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Talk:William Murdoch

Article name?
I am the great great great grand nephew of William Murdoch (my name is William Matthew Murdoch). His name was spelled with an "H" on the end "Murdoch". Please make any necessary changes to your web site.

Thanks for the information on him.

Hello William! I am also a great great great (another great? - not too sure...) grand nephew of William Murdoch. Although my family name is now Wilson, my father has the Murdoch name. He's certainly a cool ancestor to have!

Lawrence.

This page was originally created as William Murdock by User:Pigsonthewing, then moved here. My first thught was to move it back. But I tried several phrase matches usng both alternate spellings. Google shows the 'Murdoch' version is favored, if only by 1 to 10 percent. Lou I 21:08, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * That's not the case. When I created William Murdock, William Murdoch already existed, and I pointed the former at the latter, as the pages' histories show. Andy Mabbett 21:45, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I'm going to be making a major updating of this page & adding a fair bit more detail, please bear with me as I don't have much time each day to do this. AllanHainey 14:05, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

The Caledonia Paddle Steamer
Because early steam ships are rather a mania for me, I sent out to check the claim that the P.S. Caledonia was the first steamer to cross the Channel, and it does not appear to be substantiated.

H.P Spratt's The Birth of the Steamboat (Chas. Griffin, London, 1958), mentions Caledonia (p. 84), saying only: "Two other steamboats, the 'Quebec' and the 'Caledonia' of 45 nominal h.p., followed soon after in 1817. The machinery for the Quebec of 500 tons, was obtained from Messrs. Maudslay, Sons and Field, of London; it was rated at 56 nominal h.p. and developed 100 indicated h.p." (Note 264, referring to this section, cites The Maudslay Society, Henry Maudslay, 1771-1831; and Maudslay, Sons and Field (Bedford, 1949), p. 44).

This isn't inherently helpful one way or the other, but on pp. 92-94 Spratt writes of the P.S. Margery, later Élise, laid down in 1813 and launched in June 1814 (p. 92).

On p94 Spratt says: "She was chartered or sold, in about March 1816, to Messrs. Andriel, Pajol et Cie., of Paris (note 303), renamed by them the 'Élise', and refitted for service on the river Seine (note 304). Under the command of Captain Pierre Andriel, who later introduced the first steamboat service on the the Mediterranean with the 'Ferdinando Primo' (see p. 105), and with Captain Anthony Cortis and Mr. W. Jackson (a former collaborator of Robert Fulton also on board (note 305), the 'Élise' steamed from the Thames in stormy weather to Newhaven. She left there on the 17th March 1816, and battled her way (note 306) across the Channel (the first steamer that ever did so) in the face of southerly head-winds, and reached Havre the next day, after seventeen hours at sea (note 307)."

Notes read as follows. 303: Circulaire publicitaire: L'Entreprise brevetée de navigation accélérée Pierre Andriel, Pajol et Cie., par l'emploi de pompes à vapeur Paris, 18 Janvier 1816. 304: Parliamentary Papers, London, 1822, No. 417, Fifth Report of the Select Committee on Holyhead Roads: Steam boats, etc. Appendix I by Joshua Field, p. 198. Note 305: La Quotidienne, Paris, 22 Mars 1816, p. 3. Note 306: Journal des Débats, Paris, 28 Mars 1816. Spratt H. Philip et Bigot, Germaine L., "Le premier navire à vapeur à travers la Manche." Revue Maritime, Service Historique de la Marine, Paris, Février 1957, pp. 170-175. Note 307: Histoire de la Marine. Editée par Illustration, Paris, 1934, p. 330.

Just to clear up the question, as the above does not settle the more specific matter of whether the Caledonia was the first British (as in British-flag) vessel to cross the Channel, she appears not to have been. Jean-Jacques Antier's Les Premiers Paquebots à vapeur (L'Ancre de Marine, St-Malo, 1984) lists the Defiance, of Greenock, as having crossed the Channel in 1816, en route to the river Main, before the Caledonia (p. 87). Antier's book is not footnoted.

Hurrah ! A first ! Antier says that the Caledonia was the first steamer to cross the North Sea from Britain to Scandinavia (presumably, but not definitely, Norway) in 1818 (p. 89). Angus McLellan 23:38, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The source for the claim that the Caledonia was the 1st to cross the Channel was The Third man by John Griffiths (referenced in the article) it states (on p 328) "William thus missed being on the first Channel Steamboat crossing, which Watt junior courageously accomplished." and gives the reference date 06/10/1817 for a letter sent 2 days after the Caledonia set off from Surrey Docks (to Margate Harbour then across the Channel), though no date of the actual journey & there isn't a great deal about it in the book as it is a biography of Murdoch & he didn't make the trip. It doesn't mention Scandinavia but says the cross-channel trip was from Margate Harbour to Rotterdam then up the Scheldt and Rhine to Koblenz. As Griffiths isn't a naval historian and the steamboats you cite seem fairly obscure I suppose it's easy to assume he was mistaken in his attribution of the Caledonia as the 1st to cross the channel. I'll remove the claim from the article. AllanHainey 12:33, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Its an excellent article by the way. When I saw you mention John Griffiths above, I did a double-take. There was a successful American C19th shipbuilder and engineer by that name, he had something to do with perfecting the propellor. WP doesn't have an article on him. Angus McLellan 19:33, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Natural Gas?
This article includes a paragrapgh : "Tales also abound of William carrying out early experiments into natural gas using coal heated in a copper kettle in a small cave 70 feet (20 m) from his father's mill. There is however no contemporary documentation for these claims." Surely if he is making gas from coal it is coal gas or Town_gas, not natural gas? --AGoon 10:36, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. it would be coal/town gas.DuncanHill 14:16, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Nonsense?
The following phrase strikes me as nonsense:

 * Watt's partner Matthew Boulton was so impressed by Murdoch's wooden hat, made on a lathe of his own design that he gave him a job.

I won't remove it because I'm not familiar with the subject...but a cite and some context would go a long way (or, if it is in fact nonsense, then...removal is of course in order.) Paul 10:31, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Not nonsense, but a famous story told, for example, in Carnegie's bio of Watt, p 137.DonSiano 12:30, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Murdock/Murdoch House, Redruth
I have boldly removed the sceptic statement "'It is frequently claimed that Murdoch's house at Redruth - or his cottage at Soho - was the first domestic residence to be lit by gas. While this claim can be more believably applied to his cottage in Redruth than to Soho most witnesses to his private demonstrations of gas lighting agree that his gas production and lighting apparatus was in fact set up in his workshop or foundry in his yard, rather than the house itself and that there was no permanent gas lighting in place in his home. In view of the smell, risk of poisoning and chance of accidental combustion of this experimental method of lighting it is no surprise that it was not, even by its inventor, used as widely or as casually as is today often claimed.'" and added its antihesis, on the basis of the ODNB article, citing F.Trevithick (1872).See footnote. Please revert if this is an unreliable source and tell those people in OUP. ===Vernon White (talk)  18:20, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Lunar Society -- member or not?
Today, Murdoch was removed from Category:Members of the Lunar Society for the simple reason that Murdoch was "not a member of the Lunar Society", which seems fair enough. However, the article still states that he was a member, and several external websites also seem to think the same, although at least one notes him as 'associated with' rather than actually being one of the members.

Since the fact in question is uncited in the article, I have added a 'fact' tag and raised the question here to make it easier to restore the category or remove the text, whichever is more appropriate.EdJogg (talk) 16:31, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * This is correct: Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men (Faber and Faber, London 2002), p.353 specifically says that "None of the talented Soho employees was brought in", mentioning Murdoch and John Southern. Peterkingiron (talk) 22:26, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Murdoch was in Cornwall installing and maintaining the steam engines so even if he wanted he could not have been a member. Schofield comes to the same conclusion in the standard work on the Lunar Society: . This is a much more scientific reference than the populistic book by Uglow which in the first edition even had the subtitle: Five friends that changed the world... --DrJunge (talk) 05:49, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Similarities with Trevithick Carriages
I have removed the comment about the similarities with the Puffing Devil and the London Carriage - there are few similarities beyond the obvious ones connecting all steam carriages. As The Oblivion of Trevithick by Philip Hosken states 'they could have been built by strangers at different ends of the country' such are the differences between them.

Chenab (talk) 18:30, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:William Murdoch


text:
Talk:Music of Switzerland

who is Tj Toðdler? Are they really relevant to music in Switzerland?
There is no information about this author at all other than a very limited set of archived pages and small articles. A google search yields very few results.

Most of their music is no longer downloadable, and if it is, it's in archives. The group TJ Toddler is also not based out of Zürich, according to an old biography about them on last.fm, they had members based out of Colorado as well as Geneva, though according to another mention in a later version of that biography, the group itself is based in Colorado. The band was apparently declared as "The Most Hated Band in Colorado" by Denver based news-site Westword. This is because TJ Toddler allegedly tricked a venue into booking them by claiming they were a pop band. They did this twice, even after getting banned. The last time they played there, they were kicked out immediately but when the next band played that night at that venue, TJ Toddler threw merchandise from another band on the floor, and after being told to leave by a worker at the venue and having an argument with them, TJ Toddler assaulted the worker. The article also mentions TJ Toddler cyberbullied, harrased, and impersonated other musicians. [all of this information is on the linked article by Westword, it's worth a read].

Knowing all of this information about them, are they worthy or even relevant at all to "Music of Switzerland"? To me, they seem childish and criminal, and the mention of them in this wiki article seems like a troll aswell, referring to them as a "one of the most visible groups", calling their music "pop music" and that their music is "deeply rooted in Swiss folk music culture". SvenyTF (talk) 02:27, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree. Feel free to delete the paragraph, I doubt anyone here will object. --Viennese Waltz 08:56, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

Chip Chip aka "Der Ententanz" aka "Chicken Dance" by Werner Thomas
The song was composed by accordion player Werner Thomas from Davos, Switzerland, in 1957. There are at least 370 covers 42 countries, which together sold more than 40 million copies worldwide. This is arguably one of the best known Swiss compositions worldwide. As such, I think it should be mentioned in the context of folk music. Thoughts? AcrophobicEagle (talk) 12:42, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Music of Switzerland


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Jayakanthan

D. Jayakanthan (24 April 1934 – 8 April 2015), popularly known as JK, was an Indian writer, journalist, orator, filmmaker, critic and activist. Born in Cuddalore, he dropped out of school at the age of 9 and went to Madras, where he joined the Communist Party of India. In a career spanning six decades, he authored around 40 novels, 200 short stories, apart from two autobiographies. Outside literature, he made two films. In addition, four of his other novels were adapted into films by others.

