text:
Talk:Ifrit

Gargoyle?
Where does the gargoyle origin come from? And do we need the "Final Fantasy" reference here? Ifrits have been used in numerous games, movies and books, no need to single one out. Ausir 13:39, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but Final Fantasy is "speshul". MasterGrazzt 15:43, 28 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Other games are just as prominent in the article, but I think it's okay that it has its own mini-section, since there are so many Final Fantasy games and Ifrit is more well-known in FF than in other games (to my knowledge).Ravenwolf Zero 17:02, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguate?
Shouldn't the first part about the Islamic afreet be separated out from the rest of the article?

Just deleted section
I wrote the Ifrits in Recent Fiction section back in December - I was looking for more info on a kind of creature I had just met in a second author's books, and took the "please add to this stub" message at face value. I have spent some time at Wikipedia since then and can see that the section I wrote doesn't suit this project; I just deleted it.--Iestyn 06:55, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

made of fire
Regarding this comment: "Ifrits in common mythology are jinn spirits that embody the fire." Aren't all jinn supposed to be made from (smokeless) fire? What differentiates ifrit from other jinn?

Ifrit is stronger?

but smokeless fire should be added to the article because its what makes the fire different to the one you get from burning stuff.

 * According to what? I really wish there were more about Arabic literature, mythology and Burton's use of Ifrit here after the Qur'ān references (especially when compared to the length of its use in popular culture and among gamers). Wikiality, alas! Khirad 03:23, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

What is the grammar?
In Dungeons and Dragons, the singular form is "efreeti" and plural is "efreet". Is this correct Arabic? If not, what are the correct forms? Someone please add to the article. SpectrumDT 18:58, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Trivial Information
The actual article of the Ifrit is woefully small in comparison to the video games they've been in. Move it or lose it. 63.84.192.253 (talk) 19:44, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It does seem odd that references to Ifrit in computer games is as long as the rest of the article. I don't suggets the computer game references be removed (though some sourcing would be nice) but the rest of the article needs an expansion. Will do some work on this but I'm starting from scratch - anyone with some of the more useful reference works able to add anything here? Euryalus (talk) 00:44, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Merger of this page and Ifrit in popular culture

 * I'm recommending the merger of Ifrit in popular culture into this article. Both articles are too short to really need to be separated, and I think the other one can be controlled better if it was a section on this page.--ip.address.conflict (talk) 04:59, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Strongly agree. Also, popular culture is surely more than video and roleplaying games, lets see if we can expand it a little further. Euryalus (talk) 05:04, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Agree A merger makes sense. ChildofMidnight (talk) 09:08, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Strong Agree I have also put merge tags on similar articles by the same user for Marid and sprite (creature). Balor in popular culture is up for AfD, but is in the same position as these ones and just nbeeds to be recombined. To me it seems that a pp culture article doesn't work without info on what the ing actually is. Thank you --Beligaronia (talk) 22:57, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree. As above, doesn't contain sufficient information to be separate. Greggers ( t • c) 17:48, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

etymology of ifrit?
The part about ifrit most likely being rebellious from the following part of the article was deleted: "Ifrit's mention in the Qur'an and the Hadith, the eyewitness narratives of Muhammad's words and actions, is always in the phrase “the ifrit of the jinn” and most likely means “rebellious.” Ifrit has come to refer to an entire class of formidable, rebellious beings, but in the confused world of underworld spirits." It does lead one to wonder what the etymology of the word really is. List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin indicates it may come "from Persian afarida created being." I think Muslims tend to believe the words in the Quran are all of Arabic origin (regardless of what non-Muslims may believe); thus, there probably is an Arabic etymology or pseudo-etymology for the word. Incidentally, another type of jinn, the Marid really is alleged to mean rebel; the OED states "Arabic mrid, active participle of marada to rebel." Шизомби (talk) 03:40, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Because they are all actually of Arab origin, just as the goblin is from Arab folklore and culture, this is self-evident 37.220.115.217 (talk) 13:06, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

Vampiric Spirit
Does it have some connection the vampire? I've heard of mythology, that it can be a Vampiric spirit of a murder victim seeking to avenge his/her death. The Unbeholden (talk) 19:11, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Move to afreet please
The spelling afreet is used as the main entry for the creature in the American Heritage Dictionary, the Collins English Dictionary and the Oxford Canadian. What is the source of the English spelling "ifrit"?--Sonjaaa (talk) 14:08, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Copied uncredited text
I did a little editing in the section that formerly began with ""Ifrit's mention in the Qur'an and the Hadith, the eyewitness narratives of Muhammad's words," but I soon discovered that most of this paragraph seems to have been copied and pasted from this Britannica article: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282188/ifrit

This should be either credited or re-written. — Preceding unsigned comment added by CLSwiki (talk • contribs) 17:05, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, but as copyvio it needed removing - as you've given the source, anyone can use that to either quote some of it (but not all) or as a source (which must look substantially different, not just tweaked). Dougweller (talk) 19:20, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

Low-Quality Image
I think that the image depicting an alleged efreet flying over a desert may not be good enough of an image for this article. It's an amateurish photoshop job of two different artworks for the card Mahamoti Djinn from the Magic: The Gathering card game. http://magiccards.info/scans/en/7e/84.jpg http://magiccards.info/scans/en/al/65.jpg Not only are they not representations of a traditional efreet, neither of them are even an efreet in the fictional work from which they originate. 75.114.229.143 (talk) 04:15, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Plagiarism by who?
The beginning of this article is nearly identical to the Encyclopedia Britannica online.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/ifrit — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.127.228.127 (talk) 16:27, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

The offending text was first added here and was (at that time) a straight copy of Britannica: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ifrit&diff=271900520&oldid=271575162. It's been reworded frequently since 2009 but is still obviously derived from that copied work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.113.118.82 (talk) 00:53, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

The Christian-part
Hello, Could you please explain me, why you think the Christian-part is unnecessary? I thought it kind of itneresting that the "Ifrit" is aknowledged inter-religious in Islamic-influenced countries. However I did not find any reason given for this remove. Thanks for explanation.--VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 21:24, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

Fire ghost listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Fire ghost. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 04:31, 2 June 2019 (UTC)

Sources for popular culture, support?
Hello, I am looking for source for the popularculture-section. Unfortunately, I do not find much about Afarit in fiction. It would be a shame to remove the section entirely especially since Afarit are Iconic for some franchises such as Final Fantasy. Does anyone else, who watches or edits this article, knows about sources with references to Ifrit in fiction?--VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 13:45, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

Image description
Greetings. You reverted an edit done years ago, without any expalnation. Could you please clarify your objection here? The image isn't taken from the book, the book describes the image. It is the source for the claims made there. This is also how it passed the GA check. That is why I reverted the edit years ago. Why do you think this one is the bad one? Has anything been overseen which makes the new one better?--VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 14:00, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

