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John L. Phillips

John Lynch Phillips (born April 15, 1951) is a NASA astronaut. Phillips is also a Naval Aviator and retired captain, United States Navy Reserve. Phillips has received numerous awards and special honors. He is a National Merit Scholar, graduated 2nd in his class of 906 people at the U.S. Naval Academy in 1972. Phillips has also been awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal, NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the Gagarin Medal and several others. Phillips has logged over 4,400 flight hours and 250 aircraft carrier landings, flying the A-7 Corsair II carrier-based light attack aircraft while on active duty in the Regular Navy and subsequently during his time as a Navy Reservist from 1982 to 2002. At the time of his retirement, Phillips had retained the rank of captain.

Biography
Born April 15, 1951, in Fort Belvoir, Virginia, but considers Scottsdale, Arizona to be his hometown. He is married to the former Laura Jean Doell of Scotia, New York. They have two children.

Graduated from Scottsdale High School, Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1966; received a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and Russian from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1972; a Master of Science degree in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida in 1974; a Master of Science degree and a doctorate in geophysics and space physics from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1984 and 1987 respectively.

A National Merit Scholar; he graduated second of 906 in the class of 1972 at U.S. Naval Academy; received 2 NASA Group Achievement Awards for contributions to the Ulysses Spacecraft Mission and the Los Alamos National Laboratory Distinguished Performance Award in 1996. Awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal and various military awards.

Phillips received a commission as an ensign in the U.S. Navy upon graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1972 and was designated a Naval Aviator in November 1974, concurrent with his completion of an MS degree in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida. He trained in the A-7 Corsair aircraft at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California and made overseas deployment with Attack Squadron 155 (VA-155) aboard the aircraft carriers USS Oriskany (CV-34) and USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CV-42). Subsequent tours of duty included Navy Recruiting Command duty in Albany, New York, and flying the CT-39 Sabreliner aircraft at Naval Air Station North Island, California.

After leaving the Regular Navy and transferring to the Naval Reserve in 1982, Phillips enrolled as a graduate student at UCLA. While at UCLA he carried out research involving observations by the NASA Pioneer Venus Spacecraft. Upon completing his doctorate in 1987, he was awarded a J. Robert Oppenheimer Postdoctoral Fellowship at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. He accepted a career position at Los Alamos in 1989. While there, Phillips performed research on the sun and the space environment. From 1993 through 1996 he was Principal Investigator for the Solar Wind Plasma Experiment aboard the Ulysses Spacecraft as it executed a unique trajectory over the poles of the sun. He has authored 156 scientific papers dealing with the plasma environments of the sun, earth, other planets, comets and spacecraft.

Phillips has logged over 4,400 flight hours and 250 carrier landings. He was a Navy Reservist from 1982 to 2002, serving as an A-7 pilot, and in various non-flying assignments. He holds the rank of captain, USN (retired).

NASA
Selected by NASA in April 1996, Phillips reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996. After completing astronaut candidate training, he held various jobs in the Astronaut Office, including systems engineering and CAPCOM for the International Space Station (ISS). He served as a backup crew-member for ISS Expedition 7.

Spaceflight experience

STS-100 (Space Shuttle Endeavour, April 19 to May 1, 2001).

STS-100 was a 12-day mission to the ISS. During the mission, the crew successfully delivered and installed the Canadarm2 Robotic Arm. They also delivered experiments and supplies aboard the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Raffaello on its maiden flight. Phillips was the Ascent/Entry Flight engineer and was the intravehicular activity coordinator during two spacewalks.

Expedition 11 (April 15 to October 11, 2005).

Expedition 11 was a six-month mission to the ISS.

On April 15, 2005, Phillips, along with his fellow crew-members Sergei Krikalev, and Roberto Vittori launched to the ISS aboard Soyuz TMA-6.

On June 14, 2005, Phillips became the first person ever to testify before congress from the ISS, or outer space in general. He gave testimony to the United States House of Representatives Science Space Subcommittee via a live video feed. The hearing was to evaluate the space station's usefulness as an orbiting laboratory.

On August 18, 2005, Phillips and Krikalev completed a five-hour spacewalk to retrieve several experiments and install a video camera for the new docking procedure.

Phillips and Krikalev, along with Space Flight Participant Gregory Olsen, returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-6 on October 11, 2005.

STS-119 (Space Shuttle Discovery, March 15 to 28, 2009).

STS-119 was a 12-day mission to the ISS flown during March 2009. It delivered and assembled the fourth starboard Integrated Truss Segment (S6), and the fourth set of solar arrays and batteries to the station. The launch took place on March 15, 2009. Discovery successfully landed on March 28, 2009.

Phillips was detailed to the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA, from 2009 to 2011 as the Smith/McCool NASA Chair Professor.

title: John L. Phillips


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Paul Guimard

Paul Guimard (3 March 1921 – 2 May 2004) was a French writer known for combining his passion for writing with his love of the sea. His most famous work was Les Choses de la Vie, which was adapted for film, with a complete change of its ending, by Claude Sautet, with Romy Schneider and Michel Piccoli.

Biography
Guimard was born at Saint-Mars-la-Jaille (Loire-Atlantique). He married Benoîte Groult. Following a poor performance at the private Saint-Stanislas school of Nantes, he began a career as a journalist. During World War II he reported for the provincial paper L'Echo de la Loire and later had a job as a news editor for another regional daily, L'Ouest-Eclair. He covered French broadcasting in the op-ed pages of Tribune de Paris for four years.

In 1945 he wrote a comedy, Seventh Sky, which played briefly. His literary career began in 1956 with the successful, award-winning novel False Friends. His next award winner, Rue du Havre, followed a year later.

In 1960 Guimard wrote the comedy A Best Man with his friend Antoine Blondin in Paris. One year later, he published The Irony of Fate which, like Rue du Havre, explores the role of chance in human relationships. The book was the basis for a film by Edouard Molinaro.

Later years
Guimard was in charge of a mission for the French President François Mitterrand from Mitterrand's election in 1981 until August 1982. "My only regret is not to have obtained at the time of my passage to the Elysium the creation of an academy of the Sea", Guimard said, affirming that this experiment "was not directed, but only one long accident".

Guimard was a member of the audio-visual communication authority from 1982 to 1986. He then returned to literature after a decade. He published a short story on Giraudoux, ''Giraudoux? Hello!...  (1988) and novels such as A Combination of Circumstances (1990), The Stone Age (1992), and First Comers'' (1997).

In 1993 he received a lifetime achievement award from the Foundation of Prince Pierre of Monaco.

Paul Guimard died in Hyères (Var). He was married to French feminist and optimistic writer Benoîte Groult, who shared his love of navigation. The style of both writers slightly converged in that respect; Groult's latest works (Les Vaisseaux du coeur) are more nostalgic, and Guimard's "brother" novel, also about human destiny and sea (Le Mauvais temps), is more sensible to the role of human will as opposed to fate.

Works
Most of Guimard's novels deal about the role of randomness in life (mainly L'Ironie du sort), time, man's understanding of hidden and ironic structures in which he is trapped. His latest work (Le Mauvais temps) describes a major transformation of a character who finally understands in dramatic circumstances the price of life and the importance of personal choice, changing his desperate life for the best.

 * Les Premiers venus (First Comers)
 * Les Choses de la vie (Life As It Is), published in English as Intersection (1994)
 * Les Faux-frères (Traitors)
 * Rue du Havre (Le Havre Street) – adapted as a telefilm for French TV; published in the U.S. as The House of Happiness
 * L'Ironie du sort (Fate's Ironies) – adapted as a film
 * L'Age de pierre (The Stone Age)
 * Giraudoux ? Tiens ! (Giraudoux? Hello!)
 * Le Mauvais temps (Bad Weather)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul Guimard


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Saffron Hill

Saffron Hill is a street and former ward in Holborn, in the south eastern corner of the London Borough of Camden, between Farringdon Road and Hatton Garden. The name of the street derives from the fact that it was at one time part of an estate on which saffron grew. The ecclesiastical parish was St Peter, Saffron Hill, a daughter parish of Holborn, which is now combined with St Alban (the Martyr), Holborn.

In 1850, it was described as a squalid neighbourhood, the home of paupers and thieves. In Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist (1837), the Artful Dodger leads Oliver to Fagin's den in Field Lane, the southern extension of Saffron Hill: "a dirty and more wretched place he [Oliver] had never seen. The street was very narrow and muddy, and the air was impregnated with filthy odours".

Little Italy
Saffron Hill is mentioned in the Arthur Conan Doyle Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Six Napoleons, as the Italian Quarter where the Venucci family can be found. The area still retains a local nomenclature of Little Italy. Annually On the nearest Sunday to July 16 the procession of Our Lady of Mount Carmel takes place, a Roman Catholic manifestation of faith starting from St Peter's RC Church on Clerkenwell Road. It was from Saffron Hill that Darby Sabini operated his criminal gangs in the 1920s and 30s

Saffron Hill formed part of the liberty of Saffron Hill, Hatton Garden, Ely Rents and Ely Place which became part of the County of London in 1889. It was abolished in 1900 and formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Holborn until 1965.

Saffron Hill has become more residential in recent years with the building of several blocks of 'luxury' apartments, including Da Vinci House situated in the former "Punch magazine" printworks and the architecturally distinctive Ziggurat Building.

title: Saffron Hill


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Prešov Region

The Prešov Region (Prešovský kraj, ; Eperjesi kerület), also Priashiv Region (Пряшівський край, ), is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions and consists of 13 districts (okresy) and 666 municipalities, 23 of which have town status. The region was established in 1996 and is the most populous of all the regions in Slovakia. Its administrative center is the city of Prešov.

Geography
It is located in the north-eastern Slovakia and has an area of 8,975 km2. The region has a predominantly mountainous landscape. The subdivisions of Tatras – High Tatras and Belianske Tatras lie almost entirely in the region and include the highest point of Slovakia – Gerlachovský štít (2,654 ASL). Other mountain ranges and highlands in the region are Šarišská vrchovina, Čergov, Ondavská vrchovina, Slanské vrchy, Pieniny, Levoča Hills, Laborecká vrchovina, Bukovské vrchy, Vihorlat Mountains and Eastern Slovak Lowland. The basins in Prešov Region are Podtatranská kotlina, Hornádska kotlina and Košice Basin.