Jayakanthan's literary honours include Jnanpith and Sahitya Akademi awards. He was also a recipient of Padma Bhushan (2009), India's third-highest civilian honour, the Soviet Land Nehru Award (1978), and the Russian government's Order of Friendship (2011).

Biography
Jayakanthan was born in 1934 into a family of agriculturists in Manjakuppam, a suburb of Cuddalore, a part of the South Arcot District of the erstwhile Madras Presidency. Brought up by his mother and maternal uncles, he got interested in politics at a young age as his uncles were actively involved in it. As a child, he was highly inspired by the works of Subramania Bharati. Jayakanthan dropped himself out of school after completing fifth grade, as he thought studies would hinder his political activism.

In 1946, he left for Madras (now Chennai) in search of livelihood, where he performed odd jobs, before ending up as a compositor in the printing press of Communist Party of India (CPI). His association with the CPI, instilled the ideas of the movement, where he got to accompany leaders such as P. Jeevanandham, Baladandayutham and S. Ramakrishnan. The leaders of the party encouraged him to write. After graduating to an active member of the party, he got to learn about topics pertaining to world literature, culture, politics, economics and journalism. It was during this time, Jayakanthan started writing for pro-communist magazines. Over the next few years, he established himself as one of the top-most writers in the party. His early works were first published in the party newspaper Janasakthi, and soon other magazines like Sarasvathi, Thamarai, Santhi, Manithan, Sakthi and Samaran published his works. His early works focussed on the plight of slum-dwellers who were settled in and around the party office.

Jayakanthan wrote his first short story for a Tamil magazine titled Sowbakiyavathi, which got it published in 1953. Following early success, Jayakanthan started writing for mainstream magazines such as Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam and Dinamani Kadir, who published a number of short-stories particularly in the 1960s. In 1964, Jayakanthan entered films by co-producing and directing a venture titled Unnaipol Oruvan, based on his novel. The film focussed on the plight of slum-dwellers. Although a commercial failure, it won the President's Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film in 1965. The following year he made another film based on his namesake novel Yaarukkaga Azhudhaan which had Nagesh playing the lead role. His novel Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1970) won him the Sahitya Akademi Award (for Tamil) in 1972. Later this was adapted into a film of the same name by A. Bhimsingh, which won a National Film Award. Promoted by the film's success, Bhimsingh made one more film tilted Oru Nadigai Naadagam Paarkiral, based on his namesake novel.

In 2008, Ravisubramaniyan made a documentary film on Jayakanthan, the second of its kind, and was produced by Ilaiyaraaja. In 2011, Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal was adapted into a Malayalam television series Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar. In February 2014, Jayakanthan was admitted into a private hospital in Chennai following illness. Following a brief illness, he was discharged after a year, and died on 8 April 2015.

In 2017 his award-winning novel Oru Manithan Oru Veedu Oru Ulagam is being made as a feature film by award-winning filmmaker Kumar G. Venkatesh.

A musical tribute to Jayakanthan was released by Bava Chelladurai, Bharathi Baskar and Jeyamohan on 24th April 2023 as part of Jayakanthan's birthday celebration. Composer Rajan Somasundaram selected three of Jayakanthan's poems and created the musical tribute sung by Sathyaprakash.

Personal life, influences and political views
Jayakanthan was married to his cousin. The couple had two daughters and a son. Born in a family that had a lot of political activists, Jayakanthan became interested in politics at a young age. He became a strong supporter of the CPI ever since joining the party in the 1950s. He was coaxed to join politics by K. Baladhandayutham of the CPI. While he stood up against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and its leaders for a majority of his lifetime, he supported the CPI leaders for "Nehruvian socialism" and had a great admiration Indira Gandhi. He quit the CPI, and later joined the Tamil Desiyak Katchi, founded by E. V. K. Sampath, before joining the Indian National Congress. He remarked the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam as a "fascist" organisation. Considering the flip flops of Jayakanthan's politics in Tamil Nadu, this particular view of him has to be taken as a geriatric patient's incomprehensibility of Sri Lankan politics.

Literary style and themes
A majority of Jayakanthan's works revolve around the lives of underclass people like rickshaw-pullers, prostitutes and rag-pickers. In an interview, he said that during his initial days in Chennai he spent his life amidst such people. This prompted him to develop a liking towards them.

Criticism
Prolific Tamil writer Jeyamohan has written numerous articles about the fictional world in Jayakanthan's works, and also had extensively discussed it in his book Mannum Marabum along with several other authors. Major Tamil critic M. Vedhasagayakumar has made a comparative study on the works of Jayakanthan and Pudhumaipithan. Jayanthasri Balakrishnan did her doctoral research study in Tamil on complete novellas of Jayakanthan. Jayakanthanin ilakkiyathadam, Jayakanthan oru paarvai are the books written on the works of Jayakanthan by Pa. Krishnasamy and K.S. Subramanian respectively.

A full-length documentary made by filmmaker Ravi Subramaniam and other essays by several Tamil writers written after the death of the writer are also considered notableworks on him.

Non-fiction

 * Oru Ilakkiyavaathiyin Arasiyal Anubhavangal (lit. Political experiences of a literary person; 1974)
 * Oru Ilakkiyavaathiyin Kalaiyulaga Anubhavangal (lit. Experiences of a literary person in the world of art; 1980)

Novels and novelettes

 * Vazhkkai Azhaikkiradhu. 1957
 * Kaivilanggu. 1961
 * Yarukkaka Azhuthan?. 1962
 * Birammopadhesam. 1963
 * Piralayam. 1965
 * Karunaiyinal Alla. 1965
 * Rishimoolam. 1965
 * Yosikkum Velayil (lit. While thinking; 1982)
 * Parisukkup Po!. 1966
 * Kokila Enna Seythu Vittal?. 1967
 * Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal. 1970
 * Oru Nadikai Nadakam Parkkiral. 1971
 * Cinemavukkup Pona Siththal. 1972
 * Oru Manidhan Oru Vidu Oru Ulakam. 1973
 * Jaya Jaya Sankara. 1977
 * Ganggai Engge Pogiral. 1978
 * Oru Kudumpaththil N^Adakkirathu. 1979
 * Pavam, Ival Oru Pappaththi!. 1979
 * Enggenggu Kaninum. 1979
 * Oorukku Nooruper. 1979
 * Karikkodukal. 1979
 * Munggil Kattu Nila. 1979
 * Oru Manidhanum Sila Erumaimadukalum. 1979
 *  Ovvoru Kuraikkum Kizhe. 1980
 * Pattimarkalum Peththimarkalum. 1980
 * Appuvukku Appa Sonna Kadhaikal. 1980
 * Kaththirukka Oruththi. 1980
 * Karu. 1981
 * Aydha Pusai. 1982
 * Sunthara Kandam. 1982
 * Isvara Alla There Nam. 1983
 * O, Amerikka!. 1983
 * Illadhavarkal. 1983
 * Idhaya Ranikalum Ispedu Rajakkalum. 1983
 * Karru Veliyinile. 1984
 * Kazhuththil Vizhuntha Malai. 1984
 * Andha Akkavaiththedi. 1985
 * Innum Oru Pennin Kadhai. 1986

Film adaptations

 * Unnaipol Oruvan (1965; screenwriter and director)
 * Kaaval Dheivam (1968) Story (kaivilangu)
 * Yaarukkaga Azhudhaan (1966; also screenwriter and director)
 * Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977)
 * Oru Nadigai Natakam Parkiral (1978)
 * Ooruku Nooruper (2001)
 * Pithamagan (2001) based on his own Nandavanathil Oru Aandi
 * Oru Manithan Oru Veedu Oru Ulagam (2017)
 * Sarovaram (1993) Malayalam

Short stories
Jayakanthan's portfolio includes 200 short stories.

 * Yugasanthi
 * Illadhadhu Yedhu
 * Irandu Kuzhanthaigal
 * Naan Irukkiren
 * Bommai
 * Devan Varuvaara
 * Thuravu
 * Poo Uthirum
 * Kuraippiravi
 * Enthiram
 * Treadle
 * Pinakku
 * Nandavanthil Oar Aandi (made into Pithamagan)
 * Nee Inna Sir Solra?
 * Puthiya Vaarpugal
 * Suya Tharisanam
 * Agrahaarathu Poonai
 * Agni Pravesam
 * Puthu Seruppu Kadikkum
 * Naan Enna Seiyattum Sollungo?
 * Gurupeetam
 * Tea Kadai Samiyaarum Tractor Saamiyaarum
 * Nikki
 * Oru Veedu Poottikkidakkirathu
 * Naan Jannalaruge Utkarnthirukkiren
 * Gurukkal Aathu Paiyan
 * Munnilavum Pinpaniyum
 * Mutrugai
 * Sumaithangi
 * Nadaipaathaiyil Gnaanopathesam
 * Oru Bhakthar

Essays

 * Bharathi Padam (1974)
 * Imayaththukku Appal (1979)

Awards and honours

 * Sahitya Akademi Award for Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1972)
 * Soviet Land Nehru Award in (1978)
 * Fellow of Sahitya Akademi (1996)
 * Jnanpith Award (2002)
 * Padma Bhushan (2009)
 * Order of Friendship (2011)
 * Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer (1978)

title: Jayakanthan


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Category:Sesame Street

Sesame Street is a children's television program, and the street of humans, monsters, and animals, within the universe of the show.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Sesame Street


text:
Talk:Lijiang

Cleaned up adequately?
I think the article reads fairly well now. Can the cleanup requests be removed? Senolatzo (talk) 01:54, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

Documentary
Is Lijang the same place that was the subject of a British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) TV series a few years ago?

I am trying to establish how to get hold of film of that series.

I would be truly grateful for any reply to johnnycohen@blueyonder.co.uk

 * Yes, it was called "China beyond the Clouds", and was voted one of the 50 greatest documentaries. I've added a link. Moonraker12 (talk) 15:28, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Name
Is the name "Lijiang City" for this page appropriate ? I think it's more of a town than a city ... How about Lijiang (town), Lijiang (Yunnan town) or Lijiang (Yunnan) ? Flammifer 07:30, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Translation?
"The old town of Lijiang differs from other ancient Chinese cities in architecture, history and the culture of its traditional residents the Naxi people, therefore people there are called 胖金哥 and 胖金妹 (male and female respectively)." What do "胖金哥" and "胖金妹" mean? --Bkkbrad 14:08, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Lijiang


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Category:Sesame Street characters

Sesame Street is a children's television program, and the street of humans, monsters, and animals, within the universe of the show.

title: Category:Sesame Street characters


text:
Category talk:Novelists

Untitled
We already have the category of writers (which already has plenty of articles attached to it), why do we need novelists too? -- LGagnon 14:05, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Novel writing is a sub-genre of writing. There's more to writing than novels; poetry, politics, letters, memoirs, etc. [[User:HamYoyo|HamYoyo|Contact Me!]] 15:24, May 31, 2004 (UTC)

Last time I checked...
...people are not books. Why is this category about categorized as ? Though someone may come up with some artsy-fartsy explanation to the contrary, novelists are not the books they write. Why is Novelists a subcategory of Novels? Zeke, the Mad Horrorist  (Speak quickly) (Follow my trail) 22:55, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Novelists


text:
Michael Moran (music producer)

Michael Moran (born 4 March 1948) is an English musician, songwriter, composer and record producer.

