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Upper limb

The upper limbs or upper extremities are the forelimbs of an upright-postured tetrapod vertebrate, extending from the scapulae and clavicles down to and including the digits, including all the musculatures and ligaments involved with the shoulder, elbow, wrist and knuckle joints. In humans, each upper limb is divided into the arm, forearm and hand, and is primarily used for climbing, lifting and manipulating objects.

Definition
In formal usage, the term "arm" only refers to the structures from the shoulder to the elbow, explicitly excluding the forearm, and thus "upper limb" and "arm" are not synonymous. However, in casual usage, the terms are often used interchangeably. The term "upper arm" is redundant in anatomy, but in informal usage is used to distinguish between the two terms.

Structure
In the human body, the muscles of the upper limb can be classified by origin, topography, function, or innervation. While a grouping by innervation reveals embryological and phylogenetic origins, the functional-topographical classification below reflects the similarity in action between muscles (with the exception of the shoulder girdle, where muscles with similar action can vary considerably in their location and orientation.

Shoulder girdle

The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle, composed of the clavicle and the scapula, connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton through the sternoclavicular joint (the only joint in the upper limb that directly articulates with the trunk), a ball and socket joint supported by the subclavius muscle which acts as a dynamic ligament. While this muscle prevents dislocation in the joint, strong forces tend to break the clavicle instead. The acromioclavicular joint, the joint between the acromion process on the scapula and the clavicle, is similarly strengthened by strong ligaments, especially the coracoclavicular ligament which prevents excessive lateral and medial movements. Between them these two joints allow a wide range of movements for the shoulder girdle, much because of the lack of a bone-to-bone contact between the scapula and the axial skeleton. The pelvic girdle is, in contrast, firmly fixed to the axial skeleton, which increases stability and load-bearing capabilities.

The mobility of the shoulder girdle is supported by a large number of muscles. The most important of these are muscular sheets rather than fusiform or strap-shaped muscles and they thus never act in isolation but with some fibres acting in coordination with fibres in other muscles.
 * Muscles: of shoulder girdle excluding the glenohumeral joint
 * Migrated from head: Trapezius, sternocleidomastoideus, omohyoideus
 * Posterior: Rhomboideus major, rhomboideus minor, levator scapulae
 * Anterior: Subclavius, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

Shoulder joint
The glenohumeral joint (colloquially called the shoulder joint) is the highly mobile ball and socket joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. Lacking the passive stabilisation offered by ligaments in other joints, the glenohumeral joint is actively stabilised by the rotator cuff, a group of short muscles stretching from the scapula to the humerus. Little inferior support is available to the joint and dislocation of the shoulder almost exclusively occurs in this direction.

The large muscles acting at this joint perform multiple actions and seemingly simple movements are often the result of composite antagonist and protagonist actions from several muscles. For example, pectoralis major is the most important arm flexor and latissimus dorsi the most important extensor at the glenohumeral joint, but, acting together, these two muscles cancel each other's action leaving only their combined medial rotation component. On the other hand, to achieve pure flexion at the joint the deltoid and supraspinatus must cancel the adduction component and the teres minor and infraspinatus the medial rotation component of pectoralis major. Similarly, abduction (moving the arm away from the body) is performed by different muscles at different stages. The first 10° is performed entirely by the supraspinatus, but beyond that fibres of the much stronger deltoid are in position to take over the work until 90°. To achieve the full 180° range of abduction the arm must be rotated medially and the scapula most be rotated about itself to direct the glenoid cavity upward.

 * Muscles: of shoulder joint proper
 * Posterior: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, deltoideus, latissimus dorsi, teres major
 * Anterior: Pectoralis major, coracobrachialis

Bones of upper limb
The bones forming the human upper limb are
 * Clavicle
 * Scapula
 * Humerus
 * Radius
 * Ulna
 * Carpal bones
 * Scaphoid
 * Lunate
 * Triquetral
 * Pisiform
 * Trapezium
 * Trapezoid
 * Capitate
 * Hamate
 * 5 Metacarpal bones
 * 14 Phalanges

Arm

The arm proper (brachium), sometimes called the upper arm, the region between the shoulder and the elbow, is composed of the humerus with the elbow joint at its distal end.

The elbow joint is a complex of three joints — the humeroradial, humeroulnar, and superior radioulnar joints — the former two allowing flexion and extension whilst the latter, together with its inferior namesake, allows supination and pronation at the wrist. Triceps is the major extensor and brachialis and biceps the major flexors. Biceps is, however, the major supinator and while performing this action it ceases to be an effective flexor at the elbow.

 * Muscles: of the arm
 * Posterior: Triceps brachii, anconeus
 * Anterior: Brachialis, biceps brachii

Forearm

The forearm (antebrachium), composed of the radius and ulna; the latter is the main distal part of the elbow joint, while the former composes the main proximal part of the wrist joint.

Most of the large number of muscles in the forearm are divided into the wrist, hand, and finger extensors on the dorsal side (back of hand) and the ditto flexors in the superficial layers on the ventral side (side of palm). These muscles are attached to either the lateral or medial epicondyle of the humerus. They thus act on the elbow, but, because their origins are located close to the centre of rotation of the elbow, they mainly act distally at the wrist and hand. Exceptions to this simple division are brachioradialis — a strong elbow flexor — and palmaris longus — a weak wrist flexor which mainly acts to tense the palmar aponeurosis. The deeper flexor muscles are extrinsic hand muscles; strong flexors at the finger joints used to produce the important power grip of the hand, whilst forced extension is less useful and the corresponding extensor thus are much weaker.

Biceps is the major supinator (drive a screw in with the right arm) and pronator teres and pronator quadratus the major pronators (unscrewing) — the latter two role the radius around the ulna (hence the name of the first bone) and the former reverses this action assisted by supinator. Because biceps is much stronger than its opponents, supination is a stronger action than pronation (hence the direction of screws).

 * Muscles: of the forearm
 * Posterior: (Superficial) extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, (deep) supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis
 * Anterior: (Superficial) pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, (deep) flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus
 * Radial: Brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis

Wrist
The wrist (carpus), composed of the carpal bones, articulates at the wrist joint (or radiocarpal joint) proximally and the carpometacarpal joint distally. The wrist can be divided into two components separated by the midcarpal joints. The small movements of the eight carpal bones during composite movements at the wrist are complex to describe, but flexion mainly occurs in the midcarpal joint whilst extension mainly occurs in the radiocarpal joint; the latter joint also providing most of adduction and abduction at the wrist. How muscles act on the wrist is complex to describe. The five muscles acting on the wrist directly — flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, and palmaris longus — are accompanied by the tendons of the extrinsic hand muscles (i.e. the muscles acting on the fingers). Thus, every movement at the wrist is the work of a group of muscles; because the four primary wrist muscles (FCR, FCU, ECR, and ECU) are attached to the four corners of the wrist, they also produce a secondary movement (i.e. ulnar or radial deviation). To produce pure flexion or extension at the wrist, these muscle therefore must act in pairs to cancel out each other's secondary action. On the other hand, finger movements without the corresponding wrist movements require the wrist muscles to cancel out the contribution from the extrinsic hand muscles at the wrist.

Hand

The hand (manus), the metacarpals (in the hand proper) and the phalanges of the fingers, form the metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP, including the knuckles) and interphalangeal joints (IP).

Of the joints between the carpus and metacarpus, the carpometacarpal joints, only the saddle-shaped joint of the thumb offers a high degree of mobility while the opposite is true for the metacarpophalangeal joints. The joints of the fingers are simple hinge joints.

The primary role of the hand itself is grasping and manipulation; tasks for which the hand has been adapted to two main grips — power grip and precision grip. In a power grip an object is held against the palm and in a precision grip an object is held with the fingers, both grips are performed by intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles together. Most importantly, the relatively strong thenar muscles of the thumb and the thumb's flexible first joint allow the special opposition movement that brings the distal thumb pad in direct contact with the distal pads of the other four digits. Opposition is a complex combination of thumb flexion and abduction that also requires the thumb to be rotated 90° about its own axis. Without this complex movement, humans would not be able to perform a precision grip.

In addition, the central group of intrinsic hand muscles give important contributions to human dexterity. The palmar and dorsal interossei adduct and abduct at the MCP joints and are important in pinching. The lumbricals, attached to the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and extensor digitorum communis (FDC), flex the MCP joints while extending the IP joints and allow a smooth transfer of forces between these two muscles while extending and flexing the fingers.

 * Muscles: of the hand
 * Metacarpal: Lumbricals, palmar introssei, dorsal interossei
 * Thenar: Abductor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis
 * Hypothenar: Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi, palmaris brevis

Nerve supply
The motor and sensory supply of the upper limb is provided by the brachial plexus which is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. In the posterior triangle of the neck these rami form three trunks from which fibers enter the axilla region (armpit) to innervate the muscles of the anterior and posterior compartments of the limb. In the axilla, cords are formed to split into branches, including the five terminal branches listed below. The muscles of the upper limb are innervated segmentally proximal to distal so that the proximal muscles are innervated by higher segments (C5–C6) and the distal muscles are innervated by lower segments (C8–T1).

