guard conducted coronavirus tests of 520 (out of 940) workers at the Pilgrim's Pride plant in Moorefield, West Virginia, 18 workers tested positive. By May 11, 2020, 194 COVID-19 cases had been diagnosed among workers at the Pilgrim's Pride plant in Cold Spring, Minnesota, which employs about 1,100 workers. On the same day, 75 to 85 cars filled with workers drove around the plant, honking horns and demanding over a loudspeaker that it be closed for two weeks.

At least one worker tested positive at the Pilgrim's Pride plant in Chattanooga and other workers tested positive at the company's plant in Timberville, Virginia, where dozens of workers protested in early April 2020. The company has declined to release the number of cases in Timberville.

title: Pilgrim's Pride


text:
Talk:Hindu astrology

Ravinder Kumar Soni
This author doesn't meet our criteria as a reliable source. His article has been deleted, see Articles for deletion/Ravinder Kumar Soni. Dougweller (talk) 11:26, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

proposed external link: "Vedic Astrology -- critically examined"
I'd like to propose the following external link: "Vedic Astrology -- critically examinied" for addition to the article.--Other Choices (talk) 08:38, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It's an unreliable source, IRWolfie- (talk) 10:17, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

Archive old stuff?
Recently the entire contents of the talk page were archived. I reverted that -- it's excessive. However, I would favor archiving really old stuff. If we archive everything before 2009 (for example), that would get rid of three fourths of the current page, leaving SOMETHING for editors to glance at and quickly gauge the level of activity on this page.--Other Choices (talk) 09:27, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Actually, it's been more than a year since the last post, and I don't see any point in keeping long concluded threads visible. By your reasong, if an editor were to glance at this talk page and see nothing, and quickly gauge that the level of activity was very low or non-existant, they wouldn't be too far off the mark, if at all. Dominus Vobisdu (talk) 09:52, 3 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Personally, I like to glance through the talk page and get a sense of what type of discussion has come up before, and also how much discussion has gone before. I suspect that this article is rather unusual in that there has been quite a lot of editing on the actual article, with almost no talk.
 * At the very least, we should keep the four or five most recent sections. That seems to be standard procedure on other talk pages.--Other Choices (talk) 10:16, 3 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Glance through the archives. its the same difference. Because you reverted me without telling me, I've now created a duplicate archive. IRWolfie- (talk) 10:25, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

Complements only
I added "Rather astrologers generally prefer to only predict generic complementary things to specific individuals", the source says "the golden rule seems to be “predict only those things which please the listener’s ego." IRWolfie- (talk) 10:18, 3 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I have two problems with the proposed sentence. First of all, the use of the word "generic" contradicts the source's earlier statement that Hindu astrologers make SPECIFIC predictions about outer-world events (which should be easily amenable to scientific testing).  Secondly, the source uses the phrase SEEMS TO BE.  By attempting to insert what follows that all-important qualifier into the article -- without also inserting the qualifier -- you transform a statement of subjective personal impression into a statement of fact.  In other words, the deleted sentence isn't true to the source.--Other Choices (talk) 10:36, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

