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Of Montreal

Of Montreal is an American indie pop band from Athens, Georgia. It was founded by frontperson Kevin Barnes in 1996, named after a failed romance between Barnes and a woman "of Montreal". The band is identified as part of the Elephant 6 collective. Throughout its existence, of Montreal's musical style has evolved considerably and drawn inspiration from 1960s psychedelic pop acts.

1996–1998
Kevin Barnes founded of Montreal, allegedly naming it for a failed romance with a woman from Montreal, Quebec. Barnes was the only member of the group prior to their relocation to Athens, Georgia. There, they met Derek Almstead (Circulatory System, Marshmallow Coast, Elf Power) and Bryan Poole, who also performs as The Late B.P. Helium. Together, they recorded their debut album, Cherry Peel, and subsequent releases The Bird Who Ate the Rabbit's Flower and The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy.

After production on The Gay Parade, the band's third album, began in 1998, Poole left the band to focus on his involvement with Elf Power, another Elephant Six band. Barnes then recruited James Husband and Dottie Alexander, who had been performing together as Lightning Bug vs. Firefly. Almstead moved from drums to bass, and Marshmallow Coast's Andy Gonzales joined soon after. Prior to the release of The Gay Parade in 1999, of Montreal released a number of singles and a re-release of The Bird Who Continues to Eat the Rabbit's Flower.

1999–2006
Following the release of The Gay Parade, the band signed with Kindercore Records, and in 2001, the concept album Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies: A Variety of Whimsical Verse was released.

Kindercore Records would fold shortly after the release of Aldhils Arboretum, and Gonzales and Almstead left the band. Barnes took to writing and performing their 2004 album Satanic Panic in the Attic mostly by themselves. It was released by Polyvinyl Records.

In 2005 The Sunlandic Twins was released.

2007–2012
Barnes recorded most of the band's 2007 release, Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?, by themselves while living in Norway and Athens, Georgia. They also released a companion CD to Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer? called Icons, Abstract Thee. In 2007, Kevin Barnes performed five songs nude during a performance in Las Vegas. In Paris, they did a Take-Away Show acoustic video session shot by Vincent Moon.

Of Montreal's next album, Skeletal Lamping, was released on October 21, 2008. It was released in ten different formats, including conventional CD and vinyl, as well as T-shirts, button sets, wall decals, tote bags, and a paper lantern, the latter formats complete with a digital download code for the album. All items for the collection were designed by The Bee With Wheels (David Barnes) and Gemini Tactics (Nina Barnes). In an essay addressing the concept behind the album's release, Kevin Barnes stated, "We feel that there's no reason to produce another object that just sits on a shelf. We only want to produce objects that have a function and that can be treasured for their singularness." In an interview with NPR, Kevin Barnes revealed that the concept of the CD may be going the way of the 8-track in favor of MP3 downloads. David Barnes joked that fans would buy the album via MP3 download and the version that comes with an amazing sandwich.

In August 2009, the band contributed a T-shirt design, which was printed and sold through the Yellow Bird Project website to raise money for the St. Judes Children's Hospital. The shirt was designed by David Barnes.

During this era, the band lent its songs many times to commercials, television programs, and films. The song "Wraith Pinned to the Mist (And Other Games)" can be heard on radio and television commercials (with words changed) for an advertisement for Outback Steakhouse. Similarly, their song "Every Day Feels Like Sunday" was used in television commercials for NASDAQ. "A Sentence of Sorts In Kongsvinger" was used in a Comcast commercial. "Gronlandic Edit" was used for a T-Mobile commercial which also featured the band as actors.

Teaming up with Jon Brion, Kevin Barnes traveled to Ocean Way Recording to record False Priest.

On October 25, 2011 of Montreal released a Cassette Box Set of all 10 full-length albums via Joyful Noise Recordings. The release was limited to 500 hand-numbered copies, and housed in a custom-built wooden box (screen-printed with original artwork from David Barnes). Each of the 10 cassettes were pressed on multi-colored tape shells and included original album art. Like their previous cassette release, MP3 download was included.

Kevin Barnes had revealed some information on the following album in an interview with Pitchfork Media. On October 20, 2011, Barnes announced that the next album was complete. In November 2011, the band released a new track titled "Wintered Debts" via the band's Soundcloud site, a track off the new album Paralytic Stalks. In January 2012, of Montreal released "Dour Percentage," the first single from the new album. Paralytic Stalks was released on February 7, 2012.

On November 12, 2012, the band created a Kickstarter page to help in the funding of a career-spanning, feature-length documentary called Song Dynasties. The film will consist of footage collected throughout of Montreal's entire career, including touring and studio sessions, as well as other musicians such as Andrew VanWyngarden of MGMT. The tentative release window for Song Dynasties was announced as March 2013. An update regarding the documentary's progress was posted on the band's Facebook site in February.

2013–present

On April 25, 2013, of Montreal posted an announcement on their Facebook page stating that a new album titled Lousy with Sylvianbriar had been completed. The post went into detail about the album's conception, including that Barnes' writing occurred while on a "self imposed isolation experiment in San Francisco" in early 2013. They were influenced by Sylvia Plath, the Grateful Dead, Neil Young, and the Flying Burrito Brothers in their writing. The album was recorded with a new lineup of musicians, including Jojo Glidewell, Nicolas Dobbratz, Bennett Lewis, and Bob Parins, with Clayton Rychlik and Kevin Barnes as the only returning members. The album and subsequent tour also featured Rebecca Cash on vocals. Lousy with Sylvianbriar was released on October 8, 2013. On July 10, 2013, the band released the first single from the album, entitled "Fugitive Air." On July 31, 2013, they announced that they would be touring their new album in October and November. This tour featured the same musicians that performed on the album, instead of longtime band members such as Bryan Poole and Dottie Alexander.

By means of a Facebook post and an interview with Barnes, conducted by Stereogum, of Montreal's album Aureate Gloom was announced. The record was influenced by "the mid-to-late 1970s music scene in New York," including bands such as Talking Heads and Led Zeppelin. The album captures Barnes' emotions borne from their separation from their wife of 11 years and its aftermath. They described the album as being "all over the place musically", lending to its reflection of their mindset during the time of its creation. The album was released March 3, 2015.

In August 2016, of Montreal released Innocence Reaches, which incorporated new, EDM-inspired sounds, as well as the progressive rock sounds of the previous two albums. For the tour following the album's release, bassist Davey Pierce returned to the band, replacing Bob Parins.

On January 13, 2017, of Montreal released a new EP by surprise, entitled Rune Husk. On March 9, 2018, the album White Is Relic/Irrealis Mood was released on Polyvinyl, with singer Barnes explaining that the sound was influenced by "extended dance mixes" from the 1980s.

The band released its sixteenth studio album, Ur Fun, on January 17, 2020. This was followed by the album, I Feel Safe with You, Trash, on March 5, 2021, and Freewave Lucifer Fck on July 29, 2022. The band's most recent album, Lady on the Cusp was released on May 17th, 2024.

Members
Current line-up
 * Kevin Barnes – singer, multi-instrumentalist, songwriter (1996–present)
 * Clayton Rychlik – drums, keys, guitar, bass (2010–present)
 * Jojo Glidewell – keys (2013–present)
 * Ross Brand – bass (2022–present)

Past members
 * Nicolas Dobbratz – keys, percussion, bass, guitar (2010–2013, 2015–2022)
 * Davey Pierce – bass (2007–2013, 2015–2022)
 * Bryan Poole – guitar (1996–1998; 2004–2013)
 * Derek Almstead – drums (1996–1998); bass (1998–2003)
 * Dottie Alexander – keys (1998–2013)
 * James Huggins – drums, multi-instrumentalist, keys, bass, guitar, trumpet, vocals, arrangements, songwriting (1997–2011)
 * Andy Gonzalez – guitar (1998–2003)
 * Julian Koster – various (1998–2001)
 * Jason NeSmith – guitar (2004–2005)
 * Nina Grøttland – bass, visual performer, artist (2004–2012)
 * Matthew Paris Dawson – bass (2005–2007)
 * Ahmed Gallab – drums (2008–2009)
 * Thayer Sarrano – keys (2010–2012)
 * Kaoru Ishibashi – violin, keys (2010–2012)
 * Zac Colwell – woodwinds, keys, guitar (2012)
 * Rebecca Cash – vocals, keys, bass, percussion (2013–2014)
 * Bob Parins – bass (2013–2015)
 * Bennett Dean Lewis – keys, guitar (2013–2015)

Side projects
True to the style of most Elephant Six recording artists, of Montreal's members have been in a variety of side projects with other bands:
 * Kevin Barnes played keyboard for "The Difference in the Shades" on the Bright Eyes' album Letting Off the Happiness.
 * Kevin Barnes, Nina Barnes, and David Barnes did a comedy tour called "A Pollinaire Rave".
 * The band performed as the backing band for Marshmallow Coast on record and on tour.
 * Dottie Alexander released the song "The You I Created" on the Kindercore singles club, under the pseudonym My First Keyboard; of Montreal acted as her backing band.
 * Bryan Poole has a solo career as the Late B.P. Helium.
 * Davey Pierce and Travis Adams from the now-defunct emo band My Hotel Year, created the band Inkwell in 2004.
 * James Huggins released A Parallax I under the name "James Husband" which featured a cover of The Beatles' "We Can Work It Out".
 * Ahmed Gallab has a solo career as Sinkane. He has played in the bands Born Ruffians, Caribou, Yeasayer, and Eleanor Friedberger. He is also the music director and band leader of the Atomic Bomb! Band.
 * Derek Almstead has worked with many artists as a musician and engineer including his collaboration with Andy Gonzales M Coast, Elf Power, and Circulatory System.
 * The group worked with artist Janelle Monáe on a track called "Make The Bus" in her 2010 LP The ArchAndroid (Suites II and III).
 * Kevin co-produced the 2012 Solange Knowles single "Losing You".
 * K Ishibashi has a solo career as Kishi Bashi and toured as a supporting act with Sondre Lerche in 2011.
 * Kevin Barnes produced and played on the album Marble Mouth by Pillar Point.