Biography
Moran studied at the Royal College of Music in London prior to becoming a session musician and a composer and arranger. His work in the latter field includes scoring music for such HandMade Films productions as Time Bandits (1981), The Missionary (1982) and Water (1985). His other film scores included Bloodbath at the House of Death (1984), The Turnaround (1995), A Fox's Tale (2008), Blessed (2008) and A Thousand Kisses Deep (2011), as well as arranging the score to Death Wish 3 (1985), and his TV work includes providing music for Strangers (1978), Harry's Game (1982), Taggart (1985), The Bombmaker (2001), and Sherlock: Case of Evil (2002). He also played with the Ian Gillan Band.

"Rock Bottom", which he wrote in partnership with Lynsey de Paul, was the UK entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1977, and put him in the spotlight for the first time. Although leading early on in the voting, the song eventually came second in the contest. Nevertheless, it went on to become a Top 20 hit in many European countries including France, Germany, Austria and Switzerland, where it reached the top of their singles chart. It was more successful in Continental Europe than in the United Kingdom and was also covered by many local artists in a number of different languages.

De Paul and Moran went on to write a number of songs such as "Let Your Body Go Downtown", a UK Top 40 hit for the Martyn Ford Orchestra, and the follow-up "Going to a Disco", as well as "Without You" and "Now and Then", which appeared on the de Paul albums Tigers and Fireflies (1979) and Just a Little Time (1994) respectively.

For many years Moran was the musical director for the UK ITV children's music series Get It Together, performing each week, accompanying the various studio guests and playing the theme music. He had another attempt at writing a UK Eurovision entry in 1990, when he wrote "That Old Feeling Again" for Stephen Lee Garden, which placed fifth out of the eight songs in the UK song selection competition.

Other songs co-written by Moran are "Snot Rap" (recorded by Kenny Everett), as well as "No Mean City" (the theme to the crime drama Taggart, sung by Maggie Bell), "It's Alright" (the theme to the crime drama New Tricks, sung by Dennis Waterman) and the music for the UK game series Chain Letters, Lucky Ladders, The Krypton Factor. Moran has worked with Ozzy Osbourne, Nicko McBrain, George Harrison, and various members of Queen. He was co-producer, arranger, keyboards performer and co-author of all the tracks on the album Barcelona, the classical crossover collaboration between Queen frontman Freddie Mercury and opera singer Montserrat Caballé, released in 1988. He produced The Queen Album (1988), Piaf (1994) and Essential Musicals (2006) for Elaine Paige.

More recently, Moran appeared in Dragons' Den (series 7, episode 3) as the musical director of a Dusty Springfield musical, and also produced the Tommy Fleming album The West's Awake (2014).

As sideman

 * With Norma Tanega
 * I Don't Think It Will Hurt If You Smile (RCA, 1971)

 * With Oliver Nelson
 * Oliver Edward Nelson in London with Oily Rags (Flying Dutchman, 1974)

 * With Chris Rea
 * One Fine Day (Rhino Entertainment, 2019)

title: Michael Moran (music producer)


text:
Leipzig Opera

The Leipzig Opera (Oper Leipzig) is an opera house and opera company located at the Augustusplatz and the Inner City Ring Road at its east side in Leipzig's district Mitte, Germany.

History
Performances of opera in Leipzig trace back to Singspiel performances beginning in the year 1693. The composer of many early operas at the first opera house, the Oper am Brühl, was Telemann. He was director of the house from 1703 to 1705.

The Leipzig Opera does not have its own opera orchestra – the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra performs as its orchestra. This relationship began in 1766 with performances of the Singspiel Die verwandelten Weiber, oder Der Teufel ist los by Johann Adam Hiller.

Opera House, 1868

The previous theater (the "Neues Theater") was inaugurated on 28 January 1868 with Jubilee Overture by Carl Maria von Weber and the overture for Iphigénie en Aulide by Gluck and Goethe's play Iphigenia in Tauris. From 1886 to 1888, Gustav Mahler was the second conductor; Arthur Nikisch was his superior. During an air raid in the night of 3 December 1943, part of the bombing of Leipzig in World War II, the theater was destroyed, as were all of Leipzig's theatres.

Opera House, 1960
Construction of the modern opera house began in 1956. The theater was inaugurated on 8 October 1960 with a performance of Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.

Ulf Schirmer became Generalmusikdirektor (General Music Director, or GMD) of the company in 2009. He was elected artistic director (Intendant) in 2011 for a five-year term. Schirmer stood down from both posts in 2022.

Tobias Wolff became Intendant of the company in 2022. Christoph Gedschold became music director of the company as of the 2022–2023 season. In May 2023, the company announced that Gedschold is to stand down as its music director as of the close of the 2023–2024 season.

General music directors (partial list)

 * Arthur Nikisch (1878)
 * Gustav Mahler (1886–1888)
 * Otto Lohse (1912)
 * Gustav Brecher (1923)
 * Paul Schmitz (1932)
 * Helmut Seydelmann (1951)
 * Paul Schmitz (1964)
 * Lothar Zagrosek (1990–1992)
 * Jiří Kout (1993)
 * Michail Jurowski (1999)
 * Riccardo Chailly (2005–2008)
 * Ulf Schirmer (2009–2022)
 * Christoph Gedschold (2022–present)

World premieres
Several operas received their premiere in Leipzig, including:

 * 1826: Oberon by Weber (first production in Germany)
 * 1828: Der Vampyr by Marschner
 * 1837: Zar und Zimmermann by Lortzing
 * 1850: Genoveva by Schumann
 * 1902: Orestes (Weingartner) by Felix Weingartner
 * 1906: The Wreckers by Ethel Smyth
 * 1927: Jonny spielt auf by Krenek
 * 1930: Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny by Weill
 * 1931: Die Blume von Hawaii by Abraham
 * 1933: Der Silbersee by Weill
 * 1937: Viola by Ludwig Schmidseder
 * 1943: Catulli Carmina by Orff
 * 1966: Guyana Johnny by Alan Bush
 * 1971: Der zerbrochne Krug by Fritz Geißler
 * 1988: Der Idiot by Karl Ottomar Treibmann
 * 1991: Matka by Annette Schlünz
 * 1993: Nachtwache by Jörg Herchet
 * 1993: Dienstag from Licht by Stockhausen
 * 1996: Freitag from Licht by Stockhausen
 * 1997: Abraum by Jörg Herchet
 * 2001: Persephone oder der Ausgleich der Welten by Günter Neubert
 * 2006: Der schwarze Mönch by Philippe Hersant
 * 2009: Rituale – eine Tanzoper für Georg Friedrich Händel by Heike Hennig
 * 2009: Das Wesentliche ist unsichtbar, production of the opera's children's choir
 * 2010: Monsieu Mathieu, was wird? production of the opera's children's choir with schools, music by Bruno Coulais and Christophe Barratier
 * 2011: Was, wäre, wenn? production of the opera's children's choir
 * 2011: Waldrandgeflüster, production of the opera's youth and children's choir
 * 2015: The Canterville Ghost by Gordon Getty

title: Leipzig Opera


text:
Lefty Frizzell

William Orville "Lefty" Frizzell (March 31, 1928 – July 19, 1975) was an American country and honky-tonk singer-songwriter.

Frizell is known as one of the most influential country music vocal stylists of all time. He has been cited as influencing prominent country singers like George Jones, Merle Haggard, Roy Orbison, and Willie Nelson. He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1982 as well as the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In his prime, Frizzell was the first artist to achieve four songs in the top ten on the Country Music Billboard charts at one time. Frizzell went on to have more success, releasing many songs that charted in the Top 10 of the Hot Country Songs charts as an artist and songwriter. After dealing with alcoholism, he died of a stroke at age 47.

Early life
William Orville Frizzell was born the son of an oilman, the first of eight children, in Corsicana in Navarro County in North Texas, United States. During his childhood, his family moved to El Dorado in Union County in south Arkansas.

As a child he was called "Sonny," but he later took the name "Lefty." It was believed that he got the name "Lefty" because he had won a neighborhood fight; however, this tale was a part of a fake publicity stunt set up by his record label.

Frizzell's largest influences included "The Blue Yodeler" Jimmie Rodgers. He began listening to Rodgers' records as a boy. He began singing professionally before his teens, even earning a spot on the local radio-station KELD in El Dorado, Arkansas. Frizzell's teens were spent singing in nightclubs and radio and talent shows throughout the south. During his tour of Arkansas, Texas, New Mexico, and Las Vegas, he began to develop a style of his own, shaped by artists like Rodgers, Ernest Tubb, and Ted Daffan.

Musical beginnings and jail
While living in Greenville, Texas, during World War II, Frizzell performed on radio station KPLT in nearby Paris, Texas. There he met Alice Harper; they married in March 1945. In 1946, they moved to Roswell, New Mexico, and Frizzell performed on radio station KGFL and with the house band at the Cactus Gardens dance hall.

In July 1947, the 19-year-old Frizzell was arrested and jailed for having sex with an underage fan. He was charged with statutory rape, convicted the following month, and served six months in the county jail. Filled with guilt, he wrote poems to his wife from his cell; one of them would become his first big record.

After his release in late 1949, he was led away from music, and back to the oil fields to work with his father. However, soon he was performing in nightclubs again. By 1950, he had landed a regular job at the Big Spring, Texas, nightclub "Ace of Clubs" where he developed a dedicated fan following.

Recording career
During a show at the "Ace of Clubs", Jim Beck, the owner of a Dallas recording studio, took notice of Frizzell. Beck had deals with several major record producing labels and maintained connections with many publishers. Impressed with Frizzell's performance, he invited him to make a free demo at the studio. In April 1950, he cut several demos of Frizzell singing his own songs, including "If You've Got the Money (I've Got the Time)," which Beck took to Nashville where he pitched it to Little Jimmy Dickens, who disliked the song. However, Columbia Records producer Don Law heard the cut and liked it. After hearing Lefty in concert, he signed the singer and recorded him for the first time.