Motor innervation of upper limb by the five terminal nerves of the brachial plexus:
 * The musculocutaneous nerve innervates all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm.
 * The median nerve innervates all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar part of the flexor digitorum profundus. It also innervates the three thenar muscles and the first and second lumbricals.
 * The ulnar nerve innervates the muscles of the forearm and hand not innervated by the median nerve.
 * The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid and teres minor.
 * The radial nerve innervates the posterior muscles of the arm and forearm

Collateral branches of the brachial plexus:
 * The dorsal scapular nerve innervates rhomboid major, minor and levator scapulae.
 * The long thoracic nerve innervates serratus anterior.
 * The suprascapular nerve innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus
 * The lateral pectoral nerve innervates pectoralis major
 * The medial pectoral nerve innervates pectoralis major and minor
 * The upper subscapular nerve innervates subscapularis
 * The thoracodorsal nerve innervates latissimus dorsi
 * The lower subscapular nerve innervates subscapularis and teres major
 * The medial brachial cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of medial arm
 * The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of medial forearm

Blood supply and drainage
Arteries of the upper limb: ulnar, nutrient and muscular branches of the brachial artery.
 * The superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, posterior circumflex humeral and subscapular branches of the axillary artery.
 * The deep brachial, superior ulnar collateral, inferior ulnar collateral, radial,
 * The radial recurrent, muscular, superficial palmar, dorsal carpal, princeps pollicis and radialis indicis branches of the radial artery.
 * The anterior ulnar recurrent, posterior ulnar recurrent, anterior interosseous, posterior interosseous and superficial branches of the ulnar artery.

Veins of the upper limb:
 * Basilic vein
 * Cephalic vein
 * Median cubital vein
 * Median antebrachial vein
 * Dorsal venous arch

As for the upper limb blood supply, there are many anatomical variations.

Evolutionary variation
The skeletons of all mammals are based on a common pentadactyl ("five-fingered") template but optimised for different functions. While many mammals can perform other tasks using their forelimbs, their primary use in most terrestrial mammals is one of three main modes of locomotion: unguligrade (hoof walkers), digitigrade (toe walkers), and plantigrade (sole walkers). Generally, the forelimbs are optimised for speed and stamina, but in some mammals some of the locomotion optimisation have been sacrificed for other functions, such as digging and grasping.

In primates, the upper limbs provide a wide range of movement which increases manual dexterity. The limbs of chimpanzees, compared to those of humans, reveal their different lifestyle. The chimpanzee primarily uses two modes of locomotion: knuckle-walking, a style of quadrupedalism in which the body weight is supported on the knuckles (or more properly on the middle phalanges of the fingers), and brachiation (swinging from branch to branch), a style of bipedalism in which flexed fingers are used to grasp branches above the head. To meet the requirements of these styles of locomotion, the chimpanzee's finger phalanges are longer and have more robust insertion areas for the flexor tendons while the metacarpals have transverse ridges to limit dorsiflexion (stretching the fingers towards the back of the hand). The thumb is small enough to facilitate brachiation while maintaining some of the dexterity offered by an opposable thumb. In contrast, virtually all locomotion functionality has been lost in humans while predominant brachiators, such as the gibbons, have very reduced thumbs and inflexible wrists.

In ungulates the forelimbs are optimised to maximize speed and stamina to the extent that the limbs serve almost no other purpose. In contrast to the skeleton of human limbs, the proximal bones of ungulates are short and the distal bones long to provide length of stride; proximally, large and short muscles provide rapidity of step. The odd-toed ungulates, such as the horse, use a single third toe for weight-bearing and have significantly reduced metacarpals. Even-toed ungulates, such as the giraffe, uses both their third and fourth toes but a single completely fused phalanx bone for weight-bearing. Ungulates whose habitat does not require fast running on hard terrain, for example the hippopotamus, have maintained four digits.

In species in the order Carnivora, some of which are insectivores rather than carnivores, the cats are some of the most highly evolved predators designed for speed, power, and acceleration rather than stamina. Compared to ungulates, their limbs are shorter, more muscular in the distal segments, and maintain five metacarpals and digit bones; providing a greater range of movements, a more varied function and agility (e.g. climbing, swatting, and grooming). Some insectivorous species in this order have paws specialised for specific functions. The sloth bear uses their digits and large claws to tear logs open rather than kill prey. Other insectivorous species, such as the giant and red pandas, have developed large sesamoid bones in their paws that serve as an extra "thumb" while others, such as the meerkat, uses their limbs primary for digging and have vestigial first digits.

The arboreal two-toed sloth, a South American mammal in the order Pilosa, have limbs so highly adapted to hanging in branches that it is unable to walk on the ground where it has to drag its own body using the large curved claws on its foredigits.

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LBW

LBW or lbw may refer to:

 * Laser beam welding
 * Leg before wicket, a way in which a batter can be dismissed in cricket
 * Linux Bier Wanderung or Linux Beer Hike, a yearly event
 * Low birth weight of a child, defined as less than 2,500 grams
 * London Borough of Wandsworth, UK
 * Lutheran Book of Worship, Evangelical Lutheran Church, America
 * Landing Barge, Water, a type of World War 2 ship
 * LBW: Life Before Wedding, a 2011 Indian film

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: LBW


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Talk:Steve Waugh

Reliable sources
Ref bombing the lead section with an array of blogs, lists of statistics and other poor quality sources is not the way to create a good article. Please see WP:RS. Spike 'em (talk) 09:03, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steve Waugh


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Albedo 0.39

Albedo 0.39 is a studio album by the Greek electronic composer Vangelis, released in 1976. It was the second album produced by Vangelis in Nemo Studios, London, which was his creative base until the late 1980s. It contrasts with his previous album, Heaven and Hell, which was classically inspired and choral, while Albedo 0.39 has blues and jazz overtones. It was his first Top 20 UK album.

Overview
It is a concept album themed around space physics. Its title is inspired by the idea of a planet's albedo, the proportion of the light it receives that is reflected back into space. The album title refers to the average albedo value of the planet Earth as it was calculated in 1976 (the current value is 0.30). From the explanation on the back of the LP cover : "The reflecting power of a planet or other non-luminous body. A perfect reflector would have an Albedo of 100%. The Earth's Albedo is 39%, or 0.39".

As with Heaven and Hell, it was performed at the Royal Albert Hall in 1977.

Release
The album reached #18 on the UK Album Charts. In 2011 the album was included along with Heaven and Hell and Spiral in a 3-CD box set series "Original Album Classics" by Sony, RCA and Legacy Recordings. In 2013 the album was released in a remastered and reissued digipak edition by Esoteric Recordings.

Instruments
Vangelis plays all instruments. As well as synthesizers, other instruments include acoustic drums, bass, percussion, a xylophone, a gamelan (track 2), and recordings of the speaking clock and the Apollo Moon landing. The only vocal is the narrative on the closing title track by Vangelis' sound engineer, Keith Spencer-Allen.

Composition
"Pulstar" builds on a synthesizer pulse sequence, a main line and various other synthesizer brass lines. It ends with a recording of the speaking clock. "Freefall" builds on a gamelan sequence and a synthesizer line. "Mare Tranquillitatis" is a quiet synthesizer piece featuring recordings of several Apollo Moon landings. "Main Sequence" is propelled by a pulsed synthesizer sequence, along which a drums-based jazz track develops. It calms down and flows into the next song, "Sword of Orion", built on an arpeggio chord, melody, and percussion.

On "Alpha", Vangelis employs a composing technique he would use extensively on later albums (e.g. Direct): a simple theme of a few bars is developed through increasingly complex instrumentation. Instruments include a slow synthesizer arpeggio, synthesizer mallet melody line, xylophone, percussion and (later) acoustic drums. The "Nucleogenesis" suite is a collage that conveys a somewhat darker mood, employing a church organ, an organ synthesizer pulse, various lines of Vangelis' patent synthesizer brass, acoustic drums and basses. The title track, "Albedo 0.39" builds on waxing and waning synthesizer chords and arpeggios, while a voice, reputedly the album's engineer Keith Spencer-Allen, narrates various physical properties ascribed to the Earth according to popular current theories, such as its mass, length of the year in various measurements, and, finally, its albedo.

Reception
Mike DeGagne of Allmusic described the tracks as "mesmerizing trips of assorted rhythms that include elements of jazz and mild rock", that along with "Albedo 0.39", "the two parts of "Nucleogenesis" are among the strongest cuts that keep his cosmic theme from deviating, while the livelier "Pulstar" involves some impressive instrumental range and electronic buoyancy". He concluded that "the stretches of notes and rhythms don't become weary or monotonous at any point of the album", and that "intention of conjuring up the vastness and immensity of space is soundly accomplished". Henri Stirk from Background Magazine rated the 2013 edition by Esoteric Recordings 4/5 stars.

Track listing
All songs written and arranged by Vangelis.