Studio albums

 * Cherry Peel (Bar/None, 1997)
 * The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy (Kindercore, 1998)
 * The Gay Parade (Bar/None, 1999)
 * Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies: A Variety of Whimsical Verse (Kindercore, 2001)
 * Aldhils Arboretum (Kindercore, 2002)
 * Satanic Panic in the Attic (Polyvinyl, 2004)
 * The Sunlandic Twins (Polyvinyl, 2005)
 * Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer? (Polyvinyl, 2007) – No. 72 US
 * Skeletal Lamping (Polyvinyl, 2008) – No. 38 US
 * False Priest (Polyvinyl, 2010) – No. 34 US
 * Paralytic Stalks (Polyvinyl, 2012) – No. 121 US
 * Lousy With Sylvianbriar (Polyvinyl, 2013) – No. 115 US
 * Aureate Gloom (Polyvinyl, 2015)
 * Innocence Reaches (Polyvinyl, 2016)
 * White Is Relic/Irrealis Mood (Polyvinyl, 2018)
 * Ur Fun (Polyvinyl, 2020)
 * I Feel Safe with You, Trash (Sybaritic Peer, 2021)
 * Freewave Lucifer Fck (Polyvinyl, 2022)
 * Lady on the Cusp (Polyvinyl, 2024)

title: Of Montreal


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Tokimeki Memorial

Tokimeki Memorial (ときめきメモリアル) is a dating simulation series by Konami. It consists of eight main games in addition to many spin-offs. The games are notable in the dating sim genre for being highly nonlinear. Their nickname amongst their fans is the contraction TokiMemo.

The gameplay in Tokimeki Memorial focuses on scheduling, dating, and stat-building. The player has limited time to allocate between asking out members of the opposite sex and developing the playable character's abilities at school and sport (with the long-term goal of becoming more seductive, not out of any intrinsic value). Dates are frequent but very brief, with usually only one multiple-choice question to determine whether the partner's love meter will increase or decrease. One playthrough lasts for a fixed period of three years of high school (on the order of 5–10 hours of play), at the end of which the character with the highest love meter confesses their love.

Manga
Several manga based on the series have been released:
 * Tokimeki Memorial (ときめきメモリアル) is a manga based on the first game, was released on March 10, 1998, and is part of Konami Parody Comics.
 * Tokimeki Memorial ONLINE: Comic Anthology for Girls (ときめきメモリアルONLINE アンソロジーコミック for Girls) is a manga based on the game of same name, was released for manga on July 1, 2006, in Japan and published by B's-LOG COMIC.
 * Tokimeki Memorial ONLINE: Tokimeki Gakuen Dai Panikku (・ときめきメモリアルONLINE －ときめき学園☆大パニック－) is a three digital comics based on the video game Tokimeki Memorial ONLINE. It was released for Digital Mobiles Mangas in February 2008 in Japan only. It is part of Konami Weekly Magazine.
 * Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side: The Sleeping Beauty (・ときめきメモリアルGirl's Side －The Sleeping Beauty－) is a digital comic based on the game Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side. It was released for Digital Mobile Manga on March 29, 2008, in Japan. It is part of Konami Weekly Magazine.

Anime
In 1999, a two-episode anime OVA based on the first game was produced by Studio Pierrot.

In 2006, Tokimeki Memorial Online was adapted into a 25-episode anime television series, Tokimeki Memorial Only Love, produced by Konami Digital Entertainment Co., Ltd. and Anime International Company (AIC) and based on Tokimeki Memorial Online, which premiered across Japan on October 2, 2006.

In 2009, an OVA adaptation of Tokimeki Memorial 4 called Hajimari no Finder, directed by Hanyuu Naoyasu, was produced by Asahi Production.

Live-action film
Tokimeki Memorial is a live-action film loosely inspired by Konami's long running dating simulator franchise of the same name. It was released on August 9, 1997 and was distributed by Toei. It is the final film produced for Fuji TV's "Our movie series".

Spin-offs and merchandise
Tokimeki Memorial spin-offs and merchandise include:
 * Numerous related video games:
 * Two puzzle games based on the first game: Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle Dama (released in arcades, for Windows 95, PlayStation, and Sega Saturn) and Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Tokkae Dama (released for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn. The former was released on the PlayStation Store on January 13, 2010.
 * One puzzle game based on the second game: Tokimeki Memorial 2 Puzzle Dama (released for the PlayStation).
 * The Tokimeki Memorial 2 Substories series, consisting of three games (each game focuses on three of the girls from Tokimemo 2 with the exception of the last game which focuses on four girls). The games are highly regarded for the mini-games in each game. The first game in the series, Dancing Summer Vacation focuses on Miyuki Kotobuki, Kaori Yae and the series' first (and so far, only) set of twins, Miho & Maho Shirayuki. The mini-game for this game revolves around one of Konami's other famous game series, Dance Dance Revolution using remixed Tokimeki Memorial 1 and 2 songs. The second game ("Leaping School Festival") focuses on Ichimonji Akane, Akai Homura and Ijuuin Mei. Unlike the other two Substories games there are three mini games in this game (one for each girl). The final game in the series, "Memories Ringing On" focuses on Hikari Hinomoto, Kasumi Asou, Kotoko Minazuki and Kaedeko Sakura. There are two mini-games in this game (Bowling and Billiards). Most girls appear in each game and can also be won but the characters that are not at the center of the game do not get as much story as the main heroines of the corresponding game.
 * Tokimeki Memorial 2 Music Video Clips: Circus de Aimashou ("Let's Meet At The Circus") was released on the PlayStation 2. The game concentrates on 5 girls from the Tokimeki Memorial 2 game (the girls being Sumire Nozaki, Hikari Hinomoto, Kasumi Asou, Kaori Yae, Homura Akai and Mei Ijuuin). Essentially being a collection of mini-games revolving around Sumire, players are able to choose one of the aforementioned girls before competing in the mini-games and if they play through and win the mini-games they are treated to an animated music video set to one of the chosen girl's image songs.
 * Tokimeki Memorial Private Collection (for the PlayStation), features a mini-game where the player pick one of the girls from Tokimemo 1 as a partner and she asks questions based on TokiMemo 1 (the questions would revolve around the girl—i.e.: her birthday, phone number, favorite items etc.). If the users correctly answer ten questions they are able to go to the beach with her and see her in her outfit.
 * Tokimeki no Houkago, a quiz game for the PlayStation where the players pick one of the other female characters from Tokimemo 1 as own partner and try to win her. Unlike the Private Collection game this game contains questions on general real life topics (and not the actual Tokimeki series) of the time (sport, manga, books etc.). This is the only time in the game's series (for Tokimeki Memorial 1–3) where the players can also win with a male character. They can pick Yoshio Saotome (the info otaku where they get all the information on the girls) as own partner. There is an ending with him where is possible both make a promise to each other to find a girlfriend. Essentially this is like the "Bad Ending" from Tokimemo 1 only with pictures added. Also this game expands on the endings from Tokimemo 1 somewhat in that the players get to see pictures of them (with some slight animation) corresponding to their endings. For example, Ayako Katagiri wants to go to Paris to go to an art school. Her ending involves the players seeing her off at the airport (accompanied by a picture).
 * Tokimeki Memorial Selection—Fujisaki Shiori is a game devoted to Shiori Fujisaki, the main heroine from Tokimemo 1. There is not much gameplay involved, as the game consists of an image gallery, two animated music videos and a mini game where the players can play Rock, Paper, Scissors with Shiori.
 * A series of three romantic drama/adventure games, or visual novels, were also released for the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn, each one focusing on a specific girl from TokiMemo 1. The first was Nijiiro no Seishun ("Rainbow-colored Youth"), featuring Saki Nijino, who cheers the player on as the latter spends the game trying to make it on the school soccer team's main line up. The second game, Irodori no Love Song ("The Many Hues of a Love Song"), focused on Katagiri Ayako with the player trying to compose a new song in time to win the school festival's band contest. The third and final drama game was Tabidachi no Uta ("Poem of Journeys") and featured both Shiori Fujisaki and Miharu Tatebayashi sharing a similar story about the player running a marathon just before graduation that branches off into different directions depending on which girl the players choose to pursue. The Drama series was developed by Hideo Kojima (of Metal Gear fame).
 * A music game Tokimeki Idol was released for iOS and Android in early 2018.
 * Several Konami crossover games have included characters from the series:
 * The 2006 mobile phone game Konami Wai Wai Sokoban features Shiori Fujisaki as a playable character.
 * Bombergirl and Mahjong Fight Girl features Shiori Fujisaki as a playable character.
 * Super Bomberman R includes Shiori Fujisaki Bomber and Ayako Katagiri Bomber as playable characters.
 * In episode #13 of GameCenter CX (known as "Retro Game Master" outside Japan), Shinya Arino, the host of the show, played through the PlayStation version of the game and successfully cleared it.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tokimeki Memorial


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Satanic Panic in the Attic

Satanic Panic in the Attic is the sixth album released by the band of Montreal. The album, like later albums The Sunlandic Twins and Hissing Fauna, Are You The Destroyer?, was made almost entirely by Kevin Barnes.

The cover artwork is done by the singer/songwriter's brother, David Barnes, with insert art by then-wife Nina Barnes. The cover art is a psychedelic parody of El Greco's The Burial of the Count of Orgaz.

A 10th anniversary edition of the album was released exclusively on vinyl for Record Store Day 2014. The release contains the original album on 180g yellow vinyl as well as a 180g light blue vinyl disc with bonus tracks recorded around the same time as the album.

Critical reception
In August 2009, the webzine Pitchfork named "Disconnect the Dots" the 260th track in their staff list "The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s".

title: Satanic Panic in the Attic


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Pall-mall

Pall-mall, paille-maille, palle-maille, pell-mell, or palle-malle is a lawn game (though primarily played on earth surfaces rather than grass) that was mostly played in the 16th and 17th centuries. It is considered a precursor to croquet.

History
Related to Italian trucco (also known as lawn billiards or trucks in English) and similar games, pall-mall is an early modern development from jeu de mail, a French form of ground billiards.

The name comes from the Italian, which literally means 'ball mallet', ultimately derived from Latin , meaning 'ball', and meaning 'maul, hammer, or mallet'. An alternative etymology has been suggested, from Middle French pale-mail or 'straw-mallet', in reference to target hoops being made of bound straw.