Hello. The issue isn't that the image is from the book or not, the description itself is misleading, inaccurate, in-creditable, and offensive in islamic belief, what was the source that this book used, sources for such important icons must be credible and acceptable that can go back to the time of the prophet not just some book written by a random guy, Hamza son of abdulmutaleb was a real man that lived around the time of the prophet, he didn't have any encounters, aid or whatsoever from ifrits or any jinn creature, this is defined in islam as magic which is extremely forbidden, to say that about such an important icon is simply defamation. (talk) 07:00, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I see, so it is a disagreement with that the sources say, due to personal beliefs? I see no objection to the source other than you stating, "I don't believe this to be part of Islamic tradition". Already suspected this, because these are the most common edits without proper explanation. But Wikipedia is WP:NOTCENSORED. I think it is good, because I frequently see English speaking Muslims to misunderstand Islamic tradition, or they are just misinformed due to a lack of reliable sources in English language (scholars from Saudi Arabia aren't good ones, but they seem to be the most often cited). Control over jinn and demons is quite common, and not necessarily evaluated negatively. See Solomon. Jinn and demons aren't inherently magical either. Jinn are often related to the unseen, but, unlike demons in Christianity, aren't necessarily evil. Muslim Jinn are even known to aid Muslim humans. In case of the ifrit, the term "div" indicates this is actually a demon or evil spirit, but such have often been enslaved. Even Muhammad is said to have bound an ifrit, but released them later. Without offense, I would recommand to read the article, especially when they are cited or reviewed. Often, issues might be explained by reading the article or related articles. I think there isn't something specfic about Hamza enslaving demons, but at least Solomon shuld be asseccable.--VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 10:27, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * It is not based on a personal belief, it is a fact. There is no creditable source that states that there was any form of communication between Hamza and any ifrit or jinn. The book that is used as a reference does not provide any actual source for such a claim, nothing from Quran or authentic hadith books.
 * It is true that jinns are not necessarily evil, however Muslim jinns do not aid or come in contact with muslim humans (no creditable sources say otherwise) . Enslaving, coming in contact or requesting aid from a jinn is considered in Islam as a form of magic ( there are about three other forms ) which is a grand sin in Islam, please read the following:
 * https://versebyversequranstudycircle.wordpress.com/2015/08/10/tafseer-al-baqarah-ayaat-102-103-2/
 * Which also shows that the prophet Solomon (king Solomon) was not a magician according to Islamic belief.
 * The prophet Muhammed peace be upon him wasn't a magician either and he did not bind any ifrit:
 * https://sunnah.com/bukhari:461
 * please also read the jinn chapter of the Quran so that you have more information about jinn in Islam:
 * https://versebyversequranstudycircle.wordpress.com/category/quran-tafseer/juz-29/al-jinn/
 * As it is evident that both image and its description are historically inaccurate and incorrect, it should be removed and replaced with something else that is more relevant. Moradeldin (talk) 17:56, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

Thanks for the links, but not necessary. Have a Quran at home, read another one, work with Qurans frequently, use tafsir in my papers (even in Arabic). Noone is considered a magician here. YOu seem to make false deductions. Controlling a Div is not considered a way of sorcery. Divs are thought to be easily bound, especially when you have a pious character. "If you bind the div, you will set out for the royal pavilion with Solomon" is a common phrase in Islamic Medieval Literature. If you are pious, jinn and div wouldn't harm you. Devils and Div are thought not to be able to harm a believer. The image implies the opposite of that you assert: It emphazises the pious character of Hamza. I think your deduction is the following: -> this image is a contradiction or one of the premise is false
 * Jinn are magical creatures, who, if they appear, are summoned by sorcery
 * Sorcery is a sin
 * The man in the picture is a sinless guy or at least free from major sins like sorcery
 * The man in the picture has summoned a jinn/div

To me it appears, you think the third premise would be challanged by the image. I would rather argue that it is the first and the fourth ones. I doubt the man has summoned the jinn/ifrit/div. This premise relies on the first one, that jinn are "magical creatures who if they appear, are summoned by sorcery". The idea that demons or spirits are closely linked to occult practises is a Western one. In Middle East, spirits are demons are usually thought to be "all around us". You might encoutner a jinn, just by traveling into abandoned ruins or in a dark forest. Devils, Div etc., (the spirits with less free will and assocaited with evil) influence us (in Middle Eastern Islamic view) on everyday life. I think Hamza might just have dealt with the div, no summoning or sorcery implied. You youself state that Solomon could easily enslave jinn and demons without using magic, I think this is the case with Hamza. I know, there are some strants, appearently in Western Islamic societies, in which the demonic is metaphorically speaking "banished" to the occult, probably a remant of the underlying Western tradition. I usually don't see Western people, no matter if Muslims or not, who think that demons exist outside of magic. And although this is a legimitate position within Islam (Mutazilites, and some Sufis in line with Ghazali and ibn Arabi seem to have held such positions), it is not universal. This is what I meant by "personal". I want to clarify, this wasn't meant as an offense or stating that your view is "deviant" (I just realized, I might have expressed myself improper in this point), I am just stating that the assumptions you have about Demons in Islamic traditions is one of others. There are Muslims (both ordinary Muslims as well as scholars) who don't think that interaction with demons happens at all, except you summon them, while others think, they are all around us. I further recommand to read yourself into this specific topic, before judging, controlling a div isn't considered a sign of sorcery, but rather a sign of virtuase behaviour. Note that some demons are also used rather symbolically. I hope I could help you.--VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 15:50, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I am originally from north Africa and I am aware of what jinns are in islam. "If you bind the div, you will set out for the royal pavilion with Solomon" what is the source of this phrase ?
 * Hamza was not a sinless guy however he was not aided by any div whatsoever. Please provide an authentic source (from Quran or Hadith as these are the authentic sources for any claims in Islam or about characters in Islam) for this image. "I think Hamza might just have dealt with the div, no summoning or sorcery implied" this is all guessing something that never happened there is not one story that talks about Hamza encountering any jinn or divs.
 * Since you seem to know Arabic (based on you using tafsir in Arabic) please find the following: https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/استعانة_بالجن . This shows two points, first is that the majority of scholars stated that using the aid of jinn is considered polytheism in Islam not to even mention that it is considered a form of magic in Islam (the magic part is not that they are summoned by sorcery, it is the way to come in contact with jinn without the jinn materializing) and second is that neither the prophet nor his companions did ever use the help of a div or a jinn which by the way was one of the basis used in the ruling of the first point.
 * The assumption that "If you are pious, jinn and div wouldn't harm you" is not true in islam. as shown in the tafsir link that i posted earlier, in islam only god protects from all harms including that of jinns and only he can allow it to happen for whomever he wishes.
 * I repeat the main point again this image is baseless and is a mere lie about Hamza and there is no authentic source that says otherwise. Moradeldin (talk) 05:20, 24 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Neither is Wikipedia a source for Wikipedia, nor are "Quran and Hadith" a criteria. Islam is broader than just "Quran and Hadith" (which is a reform movement rooting in the last century). This is also the reason why I stated "personally belief" above. Because understanding Islam solely on "Quran and Sunnah" is a Salafistic approach. It is completely valid on a personal level, but not on an encyclopedic one. Refering to Biblie/Quran/hadith verses is a form of Original Research. We as Wikipedia Users aren't qualified to analyse the material, therefore we stick with that secondary sources say. If some secondary sources contradict each other or have striking mistakes, we can discuss them on the talk page, as we did here. Your claim was basically, the source must be mistaken, because Hamza would never consulted magic, because magic is inherently evil. I showed you this is not true. The reviwer of the article had no trouble with the source either (so the sources are checked by independent reviewers). Now you say, the sources are invalid because it is not "in Quran and Sunnah". I am pretty sure they are, or at least derive from them to some decree, otherwise Muslims wouldn't have accepted it (it is an image made by Muslims, and a story told by Muslims). You can rebuke them, make takfir over them or whatever, but this is just a personal opinnion, not a scholary one. We, on Wikipedia, stick with the secondary literature. The sources for Islam related topics aren't an exception. We don't start making WIkipedia a blog with random Quran and Hadith quotes for our preferred opinnion. Please make yourself familar with WP:SCHOLARSHIP, WP:OR, What Wikipedia is not to understand how articles are written on Wikipedia. The quote I referred aove is within the Div article, I would recommand to read into related articles to get a better overview on the topic. On this point, I would like to end the disussion, because I think everything has been said. Have a nice day, and a good bayram the upcoming days!--VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 11:56, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * very simple show the sources which you claim are from the Quran and Hadith to some decree or the muslim which you say draw this or said that that had happened, and no not Salafistic it is the Sunah, not my personal belief because unlike this image which clearly you don't have any source validating its content not to mention that drawing of creatures is haram in islam which means that any muslim who has the faintest knowledge would know this is absurd, I do not speak without a reference or knowledge, slafastic!! slafastic!!!!! unbelievable, islam is not to be changed as people desire whoever was there is the only person to be believed, if i said you have wings and can fly, without even seeing or without knowing that from anyone who actually saw you you that is a pure lie anyone denying that is just delusional.
 * What are your sources?!!!! Moradeldin (talk) 23:56, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * There is no need to proof you wrong, because you haven't prooved anything or claimed anything substantial. This is not some "dawah/missionary" debates in which it is about who can trick the other person into falling into a fallacy. There are clear guidlines, I showed them to you. By the way, I just realized you contradicted yourself: On one hand you say Hamza is a historical figure, on the other hand you say, he is a religious/mythological figure who can only be known through Quran&Sunnah. Whatever you prefer, this image was made by an artist (call him a Muslim, a mushrik, a kafir or whatever), this image was made, and depicts an ifrit (or div), with Hamza. Like it or not, this image exists. I won't take further steps to explain the possible origin for this, I am not in the position to do so, nor am I willing at this point to repeat myself. I merely thought, it would be helpful. If you think I am biased, you are free to invite a third opinnion (WP:THIRD). with best regards VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 23:04, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * first, I am not wrong, second, you are an Ignorant, third, whoever said anything about dawah, do you even know what dawah means, I don't care if anybody becomes a Muslim or not.
 * Hamza is a historical and religious figure no contradiction please read about what islam is before you embarrass yourself more than that.
 * and last but not least البينة علي من ادعى . Moradeldin (talk) 07:33, 6 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Great. Please cite a reliable source to support your preferred version. -- Deep fried okra  ( talk ) 14:22, 7 May 2022 (UTC)
 * My preferred version doesn't have this image as its source is not reliable. Moradeldin (talk) 21:34, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Pre-Islam
Many of these entities like the Djinni and Ifrit are pre-Islamic. Before Islam began, the Arabian peninsula was polytheist and had multiple deities representing various aspects of nature. Ergo "Islamic culture" is a misnomer; the culture of the Arabian peninsula and northern Africa is Arab so we should be saying Arab culture instead. Even in modern times there are different cultures who share the Islam faith and many cultures in the Middle East that do not. Persians, Turks and Kurds are also Muslim but their cultures are different from Arab culture so their pre-Islam mythologies were different as well. And many people in southeast Asia are Muslim but their cultures definitely do not include Djinni or Ifrit.