Proposed external link - AIFAS
I agree that this article, and "external links", is not the place for a list of commercial astrologers, but it seems to me that it would be appropriate to link to the professional organization: "All India Federation of Astrologers' Societies" http://www.aifas.com/federation/about-aifas  Also at footnote 31 reference is made to the "Indian Astrologers Federation" (circa 1982), which because AIFAS was founded in 2001, must be a different organization, but which if it has an explanatory web page should also deserve a link. --Bejnar (talk) 21:29, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Having laid this before the editors of this article for two weeks, and no objections having been stated, I will go forward and add the external link, not because of any personal belief in astrology, I agree that it is a pseudo-science at best, but because the linked website is evidence of Indian belief or, to take a negative approach, evidence of chicanery in this area. --Bejnar (talk) 19:04, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Status of astrology
The section on "Status of astrology" is not about whether or not astrology is a science, there is a separate section "Science" for that discussion. The section is about how astrology is regarded, particularly among Hindus. On 23 March 2014, editor Jim1138 reverted an edit to this section stating ''the Times of India is not RS on what is or is not science. Neither is the Supreme Court. I agree with that statement, but the The Times of India was not used as a citation for the fact that astrology is a science, but for the statement that some''  held the belief that it was a "science" (scare quotes). In other words, that in India some hold a belief that astrology is a "science". While the edit was restored, the current version, in an effort to avoid insinuations that astrology is a science does not clarify the extent of such belief in India. I would call upon neutral editors, such as Other Choices, to rectify this omission. I should note that this belief is not unique to India, see, e.g., "More and More Americans Think Astrology Is Science" (February 2014) citing an NSF survey. --Bejnar (talk) 18:47, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, the earlier version didn't clarify the extent of such belief in India, either, as nobody has brought forward relevant reliable sources. Also, we have to be careful not to use wikipedia's voice to report as fact an assertion (such as the conclusion that astrology is science) that is reported in a reliable source.  Especially on subjects like astrology, where wikipedia has come down very definitely in favor of the conclusion that astrology is "pseudo-science."  That's just the way it is; it's part of the environment here at wikipedia.--Other Choices (talk) 03:55, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

confusion between hinduism and India
Reading this article seems like Hinduism is limited within India only. But Hinduism is one of the main religion in Nepal also. Here indian astrology and Hinduism are used as analogy And is Modern India suitable in this article? AmRit GhiMire 'Ranjit' (talk) 00:58, 18 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I would think it OK. To avoid the article being "India-centric", it would be best to have other countries included. You could add a "Modern Nepal" section. It would need to be wp:sourced, of course. Any other countries that should be included? This would seem to be pertinent: WikiProject Countering systemic bias Cheers Jim1138 (talk) 05:09, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Huge removal of content
, have removed a lot content that was added much before to this article. It is related with the subject. Regarding its removal, I would like to hear more from User:Amrit Ghimire Ranjit. Bladesmulti (talk) 11:48, 20 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't know how the context of Modern India is related with the topic of Astrology.

It is just making the article India-centric when demography shows Nepal contain more percentage of Hindus than in India but even This article is totally concentrating on India as if Hinduism is of India only. User:Bladesmulti AmRit GhiMire 'Ranjit' (talk) 14:30, 20 September 2014 (UTC)
 * "Nepal contain more percentage of Hindus". Eh? There are about 20 million hindus in Nepal, but nearly 1 billion in India. Clearly there are vastly more hindus in India, Second Quantization (talk) 15:20, 20 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I am talking of percentage not of number. Next minority doesnot mean their absence Hinduism is not of India only. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Amrit Ghimire Ranjit (talk • contribs) 02:22, 23 September 2014 (UTC)
 * That's not really any good reason to remove those long term changes. Bladesmulti (talk) 04:35, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * But making a religion nation centric must be either edited or removed and I am doing the same. Why are u undoing it repeatedly? I hope it will be cleaned. User:Bladesmulti — Preceding unsigned comment added by Amrit Ghimire Ranjit (talk • contribs) 10:44, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm aware that you picked percentages as a measure, it's a rather silly measurement of importance for Hinduism. Anyway, the criteria on wikipedia is reliable sources (WP:RS and WP:WEIGHT), and it's sourced content you appear to be removing. Second Quantization (talk) 10:45, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * You mean any India related sourced information can be added to a page of religion?

I am not using percentage for importance but I am using it to indicate that Hinduism is not only in India AmRit GhiMire 'Ranjit' (talk) 10:50, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

I removed
Category:Pseudoscience as redundant, on the grounds that both the article Astrology and Category:Astrology are placed in Category:Pseudoscience. Okay?--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 03:06, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

Please substantiate
"Following a judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001, which favoured astrology, some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in astrology" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Passingon (talk • contribs) 08:12, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