History in Britain
It appears that pall mall was introduced from France into Scotland and later to England. The 19th-century historian Henry B. Wheatley states that "pall mall was a popular game in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and few large towns were without a mall, or prepared ground, where it could be played; but it has now been so long out of use that no satisfactory account of the game can be found."

Mary, Queen of Scots, reportedly played pall mall at Seton Palace in East Lothian shortly after the murder of David Rizzio in the spring of 1566. King James VI in his 1599 Basilikon Doron mentions "palle maillé" among the "faire and pleasant field-games" suitable for his son Prince Henry.

The author Henry B. Wheatley speculated that the game was introduced to England from Scotland after the accession of James VI in 1603, quoting a statement from Robert Dallington's Method for Travell, that the game had not yet reached England. In the Method for Travell, which Wheatley dated to 1598 but may have been as late as 1605, Dallington marvels that pall-mall was one of the few French pastimes that had not been introduced to England.

The French ambassador Antoine Lefèvre de la Boderie said that Prince Henry (in England) in 1606 played golf, which he compared to "pallemail". One of Prince Henry's biographers, in a work published in 1634, mentioned that he played "gauffe (a play not unlike to Palemaille)". Prince Henry had a court or pitch, a "pell mell", laid out at St James' Fields, north of St James's Palace. It was surfaced with cockle shells crushed into clay or loam.

It is known that sometime around 1630 a Frenchman named John Bonnealle laid out a court for playing pall-mall on the south side of St. James's Square, London, in an area known as St. James's Field (later Pall Mall Field). "A year or two" later, in about 1631, Bonnealle had died and the king's shoemaker, David Mallard or Mallock, had built a house on this land, which he was ordered to demolish by Candlemas Day (around 2 February) 1632.

Evidently, the pall-mall court was rebuilt at this site, as Archibald Lumsden received a grant on 30 September 1635 "for sole furnishing of all the 'Malls,' bowls, scoops, and other necessaries for the game of Pall Mall within his grounds in St. James's Fields, and that such as resort there shall pay him such sums of money as are according to the ancient order of the game."

Lumsden's pall-mall court also appears in the records in September 1660, when his daughter Isabella petitioned for "one of the tenements in St. James's Field, as promised to her father who spent £425 14s in keeping the sport of Pall Mall". Accounts attached to the petition appeared to indicate the money was spent on "bowls, malls and scopes, 1632 to 1635, and in repairs in Pall Mall, when the Queen went thither to lie in of the Lady Mary." Samuel Pepys's diary for 2 April 1661 records that he went "into St. James's Park, where I saw the Duke of York playing at Pelemele, the first time that I ever saw the sport".

There do not appear to be references earlier than 1630 to the game being played in England. The game is mentioned in a 1611 French–English dictionary, but this does not demonstrate that it was actually played in England at that time:

"Palemaille : f. A game, wherein a round box bowle is with a mallet strucke through a high arch of yron (standing at either end of an alley one) which he that can do at the fewest blowes, or at the nu[m]ber agreed on, winnes."

- Randle Cotgrave

Cotgrave's description of the long alley-like playing surface with an iron hoop at either end accords well with reports of the game as played in London twenty years later. However, there's little reason to read this as an implication that the game was played in England in 1611, especially given that he is providing an English definition of a French word.

An early 19th-century writer on English games, Joseph Strutt, quotes Cotgrave's description and the association with Restoration royalty: "The game of mall was a fashionable amusement in the reign of Charles the Second, and the walk in Saint James's Park, now called the Mall, received its name from having been appropriated to the purpose of playing at mall, where Charles himself and his courtiers frequently exercised themselves in the practice of this pastime. The denomination mall given to the game, is evidently derived from the mallet or wooden hammer used by the players to strike the ball."

- Joseph Strutt

The game was still known in the early nineteenth century, as is proved by its reference in many English dictionaries. In Samuel Johnson's 1828 dictionary, his definition of "Pall mall" clearly describes a game with similarities to modern croquet: "A play in which the ball is struck with a mallet through an iron ring". In his unpublished memoir the writer Oswell Blakeston reports seeing it played at "the only pub that still has a green for this game" in the late 1930s.

Game play
It was played in a long alley with an iron hoop suspended over the ground at the end. The object was to strike a boxwood ball of unknown circumference (a modern croquet ball is normally 3+5/8 in in diameter, which equates to approx 11+2/5 in, in circumference) with a heavy wooden mallet, down the alley and through the hoop with the fewest hits possible. Many references tell us that the ball was about 12 in in diameter. However, it is known that this is not correct, as a ball of that size would be far, far too heavy to lift to a high height with a small mallet. Note the ball in the engraving. It is thought that the ball was likely in the region of 7 cm or slightly larger. It differed from trucco especially in its more extreme length of playing area, suggesting a closer relationship to golf than other derivatives of ground billiards.

Pall-mall was popular in Italy, France and Scotland, and spread to England and other parts of Western Europe in the 16th century. The name refers not only to the game, but also to the mallet used and the alley in which it was played. Many cities still have long straight roads or promenades which evolved from the alleys in which the game was played. Such in London are Pall Mall and the Mall, in Hamburg the Palmaille, in Paris the Rue du Mail, the Avenue du Mail in Geneva, and in Utrecht the Maliebaan. When the game fell out of fashion, some of these "pall malls" evolved into shopping areas, hence the modern name of shopping centres in North America—shopping malls —while others evolved into grassed, shady promenades, still called malls today.

In popular culture

 * Pall-mall features heavily in Julia Quinn's Regency romance novel The Viscount Who Loved Me and its subsequent second epilogue.
 * The second season of the Netflix series Bridgerton, based on Quinn's novel, prominently features a game of pall-mall as an annual tradition for the siblings of the eponymous family. Because of the series' popularity, department store John Lewis reported a 90% spike in the sales of croquet sets, the modern equivalent of pall-mall.

title: Pall-mall


text:
User talk:Simulcra

WP:CHICAGO
You have been not signed up as an active member of WP:CHICAGO, but you have made at least 25 edits to Chicago. If you consider yourself either an active or semi-active member of the project please sign up as such at WikiProject Chicago/members. Also, if you are a member, be aware of Meetup/Chicago 3 and be advised that the project is now trying to keep all the project's WP:PR, WP:FAC, WP:FAR, WP:GAR, WP:GAC WP:FLC, WP:FLRC, WP:FTC, WP:FPOC, WP:FPC, and WP:AFD discussion pages in one location at the new WikiProject Chicago/Review page. Please help add any discussion you are aware of at this location.--TonyTheTiger (t/c/bio/WP:CHICAGO/WP:LOTM) 18:16, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Category:Top-importance Chicago articles
For the rest of this month we are looking for more candidates to be promoted to Category:Top-importance Chicago articles. We are hoping to bring the list of category members to a total of 50. Either you have participated in past votes and discussions or you have recently signed up to be a part of WP:CHICAGO. In either case, please come visit Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chicago/Assessment where we are determining who to add to the September 1st ballot. Some candidate debates have lingered, but there are many new ones from the project's top 50 according to the Wikipedia:Release Version 0.7. Help us determine which pages to add to the ballot.--TonyTheTiger (t/c/bio/WP:CHICAGO/WP:LOTM) 04:21, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

WP:CHICAGO voting for Top-importance Chicago articles
Your status has been changed to inactive at WikiProject Chicago/members since you did not respond to our confirmation of active status request. If this is an error please come update your status. Also feel free to come vote at WikiProject_Chicago/Assessment for our next Category:Top-importance Chicago articles. Voting continues until September 10 and nominations/discussions are ongoing for future ballot candidates at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chicago/Assessment.--TonyTheTiger (t/c/bio/WP:CHICAGO/WP:LOTM) 02:13, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Predestination paradox
Hello, Simulcra. In May 2012 you proposed merging Predestination paradox to Bootstrap paradox. It appears, however, that there has been no further discussion of your proposal. Perhaps you would consider either renewing the discussion or removing the merge to template. Happy editing, Cnilep (talk) 01:15, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Wikipedia:WikiProject United States/The 50,000 Challenge
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Oakland 2020 race and ethnicity data
Where did you get the 2020 census race and ethnicity data for Oakland, California? Are they estimates? Because from what I can see here:, they don't seem to have been released yet. It seems only the total population of each city is available. —Lights and freedom (talk ~ contribs) 19:15, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

 * They're in the ftp/census tract downloads from the census, I might have been lazy with the reference. They're not in quickfacts. (Simulcra (talk) 21:16, 28 September 2021 (UTC))

Can you get the whole city data, or just each individual census tract? Did you add all the census tracts together yourself? —Lights and freedom (talk ~ contribs) 02:55, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Simulcra


text:
Aplysioidea

Aplysioidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Anaspidea.

Aplysiidae is the only family in this superfamily.

title: Aplysioidea


text:
2004 Republican National Convention

The 2004 Republican National Convention took place from August 30 to September 2, 2004, at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. The convention is one of a series of historic quadrennial meetings at which the Republican candidates for president and vice president, and party platform are formally adopted. Attendance included 2,509 delegates and 2,344 alternate delegates from the states, territories and the District of Columbia. The convention marked the formal end of the active primary election season. , it is the most recent major-party nominating convention, as well as the only Republican National Convention, to be held in New York City,

The theme of the convention was "Fulfilling America's Promise by Building a Safer World and a More Hopeful America." Defining moments of the 2004 Republican National Convention include a featured keynote address by Zell Miller and the confirmation of the nomination of President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney for reelection. Bush and Cheney went on to defeat the Democratic Party's ticket of John Kerry and John Edwards in the 2004 presidential election.

Platform
Apart from nominating a candidate for president and vice president, the 2004 Republican National Convention was also charged with crafting an official party platform and political agenda for the next four years. At the helm of the Platform Committee was United States Senator and Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist of Tennessee, Congresswoman Melissa Hart of Pennsylvania and Colorado Governor Bill Owens. The committee worked with the Bush campaign to develop the draft platform.

The platform adopted by the 2004 Republican National Convention was the longest in the party's history compared to the mere 1,000-word platform adopted at the first convention in 1856. At 48,000 words, it was twice the length of the one adopted at the 2004 Democratic National Convention which was only 19,500 words.

