text:
Escape from L.A.

Escape from L.A. (stylized on-screen as John Carpenter's Escape from L.A.) is a 1996 American post-apocalyptic action film co-written, co-scored, and directed by John Carpenter, co-written and produced by Debra Hill and Kurt Russell, with Russell also starring as Snake Plissken. A sequel to Escape from New York (1981), Escape from L.A. co-stars Steve Buscemi, Stacy Keach, Bruce Campbell, Peter Fonda, and Pam Grier. Escape from L.A. failed to meet the studio's expectations at the box office and received polarized reactions from critics. The film later found a strong cult following.

Plot
In 2000, a massive earthquake strikes the city of Los Angeles, cutting it off from the mainland as the San Fernando Valley floods. Declaring that God is punishing Los Angeles for its sins, a theocratic presidential candidate wins election to a lifetime term of office. He orders the United States capital relocated from Washington, D.C. to his hometown of Lynchburg, Virginia and enacts a series of strict morality laws, banning such things as smoking, alcohol, drugs, premarital sex, firearms, profanity, and red meat. Violators are given a choice between loss of U.S. citizenship and permanent deportation to the new Los Angeles Island, or repentance and death by electrocution. Escape from the island is made impossible due to a containment wall erected along the mainland shore and a heavy federal police presence monitoring the area.

By 2013, the U.S. has developed a superweapon known as the "Sword of Damocles," a satellite system capable of targeting electronic devices anywhere in the world and rendering them useless. The president intends to use it to dominate the world by destroying hostile nations' ability to function. His daughter Utopia steals the remote control for the system and escapes to Los Angeles Island in order to deliver it to Cuervo Jones, a Peruvian Shining Path revolutionary. Cuervo has marshaled an invasion force of third world nations and is planning to attack the U.S.

Facing deportation for a series of crimes, Snake Plissken is offered a chance to earn a pardon by traveling to the island and recovering the remote, a task that a previous rescue team failed to accomplish. To force his compliance, the president has one of his officers infect Snake with a virus that will kill him within 10 hours and promises that he will receive the cure upon completing the mission. The president is not concerned with Utopia's safety, regarding her as a traitor.

Snake is issued equipment and sent to Los Angeles in a one-man submarine. As he explores the island, he meets "Map to the Stars" Eddie, a swindler who sells interactive tours and one of Cuervo's associates. Along the way, Snake is helped by Pipeline, a surfing enthusiast; Taslima, a woman deported for her Muslim faith; and Hershe Las Palmas (formerly Carjack Malone), a trans woman and past criminal associate of Snake's.

Eddie captures Snake and turns him over to Cuervo, who uses the Sword of Damocles to shut down Lynchburg in retaliation for Snake's presence. Cuervo threatens to inflict the same fate on the rest of the U.S. unless his demands are met. Snake escapes, and teams up with Hershe and her soldiers. The group travels by glider to the invasion staging area, at the "Happy Kingdom" in Anaheim. During a fight against Cuervo's troops, Snake takes the remote and Eddie alters one of the units he sells for his tours to match it. Snake, Eddie, Utopia, Hershe, and a group of Hershe's soldiers escape the island in a helicopter. Eddie shoots Cuervo, who fires a rocket launcher and hits the helicopter before dying. Hershe and her men are incinerated, Eddie jumps clear at liftoff, and Snake and Utopia do the same over the mainland and leave the helicopter to crash once Snake alerts the president to their approach.

At the crash site, the president and his officers find that both Snake and Utopia are carrying remotes and take the one held by Utopia (slipped into her pocket without her noticing), incorrectly thinking that Snake has switched them. As Utopia is taken to the electric chair, Snake learns that the virus infecting him only causes a severe case of influenza that subsides within hours. The president tries to use Utopia's remote to neutralize an invasion force threatening Florida, but it only plays a recorded introduction to one of Eddie's tours.

Furious, the president orders his officers to kill Snake on the spot, but he proves to be only a hologram projected from a miniature camera that had been issued to him. Disgusted at the world's never-ending class warfare, he programs the real remote and triggers every satellite in the Sword of Damocles system, deactivating all technology on Earth and saving Utopia from electrocution as the power fails. Snake tosses the now-useless camera aside and lights a cigarette, then blows out the match and mutters, "Welcome to the human race."

Production
Escape from L.A. was in development for over 10 years. In 1987, screenwriter Coleman Luck was commissioned to write a screenplay for the film with Dino De Laurentiis's company producing, which Carpenter later described as being "too light, too campy". Eventually, Carpenter and Kurt Russell got together to write with their long-time collaborator Debra Hill. Carpenter insists that Russell's persistence allowed the film to be made, since "Snake Plissken was a character he loved and wanted to play again." Carpenter credited that same enthusiasm with motivating Russell's work on the script, declaring "I used his passion to do the movie to get him to write more".

Filming
Carpenter has described Escape from L.A. as both "fun to make" and requiring "months of nights" of work. Carpenter would later recall that the theme park scene, shot at night on a Universal backlot, resulted in a noise complaint from Rick Dees which forced them to cease using live ammunition. CG supervisor David Jones has expressed his distaste for the resulting effects used in the battle, which he described as "a little iffy". Although uncredited, Tony Hawk has claimed that he and fellow professional skateboarder Chris Miller worked as stunt doubles for Peter Fonda and Kurt Russell during the surfing scene. Several scenes were shot in Carson, including the Sunset Boulevard and freeway sequences. The Sunset Boulevard scene was filmed in a landfill, where production staff constructed over 120 structures to create a shanty town. To create the impression of a crowded post-apocalyptic freeway, 250 broken cars were sourced from a junkyard in Ventura.

Soundtrack

 * 1) "Dawn" – Stabbing Westward
 * 2) "Sweat" – Tool
 * 3) "The One" – White Zombie
 * 4) "Cut Me Out" – Toadies
 * 5) "Pottery" – Butthole Surfers
 * 6) "10 Seconds Down" – Sugar Ray
 * 7) "Blame (L.A. Remix)" – Gravity Kills
 * 8) "Professional Widow" – Tori Amos
 * 9) "Paisley" – Ministry
 * 10) "Fire in the Hole" – Orange 9mm
 * 11) "Escape from the Prison Planet" – Clutch
 * 12) "Et Tu Brute?" – CIV
 * 13) "Foot on the Gas" – Sexpod
 * 14) "Can't Even Breathe" – Deftones

Score
The film's score has been released twice, the first on both CD and cassette by Milan Records in 1996 and again as an expanded CD release by specialty label La-La Land Records in 2014 that featured pieces of music that were recorded for but ultimately cut from the film.

Home media
Escape from L.A. was initially released on DVD in the United States on December 15, 1998, and later reissued on September 26, 2017.

The film was released on Blu-ray by Paramount on May 4, 2010. In 2020, Shout! Factory released a new 4K restoration on Blu-ray. In 2022, the 4K restoration was released on 4K Blu-ray. Upon its release, an English audio encoding error was noted by several reviewers, prompting Paramount to correct the issue in unreleased discs and launch a replacement program for initial purchasers.

Box office
Escape from L.A. grossed $25,477,365 in the United States and Canada from its $50 million budget, about as much as its predecessor but little more than half its significantly higher budget. Internationally it grossed $16.8 million for a worldwide total of $42.3 million.

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews and has a 53% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 57 reviews, with an average score of 5.6/10. The site's consensus reads: "Escape from L.A. has its moments, although it certainly suffers in comparison to the cult classic that preceded it". Roger Ebert gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of a possible four and wrote that the movie felt it was an attempt to satirize the genre while exploiting it: "[Escape from L.A.] has such manic energy, such a weird, cockeyed vision, that it may work on some moviegoers as satire and on others as the real thing."

Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "A cartoonish, cheesy, and surprisingly campy apocalyptic actioner, John Carpenter's Escape From L.A. is spiked with a number of funny and anarchic ideas, but doesn't begin to pull them together into a coherent whole." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly rated it C+ and wrote, "Carpenter never was the filmmaker his cult claimed him to be, but in Escape From L.A., he at least has the instinct to keep his hero moving, like some leather-biker Candide." Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that the film's in-jokes "go a long way toward keeping afloat a hopelessly choppy adventure spoof that doesn't even to try to match the ghoulish surrealism of its forerunner."

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "With much humor and high adventure, John Carpenter's Escape From L.A. brilliantly imagines a Dante-esque vision of the City of Angels." Peter Stack of The San Francisco Chronicle rated it 3/4 stars and called it "dark, percussive and perversely fun." Esther Iverem of The Washington Post wrote that the film "tries but fails to be an action-hero flick or even a parody of one." Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle rated it 3/5 stars and wrote, "Loud, rollicking, alternately ultraviolent and hilarious, Escape from L.A. is Snake redux, and what more do you need, really?" Nigel Floyd of Time Out London wrote, "After 15 years of computer-generated effects, apocalyptic sci-fi and Arnie movies with flippant kiss-off lines, the sequel feels hackneyed and pointless." Kim Newman of Empire rated it 2/5 stars and wrote, "Apart from a few good characters, this is really not up to scratch in most departments especially the ludicrous plot."

