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Summis desiderantes affectibus

Summis desiderantes affectibus (Latin for "desiring with supreme ardor"), sometimes abbreviated to Summis desiderantes, was a papal bull regarding witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII on 5 December 1484.

Witches and the Church
Belief in witchcraft is ancient. in the Hebrew Bible states: "Let there not be found among you anyone who immolates his son or daughter in the fire, nor a fortune-teller, soothsayer, charmer, diviner, or caster of spells, nor one who consults ghosts and spirits or seeks oracles from the dead."

Pope Gregory VII wrote to Harald III of Denmark in 1080 forbidding witches to be put to death upon presumption of their having caused storms or failure of crops or pestilence. According to Herbert Thurston, the fierce denunciation and persecution of supposed sorceresses which characterized the witchhunts of a later age, were not generally found in the first thirteen hundred years of the Christian era.

According to historians such as Martin Del Rio and P.G. Maxwell-Stuart, "The early Church had set out the distinctions between white and black magic... The penalties were restricted to confession, repentance, and charitable work".

Dominican Inquisition origin
The bull was written in response to the request of Dominican Inquisitor Heinrich Kramer for explicit authority to prosecute witchcraft in Germany, after he was refused assistance by the local ecclesiastical authorities, who maintained that as the letter of deputation did not specifically mention where the inquisitors may operate, they could not legally exercise their functions in their areas. The bull sought to remedy this jurisdictional dispute by specifically identifying the dioceses of Mainz, Cologne, Trier, Salzburg, and Bremen.

Innocent's Bull enacted nothing new. Its direct purport was to ratify the powers already conferred upon Kramer (also known as "Henry Institoris") and James Sprenger to deal with witchcraft as well as heresy, and it called upon the Bishop of Strasburg (then Albert of Palatinate-Mosbach) to lend the inquisitors all possible support. Some scholars view the bull as "clearly political", motivated by jurisdictional disputes between the local German Catholic priests and clerics from the Office of the Inquisition who answered more directly to the pope.

Content
The bull recognized the existence of witches:

"Many persons of both sexes, unmindful of their own salvation and straying from the Catholic Faith, have abandoned themselves to devils, incubi and succubi, and by their incantations, spells, conjurations, and other accursed charms and crafts, enormities and horrid offences, have slain infants yet in the mother's womb, as also the offspring of cattle, have blasted the produce of the earth, the grapes of the vine, the fruits of the trees, nay, men and women, beasts of burthen, herd-beasts, as well as animals of other kinds, vineyards, orchards, meadows, pasture-land, corn, wheat, and all other cereals; these wretches furthermore afflict and torment men and women, beasts of burthen, herd-beasts, as well as animals of other kinds, with terrible and piteous pains and sore diseases, both internal and external; they hinder men from performing the sexual act and women from conceiving ... they blasphemously renounce that Faith which is theirs by the Sacrament of Baptism, and at the instigation of the Enemy of Mankind they do not shrink from committing and perpetrating the foulest abominations and filthiest excesses to the deadly peril of their own souls ... the abominations and enormities in question remain unpunished not without open danger to the souls of many and peril of eternal damnation."

It gave approval for the Inquisition to proceed "correcting, imprisoning, punishing and chastising" such persons "according to their deserts". The bull essentially repeated Kramer's view that an outbreak of witchcraft and heresy had occurred in the Rhine River valley, specifically in the bishoprics of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier, as well as in Salzburg and Bremen, including accusations of certain acts.

The bull urged local authorities to cooperate with the inquisitors and threatened those who impeded their work with excommunication. Despite this threat, the bull failed to ensure that Kramer obtained the support he had hoped for, causing him to retire and to compile his views on witchcraft into his book Malleus Maleficarum, which was published in 1487. The Malleus professed, in part fraudulently, to have been approved by the University of Cologne, and it was sensational in the stigma it attached to witchcraft as a worse crime than heresy and in its notable animus against women.

Summis desiderantes affectibus was published as part of the preface of the book, implying papal approval for the work. However, the Malleus Maleficarum received an official condemnation by the Church three years later, and Kramer's claims of approval are seen by modern scholars as misleading.

The bull, which synthesized the spiritual and the secular crimes of witchcraft, is often viewed as opening the door for the witchhunts of the early modern period. However, its similarities to previous papal documents, emphasis on preaching, and lack of dogmatic pronouncement complicate this view.

General references

 * Black, George F. 2003. Calendar of Cases of Witchcraft in Scotland 1510 to 1727. Kessinger Publishing; ISBN 0-7661-5838-1.
 * (bibrec)
 * Published in the series: Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history; v. 3, no. 4.

title: Summis desiderantes affectibus


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User talk:Irishlaw

Greetings, Irishlaw.

Check out the new users log at New_user_log, and take a moment to introduce yourself. -- NetEsq 01:36, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and stick around. Thanks for your note at the new user log

The easist place to learn the basics of editing here is the Tutorial. Try it, you'll like it ;-)

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Help desk. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 22:27, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

I hope you don't mind, but I noticed your post on the new user log, and I added your byline. -- NetEsq 15:08, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Hello, Garth. I had a relative in Bellevue some years ago but lost touch. Still have some over the hills in Yakima, though, so I take more interest in Washington than most New Zealanders do. See http://www.zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=1154760 - another cooperative enterprise. Enjoy Wikipedia! - Robin Patterson 02:32, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Irishlaw


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Talk:Speedup theorem

Untitled
I know the quantum result as Grover's algorithm but have not heard of it being called "quadratic speedup theorem". Could you give any sources? Andris 22:28, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * No sources, it's my own coinage. Does it deserve a mention in this article anyway? Gdr 11:14, 2004 May 20 (UTC)

 * No. According to http://www.bell-labs.com/user/feature/archives/lkgrover/ "It will speed up any kind of database search," Grover said. "However the maximum advantage is gained in unsorted databases.". So it seems that it doesn't give quadratic speedup in general. (Actually, I don't see how it gives any speedup at all for an ordered database; it should produce an exponential slowdown, since it still needs time sqrt(N) instead of log(N).) Ben Standeven 00:37, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

"Unreferenced" template
I think it can be removed, since this article defers the details to the two specific articles. AmirOnWiki (talk) 10:51, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speedup theorem


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Wikipedia talk:Classifications of mathematics topics

00Axx and 00-xx do not look like they should be in the main namespace. Does anyone here know what they're about? Angela. 22:28, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

Shouldn't have been created, obviously enough. Charles Matthews 12:47, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:Wakefield

Semi-protected edit request on 4 March 2022
Remove the twinned City of Belgorod. Please see belgorod (russia) Wikipedia page as reference. Due to the Russian Ukraine war, the twinning has been removed. 62.89.138.36 (talk) 00:26, 4 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done — Sirdog (talk) 23:43, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Khan
The situation with the MP needs updating. Better still, unlock the page.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 36.11.228.207 (talk) 22:30, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I just wanted to write the same. "Wakefield's MP is Imran Ahmad Khan", no, sirs, he was MP and is no more--Cabanero (talk) 17:14, 21 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I have updated with text from linked article. The page is not protected at the moment so could have made edit yourself. Keith D (talk) 09:23, 22 May 2022 (UTC)