However, historical documentation shows that horoscopic astrology in the Indian subcontinent came from Hellenistic influences, post-dating the Vedic period.[4] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Passingon (talk • contribs) 08:16, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Actually, that is parroted frequently and I once believed it, but we really do not know. Judging by the existence of physiognomy in very old Mesopotamian, Persian and even Jewish texts (Qumran Caves), the idea of a link between an individual's natal chart and their body/tempermant/destiny is probably much older and more Eastern than Greek astrology. In fact it's in the oldest astrolog texts we have (Sumerian). What authors like David Pingree are actually noting is that during the Hellenic period after Alexander the Great came to India there was a faster diffusion of ideas between these cultures as notable in Indian texts on astrology that have titles suggesting greek authors. Early orientalists were only too happy to accuse India of borrowing its culture from the Greeks without asking where the Greeks learned the zodiac (it's a lot older than Ptolemy), or why all the most famous innovative 'Greek' philosophers came from asia minor with Persian ideas. Any indologist will tell you the oldest extant text on any topic in India likely records traditions that are much older but were taught orally. It would be remarkable if every culture on every side of India had horoscopy thousands of years before India herself.Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 03:13, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Basic material to restore
Once upon a time this was a pretty good, comprehensive article, but now it's obvious that a whole bunch of stuff was removed at some point. For example see Hindu_astrology, where vargas are mentioned and then it just cuts off. Going back through the history, one finds these deletions from three years ago, which can be viewed as this big diff. The deletions are in fact some very basic tenets of Jyotish that belong in a good online encyclopedia — it's not as if we lack the space for those additional bytes of text. If the article becomes too long then new articles can simply be spun off. Anyway, it may take some time to repair the damage but it's totally doable. --I A Huasca (talk) 06:05, 20 June 2016 (UTC)
 * you can add whatever you find to be relevant, any of us can check afterwards. D4iNa4 (talk) 17:42, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Hindu astrology. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080312031320/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hindu_Chronology to http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hindu_Chronology

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my edit of the testing section
re my edit of testing section. A precis of the article could be ' some people  did a test somewhere at some time and it proved that astrology doesn’t work' Hardly an enlightened or in depth critique of JyotishI  I initially added my text to previous text to give some balance to the article, however my edit was deleted. The previous text is totally dismissive of the subject, unbalanced unfair, vague, random and insulting to the many modern day researchers in the field (B.a.v.a. , C.V.A. ,A.C.V.A. and many other organisations researching the field) Does the author have any experience and understanding of the subject. The aim of the article seems to be only to decry and denigrate the  validity of jyotish which is part of the ancient vedic knowledge bank which also includes ayurveda stapatyaveda(Architecture) and other branches of knowledge. As the heading of this section is 'Testing' then it is obvious that the testing should be of the validity of process in terms of the correlation of predicted events versus actual life events and timings  thereof of. This is done by drawing up the individual  chart  for the person according to the methodology of jyotish. , and making an analysis of  the of predicted timing and nature of events in the life of the person and the actual life experience of the person. An example of this analysis is provided in ‘Light on life’ a book by Hart de Fouw (a highly respected vedic astrologer) .It should be up to the individual to weigh up evidence and make their own decision as to the veracity and validity of the predictive system. Surely the purpose of wikapedia is to provide information which will allow readers to investigate and form their own conclusions, and not to present entrenched opinions and beliefs (i.e. astrology has no relevance or basis) as facts. Kahouna Dreaming (talk) 14:32, 14 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Please see wp:FALSEBALANCE, and wp:FRINGE; what constitutes a wp:reliable source and what does not: wp:NOTRS. Also, please see Talk:Hindu astrology/Archive 1 and Talk:Astrology as well as the extensive archives on Talk:Astrology. The accuracy and testability of astrology has been discussed ad nauseam.
 * As an aside: Try doing a chart on these fellows on list of rampage killers and Lists of murders. Does it predict their spree? If it does, why don't all police forces use astrology to find them or at least narrow the list of suspects? I image some police might, but if it worked, why not all police forces? Jim1138 (talk) 20:06, 14 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Also see: Astrology and science. However, the source you cited is not considered reliable.  We need secondary non-self-published scholarly sources, which are the ones we then summarize.  — Paleo  Neonate  – 20:20, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