"If You've Got the Money (I've Got the Time)" became a two-sided smash hit in 1950 upon its release; the b-side was the song Frizzell wrote to his grief-stricken wife Alice from jail, "I Love You A Thousand Ways." These songs launched him into stardom and within two years, he had gone to register 13 Top 10 Country hits.

By 1951, he had perfected his vocal style and refined his guitar skills. He began working with a core group of Dallas-based studio musicians, including pianist Madge Suttee. In January 1951 he signed a contract that designated Jack Starnes Jr. as his manager. That contract conflicted with another contract Frizzell had signed, leading Starnes to file a major lawsuit against Frizzell, which was settled out of court a year later. Also in early 1951, Frizzell formed the Western Cherokees, led by Blackie Crawford, and soon they became his primary band for both live and recording sessions. During this stage of his career, he was in the studio extensively, recording singles. His third single, "I Want to Be With You Always", was No. 1 for 11 weeks in 1951.

By mid-1951, Frizzell had become one of the only country singers who could be considered to match the popularity of Hank Williams, and he even toured with Williams. "There is enough stories in that tour to fill a book..." Frizzell once said, although he never told those stories. He had three more Top 10 hits in 1951; "Mom and Dad's Waltz," "Travelin' Blues," and the #1 hit "Give Me More, More, More (Of Your Kisses)." In August 1951, he was arrested backstage at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee and charged with contributing to the delinquency of a minor; the charge stemmed from a liaison in Arkansas during his tour with Williams. The charges were dropped and Frizzell was never prosecuted.

By 1952, he was a popular stage performer and in heavy demand, being included on The Grand Ole Opry and The Louisiana Hayride multiple times throughout the 1950s. The hits continued throughout 1952, with "How Long Will It Take (To Stop Loving You)," "Don't Stay Away ('Till Love Grows Cold)", "Forever (And Always)", and "I'm An Old, Old Man (Try'n'a Live While I Can)".

Despite his massive success, things began to go downhill for Frizzell. He fired his manager and band, and joined the Grand Ole Opry; however, he quit very soon thereafter. Even though he was earning a lot of money, he was spending almost all of it. He began to work with the Arkansas-born singer-songwriter Wayne Raney, but the sessions were considered a failure.

Frizell had an automobile accident in 1952, moved to Los Angeles in early 1953, and earned a spot as a regular cast member on the Town Hall Party television show on KTTV. His songs still charted, but only one entered the Top 10 that year.

In January 1954, Frizzell had another automobile accident, near E.S. Richardson Elementary School in Minden in Webster Parish, Louisiana, through which he passed after leaving the Louisiana Hayride in Shreveport en route to a concert in Mississippi. His Cadillac struck the Nash station wagon parked at the home of its owner, R. Harmon Drew, Sr., the former city judge and later a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. Frizzell apologized, said that he hoped to visit Minden again under more favorable circumstances, posted bond, and took a taxicab back to Shreveport, from which he flew to his destination. In early 1954, he reached the Top 10 for the last time for five years.

Having had few hits in the middle-late 1950s, he felt burnt out and had little energy for his career. He became frustrated that Columbia Records did not release what he thought to be his best material, so he stopped writing and recording songs. He toured extensively, however.

In 1959, deciding on change, Frizell began to work at Nashville's Cedarwood Publishing Company with Jim Denny. His first Top 10 hit in five years came with "Long Black Veil" that year. He moved to Nashville in 1960 after the Town Hall Party closed, and began touring and recording more and more, scoring some minor hits.

Lefty's last big hit came in 1964 with the No. 1 song "Saginaw, Michigan", which earned him a Grammy nomination. The next year, "She's Gone, Gone, Gone" was his last Top 20 hit. However, "I Never Go Around Mirrors" from his last studio album The Legendary is considered one of the greatest country songs of all time. It has been recorded over 22 times since with Keith Whitley's version standing out as one of the best versions.

Personal troubles, later years, and death
Frizzell began a downward spiral after developing a debilitating alcohol problem. Despite his history of infidelity, arrests for sex with underage fans, contractual legal troubles, and automobile accidents, Alice Harper remained his wife, and their marriage produced three children.

During the late 1960s, he recorded many songs, but Columbia released very few. Because of his declining record sales, he began to perform less. In 1968, he recorded with June Stearns as Agnes and Orville.

In early 1972, Frizzell left Columbia Records and signed with ABC Records. That same year, he was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame and his song "If You've Got the Money (I've Got the Time)" earned him the Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

By this time, drinking was taking a toll on him. He had developed chronic hypertension, his appearance had changed drastically, and his voice had deteriorated. On July 19, 1975, at age 47, Frizzell died of a massive stroke, and was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Gardens in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. Frizzell was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in October 1982.

Guitar
Frizzell's signature guitar was a 1949 Gibson J-200 (Model SJ-200). Originally built by the Gibson Guitar Corporation, it was retrofitted in early 1951 with a custom neck and pickguard by guitar maker and innovator Paul Bigsby. In a 2003 interview Merle Haggard recalled, "When I was a teenager, Lefty got me onstage [at the Rainbow Garden in Bakersfield, California] and handed me that guitar. That is the first guitar I played on a professional stage." For many years, the guitar had been on loan to and displayed at the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee. In January 2005, it was returned to the Frizzell family and was later sold via auction by Retrofret, with an asking price of $350,000; Haggard purchased the guitar and it remains a part of his estate.

Legacy and influence
Frizzell's style of singing influenced a great many singers, particularly Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, George Jones, Keith Whitley, and Roy Orbison. In addition, he was widely recognized for his songwriting talents. In the foreword to a biography of Frizzell by his younger brother David Frizzell, Merle Haggard said, "The impact Lefty had on country music is not even measurable. ... No one could handle a song like Lefty. He would hold on to each word until he finally decided to drop it and pick up the next one. Most of us learned to sing listening to him."

Stoney Edwards recorded "Hank and Lefty Raised My Country Soul," a tribute to Hank Williams and Frizzell, written by Dallas Frazier. It hit the Top 40 in 1973.

George Strait recorded a Sanger D. Shafer song called "Lefty's Gone" on the album Something Special. In addition, Willie Nelson's 1977 album, To Lefty From Willie was a tribute to Frizzell and consisted entirely of cover versions of Frizzell songs. Frizzell was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1982 and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He is also in the Rockabilly Hall of Fame along with his son Crockett Frizzell. Frizzell ranked number 31 on CMT's 2003 40 Greatest Men of Country Music.

Fellow Texan Roy Orbison was a devout fan of Frizzell's sound, and in 1988, as a part of the Traveling Wilburys, he chose the name "Lefty Wilbury" to honor his musical hero.

Maine singer-songwriter David Mallett included Frizzell's "Saginaw, Michigan" on his 2014 album The Horse I Rode in On.

His younger brother, David Frizzell, is also a country singer. His biggest hits were 1982's "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino (To Decorate Our Home)" and "You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma", a 1981 duet with Shelly West. The youngest brother, Allen Frizzell followed in his older brothers' footsteps in the country field. He was an opening performer for Dottie West. He was also married to Shelly West, daughter of Dottie West. Allen also played with Keith Whitley. He now plays country gospel music.

In 2006, J.D. Crowe and The New South released the album Lefty's Old Guitar. The song "Lefty's Old Guitar" was written about his custom Gibson J-200.

Daryle Singletary referenced Frizzell in his song "Ain't It The Truth" on an album by the same name, released by Giant Records in 1998.

In 2019, Frizzell's single "Long Black Veil" was selected by the U.S. Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Number one country hits

 * 1) "If You've Got the Money (I've Got the Time)" (1950)
 * 2) "I Love You a Thousand Ways" (1950)
 * 3) "I Want to Be with You Always" (1951)
 * 4) "Always Late (With Your Kisses)" (1951)
 * 5) "Give Me More, More, More (Of Your Kisses)" (1952)
 * 6) "Saginaw, Michigan" (1964)

title: Lefty Frizzell


text:
Forest Lawn Memorial Gardens

Forest Lawn Memorial Gardens is a cemetery noted for the number of musicians' graves located within it. It was established in 1960, and is located at 1150 Dickerson Pike in Goodlettsville, Tennessee, just north of Nashville. One area of the cemetery is designated as "Music Row" for the number of country music entertainers that are interred there, including three musicians who died in the 1963 plane crash with Patsy Cline as well as singer Jack Anglin who died in a car accident on his way to her funeral.

Notable interments

 * David "Stringbean" Akeman (1915–1973), comedian, Old-Time banjo player
 * Jack Anglin (1916–1963), musician
 * Lloyd "Cowboy" Copas (1913–1963), musician
 * Lefty Frizzell (1928–1975), singer/songwriter
 * Hawkshaw Hawkins (1923–1963), musician
 * Don Helms (1927–2008), steel guitarist
 * Autry Inman (1929–1988), rockabilly musician
 * Brother Oswald Kirby (1911–2002), musician
 * Benny Martin (1928–2001), Bluegrass fiddler
 * Roy Wiggins (1926–1999), steel guitarist

title: Forest Lawn Memorial Gardens


text:
Toranosuke Takagi

Toranosuke "Tora" Takagi (高木 虎之介; born 12 February 1974) is a Japanese former racing driver.

Early career
Takagi was heavily influenced by his father, a touring car driver. In the early 1980s he began racing karts, competing in his first championship kart race in 1987. After winning several All Japan National Kart A2 series races, Takagi ended his kart racing career in 1991 and began racing Formula Toyota in 1992. In 1993, he began competing in All Japan Formula Three, finishing 10th in his rookie season.

Formula One

During his performance in a 1994 race he drew the attention of Japanese Formula One driver Satoru Nakajima, joining the Nakajima Racing team and competing in Formula 3000. He was heavily involved in the team from 1995 until he was chosen as Tyrrell's Formula One test driver in 1997. He graduated to a race seat for. Takagi later competed with the Arrows Formula One team, and his European popularity was on the rise. However, there were organizational and communication problems between Takagi and both teams, and he left Formula One at the end of the season.

Post–Formula One career
In 2000, Takagi joined Nakajima Racing's Formula Nippon team, earning eight victories in ten races, the most dominant performance ever by a driver in the series. He later competed in CART for the Walker Racing team in 2001 and 2002 finishing in a career-best 4th place in Houston, Texas. He transferred to Indy Racing League and joined Mo Nunn Racing, finishing 10th in 2003. In the same year, he competed in the Indianapolis 500, starting in 7th place and finishing in 5th, earning him the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award.

After another, largely disappointing season in the IndyCar Series, Takagi returned to Japan in 2005 to compete in Formula Nippon once again, taking part ownership of the Cerumo team and running one of their cars in his own name (Takagi Planning with CERUMO). Takagi also was one of the co-drivers of the #38 Toyota Supra Super GT car, claiming the series title along with Yuji Tachikawa. Takagi's title made him the first Super GT rookie to become champion in the GT500 class since John Nielsen and David Brabham in 1996, as well as the last until Jenson Button in 2018.