Collage
So I made the changes to an older collage but feel the new photos are good but found sadly Wakefield does not get many new photos every year and finding one of the cathedral and a clear skyline is tricky. I am happy to discuss any proposed changes but feel we must keep the skyline and cathedral just to show the importance of West Riding of Yorkshire's county town. @A.D.Hope @Crouch, Swale @PamD @Chocolateediter @Rupples @JMF @KeithD any thoughts? DragonofBatley (talk) 15:55, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * . DragonofBatley (talk) 15:56, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I'd make the point that if available images of the skyline are not up to scratch, it's better not to include one. My view is that the one in the article is not good enough as is, because there is too much foreground. Rupples (talk) 16:21, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Wakefield cathedral (geograph 5831187).jpg Chocolateediter (talk) 16:23, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * If you go to Geograph and look for photos submitted in 2015 and early 2016 you should fine the most recently uploaded files to Commons.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:29, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree it seems to be the best of the available skyline shots on Commons. I don't think we need two "Victorian civic pride" buildings, and liked the shot of the Hepworth, with river (canal?), which was in a previous version, as reflecting 21st century. But as you all know I think 3 images is enough for a collage anyway. Pam  D  07:44, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

I have reinstated a collage of three images I added earlier to replace poor and duplicated images added subsequently. Esemgee (talk) 21:53, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wakefield


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Hazelton, British Columbia

Hazelton is a village municipality in the Skeena region of west central British Columbia, Canada. The place is on the southeast side of the Skeena River immediately north of the Bulkley River mouth, where the confluence forms a peninsula. On BC Highway 62, the locality is by road about 75 km northwest of Smithers and 144 km northeast of Terrace. Hazelton is the original of the "Three Hazeltons", the other two being New Hazelton to the southeast and South Hazelton to the south.

Geography
The two rivers flow through the broad forested glacial valleys. The Roche de Boule range forms the southern wall of the Skeena valley. To the north are the Skeena Mountains and to the northwest the Kispiox Range. Layered sandstone and shale lie beneath the Hazeltons area. About 25,000 years ago, the ice sheet was 2 km thick. Over the past 11,000 years, the rivers have cut down through the thick moraine exposing the bedrock.

First Nations and early European contacts
First Nations have inhabited the area for about 3,500 years.

In the 1840s, Simon McGillivray, a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) chief trader, led an expedition from Babine Lake to what would become Hazelton.

In 1865, a survey party for the Russian–American Telegraph ventured up the Skeena to this point and left supplies for the construction crew arriving the following year. In 1866, the telegraph line was extended from Quesnel via Fort Fraser and passed the future Hazelton that July, before terminating 25 mi farther north. In 1867, the line north of Quesnel was abandoned.

During 1866–1868, the HBC operated the Ackwilgate fur trading post immediately south across the Bulkley at Mission Point.

The abandoned telegraph trail provided access for prospectors. During the Omineca Gold Rush of 1870–1871, the Hazelton settlement became strategic. As many as 4,000 miners made it a base. After the goldrush ended, European residents dwindled to a handful.

In 1881, William Collison founded the Anglican mission at Hazelton among the Gitxsan. In July 1888, the militia was sent from Victoria to quell an indigenous uprising at Hazelton, following the killing of Kitwancool Jim. On being informed the tension had subsided, only special constables went upriver to investigate, while the militia camped near Port Essington. Weeks later, the militia returned to base.

The Anglican Church ran the federal government-funded Hazelton First Nations school 1889–1950.

In 1958, the original museum, called the House of Treasures was built in town to display indigenous artifacts. In 1968, the building was moved half a mile to the Ksan Historical Village, which was being developed as a combined campsite and village where area First Nations would produce, display, and sell, their arts and crafts. A special totem pole was carved and erected for the 1969 opening of the village. Items were carved on site from wood or animal horn and displayed for sale. By 1972, six houses stood in a line beside the original tiny museum, creating an authentically rebuilt indigenous village.

In 1994, the Wet'suwet'en Education Society broke into the vacant, former Hazelton High School building, intending to commandeer the premises for indigenous programs.

In 2012, a six-month blockade of the Gitxsan Treaty Society office ended peacefully.

The Ksan Historical Village and Museum has expanded into seven decorated tribal houses fronted with several carved totems. Carvers demonstrate their skills to visitors, and the Ksan Dancers, who perform local native dances, present scheduled performances.

Name origin
The earliest newspaper reference to The Forks, the original name, was 1859, and to Hazelton, was 1872. Thomas Hankin, who staked the settlement in 1857, named it after the numerous hazelnut bushes in the vicinity. However, the former name remained predominant initially, before the two names became used together or interchangeably until the end of that century.

Pre-railway
In 1870, the Cunningham & Hankin partnership, which would become R. Cunningham & Son, opened a branch store. By the early 1870s, a saloon and stores existed. By 1874, two stores remained, after one closed the prior winter.

In 1880, the HBC purchased the W.J. Walsh store. This warehouse became the place from which supplies were forwarded via the Hazelton–Babine portage and Fort Babine to other HBC posts. Charles William Digby Clifford was the resident HBC postmaster 1885–1887. By the late 1880s, a police officer was based in the community, and a jail was built at the time.

During 1890–1915, Hazelton was the largest community in northwest BC. At the head of navigation on the Skeena, the place was the centre of activity for prospectors, traders, merchants, packtrain operators, and missionaries.

In 1891, Richard S. Sargent arrived, becoming a leading figure in the community. That year, the HBC SS Caledonia was the first steamboat to navigate the Kitselas Canyon and reach Hazelton. However, both high and low water made the canyon impassable, limiting navigation to three months per year. Sargent was the inaugural government postmaster 1899–1927 and opened a trading post in 1900.

In 1900, St Peter's Anglican church was built. In 1901, the federal government telegraph service completed the Yukon Telegraph, which passed through Hazelton, linking Ashcroft with the Alaskan border In 1907, R.S. Sargent's store/post office burned to the ground. The expectation that the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) would be built via Hazelton, led to an auction of lots in the vicinity and a revival of Hazelton. Since Hazelton proper was crammed onto 11 acre surrounded by reserves, expansion was at Two Mile, also called the Hazelton City Addition.

In 1908, Joseph Leopold Coyle established the Omineca Herald newspaper. By this time, several stores and the Hazelton and Omineca hotels existed. The route southeastward to Aldermere (adjacent to Telkwa) was used by a weekly stage in summer and sleighs in winter. In February 1909, the Ingenica Hotel opened. That year, a new police district headquartered at Hazelton was created, the government offices moved from an old log shack into a new building, and a new jail replaced the dilapidated two-cell log shack.

In 1910, fire consumed the Hazelton Hotel, a 42-bed bunkhouse was erected at the back of the Omineca Hotel, and the post office moved into an addition to the Sargent store. That year, a fire department was formed and two 50 impgal chemical engines ordered. The Union Bank opened a branch in temporary premises, and a community hall was built. By this time, a wagon road ran southwestward to Skeena Crossing.

