text:
Orenstein & Koppel

Orenstein & Koppel (normally abbreviated to "O&K") was a major German engineering company specialising in railway vehicles, escalators, and heavy equipment. It was founded on April 1, 1876, in Berlin by Benno Orenstein and Arthur Koppel.

Originally a general engineering company, O&K soon started to specialise in the manufacture of railway vehicles. The company also manufactured heavy equipment and escalators. O&K pulled out of the railway business in 1981. Its escalator-manufacturing division was spun off to the company's majority shareholder at the time, Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, in 1996, leaving the company to focus primarily on construction machines. The construction-equipment business was sold to New Holland Construction, at the time part of the Fiat Group, in 1999.

Founding and railway work

The Orenstein & Koppel Company was a mechanical-engineering firm that first entered the railway-construction field, building locomotives and other railroad cars.

First founded in 1892 in Schlachtensee, in the Zehlendorf district of Berlin, and known as the Märkische Lokomotivfabrik, the O&K factories expanded to supply the Imperial German Army under Kaiser Wilhelm II with field-service locomotives, or Feldbahn. O&K supplied all manner of railway equipment to the Army. Because of strained capacity at the Schlachtensee shops, work transferred in 1899 to a site in Nowawes, later Babelsberg, near Potsdam. Around 1908, O&K acquired the firm of Gerlach and König in Nordhausen, building petrol and diesel locomotives there under the trade mark "Montania".

Diversification
O&K expanded to build freight and passenger cars, and above all, excavators for construction. The company also built other heavy equipment, including graders, dump trucks, forklift trucks, compressors, crawler loaders, wheeled loaders, road rollers, and truck cranes.

The company also began manufacturing escalators, transmissions, rapid-transit railway lines, buses, tractors, and cargo ships. Passenger liners, shipboard cranes, and shipbuilding enterprises rounded out the company's profile. Because of the company's thriving export business, a worldwide system of branch offices was created.

In the early years of the 20th century, O&K built bucket chain trenchers, at first from wood, and—after 1904—completely from steel. These were propelled by steam or oil engines. O&K also made railway trenchers for work in heavy soils.

In the First World War, O&K built railway engines and cars of all sizes for the German government. With the collapse of Imperial Germany in November 1918, the victorious Allies put further restrictions on German manufacturing and military capacity, seizing all army Feldbahn engines as per the terms of the Versailles Treaty that ended the First World War. The treaty also removed access to export markets; at the end of 1925, work stopped for three months as a result of the lost business. By 1935, business had recovered and the company produced 5,299 locomotives. After the war, O&K's American subsidiary, the Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Company, was seized by the Alien Property Custodian and sold at an auction where only United States citizens were allowed to place bids.

Besides the Feldbahn contracts, the company produced Series 50 steam locomotives and standard gauge vehicles in the 1930s. They also delivered some broad gauge CSÉT shunting locomotives with a gauge of to the Irish Sugar Company (Comlucht Siúcre Éireann) in Ireland (2 of which have been preserved). The company produced diesel locomotives, and Series 44 and Series 50 steam engines, for the national railway company, Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft.

In 1922, they manufactured their first continuous-track steam shovel. In 1926, diesel engines replaced steam engines; the company converted earlier steam units to diesel power as the need arose. O&K merged with a kerosene-engine builder, selling the engines under the O&K banner.

Nazi era and the Second World War

At the Spandau factory, O&K built cable-operated excavators and bucket-wheel excavators for use in the lignite coal mines of eastern Germany. Under the Aryanisation scheme of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, the Orenstein family's shares in the company were forcibly sold in 1935; Orenstein and Koppel was placed under trust administration, and the Babelsberger works were taken over and renamed in 1941. O&K existed in name only, but more commonly used the abbreviation MBA (Maschienenbau und Bahnbedarf AG).

After heavy bomb attacks on Berlin caused a fire in the company's plant-administration buildings, factory production minister Albert Speer redistributed work and factories around the country to lessen the risk from a single attack. For the remainder of World War II, no more locomotives were built in Berlin. Four hundred and twenty-one locomotives already under construction were shifted to Prague to protect the existing factories. During the war, O&K provided 400 Class 52 locomotives.

East Germany
After the end of the war, the locomotive plant in Nordhausen went idle. Under the German Democratic Republic, O&K changed its name to the VEB Company, and resumed heavy mechanical manufacturing at Nordhausen, producing cable-operated excavator shovels, among other things.

By 1946, the Babelsberg factory resumed production of locomotive boilers, and one year later the plant delivered its first postwar locomotive.

The German Democratic Republic nationalised the railroads and rolling stock manufacturers. The O&K plants in Babelsberg were renamed the LOWA Lokomotiv Plant Karl Marx (LKM). The LKM became the sole manufacturer of diesel locomotives for the GDR, such as the large DRG V180. In the late 1950s, the plant developed steam and diesel engines for the Deutsche Reichsbahn narrow-gauge railways, building approximately 4,160 engines. The LKM also produced locomotives for foreign orders. The Indonesian State Railways ordered 20 units of C300 class diesel shunters in 1966 and were delivered in 1967.

Construction of steam locomotives ended in 1969, leaving diesel-hydraulic locomotives as the company's priority. The company's last diesel locomotive was the DB Class V 60D, manufactured until 1976. Over the course of 30 years as LKM, the company produced approximately 7,760 locomotives; about a third of that number were manufactured for export.

By 1964, the company had expanded into air-conditioning and refrigeration technology.

West Germany
In West Germany, the enterprise resumed operation after World War II in 1949, under the name Orenstein & Koppel AG, with headquarters in Berlin. In 1950, it incorporated under that name after merging with the Lübecker Crane Company. After the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the head office moved to Dortmund.

By the mid-1970s, the enterprise had grown steadily. In 1972, O&K had five working plants: West Berlin, Dortmund, Hagen, Hattingen/Ruhr, and Lübeck; it maintained a central spare-parts service in Bochum. That year, the company had 8,530 employees. The company had 24 business and sales offices in West Germany, and agencies on all five populated continents.

The West German company emphasised the manufacture of railroad cars and construction equipment, particularly excavators. In 1961, O&K manufactured Europe's first series of fully hydraulic excavators. They manufactured over 55,000 hydraulic excavators; more than 700 of those were rated at over 100 tons' service weight. O&K also manufactured the world's largest hydraulic excavator, at 900 tons' service weight with a shovel capacity of over 52 m3 and an engine output of 2,984 kilowatts (4,055 HP).

The company also diversified into escalator manufacturing.

Decline
After 1964, the railway-manufacturing unit was separated from the other production units.

The railway business was transferred to Bombardier, which continues to manufacture rolling stock in Berlin. The Babelsberg site became an industrial park.

The escalator-manufacturing division was sold to the company's majority shareholder at the time, Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, in 1996.

The construction-equipment business was sold to New Holland Construction, at the time part of the Fiat Group, in 1999.

Tank locomotives with two coupled axles (Type 0-4-0)
Based on O&K's experience, they have created a number of type 0-4-0 standard designs, which have proven to be particularly suitable for many companies. Locomotives of these standard designs were always under construction, and locomotives of the most common strengths were always in stock, so that they could be dispatched immediately on request. Two-axle locomotives were mainly used by construction companies and industrial establishments; accordingly, special emphasis was placed on simple and practical construction. In particular, the locomotives were characterised by high tractive power, while the smaller types were generally based on a lower speed in favour of tractive power.

The standard-gauge locomotives in this category were particularly suitable for shunting and for operating purposes on branch lines.

For light railways, especially for narrow-gauge railways, with steep gradients, tight curves and generally a light superstructure and substructure, locomotives with only two axles did often not meet the requirements in terms of tractive force and caused wear of the track and the wheel tyres due to their wheel load. Therefore, larger locomotives with more axles were available, as shown below.