In a 2013 retrospective, Alan Zilberman of The Atlantic called Snake Plissken "a pro-nostalgia antihero, disgusted by the world around him." While contrasting the film's then-futuristic plot elements against modern-day reality, Zilberman writes that the film's ending is more profound today, as Plissken would be annoyed by our fascination with technology, citing the example of two friends who ignore each other while transfixed with their smart phones.

John Carpenter later reflected: "Escape from L.A. is better than the first movie. Ten times better. It's got more to it. It's more mature. It's got a lot more to it. I think some people didn't like it because they felt it was a remake, not a sequel... I suppose it's the old question of whether you like Rio Bravo or El Dorado better? They're essentially the same movie. They both had their strengths and weaknesses. I don't know–you never know why a movie's going to make it or not. People didn't want to see Escape that time, but they really didn't want to see The Thing... You just wait. You've got to give me a little while. People will say, you know, what was wrong with me?"

He reiterated his statement in another interview: "It is a better movie. It didn't do what the first one did for some reason. Maybe it was too dark, too nihilistic. I don't know. They didn't dig it as much as the first one. It did okay, but it just wasn't a hit."

About the cult following, Carpenter said: "I'm just delighted that it's gaining that popularity. I really dig Escape from L.A., and I always have."

Escape from Earth
A sequel of the movie, titled Escape from Earth, was meant to be produced after Escape from L.A. but the underperformance of the latter changed the plans. According to John Carpenter, Escape from Earth would have picked up with Snake Plissken right after the ending of Escape from L.A., which saw him activating a superweapon known as the Sword of Damocles: "Escape from Earth was kind of Snake Plissken in a space capsule, flying interstellar. So there'd be a lot of special effects in it. Which I never care about too much. But that's what it would look like."

Comic books
Marvel Comics released the one-shot The Adventures of Snake Plissken in January 1997. The story takes place sometime between Escape from New York and his famous Cleveland escape mentioned in Escape from L.A.. Snake has robbed Atlanta's Centers for Disease Control of some engineered metaviruses and is looking for buyers in Chicago. Finding himself in a deal that's really a set-up, he makes his getaway and exacts revenge on the buyer for ratting him out to the United States Police Force. In the meantime, a government lab has built a robot called ATACS (Autonomous Tracking And Combat System) that can catch criminals by imprinting their personalities upon its program in order to predict and anticipate a specific criminal's every move. The robot's first test subject is Snake. After a brief battle, ATACS copies Snake to the point of fully becoming his personality. Now recognizing the government as the enemy, ATACS sides with Snake. Snake punches the machine and destroys it, reasoning, "I don't need the competition."

Cancelled video game
An Escape from L.A. video game was announced for the Sega Saturn, Sony PlayStation, Panasonic M2, and PC in 1996, but was later cancelled.

title: Escape from L.A.


text: Category:Defunct ice hockey teams

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Defunct ice hockey teams


text:
Asa S. Bushnell

Asa Smith Bushnell I (September 16, 1834 – January 15, 1904) was an American Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 40th governor of Ohio. Prior to becoming governor, he served as the president of the Warder, Bushnell and Glessner Company, which became one of four companies that merged to form International Harvester. Other roles in business included serving as president of the Springfield Gas Company and the First National Bank of Springfield.

Biography
Bushnell was born in Rome, New York and moved to Springfield, Ohio at age 17. During the American Civil War, he raised a company of men for the 152nd Ohio Infantry, a 100 days regiment, and served as captain from May to September 1864. He was a Presidential elector in 1884 for Blaine/Logan. A business executive, Bushnell served as the Ohio State Republican Party Chair in 1885. He succeeded William McKinley as governor, serving two two-year terms from 1896 to 1900.

Valentine Anti-Trust Act
During the Bushnell administration, Ohio took an early leadership role in trust-busting. The Valentine Anti-Trust Act was signed into law by Bushnell. This Act prohibited price fixing, and production limitation. All of these practices helped businesses by driving up the prices for their products, thus harming the consumer. In addition to Valentine Anti-Trust Act, Bushnell's attorney general pursued the monopolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company in the courts. Eventually, U.S. Senator John Sherman of Ohio introduced the Sherman Antitrust Act in the United States Congress in 1890. This law served as the first serious attempt by the federal government to break up monopolies and trusts, though successful enforcement of anti-trust laws was still more than a decade, and new political commitment, away.

Death
Bushnell came from his home at Springfield in January 1904 to attend the inauguration of Governor Myron T. Herrick at Columbus. After the ceremony, he entered his carriage to return home, was struck with apoplexy before reaching the railroad station, and died at a Columbus hospital four days later. He was buried in the Ferncliff Cemetery, Springfield on January 18, 1904.

Family
Bushnell married Ellen Ludlow of Springfield, September 17, 1857. They had two daughters and a son. He was a member of the Masons, the Grand Army of the Republic, and the Episcopal Church

Residence
Bushnell and his wife built a Richardson Romanesque mansion in Springfield, Ohio. The house was not designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, but by Richardson’s firm soon after the architect's death. Both of Bushnell's business partners, Benjamin Head Warder and John Glessner, had earlier hired Richardson to design their houses: the Warder Mansion in Washington, DC, and the John J. Glessner House in Chicago. Glessner's house is considered one of Richardson's greatest designs.

The Bushnell House is part of Springfield's East High Street Historic District, which is on the National Register of Historic Places.

title: Asa S. Bushnell


text: Category:Ice hockey teams

title: Category:Ice hockey teams


text:
User talk:Jfdwolff/Archive 2

Nice work on the hepatitis art
I reviewed your edits on the hepatitis article. Very nice. Better flow and such. There was one thing that needs restyling. In patients with alcoholic hepatitis there are two groups that are at high risk of death. One is the group with obtundation. The other is the group where (PT-PT control) x 4 + T bili (in mg/dl) is >32. Each of the two groups has a 30 day mortality of 50%. My parenthesis in that paragraph was to group the at risk groups rather than to make the double bracket intrawiki pointers. It is either too much detail, or it is OK but needs to have that distinction. What would be a good way to put in concisely? Steve Kd4ttc 22:16, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

The (obtundation) vs (combo lab equation) was very smoothly done in the alcoholic hepatitis section. Oh my, yes! When middle eastern or oriental folks come by with abnormal LFT's and CT abnormalities the DDx sure does get fun! Kd4ttc 01:56, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Blanking talk pages

 * From 213.237.12.22

Uhh, there seems to be a consensus against blanking your talk page... You might prefer to archive it instead. You're right, though—Wikipedia is addictive. JFW | T@lk  22:23, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

LOL, this is all a lot more complicated than i thought. I can't even figure out how to revert the change without copy/pasting each comment from the diff. Btw, can i ask you where that discussion took place? 213.237.12.22 10:47, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

the doctor's mess
gedday (thanks for feedback - have replied on my page) - just had a bit of a panic attack... I'm a bit concerned the doctor's mess may become the hospital cafe. I'm thinking the clinical med project is a different entity (formal, 'consumer/wide participation', 'multidisciplinary', yadda yadda) to the wiki docs forum... (informal, emphasis on comaradre, debreifing, etc etc) - do you know what I mean? I'm thinking bring back the mess, with the 'page' being a notice board like the top of the old mess (welcome, what we are doing, what needs doing (small picture stuff), helpful pointers) and the talk page has the chat? what do you think? --e 21:43, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

Sysop
Congratulations! You are now an administrator. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. Good luck. Angela. 00:07, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

Yippee! Now you can protect us from the Alternative Medicine types taking pot shots at us! Kd4ttc 01:58, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

hey John (who reads everything by the way) - Kd4ttc is only joking! isn't that right Stephen? now who would want to take a shot at a meek bloke like you anyway ;-) (congrats JW) --e 03:57, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Congrats. Ksheka 00:58, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

Y-chromosomal Aaron
I didn't think it was hysterical, just I'd been looking for a good summary for a long time and finally found it there. Overenthusiastic perhaps? It is a very comprehensive list of sources on the subject though don't you think? :-) Zestauferov 07:13, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

WP:IFD

 * Image:A1AT.jpg this has been replaced by a much prettier Image:A1AT.png (NOTE THE EXTENSION!) and the former is therefore for deletion.  JFW |  T@lk  18:41, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Done it myself, owing to lack of reasons for keep JFW | T@lk  09:01, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi, just thought I'd let you know that you didn't delete the image. You only deleted the image description page. Don't worry, it's a common mistake, but for images, you need to click the "del" link next to the upload information, not the "delete this page" link at the bottom. I've deleted it now but thought you might want to know for next time. Angela. 14:17, May 16, 2004 (UTC)

nomination
It's a bit of a dilemma, since I don't like popularity contests, especially when I have doubts I'll win them. Nontheless, I'm going to accept. It's nice to be considered a trustworthy member of the community, and it was kind of you to put my name forward. - Nunh-huh 19:23, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed, it seems to have progressed nicely with no hurt feelings. So far. -- Nunh-huh 21:05, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