Major rivers in the region include the Poprad in the west, which is the only major Slovak river in the Baltic Sea watershed, a small part of Hornád in the south-west, a small part of Dunajec in the north, the Torysa in the centre and the Ondava and Laborec in the east. As for administrative divisions, the region borders on the Lesser Poland and Subcarpathian voivodeships in Poland in the north, Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine in the east, Košice Region in the south, Banská Bystrica Region in the south-west and Žilina Region in the west.

Demographics
The population density in the region is 92.13 PD/km2 (2020-06-30/-07-01), which is below the country's average (110 per km2). The largest towns are Prešov, Poprad, Humenné, Bardejov and Snina. According to the 2011 census, there were 814,527 inhabitants in the region, with a majority of Slovaks (90.7%), with minorities of Roma (4.0%), Rusyns (2.7%) and there are small minorities of Ukrainians (<1%) and Czechs (<0.5%).

Politics
The current governor of Prešov region is Milan Majerský (KDH). He won with 42% of the vote. In the 2017 election a regional parliament was also elected.

Administrative division
The Prešov Region consists of 13 districts. There are 666 municipalities, of which 23 are towns, where about half of the region's population live.

Districts:
 * Bardejov
 * Humenné
 * Kežmarok
 * Levoča
 * Medzilaborce
 * Poprad
 * Prešov
 * Sabinov
 * Snina
 * Stará Ľubovňa
 * Stropkov
 * Svidník
 * Vranov nad Topľou

title: Prešov Region


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Kosovskoye Lake

Kosovskoye Lake (Косовское озеро) is a lake in Russia near Shimsk.

title: Kosovskoye Lake


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Page's trend test

In statistics, the Page test for multiple comparisons between ordered correlated variables is the counterpart of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient which summarizes the association of continuous variables. It is also known as Page's trend test or Page's L test. It is a repeated measure trend test.

The Page test is useful where:
 * there are three or more conditions,
 * a number of subjects (or other randomly sampled entities) are all observed in each of them, and
 * we predict that the observations will have a particular order.

For example, a number of subjects might each be given three trials at the same task, and we predict that performance will improve from trial to trial. A test of the significance of the trend between conditions in this situation was developed by Ellis Batten Page (1963). More formally, the test considers the null hypothesis that, for n conditions, where mi is a measure of the central tendency of the ith condition,

 * $$m_1 = m_2 = m_3 = \cdots = m_n\, $$

against the alternative hypothesis that

 * $$ m_1 < m_2 < m_3 < \cdots < m_n.\,$$

It has more statistical power than the Friedman test against the alternative that there is a difference in trend. Friedman's test considers the alternative hypothesis that the central tendencies of the observations under the n conditions are different without specifying their order.

Procedure for the Page test, with k subjects each exposed to n conditions:

 * Arrange the n conditions in the order implied by the alternative hypothesis, and assign each of them a rank Yi.
 * For each of the k subjects separately, rank the n observations from 1 to n.
 * Add the ranks for each condition to give a total Xi.
 * Multiply Xi by Yi and add all the products together; this sum is called L.
 * To test whether there is a significant trend, values of L can be compared with those tabulated by Page (1963).

 * Alternatively, the quantity

 * $$ { (12L - 3kn(n+1)^2)^2 \over kn^2(n^2 - 1)(n + 1) } $$

 * may be compared with values of the chi-squared distribution with one degree of freedom. This gives a two-tailed test.  The approximation is reliable for more than 20 subjects with any number of conditions, for more than 12 subjects when there are 4 or more conditions, and for any number of subjects when there are 9 or more conditions.

 * If a measure of the overall correlation between the conditions and the data is required, it can be calculated as

 * ρ = 12L/k(n3 − n) − 3(n + 1)/(n − 1)

 * if k = 1, this reduces to the familiar Spearman coefficient.

The Page test is most often used with fairly small numbers of conditions and subjects. The minimum values of L for significance at the 0.05 level, one-tailed, with three conditions, are 56 for 4 subjects (the lowest number that is capable of giving a significant result at this level), 54 for 5 subjects, 91 for 7 subjects, 128 for 10 subjects, 190 for 15 subjects and 251 for 20 subjects..

A corresponding extension of Kendall's tau was developed by Jonckheere (1954).

title: Page's trend test


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Group of Soviet Forces in Germany

The Western Group of Forces (WGF), previously known as the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (GSOFG) and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG), were the troops of the Soviet Army in East Germany. The Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany was formed after the end of World War II in Europe from units of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts. The group helped suppress the East German uprising of 1953. After the end of occupation functions in 1954 the group was renamed the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. The group represented Soviet interests in East Germany during the Cold War. Before changes in Soviet foreign policy during the early 1990s, the group shifted to a more offensive role and in 1989 became the Western Group of Forces. Russian forces remained in the eastern part of Germany after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification until 1994.

History
The Group of Soviet Occupation Forces, Germany was formed after the end of World War II in Europe from formations of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts, commanded by Georgy Zhukov. On its creation on 9 June 1945 it included:

 * 1st Guards Tank Army (HQ Radebeul)
 * 8th Guards Mechanised Corps
 * 11th Guards Tank Corps
 * 2nd Guards Tank Army (HQ Fürstenberg)
 * Soviet 1st Mechanized Corps
 * 9th Tank Corps
 * 12th Guards Tank Corps
 * 4th Guards Tank Army (HQ Eberswalde)
 * 5th Guards Mechanised Corps
 * 6th Guards Mechanised Corps
 * 10th Guards Tank Corps
 * 2nd Shock Army (HQ Goldberg, then Schwerin)
 * 109th Rifle Corps (46th, 90th, 372nd Rifle Divisions)
 * 116th Rifle Corps (86th, 321st, 326th Rifle Division)
 * 40th Guards Rifle Corps (101st Guards, 102nd Guards, 272nd Rifle Division)
 * 3rd Shock Army (HQ Stendal)
 * 7th Rifle Corps (146th, 265th, 364th Rifle Divisions)
 * 12th Guards Rifle Corps (23rd Guards, 52nd Guards, 33rd Rifle Divisions)
 * 79th Rifle Corps (150th, 171st, 207th Rifle Divisions)
 * 9th Tank Corps
 * 5th Shock Army (HQ Nauen, then Potsdam)
 * 9th Rifle Corps (248th, 301st Rifle Divisions)
 * 26th Guards Rifle Corps (89th Guards, 94th Guards, 266th Rifle Divisions)
 * 32nd Rifle Corps (60th Guards, 295th, 416th Rifle Divisions)
 * 230th Rifle Division
 * three independent tank brigades
 * 8th Guards Army (HQ Jena, then Nohra)
 * 4th Guards Rifle Corps (35th, 47th, 57th Guard Rifle Divisions)
 * 28th Guards Rifle Corps (39th, 79th, 88th Guards Rifle Divisions)
 * 29th Guards Rifle Corps (27th, 74th, 82nd Guards Rifle Divisions)
 * 11th Tank Corps
 * 47th Army (HQ Eisleben, then Halle)
 * 77th Rifle Corps (185th, 260th, 328th Rifle Division)
 * 125th Rifle Corps (60th, 76th, 175th Rifle Divisions)
 * 129th Rifle Corps (82nd, 132nd, 143rd Rifle Divisions)
 * 1st Guards Tank Corps
 * 25th Tank Corps
 * 49th Army (HQ Wittenberg)
 * 70th Army (HQ Rostock)
 * First Polish Army (two divisions)
 * Dnieper Flotilla
 * 16th Air Army (HQ Woltersdorf)

The 4th Artillery Corps also became part of the GSFG in 1945.

An order of 29 May 1945 had ordered the disestablishment of the 47th, 77th, 80th, 89th, 25th, 61st, 91st, 16th, 38th, 62nd, 70th, 121st, and 114th Rifle Corps, and of the 71st, 136th, 162nd, 76th, 82nd, 212th, 356th, 234th, 23rd, 397th, 311th, 415th, 328th, 274th, 370th, 41st, 134th, 312th, 4th, 117th, 247th, 89th, 95th, 64th, 323rd, 362nd, 222nd, 49th, 339th, 383rd, 191st, 380th, 42nd, 139th, 238th, 385th, 200th, 330th, 199th, 1st, 369th, 165th, 169th, 158th, and 346th Rifle Divisions. The 89th Rifle Division was not disbanded and instead transferred to the Caucasus.

In January 1946, the 2nd Shock Army left the Soviet Zone. A month later, the 47th Army was disbanded, with its units withdrawn to the Soviet Union. In October the 5th Shock Army was disbanded. In 1947 the 3rd and 4th Guards Mechanized Divisions (Mobilization), former mechanized armies, arrived in the group from the Central Group of Forces. In 1954 the 3rd Shock Army became the 3rd Red Banner Combined Arms Army (3-я краснознаменная общевойсковая армия). The 3rd Guards Mechanized Army became the 18th Guards Army on 29 April 1957. On the same day, the 4th Guards Mechanized Army became the 20th Guards Army.

After the abolition of the occupation functions in 1954, the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany became known as the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSVG) on 24 March. The legal basis for the GSVG's stay in East Germany was the Treaty on Relations between the USSR and the GDR of 1955.

Withdrawals from East Germany in 1956 and 1957/58 comprised more than 70,000 Soviet army personnel, including 18th Guards Army Staff. The GSFG had the task to ensure for the adherence to the regulations of the Potsdam Agreement. Furthermore, they represented the political and military interests of the Soviet Union. In 1957 an agreement between the governments of the USSR and the GDR laid out the arrangements over the temporary stay of Soviet armed forces on the territory of the GDR, the numerical strength of the Soviet troops, and their assigned posts and exercise areas. It was specified that the Soviet armed forces were not to interfere into the internal affairs of the GDR, as they had done during the East German uprising of 1953.

Following a resolution of the government of the Soviet Union in 1979 and 1980, 20,000 army personnel, 1,000 tanks and much equipment were withdrawn from the territory of the GDR, among them the 6th Guards Tank Division, with headquarters at Wittenberg. Until the last years of Perestroika the GSFG was in the process of realignment as a more offensive force regarding strength, structure and equipment, before a clear reduction of the tank forces in 1989. The GSFG was renamed the Western Group of Forces on 1 June 1989. The withdrawal of the GSFG was one of the largest peacetime troop transfers in military history. Despite the difficulties, which resulted from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the same period, the departure was carried out according to plan and punctually until August 1994. Between the years of 1992 and 1993, the Western Group of Forces in Germany (along with the Northern Group of Forces) halted military exercises. The return of the troops and material took place particularly by the sea route by means of the ports in Rostock and the island of Rügen, as well as via Poland. The Russian Ground Forces left Germany on 25 June 1994 with a military parade of the 6th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade in Berlin. The parting ceremony in Wünsdorf on 11 June 1994 and in the Treptow Park in Berlin on 31 August 1994 marked the end of the Russian military presence on German soil.