Here is my comment previously posted on Jim1138 talk page. I will answer the last point about my source ,please check the facts before you make untrue assertions the book is Light on life authors Hart de Fouw; Robert Svoboda published by Lotus books Lotus Press facebook page. It is most definativel not self published! As for your aside I will reply to that later when I have time. I have not seen your reply to the below points about testing section of the hindu astrology page.The section is unbalanced; not every one shares your skeptic stance. There are many national associations of vedic astrology. they are composed of dedicated researchers into the subject of Jyotish. Many of these people have high academic qualifications (i.e. David Frawley, Dennis Flaherty .Ronnie Gale Dreyer Gary Gomes,Karina Weil,Dennis M. Harness. I could continue... These are just a small sample. This subject (Jyotish) with its vedic traditions should be treated more respectfully and not dismissed, with no counter argument, by an author who probably has little or no interest in and probably not much knowledge of the subject (after all why would you bother researching a subject which you consider worthless!) The so called RS source which you quote in your 27 astrologers article would not meet any scientific criterion of a valid test. Over half of the astrologers used were amateurs (hobbyists as described  ) the children used in the experiment were chosen by members of the skeptic organisation and lastly no accurate birth data was used (birth times did not come from birth certificates) It amazes me that you (or somebody) considers this as RS! Your source Dr Jayant Narlikar betrays his motives. He tries to maintain that Jyotish probably came to India from Greece and has no place in the vedic tradition as no mention is made in the four vedas (yajur,Sama, Rig and atharva) as a matter of fact neither do they mention ayurveda(which now has received acceptance in medical circles) stapatyaveda, bhagavad gita ,puranas, bramha sutras and many other works including Parashara (the founder of Jyotish). Parashara is the atributed author of certain sections of the Ṛigveda i.e.   verses 1.65-73 which are all in praise of Agni (the sacred fire), and part of 9.97 (v.31-44) which is in praise of Soma. This links Jyotish to the Rig veda via Parashara. To suggest that this classic work, written in sanskrit somehow came from Greece is laughable. Dr Jayant Narlikar wished to separate Jyotish from the vedic pantheon so that he may more easily dismiss it. The vedic philosophy and all of its branches of knowledge is held in reverence in India. Many universities offer degree courses in Jyotish. People with skeptic views will probably find this an anathema, however the lack of balance being demonstrated in this article does nothing to improve the current lack of credibility which wikipedia is experiencing. I look forward to seeing your response to this comment, and why I you think should not make the proposed amendments to the testing section of the article.Kahouna Dreaming (talk) 20:54, 17 September 2018 (UTC)
 * You have not addressed 's nor my issues above. Content on Wikipedia is based on what wp:reliable sources state. It is not based on what your, mine, nor others' opinion is. Nor is it based on what is popular, i.e. "held in reverence in India" - argumentum ad populum. The world is full of adherents claiming their beliefs are valid. See category:Fringe theory for a list of lists.
 * Please list sources of tests/trials/experiments using scientific method-based scientific testing that has resulted in a significant result. Beware of fringe journals. Jim1138 (talk) 02:04, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

If you read the above carefully you will see that I have addressed most of the points you listed except your olice question. Kahouna Dreaming (talk) 23:00, 18 September 2018 (UTC)
 * As PaleoNeonate stated, your sources are not RS. Skeptical Inquirer is considered RS. Perhaps you should take your argument to wp:RSN. Jim1138 (talk) 05:42, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

"Science" section - does it even belong in this article?
I'm relatively new to editing, but the "Science" section in this article seems a bit exhaustive, I could understand a short sentence noting that there is no scientific evidence for claims made by Hindu astrologers, but an entire section attempting to debunk astrology as a whole in what should be an informative article on a specific sect of astrology? It seems irrelevant & unnecessary, especially with the "Status of astrology" section already linking to the Astrology and Science article. Cota-b (talk) 20:44, 12 April 2019 (UTC)
 * The wording leaves much to be desired, but an accounting of the failures of astrologers to make good on their claims seems to be a recurrent theme in reliable sources on this subject. Removal of the section would be wrong. Renaming it to something like, "Unsubstantiated claims and failed predictions" might be better. jps (talk) 14:51, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Greece influences
Heavily Grecro centric assertions are worthy of discussion but cannot be considerd as facts. Greek Astrology had influence over Indian Jyotisha but cannot be said to be its Mother due to significant Astronomical data found in Vedic age literature and heavily different styles of computing and interpreting Birth Horoscopes one such example is Dasha which is very important in Jyotisha but isnt found in Greek. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2409:4043:2099:17C5:AD61:AC3:EC02:82A0 (talk) 10:58, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