Use "pre-Islam" if you need to but seeing religion mixed up with culture really grinds my gears sometimes. They are two different things. 162.247.228.13 (talk) 19:52, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

 * There are a lot of entities originating from Arabian culture, the ifrit doesn't seem to be one of them. There is no record available to mention ifrits prior to the Quran. There is no pre-Islamic section, because they probably didn't existed. Most people who believe in the existence of ifrits do so, because of Islam, not Arabian culture. If Arabian culture was the common ground, ifrits wouldn't feature in Turkish, Indian, and Malaysian culture. However, they do appear throughout all cultures who share being culturally Islamicate, I think "Islamic" is the correct term to use. VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 16:09, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * "If Arabian culture was the common ground, ifrits wouldn't feature in" Cultural diffusion does not work this way. Certain ideas can spread from one culture to others through contact. Dimadick (talk) 17:09, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I think I expressed my thoughts poorly. What I mean is, all the cultures who share beliefs in ifrits, are Islamic cultures but not Arabic ones. Maybe they have an Arabic origin, but there is no evidence for that. The idea of the ifrit could as well be of Persian origin and spread across Islamicate cultures under the term "ifrit". In other words, other Muslim cultures might have identified the term ifrit in the Quran with a familiar spirit of their own culture. From this culture, the ifrit spread across the Muslim world. There is, up to my knowledge, no evidence for ifrits in pre-Islamic Arabia. VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 02:55, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about?? How is it not from the Arab culture, when it came from the Arabs and was mentioned in the Qur’an, and it is known that it is a type of jinn that goes back to the Arab culture, and the name is Arabic, and there are words that have the same meaning and name in the Arabic language, so why do you rave and say that it is not Arabic?  ?  If the Islamic culture itself is Arab, how do you separate them from each other at all? 176.29.121.136 (talk) 09:25, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think your take on MENA (Middle East and North Africa) culture is too simply. Cultures in the MENA region usually influenced each other, not forced their views on a "subjugated" culture. There is, thereore, no linear progress of one culture to the other. Yes, the term (!) ifrit appears in the Quran, the meaning is not clear. It seems (!) it was mostly an epiphet, there is no evidence that it was necessarily seen as a spirit of the udnerworld or ghost. However, we know that at later stages ( since around the Middle Age), ifrits were associated with ghosts or spirits of the undeworld. In Turkish, it is even the term for fiends. This could be a reinterpretation of Persian Div applied to the ifrits (see also the images about ifrits bearing resemblence to Divs). It could also be the case that the Quran doesn't define the ifrit as such, because the readers were expected to know about the ifrit as an underworld spirit. In short, we don't know what concept the term ifrit was associated with in the 7th century, but we know what they are in later centuries. VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 17:17, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I said the Arabic culture, the Qur'an was revealed in Arabic, and in North Africa there were Berbers and the minorities living in the caves, but the Persians and other races, the Qur'an was revealed before the conquest of the country, and I was also influenced by the Arabic culture, not the other way around, thanks to Islam and the rise of civilization. Islamic Arabia and conquests during the Caliphate of Al-Rashad and Al-Umayyad, the simplicity of the Arabic culture, and I think I mentioned before that the name was mentioned in Arabic before, and also the name was revealed in the Qur'an, and it has a real meaning, and it is basically the Jinn of the Arabic culture before Islam, even the Arabs used to worship it. Al-Jin in the Arabian Peninsula, there are many proofs, not a single proof, you just don't want to acknowledge the matter, and how the meaning is not clear in the Qur'an?? I believe that you do not know the Arabic language, and what is the relationship between the presented picture and the page on which the drawings are written by a Persian person and talking about an Arab warrior 😂 No one knows the shape of the jinn, so this picture is not a proof, so don't try to argue, and how do we know who is the one who is related to Ifrit, even though it is I said that it is mentioned in the Qur'an and the meaning of its name (Al-Khaith - Al-Makar - Al-Dahiyya - Al-Dahi Al-Bayth Al-Sharir - Al-Shaft al-Qawy) and specifically about intelligence and malice in the Arabic language.We know what a ifrit is from the time of the advent of Islam and even before 103.252.90.177 (talk) 17:55, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ifrit


text:
British First Army order of battle, 20 April 1943

This is the British First Army order of battle on 20 April 1943 during the Tunisia Campaign of World War II. Commanded by: Lieutenant-General Kenneth Anderson Commanded by Lieutenant-General Charles Allfrey Commanded by: Lieutenant-General John Crocker Commanded by: Lieutenant General Louis Koeltz Commanded by: Major General Omar Bradley
 * British First Army
 * V Corps
 * British 25th Tank Brigade (less 51st (Leeds Rifles) Royal Tank Regiment)
 * British 1st Infantry Division (Major-General Walter Clutterbuck)
 * British 4th Infantry Division (Major-General John Hawkesworth)
 * British 78th Infantry Division (Major-General Vyvyan Evelegh)
 * British IX Corps
 * 51st (Leeds Rifles) Royal Tank Regiment
 * British 1st Armoured Division (Major-General Raymond Briggs)
 * British 6th Armoured Division (Major-General Charles Keightley)
 * British 46th Infantry Division (Major-General Harold Freeman-Attwood)
 * French XIX Corps
 * Brigade Légère Mécanique (Tank Group)
 * 1st King's Dragoon Guards
 * Division d'Alger (Major General Pierre-Félix Conne)
 * Division du Maroc (Lieutenant General Maurice Mathenet)
 * Division d'Oran (Major-General Robert Boissau)
 * U.S. II Corps (co-ordinated by First Army but under direct control of 18th Army Group )
 * Corps Francs d'Afrique (three battalions)
 * 4th and 6th Tabors of Moroccan goumiers
 * U.S. 1st Armored Division (less one regiment) (Major General Ernest N. Harmon)
 * U.S. 1st Infantry Division (Major General Terry de la M. Allen)
 * U.S. 9th Infantry Division (Major General Manton S. Eddy)
 * U.S. 34th Infantry Division (Major General Charles W. Ryder)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Fiction based on World War I