In addition to German territories, the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany operational territory also included the region of town of Szczecin, part of the territories transferred from Germany to Poland following the end of the Second World War. The rest of Poland fell under the Northern Group of Forces, while the southern regions (Austria, Czechoslovakia) were under the Central Group of Forces.

Generals directing the withdrawals from Germany diverted arms, equipment, and foreign monies intended to build housing in Russia for the withdrawn troops. Several years later, the last GSFG commander, General Matvey Burlakov, and the Defence Minister, Pavel Grachev, had their involvement exposed. They were also accused of ordering the murder of reporter Dmitry Kholodov, who had been investigating the scandals.

Structure and equipment in 1991

The Soviet troops occupied 777 barracks at 276 locations on the territory of the German Democratic Republic. This also included 47 airfields and 116 exercise areas. At the beginning of 1991 there were still about 338,000 soldiers in 24 divisions, distributed among five land armies and an air army in what was by then the Western Group of Forces. In addition, there were about 208,000 relatives of officers as well as civil employees, among them about 90,000 children. Most locations were in the area of today's Brandenburg.

In 1991 there were approximately 4,200 tanks, 8,200 armored vehicles, 3,600 artillery pieces, 106,000 other motor vehicles, 690 aircraft, 680 helicopters, and 180 rocket systems.
 * See also:

At the end of the 1980s, the primary Soviet formations included:
 * 1st Guards Tank Red Banner Army – Dresden
 * 9th Tank Division – Riesa
 * 11th Guards Tank Division – Dresden
 * 20th Guards Motor Rifle Division – Grimma
 * 2nd Guards Tank Army – Fürstenberg/Havel
 * 16th Guards Tank Division – Neustrelitz
 * 21st Motor Rifle Division – Perleberg
 * 94th Guards Motor Rifle Division – Schwerin
 * 207th Motor Rifle Division – Stendal (note; earlier Western reporting lists this as a Guards unit; this is incorrect)
 * 3rd Red Banner Army – Magdeburg (as of 1988)
 * 7th Guards Tank Division – Dessau-Rosslau
 * 10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division – Altengrabow
 * 12th Guards Tank Division – Neuruppin
 * 47th Guards Tank Division – Hillersleben
 * 8th Guards Order of Lenin Army – Weimar-Nohra
 * 27th Guards Motor Rifle Division – Halle
 * 39th Guards Motor Rifle Division – Ohrdruf
 * 57th Guards Motor Rifle Division – Naumburg
 * 79th Guards Tank Division – Jena
 * 20th Guards Red Banner Army – Eberswalde
 * 25th Tank Division – Vogelsang
 * 32nd Guards Tank Division – Jüterbog
 * 35th Motor Rifle Division – Krampnitz
 * 90th Guards Tank Division – Bernau bei Berlin
 * 16th Air Army – Zossen
 * 6th Guards Fighter Aviation Division – Merseburg
 * 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division – Ribnitz-Damgarten. Withdrawn 30 October 1993 to Millerovo, North Caucasus Military District, and joined 4th Air Army.
 * 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division – Großenhain
 * 125th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division – Rechlin [town, not in airfield] – disbanded July 1993 or October 1993.
 * 126th Fighter Aviation Division – Zerbst

Other Group-level formations included:
 * 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade (Karlshorst, Berlin) - withdrawn to Kursk in 1994
 * 35th Guards Air Assault Brigade (effectively an airmobile brigade; Cottbus, Germany, activated October 1979, and transferred to Kapchagay, Kazakh SSR, in April 1991. Eventually became part of the Kazakh Armed Forces).
 * 34th Guards Artillery Division (Potsdam) (formed 25 June 1945 to 9 July 1945 in Germany)

Commanders-in-Chief of the GSFG
The first three Commanders-in-Chief were also Chiefs of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany.

WGF military soviet
Members (June 1993):
 * Commander-in-Chief of the WGF – Colonel general М. P. Burlakov
 * 1st deputy commander-in-Chief of the WGF – Colonel general A. N. Mityukhin
 * Deputy commander-in-Chief of the WGF for the withdrawal of forces – Lieutenant general С. В. Тshernilevsky
 * WGF chief of staff – Lieutenant general A. V. Teretev
 * Deputy commander-in-Chief of the WGF for logistics – Lieutenant general W. I. Isakow
 * Deputy commander-in-Chief of the EGF for armaments – Major general W. N. Shulikov
 * Commander of the 16th Air Army – Lieutenant general A. F. Tarasenko

title: Group of Soviet Forces in Germany


text:
Mark L. Polansky

Mark Lewis "Roman" Polansky (born June 2, 1956, in Paterson, New Jersey) is an American aerospace engineer and research pilot and a former NASA astronaut. Polansky received the nickname "Roman" as a joke, because he shares a last name with director Roman Polanski. He flew on three Space Shuttle missions: STS-98, STS-116, and STS-127 and was first person of Korean ancestry in space.

Background
Polansky's father, Irving, was Jewish. His mother, Edith, is originally from Hawaii and is of Korean descent. Polansky was raised as a Jew, and honored his father's heritage by taking a teddy bear from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum along for the ride on STS-116. He is married and has two kids - one daughter and one son.

Education
Polansky graduated from J. P. Stevens High School, Edison, New Jersey in 1974, and received a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical and astronautical engineering, and a Master of Science degree in aeronautics and astronautics, from Purdue University, both in 1978.

Military career
Polansky received an Air Force commission upon graduation from Purdue University in 1978. He earned his pilot wings in January 1980 at Vance AFB, Oklahoma. From 1980 to 1983, he was assigned to Langley AFB, Virginia, where he flew the F-15 aircraft. In 1983, Polansky transitioned to the F-5E aircraft and served as an Aggressor Pilot, where he trained tactical aircrews to defeat enemy aircraft tactics. He was assigned in this capacity to Clark Air Base, Republic of the Philippines, and Nellis AFB, Nevada, until he was selected to attend USAF Test Pilot School, Edwards AFB, California, in 1986. Upon graduation, he was assigned to Eglin AFB, Florida, where he conducted weapons and systems testing in the F-15, F-15E, and A-10 aircraft. Polansky left active duty in 1992 to pursue a career at NASA. He has logged over 5,000 flight hours in over 30 different aircraft.

NASA career
Polansky joined NASA in August 1992, as an aerospace engineer and research pilot. He was assigned to the Aircraft Operations Division of the Johnson Space Center. His primary responsibilities involved teaching the astronaut pilots Space Shuttle landing techniques in the Shuttle Trainer Aircraft and instructing astronaut pilots and mission specialists in the T-38 aircraft. Polansky also conducted flight testing of the NASA T-38 avionics upgrade aircraft.

Selected by NASA in April 1996, Polansky reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996. Having completed two years of training and evaluation, he was initially assigned as a member of the Astronaut Support Personnel team at the Kennedy Space Center, supporting Space Shuttle launches and landings. He served as pilot on STS-98 (2001) and has logged over 309 hours in space. He was next assigned as a CAPCOM. Polansky was Chief of the CAPCOM Branch from April 2002 to December 2002. He served as Chief Instructor Astronaut from April 2003 to January 2004. He has also served as Chief of the Return to Flight and Orbiter Repair Branches. Polansky's last shuttle flight as commander of Mission STS-127, an assembly flight to the International Space Station.

Polansky retired from the Astronaut Corps on June 30, 2012. "Mark is a remarkably talented individual," said Peggy Whitson, Chief of the Astronaut Office. "His skills as an aviator coupled with his engineering expertise were a valuable contribution to our team. We wish him well in his future endeavors."

STS-98 Atlantis (February 9–20, 2001)
The STS-98 crew continued the task of building and enhancing the International Space Station by delivering the U.S. Destiny Laboratory Module. The Shuttle spent seven days docked to the station while Destiny was attached and three spacewalks were conducted to complete its assembly. The crew also relocated a docking port, and delivered supplies and equipment to the resident Expedition 1 crew. Mission duration was 12 days, 21 hours, 20 minutes.

STS-116 Discovery (December 9–22, 2006)
The seven-member crew on this 12-day mission continued construction of the ISS outpost by adding the P5 Truss Segment during the first of four spacewalks. The next two spacewalks rewired the station's power system, preparing it to support the addition of European and Japanese science modules by future shuttle crews. The fourth spacewalk was added to allow the crew to coax and retract a stubborn solar panel to fold up accordion-style into its box. Discovery also delivered a new crew member and more than two tons of equipment and supplies to the station. Almost two tons of items no longer needed on the station returned to Earth with STS-116. Mission duration was 12 days, 20 hours and 45 minutes.

STS-127 Endeavour (July 15–31, 2009)
Polansky was the commander of the STS-127 mission, which launched aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour on July 15, 2009, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. During this 16-day mission, the seven-member crew installed the Japanese Exposed Facility onto the ISS, and perform five spacewalks. Polansky returned to Earth with his crew on July 31, 2009. Following fellow astronaut Michael J. Massimino's lead, Mark began posting public updates and replies to Twitter on May 7, 2009, during his training for STS-127, and continued to do so throughout the mission.

Organizations
Member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.

Awards and honors
Distinguished Graduate of the USAF Test Pilot School (1987). Distinguished Graduate of USAF Undergraduate Pilot Training (1980). Recipient of the USAF Flying Training Award (1980). Awarded Air Force Meritorious Service Medal and Air Force Commendation Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters.

In his hometown of Edison, NJ, a park is named for him on Grove Ave., across the street from his alma mater of J. P. Stevens High School. Recently in June 2006 the township officials unveiled a sign for Mark Polansky Park while his friends and family were there with him for this presentation. He frequently returns to Edison for programs at the local library for the kids.

title: Mark L. Polansky


text:
CFYK-DT

CFYK-DT (channel 8) is a CBC Television station in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. It is the flagship station of the CBC North television service.

History
The station signed on in 1967 as the first television station in northern Canada, and the first station to be part of the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package; satellite delivery of colour television began in 1973.

Prior to 2011, the station was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) as a "radiocommunication distribution undertaking," meaning that for regulatory purposes it was not a true television station, but merely a transmitter that redistributed CBC North from satellite. The CRTC formally relicensed it as a full television station in February 2011.