 * See WP:RS and WP:OR. Joshua Jonathan  - Let's talk!  11:19, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Merge from Jyotisha
Merge tag added by User:Dbachmann.
 * Support merger into Hindu astrology. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism by James G. Lochtefeld equates Jyotisha and astrology. -- Redtigerxyz Talk 17:04, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support This is very obvious merge suggestion by . The practitioners of Hindu astrology are called Jyotisha. Jyotisha is an unnecessary duplication of the content and should be immediately merged. Walrus Ji (talk) 11:33, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Misleading use of sources in intro
The sources cited at the end give the impression that they link to sources concerning "protest from the scientific community" regarding "a judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001". None of the sources provide such information. They only provide information on why scientists consider "astrology" - not even considering variations in astrology, which is important for a clarify article like this - to be a pseudo-science.

Hindu astrology status as "pseudo-science" may or may not be established, regardless, this paragraph misleads the reader into thinking that the "protest from the scientific community that astrology is a pseudoscience" regarding "a judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001" is being cited, instead it is unrelated articles. None of the articles mention the Andhra Pradesh ruling and especially the scientific communities' response to THAT event.

MrOllie stated in changed Title is literally "Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience". I would like to again point to the fact NONE OF THE CITED ARTICLES 1) point to the Andhra Pradesh judgement itself this remains unsourced. There is no sources that the Andhra Pradesh ruling was protested by the scientific community, or protest against advanced degrees in Hindu Astrology. All the sources say is that Astrology is a pseudo-science. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ygxqaxqorgkernthlk (talk • contribs) 03:11, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Deliberate misspelling/Lead cleanup
Deliberate misspelling of Vedanga Jyotisa as ‘Jyotishya’ aimed at making it look like VJ is about Astrology. And second paragraph in the Lead look like a total mess. ChandlerMinh (talk) 12:22, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

A new book
Was reading Le discours du destin: La pratique de l’astrologie à Bénarès —keeping me occupied for the last few days— and wonder, if this article is worth salvaging. TrangaBellam (talk) 06:56, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Citations reviewing Western astrology and proclaiming it a psuedoscience are not relevant to a page about Hindu astrology.
Sources are meant to back up and reflect the claims being made. SpruceyWind (talk) 21:03, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Firstly, Hindu astrology is a subset of astrology, and statements about astrology as a whole clearly include it - there is nothing in Hindu astrology that makes it unique. Secondly, the last source cited in the lede explicitly discussed Hindu astrology as a pseudoscience (I haven't looked further, other sources may well do to). And lastly, given attempts by the Indian government to portray 'Vedic astrology' as science, in direct opposition to overwhelming scientific consensus, there is no question that the description is entirely accurate for contemporary Hindu astrology. AndyTheGrump (talk) 21:09, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hindu astrology


text:
Minnie Pearl

Sarah Ophelia Colley Cannon (October 25, 1912 – March 4, 1996), known professionally as her stage character Minnie Pearl, was an American comedian who appeared at the Grand Ole Opry for more than 50 years (1940–1991) and on the television show Hee Haw from 1969 to 1991.

Early life
Sarah Colley was born in Centerville in Hickman County, Tennessee, 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Nashville. She was the youngest of five daughters born to a prosperous sawmill owner and timber dealer in Centerville.

She graduated from Ward-Belmont College (now Belmont University), at the time Nashville's most prestigious school for young ladies, where she majored in theater studies and dance. She taught dance for the first few years after graduating.