Career timeline

 * 1987 – Finished 8th in Japanese A2 National Kart Series championship.
 * 1988 – Finished 4th in Japanese A2 National Kart Series championship.
 * 1989 – Won the Japanese A2 National Kart Series championship.
 * 1990 – Won the Japanese A2 National Kart Series championship.
 * 1991 – Finished 2nd in Japanese FA National Kart Series championship.
 * 1992 – Won two races in Formula Toyota.
 * 1993 – Finished 10th in his rookie season in Japanese Formula 3 championship.
 * 1994 – Finished 6th in Japanese Formula 3 championship. Spot participation in Japanese Formula 3000 championship from Nakajima Planning, scoring three top-10 finishes.
 * 1995 – Finished 2nd in Japanese Formula 3000 championship with Nakajima Planning, scoring three victories.
 * 1996 – Finished 4th in Japanese Formula Nippon championship (ex Japanese F3000)with Nakajima Planning, scoring two victories.
 * 1997 – Served as test driver for Tyrrell Formula One team. Takagi scored one victory en route to finishing 6th in Japanese Formula Nippon championship with Nakajima Planning.
 * 1998 – Drove in Formula One in rookie year driving for Tyrrell. He finished in the top-10 twice, including ninth at Silverstone and Monza.
 * 1999 – Competed in Formula One with Arrows, scoring two top-10 finishes, including a career-best seventh at Melbourne (Australian Grand Prix).
 * 2000 – Won eight of 10 races en route to winning the Japanese Formula Nippon series title with Nakajima Planning.
 * 2001 – Finished 21st in CART point standings in rookie year driving for Walker Racing. He finished in the top-10 three times, including a career-best fourth at Houston.
 * 2002 – Finished 15th in CART point standings with Walker Racing. He finished in the top-10 seven times, including tying career-best finish with a fourth place at Chicago.
 * 2003 – Finished 10th in Indy Racing League point standings in rookie year driving for Mo Nunn Racing. He scored nine top-10 finishes, including a season-best third in June at Texas. He started seventh and finished fifth in first Indianapolis 500, the highest-finishing rookie. He won the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award.
 * 2004 – Competed in the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series with Mo Nunn Racing.
 * 2005 – Competed in Formula Nippon as owner-driver of Takagi Planning with CERUMO.

Complete Formula Nippon results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key)

Complete American Open Wheel racing results
(key)

Complete Super GT results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

title: Toranosuke Takagi


text:
Igor Talkov

Igor Vladimirovich Talkov (И́горь Влади́мирович Талько́в; 4 November 1956 – 6 October 1991), was a Russian rock singer-songwriter and film actor. His breakthrough came in 1987 with the David Tukhmanov-composed song Clean Ponds which was an instant hit. Talkov's lyrics are mostly about love, but also contain social critique of the Soviet regime. He was shot dead in 1991.

Early life and career
Igor Talkov was born in Gretsovka, Tula Oblast, Soviet Union on 4 November 1956. He grew up in Shchyokino. After leaving the army, Talkov started singing in the restaurants of Moscow and Sochi.

Igor Talkov joined Electroclub band in 1986. Talkov's breakthrough came in 1987 with the David Tukhmanov-composed song Clean Ponds which was an instant hit. While he is mostly remembered for songs about love and fate, most of his work held a clearly political message against the Soviet regime, calling for change. This is one of the reasons why Talkov was never popular with the Soviet government; even as a performer renowned and loved throughout the whole Soviet Union, he lived in a small two-room apartment with his wife and son, composing his lyrics and music "on top of the washing machine in the bathroom", according to the rumours. He was not satisfied with Perestroika, claiming it to be nothing but the same regime under a different guise. In his post-Perestroika songs, he openly mocked the changes, calling them a ruse. Talkov was an avid reader of pre-revolutionary Russian history, which served as the inspiration for many of his songs. He even guaranteed at his last concert that he was willing to "back up" his lyrics with historical facts.

Talkov also made a brief presence in the cinema, acting in the films Behind the Last Line and Tsar Ivan the Terrible. The latter film he disliked, apologizing to a preview audience for participating in the film. Since Talkov refused to complete post-production sound on the film, his character was voiced by another actor.

Talkov's songs also have much in common – particularly from a lyrical perspective – with Russian bard music.

Death
According to Talkov's wife Tatyana and son Igor Jr., the last months of the singer's life he received threats.

Many performers performed at the concert, which took place on 6 October 1991 in St. Petersburg at the Yubileiny Sports Palace. A friend of the singer Aziza, at her request, asked Igor Talkov to perform first, since Aziza did not have time to prepare for the exit. Talkov called the singer's guard Igor Malakhov to his dressing room, and a verbal conflict occurred between them. After that, two guards and Igor Talkov took Igor Malakhov out of the dressing room. Talkov began to prepare for his performance, but a few minutes later the administrator of his Lifebuoy group, Valery Shlyafman, ran up to him, shouting that Malakhov had taken out a revolver. Talkov pulled out a gas pistol from his bag, which he had acquired for self-defense, ran into the corridor and, seeing that his guards were at gunpoint of Igor Malakhov, fired three shots at him. Malakhov bent down, and the guards, taking advantage of this delay, began to neutralize him. Then he fired two shots, but one bullet hit the floor, and the second – into the box with the equipment. The guards began to beat the shooter, and, covering his head, he dropped his revolver. A few moments later, another shot rang out, which hit Igor Talkov in the chest. An hour later, when the ambulance team arrived, the doctors immediately stated biological death.

The prosecutor's office opened a criminal case. Igor Malakhov, who was put on the all-Union wanted list, voluntarily came to confess 10 days later. In December 1991, the charge of premeditated murder was dropped. After conducting examinations in April 1992, the investigation established that the last shot was made by Valery Schlyafman, Talkov's one time manager. However, in February 1992, the defendant left for Israel, with which Russia did not have an extradition agreement at the time, and the murder case was suspended. In November 2018, the Investigative Committee resumed its investigation into the singer's murder.

Aftermath
While Valery Schlyafman was suspected of the murder by a Russian court in 1992, he fled through Ukraine to Israel before he could be arrested. He remains in Israel to this day, insisting he is not guilty of the crime while Israel refuses to extradite him. Schlyafman and his supporters have claimed that the KGB orchestrated the murder.

In 1999, Talkov was honoured with his image portrayed on a Russian postage stamp. There is an Igor Talkov Museum in Moscow.

Popular Songs

 * Clean Ponds (Чистые пруды)
 * Summer Rain (Летний дождь)
 * Russia (Россия)
 * My Love (Моя любовь)
 * Ex-Podesaul (Бывший подъесаул)
 * At Your Window (У твоего окна)
 * My Homeland  (Родина моя)
 * KPSS (КПСС)
 * Scene  (Сцена)
 * Memory  (Память)
 * An Exemplary Boy  (Примерный мальчик)
 * Stop! I Think to Myself  (Стоп! Думаю себе)
 * Kremlin Wall  (Кремлёвская стена)
 * The Lifebuoy  (Спасательный круг)
 * Gentlemen Democrats  (Господа демократы)
 * Mr. President (Господин президент)
 * I'll Be Back  (Я вернусь)

title: Igor Talkov


text:
Borgarnes

Borgarnes is a town located on a peninsula at the shore of Borgarfjörður in Iceland and is the largest town in the Borgarbyggð municipality with a population of about 3800 residents. It is a main junction in Iceland and the gateway to the Snaefellsnes National Park. Iceland's capital Reykjavík is 69 kilometers from the center of Borgarnes. The second largest bridge in Iceland, the Borgarfjarðarbrú, connects traffic to and from Reykjavík.

Local area
There are four national forests in the region (approximately 40 km from the town center) which are overseen by the Icelandic Forest Service. The forest in Borgarfjörður are mix of birch woods and native conifers. These forests are Vatnshorn, Norðtunga , Selskógar , Stalpastaðir and Jafnaskarð. Borgarnes has the oldest and tallest of the birch trees in Iceland.

History
Borgarnes was founded in the late nineteenth-century, in a region that served as the setting of Egil's Saga. The town draws its name from Borg á Mýrum, the farm of Egill Skallagrímsson, the saga's poet-hero protagonist. A museum in Borgarnes, the Settlement Center, is devoted to the region's ties to Egill Skallagrímsson.

Arts and culture
The Safnahús Borgarfjarðar is a civilization museum that displays cultural artifacts and historical photos. Safnahús Borgarfjarðar was one of Iceland's first collections to receive the formal recognition of the Saga Council in (2013). Borgarnes is famous for its park Skallagrímsgarður. A small hill in the park is said to be the grave of a viking hero, Skallagrímur Kveldúlfsson.

Borgarnes is also one of the filming locations in the Hollywood film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. The Geirabakari Kaffihus, which is featured in the film, was transformed into Papa John's during the filming. Borgarnes is the birthplace of Icelandic composer Anna Thorvaldsdottir.

Borgarnes is the hometown of Magnús Scheving, an athlete and entrepreneur best known for creating, directing, and starring in children's television show LazyTown. He cites Borgarnes as a unique experience, having only 3 other students in his grade at school.

Economy
Borgarnes' commerce is primarily based on agriculture, tourism and culture.

Notable people

 * Egill Skallagrímsson, warrior, poet and berserker
 * Sigurður Páll Jónsson, member of parliament
 * Magnús Scheving, athlete and the creator of the popular kids show "Lazy Town"

title: Borgarnes


text:
Category:Model theory

Model theory is the study of the relationship between formal theories (a collection of sentences in a formal language expressing statements about a mathematical structure), and their models (those structures in which the statements of the theory hold). The aspects investigated include the number and size of models of a theory, the relationship of different models to each other, and their interaction with the formal language itself. In particular, model theorists also investigate the sets that can be defined in a model of a theory, and the relationship of such definable sets to each other.

title: Category:Model theory


text:
Category:Nymphs

In Greek mythology, a nymph is any member of a large class of female nature spirits, sometimes bound to a particular location or landform. Nymphs often accompanied various gods and goddesses, and were the frequent target of lusty satyrs.

title: Category:Nymphs


text:
Hella, Iceland

Hella is a small town in southern Iceland on the shores of the river Ytri-Rangá and has, as of 2021, 942 inhabitants.

Hella is situated 94 km to the east of Reykjavík on the Hringvegur (Route 1) between Selfoss and Hvolsvöllur.