CFYK-TV switched to digital broadcasting, flash cutting on VHF 8 (originally VHF 7) with a PSIP of 8.1 on August 1, 2012. However, the CBC was not obligated to convert or close down this station, as no part of the Northwest Territories is designated as a mandatory market for digital conversion.

Transmitters
CFYK had 9 analogue VHF television rebroadcasters in the Northwest Territories. Additionally, CFWH-TV in Whitehorse and CFFB-TV in Iqaluit, though operating as semi-satellites of CFYK with their own networks of rebroadcasters, were actually licensed as rebroadcasters of CFYK.

Due to federal funding reductions to the CBC, in April 2012, the CBC responded with substantial budget cuts, which included shutting down CBC's and Radio-Canada's remaining analogue transmitters on July 31, 2012. None of CBC or Radio-Canada's rebroadcasters were converted to digital. The only known translators in Arctic Canada that are known to still be in service are owned and operated by local community groups or local governments. However, few residents actually lost access to CBC programming due to the extremely high penetration of cable and satellite, which is all but essential for acceptable television in much of the Arctic.

title: CFYK-DT


text:
Mazdaspeed

(often stylized in all-caps as MAZDASPEED) was Mazda's in-house performance division. The company was a grassroots racing team in Japan. Owned by Mazda Motor Corporation, they built production model vehicles, became involved in motorsports development, and offered performance parts and accessories. Mazda has phased out Mazdaspeed branding and has not offered a Mazdaspeed trim since the 2013 Mazdaspeed3.

History
Mazdaspeed began in 1967 as "Mazda Sports Corner", an independent racing team and tuning operation run by Takayoshi Ohashi, who also ran Mazda's Tokyo distributor. They competed in numerous events at home and abroad, and they were also competitive at the 24 Hours of Le Mans races in the early 1980s, with the 717, 727, and 737. Mazda brought the racing team to Hiroshima in 1983, where the name became Mazdaspeed. In 1991 Mazdaspeed's 787B won at Le Mans a feat no other Japanese team managed until Toyota did in 2018. Mazdaspeed also prepared the Lantis & Familia for the JTCC between 1994 and 1996.

Outside of racing, Mazdaspeed produced numerous factory approved performance products for the MX5 (NA/NB), RX7 FC/FD), 626/Capella, Familia/323/Lantis, MX3/Presso, MX6, AZ1, Carol. Most notable are the limited-production touring kits (A-Spec, B-Spec, C-Spec, etc). Each of these kits offered a different exterior appearance and different performance parts.

Mazda Motor Corporation assumed control of Mazdaspeed in 1999 as a tuning and performance parts operation within the company. It began offering performance-based versions of its vehicles to consumers in 2003.

Consumer models
In 2003, Mazda debuted its first consumer-offered Mazdaspeed vehicle model, the 2003 Mazdaspeed Protegé. It was only released to the North American market as a performance upgrade to the Protegé MP3 and offered more power — from the MP3's 140 bhp to 170 bhp — by using a T25 Callaway-Garrett turbocharger and an intercooler. Some modifications included new front air dam and a new spoiler. The Japanese market Mazdaspeed Familia utilized a naturally aspirated FS-ZE 2.0L engine with higher compression and a revised camshafts to produce 173 hp at 6800 rpm.

A year after, in 2004, another Mazdaspeed model was offered: the Mazdaspeed MX-5 Miata, initially released in the North American market, followed by the Australian and Japanese markets. It featured an IHI single-scroll turbocharger producing 8.5 psi of boost to further increase power, from 142 bhp to 178 bhp and torque from 125 lbft to 166 lbft. Mazda soon realized that these high performance models could be successful outside of North America and would make the next vehicles available worldwide.

In 2006, the Mazdaspeed6 was released globally, featuring the most powerful piston engine ever produced by Mazda at 274 bhp with an all-wheel drive layout.

The Mazdaspeed3 was introduced for the 2007 model year — which, with 263 bhp and 280 lbft of torque — was the most powerful vehicle in its class.. In the fall of 2009, Mazda released the second generation 2010 Mazdaspeed3. The newly styled Mazdaspeed3 carried forward the MZR 2.3L DISI turbocharged engine again with 263 bhp at 5500 rpm and 280 lbft of torque at 3000 rpm with refreshed interior, sheet metal, and body kit.

Race branding
Mazda branded a selection of several racing series as the Mazdaspeed as well as a driver development ladder. This program, which began in 2005, was organized by Mazda and promoters offering presented season winners in a given series with an automatic ride in the next series on the ladder.

The sports car version, Road to (the Rolex) 24 (at Daytona), offered winners of the Global MX-5 Cup Spec Miata series a promotion to the Prototype Lites series, and the winner there was offered a ride in the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge, with opportunities later on in the IMSA WeatherTech United Sports Car Championship.

The single-seater version, the Road to Indy, once offered drivers who won in any series a shootout where they could enter the US F2000 championship, advance to Pro Mazda, and then advance to Indy Lights, before earning a ride in the IndyCar Series. Mazda discontinued its participation of the Road To Indy ladder system in 2018 to focus on its IMSA sportscar prototype program and grassroots racing contingency program under the Global MX-5 Cup

title: Mazdaspeed


text:
Shephelah

The Shephelah or Shfela (הַשְּׁפֵלָה), or the Judaean Foothills (שְׁפֵלַת יְהוּדָה), is a transitional region of soft-sloping rolling hills in south-central Israel stretching over 10-15 km between the Judaean Mountains and the Coastal Plain. The different use of the term "Judean Plain", as either defining just the Coastal Plain segment stretching along the Judaean Mountains, or also including, or only referring to, the Shfela, often creates grave confusion.

Today the Shfela is largely rural with many farms, but the cities of Ashdod, Ashkelon, Rehovot, Beit Shemesh, and Kiryat Gat roughly surround it.

The Bible assigned land in the Shfela to the tribes of Judah and Dan.

Biblical references
The Shfela is mentioned many times in the Hebrew Bible. In the King James Version, its name tends to be translated as 'vale' or 'valley'. The Shfela was the site of many biblical battles. During the Bar Kokhba revolt, hollowed out hills were connected to form elaborate bunker systems for the combat with the Romans.

Geography

The Shfela consists of fertile rolling hills. Topographically, it represents the transition from the higher and more rugged Jerusalem and Hebron Mountains, whose foothills it forms, and the Coastal Plain. About 60 km (35 miles) long in north–south direction and only 13 km (8 miles) wide, it is subdivided into two parts: the western "Low Shephelah", which starts at an altitude of ca. 150 metres above sea level and rises to no more than ca. 200 metres above the Coastal Plain, and the eastern "High Shephelah" rising to altitudes between 250 and 450 metres above sea level. In the upper part the valleys descending from the Judean Mountains are deeper, and they broaden once they reach the lower part where the riverbeds create larger spaces between the hills. Where they reach the Shfela, the rivers can flow over substantial distances along the border between the mountains and the hills, forming longitudinal valleys. Passage between the east–west and north–south valleys has dictated the communication routes throughout history.

In geological terms, the Shfela is a syncline, i.e. it formed as a basin whose rock layers were folded downwards, but is part of the wider south Judean anticlinorium-a regional formation characterised by upward folding. Typical to the Shfela are the Senonian-Eocene chalky formations. The soft Eocene chalk is known locally as kirton, which tends to build a harder upper calcrete crust (nari), so that in the past people quarried the kirton while leaving the nari layer in place as a ceiling. Apart from using the extracted rock, they also utilised the generated underground hollows for different purposes (refuge, burial, storage etc.).

One of the major characteristics is hills formed of marl-covered soft chalk, as opposed to the Judean Hills which are made of hard chalk and dolomite. The valleys and lower areas contain soil with a high sand content, as well as large tracts of fertile areas. Seasonal swamps can develop during the rainy season. The southern part is made up of loess, while north of Ashkelon consists of clay.

The Shfela has a temperate Mediterranean to semi-arid climate.

A series of east–west valleys cuts the Shfelah into districts. From north to south, they are: the Valley of Ayalon, Sorek Valley, Valley of Elah, Guvrin Valley, Valley of Lachish, and Valley of Adorayim. The biblical towns established there guarded settlements of the interior and took advantage of trade passing along this route. Ayalon was the primary access corridor to Jerusalem along the ascent of Horon.

Caves are a major feature of the southern part of the Shfela, many of them bell-shaped such as those in Beit Guvrin.

History and archaeology
Archaeological surveys in the Shephelah have found evidence of habitation during the Late Bronze period. During the early Iron Age, the population of what has been widely believed to be a Canaanite enclave between the rising centres of both coastal Philistia and the Israelite/Judahite highlands, went into decline, though a string of settlements survived on the eastern edge. In the Iron Age IIA–B, population growth resumed and by the 8th century BCE it was densely populated, not so much by natural growth but as a result of incoming settlers, beginning with the short-lived settlement at Khirbet Qeiyafa. The overall estimated numbers for inhabitants range from  50,000 to 100,000, over numerous sites such as Tel Lachish,  Azekah,  Tel Burna, Tel Zayit, Khirbet el-Qom,  Tel Erani, Tel Harasim and Tel Nagila. This colonization, together with the inhabitants of the Canaanite enclave, identified with the highland Israelite/Judahite culture, and its expansion coincides with the decline of Philistia. During the decline and ultimate destruction of Judah by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the region was taken over gradually by the Edomites and it became the core of what was known in Greek as Idumea. The Shephela flourished during the Hellenistic period, was strongly affected by the First Jewish–Roman War (66–70) and was largely depopulated of Jews as a result of the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136). It flourished again in the Byzantine period and was the scene of one of the major battles during the Muslim conquest of the Levant of the 7th century.

Archaeological sites

 * Azekah
 * Tel Batash
 * Maresha
 * Beit Jimal
 * Tell Beit Mirsim
 * Beit Shemesh
 * Tel Burna
 * Tel Eton
 * Gezer
 * Imwas and Emmaus Nicopolis
 * Tel Halif
 * Horvat 'Ethri
 * Jarmuth
 * Tell ej-Judeideh
 * Kharruba
 * Keilah
 * Tel Lachish
 * Lavnin
 * Khirbet Qeiyafa
 * Khirbet er-Ra'i
 * Sokho
 * Tel Yona
 * Tel Zayit
 * Zorah
 * Horvat Burgin

title: Shephelah


text:
Charles J. Precourt

Charles Joseph Precourt (born June 29, 1955) is a retired NASA astronaut. His career in flight began at an early age, and spans his entire lifetime. He served in the US Air Force, piloted numerous jet aircraft, and piloted and commanded the Space Shuttle. Notably, he piloted or commanded several missions which involved docking with the Russian Mir space station and was heavily involved in Russian/US Space relations as well as the International Space Station collaboration. He also served as Chief of the Astronaut Office from 1998 to 2002. He retired from the USAF with the rank of colonel.