Untitled
Not sure what to do with these two similar pages. Literature of World War I covers fiction writing but not movies while Fiction based on World War I does not cover memoirs and diaries. If we move written fiction off this page we are left with nothing but movies. If we don't we will have separate lists covering the same material. Rmhermen 13:45, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * I say we move all the fictional material to this page, and leave the memoirs, poems and diaries on the other page. What do you think? -Litefantastic 21:42, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I say just merge them and redirect as needed. --ChrisRuvolo (t) 23:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fiction based on World War I


text:
Toriyama Sekien

Toriyama Sekien (鳥山 石燕), real name Sano Toyofusa, was a scholar, kyōka poet, and ukiyo-e artist of Japanese folklore. Born to a family of high-ranking servants to the Tokugawa shogunate, he was trained by Kanō school artists Kanō Gyokuen and Kanō Chikanobu, although he was never officially recognized as a Kanō school painter.

Art career
After retiring from service to the shogunate, he became a teacher to numerous apprentices in poetry and painting. He was among the first to apply Kanō techniques to ukiyo-e printmaking, inventing key new techniques along the way, such as fuki-bokashi, which allowed for replicating color gradations. Most famously, he was the teacher of Kitagawa Utamaro and Utagawa Toyoharu.

Sekien is best known for his mass-produced illustrated books of yōkai that had appeared in Hyakki Yagyō monster parade scrolls. The first book proved popular enough to spawn three sequels, the last of which features yōkai mainly out of Sekien's imagination. Although sometimes described as a "demonologist," his work is better described as a literary parody of encyclopedias such as the Japanese Wakan Sansai Zue or the Chinese Classic of Mountains and Seas, which were popular in Japan at the time. His portrayals of these creatures from folklore essentially established their visual portrayals in the public's mind and deeply inspired other Japanese artists in his own and later eras, including ukiyo-e artists Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, Kawanabe Kyōsai, and manga artist Mizuki Shigeru.

Notable works

 * Toriyamabiko (鳥山彦)
 * Sekien's Picture Album (石燕画譜)
 * The Illustrated Demon Horde's Night Parade (画図百鬼夜行)
 * The Illustrated Demon Horde from Past and Present, Continued (今昔画図続百鬼)
 * More of the Demon Horde from Past and Present (今昔百鬼拾遺)
 * Kawataro 河太郎
 * Kawako 河腰
 * Yamawaro 山和露
 * Ushi no koku mairi 牛の国参り
 * A Horde of Haunted Housewares (画図百鬼徒然袋)
 * A Horde of Haunted Housewares (画図百鬼徒然袋)
 * A Horde of Haunted Housewares (画図百鬼徒然袋)

title: Toriyama Sekien


text:
X-COM: Apocalypse

X-COM: Apocalypse is a 1997 science fiction tactical strategy game. It is the third game in the X-COM video game series. It was developed by Mythos Games (the creators of the original X-COM game), and published by MicroProse in 1997 for DOS and Microsoft Windows.

Gameplay
Similar to the first two X-COM games, Apocalypse features a map-like management mode (the Cityscape) and an isometric combat mode (the Battlescape). The management mode takes place in a single city, called Mega Primus, rather than being spread out over the entire planet Earth as in the previous games. In addition, Apocalypse was the first game in the X-COM series to include a real-time combat option as well as the traditional turn-based mode.

Apocalypse features a new interface with new graphics compared to the earlier two X-COM games. It is more complex, and the task of keeping and increasing the funding of the X-COM organization now extends to not only intercepting UFOs, but also to minimizing collateral damage, preventing alien hostile takeovers and even raiding the buildings of other organisations, of which there are many in Mega Primus.

X-COM: Apocalypse claims to have a self-learning AI-module. The game uses a self-adjusting difficulty where player performance influences the Alien's technological advancement of hand-held weaponry in future battlescape combat. A highly positive weekly performance will accelerate the advancement whereas sub-standard X-COM performance in battlescape combat will stifle alien technology and can even reverse it from gains made in the past. This gives the player the chance to amend their failures and rethink their strategy. Aerial UFO combat within Mega Primus determines the technology aboard UFO craft in the future. As with battlescape combat, a consistently high positive rating by destroying all UFOs that appear in the city will lead to better equipment aboard future UFOs. Essentially, the player can control the fine tuning of the available five difficulties by playing well which leads to a harder game in the near future, or easier, if willfully playing badly.

Mega-Primus
The city is run by 13 elected senators. Large corporations maintain the environmental, social and economic structure of the city, while the populace live in relative comfort. Mega-Primus has its own marginalized minorities, consisting of Sectoid-human hybrids and androids, both by-products of the previous wars. These minorities have set up their own political pressure groups. When the aliens invade, the city government reestablishes X-COM. This time there is no absolute support by world/city governments. Mega-Primus has its own governing body who supply nearly all of X-COM's income. X-COM would have to support its income through the sale of alien artifacts captured from missions, and items manufactured in their own workshops.

X-COM must maintain a good rapport with other organizations in the city. If X-COM angers any of them, or fails to contain the alien incursion, organizations will demand compensation or even actively attack X-COM forces. They will also withdraw their support (if any) for the X-COM project. For example, the Transtellar organization would prevent Agents and science personnel from travelling around the city. The corporations and political organizations will make profits, manufacture items for sale, and even fight covert battles with one another independently of the player. One of these organizations, the Cult of Sirius, is a group of religious fanatics who worship the aliens, and is inherently hostile to X-COM. The aliens, rather than simply signing non-aggression treaties with the various corporations, will attempt to infest their corporation and take control of the organizations themselves leading to a possible infestation across most of Mega Primus.

If the Government becomes hostile towards X-COM for any reason, such as alien interference or excessive damage to Government property, the X-COM project will receive no further funding. This is a potential disaster for the player and can lead to X-COM's financial stress. Possible solutions are purposely raiding a company to steal items to use or sell. Raids are an optional battlescape mission within X-COM Apocalypse which can be started as desired. With strong military performance and efficient management, X-COM can overpower Mega Primus and also the UFO threat leading to military dominance of the city but also the Alien's homeworld.

Plot
Half a century after the end of the second X-COM campaign, the last battle of T'leth has severely damaged Earth's biosphere. As a result, several self-contained Megalopolis-type cities were proposed to provide habitation for humanity. The game follows Mega-Primus, the first of these cities, built over the ruins of Toronto, Canada. Meanwhile, the off-world colony of Mars is exploited by the Elerium mining corporation, Solmine, and oppressed by MarSec (MARs SECurity).

The alien threat in the game is presented by a new race of organic, extradimensional aliens that initially seem to have no relation to the aliens of the previous two games, though later missions set in the aliens' home dimension reveal they have enslaved Sectoid survivors. These new aliens attack the city through tetrahedron-shaped teleport gates. The player must find out how to send their own aircraft, along with X-COM agents, through these gates without being destroyed and take the war to the aliens. Apocalypse has 14 races of alien beings including Anthropods, Brainsuckers, Hyperworms, Megaspawns, and Micronoids. Each race has various strengths and weaknesses, and some races are dependent on other races. The "alien life cycle" plays a crucial role in the game.