Professional career
Her first professional theatrical work was with the Wayne P. Sewell Production Company, a touring theater company based in Atlanta. She produced and directed plays and musicals for local organizations in small towns throughout the Southeast.

Part of her work involved making brief appearances at civic organizations to promote the group's shows, and during this time she developed her Minnie Pearl routine. While producing an amateur musical comedy in Baileyton, Alabama she met a mountain woman whose style and speech became the basis for "Cousin Minnie Pearl". Her first stage performance as Minnie Pearl was in 1939 in Aiken, South Carolina. Her character's now-famous trademark hat was purchased downtown at Surasky Bros. Department store before the show. The following year, executives from Nashville radio station WSM saw her perform at a bankers' convention in Centerville and gave her an opportunity to appear on the Grand Ole Opry on November 30, 1940. The success of her debut on the show began an association with the Grand Ole Opry that continued for more than 50 years.

Pearl's comedy was gentle satire of rural Southern culture, often called "hillbilly" culture. She lived in the fictional town of Grinders Switch. Pearl always dressed in frilly "down home" dresses and wore a hat with a price tag hanging from it, displaying the $1.98 price. Her signature greeting to her audience was an elongated "Howdy! I'm just so proud to be here!" delivered in a hearty holler. After she became an established star, her greeting became a call-and-response with audiences everywhere. Pearl's often self-deprecating humor involved her unsuccessful attempts to attract "a feller's" attention and, in later years, her age. She also spun stories involving her comical "ne'er-do-well" relatives, notably "Uncle Nabob", his wife "Aunt Ambrosia", "Lucifer Hucklehead", "Miss Lizzie Tinkum", "Doc Payne", and, of course, her "Brother", who was simultaneously both slow-witted and wise. She usually closed her monologues with the exit line, "I love you so much it hurts!" She also sang comic novelty songs and often danced with Grandpa Jones.

In 1956, she made a paid appearance – $3,000, plus expenses – at the kickoff event of the first Alabama gubernatorial candidacy of segregationist George Wallace. She also appeared at an event kicking off his 1962 candidacy for governor.

Pearl drew much of her comic material from her hometown of Centerville, which she called Grinders Switch. Grinders Switch was a community just outside Centerville that consisted of little more than a railroad switch. Those who knew her recognized that the characters were largely based on actual Centerville residents. So much traffic resulted from fans and tourists looking for Grinders Switch that the Hickman County Highway Department eventually changed the designation on the "Grinders Switch" road sign to "Hickman Springs Road".

Cannon portrayed Minnie Pearl for many years on television, first on ABC's Ozark Jubilee in the late 1950s; then on the long-running television series Hee Haw, both on CBS and the subsequent syndicated version. She made several appearances on NBC's The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. She also appeared as a celebrity panelist on game shows such as Match Game in 1977 and 1978, and Hollywood Squares in 1980. Her last regular performances on national television were on Ralph Emery's Nashville Now country-music talk show on the former The Nashville Network (TNN) cable channel. With Emery, she performed in a weekly feature "Let Minnie Steal Your Joke" in the Minnie Pearl character, and read jokes submitted by viewers, with prizes for the best jokes.

Cannon made a cameo appearance in the film Coal Miner's Daughter, appearing at the Opry as Minnie Pearl.

Family life
On February 23, 1947, Colley married Henry R. Cannon, who had been an Army Air Corps fighter pilot during World War II and was then a partner in an air charter service. After the wedding, Cannon set up his own air charter service for country music performers and took over management of the Minnie Pearl character. His clients in the charter service included Eddy Arnold, Colonel Tom Parker, Hank Williams, Carl Smith, Webb Pierce, and Elvis Presley. The couple had no children. In 1969, they purchased a large estate home in Nashville next door to the Tennessee Governor's Mansion. Cannon attended Brentwood Methodist Church, just to the south of Nashville, where she also donated the pipe organ.