TTP cleanup
I very much enjoyed cleaning TTP—an altogether very rewarding experience! --Diberri | Talk 02:46, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Toledoth Yeshu Cleanup
Hi, I copied that text form another wiki article to start a stub on the subject. Unfortunately I only know that it is an adult satirical/cautionary tale against would-be false messiahs combining many a varied reference from the Mishnah dating from the 2ndC.BCE to the 5thC.CE and apparently including some references to the scriptures of the you know who. In all it includes 20 short traditions dating back perhaps as far as the 6th century merged into one narrative in the 12th century. I do not know who the author was but probably anonymous. Maybe it was even written by a chrstian as anti-Jewish propaganda. I have never seen an objective study on the work. Many chrstians have also jumped upon it as an independent historical confirmation on the existence of their ManG-d from an albeit hostile source. However it is anything but historical. It changes the details mentioned in the mishnah to fit with the narrative and is not considered part of the mishnah though many anti-Judaists love to use it on the ignorant to defame the mishnah (which is the kind of site you will find it mentioned on most frequently). It is for these reasons I thought it would be a good idea to start a stub about it to work on and cut through the varied POVs on the subject. I only made it yesterday so User:Burgundavia must be a very dilligent newcommer. The only possible references to the historical personality behind the man the chrstians worship might be the two about Yeshu Pandera taken from Tosefta Hullin 2: 22-24 concerning the arrest and death of Rabbi Eliazer. Also Shabbath 104b insinuates that the same Pandera was the illegitimate father of a certain young mamzer student of R. Eliazer known as Plony Ben Stada (Stada being a certain Marym Magdalen who was apparently already married to someone called Paphos ben Yehuda). Zestauferov 09:22, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

I am copying your Question and this response to the Toldoth Yeshu talk page and hope you don't mind. All the best. Zestauferov 09:22, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

That Nasty Vandal
Yup, beat you to it. ;-) This one was bad because he made multiple vandalisms so I couldn't even do a rollback.

You don't have to log it, it's automatically logged at List of blocked IP addresses and usernames. In a case like this, the vandal was warned, so I don't see any need to put something else on their user page. I notice that a number of admins like to put the boilerplate notice that says something like "Thank you for testing Wikipedia. Your test has been removed. In the future please use the sandbox for your tests." I don't recall the MSG or SUBST for that. Anyway I would only use that for a first-time vandal who doesn't seem malicious, but that's just me. Cheers! Cecropia | Talk 16:33, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi, the broken link on your user page to List of blocked IP addresses and usernames should be Special:Ipblocklist. I wasn't sure how you felt about other people editing your user page, so I didn't change it myself. There's also Block log with a similar list. Angela. 22:20, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Ben Stada et al
Dear Jfdwolff: I have looked at the pages you mention: "Ben Stada, Ben Pandera, Yeshu, Yeshu Ha Notzri (redirects to Yeshu), Nasoraean, Nazarene Judaism, Netzarim". At this point I would not do anything as whoever is doing it seems to be providing (valid) information that, however much it may run counter to actual Judaism, does have a place on Wikipedia (there is all sorts of nonsense on Wikipedia, so why not this?), and not infringe on "freedom of speech". The challenge as I see it, is to ensure that Judaism and Christianity, and Jews and Christians, remain two different subjects and categories (as they are in fact and in logic) and not allow the tendentious thoughts of a few thousand "messianics", of whatever ilk, to distort both religions and make a "cholent" (stew) out of everything in the name of "bringing back lost souls" (to where, I don't know!). All the best. IZAK 05:57, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

I have looked into the pages you mentioned and your suggestion of merging them, like Izak says the info is legitimate (some of it contributed by myself and apparently also someone else in my department) and I think it would be possible to merge some of the pages you have suggested into one. The problem is by including them all together we are likely no matter how corroborated the info is to be stepping on some people's sensibilities. I have already had a very distressing time with a certain fundamentalist evangelical/protestant type for trying to put a traditional Jewish perspective on certain pages relating to characters in Genesis (e.g. Arpachshad). He even tried to stop me saying Hebrews were Children of Eber! If you want to do it I think the best title I could think of was simply Pandera where we can at least combine Yeshu Pandera and Ben Stada. I wrote the following introduction for your consideration.

 * Pandera (also Pantera, Pantiri, and Pantira) meaning panther in Aramaic was the name of a family suggested as centered in a certain Bethlahem ({my note I don't know which one. there was at least one bethlahem in Galilee besides the one in Judea) around the end of the last century BC and first century CE. The independent sources for information about the family are Matthew -the Evangelist, Epiphanius -the church historian, Celsus -the anti-Chrstian polemic philosopher, passages from the Jewish Mishnah, and less seriously the satirical Toledoth Yeshu. The names of people mentioned from these sources as belonging to this family are Jacob; his sons Joseph and Clopas; their sons Yeshu, James, Joseph (or Joses), Simon, and Jude;. Finally and most controvercialy a certain "Plony" Ben Stada is supposed to be illegitimately descended from the same family.

The rest of the info from the remaining Ben Stada & Ben Pandra articles can then be merged into this entry. Still I think it will not be popular. All the best Zestauferov 12:15, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Hex codes for HTML entities
I noticed over on hCG that you converted  and   into their hex code equivalents, namely   and. Are the hex codes more widely supported in browsers than the named HTML entities? If so, I'll begin using the hex codes myself. Thanks! --Diberri | Talk 22:56, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the quick reply. According to Special characters, named entities like  are ok (although Navigator 4 apparently doesn't support entity names ). For readability's sake, I say we stick to named entities. Worst-case scenario is if too many people are using incapable browsers, the name->number conversion can be done in the MediaWiki software. (Minor details, I know; but hey, can't a guy consider the minutiae? ;-) --Diberri | Talk 00:28, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

Question: About Rabbi Menachem Schneerson page
Hi, I had asked: "By the way, how do you have access to the Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson page? I DISAGREE with you cutting down of all the links there as they show the scope of the Rebbe's work." Also, below his photo on that page it says, "Lubavitch'er" (with an apostrophe before the ending "er". Have you ever seen it done that way? It needs to be corrected to read Lubavitcher as one word. All the best! IZAK 22:24, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

About Rabbi Lamm
See my responses on Talk:Norman Lamm. Be well. IZAK 04:54, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

heksher
I just started an entry for heksher. I saw you have worked on the "kosher" page. Thought you might like to look it over. Feel free to fix it up! Jewbacca 10:57, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

Hi and thanks (plus transliteration)
Hi, I recently started coming across your myriad contributions to Jewish studies topics. They are high quality, really add a lot, and I wanted to say thanks. I can't wait for you to do entries on Rishonim and Aharonim, which I would love to see but haven't the ability to do myself for the time being. It would be nice to see you do them so that they will be done well. (Do you intend to include Geonim in Rishonim?)

By the way, on the note above (by Jewbacca) it should be spelled hekhsher with perhaps a redirect from hechsher (and from heksher as well). It would be nice if there was some way to make the EJ transliteration rules the generally accepted ones on Wikipedia, especially for the title of artices; it would prevent some confusing anarchy. (Though I haven't been able to figure out how to use special h and z characters for het and zaddi.)Dovi 11:37, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you think, should we use hekhsher? I'm hardly an expert on transliteration.  I too wish we could standardize all of this. Jewbacca 12:14, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

I'm from The Netherlands, where the chet has been transcribed with a ch. I find kh untrue to the actual sound, and all strange Unicode characters (h with a dot above or underneath) just confuse matters.... JFW | T@lk  12:10, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Coagulation
You may want to take a look at Talk:Coagulation for some anonymous comments there, (which I sort-of answered), and see what you think about a "simplified coagulation" article. - Nunh-huh 02:24, 26 May 2004 (UTC) (See also: hemostasis).

thanks & licorice
I too am a licorice aficionado from childhood. I didn't know it was especially "Dutch." I just read something beneficial about it recently-- maybe protection from alzheimer's ? Anyway, thanks for your work on the table. I like the writing but I get lazy about the formatting. Alteripse 20:47, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

org
Thought you might be interested in the new [categorization scheme]. The job of organizing Health Sciences has yet to be tackled. - Nunh-huh 00:14, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Maybe you and the lads at the doctors lounge should have a go at the incomplete medicine category system I started on my talk page, edit it ruthlessly, and add from each of your fields means of classification that would seem to make sense. I think a little thought put into the category systems at the beginning will vastly improve them. -- 10:53, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