Biography
Precourt was born on June 29, 1955, in Waltham, Massachusetts, and considers Hudson, Massachusetts, to be his hometown. He graduated from Hudson High School, Hudson, Massachusetts, and received a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the United States Air Force Academy in 1977. In 1988, he received a Master of Science degree in engineering management from Golden Gate University. He received a Master of Arts degree in national security affairs and strategic studies from the United States Naval War College in 1990. While at the United States Air Force Academy, Precourt also attended the French Air Force Academy in 1976 as part of an exchange program. He is fluent in French and Russian.

Precourt retired from NASA in 2004 and is a vice president at Orbital ATK in Utah.

Personal life
He is married to the former Lynne Denise Mungle of St. Charles, Missouri, who works with Coldwell Banker Real Estate, and coordinates many charity and volunteer events. They have three daughters, Michelle, Sarah, and Aimee. Precourt and his wife enjoy golfing, downhill skiing, and flying light aircraft. He flies a Varieze, an experimental aircraft that he built.

Precourt became a grandfather following the births of two grandsons in 2009 and 2010.

Organizations

 * Vice president of the Association of Space Explorers
 * Associate fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots
 * Member and on the board of directors of the Experimental Aircraft Association.

Special honors
Military decorations include: NASA awards include:
 * Distinguished graduate of the United States Air Force Academy and the United States Naval War College Distinguished Graduate Leadership Award
 * Air Training Command Trophy Winner as the outstanding graduate of his pilot training class (1978)
 * Recipient of the David B. Barnes Award as the Outstanding Instructor Pilot at the United States Air Force Test Pilot School (1989)

Charles Precourt was inducted into the NASA Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 5, 2012 in a ceremony that took place the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.

Experience
Precourt graduated from Undergraduate Pilot Training at Reese Air Force Base, Texas, in 1978. Initially, he flew as an instructor pilot in the T-37, and later as a maintenance test pilot in the T-37 and T-38 aircraft. From 1982 through 1984, he flew an operational tour in the F-15 Eagle Eagle at Bitburg Air Base in Germany. In 1985 he attended the United States Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in California. Upon graduation, Precourt was assigned as a test pilot at Edwards, where he flew the F-15E, F-4 Phantom II, A-7 Corsair II, and A-37 Dragonfly aircraft until mid-1989, when he began studies at the United States Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Upon graduation from the War College, Precourt joined the astronaut program. His flight experience includes over 7,500 hours in over 60 types of civil and military aircraft. He holds commercial pilot, multi-engine instrument, glider and certified flight instructor ratings. Precourt retired from the Air Force on March 31, 2000.

NASA experience
Selected by NASA in January 1990, Precourt became an astronaut in July 1991. His other technical assignments to date have included: manager of ascent, entry, and launch abort issues for the Astronaut Office Operations Development Branch; spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM), providing the voice link from the Mission Control Center during launch and entry for several Space Shuttle missions; director of operations for NASA at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia, from October 1995 to April 1996, with responsibility for the coordination and implementation of mission operations activities in the Moscow region for the joint U.S./Russian Shuttle-Mir Program.

From May 1996 to September 1998, he served as Acting Assistant Director (Technical), Johnson Space Center. From October 1998 through November 2002, Precourt was chief of the Astronaut Corps, responsible for the mission preparation activities of all space shuttle and future International Space Station crews and their support personnel. From November 2002 until his 2004 retirement from NASA, Precourt served as the deputy manager for the International Space Station, responsible for the day-to-day management of ISS operations, on orbit assembly and the interfaces with NASA contractors and the International Partners.

A veteran of four space flights, he has logged over 932 hours in space. He served as a mission specialist on STS-55 (April 26 to May 6, 1993), was the pilot on STS-71 (June 27 to July 7, 1995), and was the spacecraft commander on STS-84 (May 15–24, 1997) and STS-91 (June 2–12, 1998), the final scheduled Shuttle-Mir docking mission, concluding the joint U.S./Russian Phase I Program.

Space flight experience
STS-55 Columbia launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on April 26, 1993. Nearly 90 experiments were conducted during this German-sponsored Spacelab D-2 mission to investigate life sciences, materials sciences, physics, robotics, astronomy and the Earth and its atmosphere. STS-55 also flew the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX) making contact with students in 14 schools around the world. After 160 orbits of Earth in 240 flight hours, the 10-day mission concluded with a landing on Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on May 6, 1993.

STS-71 (June 27 to July 7, 1995) was the first Space Shuttle mission to dock with the Russian Space Station Mir, and involved an exchange of crews (seven-member crew at launch, eight-member crew on return). The Atlantis Space Shuttle was modified to carry a docking system compatible with the Russian Mir Space Station. It also carried a Spacehab module in the payload bay in which the crew performed various life sciences experiments and data collections. STS-71 Atlantis launched from and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Mission duration was 235 hours, 23 minutes.

STS-84 Atlantis (May 15–24, 1997) carried a seven-member international crew. This was NASA's sixth Shuttle mission to rendezvous and dock with the Russian Space Station Mir. During the 9-day flight, the crew conducted a number of secondary experiments and transferred nearly 4 tons of supplies and experiment equipment between the Space Shuttle and the Mir station. STS-84 Atlantis launched from and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Mission duration was 221 hours and 20 minutes.

STS-91 Discovery (June 2–12, 1998) was the 9th and final Shuttle-Mir docking mission and marked the conclusion of the highly successful joint U.S./Russian Phase I Program. The crew, including a Russian cosmonaut, performed logistics and hardware resupply of the Mir during four docked days. They also conducted the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment, which involved the first of its kind research of antimatter in space. Mission duration was 235 hours, 54 minutes.

title: Charles J. Precourt


text: User talk:130.184.85.220

title: User talk:130.184.85.220


text:
Inspector Gadget's Field Trip

Inspector Gadget's Field Trip (onscreen title: Field Trip Starring Inspector Gadget) is an American live-action/animated children's television series that is a spin-off incarnation of Inspector Gadget, produced by DIC Productions, L.P. in 1996. The series originally aired on The History Channel as one of only two DIC shows produced for the channel (Gadget Boy's Adventures in History was the other one and ran concurrently with Field Trip) in the United States.

Concept
The series was an educational travelogue program for children, in which the animated Gadget would show viewers the many different sites in famous places around the world via live-action-clips with historical facts. The theme song is slightly similar to the one in the Gadget Boy series; in fact, Gadget Boy himself made a cameo appearance in one episode.

Gadget was the only main character to appear in this series; others such as Penny, Brain, Chief Quimby (although mentioned by Gadget in some episodes), Capeman, Dr. Claw, M.A.D. Cat and the M.A.D. Agents were absent. Don Adams reprised the role of Gadget in this series.

Broadcast
Two seasons consisting of a total of 22 episodes were aired, ending in 1998, where the show continued in reruns on The History Channel until 2000. In 2001, the show began airing reruns in syndication in order to fill respective station's E/I guidelines, and later aired as part of the E/I DIC Kids Network syndicated block from September 2004 until 2006. Comedian Don Adams returns as the voice of Inspector Gadget (this would be his final appearance as that character; he was concurrently voicing the title character of Gadget Boy).

A Spanish-dubbed version aired on Univision's Planeta U block on Saturday mornings as Los Viajes de Inspector Gadget from the block's premiere from April 5, 2008 to May 29, 2010 when it was taken off the lineup. During the opening sequence, an image of the Temple of Saturn in the ancient forum in Rome, Italy, is presented with the label of "Greece."

The show is currently available to stream on Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access).

Home media
In June 1996, DIC appointed Buena Vista Home Video as the home video distributor for the series. Buena Vista, through subsidiary Disney Educational Productions, released various VHS tapes of the series with two episodes on each, which were sold as educational products for places like schools. The company would re-release the series on DVD in 2007, with the episodes varying between each DVD.

Anchor Bay UK released two volumes in 2004 and 2006 for public usage, each containing four episodes. Avenue Entertainment would release two volumes in 2004; these contained two episodes each.

title: Inspector Gadget's Field Trip


text:
Philippe Perrin

Philippe Perrin (Colonel, French Air Force) (born January 6, 1963) is a French test pilot, engineer and former CNES and European Space Agency astronaut. He served as mission specialist on the STS-111 mission where he conducted three spacewalks attaching new hardware to the International Space Station and replacing a wrist joint on the Canadarm2.

Background
Perrin was born 6 January 1963, in Meknes, Morocco, but considers Avignon, Provence, to be his hometown. He entered the École polytechnique in 1982 and graduated in 1985. Perrin then received his Test Pilot Licence in 1993 from the École du personnel navigant d'essais et de réception (EPNER), the French Test Pilot School at Istres Air Force Base and received his Air Line Pilot Certificate in 1995.

Military and flight career
Prior to graduating from the École polytechnique, Perrin completed military duty in the French Navy, where he was trained in ship piloting and navigation, and spent six months at sea in the Indian Ocean. Following École polytechnique, he entered the French Air Force in 1985, was awarded his pilot's wings in 1986, and was assigned to the 33rd Reconnaissance Wing at Strasbourg Air Force Base (1987–1991). He flew the Mirage F1CR and made detachments in Africa and Saudi Arabia.

Perrin has flown 26 combat missions and has logged over 2,500 flying hours in over 30 types (from jet fighters to Airbus).

Upon graduating from EPNER, the French Test Pilot School, he worked on a variety of test programs while assigned to the Bretigny Test Center. In 1992, he was temporarily detached to the French Space Agency (CNES) and sent to Star City, Russia, where he trained for two months. In 1993, he reported to the 2nd Air Defense Wing of Dijon Air Force Base as Senior Operations Officer (Operation Southern Watch). In 1995, he returned to the Bretigny Test Center, as Chief Pilot Deputy, in charge of the development of the Mirage 2000-5.

CNES and ESA career
In July 1996, CNES announced his selection as an astronaut candidate and assigned him to attend NASA’s Astronaut Candidate Training in Houston, Texas.

Perrin reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996. Having completed two years of training and evaluation, he qualified for flight assignments as a mission specialist. Perrin was initially assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Spacecraft Systems/Operations Branch.

He served as a mission specialist on the STS-111 mission in 2002 and logged over 332 hours in space, including 19 hours and 31 minutes in three spacewalks, performed with Franklin Chang-Diaz.