The player is exposed to this "alien life cycle" through research and more importantly the lower level alien attacks during specimen gathering combat. Primarily the attack of the weaponized alien the Brain-Sucker which attacks individuals after landing from a pod launcher used by alien foot soldiers. The Brain-Sucker hatches and attacks the nearest individual by jumping on their head and seemingly injecting something into them through the mouth and dying immediately after the attempt.

The life cycle later takes a mysterious turn as it shows no connection between the lower alien forms and higher alien forms. Eventually, however, it is found that the leaders of the invasion are the Micronoids, a race of sapient, single-celled organisms that live in the bloodstreams of the other aliens. The ultimate goal of the invasion is to inject Micronoids into the bloodstreams of important figures, allowing them to control Mega-Primus through psionic domination of their hosts. The player is eventually tasked with invading the aliens' homeworld and destroying their side of the gate to stop the Micronoid infestation.

Development
During the creation of Apocalypse, Mythos Games created the game but MicroProse wanted to create the graphics. Julian Gollop called the relationship "disastrous", and said of the game "It was a disaster area. Apocalypse was quite a sophisticated and ambitious game, but it was a big mistake from our point of view. In retrospect, we should have originally agreed to do a sequel in six months, and spent a year doing it, like they did! It would've been a lot better." Gollop recollected:

"After completing this game I know how Francis Coppola felt after filming Apocalypse Now. Just about everything that could go wrong did go wrong, and the amount of effort required to pull it into shape was immense. After three years of hard work and five different producers X-Com: Apocalypse finally hit the streets. The initial game design was definitely too ambitious and too complex. The aim was to recreate in some detail the events, organisations and personalities within a futuristic megalopolis. Each corporation had a leader who could be tailed, arrested, interrogated or assassinated. Organisations could buy and sell buildings as their financial fortunes changed. X-Com agents could spy on other organisations to gain valuable information. A sophisticated diplomacy display allowed the player to instigate aggressive or defensive alliances with other organisations. There were multiple alien dimensions, generated pseudo-randomly, and the aliens gradually expanded their empire as the game progressed. The game also featured a scenario generator and multiplayer options using a hotseat turn based system or a real time LAN option. Most of these features were implemented to some degree, but were finally stripped out due to the horrendous amount of work involved in QA and debugging."

"On XCOM: Apocalypse the team size for that actually was 5 of us at Mythos Games working on it and there was a team of artists at MicroProse working on it as well. Again, it’s a similar arrangement to the first game where we were doing the programming and MicroProse were doing the artwork. ... the MicroProse art team were trying to change the design of the game. Then they were failing to actually deliver anything that they promised. They just couldn’t get the isometric graphic system sorted out in their heads. They did things which just didn’t work, like they hired a guy whose name I forget to design the aliens, and this is a well known science fiction artist and he built these big models of the aliens and the idea was that they were going to scan them and put them into a 3D modelling software. It just didn’t work. He had all this fine detail in these models and this scanning system just wasn’t good enough. Then they had to recreate them basically in a 3D software they were using at the time. Yeah, they were awful, blobby things. They were nasty. Terrible graphics. It was very difficult."

Artist Terry Greer recalled: "My main memory of Apocalypse was the pain we all went through. It was a hugely ambitious project and used a mix of rendered and hand drawn artwork from a variety of graphic styles (which didn't always work – although all the individual bits were great). Probably the worst fit was Tim White (an established SF artist) who had been commissioned to do the character designs. I like Tim's work, but his models were intensely detailed and quite unsuitable for reducing to the scale needed for an isometric game of this type. The creatures he designed looked great full screen, but reduced to the size they would be ingame they were often unrecognizable blobs. I don't know the reasons behind the decision to hire him, only that the problems were apparent to everyone in the art department, and I would have loved to have seen them ditched."

Release
X-COM: Apocalypse was originally released in the U.S. on July 15, 1997. It was re-released as part of the compilations X-COM Collection by Hasbro Interactive in 1999, and X-COM: Complete Pack in 2008 and 2K Huge Games Pack in 2009 by 2K Games. On September 5, 2008, the X-COM series, including X-COM Apocalypse, became available for sale on Valve's Steam platform; the game runs in a specially configured version of DOSBox.

Reviews
The game received favorable reviews. Next Generation said, "In the end, Apocalypse is a step in the right direction, but a step with a wobble. With better control over the cityscape, and more distinct atmosphere and character, it would have been a smash. As it is, it's enjoyable, and well-worth the investment in money and time, but not what it could have been."

Despite the troubled development, Apocalypse was well received. GameSpot included it on their 2000 list of the most disappointing endings, criticizing the game for its "colorful, almost humorous tone," but added that otherwise the designers "did a great job."

Sales
The game debuted at No. 6 on PC Data's computer game sales chart for the month of July 1997. It secured 18th place the following month. By July 23, the game had shipped 120,000 units to retailers globally. Market research firm SofTrends estimated sell-through of 32,812 units during July alone.

Awards
The game won the award for "Turn-based Strategy" at PC PowerPlay's 1997 Game of the Year Awards.

Open-source remake
In 2014 a group of developers formed to remake the game from scratch in C++, under the OpenApoc title. By 2018 the remake had reached an Alpha release state with the entire game playable from start to end and a growing community of developers and players.

title: X-COM: Apocalypse


text:
Talk:Marcus Bent

Untitled
what do you mean this is a stub thats a good actical you fucking prick

 * Hey, calm down. "Stub", in Wikipedia parlance, simply means a short article that more could be added to. It's no reflection on the quality of what's already there (which, I agree, in this case is excellent). --ALargeElk 13:55, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The stub template also marks out Stubs in the database; users can (IIRC) select to look at a list of Stub pages if they want to go out and expand some articles. Sockatume 13:46, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

'Average'
In regards to the David Moyes quote: "It represents a good profit for us for an average player". Google can only find reference to this on similar Encyclopedia resources, and a BBS. It seems subjective, and represents an opion. As it is unsourced, it should probably be removed (even though I agree withthe opinion!). Thoughts? ChrisG76 (talk) 21:24, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Marcus is not related to Darren Bent
However this does not warrant a mention in the article.--EchetusXe 16:29, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Marcus Bent


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Saad

 * Racist joke? Pollinator 13:49, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yep. Delete Alcarillo 14:30, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Pretty bad one, too. Delete. Lord Bob 14:43, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's gone. RickK 15:03, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * That was expedient. Lord Bob 16:47, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Racist joke by anon. Good riddance. Andrewa 18:51, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Saad


text:
British First Army order of battle, 4 May 1943

This is an outline order of battle of the British First Army on 4 May 1943 during the Tunisian Campaign of World War II. Commanded by: Lieutenant-General Sir Kenneth Anderson Commanded by Lieutenant-General Charles Allfrey Commanded by: Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks Commanded by General Louis Koeltz Commanded by: Major General Omar Bradley
 * British First Army
 * V Corps
 * North Irish Horse
 * 7th Algerian Tirailleurs Regiment (7ème Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens)
 * 1st Army Group Royal Artillery
 * 46th Infantry Division (less 139th Brigade Group)
 * 78th Infantry Division
 * IX Corps
 * 25th Tank Brigade (less two battalions)
 * 201st Guards Brigade
 * 2nd Army Group Royal Artillery
 * 4th Infantry Division
 * 4th Indian Infantry Division
 * 6th Armoured Division
 * 7th Armoured Division
 * XIX French Corps
 * One Tank Battalion
 * Division d'Alger
 * Division du Maroc
 * Division d'Oran
 * U.S. II Corps (co-ordinated by First Army but under direct control of 18th Army Group )
 * Corps Francs d'Afrique (three battalions)
 * One Tabor Moroccan Goumiers
 * U.S. 13th Field Artillery Brigade
 * U.S. 2626th Coast Artillery Brigade
 * 1st Armored Division (less one regiment)
 * 1st Infantry Division
 * 9th Infantry Division
 * 34th Infantry Division
 * Army Reserve
 * 1st King's Dragoon Guards
 * 51st (Leeds Rifles) Royal Tank Regiment
 * 139th Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Armoured Division


text: User talk:165.21.154.12

title: User talk:165.21.154.12


text:
Embedded software

Embedded software is computer software, written to control machines or devices that are not typically thought of as computers, commonly known as embedded systems. It is typically specialized for the particular hardware that it runs on and has time and memory constraints. This term is sometimes used interchangeably with firmware.