Tank locomotives with three coupled axles (Type 0-6-0)
As with the two-axle coupled locomotives, the full weight of the machines with three coupled axles was used as adhesion weight. However, since the wheel pressure was distributed over six wheels instead of four, locomotives of this category could run on much lighter rails than two-axle locomotives with the same weight and therefore the same tractive force. This type of locomotive could therefore be used wherever the existing track required the most powerful locomotive possible without exceeding the permissible wheel pressure, or where the superstructure was to be constructed relatively lightly. Particularly on longer lines, the latter was considered for the sake of substantial savings. However, the track curves must be larger when using this locomotive than with the four-wheelers.

Locomotives with two coupled axles and one svivelling axle (Types 2-4-0 or 0-4-2)
If the locomotive had to travel through small curves with a light superstructure, it was advisable to purchase a locomotive with two axles and a svivelling axle. This type was especially suitable for longer distances because, it allowed a light superstructure and was also able, to carry larger supplies than 0-4-0 locomotives with the same wheel pressure. The design also had the advantage that the centre of gravity could be set lower than on other types. This, together with the large wheelbase, gave the machines a particularly smooth ride. It could also run at a relatively higher speed, so that, according to the above, it was mainly suitable for small railways and feeder lines. Depending on the particular conditions, O&K installed the svivelling axle at the rear or at the front, but always in such a way that the greatest possible adhesive weight was maintained. Since the full weight of this type of machine could never be used as the adhesive weight, this construction was less suitable for carrying large loads. For such cases OK recommended the use of multi-axle coupled locomotives of the Gölsdorf type or, if small curves were available, to the locomotives of the Mallet or Klien-Lindner type, as shown below.

Coupled compound locomotives (Type 0-4-4-0, Mallet design)
In many cases, where 0-4-0 or 0-6-0 steam locomotives were no longer sufficient, O&K built 0-4-4-0 or 0-6-6-0 compound locomotives, Mallet design, which supplemented the more conventional looking 0-4-2 locomotives (in Germany categorized as 2×2/2 and 2x3/3 double compound locomotives in comparison to the more conventional looking 2/3 locomotives). Apart from the possibility of being used on light superstructures and small curves, the locomotive had the advantage of great tractive power due to the composite arrangement of the cylinders, as the full weight was used as adhesion weight. The design was such that the boiler, driver's cab and storage boxes were connected to the rear frame, which carried the high-pressure cylinders, while the front frame, on which the low-pressure cylinders were located, was connected to the rear frame by two vertical hinges. The boiler with the water boxes rested on a slide track of the front frame, so that the latter could move freely under the boiler. The steam passed from the regulator in fixed pipes to the high-pressure cylinders and, after expansion in these, through an absolutely steam-tight, flexible, well-insulated pipe to the low-pressure cylinders. The exhaust steam entered the exhauster through a vertical movable pipe. A special valve made it possible to feed boiler steam directly to the low-pressure cylinders, so that all four cylinders came into operation immediately when the locomotive was started-up.

Locomotives with coupled hollow axles with radial and lateral movement (Klien-Lindner design)
For railways with steep gradients and relatively light track construction, locomotives with two or three coupled axles often did not meet the requirements of increased traffic. Due to the high costs involved, the existing tracks could often not be converted, and heavier locomotives with a larger number of axles were used. Where small curvatures precluded the use of long, fixed wheelbases, locomotives with steerable bogies or, for the sake of simplicity, locomotives with curvilinear coupled axles were often used. The acquisition of such locomotives was also advisable for such new designs where the track systems and bridges were easier and cheaper to build. Since 1901, locomotives with coupled hollow axles have been built in particular according to the Klien-Lindner design, which has proved extremely successful in operation. The advantages of this design were:

 * 1) Large tractive force at a given permissible wheel pressure
 * 2) Large wheelbase with the best curve mobility and equal spring loading on both sides of each end axle and thus safe running of the locomotive
 * 3) Shock-free running into curves, as well as safe return to the centre position when running on straight track
 * 4) Equally good running when driving forwards and backwards
 * 5) Low wear of the rails and wheel tyres

The arrangement and mode of operation was as follows: The laterally and radially movable coupled axle was installed as the end axle, and in the case of eight- or ten-wheelers, these steering axles arranged at both ends ensured that the locomotive could enter the curves without difficulty. All axles were coupled in the usual way by fixed rods and mounted in axle bushes "bb" outside the wheels, following the spring play. The axle bushes sit in a continuous, fixed frame on which the steam cylinders are arranged in the usual way. The steering axle consists of a core axle "a" fixed in "bb" and driven in the usual way, and a hollow axle "c" which is firmly connected to the wheels and can be moved laterally and radially and which encloses the core axle, which is provided with a ball attachment in the middle, by means of a two-part ball cup "d".

The load on the axle was distributed by the ball pivot of the core axle "a" as it were by a transverse balancer on both wheels of the axle and thus equal wheel pressures and safety against derailment are obtained. The hollow axle is driven by a driving pin "f" pressed into the ball pivot of the core axle with sliding pieces at both ends, which have the necessary lateral play in the housing of the hollow axle for the deflection of the axle. In order to return the hollow axle to its central position after deflection, either return springs are arranged in the central housing, or, as can be seen in the following illustration, counter-guides "g" are arranged which, by means of brackets, enclose the hollow axles in the auxiliary bearing positions "ee" and effect unconstrained, shock-free adjustment of the hollow axle, since both end axles must execute their radial or lateral movement simultaneously. In order to counteract the unsteady running of the steering axles on the track and any lurching of the locomotive, these locomotives are fitted with an adjustable safety device which holds the drawbar frames in the central position on the track by means of spring tension; no pressure is exerted against the bearing points with this resetting device. These axles do not require any maintenance except for periodic lubrication. The periodic lubrication mentioned is only necessary at intervals of 1 to 2 months and is carried out after loosening the two lubricating screws "s" located on the centre of the axle by introducing grease or viscous oil into the sliding boxes of the driving pin. Only during a general inspection of the locomotives is it necessary to also inspect the hollow axles to make sure that the internal parts are in good condition.

O&K have used the Klien-Lindner axles for the Royal Prussian State Railways and many other railway in large numbers. The administration of the military railway has also introduced 0-8-0 locomotives with steerable coupled axles in place of the 0-6-0 field railway locomotives previously built.

Locomotives with laterally movable coupled axles (Gölsdorf design)
Locomotives of the Gölsdorf design were only suitable for lines, on which there were relatively few and large curvatures. In this case it was sufficient to shift one or more coupling axles sideways in such a way that the movable axles were not guided in their axle bearings but by their own flanges. The bearings of the coupling rods have the same lateral play on their journals as the axles in the axle bearings. This type of construction has proven itself well on eight- and multi-wheel locomotives, but it was not suitable for very small curvatures. In terms of performance and even load distribution, etc., it was equivalent to the more common Klien-Lindner locomotives. They were used for main, branch and small railways.

Two of the five axles of a ten-wheel locomotive could move sideways relative to the frame because their axle boxes fixed them rigidly to the frame. The other axles, however, were fitted into their bearings and attached to their drives in such a way that they can be moved sideways during curve running, depending on the sideways forces acting on them. In addition the connecting and coupling rods, through which linear forces from the steam pistons were translated into the rotation of the wheels via the crank pins, also had to be able to move sideways.

Tramway locomotives (Type 0-4-0)
O&K built tramway locomotives, which were used for operation on tramways serving public traffic, either with a driver's cab at the front and rear or with only one driver's cab in the middle of the locomotive; furthermore with a power unit cover in two different designs. Whereas one version only served to conceal the engine from road traffic, the other version served to protect the engine parts against dust. The desired type of covering is to be specified. The weight of this locomotive was relatively high and therefore it could develop a great performance immediately when starting up, even on short gradients. This was effectively supported by a high steam overpressure, which O&K usually provided for these locomotives with 14 bar.

The fairing of all moving parts was intended to protect other road users such as pedestrians from serious injuries in case of accidents. It also prevented horses from shying and protected the transmission from dirt and dust on the unpaved roads that were common at the time. Often there was no stoker on tram locomotives, which meant they were operated by the driver in one-man operation. The short axle stands also ensured that narrow curves could be negotiated in city centres. Often, standing boilers were used for reasons of space.