After his flight, Perrin returned to France to work as support astronaut on the Automated Transfer Vehicle program. December 2002 he was transferred from CNES to the European Space Agency's astronaut corps.

He did not fly in space with ESA and left the European Astronaut Corps in 2004. He is currently working as a test pilot for Airbus.

Spaceflight experience
STS-111 Endeavour (5–19 June 2002). The STS-111 mission delivered a new ISS resident crew and a Canadian-built mobile base for the orbiting outpost’s robotic arm. The crew also performed late-notice repair of the station’s robot arm by replacing one of the arm’s joints. It was the second Space Shuttle mission dedicated to delivering research equipment to the space platform. Perrin performed three EVAs (spacewalks) with Franklin Chang-Diaz. STS-111 also brought home the Expedition 4 crew from their $6 1/2$-month stay aboard the station. Mission duration was 13 days, 20 hours and 35 minutes. Unacceptable weather conditions in Florida necessitated a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

Awards and honors

 * Awarded his pilot’s wings "first of his class" in 1996
 * French Air Force Award for Flight Safety (2) in 1989
 * French Overseas Medal (Gulf War, 1991)
 * French National Defense Medal (2)
 * Officier, Légion d'Honneur

Perrin is the only French astronaut to have received the Légion d'Honneur before flying in space as he became chevalier due to his actions while he was a military pilot. He was then elevated to the officier class after his space mission.

title: Philippe Perrin


text:
Echo (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers album)

Echo is the tenth studio album by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Released in April 1999, the album reached number 10 on the Billboard 200 aided by singles "Free Girl Now", "Swingin'" and "Room at the Top", which hit numbers 5, 17 and 19 respectively on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks in 1999. The album was the band's last collaboration with producer Rick Rubin, and was also the last to feature contributions from longtime bassist/vocalist Howie Epstein, who died of a heroin overdose in 2003. Despite still being a member of the band, Epstein is missing from the album's cover photo because he failed to show up for the photo shoot, and Petty ordered it to commence without him. It also marks the first to feature longtime touring member Scott Thurston. Echo was certified Gold (500,000 copies sold) by the RIAA in July 1999, only three months after it was released. Echo is the only Heartbreakers' album to feature a lead vocal from another member of the band, namely lead guitarist Mike Campbell on "I Don't Wanna Fight".

"Free Girl Now" is also notable for being the second single by a major artist to be made available for free internet download in MP3 format by the artist. Petty's marketing decision caused concern at Warner Bros., and the download was pulled after two days, but propagated thanks to services like Napster.

Outtakes

 * "Sweet William" appeared as the B-side on the "Room at the Top" CD single.
 * "Gainesville" and "I Don't Belong" were released posthumously as a part of the An American Treasure compilation in 2018, the latter having been circulated as a bootleg since at least 2008.

Personnel
Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers
 * Tom Petty – rhythm guitars, harmonica, lead and backing vocals
 * Mike Campbell – guitars (lead, bass), lead vocals on "I Don't Wanna Fight"
 * Benmont Tench – pianos, organ, chamberlin, clavinet
 * Howie Epstein – bass guitar, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 * Scott Thurston – guitars (acoustic, electric), backing vocals
 * Steve Ferrone – drums
 * Lenny Castro – percussion

Production
 * Martyn Atkins – art direction and photography
 * Rob Brill – engineer
 * Mike Campbell – producer
 * Christine Cano – art direction and design
 * Richard Dodd – engineer, mixer
 * Ok Hee Kim – engineer
 * Aaron Lepley – engineer
 * Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 * Tom Petty – producer
 * Rick Rubin – producer
 * Dave Schiffman – engineer
 * Christine Sirois – engineer


text:
CBUT-DT

CBUT-DT (channel 2) is a television station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, serving as the West Coast flagship of CBC Television. It is part of a twinstick with Ici Radio-Canada Télé station CBUFT-DT (channel 26). The two stations share studios at the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre on Hamilton Street in downtown Vancouver; CBUT-DT's transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour in the district municipality of North Vancouver.

History
The station first signed on the air on December 16, 1953; as such, CBUT is the first and oldest television station in Western Canada. The station's original studio facilities were located inside a converted automotive dealership at 1200 West Georgia Street (on the intersection of Bute Street) in downtown Vancouver. However, CBUT was not the first television station to serve Vancouverites; KVOS-TV (channel 12, now a Univision affiliate), across the border in Bellingham, Washington, had signed on months earlier as a CBS affiliate. CBUT has broadcast exclusively in English for most of its existence, except for a period from 1964 to 1976 when French language programs from Télévision de Radio-Canada aired on weekend mornings; this secondary affiliation ended when CBUFT (channel 26) signed on in September 1976. CBUT was known mainly as "Channel 2" from its inception until 1976.

During the station's early years until 1976, CBUT's station IDs consisted of slides of local Vancouver landmarks with the CBUT logo (the number "2" in Clarendon Bold typeface, contained within a stylized television screen) overlaid, accompanied by the announcement "This is CBUT, Channel 2 in Vancouver"; the ID slide used at the end of local programs on CBUT featured a larger version of the station's logo on a navy blue background, accompanied by the announcement "This is CBC Television, Vancouver". Beginning with the introduction of CBC's "gem" logo in December 1974, CBUT (unlike other CBC Television O&Os, which continued using their own station IDs at the end of their local programs) began using the "gem" network ID at the end of all programming, both network-distributed and locally produced.

In 1975, the CBC consolidated its Vancouver radio and television operations into one building. Prior to this, the CBC's Vancouver radio properties – CBU (690 AM), CBU-FM (105.7) and CBUF-FM (97.7) – had operated from a separate studio facility at 701 Hornby Street, within the basement of the Hotel Vancouver. Together, those stations formed the basis of the Regional Broadcast Centre at 700 Hamilton Street, a few blocks east of its previous radio and television facilities.

The station's IDs were changed in 1976 when CBUT changed its on-air branding to "CBC British Columbia", with the initial IDs featuring a totem pole superimposed over local landmarks, after which the totem pole zoomed out and turned into the letter "T" in the station brand.

In recent years, CBUT, as with all CBC-owned stations, has de-emphasized local programming in favour of national network programming distributed out of Toronto. As of 2002, the station only aired sporadic local non-news programming and dropped all use of local station identifications in favour of using only network IDs; in addition, due to budget cuts, the CBC integrated CBUT's master control operations (as it did for all of its other owned-and-operated stations) into the master control facility at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in downtown Toronto. Recently, however, CBUT has increased its local programming with the introduction of a locally themed lifestyle program, Living Vancouver (which has since been cancelled), as well as the addition of several new local newscasts.

Programming
CBUT currently produces a number of programs for CBC Television. Portions of Marketplace are produced at CBUT, as were portions of the program Hemispheres, the now-cancelled national version of Canada Now and the late-night independent film program ZeD.

Sports programming
CBUT presents Vancouver Canucks hockey games when Canucks games are featured on CBC Television's Hockey Night in Canada NHL package produced by Sportsnet, the regional TV and radio rightsholder for the Canucks. Additionally, CBUT presents the Winter and Summer Olympics as part of CBC's rights deal with the International Olympic Committee.

Locally produced programs formerly aired on CBUT
Some of these programs were also seen on the CBC network, either regionally or nationally.

 * The Beachcombers (drama)
 * Canada Now (national supper-hour newscast)
 * Cariboo Country (drama)
 * Celebrity Cooks (cooking)
 * Danger Bay (drama)
 * Good Rockin' Tonite (music videos)
 * Living Vancouver (lifestyles)
 * Northwood (teen drama)
 * Reach for the Top (quiz show)
 * Rich Little's Christmas Carol (holiday special)
 * Switchback (teen variety)
 * Talk About (game show)
 * The Urban Peasant (cooking)
 * The Wolfman Jack Show (musical variety)
 * ZeD (independent short films)

News operation
CBUT-DT presently broadcasts $8 1/2$ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 90 minutes each weekday and 30 minutes each on Saturdays and Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the highest local newscast output among CBC Television's stations (either owned-and-operated or affiliated), although it now has the lowest newscast output among the Vancouver–Victoria market's television stations – its weekly news total is far behind CTV O&O CIVT-DT (channel 32) (which airs 38 hours of newscasts each week) and Global O&O CHAN-DT (channel 8) (which broadcasts 46 hours each week).

In years past, the supper hour newscast (which was a completely locally produced program until the introduction of the national Canada Now) was known as Hourglass, Newscentre, CBC Evening News, Broadcast One and CBC News: Vancouver. On February 19, 2007, CBUT restored an hour-long local newscast to its schedule with the debut of a local edition of CBC News at Six (which was later retitled CBC News: Vancouver in July of that year), which retained the Canada Now name and was originally anchored by former national Canada Now anchors Ian Hanomansing and Gloria Macarenko. In September 2009, the early evening newscast expanded to 90 minutes, with the addition of an hour-long block at 5 p.m. and the removal of the 6:30 p.m. half-hour of the program.

In April 2010, CBC Television entered into a news share agreement with CHEK, in which both stations share news story content and resources. Tony Parsons also joined the CBC to anchor both CBUT's early evening news block and CHEK's 10 p.m. newscast, remaining with both stations until his retirement in 2013. In addition, CHEK formerly carried a simulcast of CBC News: Vancouver at 6 and Vancouver at 11 while CBUT also produced a weekend 6 p.m. newscast for that station. As of April 10, 2016, CHEK no longer carries CBUT's newscasts; on October 5, 2015, CHEK replaced the 6 p.m. airing of CBC News: Vancouver (since renamed as CBC Vancouver News) with its own half-hour 6 p.m. newscast, hosted by former CTV and Global TV reporter Ben O'Hara-Byrne, while on April 10, 2016, CHEK dropped the 11 p.m. airing of CBC Vancouver News in favour of an encore presentation of the 10 p.m. CHEK newscast on weeknights and various programming on Sundays.

As of June 2013, weather segments seen on CBUT's newscasts are broadcast in HD, while video from other studio and field cameras are transmitted in standard definition and are upconverted to a 16:9 widescreen format.

On July 30, 2014, CBUT announced that Andrew Chang would begin anchoring the early evening newscasts starting September 1, succeeding Gloria Macarenko, who announced on her last day of her newscasts that she would become host of CBC Radio's The Story from Here. However, Macarenko will remain host of Our Vancouver while producing interview segments during CBUT's evening newscasts.