Chicken restaurants
In the late 1960s, Nashville entrepreneur John Jay Hooker persuaded Cannon and gospel singer Mahalia Jackson to lend their names to a chain of fried chicken restaurants established to compete with Kentucky Fried Chicken. After initially reporting good results and enjoying a public stock worth $64 million, the venture collapsed amid allegations of accounting irregularities and stock price manipulation. The ensuing investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission cleared both Cannon and Jackson of involvement in financial wrongdoings, but both were embarrassed by the negative publicity.

Cancer research
After battling breast cancer through aggressive treatments, including a double mastectomy and radiation therapy, she became a spokeswoman for the medical center in Nashville where she had been treated. She took on this role as herself, Sarah Ophelia Cannon, not Minnie Pearl, although a nonprofit group, the Minnie Pearl Cancer Foundation, was founded in her memory to help fund cancer research. The center where she was treated was later named the Sarah Cannon Cancer Center, and has been expanded to at least twenty other hospitals in Middle Tennessee, southern Kentucky, Richmond, Virginia, Kansas City, Missouri, Gainesville, Florida, and the UK. Her name has also been lent to the affiliated Sarah Cannon Research Institute.

Final years
Cannon suffered a debilitating stroke in June 1991, bringing her performing career to an end. After the stroke, she resided in a Nashville nursing home, where she received frequent visits from music industry figures, including Chely Wright, Vince Gill, and Amy Grant. Her death on March 4, 1996, at the age of 83 was attributed to complications from another stroke. She is buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Franklin, Tennessee.

Legacy and influence
She was an important influence on younger female country music singers and rural humorists such as Jerry Clower, Jeff Foxworthy, Bill Engvall, Carl Hurley, David L Cook, Chonda Pierce, Ron White, and Larry the Cable Guy. In 1992, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. In 2002, she was ranked as number 14 on CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music list.

According to Barney Hoskyns, the Band's 1975 song "Ophelia" was based on Pearl. Pearl is also mentioned in the lyrics of the 1988 song "Punk Rock Girl" by the Dead Milkmen.

In 1988, Pearl received the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award, presented by Johnny Cash, alongside fellow awardee Roy Acuff, at an awards ceremony in Nashville.

She was friends with performers outside the country genre, including Elvis Presley, Dean Martin (she appeared on an episode of The Dean Martin Show), and Paul Reubens (Pee-wee Herman). In 1992, Reubens made what would be his last appearance as Pee-wee Herman for 15 years at a Minnie Pearl tribute show.

Bronze statues of Minnie Pearl and Roy Acuff are displayed in the lobby of the Ryman Auditorium. Chely Wright and Dean Sams (of Lonestar) posed for the statues.

A museum dedicated to Minnie Pearl was situated just outside the Grand Ole Opry House at Opryland USA (next to another museum dedicated to Roy Acuff), but the museum closed along with the theme park in 1997. Many of its artifacts were moved to the adjacent Grand Ole Opry Museum.

Selected guest appearances on albums
This list includes guest appearances on other stars' albums or appearances on "various artists" compilation albums.

Singles
Minnie Pearl released a number of single records for RCA Victor during the 1950s, including a few duets with Grandpa Jones. During this period, she also made guest appearances on records by Chet Atkins and Ernest Tubb. In the 1960s, she moved to Starday Records. At age 54, she recorded a top-10 hit for Starday, "Giddyup Go – Answer", a response to Red Sovine's classic "Giddyup Go". She later recorded with Sovine and Buddy Starcher in other single releases.

Pearl was back on RCA in 1974 when Archie Campbell and she released a parody record of Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty's hit "As Soon As I Hang Up the Phone" which received airplay, but did not chart. In 1977, she appeared with a number of other Opry members on Dolly Parton's New Harvest...First Gathering album, singing on the song "Applejack". In 1986, she was a featured guest vocalist, along with Jerry Clower, on the Ray Stevens comedy single entitled "Southern Air". It charted in the top 70 of Billboard.

title: Minnie Pearl


text:
Joel Stransky

Joel Theodore Stransky (born 16 July 1967) is a South African former rugby union player. A fly-half, he is known for scoring all of South Africa's points, including the winning drop goal, against New Zealand in the 1995 Rugby World Cup final.