Mining and tunnel locomotives
For operation in tunnels or mine, O&K built locomotives in compliance with specific profiles. In the case of steam locomotives, it was possible to run them at high speed by fitting suitable devices and using particularly large boilers that could store a larger quantity of steam before passing through the tunnel. For use during tunnel construction or in underground mines, steam locomotives with oil firing equipment were particularly suitable, whereby smoke development and spark emission did not take place. The handling of these locomotives did not differ in any other respect from that of an ordinary locomotive. Furthermore, fireless locomotives were also very suitable for operation in tunnels and mines, as they completely avoid the nuisance of smoke, gases and sparks. Compressed air locomotives, which, however, required a special stationary system to generate the compressed air were also made and sold in smaller numbers.

Fireless locomotives
Fireless locomotives were particularly suitable for use inside factories, yards etc., where it was essential to secure absolute freedom from any risk of fire. They were largely used for shunting purposes for paper mills, oil mills, wool mills, timber yards, gunpowder factories and similar works. These locomotives were constructed without fire boxes, the necessary steam being taken from a stationary boiler. The locomotive is able to work for several hours with one filling and can be operated with minimum expense as the driver needed less skills than that of a conventional steam engine.

Rack locomotives
O&K delivered several types of cogwheel locomotives for mixed railways, on which ordinary operation alternated with cogwheel operation. Mixed railways were used in changing terrains with only single steep gradient, which could not be negotiated by ordinary adhesion locomotives. Accordingly, only these steep gradients were equipped with toothed bars. The mode of operation was as follows: The two steam cylinders outside the frame drove the driving gearwheel for the rack by means of a double gearing with the appropriate transmission. This driving gear wheel sat on a special axle fixed in the frame and was connected to the friction axles by coupling rods, so that the gear wheel axle and friction axles were driven simultaneously. The locomotives could therefore run on normal rail tracks as well as on toothed tracks. On the toothed track, the driving gear and the friction wheels worked together. The effect of the latter was also utilised on the toothed track and the load on the rack was relieved accordingly. The locomotives worked either on a simple flat steel rack or on Riggenbach ladder rack. A cumulative number of only 6 to 9 rack steam locomotives were made by O&K in total. Their track gauge ranged from to.

Locomotives with a separate tender
Locomotives with a separate tender did not carry all their fuel and water on board the locomotive and were thus particularly useful for travelling long distances without being refuelled. The locomotives were equipped to be either heated by coal, wood or oil, because a larger heating and grate area were required. The main types had from four to twelve wheels for the locomotive and four, six or eight wheels on the tender.

The water tanks were firmly fastened to the frame of the tender, while maintaining a low centre of gravity. The coupling between locomotive and tender was similar to that of the waggons, to ensure that the locomotive could be driven without the tender for shunting or on short distances. The tender was easily accessible from the engineer's cab. If the locomotive was heated by wood, the tender had a special fence to increase the volume of its load.

Coupled compound locomotives (Type 0-6-6-0, Kitson-Meyer design)

After Orenstein & Koppel (O&K) had delivered the prototype of a Kitson-Meyer locomotive for the gauge to the Chilean military railway in 1927, an order for three locomotives followed in 1937. In 1939, the locomotives with the factory numbers 13306 to 13308 were completed. The locomotives had riveted bridge and bogie frames. The boiler, cab, reservoir and ash box were also riveted. The engines located at the two bogie ends worked on the centre axle set. This wheelset could also be sanded. The control system was of the Heusinger type. While the prototype had a Westinghouse brake, the production locomotives had a Knorr brake. The air pump was attached to the rear water tank, while the main air tank was above it on the water tank. The locomotive had electrically operated headlights.

Due to the beginning of the Second World War, the vehicles could not be delivered to Chile. They were then tested by O&K on the Rehagen-Klausdorf army training area and probably also on lines of the Mecklenburg-Pomeranian narrow-gauge railway. In 1944, the Deutsche Reichsbahn acquired the locomotives to use them on lines in occupied Poland. Therefore, in the second half of the same year, they were handed over to Gedob Direktion Krakow, where they were stationed at BW Jedrzejow.

Literature

 * Roland Bude, Klaus Fricke and Martin Murray: O&K-Dampflokomotiven : Lieferverzeichnis 1892–1945. Verlag Railroadiana, Buschhoven 1978, ISBN 3-921894-00-X. (Partial reprint of an Orenstein & Koppel publication)
 * Delivery lists of the locomotive works at werkbahn.de (nominal charge)

title: Orenstein & Koppel


text:
Talk:Alejandro Dolina

Untitled
If anyone's in the mood to do some translation, there is a much more thorough article in Spanish. -- Jmabel 08:49, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

1949 or 1945?
1945 looks more realistic to me. Because when he was with Humo(r) in 1979 he definitely "looked and felt" way more than 30. But hey, what do I know. elpincha 13:19, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Could be. But then it ought to be possible to find a citation. As noted in my edit summary, the only one I could readily find that clearly was not a Wikipedia mirror said 1949. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:09, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Google search: | Alejando Dolina Nació 1945 (111 hits), | Alejandro Dolina Nació 1949 (64 hits). Between the pages that set ihs birth in 1945 are trustables Konex Foundation, IMDB and www.cinenacional.com. I also incline to 1945. -Mariano 08:41, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Cool. I've annotated this in the article. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:12, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

Y puerta de hierro?
Nada acerca de la actividad politica de derechos humanos de Don Ale? Algun dato ? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 200.68.94.116 (talk • contribs) 7 Dec 2005.

RTFA. elpincha 21:40, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Trans: Isn't there anything about Ale's right-wing political activity? Any info? Helios 01:45, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It doesn't say "right-wing political activity", it says "human rights political activism". Completely, utterly different. MaGnUs was here! (talk) 03:46, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Correction: Flores
I deleted the reference to Flores because it linked to a WikiPedia article about Flores Island, not the Flores neighborhood in Buenos Aires.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Alejandro Dolina


text:
User:Auximines/snooker/snooker colophon

Players Championships Complete list of articles

title: User:Auximines/snooker/snooker colophon


text:
Talk:Sulaymaniyah

Silemani NOT Sulaymaniyah
This is a kurdish city, in Kurdish written and called (Silemani) not (Sulaymaniyah) which came from Arabic. Serchia (talk) 16:35, 23 November 2015 (UTC)
 * The problem is that, being a Kurdish name that is written in Sorani, it has many variations in spelling. Sulaymaniyah seems to be the one used in a lot of English maps which is probably why this article is Sulaymaniyah. ~ Zirguezi 23:23, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I believe that the most accurate spelling of the name in Kurdish is "Slemani". But I think we should leave it just as it is.— Lost Whispers talk 00:56, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Sulaymaniyah. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130928003714/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2008/jan/11/iraq_under_cold_front_bringing_snow_and_below_zero_temperatures.html to http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2008/jan/11/iraq_under_cold_front_bringing_snow_and_below_zero_temperatures.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.komar.edu.iq
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://cosit.gov.iq/english/pdf/e_food_iraq1.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:54, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Sulaymaniyah. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140226033031/http://www.ninanews.com/english/News_Details.asp?ar95_VQ=ELDEDH to http://www.ninanews.com/english/News_Details.asp?ar95_VQ=ELDEDH
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101123043137/http://www.auis.org/ to http://www.auis.org/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.komar.edu.iq/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120310064326/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=FF7021ECCC54CC6FE0DD6F8DA9AB3C75 to http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=FF7021ECCC54CC6FE0DD6F8DA9AB3C75
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120308032928/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=9D0418F74CC50D35119A23216AF8D240 to http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=9D0418F74CC50D35119A23216AF8D240
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120614210745/http://www.wusha.net/ to http://www.wusha.net/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001019/http://kurdpress.ir/Fa/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=43715 to http://kurdpress.ir/Fa/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=43715

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:21, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