A precise and stable characteristic feature is that no or not all functions of embedded software are initiated/controlled via a human interface, but through machine-interfaces instead.

Manufacturers build embedded software into the electronics of cars, telephones, modems, robots, appliances, toys, security systems, pacemakers, televisions and set-top boxes, and digital watches, for example. This software can be very simple, such as lighting controls running on an 8-bit microcontroller with a few kilobytes of memory with the suitable level of processing complexity determined with a Probably Approximately Correct Computation framework (a methodology based on randomized algorithms). However, embedded software can become very sophisticated in applications such as routers, optical network elements, airplanes, missiles, and process control systems.

Operating systems
Unlike standard computers that generally use an operating systems such as macOS, Windows or Linux, embedded software may use no operating system. When they do use one, a wide variety of operating systems can be chosen from, typically a real-time operating system. Code for embedded software is typically written in C or C++, but various high-level programming languages, such as Java, Python and JavaScript, are now also in common use to target microcontrollers and embedded systems. Assembly languages are often used too, especially in booting and interrupt handling. Ada is used in some military and aviation projects.

Differences from application software
Most consumers are familiar with application software that provide functionality on a computer. However embedded software is often less visible, but no less complicated. Unlike application software, embedded software has fixed hardware requirements and capabilities, and addition of third-party hardware or software is strictly controlled.

Embedded software needs to include all needed device drivers at manufacturing time, and the device drivers are written for the various hardware devices. These device drivers, called BSP (Board support package), form the layer of software containing hardware-specific drivers and other routines that allow a particular operating system (traditionally a real-time operating system, or RTOS) to function in a particular hardware environment (a computer or CPU card), integrated with the RTOS itself. The software is highly dependent on the CPU and specific chips chosen. Most embedded software engineers have at least a passing knowledge of reading schematics, and reading data sheets for components to determine usage of registers and communication system. Conversion between decimal, hexadecimal and binary is useful as well as using bit manipulation.

Web applications are often used for managing hardware, although XML files and other output may be passed to a computer for display. File systems with folders are typically used, however SQL databases are often absent.

Software development requires use of a cross compiler, which runs on a computer but produces executable code for the target device. Debugging requires use of an in-circuit emulator, and debugging hardware such as JTAG or SWD debuggers. Software developers often have access to the complete kernel (OS) source code.

Size of the storage memory and RAM can vary significantly. Some systems run in 16 KB of Flash and 4 KB of RAM with a CPU operating at 8 MHz, other systems can rival contemporary computers. These space requirements lead to more work being done in C or embedded C++, instead of C++. Interpreted languages like BASIC (while e.g. Parallax Propeller can use compiled BASIC) and Java (Java ME Embedded 8.3 is available for e.g. ARM Cortex-M4, Cortex-M7 microcontrollers and older ARM11 used in Raspberry Pi and Intel Galileo Gen. 2) are not commonly used; while an implementation of the interpreted Python 3 language –  MicroPython –  is however available expressly for microcontroller use, e.g. 32-bit ARM-based (such as BBC micro:bit) and 16-bit PIC microcontrollers.

Communication protocols
Communications between processors and between one processor and other components are essential. Besides direct memory addressing, hardware level common protocols include I²C, SPI, serial ports, 1-Wires, Ethernets, and USB.

Communications protocols designed for use in embedded systems are available as closed source from companies including InterNiche Technologies and CMX Systems. Open-source protocols stem from uIP, lwip, and others.

title: Embedded software


text:
Mothers Against Drunk Driving

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is a non-profit organization in the United States, Canada and Brazil that seeks to stop driving with any amount of alcohol in the bloodstream, support those affected by drunk driving, prevent underage drinking, and strive for stricter impaired driving policy, whether that impairment is caused by alcohol or any other drug. The Irving, Texas-based organization was founded on September 5, 1980, in California by Candace Lightner after her 13-year-old daughter, Cari, was killed by a drunk driver. There is at least one MADD office in every state of the United States and at least one in each province of Canada. These offices offer victim services and many resources involving alcohol safety. MADD has claimed that drunk driving has been reduced by half since its founding.

Positions
According to MADD's website, "The mission of Mothers Against Drunk Driving is to end drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes and prevent underage drinking." Generally MADD favors strict policy in a variety of areas, including an illegal blood alcohol content of .08% or lower and using stronger sanctions for DUI offenders, including mandatory jail sentences, treatment for alcoholism and other alcohol abuse issues, ignition interlock devices, and license suspensions; maintaining the minimum legal drinking age at 21 years; and mandating alcohol breath-testing ignition interlock devices for everyone convicted of driving while legally impaired.

MADD's founder Candace Lightner left the group in 1985. In the same year, Stevie Wonder added the song "Don't Drive Drunk" on the Woman in Red movie soundtrack that referenced MADD and summarized its policy positions.

In 2002, as reported by The Washington Times, Lightner stated that MADD "has become far more neo-prohibitionist than I had ever wanted or envisioned … I didn't start MADD to deal with alcohol. I started MADD to deal with the issue of drunk driving".

Author Susan Cheever and the SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Problems have said MADD is a manifestation of the temperance movement. MADD "supports a substantial increase in taxation on alcoholic beverages as a means of covering the cost to society caused by misuse of alcohol". MADD "advocates that schools and other organizations hosting social and athletic gatherings for youth take positive steps to ensure that alcoholic beverages not be present at those gatherings".

History
On May 3, 1980, Carime Lightner, a 13-year-old girl, was killed by a drunken hit-and-run driver at Sunset and New York Avenues in Fair Oaks, California. The 46-year-old driver, who had recently been arrested for another DUI hit-and-run, left Carime's body at the scene. Carime's mother, Candace (Candy) Lightner, organized Mothers Against Drunk Driving and subsequently served as its founding president. A 1983 television movie about Lightner garnered publicity for the group, which grew rapidly. In the early 1980s, the group attracted the attention of the United States Congress. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) did not like the fact that youth in New Jersey could easily travel to New York to purchase alcoholic beverages, circumventing New Jersey's law restricting consumption to those 21 years old and older.

The group had its greatest success with the enacting of a 1984 federal law, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, that introduced a federal penalty (a 5%—later raised to 10%—loss of federal highway dollars), for states that did not raise the minimum legal age for the purchase and possession of alcohol to 21. After the United States Supreme Court upheld the law in the 1987 case of South Dakota v. Dole, every state and the District of Columbia made the necessary adjustments by 1988 (but not the territories of Puerto Rico and Guam). In July 2010, Guam did raise its drinking age to 21.

In 1988, a drunk driver traveling the wrong way on Interstate 71 in Kentucky caused a head-on collision with a school bus; twenty-seven people died and dozens more were injured in the ensuing fire. Known as the Carrollton bus disaster, it equaled another bus crash in Kentucky in 1958 as the deadliest bus crash in U.S. history. In the aftermath, several parents of the victims became actively involved in MADD and one became its national president.

In 1990, MADD Canada was founded with Toronto activist John Bates as chair.

In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility. The study showed that MADD was ranked as the "most popular charity/non-profit in America of over 100 charities researched with 51% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing 'Love' and 'Like A Lot' for MADD".