Venue
The choice of Madison Square Garden on January 31, 2003, by all 165 members of the Republican National Committee as the venue for the 2004 Republican National Convention meant that New York City would host a major Republican nominating convention for the first time in its history. On July 19, control of Madison Square Garden was officially handed over to the Republican Party under the administration of Chief Executive Officer of the Convention, Bill Harris. Mayor Michael Bloomberg thanked the party for their choice, for which he had vigorously lobbied, noting it as a significant display of support for the city and an economic boom.

Until Chicago, Illinois was selected as the host of the 2024 Democratic National Convention, 2004 was the last time that for either major party that they chose to hold their convention in a state that was not considered to be a swing state (the Democrats held their 2004 convention in Boston, Massachusetts).

Security
Like the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) officially declared the 2004 Republican National Convention a National Special Security Event (NSSE). As such, the United States Secret Service was charged with employing and coordinating all federal and local agencies including the various bureaus of DHS, the FBI, and the NYPD to secure the venue from terrorist attacks. Expected security expenditures reached $70 million, $50 million of which was funded by the federal government.

The city employed an active beat of 10,000 police officers deployed as Hercules teams—uniformed in full riot gear and body armor, and equipped with submachine guns and rifles. Commuter and Amtrak trains entering and exiting Penn Station were scoured by bomb-sniffing dogs as uniformed police officers were attached to buses carrying delegates. All employees of buildings surrounding Madison Square Garden were subjected to thorough screening and background checks.

The NYPD infiltrated and compiled dossiers on protest groups (most of whom were doing nothing illegal), leading to over 1,800 arrests and subsequent fingerprinting.

Timing
The convention took place in New York City a week before the third anniversary of September 11. The attacks were a primary theme of the convention, from the choice of speakers to repeated invocations of the attacks. At the convention, there was a performance of "Amazing Grace" by Daniel Rodriguez, a tribute to those killed on September 11. Relatives of three of the victims spoke and talked about how September 11 brought the country together. Also contributing musically were Brooks & Dunn, Sara Evans, Lee Ann Womack, Darryl Worley.

Speakers
Early in the summer leading up to the 2004 Republican National Convention, Republican National Committee Chairman Ed Gillespie announced the first slate of convention speakers. He added, "It is an honor to announce the addition of these outstanding Americans to the 2004 Republican National Convention program. For the past three and a half years, President Bush has led with strength and compassion and these speakers reflect that." Chief Executive Officer of the Convention Bill Harris commented, "These speakers have seen President Bush's strong, steady leadership and each will attest to his character from a unique perspective. Their vast experience and various points of view are a testament to the depth and breadth of the support for the Republican ticket in 2004."

Zell Miller
Considered to be one of the most interesting choices for speakers at the convention was a keynote address by Georgia Senator Zell Miller, a conservative Democrat. Miller had consistently voted with Republicans. In an editorial in The Wall Street Journal, Miller cited that the reason for his defection was that, "I barely recognize my party anymore." He continued, "Today, it's the Democratic Party that has mastered the art of division and diversion. To run for president as a Democrat these days you have to go from interest group to interest group, cap in hand, asking for the support of liberal kingmakers." He finished by saying, "I still believe in hope and opportunity and, when it comes right down to it, Mr. Bush is the man who represents hope and opportunity."

His keynote address was a visceral smite to Democrats and an excoriating attack on John Kerry, blaming him for the divisions in America. Notably, he mocked Kerry's call for strength in the armed forces by noting several important military projects that Kerry had opposed, saying that Kerry wanted "forces armed with what - spitballs?" Including Senator Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, he claimed "no pair has been more wrong, more loudly, more often, than the two senators from Massachusetts: Ted Kennedy and John Kerry."

In his speech, Miller also heaped his praise for 1940 Republican presidential nominee Wendell Willkie for supporting President Roosevelt's establishment of a military draft, raising concerns about the intentions of President Bush in this area.

Zell Miller also delivered the keynote address on behalf of Bill Clinton in 1992 at Madison Square Garden. He remained a Democrat in the Senate until leaving in 2005 (he was not running for reelection). However, after this address, his affiliation with the national Democratic Party was unquestionably over.

Nancy Reagan's absence
Nancy Reagan's spokesperson announced that the former First Lady fully supported President Bush for the general election. The spokesperson added that while the former First Lady and her children would be absent from the 2004 Republican National Convention, President Reagan's son with Jane Wyman, Michael Reagan, had accepted an invitation to address the delegates. Nancy Reagan appeared in the filmed tribute he introduced. He dedicated the film to everyone who helped make his father president of the United States.

During the convention, delegates paid tribute to Reagan in different ways. Many of the speakers from California and Illinois, including House Speaker Dennis Hastert, mentioned Reagan in their speeches and compared Reagan to Bush. Those from Illinois, including Hastert, compared Bush to both Reagan and Abraham Lincoln, another native son of their state.

Chairpeople
Temporary Chairman]] and Governor of Hawaii
 * Dennis Hastert, Permanent Chairman and Speaker of the House of Representatives
 * Linda Lingle, [[Chairman|
 * Several deputy co-chairs were named as a ceremonial honor

Principal speakers

 * Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City
 * Rudy Giuliani, Former Mayor of New York City
 * John McCain, United States Senator from Arizona

Featured speakers

 * George Allen, United States Senator from Virginia
 * Lindsey Graham, United States Senator from South Carolina
 * Angie Harmon, Actress
 * Bernard Kerik, Former Commissioner of the New York Police Department
 * Elisabeth Hasselbeck, Television host
 * Edward I. Koch, Former Democratic Mayor of New York City
 * Marc Racicot, Former Governor of Montana
 * Jason Sehorn, Athlete
 * Ron Silver, Actor
 * Bob Taft, Governor of Ohio
 * Ann Wagner, Co-chair, Republican National Committee

Principal speakers

 * Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States
 * Rod Paige, United States Secretary of Education
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger, Governor of California

Featured speakers

 * Sam Brownback, United States Senator from Kansas
 * George P. Bush, son of Governor of Florida Jeb Bush, nephew of President George W. Bush
 * Norm Coleman, United States Senator from Minnesota
 * Elizabeth Dole, United States Senator from North Carolina
 * Bill Frist, United States Senator from Tennessee and Senate Majority Leader
 * Erika Harold, Miss America 2003
 * Anne Northup, United States Representative from Kentucky
 * Michael S. Steele, Lieutenant Governor of Maryland

Balloting
President Bush was nominated at the end of a "rolling roll call" that had started the day before, when Pennsylvania's delegation cast the deciding votes.

Principal speakers

 * Lynne Cheney, Second Lady of the United States
 * Dick Cheney, Vice President of the United States
 * Zell Miller, Keynote Speaker and Democratic United States Senator from Georgia

Featured speakers

 * Elaine Chao, United States Secretary of Labor
 * Kerry Healey, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
 * Linda Lingle, Governor of Hawaii
 * Mitch McConnell United States Senator from Kentucky
 * Rob Portman, United States Representative from Ohio
 * Michael Reagan, son of President Ronald Reagan
 * Mitt Romney, Governor of Massachusetts
 * Paul Ryan, United States Representative from Wisconsin
 * Brian Sandoval, Attorney General of Nevada
 * Rick Santorum, United States Senator from Pennsylvania

Balloting
Vice President Dick Cheney was nominated by voice vote for reelection.

Principal speakers

 * George Pataki, Governor of New York
 * George W. Bush, President of the United States

Featured speakers

 * Edward Egan, Roman Catholic Cardinal Archbishop of New York
 * Tommy Franks, Former Commander of the United States Central Command
 * Dorothy Hamill, Athlete
 * Michael L. Williams, Assistant Secretary of Convention, Texas Railroad Commissioner
 * Mel Martinez, Former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development- Elected to the U.S. Senate in Florida in 2004.
 * Lynn Swann, Athlete

Aftermath
According to Rasmussen weekly tracking polls, Bush led Kerry by 0.3% on the poll released August 26. On September 2, Bush's lead had increased to 2.5%. On September 9, the lead had decreased to 1.3%. Bush would maintain his leads throughout the fall.

Protests
Protest activity included marches, rallies, performances, demonstrations, exhibits, and acts of civil disobedience in New York City to protest the 2004 Republican National Convention and the nomination of President George W. Bush for the 2004 U.S. presidential election, as well as a much smaller number of people who marched to support Bush at the convention.

On May 17, 2006 Amy Goodman, host of Democracy Now! reported on the FBI launch of a criminal civil rights investigation of NYPD after Desert storm veteran Dennis Kyne went to trial and had all charges dropped due to video evidence showing the police falsified reports and sworn testimony.

title: 2004 Republican National Convention


text:
Talk:Authoritarian

Authoritarian means favoring, encouraging, or enforcing faithful obedience to authority, as opposed to individual freedom.

Traits
Authoritarian personal traits are defined by issues of trust:

 * a person who seeks or accepts a role as an underling would tend to lack trust in her/his own capabilities, and would look outside him/herself for direction and boundaries

 * a person who has confidence in his/her own ability to adapt and thrive is more likely to look to her/himself first and to use others as examples and resources

 * a person who seeks to control others would tend to lack trust in the ability or the willingness of those other people to behave properly or to achieve goals

 * a person who seeks to control others would also tend to be unsure of his/her ability to deal with equals, and so is reassured being surrounded by subordinates.

Power-seekers are authoritarian.

Relationship Dynamics
An authoritarian nature is required of both/all parties in an authoritarian relationship. It needs people or persons who feel qualified to run other people's lives, and it needs willing underlings who agree that others can properly run their lives better than they can themselves.

Authoritarian people fit well into societies that practice authoritarianism as a primary social model and governance model. They mistrust people who display independence of mind, because they see such persons as a threat to the comfortable routine of obeying orders or of issuing orders and having them obeyed.

Leadership
Leadership, while it may be part of authoritarianism, is distinct and can exist quite handily without authoritarian traits. Independent, self-realized persons frequently and easily take leadership roles, or seek leadership in any number of situations, based on situational competence, but the salient difference is that the relationships are built on trust and convenience, and they are dissolved when the need is outgrown. Thus, it is useful to make a distinction between leadership by example and leadership based on authority or entrenched tradition.