"needs additional citations for verification"
This article seems to be unable to shake the "needs additional citations for verification" template which has been there for years. Whoever added the template did not provide us with feedback about what exactly needs verification. As far as I can see there aren't any controversial claims and other than a few questionable sources everything seems reliably sourced. I'd like to invite everyone patrolling or watching this article to provide their input so we can improve the article. If no objections are raised I'd like to remove the template from the article. ~ Zirguezi 11:03, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Hello Zirguezi, thank you for the note. There are a few latent unsourced claims and red links which have stagnated.  In the interest of compliance with WP:V policy, will be archiving these to page history while removing the template as well.  Regards, Yamaguchi先生 (talk) 20:33, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

Population
Population of Sulaymaniyah 690,600 http://www.citypopulation.de/Iraq-Cities.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by BaranKurd (talk • contribs) 17:06, 7 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Population numbers seem to be all over the place due to the lack of a reliable census in Iraq for decades now. The link you provided is being used for this article now "Population (2018) Total 676,500". However is should be noted that, per the website itself, all those numbers are actually estimates based in the last Iraqi census that seems to have been in 1997. However the Kurdish provinces weren't actually part of this census so the 1997 numbers for the Kurdish provinces is actually an estimate based on a census that goes back even further. Suffice to say we desperately need better sources. The most reliable and somewhat recent source I could find was the American University of Sulaymaniyah which gives a rough estimate of 800.000 in 2018: https://auis.edu.krd/life-in-sulaimani . Unless someone can find a better source I will be changing it shortly ~ Zirguezi 20:36, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

very dated
this article is EXTREMELY dated and there are alot of conflicting and flat out wrong information, I live here but i wouldn't know how I would rewrite this, our history is very badly kept and VERY one sided to a point when I was taught in school they just kept glorifying stuff that just weren't great, history in the middle east is very neglected so idk how you would go about fixing this article, I'm definitely not the guy to do that so I'm not even gonna try Flawlesshbeing (talk) 07:07, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I'll take a look, but could you be a bit more specific? Paradise Chronicle (talk) 07:21, 15 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I found something: I the city named after Sultan Süleyman or the Babani prince Suleyman baba. It is both mentioned in the article Paradise Chronicle (talk) 07:27, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

Sherwana Castle
I don't think the Sherwana Castle belongs on this page because it's not located in Sulaymaniyah it's located in another city south of Sulaymaniyah called Kalar, I guess whoever put Sherwana Castle got confused because Kalar is in the same province with Sulaymaniyah and that province is also named Sulaymaniyah after the city Sulaymaniyah. Tütig Seg (talk) 19:36, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Picture
Here The “Panorama of Sulaymaniyah, September 2015” picture giving the city a semi arid look. דולב חולב (talk) 08:11, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

 * This panorama was taken in the middle of September which is near the end of a long hot summer, no naturally forested area may withstand the heat typical in this region for at least 3 or 4 months, the landscape may not be anything but semi-arid here. (but trees can still grow up in some scattered parts and remain green for the whole dry season).
 * This, however, will NOT change the fact that there is a lot of winter/spring precipitation which would change the Koppen classification to Csa (I insist on Koppen because other schemes would have different formulations).PAper GOL (talk) 21:07, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sulaymaniyah


text:
User:Strenuous Manflurry

Sockpuppet of User:Yammy Yamathorn

title: User:Strenuous Manflurry


text:
User:StevenSaladshooter

Sockpuppet of User:Yammy Yamathorn

title: User:StevenSaladshooter


text:
PUK

PUK may refer to:

Geographical

 * PUK, or Busan–Gyeongnam Area, a metropolitan area in South Korea

Political

 * Partia e Unitetit Kombëtar or National Unity Party, an Albanian political party
 * Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, a Kurdish political party

Technological

 * Pin Unlock Key or personal unblocking code (PUC), a code used in GSM mobile phones
 * PUK welding, a precision welding system used in the jewellery industry

People

 * Niels Kristian Iversen or PUK, Danish speedway-rider

title: PUK


text:
User:Rick K.

Hi Rick. I was just wonderin if we could settle our differences. You may not like my race but I'm willing to change it. Talk back to me on my Talk Page!

title: User:Rick K.


text:
Short form cricket

Short form cricket is a collective term for several modified forms of the sport of cricket, with playing times significantly shorter than more traditional forms of the game.

A typical short form cricket match can be completed within two to three hours, compared to 7–8 hours for a one-day cricket match, or five days for a Test match. They generally are limited overs cricket matches, with each team batting for a maximum of 5 to 20 overs (30 to 120 legal balls) depending on the format.

These short forms of cricket have been developed locally by various authorities, to fill a perceived marketing vacancy for a form of the sport which can be completed in a few hours, rather than a full day. They tend to emphasise the more "exciting" aspects of cricket as seen by more casual observers of the game, which includes aggressive batting and fast run scoring. In this regard they are successful, as shortened forms of cricket attract crowds of spectators who might not otherwise attend a cricket match.

T20 Cricket
Although twenty over cricket matches have existed for decades and remains the most popular amateur form of the game, the professional format Twenty20 cricket was introduced by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 2003. It is a form of one-day cricket in which each team bats for a maximum of only 20 overs, contrasting with 50 overs for a standard one-day match. This means a game can be completed in about three hours, making it more palatable for children and families than longer matches. The players can also rest.

The English first-class counties participate in a Twenty20 Cup competition annually. Many games are played in twilight, again to enhance family spectator appeal. They also feature numerous musical 'stings' for exciting events, such as the dismissal of a batsman, or the hitting of a boundary. Such fours and sixes are made easier to achieve by the shortening of the boundaries.

Major changes from the Laws of Cricket include:
 * Should a bowler deliver a no-ball by overstepping the crease, his next delivery is designated a free-hit, from which the batsman can only be dismissed through a run-out, as is the case for the original no-ball.
 * Bowlers may bowl a maximum of only 4 overs per innings, as is standard for 20-over cricket.
 * Umpires may award 5-run penalties at their discretion if they believe either team is wasting time.

So far, Twenty20 has proved very popular with the public. On 15 July 2004, Middlesex vs. Surrey (the first Twenty20 game to be held at Lord's) attracted a crowd of 26,500, the largest attendance for any county game other than a one-day final since 1953.

On 5 August 2004, New Zealand Women defeated England Women in the first international Twenty20 match, played at Hove in England.

On 12 January 2005, Australia's first Twenty20 game was played at the WACA Ground between the Western Warriors and the Victorian Bushrangers. It drew a sellout crowd of 20,700 – the largest seen at the ground for many years.

On 17 February 2005, Australia defeated New Zealand in the first men's international Twenty20 match, played at Eden Park in Auckland.

100-ball cricket
The 100 ball game was first proposed by the ECB in 2016, with the first club level games starting in England 2019. It was first played at professional level by a new city-based competition called The Hundred, with 8 teams from England and Wales, that started in 2021.

T10 cricket
Ten-overs per team cricket matches introduced by T10 Sports Management. The company started T10 League in UAE in 2017. In August 2018, the International Cricket Council (ICC) officially sanctioned the league.

In October 2019, Cricket West Indies decided to host women's exhibition T10 matches in the lead-up to the CPL 2019 final.

90-ball cricket
Ninety–90 Bash, also known as the 90/90 is an upcoming annual franchise-based 90-balls cricket league in the United Arab Emirates, with each team facing 15 overs. The first edition of the tournament is planned to be held in 2022.

Evening cricket
Amateur evening cricket is a version of T20 cricket that is played informally throughout the UK and the world. The rules are similar to those of Twenty20 cricket, with some modifications designed to speed the game up and to ensure that the game cannot be dominated by a small group of skilled players.

As with orthodox 20-over cricket, each team faces 120 deliveries, however instead of being split into 20 six-ball overs, these are split into 15 eight-ball overs. This reduces the amount of time spent moving between overs and enables the same amount of cricket to be played in a shorter time.

In contrast to orthodox cricket rules, an extra ball is not awarded following a wide or no-ball, in order to save time. Instead, two runs are added to the score instead of the usual one run. This rule does not usually apply for the last over of each innings to ensure that no strategic advantage can be gained from the deliberate bowling of a wide ball.

The fielding side is limited to three overs per bowler, or in some formats only two overs. This ensures that the majority of each team is required to bowl. The tactical implications of this rule for the fielding team captain are important as he must carefully decide when to bowl his experienced and inexperienced bowlers.