Personnel

 * Vangelis — synthesizers, keyboards, drums, bass, and all other sounds

 * Production
 * Vangelis — producer, arranger
 * Keith Spencer-Allen — engineer, vocals on "Albedo 0.39"
 * Graves/Aslett Assoc. — sleeve design
 * Ray Massey — cover photograph
 * David Ellis — Vangelis photograph

Appearances in other media

 * "Pulstar" was used as the theme music for a children's BBC television programme, Horses Galore. It was also used as an early theme tune for ESPN's SportsCenter, ABS-CBN's news programs TV Patrol (until November 1994) and The World Tonight (until 1996) in the Philippines and TVRI's news program Dunia Dalam Berita (until 1981, 2002–2005, modified version used since 2018) in Indonesia. Some local newscasts used Pulstar as theme music, including WNEV in Boston, CBLT in Toronto and CBMT Newswatch in Montreal. In Brazil it appeared on a TV ad for the cigarette brand Advance, in a high-tech styled, three-minute long clip by director João Daniel Tikhomiroff involving several cigarettes rolling and moving to make geometric shapes. It was an instantaneous success due to its vanguard look for the time.
 * Excerpts from "Pulstar" and "Alpha" can be heard on episodes of Carl Sagan's documentary series Cosmos, along with several other Vangelis themes. "Alpha" was used over animation illustrating evolutionary theory, with the music's climax timed to coincide with the appearance and achievements of humans.
 * An excerpt from "Pulstar" was used as the title track in the 2009 BBC drama series Micro Men.
 * Excerpts from "Pulstar" and "Alpha" were used in the 1980 film Death of a Princess. Despite the controversy over the film that outraged the government of Saudi Arabia, both pieces were used for a long time as background music for interludes on Saudi national TV.
 * "Alpha" was used in the 1981 XXX movie American Desire.
 * In Spain, "Pulstar" was used by Cadena COPE radio station as an ident of their news services.
 * In Brazil, excerpts from "Nucleogenesis (Part One)" were used during journalistic reports in the Domingo Legal TV show, from SBT, during the 1990s and 2000s. It was revived in 2014 in Band's show, Tá Na Tela, again, serving as the background music for journalistic reports.
 * In Israel, "Alpha" was heard on the first Empire of Cinema logo in the early 1980s. In the United States, it can also be heard on a local station id for Los Angeles, California-based public television station KCET when it was a PBS member station in the early 1980s.
 * A remixed version of "Alpha" is heard on seasons 1 and 2 in travel documentary television series Madventures.

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Torso

The torso or trunk is an anatomical term for the central part, or the core, of the body of many animals (including humans), from which the head, neck, limbs, tail and other appendages extend. The tetrapod torso — including that of a human — is usually divided into the thoracic segment (also known as the upper torso, where the forelimbs extend), the abdominal segment (also known as the "mid-section" or "midriff"), and the pelvic and perineal segments (sometimes known together with the abdomen as the lower torso, where the hindlimbs extend).

Major organs
In humans, most critical organs, with the notable exception of the brain, are housed within the torso. In the upper chest, the heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage, and the abdomen contains most of the organs responsible for digestion: the stomach, which breaks down partially digested food via gastric acid; the liver, which respectively produces bile necessary for digestion; the large and small intestines, which extract nutrients from food; the anus, from which fecal wastes are egested; the rectum, which stores feces; the gallbladder, which stores and concentrates bile; the kidneys, which produce urine, the ureters, which pass it to the bladder for storage; and the urethra, which excretes urine and in a male passes sperm through the seminal vesicles. Finally, the pelvic region houses both the male and female reproductive organs.

Major muscle groups
The torso also harbours many of the main groups of muscles in the tetrapod body, including the pectoral, abdominal, lateral and epaxial muscles.

Nerve supply
The organs, muscles, and other contents of the torso are supplied by nerves, which mainly originate as nerve roots from the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord. Some organs also receive a nerve supply from the vagus nerve. The sensation to the skin is provided by the lateral and dorsal cutaneous branches.

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List of Polish-language radio stations

This is a list of radio stations broadcasting in Poland

National public radio broadcaster
Polskie Radio (PR) is Poland's national public radio broadcaster and operates four national FM stations:

 * Jedynka - Generalist radio station featuring news, sport and adult contemporary music
 * Dwójka - High culture, including jazz and classical music, literature and drama
 * Trójka - Alternative music radio featuring free-form programs, culture magazines and news
 * Radio 24 - 24-hour news, current affairs and talk

Additionally, PR operates six DAB+ and Internet channels:

 * Czwórka - Youth-focused alternative music radio featuring programs on lifestyle, sport and technology
 * Chopin - 24-hour classical music channel
 * Radio Dzieciom - Children-oriented service featuring educational and entertaining content
 * Radio Kierowców - Drivers-oriented service featuring adult contemporary music, traffic reports and motorization news
 * Radio dla Ukrainy - Ukrainian language service
 * Radio Poland - International, external broadcasting service

RMF

 * RMF FM - Hot adult contemporary radio station featuring news, sport and traffic reports
 * RMF MAXX - Contemporary hit radio station
 * RMF Classic - Classical music, film score, cultural news and literature
 * RMF 24 - News and current affairs radio station featuring pop rock music
 * Radio Jura - Hot adult contemporary radio station

Eurozet

 * Radio Zet - Hot adult contemporary radio station featuring news, sport and traffic reports
 * TOK FM - Progressive talk radio featuring news, current affairs, documentaries, interviews and discussions
 * Złote Przeboje - Adult hits service with hits since the 80s
 * Antyradio - Rock music radio featuring mainstream and alternative rock
 * Radio Plus - Classic hits station, with music from the 1980s serving as the core
 * Radio Pogoda - Oldies music service featuring music from the 50s up to late 70s
 * Meloradio - Contemporary hit radio station
 * Rock Radio - Classic rock music station
 * Chillizet - Easy listening music station featuring alternative, indie pop, lo-fi, soul, jazz and lifestyle and cultural programs

Time

 * Radio Eska - Contemporary hit radio station
 * Eska 2 - Polish music radio station
 * Eska Rock - Active rock service
 * VOX FM - Dance music station featuring 80s, 90s and XXI century euro disco, eurodance, italo disco and disco polo mixed with contemporary hits from electronic dance music
 * Radio Plus - Classic hits station, with music from the 1980s serving as the core

Independent

 * Radio Maryja - Catholic and far-right conservative talk service known for its direct involvement in politics, mainly Law and Justice political party support and taking positions against feminism, gay rights, liberal values, Donald Tusk and Civic Coalition, the "Islamisation" of Europe, Middle Eastern refugees and the EU
 * Radio Wnet - Generalist radio station featuring conservative talk, cultural magazines and alternative music
 * Radio Rekord - Dance music radio featuring local news and interviews, broadcasting disco polo, pop and dance music
 * Radio Fama - Contemporary hit radio station with greater emphasis on dance music

Polish radio-related sites

 * radiopolska.pl - the biggest Polish radio site featuring news, AM/FM/DAB+ station list and forum
 * fmdx.pl - main Polish website for DXing
 * maps.fmdx.pl - maps of radio transmitters in Europe, Asia and Northern Africa
 * emsoft.ct8.pl - polish radio station list including URL streams of national and regional services
 * xploradio - Polish DXer Maciej Ługowski blog featuring DXing, travel and media

title: List of Polish-language radio stations


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Loyola College, Chennai

Loyola College is a private Catholic higher education institution run by the Society of Jesus in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was founded in 1925 by the French Jesuit priest, Francis Bertram, along with other European Jesuits. It is an autonomous Jesuit college affiliated with the University of Madras. Loyola commerce association celebrated its 75th year in 2019. Loyola College has more than 9000 students studying as of 2023.

Rankings
Loyola College secured 4th rank among 100 colleges in The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranking 2022 with a score of 71.00. It admits undergraduates and post-graduates and confers degrees in the commerce, sciences and liberal arts. The college is on a 99 acre campus in the neighbourhood of Nungambakkam. The campus features tree-lined pathways, academic buildings, steepled Gothic church that dates back to 1930, and separate fields for each sport.

History
The name Loyola comes from the ancestral castle where Íñigo López de Loyola was born in 1491, the last of a large Basque family. He along with St. Francis Xavier and five other companions founded the Society of Jesus (the Jesuit Order), a worldwide organization of religious men numbering about 19,000. Nearly 4,000 are working in the 18 provinces of India.

In Tamil Nadu, there are 480 Jesuits working in schools, colleges, youth services, social work centres, parishes, mission outreach programmes, and in other forms of service and church ministry.

Loyola College was founded in 1925 by the French Jesuit priest, Francis Bertram (originally a.k.a. Père François Bertrand; 1870/1871–1936), along with other European Jesuits, Fr Francis Bertram was educated at the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and the London School of Economics. The Department of Economics was founded by Rev Fr Basenach from the London School of Economics.

Academics
The college offers courses at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The arts/humanities stream includes English, economics, commerce, history, Tamil and sociology. Science courses include physics, chemistry, statistics, botany, zoology and computer science. The college follows a credit-based, semester pattern. Undergraduate students must pass all examinations and obtain at least 120 credits in three years to be eligible for a degree. All students must also earn non-academic credits from extra-curricular and social service options. The Department of Outreach facilitates social work in the college. It is a degree requirement that every student irrespective of department complete the outreach program in second year, intended to form more complete human persons. The program takes students to slums and backward areas in and around Chennai to acquaint them with the sufferings of the people and to serve in small ways to better the living conditions. The program awards 3 credits.

Loyola College along with Women's Christian college are the only colleges in the state capital Chennai with "A+" accreditation from NAAC. India Today magazine in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 ranked Loyola number one in India for science degrees, and in 2007 in both science and humanities. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has recognised Loyola College as a Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, the highest research honour for an Arts and Science College.

The college has been conferred a "College with Potential For Excellence" status by the University Grants Commission. It was given a ₹10 million grant (1 Crore) in 2006 by the UGC for continual improvement of facilities. The UGC has further certified it as a "College of Excellence" in the year 2014. The certification, for a period of five years until 2019, comes with a grant of Rs. 2 crore for the college to upgrade its facilities.