Early life
Stransky was born in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, to a family from England and Czechia. He was raised in Reform Judaism and had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony. He was educated at Maritzburg College where he was coached by Skonk Nicholson, a well-known figure in schoolboy rugby. After his military conscription in Pretoria, he returned to Natal to study at the University of Natal.

Playing career
In 1990 he was part of the team that beat Northern Transvaal to win the Currie Cup for the first time. He then moved to Italy where he played for L'Aquila during the 1991–1992 season, and for San Donà in 1992–93. Between 1993 and 1996, he won 22 caps for South Africa.

In 1995 he was part of the first South Africa team to play in a Rugby World Cup - the country had been banned from the previous World Cups because of the Apartheid regime. He played an integral part in the tournament and scored all 15 points for his team in the final against New Zealand, including a winning drop goal in the second period of extra time. This was the first Rugby World Cup final that went into extra time.

In 1997, he moved to Leicester Tigers, where he played for two seasons, winning the 1996–97 Pilkington Cup and the 1998–99 Allied Dunbar Premiership, and then became backs coach.

In the buildup to the 1999 Rugby World Cup, it was suggested that Stransky could play for England, but he discovered that he was not qualified to do so. On 20 June 1999, Stransky played for the Czech Republic in an exhibition game against Penguin International RFC, scoring 17 points.

In 2002, he was engaged by Bristol Rugby as a coach, but the offer was subsequently withdrawn. Stransky took legal action and was compensated.

Test history
World Cup Final

Later career
He later returned to South Africa, and is a part-time rugby union television commentator.

In January 2007, Stransky joined Altech Netstar (Pty) Ltd. as Sales & Marketing director. In January 2008, he was appointed managing director, but subsequently resigned. He was then employed by the Steinhoff Group in a marketing and promotional capacity. He founded Pivotal Capital in 2012.

In film
In the 2009 movie Invictus, he is portrayed by Scott Eastwood.

title: Joel Stransky


text:
Yakima Valley

Yakima Valley may refer to:

 * Yakima River Valley in southeastern portion of the state of Washington
 * Yakima Valley AVA (viticultural area)
 * Yakima Valley Transportation Company a former bus and rail transportation company in the state of Washington

title: Yakima Valley


text:
Arnulf III, Count of Flanders

Arnulf III (died 22 February 1071) was Count of Flanders from 1070 until his death at the Battle of Cassel in 1071.

Born c. 1055, Arnulf was the eldest son of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders, and Richilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut. On his deathbed in 1070, Baldwin left Flanders to his elder son, Arnulf, and Hainaut to the younger son, Baldwin, with the provision that if either preceded the other in death, he would inherit the other's county as well. Baldwin VI further entrusted his brother Robert with the safeguard of his son Arnulf, who was still a minor, to which Robert gave his oath of homage and solemn promise to protect his nephew. Richilde was to be regent in Flanders until Arnulf came of age.

After his father's death in 1070, his uncle Robert broke his oath and disputed the succession. Richilde appealed to King Philip I of France, who summoned Robert to appear before him. Robert refused and continued his aggression against Richilde and Arnulf, at which point Philip amassed an army which he brought to Flanders. The French army was accompanied by Norman troops, probably sent by Arnulf's aunt Queen Matilda and led by William FitzOsborn. Also allied to Arnulf III was Eustace II, Count of Boulogne who raised considerable support for the young count and his mother. The two forces met at the Battle of Cassel on 22 February 1071. In that engagement Robert's forces were ultimately victorious but Robert himself was captured and his forces in turn captured the Countess Richilde. Both were freed in exchange and the battle continued to its conclusion. Among the dead was Arnulf, killed by Gerbod the Fleming, 1st Earl of Chester, possibly by accident. As a result of the battle Robert claimed the countship of Flanders. The Countess Richilde and her son Baldwin returned to Hainaut but continued to instigate hostilities against Robert. As he was a minor at his death and unmarried, Arnulf III had no issue.

title: Arnulf III, Count of Flanders