Contrary to popular belief, authoritarian people ("overlords" OR underlings) are not precluded from being libertarian, or at least co-existing in a libertarian-tending society. All that is required is that the relationship be consensual and that it have opting-out provisions.

Summary
An authoritarian nature, or authoritarian personality traits are neither good nor bad in themselves. They are simply one mode of confronting situations, and can be considered part of the human "tool chest" of coping strategies. Such traits become problematic only when they are combined with violence, or when used to excuse improper actions ("I was just following orders").

title: Talk:Authoritarian


text:
Aplysia

Aplysia is a genus of medium-sized to extremely large sea slugs, specifically sea hares, which are a kind of marine gastropod mollusk.

These benthic herbivorous creatures can become rather large compared with most other mollusks. They graze in tidal and subtidal zones of tropical waters, mostly in the Indo-Pacific Ocean (23 species); but they can also be found in the Atlantic Ocean (12 species), with a few species occurring in the Mediterranean.

Aplysia species, when threatened, frequently release clouds of ink, it is believed in order to blind the attacker (though they are in fact considered edible by relatively few species).

Following the lead of Eric R. Kandel, the genus has been studied as a model organism by neurobiologists, because its gill and siphon withdrawal reflex, as studied in Aplysia californica, is mediated by electrical synapses, which allow several neurons to fire synchronously. This quick neural response is necessary for a speedy reaction to danger by the animal. Aplysia has only about 20,000 neurons, making it a favorite subject for investigation by neuroscientists. Also, the 'tongue' on the underside is controlled by only two neurons, which allowed complete mapping of the innervation network to be carried out.

Long-term memory
In neurons that mediate several forms of long-term memory in Aplysia, the DNA repair enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is activated. In virtually all eukaryotic cells tested, the addition of polyADP-ribosyl groups to proteins (polyADP-ribosylation) occurs as a response to DNA damage. Thus the finding of activation of PARP-1 during learning and its requirement for long-term memory was surprising. Cohen-Aromon et al. suggested that fast and transient decondensation of chromatin structure by polyADP-ribosylation enables the transcription needed to form long-term memory without strand-breaks in DNA. Subsequent to these findings in Aplysia, further research was done with mice and it was found that polyADP-ribosylation is also required for long-term memory formation in mammals.

In 2018, scientists from the University of California, Los Angeles, have shown that the behavioral modifications characteristic of a form of nonassociative long-term memory in Aplysia can be transferred by RNA.

Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is considered a form of associative learning. Because operant conditioning involves intricate interaction between an action and a stimulus (in this case food) it is closely associated with the acquisition of compulsive behavior. The Aplysia species serve as an ideal model system for the physical studying of food-reward learning, due to "the neuronal components of parts of its ganglionic nervous system that are responsible for the generation of feeding movements." As a result, Aplysia has been used in associative learning studies to derive certain aspects of feeding and operant conditioning in the context of compulsive behavior.

In Aplysia, the primary reflex studied by scientists while studying operant conditioning is the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex. The gill and siphon withdrawal reflex allows the Aplysia to pull back its siphon and gill for protection. The links between the synapses during the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex are directly correlated with many behavioral traits in the Aplysia such as its habits, reflexes, and conditioning. Scientists have studied the conditioning of the Aplysia to identify correlations with conditioning in mammals, mainly regarding behavioral responses such as addiction. Through experiments on the conditioning of the Aplysia, links have been discovered with the synaptic plasticity for reward functions involved in the trait of addiction within mammals. Synaptic plasticity is the idea that the synapses will become stronger or weaker depending on how much those specific synapses are used. Conditioning of these synapses can lead them to become stronger or weaker by causing the neurons to fire or not fire when influenced by a stimulus. The conditioning of behavioral traits is based on the idea of a reward function. A reward function is when a stimulus is conditioned to fire according to a certain stimulus. The neurons will adapt to that stimulus, and fire those neurons more easily, even if the stimulus has a negative effect on the subject (in this case the Aplysia). In mammals, the reward function is mainly controlled by ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons. During conditioning (in mammals), the VTA dopamine neurons have an increased effect on the stimuli being conditioned, and a decreased effect on the stimuli not being conditioned. This induces the synapses to form an expectation for reward for the stimuli being conditioned. The properties of the synapses displayed in the tests on conditioning involving the Aplysia (which has dopamine neurons but not a ventral tegmental area) are proposed to be directly comparable to behavioral responses such as addiction in mammals.

Reproduction
Aplysia are simultaneous hermaphrodites, meaning each adult individual sea hare possesses both male and female reproductive structures that may be mature at the same time.

Aplysia have the ability to store and digest allosperm (sperm from a partner) and often mate with multiple partners. A potent sex pheromone, the water-borne protein attractin, is employed in promoting and maintaining mating in Aplysia. Attractin interacts with three other Aplysia protein pheromones (enticin, temptin or seductin) in a binary fashion to stimulate mate attraction.

Studies of multiple matings in the California sea hare, Aplysia californica, have provided insights on how conflicts between the sexes are resolved.

Self-defense
Aplysia species was once thought to use ink to escape from predators, much like the octopus. Instead, recent research has made it clear that these sea slugs are able to produce and secrete multiple compounds within their ink, including the chemodeterrant Aplysioviolin and toxic substances such as ammonia for self-defense. The ability of the Aplysia species to hold toxins within their bodies without poisoning themselves is a result of the unique way that the toxin is stored within the slug. Different molecules essential to the creation of the toxin are accumulated in separate parts of the body of the slug, rendering them benign, as only the mixing of all the molecules can result in a toxic chemical cloud. When the sea hare feels threatened it immediately begins the process of defending itself by mixing the distinct molecules in an additional part of the body used specifically for that purpose. At which point, enzymes within the sea slug begin the process of making the substance toxic, and the mixture is ejected out at the predator in self-defense.

Species
Species within the genus Aplysia are as follows. This list follows the studies of Medina et al. who established a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Aplysia through study of the partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data of ribosomal genes (rDNA).
 * Aplysia argus Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830
 * Aplysia atromarginata Bergh, 1905
 * Aplysia brasiliana Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia californica (J.G. Cooper, 1863) California sea hare
 * Distribution: Northeast Pacific
 * Aplysia cedrocensis (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939)
 * Distribution: Northeast Pacific
 * Aplysia cervina (Dall & Simpson, 1901)
 * Distribution: West Atlantic
 * Aplysia cornigera Sowerby, 1869
 * Distribution: Indian Ocean, West Pacific
 * Aplysia cronullae Eales, 1960 : synonym of Aplysia extraordinaria (Allan, 1932) (uncertain synonym)
 * Distribution: Southwest Pacific
 * Aplysia dactylomela (Rang, 1828) spotted sea hare
 * Distribution: Cosmopolitan; tropical and temperate seas.
 * Color: from pale gray to green to dark brown.
 * Description: large black rings on the mantle; good swimmer
 * Aplysia denisoni Smith, 1884 : synonym of Aplysia extraordinaria (Allan, 1932) (possible senior synonym)
 * Distribution: Indian Ocean, West Pacific
 * Aplysia depilans (Gmelin, 1791)
 * Distribution: Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean.
 * Description: thin, yellow inner shell
 * Aplysia dura Eales, 1960
 * Distribution: Southeast Atlantic, Southwest Pacific
 * Aplysia elongata (Pease, 1860)
 * Aplysia euchlora Adams in M.E.Gray, 1850 : represented as Aplysia (Phycophila) euchlora (Gray, 1850) (alternate representation)
 * Distribution: Northwest Pacific
 * Aplysia extraordinaria (Allan, 1932) (possibly = Aplysia gigantea)
 * Distribution: Western Australia, New Zealand.
 * Length: more than 40 cm
 * Aplysia fasciata (Poiret, 1798) ( Aplysia brasiliana Rang, 1828 is a junior synonym).
 * Distribution: East Atlantic, Mediterranean, West Africa, Red Sea
 * Length: 40 cm
 * Color: dark brown to black.
 * Description: sometimes has a red border to the parapodia and oral tentacles
 * Aplysia ghanimii Golestani, Crocetta, Padula, Camacho, Langeneck, Poursanidis, Pola, Yokeş, Cervera, Jung, Gosliner, Araya, Hooker, Schrödl & Valdés, 2019
 * Aplysia gigantea Sowerby, 1869
 * Distribution: Indian Ocean, West Pacific
 * Aplysia hooveri Golestani, Crocetta, Padula, Camacho, Langeneck, Poursanidis, Pola, Yokeş, Cervera, Jung, Gosliner, Araya, Hooker, Schrödl & Valdés, 2019
 * Aplysia inca d'Orbigny, 1837
 * Distribution: Southeast Pacific
 * Aplysia japonica G. B. Sowerby II, 1869
 * Aplysia juanina (Bergh, 1898)
 * Aplysia juliana (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Walking sea hare
 * Distribution: cosmopolitan, circumtropical in all warm seas
 * Color: various, from uniform to pale brown
 * Description: no purple gland, therefore no ink secretions; posterior end of the foot can act as a sucker
 * Aplysia keraudreni Rang, 1828
 * Distribution: South Pacific
 * Length: 25 cm
 * Color: dark brown
 * Aplysia kurodai (Baba, 1937)
 * Distribution: NW Pacific
 * Length: 30 cm
 * Color: dark brown to purplish black, dotted with white spots
 * Aplysia lineolata A. Adams & Reeve, 1850 : synonym of Aplysia oculifera A. Adams & Reeve, 1850
 * Aplysia maculata Rang, 1828
 * Distribution : Western Indian Ocean
 * Aplysia morio (A. E. Verrill, 1901) Atlantic black sea hare, sooty sea hare
 * Distribution: Northwest Atlantic
 * Length: 40 cm
 * Color: black to deep brown; no spots
 * Aplysia nigra d'Orbigny, 1837
 * Distribution: Southwest Atlantic, South Pacific
 * Aplysia nigra brunnea Hutton, 1875
 * Distribution: New Zealand
 * Length: 10 cm
 * Color: dark brown
 * Aplysia nigrocincta von Martens, 1880
 * Aplysia oculifera (Adams & Reeve, 1850) spotted sea hare
 * Distribution: Indian Ocean; West Pacific; common along the north, east and south coast of South Africa
 * Length: 15 cm
 * Description: greenish brown, with small brown to black spots with white centres
 * Habitat: shallow bays and estuaries
 * Behaviour: hides by day; emerges at night to feed on seaweed
 * Aplysia parva Pruvot-Fol, 1953
 * Aplysia parvula (Guilding in Moerch, 1863) pygmy sea hare, dwarf sea hare
 * Distribution: worldwide in warm to temperate seas
 * Length: 6 cm
 * Color: brown to green spots
 * Aplysia peasei (Tryon, 1895) (taxon inquirendum)
 * Aplysia perviridis (Pilsbry, 1895)
 * Aplysia pilsbryi (Letson, 1898)
 * Aplysia pulmonica Gould, 1852
 * Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803)
 * Distribution: NE Atlantic
 * Length: 20 cm
 * Color: very variable
 * Aplysia rehderi Eales, 1960
 * Distribution: Northeast Pacific
 * Aplysia reticulata Eales, 1960
 * Distribution: Southwest Pacific
 * Aplysia reticulopoda (Beeman, 1960) net-foot sea hare
 * Distribution: Northeast Pacific
 * Aplysia robertsi Pilsbry, 1895
 * Distribution: Northeast Pacific
 * Aplysia rudmani Bebbington, 1974
 * Distribution: Indian Ocean
 * Aplysia sagamiana (Baba, 1949)
 * Distribution: East Australia, Japan; Northwest Pacific
 * Aplysia sowerbyi Pilsbry, 1895
 * Distribution: Southwest Pacific
 * Aplysia sydneyensis (Sowerby, 1869)
 * Distribution: Australia
 * Length: 15 cm
 * Description: not clearly defined
 * Aplysia tanzanensis Bebbington, 1974
 * Distribution: Indian Ocean
 * Aplysia vaccaria (Winkler, 1955) California black sea hare (possibly ?= Aplysia cedrocensis)
 * Distribution: Pacific Coast of California
 * Length: very big – up to 75 cm
 * Color: black
 * Description: no purple ink; huge internal shell
 * Aplysia venosa Hutton, 1875 (taxon inquirendum)
 * Aplysia vistosa Pruvot-Fol, 1953