Loyola college is one of the colleges which was selected for Deen Dayal Upadhyay KAUSHAL Kendra, a remarkable scheme initiated and funded by the Government of India and the University Grants Commission. It hosts a variety of courses like B.Voc. 3D Animation, B.Voc. Digital Journalism, M.Voc. 3D Animation and M.Voc. Digital Journalism, all of which are designed to offer Job oriented training. It has both UG and PG level curriculum courses in the department.

Faculty
Faculty of Loyola College include many distinguished academics.

Institute for Excellence

 * Loyola College of Education
 * Loyola Institute of Business Administration
 * Centre for International Program
 * Entomology Research Institute
 * Ignatian Institute for Career Development
 * Institute for Dialogues with Cultures and Religions (Research institution under University of Madras)
 * Loyola – Racine Research Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences
 * Loyola ICAM College of Engineering and Technology
 * Loyola Institute for Industrial and Social Science Research
 * Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy
 * Loyola Institute of People Studies
 * Loyola Institute of Social Science Training and Research
 * Loyola Institute of Personal Development
 * Loyola Institute of Vocational Education

Culturals
Loyola College was a pioneer among colleges in South India in hosting cultural fests, and stands out among men's college in Chennai for fostering well-rounded development. Women were first admitted at the turn of the millennium, and they too are encouraged to participate in cultural activities. The college has been commended for its blend of cultures and for requiring all students to have weekly contact with the poor. Its cultural sensitivity also extends worldwide.

The large, Down Sterling inter-college carnival was terminated by college authorities in 1992 when things got out of hand. This historic carnival is memorialized in the friendship song "MUSTHAFA MUSTHAFA" from the movie Kadhal Desam (1996).

To somewhat fill the void the Loyola Student's Union organizes the intra-collegiate cultural event Ovations each September where the students compete for the Trophy in both on and off stage cultural competitions while representing their home departments. The college also used to host an annual inter-collegiate dance competition called "Ignite" each February, where its dance team, Loyola Dream Team, excels; also featured are Western/acoustic music bands, and variety and mime teams, but has not been conducted for the past 3 years for various reasons.

Alumni
Loyola college alumni also referred to as Loyolites have been contributors in various fields of law, politics, civil services, science, education, business, sports and entertainment.

Loyola Alumni Association was officially started during the time of Rev.Fr.Lawrence Sundaram SJ in 1990. At present there are 34,000+ members. Loyola Alumni Day is celebrated on the First Sunday of August every year which is "Friendship Day".

title: Loyola College, Chennai


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Charlotte Motor Speedway

Charlotte Motor Speedway (formerly known as Lowe's Motor Speedway from 1999 to 2009 due to sponsorship reasons) is a 1.500 mi quad-oval intermediate speedway in Concord, North Carolina. It has hosted various major races since its inaugural season of racing in 1960, including NASCAR, IndyCar, and IMSA SportsCar Championship races. The track is currently owned by Speedway Motorsports, LLC (SMI), with Greg Walter serving as the track's general manager. Charlotte Motor Speedway is served by U.S. Route 29.

The speedway has a capacity of 95,000 as of 2021, down from its peak of over 170,000 in the 1990s and 2000s. The track features numerous amenities, including a Speedway Club, condos, and a seven-story tower located on the complex for office space and souvenirs. In addition, the Charlotte Motor Speedway complex features numerous adjacent tracks, including a 1/5 mi clay short track, a 2/5 mi dirt track, and a 1/4 mi long drag strip. The main track also features an infield road course that is used with the oval to make a "roval".

With the rise of popularity in stock car racing in the American Southeast that began in the late 1940s and stretched into the 1950s, racing promoter Bruton Smith sought to build a state-of-the-art facility. At the same time, driver and businessman Curtis Turner sought to do the same. After initially refusing, Turner eventually partnered with Smith after Smith agreed to sell shares needed for the track's construction. Construction of the track was completed in less than 11 months. The track immediately faced a litany of issues, particularly financial woes. Within the track's first decade of existence, ownership changed hands numerous times, with Smith and Turner both leaving. After a period of stability under the ownership of Richard Howard from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, Smith and his new partner, racing promoter and eventual longtime track general manager Humpy Wheeler, completed a takeover of the track in 1976. Since then, the Smith family and their company, SMI, have directed the track's expansion and growth into becoming one of the largest sports facilities in the United States.

Configurations
The speedway in its current form is measured at 1.5 mi, with 24 degrees of banking in the turns and five degrees of banking on the track's frontstretch and backstretch. Within the main track's frontstretch, there is a 1/4 mi oval that was built in 1991 that is primarily used for legends car racing.

Numerous tracks exist in the track's infield. In 1970, the track announced plans for an infield road course that was connected to the speedway's backstretch. According to then-general manager Richard Howard, original plans for the speedway included a road course, but was cut due to budget issues. The original road course's length has varied in reports; the track has been reported to be as short as 1.75 mi according to the Salisbury Post, and as long 1.9 mi long according to The Charlotte Observer. The road course held its first races on May 22, 1971 as part of the 1971 World 600 race weekend. By August 1974, the track was reconfigured to become 2.25 mi. In 2018, the road course was modified to suit NASCAR racing, adding a backstretch chicane. In 2019, the speedway's chicane was modified. In 2020, developers constructed a purpose-built go-kart track in the track's infield. Further modifications to two of the road course's chicanes were announced in 2024.

Amenities
The track is located directly next to U.S. Route 29. At the time of the track's initial construction, the complex covered 551 acres and had a capacity of around 30,000. Over the span of several decades, the track and its complex has expanded and been improved numerous times. Throughout the ownership of Bruton Smith, the track saw capacity grow, seeing a peak of over 170,000 by the end of the 1980s. However, since the 2000s, capacity has seen a decrease, with multiple grandstands being demolished in the 2010s. As of 2021, the track is reported to have a capacity of 95,000. The complex has also expanded to around 2,000 acres as of 2020.

Numerous buildings are located on the complex for various uses. In 1983, to celebrate the track's 25th anniversary, the track announced the construction of 36 condominiums that were built to overlook the track's first turn. By the time the project was completed in mid-1984, the amount of condos increased to 40, and all were sold out by the end of 1983. At the end of 1984, the track announced the construction of a mall underneath the condos. In 1987, the track announced the construction of a members-only private club and restaurant named The Speedway Club, with annual membership starting at $6,500 (adjusted for inflation, $).

Adjacent tracks
The Charlotte Motor Speedway complex has two adjacent tracks and a dragstrip near the main speedway. By 1993, the track built a 1/5 mi clay short track that was made to conduct dirt legends car races. On August 10, 1999, then-general manager Humpy Wheeler announced the construction of a new 3/8 mi dirt track that was to be constructed across the main speedway. By January 2000, however, the track length changed to become a 2/5 mi track. The track held its first races on May 28, 2000, with the track featuring a lighting system and a capacity of 15,000. In August 2007, owner of Speedway Motorsports, Bruton Smith, announced plans to build a drag strip on the complex. Although the plan faced heavy opposition initially from local politicians, the drag strip was eventually built after Smith threatened to close down the speedway due to opposition, coercing the city to give him an incentive package of approximately $80 million using fears that shutting down the speedway would cripple the Concord economy. The drag strip, which cost $60 million to build, held its first races in September 2008.

Planning and construction
Stock car racing, with its origins tracing back to moonshiners during the Prohibition era, oversaw a rise of popularity within the American Southeast throughout the 1940s and 1950s. With this rise, new modern tracks, such as Darlington Raceway, were built across the Southeast. In the late 1950s, Bruton Smith, a promoter who had found major success promoting races across the Carolinas, sought to build his own racetrack. In 1956, he partnered with businessman John William Propst Jr. to build a racetrack. At the same time, driver and successful timber businessman, Curtis Turner, sought to do the same, collaborating with local track officials. In 1958, Propst suffered a heart attack, backing out of the partnership due to health issues. Due to this, Smith sought to partner with Turner. After a few weeks of initial success, in a meeting at the Barringer Hotel, Turner declined to partner with Smith. For numerous reasons, including the feeling of betrayal, the fact that Turner did not have enough funds to start his own track, and knowing that the city of Charlotte could only support one track, Smith announced his intentions of building his own speedway to rival Turner's on April 22, 1959, the same day Turner announced his track. On May 8, Turner announced the track would be built bordering U.S. Route 29, inside of Cabarrus County, North Carolina, with a capacity of 30,000. However, Turner struggled to sell the 300,000 shares needed. Turner eventually agreed to partner with Smith, with Smith becoming the vice president of the track and selling 100,000 shares. Additional stocks to be sold were added in December 1959 and April 1960.

Groundbreaking on the track commenced on July 28, 1959. It was meant to start two months earlier, but was delayed due to legal issues. The track was immediately plagued with numerous construction issues. The construction crew who worked on the track discovered large veins of granite underneath the track's soil shortly after groundbreaking. To get rid of it, grading contractor W. Owen Flowe decided to blast it with dynamite, causing delays. Reports of feral hornets were also made, leading to multiple workers quitting. In March 1960, three snowstorms delayed construction even further; although, the track's publicity director insisted that the track's construction was "still ahead of schedule". By the end of March, developers considered scrapping plans for grandstands to save time. The issues caused the track's first major race, the NASCAR-sanctioned 1960 World 600, to be delayed from its original date on May 29 to June 19. Longtime NASCAR mechanic Smokey Yunick called the construction location "a giant mistake. If they'd have searched North Carolina for the worst possible place to build a racetrack, that's where they built it." Smith blames Turner for the delays; according to Smith, Turner would commonly hire people irrationally while under the influence of alcohol, with Smith having to turn them away. Despite these issues, the project saw additional funding and a $300,000 loan from Washington D.C. businessman James L. McIlvaine, who was so confident that the project would succeed that he stated in The Charlotte Observer, "This is going to be one of the best investments I've ever made, and I've made some good ones."