The Pacific Highway Association offered a gold medal to the first car to travel from Seattle to Hazelton, which was the tentative terminus of an ambitious highway scheme. In October 1911, P.E. Sands and his mechanic completed the journey in a Flanders 20. Lacking a road north of Quesnel, they followed the old telegraph trail. For about 40 mi of this section, it was necessary to dismantle the vehicle for hauling with horses. This was the only gap not covered under motor power. The motorists were honored by a banquet before returning south by steamboat, train, and steamship. The awarded medal has been retained in Hazelton since 2013. The automobile is on display at the Kittitas County Historical Museum in Ellensburg, Washington.

In 1911, the rebuilt Hazelton Hotel opened with 32 guest rooms and a bunkhouse which accommodated another 30 people. Mid-year, the Bank of Vancouver opened a branch, initially using a tent, and the Inland Colonist relocated from Kitselas but publishing ceased that November. The Omineca Miner newspaper was launched that August.

In 1912, a series of suspicious stable fires occurred. Months later, fire destroyed the HBC and Broughton & McNeil warehouses. Further arson occurred a week later, when a fire at a vacant residence was extinguished before causing serious damage. For decades, residents had speculated every spring when the loud whistle of the first boat would be heard, even wagering large sums of money. The arrival would be welcomed with cheers to mark winter bleakness transitioning into new life. When the steamboat departed at the end of the 1912 season, this era drew to a close.

Ferries and bridges
In 1910, a 184 ft suspension bridge across the Skeena opened 1.5 mi by road north of Hazelton.

During 1911 and 1912, a ferry linked Sealey and Hazelton. During 1912, steamboats connected the rail head at Skeena Crossing with Hazelton.

The Hazelton–South Hazelton ferry across the Bulkley operated from mid-1912 until replaced by a low level bridge in January 1917 at the same location.

In July 1914, towers were constructed for the Skeena ferry (a large scow to replace the canoe in use). Prior to the commencement of operations in August, a boat temporarily attached to the ferry cable capsized, and a youth on board drowned. By October, the service was fully operational.

In 1923–24, a new 10 ST pontoon reaction ferry was installed.

To replace the Hagwilget high level bridge and the Hazelton low level bridge, the rebuilt 400 ft Hagwilget suspension bridge was officially opened in 1931. That year, the Skeena ferry was carried downstream to Ritchie. A few days later, it floated farther down and beached at Pacific. High water damaged the ferry in 1935. The towers, which were built in 1920, were reset in 1936. During the 1936 flood, the ferry house floated away, riverbank erosion washed out sections of road on both shores, and the ferry tower was twisted on the Hazelton side.

In 1953, the ferry was withdrawn.

Post-railway arrival
In 1913, the Ingenica Hotel relocated to New Hazelton, but the HBC rebuilt its burned premises on the same site. Sidewalks were constructed on both sides of Main St. The number of resident automobiles increased to six, and the first vehicle travelling from the Mexico–United States border arrived.

In the battle between South Hazelton and New Hazelton to displace old Hazelton on the arrival of the railway, the former proved a non-starter and the latter remained much smaller than the old township after railway construction activity moved on. Old Hazelton remained the chief supply point for district.

In 1914, when the C.V. Smith store/residence burned down, the structure was rebuilt. When the Bank of Vancouver branch closed, the Royal Bank opened in the vacated premises, before moving months later. When the Union Bank relocated to larger premises, the former ones were repurposed as a Methodist church, before the congregation moved to St Andrew's Hall. That year, the HBC store was enlarged.

In 1915, the Royal Bank closed and the Union Bank closed its New Hazelton sub-branch. C.V. Smith erected a new warehouse for his store. In 1917, fire levelled the Sam Lee store/laundry, the Omineca Herald moved to New Hazelton, Northern Telephone installed a new switchboard, and the provincial government offices moved to Smithers. In 1918, the Omineca Miner ceased publication.

On Christmas night, 1920, fire destroyed much of the central business district. This may have been the fire that burned down St Andrew's Hall. In January 1921, fire broke out in the former Ingenica Hotel. Sam Lee, who operated the Royal Café in the building, sustained fatal burns. Months later, the RCMP headquarters moved to Telkwa, leaving just one constable stationed at Hazelton. In 1922, Hazelton Methodist Church was built. That April, a guest burned to death, when fire completely destroyed the Hazelton Hotel and several other buildings. In May 1925, the Royal Bank absorbed the Union Bank, rebranding the latter local branch. In 1928, R.S. Sargent opened a hotel.

In 1931, fire completely destroyed the Omineca Hotel and several other buildings. In 1932, the Royal Bank branch closed and the Sargent hotel and two warehouses burned down. In 1937, William John Sanders, a former Sergeant-at-arms in the BC Legislature died at his residence.

In 1947, Canadian Trailway Stages inaugurated a Hazelton–Prince George bus service, but the Hazelton–Vanderhoof leg was discontinued the next year. In 1948, the First Nations band surrendered 36 acre of the reserve for sale to the public as lots in a subdivision, increasing the size of Hazelton from 11 acre. The present downtown covers about 20 acre because not all lots sold.

In 1949, the BC Power Commission entered into an agreement to operate the hospital generator and purchased Kitanmax Water and Power Co, the local distributor which supplied 68 customers. The transmission lines were extended to South Hazelton and New Hazelton. The next year, the commission replaced the DC generator at the hospital with a larger AC one, which also became the plant for supplying existing Hazelton customers and new ones south of the Bulkley.

By 1951, the RCMP had a two-person detachment. That year, a Royal Bank sub-branch opened. In February 1956, Hazelton was incorporated as a village. When the Inlander Hotel opened that year, the Royal Bank rented the lower level prior to building across the street. The Sargent family, the proprietors, had operated a smaller hotel in another building which had burned down shortly before. In 1959, the Royal Bank became a full branch and the New Hazelton one closed.

In 1963, BC Hydro increased the electricity supply capacity by installing a 600-kilowatt unit. During 1965–1972, the streets were first paved. In 1969, the current one-storey brick-veneer post office was built. Later that year, a dial telephone system replaced switchboard operators.

In 1972, a new lounge opened at the Inlander Hotel in what was once bank premises. The men's washroom was installed in the former vault. In July 1979, a homecoming weekend was held for former residents.

By the early 1980s, the RCMP had consolidated at New Hazelton.

In 1997, the Royal Bank moved to Hagwilget.

Notable people

 * Lyndsay Belisle (1977– ), Olympic wrestler, place of birth, and resident.
 * Jean-Jacques Caux, aka Cataline, (c.1830–1922), pack train operator, resident, and place of death.
 * Sperry Cline, (1881–1964), Boer War veteran, police officer, author, and resident.
 * Constance Cox, (c.1881–1960), schoolteacher, interpreter, place of birth, and resident.
 * Doug Donaldson, (1957– ), politician and resident.
 * Dave Hancock, (1955– ), judge, politician, and childhood resident.
 * Ron Homenuke (1952– ), ice hockey player, place of birth.
 * Vicki Huntington, (19??– ), politician and resident.
 * Carol Huynh (1980– ), Olympic wrestler, place of birth, and resident.
 * Simon Peter Johnson, aka Simon Gunanoot, (1874–1933), merchant, fugitive, and resident.
 * Alan Kerr (1964– ), ice hockey player, place of birth, and resident.
 * Cathy McMorris Rodgers, (1969– ), politician and childhood resident.
 * Roy Henry Vickers, (1946– ), indigenous artist, author, and resident.