I moved it to WikiProject Clinical medicine/categorizations. So you can add the hematology on, and the other chaps should be able to spot it with the nav bars I offensively put on the main and talk page - Nunh-huh 11:32, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jfdwolff/Archive 2


text:
Category talk:Defunct ice hockey teams

Shouldn't this category be defunct NHL ice hockey teams? -Lommer 22:01, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * nevermind, I see there are several non-NHL teams in here

title: Category talk:Defunct ice hockey teams


text:
User:Robin Patterson/monobook.css

/* standard link colors */ a { color: #0000FF; } a:visited { color: #7F007F; } a:active, a.new { color: #FF0000; } a.interwiki, a.external { color: #3366BB; } a.stub { color: #772233; }

title: User:Robin Patterson/monobook.css


text:
Wikipedia talk:Federal Standard 1037C terms/fiber optic terms

The title of this article seems inappropriate. It is not a glossary, but only a list. Michael Hardy 22:05, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

And as a list it's pretty awful. Most of the red links ought to stay red, and many of the blue links link to the wrong thing. And it seems likely to stay awful, because no one can be bothered to wade through fixing it. Dbenbenn 03:01, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
Bristol Airport

Bristol Airport, at Lulsgate Bottom, on the northern slopes of the Mendip Hills, in North Somerset, is an international airport serving the city of Bristol, England, and the surrounding area. It is 7 NM southwest of Bristol city centre. Built on the site of a former RAF airfield, it opened in 1957 as Bristol (Lulsgate) Airport, replacing Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport as Bristol's municipal airport. From 1997 to 2010, it was known as Bristol International Airport. In 1997, a majority shareholding in the airport was sold to FirstGroup, and then in 2001 the airport was sold to a joint venture of Macquarie Bank and others. In September 2014, Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan bought out Macquarie to become the sole owner.

In 2019, it was ranked the eighth busiest airport (overtaking Glasgow Airport from the previous year) in the United Kingdom, handling over 8.9 million passengers, a 3% increase compared with 2018. A passenger survey carried out in 2015 found that 32.5% of journeys using the airport started or ended in the city of Bristol, 9.6% in Gloucestershire, 24.5% in Somerset and 16.9% in Devon.

Airlines with operating bases at the airport include EasyJet and Ryanair. The airport has a Civil Aviation Authority Public Use Aerodrome Licence (number P432) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers and for flying instruction.

First airport
In 1927, a group of local businessmen raised £6,000 through public subscription to start the Bristol and Wessex Aeroplane Club, a flying club initially based at Filton Aerodrome. In 1929, Bristol Corporation took up the club's proposal to develop farmland located at Whitchurch, to the south of Bristol, into a municipal airport. On its opening by Prince George, Duke of Kent in 1930, Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport was the third civil airport in the United Kingdom. Passenger numbers grew to 4,000 by 1939.

During World War II, Whitchurch was the main civil airport remaining operational. The newly formed British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was transferred to Whitchurch from Croydon Airport and Heston Airport. BOAC operated routes around the British Empire and to neutral nations. The Bristol–Lisbon route (Portugal was a neutral nation and had both British and German planes flying there) was operated by the Dutch airline KLM, under charter to BOAC. Winston Churchill even flew from Bristol.

RAF Lulsgate Bottom
In September 1940, No. 10 Elementary Flying Training School RAF at RAF Weston-super-Mare established a Relief Landing Ground on 14 acre at Broadfield Down by the hamlet of Lulsgate Bottom, southwest of the city and north of Redhill village. Being high, at 600 ft, the site had a poor weather record during warm front conditions, when it was often covered in low cloud. However, when this occurred the alternative airfields at Filton and Cardiff were usually clear and operational; and as Lulsgate was clear when the low-lying airfields were obscured by radiation fog in calm weather, the landing ground provided a useful alternative. Few facilities were constructed although pillboxes, defensive anti-aircraft guns and later two Blister hangars were added. In late 1940, a Starfish site was set up south of the village of Downside and just west of the airfield. Its decoy fires attracted a large quantity of Luftwaffe high explosives and incendiaries on the nights of 16 March, 3 April and 4 April 1941 during the Bristol Blitz.

In 1941, RAF Fighter Command planned to use the airfield for an experimental unit, and after requisitioning land from several adjacent farms, contracted George Wimpey and Company to begin work on 11 June 1941. However, its intended use soon changed into being a satellite airfield for the fighter squadrons based at RAF Colerne. Originally, the new airfield's name was to be RAF Broadfield Down. The airfield used a standard-issue three-runway layout resembling an A shape. The main, east–west runway was 3891 ft long, with a designated alignment of 28/10, and the others were 3281 ft aligned 21/03 and 3294 ft aligned 34/16. The first aircraft to land was a Luftwaffe Ju 88 at 06.20 on 24 July 1941. Returning from a raid, its crew had been deceived by the RAF electronic countermeasures radio beacon at Lympsham, which was re-radiating the signal from a Luftwaffe homing beacon at Brest, France.

By 1942, there was no longer a need for an additional fighter airfield. With its name changed to RAF Lulsgate Bottom, the airfield was declared operational on 15 January 1942. The Miles Masters, Airspeed Oxfords and Hawker Hurricanes of No. 286 (AA Cooperation) Squadron became resident, with the role of providing realistic exercises for ground anti-aircraft defences. However, as the site lacked some basic facilities, No. 286 moved to RAF Zeals in May. From 1 June 1942, the airfield was under No. 23 Group of RAF Flying Training Command, and initially became a satellite airfield for No. 3 (Pilot) Advanced Flying Unit (3 (P)AFU), based at RAF South Cerney, flying Oxfords. In March 1943, No. 1540 Beam Approach Training Flight RAF (1540 BATF) was formed at Lulsgate, again flying Oxfords. On 27 September 1943, 3 (P)AFU left Lulsgate for RAF Southrop, and was replaced on 1 October 1943 by No. 3 Flying Instructors School (3 FIS), which was previously headquartered at RAF Hullavington. 3 FIS flew mostly Oxfords and some Masters.

In 1944, BOAC started to use the airfield for Douglas Dakota and Consolidated Liberator crew training, and BOAC flights made use of it occasionally as an alternate airfield for Whitchurch, and for topping-up fuel on the Bristol–Lisbon route.

On 6 February 1945, 1540 BATF left for RAF Weston Zoyland. On 18 July 1945, 3 FIS was absorbed into 7 FIS. With the war over, the RAF ceased training at Lulsgate on 15 April 1946, and the next month 7 FIS left the airfield and joined the Central Flying School at RAF Little Rissington. The RAF finally abandoned Lulsgate on 25 October 1946.

Lulsgate Bottom Airfield
From 1948, the site was the home of the Bristol Gliding Club. In 1949 and 1950, the Bristol Motor Cycle and Light Car Club hosted motor races on a 2 mi circuit known as Lulsgate Aerodrome, but due to planning and noise issues moved in 1950 to a site that became known as Castle Combe Circuit.

Bristol (Lulsgate) Airport
Whitchurch airport continued to be used after World War II, but the introduction of heavier post-war airliners made a runway extension highly desirable. However, this was difficult at Whitchurch, because of the nearby housing estates. In June 1955, the Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation agreed to sell the Lulsgate airfield to Bristol Corporation, for the development of a new airport there. Bristol Gliding Club moved out to Nympsfield in Gloucestershire.

In addition to the purchase price of £55,000, the city spent a further £200,000 by 1958 on building the terminal and other development. In mid-April 1957, all air traffic was transferred from Whitchurch to the new airport. With the name of Bristol (Lulsgate) Airport, it was officially opened on 1 May 1957 by Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent. In the airport's first year it was used by 33,000 people. Bristol and Wessex Aeroplane Club also moved to Lulsgate.

In 1962, a new control tower was built, and in 1969 the runway was lengthened and extensions were made to the terminal. In 1968 a new 5000 sqft cargo transit shed was constructed. In 1974, the airline Court Line collapsed, causing a fall in passenger numbers.

By 1980, although 17 charter airlines were operating from the airport, it was making a loss. Les Wilson took over as managing director in that year, a position which he held until his death in a car crash in November 1995; much of the airport's subsequent strong recovery over that period has been attributed to him. The airport moved back into profit in financial year 1981/82, and by 1983/84 the profit was £0.5million. In 1984, an international departure lounge was added, with duty-free shops and a 24-hour air-side bar.

The Airports Act 1986 required every municipal airport with a turnover greater than £1 million to be turned into a public limited company. On 1 April 1987, Bristol City Council transferred the operation and net assets of the airport to Bristol Airport plc. The council retained full ownership of the company. However, under the terms of the Act, as long as the local authority retained a majority shareholding there were restrictions on the ability of the company to raise finance for capital projects.