 * Species brought into synonymy:
 * Aplysia aequorea Heilprin, 1888 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia albopunctata Deshayes, 1853: synonym of Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803)
 * Aplysia angasi G.B. Sowerby II, 1869 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia annulifera Thiele, 1930 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia ascifera Rang, 1828 : synonym of Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828)
 * Aplysia benedicti Eliot, 1899 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia bourailli Risbec, 1951 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia brasiliana (Rang, 1828) mottled sea hare, sooty sea hare (junior synonym of Aplysia fasciata; different geographical populations of the same species): synonym of Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789
 * Aplysia cirrhifera Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 : synonym of Barnardaclesia cirrhifera (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)
 * Aplysia concava Sowerby, 1869 : synonym of Aplysia parvula Mørch, 1863
 * Aplysia depressa Cantraine, 1835 : synonym of Phyllaplysia depressa (Cantraine, 1835)
 * Aplysia dolabrifera Rang, 1828 : synonym of Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828)
 * Aplysia donca (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1960) : synonym of Aplysia morio (A. E. Verrill, 1901)
 * Aplysia eusiphonata Bergh, 1908 : synonym of Aplysia maculata Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia fimbriata Adams & Reeve, 1850 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia gargantua Bergh, 1908 : synonym of Aplysia maculata Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia geographica (Adams & Reeve, 1850) : synonym of Syphonota geographica (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
 * Aplysia gilchristi Bergh, 1908 : synonym of Aplysia maculata Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia gracilis Eales, 1960: synonym of Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789
 * Aplysia griffithsiana Leach, 1852 synonym of Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803)
 * Aplysia guttata Sars M., 1840 synonym of Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803)
 * Aplysia hamiltoni Kirk, 1882 : synonym of Aplysia juliana Quoy & Gaimard, 1832
 * Aplysia hybrida Sowerby, 1806 : synonym of Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803)
 * Aplysia longicauda Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 : synonym of Stylocheilus longicauda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
 * Aplysia megaptera Verrill, 1900 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia nettiae Winkler, 1959 : synonym of Aplysia californica J. G. Cooper, 1863
 * Aplysia norfolkensis Sowerby, 1869 : synonym of Aplysia parvula Mørch, 1863
 * Aplysia oahouensis Souleyet, 1852 : synonym of Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828)
 * Aplysia ocellata d'Orbigny, 1839 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia odorata Risbec, 1928 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia operta Burne, 1906 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia petalifera Rang, 1828 : synonym of Petalifera petalifera (Rang, 1828)
 * Aplysia poikilia Bergh, 1908 : synonym of Aplysia maculata Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia protea Rang, 1828 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia pulmonica Gould, 1852 : synonym of Aplysia argus Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830
 * Aplysia radiata Ehrenberg, 1831 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia rosea Rathke, 1799 : synonym of Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803)
 * Aplysia schrammi Deshayes, 1857 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia scutellata Ehrenberg, 1831 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia sibogae Bergh, 1905 : synonym of Aplysia juliana Quoy & Gaimard, 1832
 * Aplysia striata Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 : synonym of Stylocheilus longicauda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
 * Aplysia tigrina Rang, 1828 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia tigrinella Gray, 1850 : synonym of Aplysia maculata Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia tigrinella Gray, 1850 : synonym of Aplysia maculata Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia velifer Bergh, 1905 : synonym of Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
 * Aplysia willcoxi (Hellprin, 1886) : synonym of Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789
 * Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 : synonym of Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789

title: Aplysia


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Traditional economy

A traditional economy is a loosely-defined term sometimes used for older economic systems in economics and anthropology. It may imply any of that an economy is not deeply connected to wider regional trade networks; that many or most members engage in subsistence agriculture, possibly being a subsistence economy; that barter is used to a greater frequency than in developed economies; that there is little governmental oversight of the economy, that at least some taxes might be in the form of goods or corvée labor rather than money; or some combination of the above. Aspects of traditional economies often carry forward into the "modern" economies they become, though; it is not uncommon for a traditional economy that heavily centers the role of tribes and families in distributing wealth to continue keeping a large role for them even after connections to outside trade are formed, at least if the original elite manage to keep their status rather than being displaced by an invasion or revolution or the like.

title: Traditional economy


text:
Frankenstein's Daughter

Frankenstein's Daughter is an independently made 1958 American black-and-white science fiction/horror film drama, produced by Marc Frederic and George Fowley, directed by Richard E. Cunha, that stars John Ashley, Sandra Knight, Donald Murphy, and Sally Todd. The film was distributed by Astor Pictures and was released theatrically as a double feature with Missile to the Moon.

The film, set in mid-20th century America, tells the story of the creation of the first female "Frankenstein's monster".

Plot
Teenager Trudy Morton, who lives with her uncle Carter Morgan, has nightmares in which she is a monster running about the streets. Her boyfriend Johnny Bruder dismisses them. Unbeknownst to Trudy, she actually does turn into a monster at night, thanks to Carter's lab assistant Oliver Frank. He lives with them and has been spiking Trudy's fruit punch with the formula that he and Carter are developing at the home lab. Carter's goal is to eliminate all disease so that people can live forever; Oliver's goal is different: with the help of Elsu the gardener, he is assembling a "perfect being", for Oliver Frank is actually Oliver Frankenstein, grandson of the original Dr. Frankenstein.

Carter's project stalls and he breaks into Rockwell Labs for Digenerol, the chemical he needs for his experiments.

Police Lt. Boyd and Det. Bill Dillon investigate a report from a frightened woman that a monster in a swimsuit attacked her. They spot Trudy's monstrous self and fire at her, to no avail. Oliver grabs her and drags her home to recover.

The next morning, Carter asks Oliver if he has seen the newspaper story about a "Frankenstein monster" on the loose. Oliver scoffs at the story, but when Carter disparages the Frankensteins, Oliver jumps to his feet in their defense. Boyd and Dillon are visited by Mr. Rockwell of Rockwell Labs. Rockwell says the stolen Digenerol may be somehow related to the monster issue.

Back at the home lab, Elsu mistakenly enters through a secret door while Carter and Oliver are working. Oliver shoos him out and to distract Carter knocks the bottle of Digenerol from his hand, spilling every drop. Carter says he must now steal more Digenerol.

Trudy's friend Suzie Lawler visits her, and they quarrel. While flouncing off, she makes a date with Oliver. The date goes badly, with Oliver attempting to force himself on Suzie. Since he needs a brain for his creation, he runs Suzie over with his car, killing her. When Elsu asks why he wants to create this creature, Oliver says that "now we're aware the female mind is conditioned to a man's world. It therefore takes orders, where the other ones didn't."

While Oliver tries to reanimate the monster, Boyd and Dillon arrive. As they tell Oliver that they suspect Carter is the Digenerol thief, "she" comes to life, scarred and unrecognizable. After the police leave, "she" escapes and kills a warehouse worker. Another worker, Mack, calls the cops.

At the house, someone knocks on the front door. Trudy answers. It is the monster. Trudy screams and faints. Elsu coaxes the monster into the lab. When Johnny arrives and tells him what happened, Oliver convinces Johnny that Trudy has an overactive imagination.

Oliver wants the lab for himself and decides to kill Carter. As he starts strangling Carter, Boyle and Dillon show up with more questions about the Digenerol. Oliver tells them Carter stole it; Carter tells them Oliver tried to kill him. Oliver persuades them that Carter is mentally ill, and they arrest Carter. Oliver then argues with Elsu, who refuses any further assistance, and Oliver has the monster kill Elsu. After learning that Carter has been arrested, Johnny leaves for the police station while Trudy stays behind. Oliver reveals his family's name and shows her his creation. Trudy faints again, but awakens and goes to the police station, where she learns that Carter has died.

Boyle and Dillon return to the house to further question Oliver. When Boyle leaves, Dillon stays behind to keep an eye on Oliver. Dillon stumbles across the monster's hiding place and Oliver orders "her" to kill Dillon.