Current on-air staff

 * Anita Bathe – anchor of CBC Vancouver News at 6
 * Gloria Macarenko – host of On the Coast on CBC Radio One; Our Vancouver host; also special assignment reporter
 * Angela Sterritt – investigative reporter

Notable former on-air staff

 * Adrienne Arsenault – reporter (1993–1998; now anchor CBC News' The National)
 * Andrew Chang – anchor (2014-2017; former co-anchor of CBC News' The National)
 * Gillian Findlay – reporter (1982–1985; now at the fifth estate)
 * Dawna Friesen – reporter (now anchor of Global National)
 * Bill Good – anchor (now retired from CTV Vancouver and CKNW 980)
 * Ian Hanomansing – anchor/reporter (1988–2010; reporter and now anchor for CBC News' The National; previous host of CBC News Now)
 * Claire Martin – meteorologist
 * Tony Parsons – 5, 5:30 and 6 p.m. anchor (2010–2013; now retired)
 * Jack Webster – reporter, Hourglass (deceased)

Analogue-to-digital conversion
CBUT shut down its analogue signal, over VHF channel 2, on August 31, 2011, the official date on which Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts. The station's digital signal was relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 58, which was among the high band UHF channels (52–69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to post-transition channel 43, using virtual channel 2.

Post-transition, CBUT downconverted the high definition video resolution for its digital signal from 1080i to 720p.

Spectrum repacking
In April 2017, Industry Canada posted new channel assignments for stations as a result of spectrum repacking due to the U.S. 600 MHz spectrum auction. CBUT-DT moved to channel 35 on May 1, 2020. Channel 35 was previously occupied by KVOS-TV; that station moved to channel 14 in October 2019.

Former rebroadcasters
CBUT's over 85 analogue rebroadcast transmitters were located on the Lower Mainland, Vancouver Island, the Okanagan, and areas not previously occupied by a private CBC affiliate.

Due to federal funding reductions to the CBC, in April 2012, the CBC responded with substantial budget cuts, which included shutting down CBC's and Radio-Canada's remaining analogue transmitters on July 31, 2012. None of CBC or Radio-Canada's television rebroadcasters were converted to digital; CHAN-DT is the last major network station in Vancouver to operate rebroadcasters throughout the province.

Out-of-market cable coverage
In addition to its coverage in British Columbia, CBUT has a significant American audience in Washington state. The station's signal is receivable over-the-air in the city of Bellingham. It is also available on cable to nearly one million Comcast subscribers in the Puget Sound region; Comcast's Puget Sound system also began offering CBUT's digital signal in high definition in July 2009. CBUT is also available in both standard and high definition in Western and Central Washington on Wave Broadband's systems in Western Washington as well as Lake Chelan area systems.

title: CBUT-DT


text:
Talk:Sambar (dish)

Move
Moved Sambhar to Sambar. Ambarish Talk 19:42, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Disambiguated the deer from the dish. Ambarish Talk 07:55, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Neuropictorial Programming
This should not be presented from the top view and set within a circle of silver. The extant Maharajas would not be pleased with what this implies, that their orders are mere curries to be EATEN. If the Indian State governments are wily enough, they will begin making sure that the Maharajas get as much media coverage and in direct counter to all other royal news from anywhere else. India was blighted by the presence and loss of the Maharajas. To find a balance is the job of the Indian government. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.106.148.161 (talk) 03:21, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Recipe
Recipe for Sambar removed from this page and moved to Wikibooks. Kevyn 07:07, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Facts
(Referring to the Tamil portion). Is it accurate to say Kozhambu are a variant of sambar? As I saw it, sambar is a form of kozumbu made with tamarind and lentils. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.174.156.60 (talk) 13:36, 21 March 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with the above. Kuzhambu can refer to any gravy dish that includes one or more vegetables in contrast to rasam which does not have any significant vegetable. Eg; Moorkuzhambu, kaarakuzhambu, vattakuzhambu, .. So Sambar is a subsect of Kozhambu and not the other way around. The error can be rectified. rams81 (talk) 11:58, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

info about Saaru
I am moving this here, since the info is false here but can be moved to an article about saru/rasam with a bit of tweaking.

-- Pamri • Talk 09:35, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Pamri, I had a doubt about this. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 13:54, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Kannada name says "saaru" which is not correct, i think. It should be either "sambaru" or "huLi", "huLi" being used mostly in Shimoga and DK district. 203.197.96.50 (talk) 12:00, 3 January 2009 (UTC) Adi

Cookbook templates
I added both the templates copy to Wikibooks Cookbook and Cookbook, despite the fact that they are generally mutually exclusive. I did this because the Cookbook already has a page on Sambar, but it doesn't have these recipes. If anybody has any better ideas, or wants to put it on the Cookbook and be done with it, go ahead. -- kenb215 06:40, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's been re-imported, as both recipes on this page are different from the one we had previously. In the future, please just add new recipes directly to the Cookbook, so we don't have to keep re-importing this. -- SB_Johnny |talk|books 12:07, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
What is the etymology of "sambar" and from which root language does the word come? Does anyone have a dictionary in one of the South Indian languages that gives this information? Badagnani 20:00, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The etymology and the legend behind sambar has been added rams81 (talk) 09:26, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I have noticed that somebody deleted the legend of Sambar with Maratha rulers of Tanjore and replaced it with an alternate etymology. The only source of the alternate etymology is from a Srilankan Tamil Newspaper. As it is, unless someone brings a stronger proof for the etymology, both shall stand as alternate explanations. Please don't remove unless you discuss it here. rams81 (talk) 17:49, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The Tamil article in question http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=36227 refers to an inscription - "South Indian Inscriptions, IV, 503, 1530 CE". The "South Indian Inscriptions" are a set of books published by the Archealogical survey of India. It can be found here: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61208 This is the strongest proof that exists. The Maratha royal kitchen origin is a legend which has no proof as far as I know. Umesh Mohan (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 06:31, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

Hey Mohan, could you please add this info in the page? Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chippy pest (talk • contribs) 20:45, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

 * TamilNet is not a reliable source by Wikipedia standards: no author is mentioned for this particular article, and the website in general is not WP:HISTRS-compliant.
 * The 'champaaram-sambar' connection is entirely plausible, but needs a better source and attribution. utcursch | talk 12:17, 31 May 2019 (UTC)

toovar dal not lentils
Although lentils can refer to a wide range of pulses it generally specifically refers to masoor dal which is not commonly used to make sambar. To try and reduce confusion I have amended the article thus. --Vince 17:15, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Sambar (dish)


text:
William A. Pailes

William Arthur Pailes (Colonel, USAF) (born June 26, 1952) is a former USAF astronaut in the Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program during the mid-1980s. He served as a payload specialist on STS-51-J Atlantis (October 3–7, 1985).

Personal
Pailes was born in Hackensack, New Jersey, but considers Kinnelon, New Jersey, to be his hometown. He is married and is a former deacon and treasurer of his church in El Segundo, California. He has retired from teaching the AFJROTC Program at Temple High School in Temple, Texas. He was the senior aerospace science instructor until August 2018.

Education
Pailes graduated from Kinnelon High School in Kinnelon, New Jersey, in 1970. He then received his Bachelor of Science degree in computer science at the USAF Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, four years later.

From 1974 to 1975 he attended pilot training at the Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, where he trained as a HC-130 rescue pilot in the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service. In 1978, he attended the Squadron Officer School.

Pailes received his Master of Science degree in computer science at Texas A&M University in 1981.

Experience
He was an HC-130 pilot in Air Force Rescue from December 1975 to July 1980 in McClellan Air Force Base, California, and Royal Air Force Base, Woodbridge, England. He was then manager, minicomputer operating systems software development, from January 1982 to December 1982 at Headquarters Military Airlift Command, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. He was a manned spaceflight engineer from January 1983 at USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineering Program, Los Angeles Air Force Station, California.

From August 2002 to 2011 he was the instructor of the AFJROTC Program, Corsicana, Texas, as a JROTC senior aerospace science instructor. From August 2011 to 2019, he was the instructor of the AFJROTC Program, Temple, Texas, as a JROTC senior aerospace science instructor.

He now lives in Missouri.

Spaceflight experience
Colonel Pailes flew as a payload specialist on STS-51-J Atlantis (October 3–7, 1985) which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California. STS-51-J was the second Space Shuttle Department of Defense mission. It was also the maiden voyage of the Atlantis orbiter. Pailes traveled over 1.6 million miles in 64 Earth orbits and logged more than 97 hours in space.

title: William A. Pailes


text:
Dave Keon

David Michael Keon (born March 22, 1940) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played professionally from 1960 to 1982, including 15 seasons with the Toronto Maple Leafs, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986. Keon was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2010. On October 16, 2016, as part of the Toronto Maple Leafs centennial celebrations, Keon was named the greatest player in the team's history. In 2017, Keon was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in NHL history. In 2018, Keon was awarded the Order of Sport, marking his induction into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.

Junior hockey
Keon played junior hockey in Toronto for the St. Michael's Buzzers of the Ontario Hockey Association's Metro Junior B league in 1956–57; on December 20, 1956, he scored seven goals in one game. In February 1957, he was named to the league's eastern all-star team and was picked by NHL scouts as the top prospect in the league. Keon was selected as the league's rookie of the year, finishing second in scoring, and his team won the league championship. He played some games that season for the Junior A St. Michael's Majors, and moved to that club full-time for the 1957–58 season. Keon played for St. Michael's through the end of the 1960 season, when he turned professional and joined the Sudbury Wolves of the Eastern Professional Hockey League for four playoff games. They would be the only games he would ever play in the minor leagues.

Toronto Maple Leafs
Keon joined the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League for the 1960–61 season, winning the Calder Memorial Trophy as the league's top rookie with 20 goals and 45 points in his first season. It was his first of six consecutive 20-goal seasons. In his second year in the NHL, Keon was named to the second All-Star team and won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy as the most gentlemanly player, taking only one minor penalty through the entire season. He repeated as Lady Byng winner in 1962–63, again taking only a single minor penalty all year.

He was the Leafs' leading scorer in the 1963–64, 1966–67 and 1969–70 seasons, and the team's top goal-scorer in 1970–71 and 1972–73. Keon was considered one of the fastest skaters in the NHL, and one of the best defensive forwards of his era. He would usually play against the opposing team's top centre, and developed a reputation for neutralizing some of the league's top scorers. In 1970–71, he scored eight shorthanded goals, setting an NHL record for most shorthanded goals scored in a single season, which would later be broken by Marcel Dionne in 1974–75, with 10 shorthanded goals (Dionne's record would be broken by Wayne Gretzky in 1983–84 with 12 shorthanded goals. In turn, Gretzky's record would be broken by Mario Lemieux in 1988–89, when Lemieux scored 13 shorthanded goals in a season).