In 1988, the airport opened a new concourse area. In 1994, a planning application for a new terminal was approved. With other projects also planned, the council decided to sell a majority shareholding in the airport, so that the restrictions imposed by the Airports Act on raising the necessary finance could be removed.

Bristol International Airport
In mid-1997, the airport's name was changed to Bristol International Airport. In November 1997, the successful bidder for the purchase of a 51% stake in the airport company was revealed to be FirstBus. The remaining 49% was retained by the council. Work on the new terminal building had already started; it opened in March 2000, at a cost of £27 million. In 2000, passenger numbers exceeded two million for the first time. A new control tower was built and the A38 road was diverted to cater for the installation of a Category 3 instrument landing system; these projects were completed in 2001.

In January 2001, the airport was purchased for £198& million, by a joint venture of Macquarie Bank and Cintra, part of the Ferrovial group. Ferrovial sold its 50% share to Macquarie in 2006. The Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan made two substantial share purchases, in 2002 and 2009.

In May 2001, the low-cost carrier Go Fly made Bristol Airport its second base after Stansted. Passenger numbers passed through three million in 2002, largely due to Go's arrival. EasyJet purchased Go in 2002, took over the base in 2003 and continued its rapid growth in destinations. In May 2005, Continental Airlines introduced a direct flight from Bristol to Newark with Boeing 757 aircraft, though this ceased in November 2010.

A new asphalt runway surface was laid between November 2006 and March 2007, at a cost of £17 million. Within this period, on 29 December and 3 January, there were four incidents of reduced braking action in wet conditions on the temporary surface, including two in which aircraft left the runway. From 5 January, ten airlines, led by EasyJet, cancelled or diverted their Bristol flights. The airport closed the runway on 7 January to cut grooves into the surface to improve water runoff, and flights resumed the next day.

Ryanair established a base at the airport in 2007. In 2008, passenger numbers reached six million.

Bristol Airport
In March 2010, the airport was rebranded as Bristol Airport. The airport gained a new logo, said by the airport's owners to represent 'people', 'place' and 'region'; and a new slogan, "Amazing journeys start here".

Bristol Airport does not operate any jetways, so aircraft have to park on the apron and passengers either walk out to their flights or are carried by bus. May 2010 saw the opening of a 450 m walkway to the west of the terminal building, connecting it to eight new pre-boarding zones, at a cost of £8 million, to reduce the need for buses.

In 2012, BMI Regional established a base at the airport. In 2013, the airline added routes to German and Italian hub airports, aimed at business travellers.

In September 2014, Toronto-based Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan agreed to buy Macquarie's remaining 50% stake in the airport, thereby gaining 100% ownership.

In July 2020, over 76 employee redundancies, up to a quarter of the work force, were announced by Bristol Airport. The job losses were announced despite the government's Job Retention Scheme. On 11 November 2020, Jet2.com and Jet2holidays announced that they would open their tenth UK base at Bristol Airport on 1 April 2021, operating to 33 destinations; however, as a result of the ongoing coronavirus travel restrictions, the base opening and flights were delayed until 1 July 2021.

In May 2023, it was announced that TUI would discontinue their long-haul routes to Melbourne, Florida, and Cancún, Mexico. The two routes will cease to operate at the end of Summer 2023, this left the airport with no transatlantic routes.

Development
In response to the UK governments's 2003 white paper The Future of Air Transport, the airport published a Master Plan for expansion over the period 2006–2030. In October 2007, the airport announced that it would delay the planning application until the middle of 2008 to give it time to complete research on the airport's effect on the environment. The World Development Movement claimed that flights from the airport generated the same amount of carbon dioxide as the nation of Malawi. A campaign against the plan was led by Stop Bristol Airport Expansion, supported by Bristol Friends of the Earth and the Campaign to Protect Rural England.

The application was eventually submitted in 2009. The £150M plan, designed to facilitate growth in annual passenger numbers to 10 million, was approved by North Somerset Council in 2010 and by the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government later the same year. In October 2011, Stop Bristol Airport Expansion lost its legal challenge to the plan.

The expansion was to occur in stages, spread over 30 construction projects. Plans included a doubling of passenger terminal floorspace, new piers and aircraft parking stands, extensions to the apron, multi-storey car parking and a public transport interchange.

Construction
The first project was completed in June 2012, with the opening of three new aircraft stands. In July 2014, a 3880 m2, £6.5M walkway connected to the centre of the terminal was opened, providing four more pre-boarding zones and allowing the use of jetways, including for wide-body aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. In July 2015, the airport opened an £8.6M eastward extension of the terminal, having a larger departure lounge and an outdoor terrace. Construction of another terminal extension started immediately, to the west and costing £24M. The first phases of the 9000 m2 western extension, which opened in summer 2016, provided a new security search area for departures, with 12 security lanes including a fast track zone. New arrivals facilities within the extension, including baggage reclaim and customs, were scheduled to open later in 2016. In October 2016, the airport announced that a further project, an enlargement of the immigration hall, will complete in 2017. These were completed and opened to the public in April 2017, enabling an increase in the number of passport control points from 10 to 17, of which 10 are ePassport gates.

A planning application for an on-site 251-room hotel was approved separately in 2010. In February 2014, a planning application was submitted for a revision to the previously approved design, with a 201-room hotel to be built initially, followed later by a 50-room addition. The airport stated that among the UK's busiest 16 airports, only Bristol lacked an on-site hotel. In February 2015, the airport announced that the 201-room hotel would be completed in 2016, and will be operated as a Hampton by Hilton. It opened for bookings in January 2017. It was funded, built and is owned, by a Chinese company, CIMC Modular Building Systems, who shipped prefabricated modules for its construction from China.

Work on a £9.5M multi-storey car park began in November 2017, following a £2.5M upgrade to the customer reception centre in the silver zone car park. The new car park opened in May 2018.

Future
In 2018 the airport applied to extend the airport to allow a growth in passenger numbers to 12 million. The plan involved enlarging the passenger terminus and plane taxiways. It also planned to add parking for 3,000 more cars, much of it on greenbelt land. There was much resistance to the plan with 84% of North Somerset residents who commented rejecting the expansion plan. Bristol Airport Action Network (BAAN), a network of organisations including Extinction Rebellion, North Somerset Parishes, Stop Airport Expansion, Friends of the Earth, and Greenpeace organised a huge resistance. This culminated in North Somerset council voting 18 to 7 to reject the plan on 10 February 2020. It said the detrimental effect on the area and the wider impact on the environment outweighed the narrower benefits to airport expansion. The airport lodged an appeal, and a four-week public inquiry is due to start in July 2021.

In February 2022 the airport was granted planning permission to increase the capacity of the airport from 10 million passengers to 12 million passengers after an appeal in the High Court was dismissed. In May 2023, the courts dismissed an appeal against the airport's expansion from Bristol Airport Action Network.

In September 2023, Bristol Airport announced the commencement of its expansion plans, starting with the construction of a £60 million transport hub and car park. This project includes the creation of one of the region's largest bus interchanges on the top level of the new car park, with an expansion that will more than double the number of coach bays, increasing them from 6 to 16. Additionally, the new multi-storey car park will provide over 2,000 parking spaces. The project is expected to take 18 months and aims to significantly enhance transportation options and services for passengers arriving at or departing from the airport.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate scheduled flights to and from Bristol:

Runway
Bristol Airport has one runway designated 09/27. As the prevailing wind is from the southwest, runway 27 (the westerly direction) is used about 70% of the time. The airport has one of the shortest international airport runways in the country at just 2011 m in length, with runway 27 having a threshold displacement of 140 m. Despite the short runway length, the airfield is able to accommodate aircraft as large as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A330.

Ground transport
Bristol Airport is located on the A38, 8 mi southwest of Bristol city centre. The airport is signposted from the M5 motorway, from junction 22 when approaching from the south and junction 18 when approaching from the north. Neither gives quick access to the airport, a fact which was recognised by the Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study. In November 2013, Bristol and North Somerset councils approved a planning application for the South Bristol Link Road, which provides a link from the A38 northwards to the A370 at Long Ashton, giving the airport an improved connection to the M5, and a link from the A38 southwards to Hengrove Park, connecting to the Bristol Ring Road. The South Bristol Link, part of the MetroBus rapid transit route, was opened in January 2017 and is expected to provide a reduction in journey times to the airport for both bus passengers and car drivers.

The Airport Flyer bus service links the airport to Bristol Temple Meads railway station and Bristol bus station. The service, numbered A1, is operated by First West of England on behalf of Bristol Airport. The same company operated the A2 service from/to Weston-super-Mare, and the A3 on a more direct route to/from Weston-super-Mare railway station. The A4 'Air Decker' service operated by Bath Bus Company links the airport with southern suburbs of Bristol, Keynsham and Bath. Service A2 now only operates as far as Bedminster. The 'South West Falcon' service operated by Stagecoach South West runs between Bristol and Plymouth, via the airport and Bridgwater, Taunton and Exeter.