Trudy and Johnny come home and also find the hideout. Oliver orders "her" to kill them, too. "She" and Johnny fight in the lab. Johnny throws a vial of acid at "her", but hits Oliver instead, melting his face. As Oliver falls, the monster accidentally sets "herself" alight on a Bunsen burner. Trudy and Johnny flee as "she" is consumed by flames.

Cast

 * John Ashley as Johnny Bruder
 * Sandra Knight as Trudy Morton
 * Donald Murphy as Oliver Frank/Frankenstein
 * Sally Todd as Suzie Lawler
 * Harold Lloyd Jr. as Don
 * Felix Maurice Locher as Carter Morton
 * Wolfe Barzell as Elsu
 * John Zaremba as Police Lt. Boyd
 * Robert Dix as Police Det. Bill Dillon
 * Harry Wilson as the Monster
 * Voltaire Perkins as Mr. Rockwell
 * Charlotte Portney as frightened woman
 * Bill Coontz as first victim – warehouseman
 * George Barrows as Mack
 * Page Cavanaugh and His Trio

Production
Layton Films was a company established by Dick Cunha, a filmmaker who had just left Screencraft Productions, and Mark Frederic, an investor. In April 1958 it was announced Layton would make 10 films in just over 24 months for distribution by Astor Films, starting with Frankenstein's Daughter (in the end only two other films were made, Missile to the Moon and The Girl in Room 13).

Frankenstein's Daughter was shot during just six days for approximately $65,000 and sold to Astor Pictures for $80,000.

It was filmed at Screencraft Studios in Hollywood, although the house in which much of the action takes place was the home of producer Marc Frederic. Production of the film wrapped in May 1958.

John Ashley had just made a number of films for American International Pictures. He later recalled "AIP was low budget – one hundred grand a movie – but at least they shot on sound stages and the size of the crew was bigger. Frankenstein's Daughter was really rock bottom. But the people were very nice, especially Duck Cunha, the director ... but it was quick, a little more down and dirty than AIP".

Ashley later said he remembered two things about the film: "the monster, which was a man because the makeup artist didn't know it was supposed to be a woman, and that we shot the ending at Harold Lloyd's estate, because Harold Lloyd Jr. played a teenager in it".

Although the credits use the words "and introducing" in reference to Harold Lloyd Jr., his first film role was actually 1953's The Flaming Urge. Sally Todd was Miss February 1957 in Playboy magazine.

Paul Stanhope and Harry Thomas did the make-up for Frankenstein's Daughter.

Additional production information can be found on the Tom Weaver-David Schecter-Steve Kronenberg-Larry Blamire audio commentary on Film Detective's 2021 "Frankenstein's Daughter" Special Edition Blu-ray.

Title

Film critic Bill Warren notes that Frankenstein's Daughter was titled She Monster of the Night when it was available in 8 mm format and that it "may have been retitled 'The Wild Witch of Frankenstein' for a Chicago Theater." Although he does not name the theater or provide a reason for the change in title, he writes that other films were also retitled when they were shown in Chicago at about the same time. British critic Phil Hardy also refers to the film as "Frankenstein's Daughter a.k.a. She Monster of the Night."

Release date
The film's specific U.S. release date is somewhat confusing. The American Film Institute (AFI) simply states that it was released in November 1958, while the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) gives a more precise date of 15 November 1958 for its New York City premiere. However, Warren writes that the release date was "December 15, 1958 (March 4, 1960 in Los Angeles)".

Frankenstein's Daughter was released theatrically in Canada and West Germany in 1959, Mexico in 1960, and France in 1962, as well as on unspecified dates in Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and the UK. The film was distributed theatrically in Canada by Astral Films; by Sunderfilm Zwicker in West Germany; and by Benelux Films in Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. At some point, it played in the UK as the first feature on a double bill with The Giant Gila Monster. Frankenstein's Daughter was given an X-certificate by the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC), restricting its viewing to adults age 16 and over, while The Giant Gila Monster got an A-certificate, which meant that the film was considered more suitable for adults than children.

Clips
The film has been referred to, had clips from it used, or been shown in its entirety on television numerous times over the years. For example, it was referenced in the "Reluctant Hero" episode of the situation comedy My Secret Identity in February 1990. Clips from the film were used in the "Frankenstein's Friends" episode of 100 Years of Horror in December 1996 and in the Cinemassacre's Monster Madness episode "Dracula vs. Frankenstein" in October 2010. The entire film was shown on Frightmare Theater in May 2017.

Frankenstein's Daughter has also been included in at least one theatrical film series. In December 2011, it was shown, along with Lady Frankenstein, as part of Michael W. Phillip's "Shock Theater" film series, which specialized in showing 16 mm prints of "drive-in movie horror fare". The series ran on Friday nights at the Wicker Park Arts Center in Chicago.

Frankenstein's Daughter has been available in the U.S. for individual home viewing since 2000, when Vintage Video released it on VHS. Both Englewood Entertainment and Image Entertainment released it on DVD. Synergy Entertainment distributed the film worldwide on DVD starting in 2008, and it has been available in France on DVD from Bach Entertainment since 2009; It has been available in Spain on DVD from L'Atelier since 2009 and in Germany on DVD from Edel Media & Entertainment since 2013.

Critical
The reviews written in 1958 and 1959 appear to show that critics did not like Frankenstein's Daughter. According to Warren, the film was "greeted by the few who reviewed it with the contempt it deserved". He notes that "the Los Angeles Examiner called the film 'a dismal clunker,'" while critic "Paul V. Beckley in the New York Herald-Tribune felt that it was 'a little better [than Missile to the Moon], although much more confusing". New York Times critic Howard Thompson wrote that "'it's a toss-up whether [Frankenstein's Daughter or its co-feature] Missile to the Moon is the cheaper, duller piece of claptrap. Both are horror movies, being simply horrible bores'." gross magazine in its "Review Digest" for the February 9, 1959 issue gave the film a rating of "fair" and recorded a "poor" rating from the New York Daily News.

Modern-day critics generally think poorly of the film. Hardy calls it "a decidedly shoddy teenage monster movie ... weighed down by the usual scenes of teenage partying" and eventually ending with a "routine conflagration when the required running time has been reached". Also taking note of the "teenage partying" segments of the film, critic Robert Horton writes that the pool-party song-and-dance numbers give viewers a "Z-movie view of Eisenhower America" and that "Frankenstein's Daughter blends early rock movie devices (lover's lane, nightclub combo) with an old-school monster story". But the Austin (Texas) Chronicle 's film critic, Mike Emery, has a more favorable perspective. He calls the film "not bad for an evening of nostalgia and laughs. Not to mention a reminder of an era when fun 'creature features' were cranked out by the dozen".

Warren dislikes the monster makeup worn by Harry Wilson and the gender confusion that results from a man playing Frankenstein's daughter. He writes that "it's never clear if the monster is entirely a female – it certainly doesn't look like a woman – or has the body of a man and the head of a woman ... we never know if the monster is male, female, or a mixture – or why that would make any difference". He blames much of this on the monster makeup, writing that "when he learned at the last moment the monster was supposed to be a woman, [makeup artist Harry] Thomas hastily scrawled lipstick on its mouth and sent it on to movie immortality". In an interview, Cuhna laid the blame for the makeup not on Harry Thomas, but on a short shooting schedule and low budget, telling crtitc Tom Weaver that "it was a situation where we just got trapped, again, without any money. We had no preparation time, and Frankenstein's Daughter was designed on the set on the first day of shooting ... we just didn't have enough money to create a monster that would represent Sally Todd. Thomas told Weaver in a separate interview that he "wanted to make Sally Todd up as the monster, but the producers didn't think she was big enough to fight and look menacing".

Critic Bryan Senn says that "though there's much to scoff at in this gender-bending cheapie, director Cuhna and cinematographer Meredith Nicholson at least try to invest the proceedings with some visual interest, utilizing shadows, depth of field, and even change of focus within a shot to bring a character into sharp relief at a dramatic moment". Those attempts do not sound entirely successful, though. Hardy writes that Nicholson's "shadowy lighting, however, can't fully disguise the few cramped studio sets and banal exteriors ... and so the picture possesses a cheap, claustrophobic feel".

The acting has drawn mixed reviews. While Emery writes that the film is "filled with awful acting and even worse rock & roll dance numbers", when it comes to a major character, "Dr. Frankenstein was never slimier than when he was portrayed by Donald Murphy". He describes Oliver as "part mad scientist, part Ivy League jerk" and says that he is "one of the more lecherous and humorous characters to bear the legendary doctor's name". Senn is also favorable toward Murphy's acting, writing that he "gives a hearty performance as the arrogant, brilliant Oliver. He imbues his scornful scientist with a superior air and a wealth of passion". On the other hand, "hero John Ashley's toneless playing adds to the production's woes. His deadpan delivery and immobile countenance are so stiff you could light a match on them".

Diabolique magazine wrote that Ashley "gives a solid leading man performance... it's not particularly memorable work but is grounded and realistic, and serves as a useful counter-balance to the extreme nature of the story."

The director said the film was his "biggest disappointment ... because of our monster creator; I can't blame anyone for that, we just didn't have enough money to create a monster that would represent Sally Todd".

Currently, the film has a 3.8/10 rating on the Internet Movie Database, with 647 ratings, 36 user reviews and 12 external reviews. At the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, there are no ratings from professional critics and only 14 reviews from the general audience. 20 percent of the audience says it likes Frankenstein's Daughter and gives the film an average rating of 2.5/5, based on 315 viewers.

Music
Page Cavanaugh and His Trio performed the song "Special Date" on-screen during the film and with Harold Lloyd Jr. providing the vocals, a second song, titled "Daddy Bird". The latter was released in 1958 by Surf Records as the A-side of a 45-rpm single, with "Grind Me a Pound" on the B-side. Lloyd is credited on the record as Duke Lloyd. A CD of instrumental music from the soundtracks of Missile to the Moon and Frankenstein's Daughter, simply titled MIssile to the Moon/Frankenstein's Daughter, was released in October 2012 by Monstrous Movie Music. The "marvelous-but-unheralded composer and orchestrator, Nicholas Carras" scored each film in 1958 for between $9000 and $10,000.

title: Frankenstein's Daughter


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Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)

The Democratic Socialist Party (民主社会党) was a political party in Japan from 1960 to 1994.