Overview
The name of the town comes from caves near the river. It is said that Irish monks lived there in the times of first settlement. There are small industries as well as shops. As in other regions of the country, tourism is a growing sector. The volcano Hekla is nearby so it is possible to go hiking there as well as to make excursions to other locations popular with tourists such as Landmannalaugar or Þórsmörk. The founding of Hella started in 1927 when Þorsteinn Björnsson built a store over by the bridge Ytri-Rangá in the land of Gaddstaðaflatir. That founder of Hella was built a memorial at the celebration of Hella's 50 years since the founding of it at 1977.

title: Hella, Iceland


text: Category:Probability theory

title: Category:Probability theory


text: Category:Probability and statistics

title: Category:Probability and statistics


text: Category:Sport in Northern Ireland

title: Category:Sport in Northern Ireland


text:
User:Anthere/DocForum

 * http://www.docforum.tm.fr/journe_rdv/25mai04.htm

DocForum
Ma page utilisateur n'a jamais été très organisée, en voici un très bel exemple :-)

Consultation

 * Mathematics, puis Rational number pour un exemple de formules mathématiques
 * ecology (liens internationaux)

Edition

 * Exemples : User:Anthere/agriculture

Systèmes de surveillance et vandalisme

 * Modifications récentes
 * liste de suivi
 * contributions d'un utilisateur

 * Protection
 * Historique et réversion
 * Blocage

Organisation
L'espace encyclopédique : France
 * Exemple de mediawiki : w:en:MediaWiki:Europe
 * Exemple de wikiprojet : w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Countries

L'espace utilisateur : w:en:User:Anthere
 * page de discussion, et sous pages personnelles

L'espace méta
 * w:en:Wikipedia:Goings-on/May 2, 2004 (nouvelles)
 * w:en:Wikipedia:Votes for deletion (une page terrifiante, prise de décision pour les pages à supprimer)
 * Special pages (pour la maintenance)

Autres

 * http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/history/
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia%3AOur_Replies_to_Our_Critics

 * Wikipedia.org is more popular than...
 * Wikimedia servers
 * Article count reform vote :
 * International logo vote/Ballot (1er ballot)

title: User:Anthere/DocForum


text:
Category:Real analysis

 * Real analysis is a traditional division of mathematical analysis, along with complex analysis and functional analysis. It is mainly concerned with the 'fine' (micro-level) behaviour of real functions, and related topics. See Category:Fourier analysis for topics in harmonic analysis.

title: Category:Real analysis


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Solwezi

Solwezi is a town in Zambia. It is the provincial capital of the mineral-rich North-Western Province. Solwezi is also the administrative capital of Solwezi District, one of the eleven districts in the North-Western Province.

Location
Solwezi is located on the Chingola–Solwezi–Mwinilunga Road (T5 Road of Zambia), approximately 177 km north-west of Chingola and approximately 275 km south-east of Mwinilunga, in the extreme northwest of the country. The geographical coordinates of the city are:12°08'36.0"S, 26°23'09.0"E (Latitude:-12.143333; Longitude:26.385833). Solwezi sits at an average elevation of 1397 m above mean sea level.

Approximately 6 km south of the central business district, is the "Kifubwa Rock Stream Shelter", also Kifubwa Rock National Monument. It is located next to the Kifubwa River, with inscriptions dating from the Paleolithic period, carbon dated to about 6300 BC. The conservation area measures approximately 2590 km2 with the Kifubwa Stream Cave at its centre.

Climate
Solwezi features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) with distinct wet and dry seasons. October and November are the hottest months. Winters are milder, with July being the coolest month. The wet season, from November to March, experiences abundant rainfall. The dry season, from May to September, is marked by minimal precipitation.

Population
In 1990, the population of Solwezi was 23,435 people. In 2000, there were 38,121 people. The 2010 population census and household survey enumerated the population of the town at 90,856 inhabitants.

Economy
Solwezi is a mining town. As of 2015, the town was still developing, with infrastructure development running behind the swelling population. At that time, only the main street, Independence Road was named. Many of the other streets were un-named and unpaved. Copper is the main mineral extracted although cobalt, gold and uranium is also mined in the area.

The adjacent Kalumbila District hosts Lumwana Mine, located about 65 km west of Solwezi; and Kalumbila Mine, located about 140 km west of Solwezi, and run by Barrick Gold. Kalumbila is operated by First Quantum Minerals. The deposits at Lumwana were discovered in 1961, but no serious work was carried out there until Equinox Minerals Limited became involved in 1999. Uranium is also mined in Kalumbila District at the Lumwana mine. The main industry of Solwezi District is copper mining at Kansanshi Mine (located about 10 km north) run by First Quantum Minerals. Kansanshi Mine exploits copper-gold ore. The mining site has intermittently been running since the early 20th century for copper and gold.

Tribes
Kaonde is the largest tribe represented in Solwezi, in addition to large numbers of Lunda and Luvale speaking people. The Kaonde is a tribe that, like the Lunda people, are descendants of the Luba-Lunda Empire of Congo. They were among the first Zambians to do mining of copper in Zambia as suggested by archaeological evidence at the Kansanshi Mine in Solwezi that dates back to the Iron Age. The Kaonde tribe falls under one of the main tribes of Zambia, among the Lozi, the Bemba, the Ngoni, the Tonga and the Luvale. The Kaonde tribe has about 300,000 people in Zambia and about 30,000 people in Southern DRC.

Transportation
Solwezi is situated on the T5 Motorway, which connects the Copperbelt Province with Angola. Most people walk or drive around the town to get to and from different places. The Solwezi Airport is an airport near the T5 motorway.

title: Solwezi


text: Category:Measure theory

title: Category:Measure theory


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Category:Algebraic geometry

Algebraic geometry is the place where the algebra involved in solving systems of simultaneous multivariable polynomial equations meets the geometry of curves, surfaces, and higher dimensional algebraic varieties.

Related categories

 * Commutative algebra
 * Computer algebra
 * Geometric algebra

title: Category:Algebraic geometry


text: Category:Finland

title: Category:Finland


text:
Category:Differential operators

In mathematics, a differential operator is a linear operator defined as a function of the differentiation operator. It is helpful, as a matter of notation first, to consider differentiation as an abstract operation, accepting a function and returning another (in the style of a higher-order function in computer science).

title: Category:Differential operators


text: Category:Common law

title: Category:Common law


text:
Moira Quirk

Moira Quirk is an English actress and comedian. As an audiobook narrator, she has won four Audie Awards.

Personal life and education
Quirk received an honours degree in English and Drama from Westfield College, University of London and Central School of Speech and Drama. After graduation, she moved to Orlando, Florida.

Quirk married comedian Michael Rayner on May 26, 1996. The couple moved to Los Angeles in the late 1990s. They have two daughters.

Career
Early in her career, Quirk took voice acting lessons from Susan Blu and Charlie Adler.

After graduating from Westfield College, University of London and Central School of Speech and Drama, Quirk moved to Orlando, Florida, where she worked at Walt Disney World and Universal Studios Florida. Through this work, she became connected with Nickelodeon Studios. There, she became co-host and referee for Nickelodeon GUTS for four seasons. She was also the hostess of the children's TV series Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps.

Quirk is also known as the voice of Brit Crust in the Nickelodeon animated series My Life as a Teenage Robot, as well as the voice of CHIPS in The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd. Moira also appeared in the game Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction, as the voice of the news reporter Adriana Livingston. She also voiced Daniella in the video game Haunting Ground, as well as Susie Smythe and Mei Ling on two episodes of What's New, Scooby Doo?.

Quirk has additionally voiced several minor characters on popular animated series, such as Codename: Kids Next Door and Johnny Bravo.

She has voiced the character Karliah in the role-playing video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, as well as Elara Dorne in Bioware's MMORPG, Star Wars: The Old Republic, Elhaym "Elly" van Houten in Xenogears, and Dr. Moira Vahlen in XCOM: Enemy Unknown and its expansion, Enemy Within. Quirk has also appeared in The Bard's Tale and provides the voices of The Emissary of the Nine, The Exo Stranger (A.K.A. Elisabeth Bray) in Destiny 2, Tidepool in Skylanders: Imaginators, and some female extras in Destiny 2. She voiced Vipsania and other characters in the 2005 Capcom game, Shadow of Rome.

She also provided additional voices for Happy Feet Two, portrayed Phyla-Vell on The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, Hannahr the blacksmith in DreamWorks Dragons: Rescue Riders, and voiced characters in Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning action role-playing video game.

title: Moira Quirk


text: Category:Statistics

title: Category:Statistics


text:
Talk:O. Henry

Could someone start compiling the O. Henry stories that already have articles on Wikipedia?
The stories need to be organized and put together in some form -- either as a list on this article, or as a Category, or as a navbox, or all three. Thanks. Softlavender (talk) 07:34, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Category:Short stories by O.Henry  has existed since January 2011. I just now added it as a category to this article. Maile66 (talk) 21:36, 18 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I created O. Henry as a navbox. HueSatLum 20:21, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I have A Pocket Book of Short Stories where it's got A Municipal Report by O. Henry, but then in the Collected Stories of O.Henry Unabridged and Illustrated, it does not have this story in it. What will constitute a short story and what will not for the list? BTW, in Collected Stories the cataloging page in the front says the "more than 200 stories [are] arranged in chronological order of publication."Kristinwt (talk) 02:35, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

"O. Henry was not in fact his pen name. It was a name he took from the guard of his jail cell. A lot of people rely on Wikipedia and this has to be changed. His pen name was not O. Henry and this is a common myth! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.64.210.220 (talk) 03:46, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

Editing
I note that this page is marked for being short on citations and for being in need of improvement. I can understand why. Until I edited it, it failed to even note that the U.S. Postal Service has recently commemorated O. Henry's birthday with a postage stamp. Nor did it mention President Obama's quoting of O. Henry. The entry is, indeed, a train wreck.

On the other hand, like many Wikki pages, there is a jerk (Deor) who is willing to keep the page in a state of intellectual poverty, because he has the time to edit and no compulsion against slandering what he does not like as "unconstructive" and "vandalism." The page is full of unsourced material and he has done nothing about that. It is people like him, of course, who keep this page in the poor state that it is in, and give Wikipedia the reputation that it has.

I am willing to provide expertise and documentation, substance to the page. But only for a little while. If this jerk is going to simply gnaw everything back to the sorry state that the page is in (and has been, for some time, under his supervision), I am out. Have other things to do. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.107.201.150 (talk) 18:45, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

 * For anyone thinking I am being overly harsh, Deon actually edited "political science" to read "political-science." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.114.190.226 (talk) 18:58, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

I have to add that this seems to be the case, this "DEOR" is blocking all edits and seems to like the page full of inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and general "intellectual poverty." Convicious (talk) 20:07, 23 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Four years on, the same person is still miscorrecting punctuation. NRPanikker (talk) 18:26, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

O'Henry article -- his time in New York City
Hi Folks:

This is in regards to your article on American auther O'Henry.