Service 216 links the airport to Newport and Cardiff.

The WESTlink on-demand bus also serves the airport.

In September 2023 as part as the airports expansion plans, construction started on a £60 million transport hub which will include one of the region's largest bus interchanges increasing the number of bus and coach bays from 6 to 16.

Proposed rail link
In July 2016, the airport's chief executive officer Robert Sinclair discussed the possibility of a rail link to the airport. The West of England LEP subsequently announced their application to the Department for Transport's Large Local Major Transport Schemes fund for the "South West Bristol Economic Link" – a strategy designed to address "poor connectivity between North Somerset, Bristol Airport and Bristol", which includes new road links as well as light or heavy rail opportunities. By 2019, this proposal had been expanded as a mass transit line with potential for underground sections.

General aviation
Bristol Airport is a general aviation (GA) centre. In 2006, the GA terminal was relocated from the north side next to the control tower to a purpose-built facility on the south east corner of the field. Handling for visiting executive GA aircraft is managed by Bristol Flying Centre, which also provides engineering services and operates a fleet of business jets trading as Centreline Air Charter. Handling for light GA aircraft is managed by the Bristol and Wessex Aeroplane Club.

In 2012, Bristol Flying Centre doubled the size of its terminal, to 6500 sqft, with self-contained security facilities and two new passenger lounges. Following the closure of Bristol Filton Airport at the end of 2012, Bristol Flying Centre gained fixed-base operator traffic such as the corporate shuttle for Airbus, flying to Toulouse, and the shuttle for BAE Systems. In July 2013, the Department for Transport gave approval for Bristol Flying Centre to handle charter flights directly, without needing to clear through the main airport terminal.

In 2014, a new building called The Bristol Flying School was constructed to re-house the Bristol & Wessex Aeroplane Club and to contain a flying school operated by Aeros Flight Training, which formerly operated at Filton Airport.

Accidents and incidents
On 19 January 1970, Vickers Viscount G-AMOA of Cambrian Airways was damaged beyond economic repair in a heavy landing.

On 3 October 2010, a Thomson Airways Boeing 767 aircraft, registration G-OOBK, landed heavily on runway 09 in severe weather conditions, reduced visibility and turbulence. The flight number 519 was from Cancún Airport in Mexico and carried 258 passengers and 12 crew members. No injuries were reported. During approach, the commander decided to perform a manual landing as weather reported at Bristol was not consistent with that presented to them at their briefing. Both the commander and co-pilot were thrown forward during the touchdown, and this resulted in the commander pushing the control column forward, to a nose down position. The aircraft then rapidly pitched up and down, before eventually settling on the landing gear. None of the pilots had recent or regular experience of landings on runway 09, and they only operated to Bristol Airport approximately twice a year.

On 22 December 2017, a BMI Regional Embraer ERJ145 aircraft, registration G-CKAG, exited the runway and became grounded after landing at 11:35. The flight was from Frankfurt and was carrying 22 passengers and three crew. No injuries were reported. The parking brake had been applied instead of the speed brakes before landing. The aircraft touched down on runway 27, the crew lost control of the aircraft and the aircraft exited the runway and entered a grass zone to the left, crossing taxiway Hotel at speed, causing the main landing gear tyres to burst. The aircraft came to rest in the grass shortly after. The aircraft was towed to the gate some 14 hours later. The incident resulted in several flights being diverted to other airports on what was called "Frantic Friday" as holidaymakers and families travelled for the Christmas period.

title: Bristol Airport


text:
Harriet Boyd Hawes

Harriet Ann Boyd Hawes (October 11, 1871 – March 31, 1945) was a pioneering American archaeologist, nurse, relief worker, and professor. She is best known as the discoverer and first director of Gournia, one of the first archaeological excavations to uncover a Minoan settlement and palace on the Aegean island of Crete. She was also the second person to have the honor of the Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship bestowed upon her, and the very first female archeologist to speak at the Archaeological Institute of America.

Early life and education
Harriet Ann Boyd was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Her mother died when she was a child, and so Harriet was raised by her father alongside her four older brothers. She was first introduced to the study of Classics by her brother, Alex. After attending the Prospect Hill School in Greenfield, she went on to graduate from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts in 1892 with a degree in Classics (specializing in Greek).

Early career
After working as a teacher for four years at academic institution in the states of North Carolina and Delaware, she followed her passion for Greece and its ancient culture, pursuing further studies in Classics at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, Greece. She had originally intended on pursuing studies in England but she decided to go Greece based both on the brother of the archaeologist, Louis Dyer, and having heard Amelia Edwards speak while a student at Smith. During her stay in Greece she also served as a volunteer nurse in Thessaly during the Greco-Turkish War. She asked her professors to be allowed to participate in the school's archaeological fieldwork, but instead was encouraged to become an academic librarian.

Hawes was the second person to be awarded the Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship, in 1899. Frustrated by lack of support for her desire to be an active archaeological excavator, she took the remainder of her fellowship and went on her own in search of archaeological remains on the island of Crete, in particular around Gournia on the northeastern coast of the island. She made this decision even though the area was only just emerging from the Greco-Turkish War and therefore was far from safe. Her ability to speak fluent Greek, and her record of service with the Red Cross during the Greco-Turkish War a short while earlier, earned her a degree of goodwill from the local people that proved critical to the success of her work. In Crete, she visited the excavation of Knossos led by British archaeologist Arthur Evans, who suggested she explore the region of Kavousi. Hawes soon became well known for her expertise in the field of archaeology, and for four months in the spring of 1900 she led an excavation at Kavousi, during which she discovered settlements and cemeteries of Late Minoan IIIC, Early Iron Age, and Early Archaic date (1200-600 BC) at the sites of Vronda and Kastro. During that same campaign she dug a test trench at the site of Azoria, the most important Ancient Greek (i.e. post-Minoan) site in the region, evidently an early city (c. 700-500 BC). Azoria is now under renewed excavation as part of a major five-year project.

Later academic career
Later the same year, Hawes returned to the United States. She accepted a position at Smith College teaching Greek Archaeology, epigraphy, and modern Greek in late 1900, and subsequently received her M.A. from Smith in 1901. She taught at Smith until 1905, interspersing her time there with frequent trips abroad for archaeological excursions. Between 1901 and 1904, while on a leave of absence from Smith College, Harriet Boyd Hawes returned to Crete, where she discovered and excavated the Ancient Minoan settlement at Gournia on the northeastern coast of the island. Hawes was the first woman to direct a major field project in Greece, her crew consisting of over 100 workers and she was the first archaeologist to discover and completely excavate an Early Bronze Age Minoan town site. The material excavated from the site of Gournia was divided between the Heraklion Archaeological Museum in Crete and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, which supported her excavations. She was assisted by Edith Hall Dohan, her classmate from Smith College. In 1902, she described her discovery during a lecture tour of the United States and was the first woman to speak before the Archaeological Institute of America. The report of her findings, titled Gournia, Vasiliki and Other Prehistoric Sites on the Isthmus of Hierapetra, was published in 1908 by the American Exploration Society. She excavated many more Bronze and Iron Age settlements in the Aegean Sea region of the world and became a recognized authority on the area. In 1910, Smith College bestowed on her an honorary doctorate in the field of Humane Letters. Between 1920 and her retirement in 1936, she lectured at Wellesley College in Massachusetts, a historically women's college, on pre-Christian art.

War nursing
Boyd Hawes became involved in wartime nursing efforts after her graduation from Smith College. She cared for injured and dying soldiers in the Greco-Turkish War (1897), Spanish–American War (1898), and World War I. Her work during World War I included bringing supplies to Corfu for wounded soldiers in the Serbian Army (1915), helping the wounded in France (1916), and founding the Smith College Relief Unit in France (1917). Boyd Hawes was director of the latter for three years, during which time she also worked as a nurse's aide at the YMCA. After her return home, Boyd Hawes continued her support for the war effort by giving fund-raising lectures on behalf of the Smith College Relief Unit.

Personal life
During one trip to Crete, she met Charles Henry Hawes, an English anthropologist and archaeologist who later became the associate-director of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. They were married on March 3, 1906, and nine months later their son, Alexander Boyd Hawes, was born. When their daughter Mary Nesbit Hawes followed in August 1910, Charles was teaching at Dartmouth College and the family was living in Hanover, New Hampshire. In 1920, the family moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts and Harriet joined the faculty at Wellesley College. Hawes always remained committed to her academic and archaeological work as well as to her family.

Later life and legacy
When Charles retired in 1936, the couple moved to Washington D.C., where Harriet remained after her husband died. She died there on March 31, 1945, aged 73.

Her childhood home in Chester Square is featured on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

In 1992, her daughter, Mary Allsebrook, published Born to Rebel: the Life of Harriet Boyd Hawes. The book was edited by Annie Allsebrook, Harriet Boyd Hawes' granddaughter.