Nearing the end of the track's construction, a mutiny formed between Flowe and his workers, citing unpaid fees and bounced checks. On June 9, days before the World 600, Flowe parked several earthmovers on the track and stopped construction, with Flowe threatening to sue. Disputing accounts exist of what happened to suppress it; according to Flowe, he and his workers were threatened with a gun by numerous people, including Smith and Turner, threatening to shoot them if they did not continue working. According to Smith, only Turner showed up with a shotgun and proceeded to "[act] like he was somebody" before a guard took away his gun. Eventually, construction resumed, and construction was barely completed by the time the first days of activities occurred for the 1960 World 600. In later interviews, Smith called it a "miracle" the track was built, having admitted to losing $150,000 building it. The track cost around two million dollars according to McIlvaine, with $74,000 in debts owed to Flowe by the end of its initial construction.

Early extreme track and financial troubles
The track officially opened to cars for a practice session on June 15, 1960. Immediately, the track saw issues. During the track's first day, incomplete facilities were reported by The State. To further compound problems, the asphalt of the track had several holes due to speeds of approximately 130 mph of the track. The issue had gotten so prevalent that Charlotte Observer writer George Cunningham reported that "four gravel-deep fox holes grew... out of the second turn. And practically the entire surface on the third and fourth turns resembled an old lady's wrinkled face". However, some hope remained that the track would cure at faster speeds, including driver Fireball Roberts. Track leaders ordered a hasty repave of the track, and by the next day, most of the track's surface held up. By June 18, more financial problems ensued; the track was sued by Roy E. Thomas, a souvenir program advertising seller, for $10,000 (adjusted for inflation, $) for breach of contract because he was let go of his job. By race day, Smith began to pray that the race would go over halfway so he would not have to give out refunds. During the race itself, track surface issues resurfaced; numerous mechanical problems, including blown tires, broken axles, suspensions giving out, and other problems were reported by drivers such as Tom Pistone, Doug Yates, and Ned Jarrett due to the track's rough surface. Another driver, Emanuel Zervakis, stated, "It's rough as hell! All the cars will have to be rebuilt... there's no doubt about it". In addition, the track was reported to have come apart in numerous areas, with drivers having to avoid flying pieces of asphalt during the race. Max Muhlehurn, writer for The Charlotte News, stated that "The 600 will go down in history as the only race ever run in which drivers were forced to dodge track blemishes more often than other cars".

By July 17, McIlvaine spread rumors that the track would appoint new management, under either NASCAR president Bill France Sr. or Darlington Raceway president Bob Colvin. The rumor was repelled by both Smith and Turner, with Turner threatening legal action. Within the next couple months, numerous claims of Smith and Turner owing money to various groups and companies were made, including owing $90,000 to the Connecticut General Life Insurance Co., $40,200 to the Internal Revenue Service, $65,000 to Propst and his construction company, and $204,000 to McDevitt Street and Co. The track also was found to have defaulted on their initial mortgage. By August, only Propst had been paid off, with further repaves scheduled to fix track surface issues. In November 22, the track was reported to have amassed around $1 million in debts. Two more lawsuits were filed in January 1961 by excavating companies. In February, the track wished to host a National Football League (NFL) exhibition game between the Washington Redskins and the Philadelphia Eagles; however, the deal fell through when Smith found terms from Redskins owner George Preston Marshall to be unreasonable.

On March 1, 1961, Flowe filed a civil action lawsuit against the track, seeking to recover $138,155.28 in reparations for construction costs, claiming breach of contract. Three months later, as of result of McIlvaine threatening the foreclosure and subsequent auction of the track, Turner and Smith resigned from the board of directors, with Smith staying as a promotional director. Board of directors member Duke Ellington replaced Turner as the track's general manager. Turner later accused Smith and Ellington on conspiring to oust him, along with stating inflated profits. In July, Turner and his investor group announced plans to regain control of the track by either buying the track in a public sale or accumulating enough stock. By August, even though the track experienced an "unusually successful" 1961 World 600, they warned stockholders that the track was in "serious trouble and can only gain financial stability through the arrangement of long-term financing immediately". By the beginning of October, with the track still having $500,000 in debt, foreclosure proceedings began, with the track being planned to be sold at auction on October 30. In attempts to stop it, numerous solutions were brought up, including plans to seek a "miracle" loan and another separate plan that involved Smith partnering to raise $600,000 with investors to save the track. After the auction was delayed, on November 3, James Braxton Craven Jr., a judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, ruled to let the district court take over and manage the track, with the track entering Chapter 10 bankruptcy, ceasing all officers' and directors' positions. The track was also protected from creditors by the count, essentially becoming a ward.

Bankruptcy under federal court control
In the aftermath of Craven's ruling, Robert Nelson Robinson, a local Charlotte lawyer, was appointed to run the track by Craven. Numerous loan offers to pull the track out of its financial woes, including separate offers from businessmen Roger D. Edwards and Dwight Cross were made. On December 9, Craven ruled to let the track's management find loans and funds to creditors who were seeking money, with Robinson being ordered to come up with a plan to ensure the $900,000 payment to various creditors, essentially saving the track. By the beginning of January 1962, however, no progress was made, leading to threats from Craven to liquidate the track by March if no plan was made. By the end of the month, a stockholders committee, headed by A. C. Goines, planned to ask the nearly 2,300 shareholders of the track to buy trustee certificates ranging from $100-1,000, with a plan to raise $300,000; half of the $600,000 needed to start reorganization. After a "wonderful" initial stockholder meeting on February 18, a last-ditch effort was scheduled to raise $50,000 six days later. On the day of the meeting, the committee was successful in raising the $300,000 needed. However, Cross, who was planning to loan the rest of the funds needed, was rejected. By May, Craven ordered a investigation on the track to find out instances of mismanagement. By July, although Craven was convinced the track could be saved, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was asked to assist with the investigation due to preliminary findings of mismanagement and potential fraud. Eventually, a reorganization plan hearing was set for November 5.

In October, a new $345,000 loan from McIlvaine was guaranteed despite the track owing McIlvaine over $300,000, taking more financial pressure off the track. The next month, Craven approved a plan made by Robinson that would let stockholders and creditors vote on a reorganization plan from December to January 3, 1963. Although the plan initially did not receive enough support from creditors, the plan was eventually approved, with Craven giving final approval for a stock sale in February. By April, the plan saw major success, with the track paying over $740,000 of its debt. In mid-April, Craven let the track back into private owners' hands, headed by an 11-person board of directors led by A. C. Goines that was to last for at least one year, completing the reorganization process. In that same year, Bruton Smith left his job as a result of him being found guilty of failing to properly file tax returns in 1955 and 1956.

Richard Howard era, stabilization
By December 1963, Goines declared while announcing a 10% stock dividend, "We've taken some bitter medicine, but the patient has been saved". By February 1964, the track saw a profit for the first time. Goines resigned after the mandatory one-year period, with his position being filled by leading stockholder Richard Howard, a furniture store owner. The track later oversaw numerous driver fatalities in the mid-1960s; longtime driver Glenn "Fireball" Roberts died on July 2, 1964 due to complications from a fiery crash at the 1964 World 600, and Harold Kite, a World War II veteran, died on October 17, 1965, during the 1965 National 400 in a crash on the race's first lap.

Under the leadership of Howard, the track was able to pay off its mortgage three years early, finally ending the last of the track's financial woes. Throughout Howard's tenure, he was seen as a "good ol' country boy" who spent conservatively on the track; however, he was willing to renovate parts of the track and add capacity. In 1965, the track opted to diversify their holdings, buying out the Rightway Investment Corporation, an insurance finance company. By 1970, the track announced constructions of a new road course, along with new grandstands according to tax records. By the early 1970s, the track was increasing their profits year-by-year.

Bruton Smith and Humpy Wheeler's takeover
In the mid-1970s, after a successful stint in the car dealership business, Smith, keeping his true thoughts away from the public at the time, thought that owning the track during this time would be an highly profitable venture, with the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and its subsidiary Winston introducing their sponsorship of the NASCAR Cup Series in 1970. By 1973, Smith bought almost 500,000 shares from his initial amount of 40,000 when he resigned, with Smith stating that he did not know why he bought as many as he did. By early 1974, despite an attempt to stop elections for the track's board of directors, Smith was elected as the track's chairman, effectively placing him back in charge. Howard was elected as the track's president. Later that year, Howard announced a $2.5 million renovation of the track, aimed at improving the physical appearance of the track and adding seating.