MADD released its first "Rating the States" report, grading the states in their progress against drunk driving, in 1991; as of this date, the report has been released an additional four times.

In 1999, MADD's National Board of Directors unanimously voted to change the organization's mission statement to include the prevention of underage drinking.

In 2002, MADD announced its "Eight-Point Plan". This consisted of:
 * 1) Resuscitating the nation's efforts to prevent impaired driving.
 * 2) Increasing driving while intoxicated (DWI)/driving under the influence (DUI) enforcement, especially the use of frequent, highly publicized sobriety checkpoints.
 * 3) Enacting primary enforcement seat belt laws in all states.
 * 4) Creating tougher, more comprehensive sanctions geared toward higher-risk drivers.
 * 5) Developing a dedicated National Traffic Safety Fund.
 * 6) Reducing underage drinking.
 * 7) Increasing beer excise taxes to the same level as those for spirits.
 * 8) Reinvigorating court monitoring programs.

In a November 2006 press release, MADD launched its 'Campaign to Eliminate Drunk Driving': this is a four-point plan to eliminate drunk driving in the United States using a combination of current technology (such as alcohol ignition interlock devices), new technology in smart cars, law enforcement, and grass roots activism.

MADD's national president was Millie I. Webb in 2002. Chuck Hurley became MADD CEO in 2005. He retired in June 2010 and was replaced by Kimberly Earle, who had been CEO of Susan G. Komen for the Cure since 2007. Earle left to become the president of a new foundation of Sanford Health in January 2012, the Edith Sanford Breast Cancer Foundation. Debbie Weir replaced her as MADD's CEO.

In 2019, MADD Brazil was founded.

Funding
According to Obama-Coburn Federal Funding Accountability Transparency Act of 2006, MADD received $56,814 in funds from the federal government in fiscal year 2000, and a total of $9,593,455 between fiscal years 2001 and 2006.

In 1994, Money magazine reported that telemarketers raised over $38 million for MADD, keeping nearly half of it in fees. This relationship continues to date.

In 2001, Worth magazine listed MADD as one of its "100 best charities".

In 2005, USA Today reported that the American Institute of Philanthropy was reducing MADD from a "C" to a "D" in its ratings. The Institute noted that MADD categorizes much of its fundraising expenses as "educational expenses", and that up to 58% of its revenue was expended on what the Institute considered fundraising and management.

Charity Navigator rated MADD at 63.53 out of 100 on its financial rating scale and 96.00 out of 100 on its accountability and transparency scale for its 2013 fiscal year. MADD reported that it spent 24.4% of its total expenses on fundraising that year.

In 2014, MADD spent over $9 million on fundraising activities according to its 2014 tax return.

Activities and criticisms

Radley Balko, an advocate for decriminalizing drunk driving, argued in a December 2002 article that MADD's policies were becoming overbearing. "In fairness, MADD deserves credit for raising awareness of the dangers of driving while intoxicated. It was almost certainly MADD's dogged efforts to spark public debate that effected the drop in fatalities since 1980, when Candy Lightner founded the group after her daughter was killed by a drunk driver," Balko wrote. "But MADD is at heart a bureaucracy, a big one. It boasts an annual budget of $45 million, $12 million of which pays for salaries, pensions and benefits. Bureaucracies don't change easily, even when the problems they were created to address change." CharityWatch gives MADD a "C−" grade.

Drunk driving laws
MADD was heavily involved in lobbying to reduce the legal limit for blood alcohol from BAC .10 to BAC .08. In 2000, this standard was passed by Congress and by 2004, every state had a legal .08 BAC limit. MADD Canada has called for a maximum legal BAC of .05. Although many MADD leaders have supported a lower limit, MADD has not called for a legal limit of .05 in the United States.

Victim impact panels
MADD promotes the use of victim impact panels (VIPs), in which judges require DWI offenders to hear victims or relatives of victims of drunk driving crashes relate their experiences. MADD received $5,547,693 in 2010 from VIPs; much of this income was voluntary donations by those attending as some states do not allow a fee to be charged to offenders for non-legislative programs. Other states like California and Georgia require that a fee be paid in order to attend. In California, this fee ranges from $25 to $50 depending on the county and in Georgia this fee is $50. Some states in the United States, such as Massachusetts, permit victims of all crimes, including drunk driving crashes, to give victim impact statements prior to sentencing so that judges and prosecutors can consider the impact on victims in deciding on an appropriate sentence to recommend or impose. The presentations are often emotional, detailed, and graphic, and focus on the tragic negative consequences of DWI and alcohol-related crashes. According to the John Howard Society, some studies have shown that permitting victims to make statements and to give testimony is psychologically beneficial to them and aids in their recovery and in their satisfaction with the criminal justice system. A New Mexico study suggested that the VIPs tended to be perceived as confrontational by multiple offenders. Such offenders then had a higher incidence of future offenses.

Grand Theft Auto
On April 29, 2008, MADD issued a press release criticizing the video game Grand Theft Auto IV saying it was "extremely disappointed" with the manufacturers. MADD has called on the ESRB to re-rate the game to Adults Only. They also called on the manufacturer (Rockstar) "to consider a stop in distribution – if not out of responsibility to society then out of respect for the millions of victims/survivors of drunk driving." Players can drive drunk in Grand Theft Auto IV but doing so makes it harder to drive. The game also explicitly recommends that the player take a taxi instead of driving, and the character makes humorous remarks suggesting that it is bad to drive drunk. Ignoring these will lead to consequences: if any police officer is around while the player is drunk driving, the player immediately becomes wanted by the police.

Blood alcohol content
Prior to MADD's influence, drunk driving laws addressed the danger by making it a criminal offense to drive a vehicle while impaired — that is, while "under the influence of alcohol"; the amount of alcohol in the body was evidence of that impairment. The level specified at that time — commonly, 0.15% — was high enough to indicate drunkenness rather than impairment. In part due to MADD's influence, all 50 states have now passed laws making it a criminal offense to drive with a designated level of alcohol of .08% or higher.

Sobriety checkpoints
MADD writes that "opponents of sobriety checkpoints tend to be those who drink and drive frequently and are concerned about being caught".

Radley Balko, opponent of limits on drunk driving and writer for Reason Magazine, discusses the possible social implications of some of MADD's policies in a 2002 article. He writes, "In its eight-point plan to 'jump-start the stalled war on drunk driving,' MADD advocates the use of highly publicized but random roadblocks to find drivers who have been drinking."

Beer taxes
Balko criticizes MADD for not advocating higher excise taxes on distilled spirits, even though it campaigns for higher excise taxes for beer. He writes, "Interestingly, MADD refrains from calling for an added tax on distilled spirits, an industry that the organization has partnered with on various drunk driving awareness projects." MADD writes, "Currently, the federal excise tax is $.05 per can of beer, $.04 for a glass of wine and $.12 for a shot of distilled spirits, which all contain about the same amount of alcohol." Point 7 of MADD's 8-Point Plan is to "Increase beer excise taxes to equal the current excise tax on distilled spirits".

Breath alcohol ignition interlock devices
Additionally, MADD has proposed that breath alcohol ignition interlock devices should be installed in all new cars. Tom Incantalupo of Newsday wrote: "Ultimately, the group said yesterday, it wants so-called alcohol interlock devices factory-installed in all new cars. "The main reason why people continue to drive drunk today is because they can," MADD president Glynn Birch said at a news teleconference from Washington, D.C."

Sarah Longwell, a spokeswoman for the restaurant lobbying group American Beverage Institute, responded to MADD's proposals for ignition interlocks by stating "This interlock campaign is not about eliminating drunk driving, it is about eliminating all moderate drinking prior to driving. The 40 million Americans who drink and drive responsibly should be outraged." She also points out that "Many states have laws that set the presumptive level of intoxication at .05% and you can't adjust your interlock depending on which state you're driving in. Moreover, once you factor in liability issues and sharing vehicles with underage drivers you have pushed the preset limit down to about .02%. It will be a de facto zero tolerance policy."