Works

 * Gournia, Vasiliki and other prehistoric sites on the isthmus of Hierapetra, Crete; excavations of the Wells-Houston-Cramp expeditions, 1901, 1903, 1904. By Harriet Boyd Hawes, Blanche E. Williams, Richard B. Seager, Edith H. Hall. (Philadelphia, The American exploration society, Free museum of science and art 1908).
 * Charles Henry Hawes and Harriet Boyd-Hawes, with a preface by Arthur J. Evans. Crete, the forerunner of Greece (London, 1909).
 * Boyd, H.A. 1901. “Excavations at Kavousi, Crete, in 1900,” American Journal of Archaeology 5, 125–157.
 * Boyd, H.A. 1904. “Gournia. Report of the American Exploration Society's Excavations at Gournia, Crete, 1902-1905,” in Transactions of the Department of Archaeology: Free Museum of Science and Art University of Pennsylvania I, Philadelphia, 7–44.

Works about her
Adams, Amanda (2010), Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure, Douglas & McIntyre, ISBN 978-1-55365-433-9

Allsebrook, Mary (2002), ''Born to Rebel. The Life of Harriet Boyd Hawes. Edited by Annie Allsebrook. First published in 1992, reprited with corrections and a postscript'', Oxbow Books, ISBN 1-84217-041-4

title: Harriet Boyd Hawes


text:
Antonín Novotný

Antonín Josef Novotný (10 December 1904 – 28 January 1975) was a Czechoslovak politician, known as the president of Czechoslovakia from 1957 to 1968. He was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1953 to 1968. An ardent hardliner, Novotný was forced to yield the reins of power to Alexander Dubček during the short-lived reform movement of 1968.

Early years
Antonín Novotný was born in Letňany, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary (now part of Prague, Czech Republic). The Novotný family was working class in social origin and he worked from an early age as a blacksmith.

Novotný was a charter member of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC) at its founding in 1921. He became a professional Communist Party functionary in 1929.

In 1935, Novotný was selected as a delegate to the 7th World Congress of the Comintern. He was made a regional party secretary in Prague in 1937 and made secretary and editor of the CPC's newspaper in the South Moravian Region in 1938.

World War II years
With the coming of World War II and occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in 1939, the CPC was outlawed and forced into an underground existence. Novotný served as one of the leaders of the CPC in the underground movement in Prague. Novotný was finally arrested by the German secret police, the Gestapo, in September 1941 and was immediately deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp.

Novotný managed to survive his concentration camp experience and was liberated by American troops on 5 May 1945.

Post-war political rise
After the war, Novotný returned to Czechoslovakia and resumed his activity in the Czech Communist Party. He was elected a member of the governing Central Committee of the CPC in 1946. He was promoted to the Secretariat of the Central Committee in September 1951 and became one of the party's top leaders on the CPC's Politburo following the arrest of Rudolf Slánský for alleged "Titoism" in November of that same year.

Novotný was formally appointed as Deputy Prime Minister in February 1953. After the death of party leader Klement Gottwald in March 1953, Novotný became a leading candidate in the succession struggle, ultimately winning out in September 1953 when he was named First Secretary of the party—effectively making him the leader of Czechoslovakia.

While President Antonín Zápotocký and Prime Minister Viliam Široký wanted a less repressive way of governing, the hardliner Novotný was able to outflank them because he had the backing of the Soviet Union. In late 1953, at a meeting in Moscow, Zápotocký and Široký were told to adhere to the principles of "collective leadership" — in other words, abandon power to Novotný.

In the Czechoslovakia of Novotný, people continued to face strict government regulations in the arts and media, although they had loosened dramatically since Stalin's death in 1953 and the subsequent De-Stalinisation programmes of 1956. His quasi-authoritarian practices led to mounting calls for a new form of socialism over the unsatisfactory pace of change that would include the accountability, proper elections, and responsibility of leaders to society. Novotný's administration, however, still remained centralised for 10 years. During these years society evolved, seen through events such as the Czechoslovak film miracle. Following the death of Zápotocký in 1957, Novotný was named as President of the republic, further consolidating his grip on power. Three years later, he replaced the superficially democratic Ninth-of-May Constitution with a new constitution that was a fully Communist document. The new constitution declared that "socialism has won" in Czechoslovakia and declared the country a socialist state under the leadership of the KSČ, thus codifying the actual state of affairs that had prevailed since the Communist takeover in 1948.

In the 1960s, Novotny's attention was turned to the activities of Czech exiles in Western Europe who were seeking to discredit his Party's regime. One example of this was his suggestion to kidnap the exiled journalist, Josef Josten, from London in a specially made box. When this scheme proved impracticable, he proposed assassination, as recorded by the defecting intelligence agent, Josef Frolik.

Events of 1968
While Novotný was forced to adopt some reforms due to popular pressure in the 1960s, these efforts were half-hearted at best. Growing public dissatisfaction caused Novotný to lose his grip on power. He was forced to resign as party leader in January 1968 and was replaced by a reformer, Alexander Dubček. In March 1968, he was ousted as president and in May he resigned from the Central Committee of CPC.

Later years
In 1971, during the period of normalization, he was reelected to the Central Committee. However, his political influence was minimal and he was too ill to be a strong force in the Gustáv Husák administration. He died on 28 January 1975 in Prague.

title: Antonín Novotný


text:
Category:Skyscrapers

Articles in this category also need to be place in an appropriate building purpose category.

title: Category:Skyscrapers


text:
Operation Buccaneer

Operation Buccaneer is an "ongoing international copyright piracy investigation and prosecution" undertaken by the United States federal government. It was part of a crackdown divided into three parts: Operation Bandwidth, Operation Buccaneer and Digital Piratez.

An undercover operation began in October 2000. On December 11, 2001, law enforcement agents in six countries targeted 62 people suspected of violating software copyright, with leads in twenty other countries. U.S. law enforcement agents, led by the United States Customs Service, raided computers in the economics department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of California, Los Angeles, an "off-campus location" of the University of Oregon, and dorm rooms at Duke University and Purdue University. Information obtained led to a subsequent raid at the Rochester Institute of Technology, described by "warez gadfly 'ttol'" as one of "the two major hubs for communications between pirate groups" (along with the University of Twente in the Netherlands). However, the universities themselves were not considered targets of the criminal investigation. Several software companies were also raided.

"The Customs Service said it had singled out DrinkOrDie because it was considered one of the most sophisticated of the rings operating within a loose, global network." The DrinkOrDie site, where non-free software could be downloaded for free, was shut down the following day. However, Farhad Manjoo wrote in a Wired magazine article that others were puzzled why the group was targeted; Manjoo characterized them as "small potatoes in the world of software theft", while an anonymous Australian infringer was quoted as saying, "they aren't the first to come to mind when you think to yourself 'who's the big deal in the scene?'"

Around 70 search warrants were served and 150 computers were seized for analysis. Raids were also conducted in Canada, Britain, Australia, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Other groups investigated in the operation were warez groups such as Risciso, Razor 1911, RequestToSend (RTS), ShadowRealm (SRM), WeLoveWarez (WLW) and POPZ.

Related law enforcement actions include: Operation Fastlink, Operation Digital Gridlock, Operation D-Elite and Operation Site Down.

Quotations

 * "This investigation underscores the severity and scope of a multibillion-dollar software swindle over the Internet, as well as the vulnerabilities of this technology to outside attack."
 * — Robert C. Bonner, commissioner of the Customs Service

 * "Our targets are not your stereotypical teenage hacker."
 * — Customs assistant commissioner John Varrone

 * "This is not a sport. This is a serious crime. These people should do some hard time."
 * — Commerce undersecretary Phil Bond

 * "Software piracy undermines the stability of the burgeoning e-commerce industry and it is a direct threat to innovative companies that help strengthen the U.S. economy."
 * — Deputy U.S. Treasury Secretary Kenneth Dam

 * "This investigation only assist the multibillion-dollar companies to swindle you, the avid consumer, as well as the vulnerable people that deem information should be free, sure we would like people to buy the games they test play, but it doesn't happen because people have to pay #$ a gallon for gas and shit. Technology is to be used for the good of all, not some fat ass company man who doesn't know the first thing from a rar to a iso...... Gravy is awful good."
 * — buj, Member of razor 1911

Felony convictions
As of October 2002, 17 people have been convicted of felonies in the United States, with 13 given federal prison terms of up to 46 months. In addition, Australian resident Hew Raymond Griffiths, the self-admitted leader of DrinkorDie, fought extradition to the United States for almost three years, but eventually lost and was sentenced to 51 months, though he was credited for the time served in an Australian jail.

In the United Kingdom, six were formally charged. In May 2005, some DrinkorDie members were the first to be sentenced in the United Kingdom as a result of Operation Buccaneer.