Batsmen are required to retire upon reaching a pre-agreed personal score, usually 25 or 30. Should the side be dismissed with a number of batsmen retired, they may then return to the crease in the order they retired. It is not unprecedented for a batsman to retire for a second or even third time in one innings. This rule ensures that the majority of a team will get a bat, and hence ensures the emphasis on the entire team both getting involved and being able to contribute to the final score.

This informal format of cricket is extremely popular in the UK and is seen as the ideal way for new or inexperienced players to be introduced to the sport. More than any other format of cricket, the outcome of the game is often decided by the joint contributions of all the players rather than a few highly skilled performers. This makes it an extremely enjoyable format for amateur cricketers to play.

Six-a-side cricket
Six-a-side cricket is a very short form of the sport designed to be played by teams of only six players. Each team receives one innings, with a maximum of only five overs. Naturally, with far fewer fielders, runs are much easier to score, and sixes matches are typically frenetic affairs. As the games last less than an hour, sixes cricket is typically played in a tournament format with multiple teams competing at the same ground.

Other major changes to the Laws of Cricket include:
 * Each player on a side is permitted to bowl a maximum of one over.
 * Wides and no-balls score two extra runs each.
 * If five wickets fall, the last batsman bats on. The last batsman to get out remains on the field as a non-batting runner, and the batsmen swap ends whenever the runner ends up on strike.
 * A batsman who reaches or passes a certain number runs, often 30 or 31, must retire "not out". If one of the last pair of batsmen is out, a retired batsman may come in and resume his innings.
 * In some formats of the game, hitting a 'six' counts as 10 runs, and striking a 'four' counts as six runs.

Six-a-side cricket, or the similar eight-a-side cricket, is a popular tournament format used in the UK that came to international prominence with a high-profile tournament held in Hong Kong annually, involving some of the best players from each Test nation, as well as other countries. The entire tournament is run over two days.

Six-A-Side Cricket Federation of India
The Six-A-Side-Cricket Federation of India was founded in 2002. It hosts inter-school and inter-university tournaments; it also organizes Sub-Junior, Junior, Youth, Senior, Federation Cup, and Zonal tournaments.

Cricket Max
Cricket Max is a defunct form of cricket invented in New Zealand by former New Zealand cricketer and captain Martin Crowe which was played primarily by New Zealand first-class cricket teams in an annual competition. International matches were also played between the New Zealand Max Blacks and England (1997), West Indies (2000) and India (2002). It was essentially a very short form of test cricket, with each team permitted two innings, but a maximum of only 10 overs for each innings.

Other major changes from the Laws of Cricket include:
 * Each side bats two innings of a maximum of 10 overs each.
 * Batsmen may not be out from a no-ball as usual, and also the next ball bowled after a no-ball. This is intended to encourage aggressive batting on the "free hit" ball.
 * Wides score 2 extras instead of 1.
 * Bowlers may not bowl more than 4 overs per match. These may be distributed between the two innings in any way.
 * The field is marked with trapezoidal "Max" zones, one at each end of the field, beginning 60 metres from the striker's wicket, where the trapezoid is 40 metres wide, and extending to the boundary, where the trapezoid is 50 metres wide. Any ball hit into the Max zone doubles the number of runs scored from that ball, whether by running between the wickets, or a boundary four or six. Fielders may not be in the Max zone as the ball is bowled. Only the Max zone in front of the striker is valid for all these rules.
 * The first version of Cricket Max also included the use of 4 stumps, instead of 3, at each end of the cricket pitch. This was designed to help bowlers dismiss batsmen, as a batsman could not be dismissed leg before wicket.

Super 8s
Super 8s is a defunct short form of cricket devised by Greg Chappell for the Australian Cricket Board in 1996. The format was conceived as a way to financially reward the top-class domestic cricketers in Australia whose opportunities of making it into the significantly higher-paying Australian national side were limited. Matches were played outside the regular cricket season during the Australian winter at rugby stadiums with smaller rectangular fields such as Willows Sports Complex in Townsville. An international tournament was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in July 1996.

The changes from the usual Laws of Cricket include:
 * Eight players per side
 * 14 over matches
 * All players except the wicketkeeper must bowl a minimum of one over, but no more than three overs
 * A boundary 6 is worth 8 runs
 * Batsmen must retire at 50 runs, but are allowed to return if balls are left in innings
 * Last batsmen allowed to continue to end of innings, even after 7 wickets have fallen

title: Short form cricket


text:
Jim Coplien

James O. Coplien, also known as Cope, is a writer, lecturer, and researcher in the field of computer science. He held the 2003–4 Vloeberghs Leerstoel (Vloeberghs Chair) at Vrije Universiteit Brussel and has been a visiting professor at University of Manchester.

He is known for his involvement in founding the pattern movement as part of the Hillside Group, organizing events in the Pattern Languages of Programs conference series, and his writings on software design patterns and organizational patterns.

Career
His ongoing work with Liping Zhao includes a monograph entitled "A Generalized Formal Design Theory" which explores the foundations of symmetry and symmetry-breaking in design in general, and in patterns in particular.

Cope was a founding Member of Hillside Group with Kent Beck, Grady Booch, Ward Cunningham, Ralph Johnson, Ken Auer and Hal Hildebrand. He has started up several of the conferences in the Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP) conference series and is a longstanding pattern author and PLoP shepherd. His pattern form, the "Coplien Form," is a simplified way to structure a pattern in preparation for writing a more literate version in Alexandrian form. Together with Trygve Reenskaug, he was a principal in the design of the data, context and interaction (DCI) paradigm.

He was also Program Chair of Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications conference (OOPSLA) in 1996, and has been a co-founder and sometime chair of many software pattern conferences.

Books
Books he has written, co-written or edited include:

Research
His early work on C++ idioms was one of the three primary sources of the popular Design Patterns. He also named the curiously recurring template pattern C++ idiom. His work on organizational patterns was an inspiration for both extreme programming and for Scrum daily standups. In Organizational Patterns of Agile Software Development book he co-presented an alternative version of Conway's law.

Presenter
Coplien has presented several times in the UK at the ACCU conference: He has given several conference keynotes, such as "Reflections on Reflection" at SPLASH 2013, "Kaizen and Certification" at the 2013 Scrum Alliance Regional Conference in Tokyo, and "Objects of the people, by the people, and for the people" at the AOSD Conference in Berlin in 2012.
 * ACCU2010 Lean Architecture and Agile Software Development
 * ACCU2008 Five practical solutions to Agile myths
 * ACCU2008 Organizational Patterns: The Foundations of Agile
 * ACCU2007 A balanced Agile design approach

title: Jim Coplien


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quantum-perception-creation

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Quantum perception creation.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Looks like nonsense to me, but I'm not so certain as to do a speedy delete -- Jmabel 09:09, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The user page for the author is quite tongue-in-cheek (I hope!), but makes it clear that the whole thing is much more mystical silliness than scientific. Checking the external links at the bottom of his page convinces me even more.  Delete.  --SWAdair | Talk  10:22, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, please delete -- Chris 73 | Talk 14:23, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I sure hope this isn't Indigo child all over again...at least that article was interpretable. Delete. Lord Bob 16:23, May 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this nonsense. Alcarillo 16:41, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Gets 0 hits on Google. Delete. Burgundavia 04:16, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not even funny, sadly... -- EuroTom 14:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the internal link (Tmxxine?) was speedy deleted a few days ago without consideration. That should speak for itself.--Beelzebubs 03:28, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - no context. -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:15, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, meaningless as it stands. Dpbsmith 23:23, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no context. Andris 23:26, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Inanity generates decontextualization, non-critical thinking, and deletion Denni 06:41, 2004 May 18 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
147 (number)

147 (one hundred [and] forty-seven) is the natural number following 146 and preceding 148.

In mathematics
147 is the fourth centered icosahedral number. These are a class of figurate numbers that represent points in the shape of a regular icosahedron or alternatively points in the shape of a cuboctahedron, and are magic numbers for the face-centered cubic lattice. Separately, it is also a magic number for the diamond cubic.