Keon won four Stanley Cups with the Leafs, playing on the Cup-winning teams of 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64 and 1966–67. In the 1967 Cup Final, he shut down Jean Béliveau, the star centreman of the Montreal Canadiens, in the last two games of the series and was voted the most valuable player of the playoffs, winning the Conn Smythe Trophy. Keon's eight points are the fewest ever by a non-goalie Conn Smythe winner, and he remains the only Leaf to have won the trophy named for the former owner of the club.

He was named team captain on October 31, 1969, succeeding George Armstrong who was said to be retiring from hockey. Armstrong returned to the Leafs two weeks later and played for another two seasons, but Keon remained captain and would wear the C through the rest of his years with the Leafs.

Keon hoped to make Team Canada for the 1972 Summit Series, but was coming off one of the worst years of his career, finishing the 1971–72 season with his lowest points-per-game average since his rookie year. The final pick for Team Canada came down between Keon and Bobby Clarke. It is believed that Clarke was selected because he had more points.

While Keon was not selected for Team Canada, the Ottawa Nationals of the World Hockey Association made a strong effort to sign Keon, whom they had placed on their negotiation list earlier that year. Harold Ballard, who had become the Leafs' majority owner in March 1972, said that Keon did not provide the leadership the team needed during the previous season and was refusing to give Keon a big salary increase after a poor year. Keon signed a letter of intent with the Nationals and received a $50,000 cheque from the team, but the deal fell apart just before training camp. Keon signed a three-year deal with the Leafs, and rebounded strongly in 1972–73, scoring 37 goals. On November 22, 1972, he scored his 297th goal as a Leaf, passing Armstrong and Frank Mahovlich to become the team's all-time leading goal scorer.

Early into the 1974–75 season, Ballard publicly blasted Keon, saying that the team was not getting good leadership from its captain and vowing never again to agree to a no-trade clause in a contract, as he had with Keon. When Keon's contract expired at the end of the season, Ballard made it clear that there was no place for him on the Leafs. The Leafs believed they had some strong young prospects at centre who needed more ice time, and Keon was again asking for a contract with a no-trade clause. The 35-year-old Keon was told he could make his own deal with another NHL team, but any club signing him would have been required to provide compensation to the Leafs. Ballard set the compensation price so high that other teams shied away from signing him, even though the Leafs had no intention of keeping him. In effect, Ballard had blocked Keon from going to another NHL team.

WHA
In August 1975, with the Leafs still controlling his NHL rights, Keon reluctantly jumped to the World Hockey Association, signing a deal with the Minnesota Fighting Saints reportedly worth $300,000 over two seasons. Keon chose to play for the Saints after they agreed to a no-trade clause, and also because head coach Harry Neale was an old friend of Keon's. The team, and Keon, played well, but the team struggled badly financially due in large part to being in direct competition with the NHL's Minnesota North Stars. With 21 games left in the season, the team folded. Keon refused to waive his no-trade clause since he had always planned to return to the NHL once his stint with the Saints was over. He was thus not included in the dispersal sale of Saints players to other WHA teams. The New York Islanders expressed a strong interest in signing Keon, but they needed to negotiate a deal for his NHL rights with the Leafs. Again, the Leafs' asking price (said to have been a first-round draft pick) was too high, and a disappointed Keon signed with the WHA's Indianapolis Racers in March 1976.

The Fighting Saints were revived for the start of the WHA's 1976–77 season, and Keon agreed to a trade back to Minnesota. However, the team folded for good in January 1977 (with Keon as its leading scorer). Keon's WHA rights were briefly claimed by the Edmonton Oilers, but they immediately agreed to trade him to the New England Whalers. The move re-united Keon with Neale, who had taken over the Whalers after the original Fighting Saints' demise.

Return to NHL
He would remain with the Whalers through the rest of his career. In the 1977–78 season, Keon was joined on the Whalers by Gordie Howe who, at age 50, was the team's leading scorer that season. Keon returned to the NHL in 1979 when the renamed Hartford Whalers became one of four WHA teams to join the NHL. The merger agreement allowed existing NHL teams to reclaim most of the WHA players whose NHL rights they held. Nevertheless, even though Keon was not protected from reclamation by the Whalers in the reclamation draft, the Maple Leafs declined to reclaim their former captain, allowing him to remain in Hartford. Bobby Hull joined the Whalers that season, with Keon, Howe, and Hull sometimes playing as a forward line. Howe and Hull retired at the end of the season. Terry Harper's retirement in 1981 left Keon as the oldest active player in the NHL. Keon played two more seasons with the Whalers and announced his retirement on June 30, 1982, at age 42. Keon was the last active player who played a full season in the Original Six era.

Retirement
Following his retirement from hockey, Keon moved to Florida and worked in real estate for several years.

Bitter over his treatment by Ballard and the Leafs, Keon refused for many years to have any relationship with the Leafs organization, even after Ballard's death and after the club changed ownership several times. Other Leaf players who clashed with Ballard's management did reconcile, most notably Keon's successor as club captain, Darryl Sittler, who accepted an invitation from GM Cliff Fletcher to return as a consultant after the team came under the ownership of Steve Stavro.

Keon turned down several offers of reconciliation from the team, including an invitation to the closing ceremony for Maple Leaf Gardens in 1999 and a proposed ceremony to honour his number.

On March 22, 1991, with the Leafs under new management after Ballard's death, Keon played on a team of Leaf all-stars against their counterparts from the Montreal Canadiens in an old-timers game at Maple Leaf Gardens called Legends' Night in Canada. "After that, I figured out the new ownership was no different than Ballard, and I had no use for it," Keon later said. In 2005, he told the Toronto Sun that the new owners (majority equity owned by the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, chaired by Larry Tanenbaum) "would like to say they are different, but they are all the same."

In January 2007, the Toronto Maple Leafs announced that Keon would attend a pre-game ceremony to honour its 1967 Stanley Cup-winning team. Keon was one of several members of the 1967 team to appear on-ice at the Air Canada Centre before the Leafs' game on February 17, 2007 — the 80th anniversary of the first game played by the Toronto franchise after being renamed the Maple Leafs in 1927. Keon was introduced to the crowd second last, just before 1967 captain George Armstrong, and received a long-standing ovation. On February 16, 2013, Keon was a part of a pre-game ceremony honouring the 1963 Stanley Cup-winning Leafs team. He similarly appeared on February 8, 2014, with other members of the 1964 Cup winners.

His granddaughter, Kaitlyn Keon, played on the Brown Bears women's ice hockey program from 2011 to 2015, accumulating 34 points.

On January 21, 2016, it was announced that Keon, along with former Maple Leafs Turk Broda and Tim Horton, would be commemorated with a statue on Legends Row in front of the Air Canada Centre, joining former Maple Leafs greats Syl Apps, Teeder Kennedy, Johnny Bower, George Armstrong, Darryl Sittler, Borje Salming, and Mats Sundin.

On October 14, 2016, the Toronto Maple Leafs released their list of the top 100 Leafs of all time. Based on the votes of fans and a 31-member expert panel, Keon was voted the greatest Toronto Maple Leaf.

On October 15, 2016, the Maple Leafs retired Dave Keon's number 14 at a ceremony honouring the Maple Leafs' centenary.

Personal life
Keon is of Irish descent on his father's side, with roots in County Sligo.

Awards and honours

 * Calder Memorial Trophy: 1961
 * Lady Byng Memorial Trophy: 1962, 1963
 * NHL second All-Star team: 1962, 1971
 * NHL All-Star Game: 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1973
 * Stanley Cup: 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967
 * J. P. Bickell Cup: 1962, 1963
 * Conn Smythe Trophy: 1967
 * Paul Deneau Trophy: 1977, 1978
 * Hockey Hall of Fame: 1986
 * In 1998, Keon was ranked number 69 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players
 * The Aréna Dave Keon in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec is named in his honour
 * Inaugural member of the World Hockey Association Hall of Fame in the "Legends of the game" category: 2010
 * Statue on Toronto's Legends Row in front of Scotiabank Arena.
 * Greatest Toronto Maple Leaf
 * #14 jersey retired by the Toronto Maple Leafs.
 * In January 2017, Keon was commemorated as one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players.
 * Order of Sport, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, 2018

title: Dave Keon


text:
Spyder

Spyder may refer to:

Arts and media

 * Spyder, a minor Myth Adventures character
 * Spyder (film), a Telugu/Tamil bilingual film directed by A. R. Murugadoss starring Mahesh Babu
 * Spyder Games, an MTV television series
 * Spyder (song), a 1996 Imperial Drag song off their album Imperial Drag (album)
 * SPYDER, the villain in the book series Spy School by Stuart Gibbs

Automotive

 * See also

 * Roadster (automobile), a type of car
 * Several cars made by Porsche:
 * Porsche 550 Spyder, a very successful race-purpose car from the 1950s
 * Porsche RS Spyder, an LMP2 racing car from 2005-2010, named in tribute to the Porsche 550 Spyder
 * Porsche 918 Spyder, a high performance plug-in hybrid sports car from 2013-2015
 * Porsche 718 Spyder (previously named the Boxster Spyder), mid-engine roadster from 2019-2024
 * Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder, a turbocharged version of the Chevrolet Corvair
 * Chevrolet Monza Spyder, a performance package version of the 1975–1980 subcompact, four-passenger automobile
 * Lamborghini Gallardo Spyder, a production model of the Lamborghini Gallardo
 * Mitsubishi 3000GT Spyder, a 2-door hard top convertible version of the Mitsubishi 3000 GT
 * Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder, a 2-door convertible version of the Mitsubishi Eclipse
 * BRP Can-Am Spyder Roadster, a three-wheeled motor vehicle manufactured by Can-Am
 * Toyota MR2, the third generation of which was known as the Spyder in the U.S.

People

 * Spyder Turner (born 1947), American soul singer
 * Spyder Jonez, screen name of pornographic actor Evan Seinfeld
 * Joe "Spyder" Lester, current bassist for the American rock band Steel Panther

Technology

 * SPYDER, an anti-aircraft missile-system
 * Spyder (software), an open-source IDE for the Python programming-language
 * Spyder, codename for the Motorola Droid Razr, an Android smartphone

Other uses

 * Spyder (ski apparel brand)

title: Spyder