<!--

Individuals raided

 * HiTech666 – (ex-PWZ / ex-FTS / ex-Razor 1911 / Myth / DEViANCE / RTS) – Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 * thraxis – (raided but released without charge [700 cds and computer taken], RiSC / PGC / DoD) – Queensland, Australia
 * bigrar (Christopher Tresco) – (MIT employee, DoD council / RiSC / ex-MnM / ex-PSF (Proper Stuff)) – Boston, Massachusetts
 * buj – (DoD council / former RTS senior / Razor 1911 / former CORPGODS leader / ex-PGC) – Durham, North Carolina)
 * eRUPT – (author of RuptBot!, DoD / Remorse) – Miami, Florida
 * shark – (Police Officer, RatzHole siteop (RHi-West Coast), WLW / Razor 1911 / DoD) – Sydney, Australia
 * avec – (former FTS / RTS / RiSe / former DoD council / Razor 1911)
 * hackrat – (RatzHole Siteop (RHi-West Coast), WLW / Razor 1911 / DoD) – California
 * maverick – (SKiDRoW / DoD council)
 * Maverick – (ex Street Spydrs SysOP DoD / Razor 1911), Oklahoma City
 * bandido (Hew Raymond Griffiths) – (Razor 1911 / DoD council / RiSC council) - New South Wales, Australia
 * eriflleh – (DoD council) – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * forcekill – (DoD) – Turku, Finland
 * radsl – (Systems Engineer at Symantec, DoD / popz founder) – Eugene, Oregon
 * ievil – (ircop, DoD / Razor 1911)
 * doc-x – (DoD council) – Miami, Florida
 * Dark_Mercy29 – (Raided in New Zealand but released with no charges no evidence, DoD Elder / Founder)
 * jozef – (RogueWarriorz) – Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Elisa – (ex-DoD / EGO / RogueWarriorz) – San Jose, California
 * Bierkrug – (RogueWarriorz) – Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Lord Hacker – (RogueWarriorz)
 * Axxess – (RogueWarriorz) – Washington
 * Waldorf – (RogueWarriorz)
 * Demonfurby – (RogueWarriorz)
 * Dr Infothief – (RogueWarriorz) – Long Island, New York
 * Prentice – (RogueWarriorz) – Seattle, Washington
 * peaces – (RogueWarriorz) – Chicago, Illinois
 * ThrawN – (raided but released without charge, DiSTiNCT / CLASS) – Western Australia
 * tyson – (PARADOX / eminence / period) – Newfoundland, Canada
 * superiso – (raided but released without charge, inferno)
 * avalanche – (RiSC / DoD)
 * doodad – (pop)
 * tenkuken – (DoD)
 * heckler – (TiL)
 * zielin – (TFL / WLW / OTFW)
 * sui – (TFL / WLW)
 * chevelle – (Dallas, Texas)
 * warpzed – (Arlington, Texas)
 * billyjoe – (Austin, Texas)
 * worp – (RiSC / DoD/ BEAN / DiSTiNCT)
 * ^stealth – Oregon
 * BaLLz – (CSR)
 * morph – (Neo)
 * Sony
 * sAVo – (sVO)
 * '''spaceace Anthony Buchanan (Eugene, Oregon - IT administrator University of Oregon)
 * Raptor – (non-member / Neo/ Not Charged)

Individuals charged/convicted/sentenced

 * John Riffe age 32, of Port St. John, Florida, pled guilty on May 9, 2010 to one felony count charging criminal copyright infringement. Riffe, used the screen name pseudonyms "blue" and "blueadept", and was a member of the warez groups ShadowRealm (SRM) and EXODUS. John Riffe has since been released from prison.

!-->

title: Operation Buccaneer


text:
Bristol Airport (disambiguation)

Bristol Airport may refer to:

 * Bristol Airport, serving the Bristol area, England (IATA: BRS, ICAO: EGGD)
 * Bristol Filton Airport, a former small airport in the Filton area of Bristol, England
 * Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport, the former airport 3 mi south of Bristol, England
 * Bristol Aerodrome, in Bristol, New Brunswick, Canada (TC LID: CDA6)

title: Bristol Airport (disambiguation)


text:
Sailor Art Thomas

Arthur Thomas (January 30, 1924 – March 20, 2003), better known as Sailor Art Thomas or Seaman Art Thomas, was an American Merchant Mariner, bodybuilder, and professional wrestler. A WWA World Heavyweight Champion, Thomas was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2016.

Early life
Thomas was born in Gurdon, Arkansas, the son of Alfred and Jessie (Lunon) Thomas. In 1935, he moved to Madison, Wisconsin. After his mother's death he was raised in a Wisconsin orphanage and in foster homes.

Military career
Thomas spent 27 months in the United States Merchant Marine. Serving in a construction battalion, Thomas helped build an airstrip in Guam.

Professional wrestling career
After leaving the Merchant Marine, Thomas worked for Greyhound Lines before becoming a professional bodybuilder. After joining a bodybuilding troupe, he began touring the United States. After being spotted by promoter Jimmy Demetral, Thomas trained as a professional wrestler. He made his debut in 1943. Thomas would usually be introduced as a "just discharged" Navy seaman, wearing a regulation "crackerjack" uniform and pea coat, and enter the ring as a plant to oppose the villain's dishonorable tactics.

Throughout the early 1960s, Thomas won a series of tag team championships around North America: the Worldwide Wrestling Associates International Television Tag Team Championship with Lou Thesz in California, the Maple Leaf Wrestling NWA International Tag Team Championship with John Paul Henning in Toronto, and the NWA Detroit World Tag Team Championship with Bobo Brazil in Detroit. In 1962 and 1963, Thomas won the NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship in the Texas-based Southwest Sports promotion on two occasions. Thomas also competed for the World Wide Wrestling Federation from 1963 to 1964, teaming with Bobo Brazil and Bruno Sammartino.

In April 1972, Thomas won the WWA World Heavyweight Championship of the Indianapolis-based World Wrestling Association, defeating Baron von Raschke. The title was held up the next month after a bout between Thomas and von Raschke.

Thomas retired in 1981.

Personal life
Thomas had seven children. He died of cancer only a month after being diagnosed with it.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Big Time Wrestling
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (1 time) – with Bobo Brazil
 * Maple Leaf Wrestling
 * NWA International Tag Team Championship (Toronto version) (3 times) – with John Paul Henning
 * Southwest Sports
 * NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * World Wrestling Association
 * WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Worldwide Wrestling Associates
 * WWA International Television Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Lou Thesz
 * WWE
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2016)

title: Sailor Art Thomas


text:
Punchbowl Crater

Punchbowl Crater is an extinct volcanic tuff cone located in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. It is the location of the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific.

Geological history
The crater was formed some 75,000 to 100,000 years ago during the secondary activity of the Honolulu Volcanic Series. A crater resulted from the ejection of hot lava through cracks in the old coral reefs which, at the time, extended to the foot of the Koʻolau Mountain Range. The volcano is most likely a monogenetic volcano, meaning that it only erupted once.

Name and early uses
Although there are various translations of the Punchbowl's Hawaiian name, "Pūowaina," the most common is "Hill of Sacrifice." This translation closely relates to the history of the crater. The first known use was as an altar where Hawaiians offered human sacrifices to their gods and killed violators of the many taboos. Later, during the reign of Kamehameha the Great, a battery of two cannons was mounted at the rim of the crater to salute distinguished arrivals and signify important occasions. Early in the 1880s, leasehold land on the slopes of the Punchbowl opened for settlement and in the 1930s, the crater was used as a rifle range for the Hawaii National Guard. Anti-aircraft guns located there were fired during the Japanese attack December 7, 1941. The US Navy built the Nimitz Bowl in 1944 in Punchbowl Crater for USO Hawaii shows and sports. Toward the end of World War II, tunnels were dug through the rim of the crater for the placement of shore batteries to guard Honolulu Harbor and the south edge of Pearl Harbor.

National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific
During the late 1890s, a committee recommended that the Punchbowl become the site for a new cemetery to accommodate the growing population of Honolulu. The idea was rejected for fear of polluting the water supply and the emotional aversion to creating a city of the dead above a city of the living. Fifty years later, Congress authorized a small appropriation to establish a national cemetery in Honolulu with two provisions: that the location be acceptable to the War Department, and that the site would be donated rather than purchased. In 1943, the governor of Hawaii offered the Punchbowl for a national cemetery. The $50,000 appropriation proved insufficient, however, and the project was deferred until after World War II. By 1947, Congress and veteran organizations placed a great deal of pressure on the military to find a permanent burial site in Hawaii for the remains of thousands of World War II servicemen on the island of Guam awaiting permanent burial. Subsequently, the Army again began planning the Punchbowl cemetery; in February 1948 Congress approved funding and construction began.

title: Punchbowl Crater