It is also the fourth Apéry number $$a_3$$ following 19, where $$a_n=\sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}{k}^2\binom{n+k}{k},$$

with 147 the composite index of the nineteenth triangle number, 190.

There are 147 different ways of representing one as a sum of unit fractions with five terms, allowing repeated fractions, and 147 different self-avoiding polygonal chains of length six using horizontal and vertical segments of the integer lattice.

In other fields
147 is the highest possible break in snooker, in the absence of fouls and refereeing errors.

In some traditions, there are 147 psalms. However, current Christian and Jewish traditions list a larger number, leading to the suggestion that some of the psalms in the earlier numbering were split into multiple pieces.

147 is the telephonic number of the 27 Brazilian Civil Police forces.

title: 147 (number)


text: File:Pine cones, immature female.jpg

title: File:Pine cones, immature female.jpg


text:
1993 Norwegian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 12 and 13 September 1993. It was the first European election where the two largest parties fielded a female leadership candidate, and the first election in history where all the largest three parties fielded female leadership candidates. The Labour Party remained the largest party in the Storting, winning 67 of the 165 seats.

Voter turnout was 76%, the lowest in a national election since the 1927 elections. The prospect of European Union membership was a key issue in the election campaign.

title: 1993 Norwegian parliamentary election


text:
Conifer cone

A conifer cone or pinecone (strobilus, : strobili in formal botanical usage) is a seed-bearing organ on gymnosperm plants. It is usually woody, ovoid to globular, including scales and bracts arranged around a central axis, especially in conifers and cycads. The cone of Pinophyta (conifer clade) contains the reproductive structures. The woody cone is the female cone, which produces seeds. The male cone, which produces pollen, is usually herbaceous and much less conspicuous even at full maturity. The name "cone" derives from Greek konos (pine cone), which also gave name to the geometric cone. The individual plates of a cone are known as scales. The umbo of a conifer cone refers to the first year's growth of a seed scale on the cone, showing up as a protuberance at the end of the two-year-old scale.

The male cone (microstrobili or pollen cone) is structurally similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways (mostly in scale arrangement) from species to species. Extending out from a central axis are microsporophylls (modified leaves). Under each microsporophyll is one or several microsporangia (pollen sacs).

The female cone (megastrobilus, seed cone, or ovulate cone) contains ovules which, when fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female cone structure varies more markedly between the different conifer families, and is often crucial for the identification of many species of conifers.

Pinaceae cones

The members of the pine family (pines, spruces, firs, cedars, larches, etc.) have cones that are imbricate (that is, with scales overlapping each other like fish scales). These pine cones, especially the woody female cones, are considered the "archetypal" tree cones.The female cone has two types of scale: the bract scales, and the seed scales (or ovuliferous scales), one subtended by each bract scale, derived from a highly modified branchlet. On the upper-side base of each seed scale are two ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization by pollen grains. The bract scales develop first, and are conspicuous at the time of pollination; the seed scales develop later to enclose and protect the seeds, with the bract scales often not growing further. The scales open temporarily to receive pollen, then close during fertilization and maturation, and then re-open again at maturity to allow the seed to escape. Maturation takes 6–8 months from pollination in most Pinaceae genera, but 12 months in cedars and 18–24 months (rarely more) in most pines. The cones open either by the seed scales flexing back when they dry out, or (in firs, cedars and golden larch) by the cones disintegrating with the seed scales falling off. The cones are conic, cylindrical or ovoid (egg-shaped), and small to very large, from 2–60 cm long and 1–20 cm broad.

After ripening, the opening of non-serotinous pine cones is associated with their moisture content—cones are open when dry and closed when wet. This assures that the small, windborne seeds will be dispersed during relatively dry weather, and thus, the distance traveled from the parent tree will be enhanced. A pine cone will go through many cycles of opening and closing during its life span, even after seed dispersal is complete. This process occurs with older cones while attached to branches and even after the older cones have fallen to the forest floor. The condition of fallen pine cones is a crude indication of the forest floor's moisture content, which is an important indication of wildfire risk. Closed cones indicate damp conditions while open cones indicate the forest floor is dry.

As a result of this, pine cones have often been used by people in temperate climates to predict dry and wet weather, usually hanging a harvested pine cone from some string outside to measure the humidity of the air.

Araucariaceae cones
Members of the Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Agathis, Wollemia) have the bract and seed scales fully fused, and have only one ovule on each scale. The cones are spherical or nearly so, and large to very large, 5–30 cm diameter, and mature in 18 months. For most species they disintegrate at maturity, to release the seeds although in some such as Araucaria bidwillii, the cone weighing up to 10 kg is shed intact. In Agathis, the seeds are winged and separate readily from the seed scale, but in the other two genera, the seed is wingless and fused to the scale.

Podocarpaceae cones
The cones of the Podocarpaceae are similar in function, though not in development, to those of the Taxaceae (q.v. below), being berry-like with the scales highly modified, evolved to attract birds into dispersing the seeds. In most of the genera, two to ten or more scales are fused together into a usually swollen, brightly coloured, soft, edible fleshy aril. Usually, only one or two scales at the apex of the cone are fertile, each bearing a single wingless seed, but in Saxegothaea several scales may be fertile. The fleshy scale complex is 0.5–3 cm long, and the seeds 4–10 mm long. In some genera (e.g. Prumnopitys), the scales are minute and not fleshy, but the seed coat develops a fleshy layer instead, the cone having the appearance of one to three small plums on a central stem. The seeds have a hard coat evolved to resist digestion in the bird's stomach.

Cupressaceae cones
Members of the cypress family (cypresses, arborvitae, junipers, redwoods, etc.) differ in that the bract and seed scales are fully fused, with the bract visible as no more than a small lump or spine on the scale. The botanical term galbulus (plural galbuli; from the Latin for a cypress cone) is sometimes used instead of strobilus for members of this family. The female cones have one to 20 ovules on each scale. They often have peltate scales, as opposed to the imbricate cones described above, though some have imbricate scales. The cones are usually small, 0.3 – long, and often spherical or nearly so, like those of Nootka cypress, while others, such as western redcedar and California incense-cedar, are narrow. The scales are arranged either spirally, or in decussate whorls of two (opposite pairs) or three, rarely four. The genera with spiral scale arrangement were often treated in a separate family (Taxodiaceae) in the past. In most of the genera, the cones are woody and the seeds have two narrow wings (one along each side of the seed), but in three genera (Platycladus, Microbiota and Juniperus), the seeds are wingless, and in Juniperus, the cones are fleshy and berry-like (known as ).

Sciadopityaceae cones
The cones and seeds of Sciadopitys (the only member of the family) are similar to those of some Cupressaceae, but larger, 6–11 cm long; the scales are imbricate and spirally arranged, and have 5-9 ovules on each scale.

Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae cones
Members of the yew family and the closely related Cephalotaxaceae have the most highly modified cones of any conifer. There is only one scale in the female cone, with a single poisonous ovule. The scale develops into a soft, brightly coloured sweet, juicy, berry-like aril which partly encloses the deadly seed. The seed alone is poisonous. The whole 'berry' with the seed is eaten by birds, which digest the sugar-rich scale and pass the hard seed undamaged in their droppings, so dispersing the seed far from the parent plant.

Welwitschiaceae cones
Welwitschia is unique cone-bearing plant is not considered a conifer, but belongs in the Order Welwitschiales. Welwitschia mirabilis is often called a living fossil and is the only species in its genus, which is the only genus in its family, which is the only family in its Order. The male cones are on male plants, and female cones on female plants. After emergence of the two cotyledons, it sets only two more leaves. Those two leaves then continue to grow longer from their base, much like fingernails. This allows it great drought tolerance, which is likely why it has survived in the desert of Namibia, while all other representatives from its order are now extinct.

Location and distribution

For most species found in Australia, male and female cones occur on the same plant (tree or shrub), with female usually on the higher branches towards the top of the plant. This distribution is thought to improve chances of cross-fertilization, as pollen is unlikely to be blown vertically upward within the crown of one plant, but can drift slowly upward in the wind, blowing from low on one plant to higher on another plant. In some conifers, male cones additionally often grow clustered in large numbers together, while female cones are more often produced singly or in only small clusters.