Later community
In 2003, fire seriously damaged the Inlander Hotel.

In 2017, BC Transit introduced a Terrace–Hazeltons bus service and remains the current passenger transit provider.

In 2023, construction began on a three-storey building near the hospital, which provides 31 new affordable rental units.

A walking tour of the downtown area includes antique pioneer machinery displays, an original steam donkey, heritage sites, the Pioneer Museum, a riverboat replica, and the historic St. Peter's Anglican Church.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hazelton had a population of 257 living in 113 of its 125 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 313. With a land area of 2.89 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Education
In 1906, the one-room school opened in a building provided rent free by the HBC.

In 1913, a new schoolhouse replaced the old building, which had become too small to accommodate the 23 enrolled students.

In 1926, the school raised to rural status, and in 1930, a second classroom was added.

In 1948–49, the status raised from Hazelton Superior to Hazelton Elementary-Senior High. At the time, the facility was described as a fine new modern school, with seven rooms and seven teachers.

In 1962–63, the Two Mile elementary school opened. In 1963–64, John Field Elementary opened at Hazelton. In 1965–66, Hazelton Elementary-Senior High became Hazelton Secondary.

In 1979, the two-room Two Mile school closed.

In March 1992, the new Hazelton Secondary construction replaced the former building.

In 2014, John Field Elementary was renamed Majagaleehl Gali Aks, which means "flowers of the rivers" in the Gitxsan language.

Part of School District 82 Coast Mountains, Majagaleehl Gali Aks stands on the descent to the downtown area, and Hazelton Secondary (to the northeast) has about 375 enrolled students. Adjacent to the secondary is a campus of the Coast Mountain College.

Healthcare
In 1904, Dr. Horace Cooper Wrinch opened the first hospital, which developed a nursing school, gardens and dairy farm. Owned by the Methodist Church, funding came from the church, the province, Indian Affairs, and the public.

About one mile east of Hazelton, the two-storey main building, included an attic and basement. The facility comprised five staff and 13 beds in 1904, seven staff and 17 beds in 1909, and 12 staff and 33 beds in 1911. The latter increase came from adding a new wing in 1910. Patient care was private, semi-private, and public. By that time, the 25 acre of cleared land grew vegetables and livestock feed. By 1912, 30 acre of the 300 acre grounds were cleared. The lake was 80 acre and birch clumps formed a 7 acre natural park. The main road passed through the property. In 1914, the hospital was wired for electricity.

When the second rebuild opened in 1930, the facility was renamed the Wrinch Memorial Hospital.

By 1972, the hospital was a 50-bed facility with plans to double the capacity. A single storey 46300 sqft structure adjacent to the existing building opened in 1977.

In 2002, the province reversed plans to downsize the hospital, retaining the nine acute care beds, the long-term beds, and the teaching role.

Part of Northern Health, the hospital provides acute, complex and community care, assisted living, and both shorter and longer term accommodation. The double occupancy rooms include 10 publicly subsidized long-term care beds. Outpatient care is supported. A BCAS station is based on the grounds.

Climate
Hazelton has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Winters are cold but are milder than what the latitude may suggest, owing to Pacific air masses. The average temperature in January is -8.9 C and from December to February, there are an average of 32 days where the maximum temperature reaches or surpasses freezing. However, Arctic air masses can push temperatures below -30.0 C, occurring on average three days per year. The average annual snowfall is 185 cm. Summers are warm, with a July daytime high of 23.3 C although night time temperatures are cool, with a July low of 9.1 C. In an average summer, there are seven days where the temperature exceeds 30 C. The average annual precipitation is 614 mm, with March and April being the driest months and October through January being the wetter months. The record high was 36.7 C on August 20, 1977 and the record low was -40.5 C on January 8, 1991.

title: Hazelton, British Columbia


text:
Parishes of Jamaica

The parishes of Jamaica are the main units of local government in Jamaica. They were created following the English Invasion of Jamaica in 1655. This administrative structure for the Colony of Jamaica developed slowly. However, since 1 May 1867, Jamaica has been divided into the current fourteen parishes. These were retained after independence in 1962. They are grouped into three historic counties, which no longer have any administrative relevance. Every parish has a coast; none are landlocked.

Early history
Following the English conquest of Jamaica the first phase of colonisation was carried out by the Army, with a system of Regimental plantations. These were drawn up on the southern flat lands, with the Regimental commanders charged with ordering their men to plant provisions.

Certain key figures such as Luke Stokes (1656) and Thomas Modyford (1664) brought substantial numbers of colonists from other English colonies. In 1662 the first census was carried out. There were no parishes and the division of the island into ten districts.

Creation of the parishes
Under Governor Modyford the island was divided into precincts and parishes and he commissioned a map of the island featuring these. The first parishes were:

 * Saint Catherine
 * Clarendon
 * Liguanea (St Andrew)
 * Saint Thomas
 * Port Royal
 * Saint John
 * Saint David

By 1675, the following parishes had been added:

 * Vere (separated from Clarendon in 1673)
 * Saint George
 * Saint Thomas in the Vale
 * Saint Dorothy
 * Saint Ann
 * Saint Elizabeth
 * Saint James
 * Saint Mary

In 1677, An Act for Regulating the Parishes fixed the boundaries of each parish.

The Grant reforms
The crisis highlighted by the Morant Bay rebellion led to the dissolution of the House of Assembly of Jamaica, and the colonial administration being turned into a crown colony. John Peter Grant was appointed Governor arriving in August 1866, and he set about instituting a number of reforms, including the administrative framework of the parishes. He introduced the by which the 22 existing parishes to 14 through the A Law to Reduce the Number of Parishes (1867/No. 20). Parishes have been a feature of local administration in Jamaica since the island was captured by the English in 1655. The number has varied over time and some no longer exist having either been absorbed into or divided between neighbouring parishes. At the peak, 1841–1865, there were 22 (the current 14 plus those listed below).

The current set of parishes was established in 1866 with the elimination of the 8 listed below (roughly by county):

Surrey:
 * Port Royal (now divided between Kingston and Saint Andrew)
 * Saint George (now divided between Saint Mary and Portland)
 * Saint David (now part of Saint Thomas)

Middlesex:
 * Metcalfe (now part of Saint Mary)
 * Saint Dorothy (now part of Saint Catherine)
 * Saint John (now part of Saint Catherine)
 * Saint Thomas in the Vale (now part of Saint Catherine) – note that the current Saint Thomas used to be named "Saint Thomas in the East" to differentiate between the two parishes at the time.
 * Vere (now part of Clarendon)

Counties of Jamaica

Jamaica is divided into three historic counties, though they have no administrative function today. They were established in 1758 to facilitate the holding of courts along the lines of the British county court system.