Throughout 1975, Howard and Smith spat on each other in the media, entering a fierce battle for control. In January, Howard regained control of the board of directors despite threatening to resign. By early February, Howard stated that that he was tired of the track being run from Illinois, where Smith lived. In response, Smith accused him of consolidating too much power along with financial irregularities. In July, Smith bought around 80,000 shares from Howard's relatives, which was considered a major turning point in the battle for control. On August 29, H. A. "Humpy" Wheeler, a former public relations representative for various companies, was hired as the track's development director. With the hire, Howard felt his position was threatened, with local media predicting that Wheeler's hiring was the final piece for a total takeover by Smith. By October 5, The Atlanta Constitution reported that the 1975 National 500 was to be Howard's final race with the track, with a final decision to come on January 30, 1976, the day of the annual stockholders' meeting. Although Howard initially denied these claims and later stated interest of taking a consultant job with Smith, Howard stated he was "99% certain" of leaving by October 23. On the day of the meeting, a tearful Howard officially announced his resignation from his position, essentially giving Smith full control over the track, with Wheeler filling in as president.

Humpy Wheeler era, promotions, failed NFL proposal
Under the track leadership of Wheeler and Smith, the track became known for its promotions and rapid expansion to modernize and promote the facility. In Wheeler's first year as president, he announced a $3–5 million renovation that was to be completed in 1981. Wheeler became known in the following years for pulling off elaborate and unique promotions. In 1976, he convinced Janet Guthrie to enter the 1976 World 600 to attract female spectators. In 1977, to promote a rivalry between longtime driver Cale Yarborough and newcomer Darrell Waltrip, he paraded around a contraption that poked fun at Waltrip's nickname, "Jaws", and Yarborough's sponsor, Holly Farms Poultry. Wheeler placed a dead chicken inside a dead shark's mouth, placed it on a pickup truck's sling, and paraded it before first round qualifying of the 1977 NAPA National 500. In 1980, the track announced further renovations worth $16 million, with a stated goal of bringing capacity to 150,000. In 1983, the track announced the construction of 36 condominiums; the number later increased for 40, and all sold out by its completion by 1984 despite initial mockery.

In 1985, the city of Charlotte sought to attract a professional football team. In March, Smith announced plans to build a football stadium on the track's frontstretch, with a capacity of 76,000, temporary endzone grandstands, and retractable grandstand seating behind the track's pit road. Original plans for the track had included a football stadium, but was scrapped due to numerous factors in construction. During the official announcement on March 13, Smith stated that he would build it if either the local government or investors gave him $10 million. He oversaw competition from fellow Charlotte businessman George Shinn, who wanted either a National Football League (NFL) or a team in the fledgling United States Football League (USFL). However, Smith only wanted an NFL team. The city refused to assist with construction costs, and all plans died within the year; however, Smith did state renewed interest of hosting an NFL team at the track two years later.

Mass expansion and improvement, injury-riddled period
In 1987, the track built a membership-exclusive club and restaurant named The Speedway Club. By the end of the 1980s, the track had a maximum capacity of 170,922. In 1991, Smith directed the installation of lights at the track with the help of Iowa-based Musco Lighting. At the time, it was viewed as a major feat as no oval track as big as the Charlotte Motor Speedway had ever implemented such a system. The lights were installed by April 1992. In 1994, the track renovated its garage area at a cost of around $1 million, drawing praise from driver Dale Jarrett. In 1999, the track partnered with hardware retail chain Lowe's to buy out naming rights to the track, the first time a corporate sponsor ever had naming rights to a track.

Throughout the 1990s and the early 2000s, the track oversaw numerous injuries and fatalities from both drivers and spectators. In 1989, Wheeler created the NASCAR Sportsman Division, a series that had the intended goal of giving short track drivers experience on longer tracks. The track played host to numerous races. The series immediately gained a reputation for being a dangerous division due to a series of crashes within the span of six years at the track. A series of three fatal crashes occurred; David Gaines in 1990, Gary Batson in 1992, and Russell Phillips in 1995, with the third being decapitated when his head hit a caution light. By the end of 1995, Wheeler gave control of the series to NASCAR, who ended it quickly afterward in 1996. In 1999, during a Indy Racing League race, the 1999 VisionAire 500K, an early accident involving Stan Wattles and John Paul Jr. occurred on the speedway's front stretch, resulting in heavy debris. Wattles' right rear wheel and tire assembly flew into the grandstands at high speeds, killing three people and injuring eight more, cancelling the race. In 2000, after the 2000 The Winston, a pedestrian bridge collapsed, injuring 107 people, which was later blamed on the manufacturer of the bridge for using an improper additive. In the next two years, two ARCA drivers died in accidents; Blaise Alexander in 2001, and Eric Martin in 2002.

In 2005, the track announced a repave, with the track using a process called levigation to smooth out bumps on the track's surface. The repave led to numerous problems for both of the track's NASCAR race weekends in 2005, leading to another repave in 2006. In 2007, Smith announced plans to construct a drag strip. The plan was met with heavy criticism from the Concord City Council, making a special legislative session to decide whether to block plans for it. Smith vehemently opposed it, deciding to start preliminary grading on it regardless. On October 2, the council voted unanimously to block Smith's plans. In response, Smith threatened to shut down the track or to relegate it to a testing facility unless the decision was reversed, which would lead to a massive financial blow in the Concord economy. The council quickly backtracked, and tried to convince Smith to stay by offering Smith a lofty incentive package of $80 million, a street named in his honor, and a tax break along with letting him build the drag strip. On November 26, Smith stated his final decision in letting the track continue as is, stating, "We're here forever".

Turbulent retirement of Wheeler
Tensions between Smith and Wheeler had been documented since 1991, with the two being in "constant disagreement" over topics. By 2008, Wheeler grew angry at several new developments Smith directed, including the controversial drag strip. On May 21, 2008, Wheeler announced his abrupt retirement from his position at the track that was effective after the 2008 Coca-Cola 600, ending a reign since 1975. Although Smith claimed that he offered Wheeler a consulting job and that Wheeler himself hoped for a part-time position, he would leave all track duties related to the track. Wheeler was replaced by Marcus Smith, one of Smith's sons. In 2009, corporate sponsor Lowe's ended its partnership with the track, ending an 11-year partnership, with the track reverting back to the "Charlotte Motor Speedway" name.

Steady attendance declines, renovations
Throughout the 2010s, the track oversaw steady attendance declines that correlated with an overall attendance decline within NASCAR. As a result, the track tore down 41,000 seats in 2014, and an unspecified amount of seats in 2017. In 2017, the track was used for filming of the movie Logan Lucky, a fictional movie about a heist that involved a group of people stealing $14 million from the track. In 2018, Marcus stepped down from general manager responsibilities to focus on running SMI as its CEO, handing the position over to the speedway's executive vice president at the time, Greg Walter. In interviews, Walter expressed a desire for expanding the track's uses for endeavors other than racing, along with further renovations. In 2021, the NASCAR All-Star Race, which had been held at the track annually with two exceptions in 1986 and 2020, was moved to the Texas Motor Speedway to try and reverse sagging attendance at Texas.

The track has seen numerous renovations and additions since the 2010s. In 2011, Marcus directed the construction of a 200 foot by 80 foot television screen on the track's backstretch, demolishing old backstretch seats in the process. In 2015, the track renovated its barriers in response to Kyle Busch's injury at the Daytona International Speedway in February. In 2023, the track announced plans to build a dedicated road course. Further modifications to two of the road course's chicanes were announced in 2024.

NASCAR
Since 1960, the track has held two annual NASCAR Cup Series races per year: the World 600 (known as the Coca-Cola 600 for sponsorship reasons) and the Bank of America Roval 400. The World 600 was originally planned to be run on American Independence Day weekend; however, after the success of the inaugural Firecracker 400 at Daytona International Speedway which was held on July 4, this was put under doubt. On September 23, 1959, a race date was set for Memorial Day weekend. Upon the race's inaugural iteration, the race became one of the longest, largest, and highest-paying motor races in the world. Since its inaugural race, the race has become a staple on the NASCAR schedule, becoming a "crown jewel" event for being the longest race on the NASCAR Cup Series schedule annually.

The latter was formerly a 500-mile race that was commonly known as the National 500, which was run in October. Initially a 400-mile race, the inaugural race was officially announced on June 29, 1960, two weeks after the inaugural World 600. In 1966, the race distance increased to 501 miles, which remained until 2018. In 2018, in attempts to reverse declining attendance for the race, the race both decreased to 400 kilometers and was run on a specialized "roval" course. Along with its Cup Series races, the track also hosts lower-tier NASCAR Xfinity Series and NASCAR Truck Series races.

In 1985, Wheeler and the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company directed the creation of The Winston (now called the NASCAR All-Star Race), a race that featured race winners of the previous season. Since 1987, the track ran the event annually, with various changes to its format and eligibility rules throughout its time. However, in 2020, the race was moved to the Bristol Motor Speedway due to COVID-19 restrictions. In 2021, the race officially moved to the Texas Motor Speedway to reverse declining attendance at Texas.

Open wheel racing
In late 1979, the United States Auto Club (USAC) announced plans to run a 500 km race in October 1980. However, the race was cancelled in April due to an agreement with USAC and Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART). In December 1996, IndyCar announced plans for an IndyCar race to be held in July 1997. The race ran for three years; the last race was cancelled after an accident caused flying debris that killed three spectators.

Other racing series
Numerous runnings of the Grand Prix of Charlotte, a sports car event, have been run by various organizations. In 2000, the track held a one-off Grand Prix of Charlotte that was sanctioned American Le Mans Series. The race was last run in 2020 by the IMSA SportsCar Championship.

Festivals
On August 10, 1974, the track hosted the August Jam. Regarded as "Carolina's Woodstock", the festival drew over 200,000 people, more than double than what was expected due to a security breach. The festival unintentionally became the largest music festival in North Carolina history. The concert soon gained a violent reputation; Richard Howard, president of the track, compared the actions of spectators to Japanese Army suicide attacks at the Battle of Okinawa, with damages totaling $50,000.