A review by the California Department of Motor Vehicles concluded that "interlock works for some offenders in some contexts, but not for all offenders in all situations. More specifically, ignition interlock devices work best when they are installed, although there is also some evidence that judicial orders to install an interlock are effective for repeat DUI offenders, even when not all offenders comply and install a device. California's administrative program, where repeat DUI offenders install an interlock device in order to obtain restricted driving privileges, is also associated with reductions in subsequent DUI incidents. One group for whom ignition interlock orders do not appear effective is first DUI offenders with high blood alcohol levels."

title: Mothers Against Drunk Driving


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Gastric acid

Gastric acid or stomach acid is the acidic component – hydrochloric acid of gastric juice, produced by parietal cells in the gastric glands of the stomach lining. With a pH of between one and three, gastric acid plays a key role in the digestion of proteins by activating digestive enzymes, which together break down the long chains of amino acids of proteins. Gastric acid is regulated in feedback systems to increase production when needed, such as after a meal. Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate, a base, to buffer the fluid, ensuring a regulated pH. These cells also produce mucus – a viscous barrier to prevent gastric acid from damaging the stomach. The pancreas further produces large amounts of bicarbonate and secretes bicarbonate through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum to neutralize gastric acid passing into the digestive tract.

The secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process. Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the hydrochloric acid is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. The pH of gastric acid is 1.5 to 3.5 in the human stomach lumen, a level maintained by the proton pump H+/K+ ATPase. The parietal cell releases bicarbonate into the bloodstream in the process, which causes a temporary rise of pH in the blood, known as an alkaline tide.

The acidic gastric juice also contains digestive enzymes produced by other cells in the gastric glands – gastric chief cells. Gastric chief cells secrete an inactivated pepsinogen. Once in the stomach lumen gastric acid activates the proenzyme to pepsin. Gastric acid further inhibits the survival and progress of many pathogens in the stomach

Secretion
A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of gastric juice daily. Gastric juice is the combination of gastric gland secretions including the main component of hydrochloric acid (gastric acid), gastric lipase and pepsinogen. Once in the stomach pepsinogen is changed by gastric acid to the digestive enzyme pepsin adding this enzyme to the gastric juice.

Gastric acid secretion is produced in several steps. Chloride and hydrogen ions are secreted separately from the cytoplasm of parietal cells and mixed in the canaliculi. This creates a negative potential of between −40and−70mV across the parietal cell membrane that causes potassium ions and a small number of sodium ions to diffuse from the cytoplasm into the parietal cell canaliculi. Gastric acid is then secreted along with other gland secretions into the gastric pit for release into the stomach lumen.

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid. This acid immediately dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The hydrogen ions leave the cell through H+/K+ ATPase antiporter pumps.

At the same time, sodium ions are actively reabsorbed. This means that the majority of secreted K+ (potassium) and Na+ (sodium) ions return to the cytoplasm. In the canaliculus, secreted hydrogen and chloride ions mix and are secreted into the lumen of the oxyntic gland.

The highest concentration that gastric acid reaches in the stomach is 160mM in the canaliculi. This is about 3 million times that of arterial blood, but almost exactly isotonic with other bodily fluids. The lowest pH of the secreted acid is 0.8, but the acid is diluted in the stomach lumen to a pH of between 1 and 3.

There is a small continuous basal secretion of gastric acid between meals of usually less than 10mEq/hour.

There are three phases in the secretion of gastric acid which increase the secretion rate in order to digest a meal:

 * 1) The cephalic phase: Thirty percent of the total gastric acid secretions to be produced is stimulated by anticipation of eating and the smell or taste of food. This signalling occurs from higher centres in the brain through the vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X). It activates parietal cells to release acid and ECL cells to release histamine. The vagus nerve (CN X) also releases gastrin releasing peptide onto G cells. Finally, it also inhibits somatostatin release from D cells.
 * 2) The gastric phase: About sixty percent of the total acid for a meal is secreted in this phase. Acid secretion is stimulated by distension of the stomach and by amino acids present in the food.
 * 3) The intestinal phase: The remaining 10% of acid is secreted when chyme enters the small intestine, and is stimulated by small intestine distension and by amino acids. The duodenal cells release entero-oxyntin which acts on parietal cells without affecting gastrin.

Regulation of secretion

Gastric acid production is regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and several hormones. The parasympathetic nervous system, via the vagus nerve, and the hormone gastrin stimulate the parietal cell to produce gastric acid, both directly acting on parietal cells and indirectly, through the stimulation of the secretion of the hormone histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells (ECLs). Vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and secretin all inhibit production.

The production of gastric acid in the stomach is tightly regulated by positive regulators and negative feedback mechanisms. Four types of cells are involved in this process: parietal cells, G cells, D cells and enterochromaffin-like cells. Beside this, the endings of the vagus nerve (CN X) and the intramural nervous plexus in the digestive tract influence the secretion significantly.

Nerve endings in the stomach secrete two stimulatory neurotransmitters: acetylcholine and gastrin-releasing peptide. Their action is both direct on parietal cells and mediated through the secretion of gastrin from G cells and histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells. Gastrin acts on parietal cells directly and indirectly too, by stimulating the release of histamine.

The release of histamine is the most important positive regulation mechanism of the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. Its release is stimulated by gastrin and acetylcholine and inhibited by somatostatin.

Neutralization
In the duodenum, gastric acid is neutralized by bicarbonate. This also blocks gastric enzymes that have their optima in the acid range of pH. The secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas is stimulated by secretin. This polypeptide hormone gets activated and secreted from so-called S cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum when the pH in the duodenum falls below 4.5 to 5.0. The neutralization is described by the equation:

 * HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2CO3

The carbonic acid rapidly equilibrates with carbon dioxide and water through catalysis by carbonic anhydrase enzymes bound to the gut epithelial lining, leading to a net release of carbon dioxide gas within the lumen associated with neutralisation. In the absorptive upper intestine, such as the duodenum, both the dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid will tend to equilibrate with the blood, leading to most of the gas produced on neutralisation being exhaled through the lungs.

Role in disease
In hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria, there is low or no gastric acid in the stomach, potentially leading to problems as the disinfectant properties of the gastric lumen are decreased. In such conditions, there is greater risk of infections of the digestive tract (such as infection with Vibrio or Helicobacter bacteria).

In Zollinger–Ellison syndrome and hypercalcemia, there are increased gastrin levels, leading to excess gastric acid production, which can cause gastric ulcers.

In diseases featuring excess vomiting, patients develop hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (decreased blood acidity by H+ and chlorine depletion).

Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus, this backwash of acid (reflux) also known as heartburn can irritate the lining of the esophagus.

Many people experience acid reflux from time to time. However, when acid reflux happens repeatedly over time, it can cause GERD.

Most people are able to manage the discomfort of GERD with lifestyle changes and medications. While it is uncommon, some may need surgery to ease symptoms.

Pharmacology
The proton pump enzyme is the target of proton pump inhibitors, used to increase gastric pH (and hence decrease stomach acidity) in diseases that feature excess acid. H2 antagonists indirectly decrease gastric acid production. Antacids neutralize existing acid.

Comparison between humans and other animals
The pH of gastric acid in humans is 1.5-2.0. This is a much lower pH level than that of most animals and very close to scavengers, which eat carrion. This suggests that carrion feeding could have been more important in human evolution than previously thought.

History
The role of gastric acid in digestion was established in the 1820s and 1830s by William Beaumont on Alexis St. Martin, who, as a result of an accident, had a fistula (hole) in his stomach, which allowed Beaumont to observe the process of digestion and to extract gastric acid, verifying that acid played a crucial role in digestion.

title: Gastric acid


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