I am not sure if this info would be considered relevant.

However: Pete's Tavern, on the south-east corner of Irving Pl. and E. 18th St. in New York, New York, has a table at the rear of the seating area on the south-east side with a bronze placque commerating the fact that O'Henry sat there while he wrote many of his stories.

I have not been there since the early 1980's, so I don't remember exactly what the placque says. Maybe it would be possible for someone to photograph it.

Just so you know that someone else knows about this, see Mathew Boyd's comment of eight months ago at:

https://plus.google.com/100093152690234344115/about?gl=us&hl=en#100093152690234344115/about?gl=us&hl=en

Thank you. I'm not sure this is the correct way to introduce new material to Wikipedia, and I don't intend to do this very frequently.

Steven 70.162.28.17 (talk) 01:27, 3 December 2013 (UTC)Steven

Cabbages and Kings
New stub Cabbages and Kings (literature) says it's a novel, dab page and this article suggest short story collection: could someone have a look? Thanks. Pam D  07:46, 1 May 2014 (UTC)
 * What one calls it depends on how one looks at it. This article's "series of stories each of which explores some individual aspect of life in a paralytically sleepy Central American town, while advancing some aspect of the larger plot and relating back one to another" seems as good a description as any. There are certainly sources that refer to it as a novel (usually "his only novel"); there are also sources that refer to it as a collection of interlinked short stories. The new article certainly could stand being expanded to explain this—among other things—and wouldn't the title "Cabbages and Kings (book)" be more in line with usage elsewhere on WP than the current title? Deor (talk) 09:27, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

It's actually a short-story cycle, which many people erroneously consider to be a novel. Convicious (talk) 18:57, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

The Iconoclast
Didn't he buy that paper from Brann in Austin, and sell it back to him a few years later? There is nothing about it here, or any indication if he continued Brann's sulphurous style of writing. 24.130.15.8 (talk) 07:16, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't think so, no. Si Trew (talk) 21:09, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

A twist in the tale
Well, O. Henry would smirk, I think. I was rereading his short stories in a collected edition – a regular band of misfits if I ever saw them penned – when I got across my an idea that the old fellow (using a different name) used to live in Austin, Texas. I could swear it was the same fellow, because I have gone to see his house there, quite a travel from where I lived in Houston: and impressive is precisely the word to describe it, if you are familiar with Texan inexactitude.

Now, meandering about the bush, I was re-reading O. Henry's short stories (he wrote them quicker than my train journey takes) and in doing so, in my edition, there is on page 146 the expression "Poor white trash" in the story "Shoes". It took me aback, I grant you, for it is in no dictionary that I know of, and I have the heaviest and deepest ones, which I generally keep under the kitchen table, Webstsers on the northwest leg and Oxford at the occidental.

Forgive me for trying to impersonate O Henry's style, which is impossible. But this could be the earliest reference, and he is using it as a common term – which is what dictionary makers love. So I record it. Si Trew (talk) 20:57, 15 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The first citation recorded in the Dictionary of American Regional English is from 1833: "The slaves themselves entertain the very highest contempt for white servants, which they designate as 'poor white trash'." There are a few other 19th-century citations, which, taken together, allow one to conclude that (1) the expression clearly antedates O. Henry's usage by a number of years and (2) the expression originated among Southern slaves, who thought that poor white folk were worse off than they were. Deor (talk) 21:26, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

Adaptations
Shouldn't there be such a section? Surely there must be lots of film or literary adaptations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.59.127.5 (talk) 00:44, 29 March 2015 (UTC)
 * The film O. Henry's Full House is mentioned in the "Legacy" section; but, in general, individual adaptations should be listed in articles about the stories themselves, as in The Gift of the Magi. Deor (talk) 02:09, 29 March 2015 (UTC)

Given names at birth
For a long time the article has said that O.H. was born William Sidney Porter (with "Sidney" also being his father's middle name) and that he later changed the spelling of "Sidney" to "Sydney". Now at least one editor has been wanting to use "Sydney" rather than "Sidney" in mentions of his birth name, and even in reporting his father's full name. That O.H.'s given names were originally "William Sidney" is supported by a number of sources, including the Encyclopaedia Brittanica, as is the fact that his father's given names were "Algernon Sidney". Anyone who can cite any reliable sources stating that O.H. was christened William Sydney Porter or that his father's name was Algernon Sydney Porter should adduce them here; otherwise, I will continue to revert such edits. Deor (talk) 21:01, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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1957 year tv adaptation series
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O._Henry_Playhouse - Should add. Many rising celebrities have starred.164.0.171.152 (talk) 09:07, 3 September 2021 (UTC) Titus

Irony
How can you have an article about O. Henry and not incorporate the word "irony" at least once? Was it a deliberate omission to avoid what was perceived to be a trite description of Henry's style? MacheathWasABadBadMan (talk) 00:14, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:O. Henry


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User talk:Shi guy

Yep, Shiguy. That's me. David Hodges. I have nothing more to say, except to slander stuffs.

title: User talk:Shi guy


text:
Sea Dart

Sea Dart, or GWS.30 was a Royal Navy surface-to-air missile system designed in the 1960s and entering service in 1973. It was fitted to the Type 42 destroyers (United Kingdom and Argentina), Type 82 destroyer and Invincible-class aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy. Originally developed by Hawker Siddeley, the missile was built by British Aerospace after 1977. It was withdrawn from service in 2012.

Britain's first naval surface-to-air missile was GWS1 Seaslug, which entered service in 1963. This used beam riding guidance which offered limited accuracy and was useful only against slower targets. The need for a higher performance system was seen even as it entered service.

Bristol Aerospace, which had recently introduced the ramjet-powered Bloodhound missile for the RAF, won the ensuing competition with another ramjet design. Compared to Seaslug, Sea Dart was faster, had much greater range, and its semi-active radar homing guidance was much more accurate and allowed attacks against supersonic targets.

The system had nine confirmed successful engagements in combat, including six aircraft, a helicopter and two anti-ship missiles. An additional helicopter was shot down in a 'friendly fire' incident during the Falklands War.

History
From the immediate post-WWII era, the Royal Navy had been looking for a general-purpose weapon to arm small ships. After the experience with German glide bombs during the war, the primary concern was the development of a medium-range surface-to-air missile able to shoot down the carrier bombers before they could approach the ships within the range of their glide bombs. As this weapon would take up room normally assigned to a dual-purpose gun, the weapon also needed a secondary anti-ship capability. The secondary anti-ship role was later reduced in importance.

Early experiments during the 1950s led to the development of the Seaslug system. Seaslug was useful against first-generation strike aircraft but had limited performance against faster aircraft or anti-ship missiles. Seaslug was also too large to be carried by a frigate-sized ship, leaving smaller ships with little air defence. Some consideration was given to a high-performance gun system for these ships, the DACR (direct-action, close-range), but calculations showed it would be useless against future anti-ship missiles that would manoeuvre on the approach.

In October 1960, the Navy launched the Small Ship Integrated Guided Weapon project to fill this need, SIGS for short. This called for a weapon small enough to be carried on a 3,000 ton frigate and able to attack bombers, anti-shipping missiles, and other ships up to frigate size. Seaslug had taken much longer to develop than expected and was a very costly, ongoing program. There was some concern that development of a new system should not commence before Seaslug was in service. A review by the Defence Research Policy Committee agreed with the Navy that the new design represented an entirely new class of weapon and that development should be undertaken immediately.

Two systems were considered for the role, Bristol's CF.299 design using a ramjet with a small rocket booster launching it up to speed, and an adaptation of the Army's Sightline project, which would later emerge as Rapier. CF.299 was ultimately chosen. A 1966 report estimated that CF.299 would have a two-shot kill probability (Pk) against an AS-2 Kipper missile of 0.8–0.9, whereas Seaslug II would manage only 0.35–0.55. Against a supersonic "Blinder" bomber, Pk was 0.5–0.8, compared to 0.3–0.5 for Seaslug. Additionally, because it flew faster than Seaslug, the total engagement time was shorter, and this meant the battery could salvo more rapidly. Finally, its ability to lead the target, compared to Seaslug's beam riding pursuit course, allowed it to attack targets with much higher crossing speeds. A 1968 study suggested Sea Dart would have the same capability as eight F-4 Phantoms on patrol.

By this time, many European navies had chosen the US RIM-24 Tartar surface-to-air missiles, but the Dutch Navy remained interested in the British design. They envisioned it being used with a new dedicated air-defence ship, controlled by a significantly more powerful radar which the British referred to as the Type 988 "Broomstick". This was a 3D radar with multiple antennas that provided both fast continual scanning as well as multiple independent targeting radars. Both the radar and missiles would be controlled by a new combat direction system being developed by both navies.

Ultimately, the Dutch also chose Tartar for their missile component, leaving the Royal Navy as the Sea Dart's only initial user. The Navy dropped their interest in Broomstick and continued development using simpler radars like the Type 965 radar that was already in service. This had the significant disadvantage of not being able to pick out targets against a background landform or high waves, significantly limiting its capabilities against low-flying strike aircraft.

Sea Dart entered service in 1973 on the sole Type 82 destroyer HMS Bristol (D23) before widespread deployment on the Type 42 destroyer commencing with HMS Sheffield (D80) in 1976. The missile system was also fitted to Invincible-class aircraft carriers but was removed during refits between 1998 and 2000 to increase the area of the flight deck and below-decks stowage associated with the operation of Royal Air Force Harrier GR9 aircraft.

In 1982, Margaret Thatcher was involved in a £100m deal to sell the Sea Dart system to China, but this fell through in 1983, with Chinese minister Chen Muhua explaining that China was "not satisfied with the price, technology or production".

Design
Sea Dart is a two-stage, 4.4 m long missile weighing 550 kg. It is launched using a drop-off Chow solid-fuel booster that accelerates it to the supersonic speed necessary for the operation of the cruise motor, a Rolls-Royce /Bristol Siddeley kerosene-fuelled Odin ramjet. This gives a cruise speed of over Mach 2.5, and unlike many rocket-powered designs, the cruise engine burns for the entire flight, giving excellent terminal manoeuvrability at extreme range.

It is capable of engaging targets out to at least 30 nmi over a wide range of altitudes. It has a secondary capability against small surface vessels, tested against a Brave-class patrol boat, although in surface mode the warhead safety arming unit does not arm, and thus damage inflicted is restricted to the physical impact of the half-ton missile body and the unspent proportion of the 46 L of kerosene fuel.