From 2013 to 2018, the track held the Carolina Rebellion festival. Since 2021, the track has hosted a branch of the touring Breakaway Festival. In 2024, in addition to the Breakaway Festival, its organizers also plan to a second show at the track for 2024 tailored for EDM that is managed by the Breakaway Festival. That same year, the track also announced it would host the inaugural edition of the Lovin’ Life Music Fest.

Other events
The speedway hosts an annual Christmas-themed drive-thru lights show, a tradition that started in 2010. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the track hosted high school graduations for 10 high schools within the Cabarrus County area.

Lap records
As of May 2023, the fastest official race lap records at the Charlotte Motor Speedway are listed as:

title: Charlotte Motor Speedway


text: Talk:Plan 9 from Bell Labs

title: Talk:Plan 9 from Bell Labs


text:
Talk:HTTP cookie

"Alternatives to cookies" should be split out into a separate article
The section "Alternatives to cookies" list various identifiers and cache records stored by the client (and metadata like IP). These things can be used for tracking (one application of cookies), but they don't actually substitute cookies in general. Also, this list is missing a few entries, like:
 * - favicon cache:
 * https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/02/new-browser-tracking-hack-works-even-when-you-flush-caches-or-go-incognito/
 * - HSTS tracking, see
 * https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2015/02/02/anatomy-of-a-browser-dilemma-how-hsts-supercookies-make-you-choose-between-privacy-or-security/
 * https://webkit.org/blog/8146/protecting-against-hsts-abuse/
 * - redirect tracking, see
 * https://digiday.com/marketing/wtf-what-is-redirect-tracking/

Also see: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Firefox/Privacy/Redirect_tracking_protection#what_data_is_cleared

RFC - move to Cookie (Internet)
A previous RFC to move to "cookies" failed (as IMHO it should have, for reasons given above). However, there was some support to change to Cookie (Internet) or similar and I don't think that got serious consideration.

The term "cookie" is deeply embedded in modern parlance, in a way that HTTP Cookie is not, and this would aid searchers without creating confusion about the baked good.

I'd be OK with Cookie (HTTP) or Cookie (Web) as well. Oblivy (talk) 02:04, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I've given this nearly a week and no comments. Unless someone raises their hand to object I'll do the page move shortly. Oblivy (talk) 02:59, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * That wasn't an RFC, it was a move request, and you ought to post a formal move request too. (FYI, this isn't an RFC either: submitting an RFC involves more than including the letters "RFC" in the title of a discussion.) See the procedure at WP:Requested moves. Largoplazo (talk) 09:37, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 May 2024

 * 1) REDIRECT Target page name

176.54.176.219 (talk) 11:15, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 11:33, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 June 2024
41.155.4.4 (talk) 15:29, 18 June 2024 (UTC) Allow cookies
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Annh07 (talk) 15:33, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:HTTP cookie


text:
Murchison, New Zealand

Murchison is a town in the Tasman Region of the South Island of New Zealand. It is near the western end of the "Four Rivers Plain", at the confluence of the Buller River and the Mātakitaki River. The other two rivers are the Mangles River, and the Matiri River. It is a rural service town for the surrounding mixed farming district, approximately halfway between Westport and Nelson. Murchison was named after the Scottish geologist Roderick Murchison, one of the founders of the Royal Geographical Society.

History
During the period 1853 to 1876, the area that became Murchison was administered as part of Nelson Province. The future settlement of Murchison did not come into being until gold was discovered in the area, and the town was surveyed in 1865, under the name Hampden.

With the Abolition of Provinces Act 1876, the new Murchison County was created, taking over administration of its area in January 1877, with Hampden as the county's headquarters. The town changed its name to Murchison in 1882, taking its name from the county, to avoid confusion with another South Island town with the same name.

The world's earliest non-military suicide attack is believed to have occurred in Murchison on 14 July 1905. A long-standing dispute between two farmers resulted in a court case, and the defendant (Joseph Sewell) had sticks of gelignite strapped to his body. When Sewell excitedly shouted during the court sitting, "I'll blow the devil to hell, and I have enough dynamite to do just that", he was ushered out of the building. Sewell detonated the charge when a police officer tried to arrest him on the street, and his body was blown to pieces; no one else died from the explosion.

Murchison was the epicentre of the 1929 Murchison earthquake, which resulted in the deaths of 17 people, making it the third deadliest earthquake in New Zealand's recorded history.

Murchison County existed until the 1989 local government reforms, when the Tasman District was formed through the amalgamation of the Murchison County, Golden Bay County, Waimea County and Richmond Borough administrative areas. Since that time, the urban area of Murchison is administered by the Tasman District council, from the district seat of Richmond.

Murchison
Murchison is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement and covers 4.34 km2. and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the larger Murchison-Nelson Lakes statistical area.

Murchison had a population of 606 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 186 people (44.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 270 people (80.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 222 households, comprising 306 males and 294 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female, with 111 people (18.3%) aged under 15 years, 72 (11.9%) aged 15 to 29, 324 (53.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 90 (14.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 96.0% European/Pākehā, 5.0% Māori, 0.5% Pasifika, 2.5% Asian, and 1.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58.9% had no religion, 27.7% were Christian, 1.0% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 126 (25.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 57 (11.5%) people had no formal qualifications. 105 people (21.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 264 (53.3%) people were employed full-time, 75 (15.2%) were part-time, and 9 (1.8%) were unemployed.

Murchison-Nelson Lakes statistical area
The Murchison-Nelson Lakes statistical area, which also includes Saint Arnaud, covers 3706.01 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Murchison-Nelson Lakes had a population of 1,290 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 108 people (9.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 114 people (9.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 564 households, comprising 645 males and 642 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The median age was 47.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 210 people (16.3%) aged under 15 years, 156 (12.1%) aged 15 to 29, 672 (52.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 252 (19.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 94.0% European/Pākehā, 8.6% Māori, 0.9% Pasifika, 2.3% Asian, and 2.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 13.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 60.0% had no religion, 27.4% were Christian, 0.2% were Hindu, 0.5% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 153 (14.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 264 (24.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $28,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 129 people (11.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 585 (54.2%) people were employed full-time, 201 (18.6%) were part-time, and 15 (1.4%) were unemployed.

Attractions
Whitewater sports are a popular tourist attraction in Murchison. Nearby rivers include the Gowan River, Mangles River, Matiri River, Glenroy River, Matakitaki River, Maruia River, and the Buller. These rivers vary from Class 2 to 4 whitewater. Kahurangi and Nelson Lakes National Parks are nearby, as well as Lake Matiri and Mount Owen.

Hodgsons of Murchison
Hodgsons has been the local store in Murchison for over 100 years. It is listed as a historic place category 2 by Heritage New Zealand. It was damaged significantly by the 1929 Murchison earthquake.

Murchison Museum
The Murchison Museum focuses on the effects of the 1929 Murchison Earthquake on the township. it is located at 60 Fairfax Street.

St Paul's Anglican church
St Paul's was built in a gothic style on Fairfax Street in 1905. It was designed by Nelson architect David Greg and built by John Downie. It was listed as a category two historic place in 2009.

Transport and infrastructure
Murchison is located on State Highway 6, 11 km east of its junction with State Highway 65 and 35 km west of its western junction with State Highway 63. The town is located on the main route connecting Nelson and Marlborough with the West Coast, and one of two main routes connecting Nelson with Christchurch. After the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, which closed State Highway 1 and Main North Line through Kaikōura for 13 months, all traffic north of Christchurch to Nelson, Blenheim, Picton and onwards to the North Island was diverted via Murchison. The resulting detour resulted in traffic volumes through the town more than doubling, with accommodation in the town at capacity and food outlets struggling to cope with the influx. Murchison has one petrol station (Mobil) and one electric vehicle charging station.

Network Tasman owns and operates the electricity distribution network in Murchison. Electricity is fed from Transpower's national grid at its Murchison substation, on Matiri Valley Road northeast of the town.

The Tasman District Council operates reticulated fresh water, stormwater and wastewater systems in Murchison. Fresh water is sourced from two bores west of the town centre, close to the Matakitaki River.

Education
Murchison Area School is a co-educational state area school for Year 1 to 13 students, with a roll of  as of.

Notable people

 * Annette King – politician and diplomat
 * Muriel Bell – nutritionist and medical researcher

title: Murchison, New Zealand


text:
Wayne Huizenga

Harry Wayne Huizenga Sr. (December 29, 1937 – March 22, 2018) was an American businessman. He founded AutoNation and Waste Management Inc., and was the owner or co-owner of Blockbuster Video, the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL), the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Florida Marlins (now Miami Marlins) of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Early life and education
Harry Wayne Huizenga was of Dutch descent. His grandfather, Harm Huizenga, came to the United States from the Netherlands. Starting with a horse and wagon, Harm Huizenga built trash hauling service, Huizenga & Sons Scavenger Co. in suburban Chicago in 1894. Wayne Huizenga's parents, Gerrit Harry Huizenga (1916–2001), a cabinet maker, and Jean Huizenga (née Riddering; 1918–2006), a home decorator; grew up in the Dutch community in Chicago and were strict Dutch Reformed Christians.