The three counties are named for the English historic counties of Cornwall, Middlesex, and Surrey. Cornwall County was named for being the westernmost county, just like its namesake. Middlesex County was named for its location on the middle third of Jamaica. Surrey County was named for the English county in which Kingston upon Thames is found, because Kingston was its county town.

title: Parishes of Jamaica


text: Talk:PhpGedView

title: Talk:PhpGedView


text:
University of Pavia

The University of Pavia (Università degli Studi di Pavia, UNIPV or Università di Pavia; Alma Ticinensis Universitas) is a university located in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy. There was evidence of teaching as early as 1361, making it one of the oldest universities in the world. It was the sole university in Milan and the greater Lombardy region until the end of the 19th century. In 2022 the university was recognized by the Times Higher Education among the top 10 in Italy and among the 300 best in the world. Currently, it has 18 departments and 9 faculties. It does not have a main campus; its buildings and facilities are scattered around the city, which is in turn called "a city campus." The university caters to more than 20,000 students who come from Italy and all over the world.

The university offers more than 80 undergraduate programs; over 40 master programs, and roughly 20 doctoral programs (including 8 in English). About 1,500 students who enter the university every year are international students.

The university operates multiple cultural and scientific museums, including the University History Museum, a botanical garden, research centers, university libraries and a university press. The university is also affiliated with Policlinico San Matteo, at which hundreds of medical students from the university perform clinical rotations during their clinical years.

The University of Pavia is a member of the COIMBRA Group and European University Association. It also participates in the Erasmus Programme, which allows student exchanges between the University of Pavia and various universities in Europe.

Foundation and the Middle Ages
An edict issued by the Frankish king of Italy, Lothar I (ruled 818–55) mentions the existence of a higher education institution at Pavia as early as AD 825. This institution, mainly devoted to ecclesiastical and civil law as well as to divinity studies, was then selected as the prime educational centre for northern Italy.

In 1361, the institution was officially established as a studium generale by the Holy Roman emperor Charles IV, who granted the same teaching privileges enjoyed by the University of Paris and Bologna, allowing the institution to teach canon and civil law, philosophy, medicine and liberal arts. It was then expanded and renovated by the duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, becoming the sole university in the Duchy of Milan until the end of the 19th century. Gian Galeazzo worked tirelessly to consolidate the institution and in 1389, he obtained a permission from Pope Boniface IX to teach advanced theology courses. It was divided into two distinct universities — of jurisprudence (teaching civil and canon law courses) and of arts (teaching medicine, philosophy and liberal arts courses). A rector was elected every year, normally a student who was over twenty years old. The institution offered bachelor, licentiate and doctoral degrees. Despite the politics and hardships due to wars and pestilence, it experienced great growth and the institution was considered to be prestigious as evidenced by the influx of foreign students at the time. In 1412, Filippo Maria Visconti further consolidated the universities, invited prominent scholars to teach there and declared an edict giving serious penalties aimed at preventing students from going elsewhere to study.

Renaissance and Modern Period
Towards the 15th century, prominent teachers such as Baldo degli Ubaldi, Lorenzo Valla, Giasone del Maino taught students in the fields of law, philosophy and literary studies. In the same years, Elia di Sabato da Fermo, personal doctor of Filippo Maria Visconti, was the first professor of medicine of the Jewish religion at a European university, while from 1490 a teaching of Hebrew was established at the university. Not many years later, probably in 1511, Leonardo da Vinci studied anatomy together with Marcantonio della Torre, professor of anatomy at the university. During the ongoing Italian War of 1521-6, the authorities in Pavia were forced to close the university in 1524. However, during the 16th century, after the university was re-opened, scholars and scientists such as Andrea Alciato and Gerolamo Cardano taught here. During the period in which the duchy of Milan was governed by the kings of Spain, the research and educational activities of the university stagnated, but there were still prominent scholars such as Gerolamo Saccheri who was still involved with the university.

The rebirth of the university was, in part, due to the initiatives led by Maria Theresa and Joseph II of the House of Austria, in the second half of the 18th century. The initiatives included massive renovations to the teaching programs, research and structure rehabilitations, which were still retained by the university until now. Throughout its history, the university had benefited from the presence of many distinguished teachers and scientists who wrote celebrated works and made important discoveries — chemist Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli, mathematician Girolamo Cardano (born in Pavia, 1501–76), physicist Alessandro Volta (chair of natural philosophy 1769–1804), poet Ugo Foscolo (chair of eloquence 1809–10), playwright Vincenzo Monti, jurist Gian Domenico Romagnosi, naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani, mathematician Lorenzo Mascheroni and anatomist Antonio Scarpa.

In 1858, the university was the scene of intense student protests against Austrian rule in northern Italy (through the kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia). The authorities responded by ordering the university's temporary closure. The incidents at Pavia were typical of the wave of nationalist demonstrations all over Italy that immediately preceded the Unification (1859–66).

During the 19th century, the medical, natural science and mathematics schools were graced by prominent scientists who propelled the status of the university to new heights. Three Nobel Prize winners taught in Pavia — physician Camillo Golgi (at Pavia from 1861), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1906 for his studies on the structure of the nervous system, chemist Giulio Natta (at Pavia between 1933 and 1935) and physicist Carlo Rubbia. In addition, distinguished mathematicians Eugenio Beltrami, Felice Casorati and Luigi Berzolari were regular teachers in Pavia. It was also in the University of Pavia, in 1912, Carlo Forlanini discovered the first successful cure for tuberculosis — artificial pneumothorax. In the 1960s, the Faculty of Economics and Commerce as well as Engineering were added to the current lineup of faculties. During the 20th century, teaching and research activities were carried out by additional prominent scholars such as Pasquale Del Giudice and Arrigo Solmi for law history; Contardo Ferrini and Pietro Bonfante for Roman law; Luigi Cossa and Benvenuto Griziotti for economy, Giacinto Romano for medieval and modern history and Plinio Fraccaro for ancient history.

Also critical to the university's reputation was its distinguished record of public education, epitomized by the establishment of private and public colleges. The oldest colleges, the Collegio Borromeo and Collegio Ghislieri, were built in the 16th century, and in more recent times others were founded through both public and private initiatives — the Collegio Nuovo, the Collegio Santa Caterina and the other eleven colleges managed by EDiSU. In 1997 the IUSS, was established, a Higher Learning Institution (Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori) similar to the Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Superiore Sant'Anna in Pisa. The IUSS is the federal body that links the colleges of Pavia which constitute the Pavia University System.

Today, the university continues to offer a wide variety of disciplinary and inter-disciplinary teaching. Research is carried out in departments, institutes, clinics, centres and laboratories, in close association with public and private institutions, enterprises, and factories.

Organization
The university has eighteen departments and nine faculties.