A further characteristic arrangement of pines is that the male cones are located at the base of the branch, while the female at the tip (of the same or a different branchlet). However, in larches and cedars, both types of cones are always at the tips of short shoots, while both sexes of fir cones are always from side buds, never terminal. There is also some diversity in bearing in Cupressaceae. Some, Cupressus for instance, have little or no differentiation in the positions of male and female cones.

Cone crops
Cone crop potential can be predicted in various ways. An early indication of a potential crop can be a period of abnormally hot, dry weather at the time of bud differentiation, particularly if the current and preceding cone crops have been poor (Nienstaedt and Zasada 1990). Estimates of cone crop potential can be made by counting female reproductive buds in fall or winter, and an experienced observer can detect the subtle morphological differences and distinguish between reproductive buds and vegetative buds (Eis 1967b).

White spruce seed collection is expensive, and collection from cone caches of red squirrels is probably the cheapest method. The viability of seed from cached cones does not vary during current caching, but viability drops essentially to zero after being in caches for 1 or 2 years (Wagg 1964).

Collection of cones in seed orchards has been facilitated by the counter-intuitive technique of "topping" and collection of cones from the severed crown tops at one-third the cost of collection from untopped trees and without decreasing cone production (Slayton 1969, Nienstaedt 1981).

Pseudocones
Norway and Sitka spruce are prone to the formation of pineapple gall pseudocones caused by the woolly aphid, Adelges abietis. These are not cones, although they closely resemble them.

While alder trees are not conifers, their mature seed bearing structures closely resemble cones.

Cultural uses
Because of their widespread occurrence, conifer cones have been a traditional part of the arts and crafts of cultures where conifers are common. Examples of their use includes seasonal wreaths and decorations, fire starters, bird feeders, toys, etc. An intriguing derivation of the impossible bottle mechanical puzzle takes advantage of the fact that pine cones open and close based on their level of dryness. In constructing the pine cone in the bottle display, a closed, damp cone of suitable size is inserted into a narrow-mouthed bottle and allowed to open upon drying.

Cone cows are traditional homemade toys, made by children using material found in nature. The most common design is a spruce or pine cone with sticks or matches for legs, which can easily be attached by forcing them between the cone scales. Playing with cone cows often includes building an animal enclosure from sticks. For the most part, cone cows have been displaced by manufactured toys, at least in affluent countries, but the creation of cone cows still enjoys some popularity as an outdoor activity for children.

Cone cows are a part of children's culture in Finland where they are known as Käpylehmä (plural: Käpylehmät) and Sweden where they are known as kottkor or kottdjur (cone animals). Schools and other institutions teach children how to make cone cows as part of outdoors education on nature and history.

In Finland there is a fairground with cone cow sculptures large enough for children to ride on. In Sweden, a video game was released in which the player may build virtual cone cows. Swedish artist Lasse Åberg has created artwork with cone cows, which has been included in an alphabet book and featured on a Swedish postage stamp among other classic toys.

Cones are also used as decorative elements in architecture such as on top of the posts surrounding Koper's Da Ponte Fountain, the central element of the Fontana della Pigna in Rome or a bronze cone in the narthex of the Aachen Cathedral. Cones are also occasionally used as a charge in heraldic coats of arms.

In some parts of Russia and Georgia, immature pine cones are harvested in late spring and boiled to make sweet preserves.

Symbolism
The pineal gland is named after the pine cone. Pine cones were also used as symbols of fertility in ancient Assyrian art. In Christian symbolism, they are closely related to the tree of life.

title: Conifer cone


text:
Concertino da camera (Ibert)

The Concertino da camera for alto saxophone and eleven instruments was written by Jacques Ibert in 1935. Ibert dedicated the work to saxophone pioneer Sigurd Raschèr, who premiered the first movement in 1935. Later that year, Ibert completed the second movement, which was performed for the first time in its entirety by Raschèr in December 1935.

The work is in two movements; the first, Allegro con moto, is lively and technically challenging and the second begins with a lyrical Larghetto, featuring soaring lines in the saxophone's upper register. A short cadenza links to the movement's concluding Animato molto. The concerto is distinctive for its large range requiring the use of the saxophone's top-tones.

The accompanying ensemble consists of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, two violins, viola, cello, and double bass.

The piece shares similarities with his concerto for flute.

title: Concertino da camera (Ibert)


text:
Talk:Duke of Richmond

Untitled
Why are they all called Charles? —Ashley Y 09:27, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

Some noble families tend to reuse traditional family names. In this case, it probably has to do with the first Duke being an illegitimate son of King Charles II. The only Duke of the current line not called Charles (the 9th Duke) was not the eldest son, and so wasn't expected to inherit the title. His elder brother, Charles, died of wounds received in World War I. (There had been another even older son, also Charles, who died as a baby.) Proteus (Talk) 09:35, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

I've moved all the earlier Dukes of the current creation over to just "Duke of Richmond" rather than "Duke of Richmond and Lennox", since they were always known simply as the "Duke of Richmond," rather than as the "Duke of Richmond and Lennox." I hope this is (this time) non-controversial. john k 05:25, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Does anyone know why the Duke of Richmond and Lennox gained the title of the UK Duke in 1876? If I understand correctly, it changed nothing (with respect to the precedence). Mapple 18:39, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The Dukedom of Gordon became extinct but the lands associated with the title went to his sister who married the 4th Duke of Richmond. Their son was created Duke of Gordon to continue the association with the family and titles.Alci12 13:37, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Black Hair
This might sound somewhat irrelevant, but from whom did the children of the 2nd Duke of Richmond inherit their black hair? The --Anglius 21:10, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

The Dukes and Richmond itself
Have any of the title holders since the raise to duke ever actually had anything to do with Richmond in Yorkshire or Surrey? Does the cutoff for their presence and personal say of what goes on in Richmond begin with the Lancastrians? Is Richmond perpetually held by associates of the Royal Family, legitimate or otherwise? What was Richmond's stance on the Pilgrimage of Grace, or the Northern Rebellion/Rising of the North? Have any of the dukes been Jacobites, as they were Cavaliers? It is said that Cavalier Richmond was taken by the Covenanters, which the inhabitants hated so much they raised a tower commemorating the victory of Cumberland in Richmond. Was the Duke of Richmond Whig in opposition to the Hanoverians, but Tory in respect to their own Stuart relatives? Essentially, what became of Richmond's identity and image since it was no longer a quasi-part of Brittany? Richmond is independent of Brittany, so has it been a mere appanage of Royal dynasties? Is Richmond just a clone of Brittany? These questions attempt to know the politics of both peer and shire. How come Richmond does not have its own armorial bearings in use by a duke? The last that seems associated with Richmond are the ermines of Brittany. Nobody uses the Tudor rose on their arms for Richmond. It is widely stated that Richmond is depreciated in value & importance. Is Richmond of a Mercian, as opposed to Northumbrian heritage? I have seen some say Richmond is Midlands, rather than of a Border culture. That Edwin of Mercia may have been owner of Gilling, does not explain Scottish raiding or reiving activities in Richmond. IP Address 03:03, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Question of meaning.
Not to be stupid, but what does this mean: "...he was considered illegitimate and given this title instead"? He wasn't "considered" to be illegitimate; he was illegitimate: He was a bastard. His parents were not married. That is the very definition of illegitimacy. Also, "he was...given this title instead" of what? The crown? Legitimacy? A rattle? Cheers, LindsayHi 07:37, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Revert
The table has made the article unnecessary long, has removed the full names of the dukes and has added information about children and wives, which belongs to the respective article, so I have removed it. Phoe talk  13:13, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

arms
This language is so grossly nonstandard that I scarcely know where to begin:

 * On His Grace's coat of arms, the United Kingdom along with a border of Lennox and surmounted escutcheon of Aubigny, are represented in 1st and 4th cantons as Stuart titles, while Clan Gordon (1st Gordon, 2nd Badenoch, 3rd Seton, 4th Fraser--from acquisition of Aboyne lands) is represented in 2nd and 3rd cantons.