History
The party was established in January 1960 by a breakaway faction of the Japanese Socialist Party. Led by Suehiro Nishio, it was made up of members of the most moderate wing of the former Rightist Socialist Party of Japan, a moderate faction that had existed as an independent party between 1948 and 1955 before reluctantly merging back together with the Leftist Socialist Party of Japan. Although long-standing ideological differences and factional rivalries played a key role, the proximate cause of the split was internal disagreements over how to conduct the ongoing Anpo protests against revision of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan, known as Anpo in Japanese, and whether or not to cooperate with the Communist Party of Japan in doing so.

Declassified United States government documents later revealed that covert CIA funding had also helped encourage the founding of this breakaway party. CIA support was aimed at moderating and subverting the political opposition to the ruling conservative Liberal Democratic Party, which was the main CIA funded party.

The DSP was dissolved in 1994 to join the New Frontier Party. In 1996, the Japan Socialist Party was transformed into the Social Democratic Party. Two years later, in 1998, the New Frontier Party dissolved and most former DSP members eventually joined the Democratic Party of Japan. Despite the dissolution of the DSP in 1994, its youth organisation (Minsha Youth) survived until 2003 and was a member of the International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY). After Minsha Youth was dissolved, some of its former members and independent social democrats formed Young Socialists, a new youth organisation which retained full membership in IUSY; however, it was finally dissolved on 8 March 2008 without any successor organisation and abandoned its IUSY membership.

The tradition of the DSP is carried on by the Minsha kyōkai (民社協会, Democratic Socialist Group) as a faction within the liberal Democratic Party of Japan, Democratic Party and now centre-right Democratic Party for the People.

Political position and foreign policy
The DSP has claimed that it was an anti-communist party that officially advocated democratic socialism and had a pro-American foreign policy.

The DSP was rated "moderate",  "moderate social-democratic", "centrist"   and "centre-left" by Japanese political standards at the time, but at the same time it was also regarded as a "conservative"  political party. It derived much of its financial and organisational support from the Domei private-sector labour confederation, but unlike other social-democratic political parties in Japan, the party was not hostile to accepting neoliberal policies Due to the DSP's syncretic political position, the party's ideology is often referred to as right-wing social democracy (右派社会民主主義).

The DSP strongly backed the Japan–United States alliance. For this reason, the DSP was often called the "right-wing party" in Japan, but because the DSP had a belief in socialist ideals, it was classified as a political "centrist" along with the old Komeito at the time. In addition, the DSP was a member of left-wing Socialist International.

title: Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)


text:
American Civil Liberties Union v. Ashcroft

American Civil Liberties Union v. Ashcroft (filed April 9, 2004 in the United States) is a lawsuit filed on behalf of a formerly unknown Internet Service Provider (ISP) company under the pseudonym John Doe, Inc. by the American Civil Liberties Union against the U.S. federal government, by the Department of Justice under former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft.

In 2010, it was revealed that John Doe was in fact Nicholas Merrill of Calyx Internet Access. Merrill was subject to National Security Letters (NSLs) from the Federal Bureau of Investigation requiring the release of private information and under a gag order forbidding any public discussion of the issues. In September 2004, Judge Victor Marrero of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York struck down the NSL provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act. This prompted Congress to amend the law to allow limited judicial review of NSLs, and prompted the government to appeal the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The appeal was dismissed by Doe I v. Gonzales, 449 F.3d 415 (2d Cir. 2006) because Congress amended Section 2709 in the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005.

On the recommendation of the Second Circuit, the district court considered the amended law in 2007, in Doe v. Gonzales. On September 6, 2007, Judge Marrero struck down the NSL provision of the revised Act, ruling that even with limited judicial review granted in the amended law, it was still a violation of separation of powers under the United States Constitution and the First Amendment. This is not yet enforced, pending a possible government appeal.

Challenge of the lawsuit and arguments
Because of the secrecy rules involved, the government would not let the ACLU disclose they had even filed a case for nearly a month, after which they were permitted to release a heavily redacted version of the complaint (shown right). According to government secrecy rules (the National Security Letter provision, [Section 2709] of the 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act, [ECPA]) the ACLU still could not disclose which ISP was served with the request to produce documents.

This prompted the ACLU to challenge the secrecy law itself, and they sued to invalidate the NSL provision of the ECPA. Introduced by U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont and enacted in 1986, the bill permitted the FBI to obtain customer records from telephone and Internet companies in terrorism investigations.

The ACLU argued that the NSL violated the First and Fourth Amendments to the United States Constitution because
 * Section 2709 failed to spell out any legal process whereby a telephone or Internet company could try to oppose an NSL subpoena in court and
 * Section 2709 prohibited the recipient of an NSL subpoena from disclosing that he had received such a request from the FBI, and outweighs the FBI's need for secrecy in counter-terrorism investigations.

The government agreed in principle with the ACLU's claim that the recipient of the subpoena can challenge it in court, and because the matter of specified judicial process remained in question and directly affected other present and future cases, the Court found the NSL section to be in need of review.

Court finding
The Court subsequently found section 2709 of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act unconstitutional. It reasoned that it could not find in the provision an implied right for the person receiving the subpoena to challenge it in court as is constitutionally required.

The finding of unconstitutionality essentially dismisses any claimed presumptive legal need for absolute secrecy in regard to terrorism cases. The USA PATRIOT Act is affected only if the limits on NSLs in terrorism cases also apply to non-terrorism cases such as those authorized by the Act. The government was expected to appeal the ruling to the Supreme Court, and until the district court ruling is reviewed, the secrecy procedures of the NSL remain in place.

2010 – Partial lift of gag order
On August 10, 2010, after 6 years Nicholas Merrill was partially released from his gag order and allowed to reveal his identity, although he could not reveal what information the FBI sought from him. This was 3 years after Merrill won a 'liberty award' from the ACLU, which had to present the award to an empty chair at the time. Merrill has since founded the nonprofit Calyx Institute to provide education and research on privacy issues.

2015 – Full lift of gag order
On September 14, 2015, 11 years after the initial NSL, a federal district court judge in New York fully lifted the gag order, allowing Merrill to speak freely about the contents of the NSL he received. The court order went into effect 90 days after the initial ruling, to allow the government time to appeal the decision if it wished.


text:
Blood from the Mummy's Tomb

Blood from the Mummy's Tomb is a 1971 British horror film starring Andrew Keir, Valerie Leon and James Villiers. It was director Seth Holt's final film, and was loosely adapted from Bram Stoker's 1903 novel The Jewel of Seven Stars. The film was released as the support feature to Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde.

Besides providing a rare leading role for Valerie Leon, the film is notable for its troubled production.

Plot
An expedition led by Professor Fuchs (Keir) locates the unmarked tomb of Tera (Leon) an evil Egyptian queen. A cabal of priests drugged her into a state of suspended animation and buried all of her evil relics with her. Fuchs is obsessed with Tera and takes her mummy and sarcophagus back to England, where he secretly recreates her tomb under his house. Four days "before her birthday", his daughter Margaret (also Leon) - who bears an uncanny resemblance to Tera and was born at the instant they recited her name - has recurring nightmares. Fuchs gives her the old queen's ring and tells her to "wear it always". Of course, this only makes matters worse. Queen Tera's evil power begins to tempt Margaret, as she learns how she's feared by her father's former colleagues.

Margaret notices a man lurking in the vacant building across the street. He is Corbeck (Villiers), an expedition member who's now her father's rival. Corbeck wants to restore Tera to life and he persuades Margaret to help him gather the missing relics. The problem is, each time one is given up the person who'd held it dies. When they have all the relics, Corbeck, Margaret and Fuchs begin the ancient ritual to reawaken Tera. At the last moment Fuchs learns that the queen's revival will mean Margaret's death. Together Fuchs and Margaret overpower and kill Corbeck, as the house quakes above them. Queen Tera awakens and kills Fuchs, but not before Margaret stabs her. Margaret and Tera are grappling over an ancient dagger when the house finally collapses on them.

Later in the hospital, a woman's face is wrapped in bandages. She's the sole survivor, and that all the others in the Professor's basement were "crushed beyond recognition". The bandaged woman slowly opens her eyes and struggles to speak, leaving the film scene ambiguous as to whether she is Margaret Fuchs or Queen Tera.

Development
Writer Chris Wicking said the film was one of the last projects that James Carreras brought to Hammer. Wicking wanted to use the title of the book but Carreras did not. They brainstormed titles and came up with Blood from the Mummy's Tomb, which Wicking thought they would never use, but they did.

The job of directing went to Seth Holt, whose films were admired by producer Howard Brandy. Holt had a strong critical reputation for making such films as The Nanny, but had not made a movie in two years. As Holt said in 1971: "I haven't been directing because I haven't been offered anything to direct".

Wicking worked with Seth Holt on the script. The film had to go into production early because there was a gap in the production schedule. Wicking said he had a falling out with producer Howard Brandy and was barred from the set but he continued to work with Holt in the evenings.

Brandy later claimed Wicking's script was "unshootable" and that Holt constantly rewrote it. He also says he and Holt wanted to cast Amy Grant in the lead but Sir James Carreras insited on Valerie Leon.

Shooting
Peter Cushing was cast in the film and completed one day's filming before leaving the production after his wife was diagnosed with emphysema. Cushing was replaced by Andrew Keir. The R1 DVD of the film released in the United States by Anchor Bay Entertainment contains still photographs of Cushing's day on the production.

Director Seth Holt died of a heart attack five weeks into the six-week shoot, collapsing into cast member Aubrey Morris's arms and dying on set. Michael Carreras asked Don Sharp to take over but the director was unable to as he had signed to direct a film in Israel for the producer of Puppet on a Chain (this film was ultimately not made).

Michael Carreras directed the final week's filming. He said Holt's footage did not cut together.

According to the book Hammer, House of Horror: Behind the Screams by Howard Maxford, the budget for the film was £200,000. The film was shot at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire.

Release
In January 1972, AIP bought the US distribution rights.

Critical reception
AllMovie's review of the film was favourable, commending its "glamorous style" and "creepy atmosphere". Empire magazine gave it three out of five.

The New York Times called it "tremendous fun, skilful and wonderfully energetic". Variety called it "polished and well-acted but rather tame".

title: Blood from the Mummy's Tomb