Departments

 * Department of Clinical Surgery, Diagnostics and Pediatrics
 * Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy
 * Department of Molecular Medicine
 * Department of Public Health and Forensic Medicine
 * Department of Neuroscience
 * Department of Pharmacy
 * Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani"
 * Department of Chemistry
 * Department of Mathematics
 * Department of Physics
 * Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
 * Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture
 * Department of Industrial and Information Engineering
 * Department of Economics and Management
 * Department of Law
 * Department of Political and Social Sciences
 * Department of Humanities
 * Department of Musicology

Faculties

 * Faculty of Engineering
 * Faculty of Medicine and Surgery

Campus
The city of Pavia is essentially a city campus, so the campus buildings are located all around the city. The campuses for Faculty of Political Science and Law are located at Old Campus at Via Strada Nuova, near Pavia Cathedral. The campuses for Faculty of Engineering, Pharmacy, Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences are located at Via Ferrata, about 3 km away from the city center, in a building complex called Polo Cravino. The campuses for Faculty of Economics, Department of Psychology and Department of Philosophy are located at the Monastery of San Felice. The campus for Department of Musicology is located at Palazzo Raimondi, Cremona. The campuses for Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine and Surgery are located at Via Forlanini and Via Taramelli, near Policlinico San Matteo.

Palazzo Centrale
The entrance to the Old Campus, which hosts the Faculty of Political Science and Law, is located at Via Strada Nuova. The palace has 9 courtyards — Cortile dei Caduti, Cortile di Volta, Cortile delle Statue, Cortile di Atilia Secundina, Cortile del Miliario, Cortile delle Magnolie, Cortile dei Tassi, Cortile Sforzesco, Cortile Teresiano. The palace also hosts more than 40 lecture theatres, including 8 lecture theatres for Faculty of Law and 10 lecture theatres for the Faculty of Political Science. The largest lecture theatre in the university is called Aula Magna, where inauguration ceremonies for graduations, white coat ceremonies and conferment of Medaglio Teresiana are held.

The palace dates back all the way to the 15th century. Originally, lessons by the university were held in private houses, in convents which provide suitable premises or in the same place as the municipal building. At the end of the 15th century, Ludovico il Moro assigned a building in Strada Nuova that belonged to Azzone Visconti to the university. Between 1661 and 1671, a major renovation was carried out under the guidance of the architect Ambrogio Pessina. During the 18th century, Maria Theresa of Austria wanted to make some improvements both to the education system and the building, thus she assigned the architect Giuseppe Piermarini and Leopoldo Pollack to oversee the renovations. Giuseppe Piermarini was in charge of the building facade and the courtyards, while Leopoldo Pollack was in charge of the lecture halls.

During the 19th century, the university also incorporated the former monastery of Leano, which was donated by Joseph II of Lorena Habsburg and expanded to Via Mentana, these works were entrusted to the architect Giuseppe Marchesi, who also constructed the Aula Magna.

In 1932, the university acquired a vast 15th century complex which belonged to San Matteo Hospital, thus completing its expansion. This complex now houses the Department of Molecular Medicine, which is in charge of the health courses.

Polo Cravino
The land where Polo Cravino was built was purchased by the university at end of 1960. The complex was designed by an architect Giancarlo De Carlo. In 1980, the buildings for Faculty of Engineering, Department of Genetics, lecture halls, laboratories as well as a complex for Institute of Molecular Genetics, under the National Research Council were completed. In 1990, buildings for Department of Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Science and a Computer Center were added.

Museums
The university also manages multiple points of interest:

University History Museum
The University History Museum (Museo per la Storia dell'Università) hosts a large number of scientific instruments, anatomical and pathological preparations and samples, historical documents and volumes which are part of the university's history. The museum collection includes Antonio Scarpa's preserved dismembered head.

In addition to Scarpa's head, the museum also displays his kidneys and four of his fingers. Other anatomical samples include the aneurysm that killed mathematician Vincenzo Brunacci in 1818, the bladder of naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani, who died of kidney cancer in 1799 as well as a plaster cast of Alessandro Volta's unusually large skull.

Museum of Electrical Technology
The Museum of Electrical Technology (Museo della Tecnica Elettrica) is intended as a permanent tribute to Alessandro Volta. It has an area of 5,000 sqm, with 3,200 sqm reserved for visitors. It is divided into 5 sections, each section represents a different era of advancements in field of electricity and electronics.

The museum hosts over 4,000 pieces in its collections, including 300 pieces from the Enel collection, 3,028 pieces from the Sirti collection and over 1,000 pieces from the university's own collection. The collection contains devices such as radiotelephones, power supplies, amplifiers, horn loudspeakers, morse telegraphs, radio transmitters and receivers.

In 2017, the museum implemented a 3D tactile map for the blind and disabled. The museum also organizes exhibitions and projects with primary and secondary schools.

Museum of Natural History
The Museum of Natural History (Museo di Storia Naturale) dates back to 1769 when Lazzaro Spallanzani became professor on Natural History at the University of Pavia. The museum is divided into three sections — Comparative Anatomy, Zoology and Geopaleontology. The museum is currently located in Palazzo Botta Adorno.

The museum hosts multiple collections including:

 * the Spallanzani collection which contains preserved specimens of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), short-finned mako shark (Isurus oxyrhynchus), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), and small orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus).
 * the Zoology collection which contains over 5,000 specimens of vertebrates and invertebrates.
 * the Geopaleontology collection which contains over 30,000 fossil specimens, which date back the Pliocene and Miocene eras. The collections also includes 5,000 rocks and minerals and 65 slabs of fish from Bolca deposit.
 * the Comparative Anatomy collection which contains more than 5,000 artifacts including skeletons, specimens and anatomical preparations of mainly vertebrates including an elephant, which underwent restoration in 2014.

Museum of Archeology
The Museum of Archeology (Museo di Archeologia) had its first collection funded by Pietro Vittorio Aldini in 1819 for education purposes. Now, it houses different collections such as engraved coins and gems from the late Roman empire, Celtic and Byzantine eras, potteries, figurines dating back to 2000 BC and a pair of mummies.

Museum Camillo Golgi
The Museum Camillo Golgi (Museo Camillo Golgi) was built in honor of Camillo Golgi and his most important discoveries, the black reaction to visualize neurons as well as his studies on malaria. The museum hosts a collection of his scientific publications and instruments used such as syringes, microtomes, microscopes, original photographic plates of histological preparations, all dating back to the 1900s. The museum was set in the same building where he conducted most of his experiments via the Institute of General Pathology.

Pavia Botanical Garden
The Pavia Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), which was established at the end of the 18th century, covers an area of 2 hectares. The botanical gardens host a seed and herbarium bank at its educational center, Bosco Siro Negri Park Reserve. The garden hosts a variety of plant collections including roses, orchids as well as other plant species native to Lombardy.

Museum of Mineralogy
The Museum of Mineralogy (Museo di Mineralogia) originated from a section dedicated to minerals in the Museum of Natural History. The museum hosts a large collection of rocks and minerals, categorized systematically. The collection also includes minerals from different Italian regions. In 1923. Professor Angelo Bianchi donated rock samples which he had collected earlier in his career. Each sample was meticulously described in details in his various scientific publications.

The museum also displays a collection of meteorites which fell around Siena at the end of the 18th century and were collected by Lazzaro Spallanzani.