The quarters are miscalled "cantons"; the Stuart royal arms (1603–1707) are miscalled the United Kingdom arms (1801–); the second quarter (Lennox) is ignored. Does "border of Lennox" mean red and white with roses? Has such a border ever been used otherwise?

 * The previous Stuart arms for Richmond had the French province of Berry in fat non-egalitarian cantons 1 and 4, Stuart arms bordered by Aubigny (in Berry) in cantons 2 and 3, with a surmounted Lennox escutcheon.

"fat non-egalitarian cantons" forsooth! Presumably this means 'grand quarters'. What's "bordered by Aubigny"?

 * Henry FitzRoy's arms were as follows: 1st and 4th canton borders for Brittany, 2nd and 3rd canton borders for Somerset, centred by the English Royal Arms, surmounted by an escutcheon of Nottingham, with a bar attached to show royal bastardy.

I'm guessing that this means "the royal arms surmounted by a baton sinister and bordered quarterly ermine (Brittany) and compony azure and argent (Somerset), overall an escutcheon of Nottingham" (whatever that is) but can someone confirm? —Tamfang (talk) 19:09, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

 * As to the last, yes, that's what it means, according to Rietstap. The baton is argent. The inescutcheon is Quarterly gules and vairy or and vert, overall a lion argent, and on a chief azure a castle between two stags' heads caboshed argent. —Tamfang (talk) 19:15, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Also, what does this mean? ...the acquisition of the Aboyne lands is represented in the 2nd and 3rd cantons. —Tamfang (talk) 21:18, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

I am not 100% certain that "bordure compAny" is a typo for "bordure compOny". I'm only 99.999984% certain. Otherwise I'd have corrected it. Someone who is 100% certain should make the edit if I'm right.74.64.104.99 (talk) 20:16, 4 June 2019 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson

dubious Notes

 * It is thought that Lennox, who was half breton by his mother, was granted the title in partial recognition of the ties of the precedent titles to Brittany, which had most frequently been held by the Duke of Brittany until it was finally returned to the crown of England by Francis II, Duke of Brittany

A link to Earl of Richmond would make this a bit clearer.

 * In breton the maiden name of Charles Lennox's mother are descriptive. "Ker" means place or farm or city and so Kerouaille is meant to designate a region of Brittany near Brest tied to her family. "Pen" means highest, and "Coet" means woods or forests, with "an" usually meaning "the"; thus Penancoët loosely translates to "chief of the woods."

This can go in her article; it doesn't illuminate anything here. —Tamfang (talk) 20:24, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Categorisation of Duke of Richmond and Lennox
I propose to remove the categorisation of the above page as 'Dukedoms in the Peerage of England' and 'Dukedoms in the Peerage of Scotland', and re-categorise it simply as 'Dukedoms'. Duke of Richmond is categorised as the former and Duke of Lennox is categorised as the latter. Categorising Duke of Richmond and Lennox suggests that it is one 'double-barrelled' dukedom, similar to Duke of York and Albany or Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, which it is not. Alekksandr (talk) 18:18, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

Dukes and Earls
If there is no link between the Dukes and Earls of Richmond, (for example, an Earl of Richmond was "promoted" to Duke of Richmond), is there any connexion between the Dukes and Richmond, North Yorkshire?

title: Talk:Duke of Richmond


text:
Sara Paretsky

Sara Paretsky (born June 8, 1947) is an American author of detective fiction, best known for her novels focused on the protagonist V. I. Warshawski.

Life and career
Paretsky was born in Ames, Iowa. Her father was a microbiologist and moved the family to Kansas in 1951 after taking a job at the University of Kansas, where Paretsky eventually graduated. The family rented an old farm house. Her relationship with her parents was strained; her mother was an alcoholic and her father was a harsh disciplinarian.

After obtaining a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Kansas, she did community service work on the south side of Chicago in 1966 and returned in 1968 to work there. She completed her AM (masters) degree at the University of Chicago in 1969 and completed a Ph.D. in history there in 1977; her dissertation was titled "The Breakdown of Moral Philosophy in New England Before the Civil War". She also earned an MBA in 1977 from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

Her husband, Courtenay Wright, was a professor of physics at the University of Chicago; the two were together from 1970 until his death in 2018.

Paretsky is an alumna of the Ragdale Foundation. She was to appear in an amateur light opera production in 2011.

The protagonist of all but two of Paretsky's novels is the female private investigator V.I. Warshawski, and the author is credited with transforming the role and image of women in the crime novel. The Winter 2007 issue of Clues: A Journal of Detection is devoted to her work. She is also considered the founding mother of Sisters in Crime, an organization that supports and promotes women in the mystery field.

Novels

 * Indemnity Only (1982) ISBN 0385272138
 * Deadlock (1984) ISBN 0385279337
 * Killing Orders (1985) ISBN 068804820X
 * Bitter Medicine (1987) ISBN 0688064485
 * Blood Shot (1988) ISBN 0440500354 (Published in the UK as Toxic Shock)
 * Burn Marks (1990) ISBN 0385298927
 * Guardian Angel (1992) ISBN 0385299311
 * Tunnel Vision (1994) ISBN 038529932X
 * Ghost Country (1998) ISBN 9780385333368 (non-Warshawski novel)
 * Hard Time (1999) ISBN 0385313632
 * Total Recall (2001) ISBN 0385313667
 * Blacklist (2003) ISBN 0399150854
 * Fire Sale (2005) ISBN 9780739455944
 * Bleeding Kansas (2008) ISBN 9780399154058 (non-Warshawski novel)
 * Hardball (2009) ISBN 9781101133828
 * Body Work (2010) ISBN 9780399156748
 * Breakdown (2012) ISBN 9781101554074
 * Critical Mass (2013) ISBN 9781101636503
 * Brush Back (2015) ISBN 9780399160578
 * Fallout (2017) ISBN 9781473624337
 * Shell Game (2018) ISBN 9780062435866
 * Dead Land (2020) ISBN 9780062435927
 * Overboard (2022) ISBN 9780063010888
 * Pay Dirt (2024) ISBN 9780063010932

Short story collections

 * Windy City Blues, Delacorte (1995). ISBN 0385315023.
 * (Published in the UK as V.I. for Short)
 * A Taste of Life and Other Stories (1995), London: Penguin. ISBN 0146000404
 * Love & Other Crimes (2020). ISBN 9780062915542

eBooks

 * Photo Finish (2000). ISBN 9781101537510
 * V.I. x 2 (2002) includes short stories "Photo Finish" & "Publicity Stunts".
 * V.I. x 3 (2011) includes both stories from V.I. x 2 and "A Family Sunday in the Park". ISBN 9781257416448

Non-fiction

 * Case Studies in Alternative Education (1975). Chicago Center for New Schools.
 * Writing in an Age of Silence (2007). ISBN 9781844671229
 * Words, Works, and Ways of Knowing: The Breakdown of Moral Philosophy in New England Before the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.

As editor

 * Eye of a Woman (1990). New York: Delacorte Press;
 * as A Woman's Eye: New Stories by the Best Women Crime Writers (1991). London: Virago.
 * Women on the Case (1997). ISBN 9780440223252;
 * as Woman's Other Eye (1996). London: Virago.
 * Sisters on the Case (2007). ISBN 9780451222398

Awards and recognition

 * 1986 Anthony Award nomination for best novel, Killing Orders
 * 1989 Anthony Award nomination for best novel, Blood Shot
 * 1992 Anthony Award winner of best short story collection, A Woman's Eye
 * 2002 Cartier Diamond Dagger Award for lifetime achievement by the Crime Writers' Association.
 * 2004 Gold Dagger Award for Blacklist by the Crime Writers' Association.
 * 2011 Anthony Award Lifetime Achievement Award winner
 * 2011 Grand Master by the Mystery Writers of America
 * 2019 Mystery Writers of America Winner of Sue Grafton Memoriam, Shell Game
 * 2021 Mystery Writers of America Nomination for Sue Grafton Memoriam, Dead Land

title: Sara Paretsky