Huizenga was born at Little Company of Mary Hospital, in Evergreen Park, Illinois, on December 29, 1937, the first child in a family of garbage haulers. In 1940 when Wayne was 2, the Huizenga family were listed as living in an apartment building in Berwyn, Illinois. He had one sister, Bonnie, who was five years younger. He attended Chicago Christian High School in his sophomore year. In 1953, the Huizenga family moved to Florida and settled in the Fort Lauderdale area. His father became a building contractor in a booming real estate market.

The remainder of Huizenga's high school years were spent at Pine Crest School, where he was a member of the football team and senior class treasurer. After high school graduation in 1956, he moved back to Chicago where most of his friends, grandparents and other relatives lived, and enrolled for three semesters at Calvin College, a liberal arts college in Grand Rapids, Michigan, but he dropped out before finishing his sophomore year. For approximately five years after graduation, he took on low-wage jobs and enrolled briefly for six months in September 1959 in the army reserves on full-time service.

Career
In Fort Lauderdale, Huizenga started a garbage hauling business, as his grandfather had done in Chicago in 1894. In 1962, he started the Southern Sanitation Service by borrowing US$5,000 from his father and convincing a rival trash hauler to sell him used trucks. Beginning with one garbage truck in 1968, and pursuing customers in an aggressive manner, he created Waste Management, Inc., an entity that eventually became a Fortune 500 company. Huizenga purchased many independent garbage hauling companies; when he took the company public in 1972, he had acquired 133 small-time haulers. In the early 1980s, he had grown Waste Management into one of the largest waste-disposal companies in the United States. In 1984, he left the company and soon again bought companies including suppliers of portable toilets and water bottles for home coolers.

Huizenga repeated the process with Blockbuster Video, acquiring a handful of stores in 1987, with the company becoming the leading movie-rental chain in the U.S. by 1994. After a process of building and acquiring auto dealerships, in 1996, he formed AutoNation, which became the nation's largest automotive dealer.

In 2004, he sold Boca Resorts, a group of hotels that included The Hyatt Pier 66 Hotel and the Radisson Bahia Mar Hotel & Marina in Fort Lauderdale, The Boca Raton Resort & Club in Boca Raton, Florida, and several others in Naples, Florida, and Arizona, to private equity firm Blackstone as part of a $1.25 billion deal.

In 2010, Huizenga along with Steve Berrard, former CEO of Blockbuster Video and AutoNation, took a majority stake in Swisher Hygiene, after paying $8.1 million to founder Patrick Swisher and his wife, Laura. Swisher Hygiene went on to be traded on the NASDAQ and the Toronto Stock Exchange via a 2010 reverse takeover deal in which the company acquired the publicly traded CoolBrands International, a Canada-based frozen food and dessert manufacturer. CoolBrands had divested its core businesses in 2007, leaving little more than a corporate shell.

Sports team ownership
Huizenga was notable for introducing baseball and ice hockey to the South Florida area as the creator and initial owner of the Florida Marlins and Florida Panthers. Also, he bought the cable television channel SportsChannel Florida (now Bally Sports Florida) in 1996 to air his teams' games in the region.

He was criticized for naming the two teams for the state of Florida rather than the city of Miami. As an advocate for the city of Fort Lauderdale, he explained that his goal was to include Broward County and Palm Beach County in his teams' fan base.

In 1994, Huizenga's brother-in-law attempted to purchase the NBA's Miami Heat, but was unsuccessful.

American football
In 1990, during a period of financial hardship for the franchise, Huizenga purchased 15% of the National Football League's Miami Dolphins and its stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Founding owner Joe Robbie had recently died, and his surviving family found it difficult to keep the team afloat. In turn, Huizenga bought the remaining shares of the team for $115 million to obtain full ownership in 1994. He changed the name of Joe Robbie Stadium, selling the naming rights to Fruit of the Loom brand Pro Player for $2 million per year for 10 years. It has since been renamed many times – as Dolphins Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, Land Shark Stadium, Sun Life Stadium, as well as a few other corporate names, such as Fruit of the Loom, and Hard Rock Stadium.

In 2008, Huizenga sold 50% of the team and 50% of the stadium to Stephen M. Ross, chairman of The Related Companies. Huizenga remained the managing general partner of the franchise until January 2009, when he sold another 45% of the team and as much of the stadium to Ross. Thus, Ross became managing general partner with 95% ownership of the Dolphins and the stadium, and Huizenga retained a 5% share of both club and stadium. Huizenga remained the proprietor of 50% of the land.

In the early 1990s, Huizenga served a two-year probationary period with the National Football League as an owner, with the stipulation that he not buy another team.

Baseball
In the 1996 off-season period, and only four years after the Marlins' first expansion appearance in the Major League, Huizenga and General Manager Dave Dombrowski spent more than $89 million on free agents, the amount surprising the rest of the league. The Marlins strengthened its pitching staff by luring Alex Fernandez to Miami and brought over third baseman Bobby Bonilla, outfielder Moisés Alou, reliever Dennis Cook and outfielders John Cangelosi and Jim Eisenreich. In the 1997 season, the team made the playoffs for the first time and went on to win the World Series, defeating the Cleveland Indians in seven games.

In the next off season, Huizenga, claiming a financial loss of about $34 million running the team that year, a claim subsequently disputed by Smith College economist Andrew Zimbalist in an essay, ordered the $54 million players-payroll to be cut, which led to exodus of most of the Marlins' championship players. In November 1998, the year after it won the World Series, the Marlins were sold for a reported amount of approximately $150 million to commodities trader John Henry, who later sold the franchise to finance his 2002 acquisition of the Boston Red Sox. In 2017, the Marlins was sold by owner Jeffrey Loria to a group of investors for a reported sum of $1.2 billion.

While his sale of the Marlins was characterized as "one of the worst moves in the franchise's history" and Huizenga subsequently expressed regret over his final years with the club and wished he had instead chosen to "go one more year", the analysts of the Baseball Prospectus, through statistical work, claimed that by both winning the sport's ultimate trophy and selling the club immediately after that win for a substantial profit, Wayne Huizenga proved to be a "genius."

When he sold the Marlins, Huizenga, who still owned then-Pro Player Stadium, retained the rights to skybox tickets and club seat customers, as well as 62.5% of parking revenue, and 30% of concessions. Economist Andrew Zimbalist commented that "Huizenga made a killing when he sold the team for $150 million [in 1998] and had the lease for this stadium that enabled him to keep just about all the stadium revenue."

Ice hockey
Huizenga operated the Florida Panthers as a public holding company, buying numerous real estate properties in the name of his Panthers Holding Group. Capitalizing on the team's 1996 drive to the Stanley Cup finals, he sold shares to the public, whose enthusiasm for the club drove civic leaders in Broward County to use public money to build a new arena for the team. Huizenga used the hockey team's stock as currency to begin building yet another diversified enterprise, buying two resort hotels owned partly by Huizenga and other Panthers officials. His original investment in the Panthers had nearly tripled in total value to $150 million.

In 2001, he sold the Panthers to pharmaceutical businessman and friend Alan Cohen and Cohen's partner, former NFL quarterback Bernie Kosar, for approximately $100 million. In December 2017, 25 years after he created the club, the Panthers retired the no. 37 shirt in honor of Huizenga. His family chose the number because it was his "birth year and lucky number."

Honors
In 1991, Huizenga received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 1992, he was named a "Distinguished American" by the Horatio Alger Association in 1992. He was named its 2008 Norman Vincent Peale Award recipient. He was named the 2005 Ernst & Young World Entrepreneur Of The Year. In 2012, the City of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, renamed Southeast 9th Street in the Rio Vista neighborhood Wayne Huizenga Blvd.

Personal life and death
On September 10, 1960, he married Joyce Vander Wagen whom he met while in high school. He had known Joyce since his early school years in Evergreen Park. Wayne and Joyce had two children, Wayne Jr. and Scott. The marriage ended in divorce in 1966. Huizenga married his second wife, Martha Jean "Marti" (née Pike) Goldsby, a native of San Antonio, Florida, in April 1972. She was a secretary, and had done billing and clerical work in one of his businesses. He later adopted her son, Robert Ray, and daughter Pamela. The couple remained married until her death on January 3, 2017, following a fourteen-year battle with cancer.

In 2004, Huizenga purchased a private luxury yacht from Australian professional golfer Greg Norman. The yacht cost $77 million and was further modified by Huizenga to feature a helipad for a 12-seat helicopter. In August 2004, Power & Motoryacht ranked it the 43rd-longest yacht in the world.

Huizenga funded the H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship at the Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He donated to Pine Crest School, a private preparatory school, which named its science building Huizenga Science Building. He was a board member of the Laureus Foundation, a charity that, according to its mission statement, "us[es] the power of sport to end violence, discrimination and disadvantage." In 2009, his Huizenga Family Foundation donated the chapel at the South Florida Council's Scout camp in Davie, Florida.

In the 1980s, he began acquiring some 2,000 acres about 30 miles north of West Palm Beach. In 1996, he based the Floridian Golf & Yacht Club there, an exclusive golf club "with enough estate homes on the property to cover his costs," whose course was designed by Gary Player, where he extended free privileges to some two hundred "friends, relatives, and business associates," including actors Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones and retired GE Chairman Jack Welch. He renamed his yacht Floridian, before selling the Floridian club and estate to Texas entrepreneur Jim Crane in 2010.

Huizenga died of cancer at his home in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on the night of March 22, 2018. He was 80.

title: Wayne Huizenga