Guidance is by proportional navigation and a semi-active radar homing system using the nose intake cone and four aerials around the intake as an interferometer aerial, with targets being identified by a Type 1022 surveillance radar (originally radar Type 965) and illuminated by one of a pair of radar Type 909. This allows two targets to be engaged simultaneously in initial versions, with later variants able to engage more. Firing is from a twin-arm trainable launcher that is loaded automatically from below decks. The original launcher seen on HMS Bristol was significantly larger than that which appeared on Type 42 and Invincible classes. Initial difficulties with launcher reliability were resolved.

Falklands War

Sea Dart was used during the Falklands War (1982) and is credited with seven confirmed kills (plus one British Westland Gazelle helicopter downed by friendly fire). Kills were made against a high-flying aircraft beyond the missile's stated technical envelope and low-flying attack aircraft.

The net effect of Sea Dart was to deny the higher altitudes to enemy aircraft. This was important because Argentine aircraft such as the Dassault Mirage III had better straight line performance than the British Aerospace Sea Harriers, which were unlikely to successfully intercept them.

The first Sea Dart engagement was against an Aérospatiale Puma, on 9 May 1982 near Stanley by HMS Coventry (D118), with the loss of the three men aboard.

On 25 May 1982 an Douglas A-4C Skyhawk of Grupo 5 was shot down north of Pebble Island, again by Coventry. The pilot, Capitán Hugo Angel del Valle Palaver, was killed. Later, Coventry shot down another Skyhawk of Grupo 4 while it was returning from a mission to San Carlos Water. Capitán Jorge Osvaldo García successfully ejected but was not recovered. The next Argentine action that day sank Coventry. An unguided Sea Dart was launched in an effort to disrupt the attack but missed, and the destroyer was struck by two iron bombs and sank.

The same day a Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard strike fighter sought to attack the British carrier group with Exocet missiles, but instead struck the cargo ship MV Atlantic Conveyor. HMS Invincible (R05) fired six Sea Darts in less than two minutes, but all missed.

On 30 May 1982, during the last Exocet air attacks against the British fleet, HMS Exeter (D89) shot down two Skyhawks (out of four), despite their flying only 10 – above the sea (theoretically below Sea Dart's minimum engagement altitude of 30 m). On 6 June Exeter shot down a Learjet 35A being used for reconnaissance at 12000 m.

On 6 June 1982, Cardiff fired a Sea Dart missile at an aircraft believed to be an Argentine C-130 Hercules. The missile destroyed the aircraft, which was in fact a British Army helicopter. All four occupants were killed in this "friendly-fire" incident.

Finally, on 13 June 1982, an English Electric Canberra flying at 12000 m en route to bomb British troops near Port Harriet House was destroyed by a Sea Dart fired from Cardiff.

In total at least eighteen missiles were launched by Type 42 destroyers, six by Invincible, and two by Bristol. Out of five missiles fired against helicopters or high flying aircraft, four were successful, but only two of nineteen fired at low level aircraft hit: just eleven per cent; however a number of missiles were fired without guidance to deter low level attacks. Exeter's success can be partially attributed to being equipped with the Type 1022 radar, which was designed for the system and provided greater capability than the old Type 965 fitted to the earlier Type 42s. The Type 965 was unable to cope with low level targets as it suffered multiple path crossings and targets became lost in radar clutter from the surface of the South Atlantic. This resulted in Sea Dart being unable to lock onto targets at distance obscured by land, or fast-moving low-level targets obscured in ground clutter or sea-returns.

The Argentine Navy was well aware of the Sea Dart's capabilities and limitations, having two Type 42s of its own. Consequently, Argentine planes, opting to fly below the Type 965 radar ("sea skimming"), frequently dropped bombs which failed to explode. The arming vane on the bomb had insufficient time to complete the number of revolutions required to arm the fuze.

Persian Gulf War (1991)
In February 1991 during the Persian Gulf War the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) was operating in the Persian Gulf. Her battlegroup included a number of escorts, including the Type 42 destroyer HMS Gloucester (D96). On 24 February, Missouri was fired on by a pair of Silkworm anti-ship missiles. Although one missed completely, the other was engaged and destroyed by a Sea Dart fired by HMS Gloucester after it had flown over the target, while another of the battleship's escorts, the frigate USS Jarrett (FFG-33), attempted to engage with its Phalanx CIWS, but succeeded only in firing at the chaff launched by Missouri.

Variants
The Sea Dart was upgraded over the years - notably its electronics - as technology advanced. The following modification standards have been fielded:
 * Mod 0: Basic 1960s version, used in the Falklands. valve technology. Range circa 40 nmi.
 * Mod 1: Improved Sea Dart. Upgraded version 1983–1986. Updated guidance systems possibly allowing some capability against sea-skimming targets and much greater reliability.
 * Mod 2: 1989–1991. Upgrade included ADIMP (Air Defence IMProvement) which saw the replacement of six old circuit cards in the guidance system with one, allowing the spare volume to be used for an autopilot. Used alongside a command datalink (sited on the Type 909 pedestal) it allows several missiles to be 'in the air' at once, re-targeted during flight etc. and allows an initial ballistic trajectory, doubling range to 80 nmi with the upgraded 909(I) radar for terminal illumination only.
 * Mod 3: Latest version with new infrared fuze. Delayed eight years from 1994 to 2002.

The Sea Dart Mark 2, GWS 31, (also known as Sea Dart II - not to be confused with Mod 2, above) development was cancelled in 1981. This was intended to allow 'off the rail' manoeuvres with additional controls added to the booster. The Mark 2 was reduced to Advanced Sea Dart, then Enhanced Sea Dart and finally Improved Sea Dart.

Lightweight Sea Dart was a version with minimal changes to the missile itself, but based in a new sealed box-launcher. A four-box trainable launcher was developed that allowed it to be mounted to ships as small as 300 tons displacement. The same box and launcher could also support the Sea Eagle SL, the proposed ship-launched version of Sea Eagle. Guardian was a proposed land-based system of radars, control stations and the Lightweight Sea Dart proposed in the 1980s for use as a land-based air defence system for the Falkland Islands. Neither system was put into production.

Withdrawal

The Sea Dart-equipped Type 42s reached the end of their service lives, with all vessels already retired. They were replaced by the larger Type 45 which are armed with the Sea Viper missile system which is much more capable in the anti-air role. The first-of-class began sea trials in July 2007 and Daring entered service in 2009.

On 13 April 2012 HMS Edinburgh (D97) fired the last operational Sea Dart missiles after a thirty-year career. The last two remaining Type 42s, HMS York (D98) and Edinburgh completed their careers without the system being operational.

A launcher with drill missiles has been preserved and is on display at Explosion! Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport, Hampshire.

Former operators

 * 🇦🇷:• Argentine Navy: Purchased 60 missiles for their two Type 42 destroyers but retired them in 1987 due to lack of spares.
 * • Royal Navy

title: Sea Dart


text:
Booker Edgerson

Booker Tyrone Edgerson (born July 5, 1939) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Western Illinois Leathernecks. He became a cornerstone of the AFL's Buffalo Bills' defense in the mid-1960s, at left cornerback.

A four-year letterman (football, baseball, wrestling, track and field); in 1959 and 1960, he led the Western Illinois University (WIU) football team to the only consecutive undefeated seasons in school history, and is in the WIU Hall of Fame.

Booker was born in Baxter County, Arkansas. He signed as a free agent with the Bills in 1962 and stepped into a starting role at left cornerback. He made a career-high six interceptions (including two in his first game, against Hall of Famer George Blanda), and was named to the AFL All-Rookie team.

Edgerson's college background as a sprinter and long jumper served him well in the demanding role of man-to-man pass coverage. The AFL featured many dangerous receivers at that time including San Diego's Lance Alworth. But Edgerson became one of the key components of the league's best defense, and he was the only man ever to catch Alworth from behind in a game.

Edgerson appeared in playoffs four consecutive years, and in three straight AFL Championship games. The Bills beat the San Diego Chargers in 1964 and again in 1965, when Edgerson was selected as an American Football League All-Star.

Edgerson had 23 interceptions in his eight-year career in Buffalo, and scored on two, including one against Joe Namath. He also forced and returned a fumble for the deciding score in a 1969 game against the Cincinnati Bengals, played in blizzard conditions.

Edgerson retired to Buffalo, where he has been involved in numerous charitable endeavors through the Bills Alumni, and was the 1993 recipient of the Ralph C. Wilson Award. He is a member of the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame.

Edgerson was selected to be the 2010 Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame inductee where his name was revealed during a halftime ceremony on October 3 during the Bills game against AFC rival New York Jets.

Edgerson wrote the foreword to The Cookie That Did Not Crumble, the autobiography of his former teammate, Cookie Gilchrist.

title: Booker Edgerson


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The Agency (2001 TV series)

The Agency is an American action-spy television series that followed the inner-workings of the CIA. The series was aired on CBS from September 27, 2001 until May 17, 2003, lasting two seasons.

The series was created by Michael Frost Beckner and was executive produced by Beckner, Shaun Cassidy Productions, and Radiant Productions in association with Universal Network Television and CBS Productions. The program featured unprecedented filming from the actual CIA headquarters.

Premise
The series was controversial in its exploration of contemporary international affairs and its treatment of the ethical conflicts inherent in intelligence work. Beckner's pilot script, written in March 2001, posited a re-invented CIA tasked with a "War on Terror" after Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda terrorist organization plots a lethal attack on the West. The pilot was to premiere at CIA headquarters on September 18, 2001, and set to air on CBS September 21, 2001. The actual 9/11 attacks convinced the network to hold the pilot and instead air a later episode. That first episode was broadcast later as the fifth episode of the first season.

The September 11 attacks changed the way Americans viewed topical entertainment and The Agency, at the time, was one of the most topical offerings on network television. The producers of the series quickly responded to this new American perspective on world affairs, but CBS canceled the show shortly after the second season's final episode.

Cast

 * Gil Bellows – Matt Callan (season 1)
 * Daniel Benzali – Deputy Director Robert Quinn (episodes 14–44; recurring previously)
 * Beau Bridges – Senator/Director Tom Gage (episodes 14–44)
 * Rocky Carroll – Carl Reese
 * David Clennon – Joshua Nankin
 * Ronny Cox – Director Alex Pierce (episodes 1–10)
 * Jason O'Mara – A.B. Stiles (season 2)
 * Will Patton – Jackson Haisley
 * Gloria Reuben – Lisa Fabrizzi (episodes 1–13, 21–22)
 * Richard Speight, Jr. – Lex (season 2; recurring previously)
 * Paige Turco – Terri Lowell

title: The Agency (2001 TV series)