Center of Manuscripts
The Center of Manuscripts (Centro di ricerca sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporane or Centro Manuscritto) was formally established on 24 January 1980; however, in 1969, Maria Corti, a professor at the University of Pavia, had an idea to set up a Manuscript Fund (Fondo Manoscritti), dedicated to preserving writings and manuscripts from twentieth-century authors. The center hosts a collection of writings and manuscripts from writers of the last two centuries including manuscripts and papers handwritten by the poet Eugenio Montale, as well as various autographed editions of the novel the Philosophy of Madonna (La Madonna dei filosofi) by Carlo Emilio Gadda, and an annotated edition of the manuscript for My Cousin Andrea (Mio cugino Andrea) by Romano Bilenchi. The collection preserved by the center covers more than 200 authors.

The center is located at the Palazzo Centrale of the University of Pavia, and a branch is recently added to one of the university's sites at Via Luino.

Other collections
The university also hosts special collections which are accessible only by appointments. These collections are not accessible by the public:

 * Physiology collections covers 300 various instruments used in physiological research, such as galvanometers, scales, devices for measuring tactile sensation and pain sensitivity and so on. The collection is hosted by the Department of Molecular Medicine.
 * Histology and embryology collections covers over 10,000 histological slides of different tissues and organs, embryological models in wax as well as microscopes and other instruments. The collection is hosted by the Department of Experimental Medicine.
 * Musicology collections covers about 1,100 works including 80 musical instruments such as aerophones, chordophones and idiophones, as well as thousands of perforated rolls for antique pianos. The collection is hosted by the Department of Music.
 * Cattaneo collection covers preserved anatomical and histological preparations in the fields of osteology, angiology, splanchnology, esthesiology, neurology and topographic anatomy. The collection is hosted by the Public Health, Neurosciences, Experimental and Forensic Medicine.

Academics
The university offers degree programmes in two languages:

 * Italian - Most of the courses in the University of Pavia are taught in Italian.
 * English - One single-cycle master's degree, one undergraduate degree and eight master's degrees are offered in English. These degrees are:

 * Three-year undergraduate degree in Artificial intelligence
 * Six-year degree in Medicine and Surgery
 * Master's degree in Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG)
 * Master's degree in Electronic Engineering
 * Master's degree in Computer Engineering
 * Master's degree in Industrial Automation Engineering
 * Master's degree in International Business and Entrepreneurship (MIBE)
 * Master's degree in Economics, Finance and International Integration (MEFI)
 * Master's degree in World Politics and International Relations
 * Master’s degree in Psychology, Neuroscience and Human Sciences

Colleges
The university has one of the most extensive colleges and residence halls in Italy, which house the majority of its students. These colleges are:

EDISU public colleges
EDISU Pavia is an agency established by the university in order to manage activities and services related to the right of study. It manages 4 refectories and 12 public colleges, which are:

 * Collegio Fratelli Cairoli (male)
 * Collegio Gerolamo Cardano (male and female)
 * Collegio Lazzaro Spallanzani (male)
 * Collegio Lorenzo Valla (mixed)
 * Collegio Castiglioni-Brugnatelli (female)
 * Collegio Plinio Fraccaro (male)
 * Collegio Benvenuto Griziotti (male and female)
 * Residenze Golgi I and II (male and female)
 * Collegio Alessandro Volta (male and female)
 * Collegio Giasone del Maino (male and female)
 * Collegio Universitario Quartier Novo

Private and public colleges

 * Collegio Borromeo (male and female)
 * Collegio Ghislieri (male and female)
 * Collegio Nuovo (female)
 * Collegio Santa Caterina da Siena (female)

Notable alumni and academics
• Luigi Cremona, mathematician

• Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, naturalist

• Marco Fraccaro, geneticist

• Agostino Bassi, entomologist

• Edoardo Storti, hematologist

• Leopoldo Maggi, zoologist

• Charles Borromeo, archbishop

• Michele Ghislieri, Pope Pio V

• Cesare Beccaria, jurist and philosopher

• Eugenio Beltrami, mathematician and physician

• Sigismondo Boldoni, writer, philosopher, physician

• Gerolamo Cardano, mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler

• Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, population geneticist

• Anthony William Fairbank Edwards, geneticist

• Paolo Ettore Gamba, 2013 Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

• Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti, physician and scientist

• Baldus de Ubaldis, jurist

• Contardo Ferrini, jurist

• Ugo Foscolo, writer, revolutionary and poet

• Guglielmo Gasparrini, botanist and mycologist

• Camillo Golgi, Nobel prize in Medicine and Physiology

• Giulio Natta, Nobel prize in Chemistry

• Otto Ohlendorf (1907–1951), SS general and Holocaust perpetrator, executed for war crimes

• Gian Domenico Romagnosi, jurist, philosopher and economist

• Carlo Rubbia, Nobel prize in Physics

• Antonio Scarpa, physician and scientist

• Dionysios Solomos, poet

• Lazzaro Spallanzani, biologist

• Lorenzo Valla, humanist and philologist

• Alessandro Volta, scientist, developer of the first electric cell

• Marcantonio della Torre, anatomy mentor of Leonardo da Vinci

• Angela Agostini, botanist and mycologist

• Giulio Tremonti, politician and lawyer

• Antonio Lanzavecchia, immunologist

• Carlo Marangoni, physicist

• Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli, chemist

• Ruggiero G. Boscovich, mathematician, astronomer

• Giulio Bizzozero, pathologist

• Simone Stratico, engineer

• Giuseppe Sanarelli, hygienist

• William Sharpey, anatomist

• Enrico Caffi, priest

• Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis, engineer

Honorary degrees
• Agustino Gemelli, psychologist

• Paolo Conte, pianist and composer

• Warren Irkendale, American musicologist

• Roger Bannister, athlete and neurologist

• Kenneth William, Lord Wedderburn of Charlton;

• Pierre Darriulat, physicist

• Karl Alex Müller, 1987 Nobel Prize winner in Physics

• Graham John Hills, physical chemist

• Jerzy Kroh, chemist

• Herbert A. Simon, economist

• Agostino Casaroli, priest

• Richard von Weizsäcker, politician

• Robert Triffin, economist

• Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, politician and banker

• Sandro Molinari, economist

• Carlo M. Cipolla, historian

• Federico Faggin, engineer

• Thomas J. R. Hughes, engineer

• Alvaro Siza Vieira, architect

• Richard Stallman, programmer

• Irene Hijmans-Tromp, linguist

• Giovanni Berlucchi, neurologist

• Theodore Lowi, political scientist

• Salvatore Ruggeri, economist

• Otmar Issing, economist

• Paul Janssen, physician

• Giorgio Strehler, director

• Torsten Wiesel, neurophysiologist

• Marc Tessier-Lavigne, researcher

• Rodolfo Llinas, neuroscientist

• John Eliot Gardiner, conductor

• Christopher G.A. McGregor, physician,

• A. Bernard Ackerman, physician

• Mirjan Damaška, jurist

• Gordon Shepherd, neuroscientist

• Altiero Spinelli, politician

• Gianfranco Acchiappati, physician

• Umberto Mortari, pharmacist

• Alessandro Rigamonti, chemist

• Robert E. Kahn, programmer

• Fritz Leonhardt, structural engineer

• Pasquale Pistorio, engineer

• John Heilbron, historian

• Tomaso Poggio, neuroscientist

• Diana Bracco, chemist

• Aldo Poli, economist

Medaglia teresiana
The Medaglia teresiana is an academic recognition that establishes the entry of a full professor in the University of Pavia. This award can also be conferred by the Rector of the University of Pavia to people who are particularly distinguished, traditionally hosted at the inauguration of the academic year or the day of the graduates:

• Massimo Inguscio, physicist

• Salomone Ovadia, actor

• Manuel Cardona, physicist

• Barbara Casadei, cardiologist

• Janusz Turkowski, engineer

• Martin M. Block, physicist

• Francesco Lissoni, economist

• Ben Feringa, Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

• Samantha Cristoforetti, astronaut

• Herbert Freeman, computer scientist

• Fabrizio Capobianco, entrepreneur

• Paul Alivisatos, chemist

• Renato Balduzzi, politician

• Beppe Severgnini, journalist

• Eliot Forster, entrepreneur

• Andrea Cavalleri, physicist

• Elena Cattaneo, researcher

• Pietro Grasso, politician

• Jacques Le Goff, historian

• Gerardo Marotta, lawyer and philosopher

• Salvatore Ruggeri, politician

title: University of Pavia


text:
Hazelton

Hazelton may refer to:

Canada

 * Hazelton, British Columbia
 * Hazelton Mountains, British Columbia

United States

 * Hazelton, Idaho
 * Hazelton, Kansas
 * Hazelton, New Jersey
 * Hazelton, North Dakota
 * Hazelton (Youngstown, Ohio)
 * Hazelton, West Virginia
 * United States Penitentiary, Hazelton, a federal prison in West Virginia

Other uses

 * Hazelton (sternwheeler), a British Columbian vessel
 * Hazelton Airlines, a former regional airline in Australia

People with the given name

 * Hazelton Nicholl (1882–1956), British military officer
 * Hazelton Spencer (1757–1813), Canadian soldier, political figure, and judge

People with the surname

 * Charlie Hazelton (1917–1985), Australian rugby league footballer
 * Donald F. Hazelton (died 2012), American politician from Florida
 * Edwin Hazelton (1861–1916), English cricketer
 * George Cochrane Hazelton (1832–1922), American politician from Wisconsin
 * Gerry Whiting Hazelton (1829–1920), American politician from Wisconsin
 * Jim Hazelton (1931–2014), Australian aviator, co-founder of Hazelton Airlines
 * John W. Hazelton (1814–1878), American politician from New Jersey
 * Joseph Hazelton (1853–1936), American actor
 * Marc Hazelton (born 1980), English cricketer
 * Mary Brewster Hazelton (1868–1953), American painter
 * Max Hazelton (1927–2023), Australian aviator, co-founder of Hazelton Airlines
 * Porter Hazelton (1812–1870), American politician from Michigan
 * Rebecca Hazelton (born 1978), American poet, editor, and critic
 * Ron Hazelton (born 1942), American television host
 * Scottie Hazelton (born 1973), American football coach
 * Terra Hazelton, Canadian musician, broadcaster, and actress
 * Vidal Hazelton (born 1988), American football player
 * Wyndham Hazelton (1894–1958), English cricketer

title: Hazelton


text:
Talk:Des O'Connor

Untitled
The IMDb lists O'Connor's date of birth as 12 January, 1932, but here and a number of other sources state 1 December, 1932. Anyone know which is the correct date? --TonyW 22:55, 19 May 2004 (UTC) 12 January 1932

I could have sworn Elusive Butterfly was also a hit single - weren't Des' version and Bob Lind's original in the top ten at the same time? --88.111.62.230 14:06, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Forget it, I was thinking of Val Doonican. --88.111.62.230 14:08, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Seems strange to state that Des has had a mainstream TV show every year since 1963 - then list the shows but leave 1969-1973 unaccounted for.

If I remember right, wasn't his show used for some months as part of US' Kraft Music Hall in the late '60s? And several times did that silly song comprised of names of mostly-'40s-'50s actors? (Rlongman (talk) 03:35, 10 January 2009 (UTC))

Real name
At 2007-09-04, the start of the article says:

Des O'Connor (born Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof on 1932-01-12)

I wasn't able to find any confirmation that his birth name was anything other than O'Connor. Is the (Bob) Geldof name someone having a joke? --Nonky 22:23, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Taking criticism in good humour
Unfortunately this isn't always true. I have it on good authority that he was heckled in 1976 when he appeared in Cornwall by people shouting, "Who told you you could sing?" and as a result he declined to return to the stage after the interval to finish his act. My sympathies are with him btw, there should be no satisfaction in turning up to an act you don't like just to spoil it for everyone else.

Meltingpot (talk) 14:59, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * That was not criicism, it was abuse. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 22:00, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Countdown succession box
2007-present should now read 2007-2008, and incumbent should say succeedded by: unknown. Although I'm assuming the show will continue - if not, the successor box would need to say succeedded by: none. How do I do this change? Digifiend (talk) 09:13, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Irish Father?
I don't think his father was actually Irish, merely of Irish descent. Judging by his time on Countdown he seemed vague about his exact Irish heritage, and indeed struggled to understand the Irish accents of a few contestants.--MartinUK (talk) 00:43, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

15 million records?
I have deleted this unsourced claim. It is not credible that he's sold 15 million records when a) he is only well known in the British Isles and b) in the UK he's had only 1 top 10 album and just 4 top 10 singles. Vauxhall1964 (talk) 10:58, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Birth Name
In the body it states he was born Desmond Bernard O'Connor yet in the sidebar it states Bernard Desmond O'Connor - can anyone who knows which it is update the other please 94.194.33.115 (talk) 17:49, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm going to assume it's the former (as stated on the IMDb page) and alter. MattKitty (talk) 17:56, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

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Nationality, and religion are different
Notwithstanding, that his dad was probably only of Irish descent, how can this make sense. "O'Connor was born in Stepney, East London, to Maude (née Bassett) and Harry O'Connor. His mother was Jewish and his father was from Ireland."

Could you say, "His mother was Mexican and his father was Methodist"?

What nationality is Jewish? I think they were probably both British. Francis Hannaway (talk) 10:22, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, just wanted to say that Maude Bassett was my Nan's sister. To the best of my knowledge they were an East London family brought up following the "Church of England" or at perhaps a similar sect of Christianity. Where has the notion of Maude being Jewish come from? JamesP9000 (talk) 04:02, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Sorry I made a typo, Maude was my Great-Grandmother's sister. My Nan was his cousin JamesP9000 (talk) 04:15, 16 November 2020 (UTC)
 * That's right. O'Connor's father, Harry O'Connor, was of half Irish and half Jewish descent, and his mother, Maude Bassett, was of English ancestry. These descriptions are off. All Hallow's Wraith (talk) 03:41, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Shoe salesman
Was O'Connor really a shoe salesman for a bus company? Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 21:57, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Des O'Connor