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Social Gospel

The Social Gospel is a social movement within Protestantism that aims to apply Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, lack of unionization, poor schools, and the dangers of war. It was most prominent in the early 20th-century United States and Canada. Theologically, advocates of the movement sought to put into practice the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:10): "Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven". They typically were postmillennialist; that is, they believed the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human effort. The Social Gospel was more popular among clergy than laity. Its leaders were predominantly associated with the liberal wing of the progressive movement and most were theologically liberal, although a few were also conservative when it came to their views on social issues. Important leaders included Richard T. Ely, Josiah Strong, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch.

History
The term Social Gospel was first used by Charles Oliver Brown in reference to Henry George's 1879 treatise Progress and Poverty, which sparked the single tax movement.

The Social Gospel affected much of Protestant America. The Presbyterians described their goals in 1910 by proclaiming: The great ends of the church are the proclamation of the gospel for the salvation of humankind; the shelter, nurture, and spiritual fellowship of the children of God; the maintenance of divine worship; the preservation of truth; the promotion of social righteousness; and the exhibition of the Kingdom of Heaven to the world. In the late 19th century, many Protestants were disgusted by the poverty level and the low quality of living in the slums. The social gospel movement provided a religious rationale for action to address those concerns. Activists in the Social Gospel movement hoped that, if by public measures as well as enforced schooling, the poor could develop talents and skills, causing the quality of their moral lives to improve. Important concerns of the Social Gospel movement were labor reforms such as abolishing child labor and regulating the hours of work by mothers. By 1920, they were crusading against the 12-hour day for workers at U.S. Steel.

Washington Gladden
Washington Gladden (1836–1918) was an American Congregational clergyman. His words and actions earned him the title of "a pioneer" of the Social Gospel even before the term came into use. Gladden spoke up for workers and their right to organize unions.

For Gladden, the "Christian law covers every relation of life" including the relationship between employers and their employees. His 1877 book The Christian Way: Whither It Leads and How to Go On was his first national call for such a universal application of Christian values in everyday life. The book began his leadership in the Social Gospel movement. Historians consider Gladden to be one of the Social Gospel movement's "founding fathers".

Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918)
Another of the defining theologians for the Social Gospel movement was Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist pastor of the Second German Baptist Church in Hell's Kitchen, New York City.

In 1892, Rauschenbusch and several other leading writers and advocates of the Social Gospel formed a group called the Brotherhood of the Kingdom. Pastors and leaders will join the organization to debate and implement the social gospel.

In 1907, he published the book Christianity and the Social Crisis, which would influence the actions of several actors of the social gospel. His work may be "the finest distillation of social gospel thought." Rauschenbusch railed against what he regarded as the selfishness of capitalism and promoted instead a form of Christian socialism that supported the creation of labor unions and cooperative economics.

A Theology for the Social Gospel (1917)
The social gospel movement was not a unified and well-focused movement, for it contained members who disagreed with the conclusions of others within the movement. Rauschenbusch stated that the movement needed "a theology to make it effective" and likewise, "theology needs the social gospel to vitalize it." In A Theology for the Social Gospel (1917), Rauschenbusch takes up the task of creating "a systematic theology large enough to match [our social gospel] and vital enough to back it." He believed that the social gospel would be "a permanent addition to our spiritual outlook and that its arrival constitutes a state in the development of the Christian religion", and thus a systematic tool for using it was necessary.

In A Theology for the Social Gospel, Rauschenbusch states that the individualistic gospel has made sinfulness of the individual clear, but it has not shed light on institutionalized sinfulness: "It has not evoked faith in the will and power of God to redeem the permanent institutions of human society from their inherited guilt of oppression and extortion." This ideology would be inherited by liberation theologians and civil rights advocates and leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr.

The "Kingdom of God" is crucial to Rauschenbusch's proposed theology of the social gospel. He states that the ideology and doctrine of "the Kingdom of God," of which Jesus Christ reportedly "always spoke" has been gradually replaced by that of the Church. This was done at first by the early church out of what appeared to be necessity, but Rauschenbusch calls Christians to return to the doctrine of "the Kingdom of God." Of course, such a replacement has cost theology and Christians at large a great deal: the way we view Jesus and the synoptic gospels, the ethical principles of Jesus, and worship rituals have all been affected by this replacement. In promoting a return to the doctrine of the "Kingdom of God", he clarified that the "Kingdom of God": is not subject to the pitfalls of the Church; it can test and correct the Church; is a prophetic, future-focused ideology and a revolutionary, social and political force that understands all creation to be sacred; and it can help save the problematic, sinful social order.

In this book, he explains that Christians must be like the Almighty who became man in Jesus Christ, who was with everyone equally and considered people as a subject of love and service.

Settlement movement
Many reformers inspired by the movement opened settlement houses, most notably Hull House in Chicago operated by Jane Addams. They helped the poor and immigrants improve their lives. Settlement houses offered services such as daycare, education, and health care to needy people in slum neighborhoods. The YMCA was created originally to help rural youth adjust to the city without losing their religious faith, but by the 1890s became a powerful instrument of the Social Gospel. Nearly all the denominations (including Catholics) engaged in foreign missions, which often had a social gospel component in terms especially of medical uplift. The Black denominations, especially the African Methodist Episcopal church (AME) and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church (AMEZ), had active programs in support of the Social Gospel. Both evangelical ("pietistic") and liturgical ("high church") elements supported the Social Gospel, although only the pietists were active in promoting Prohibition.

Progressives
In the United States prior to the First World War, the Social Gospel was the religious wing of the progressive movement which had the aim of combating injustice, suffering and poverty in society. Denver, Colorado, was a center of Social Gospel activism. Thomas Uzzel led the Methodist People's Tabernacle from 1885 to 1910. He established a free dispensary for medical emergencies, an employment bureau for job seekers, a summer camp for children, night schools for extended learning, and English language classes for immigrants. Myron Reed of the First Congregational Church became a spokesman, 1884 to 1894 for labor unions on issues such as worker's compensation. His middle-class congregation encouraged Reed to move on when he became a socialist, and he organized a nondenominational church. The Baptist minister Jim Goodhart set up an employment bureau, and provided food and lodging for tramps and hobos at the mission he ran. He became city chaplain and director of public welfare of Denver in 1918. Besides these Protestants, Reform Jews and Catholics helped build Denver's social welfare system in the early 20th century.

Mark A. Matthews (1867–1940) of Seattle's First Presbyterian Church was a leading city reformer, who investigated red light districts and crime scenes, denouncing corrupt politicians, businessmen, and saloon keepers. With 10,000 members, his was the largest Presbyterian Church in the country, and he was selected the national moderator in 1912. He built a model church, with night schools, unemployment bureaus, kindergarten, an anti-tuberculosis clinic, and the nation's first church-owned radio station. Matthews was the most influential clergymen in the Pacific Northwest, and one of the most active Social Gospelers in America.

The American South had its own version of the Social Gospel, focusing especially on Prohibition. Other reforms included protecting young wage-earning women from the sex trade, outlawing public swearing, boxing, dogfights and similar affronts to their moral sensibilities. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, took on new responsibilities with the enlargement and professionalization of missionary women's roles starting in 1886 with the Southern Methodist Woman's Parsonage and Home Mission Society. By 1900, says historian Edward Ayers, the white Baptists, although they were the most conservative of all the denominations in the South, became steadily more concerned with social issues, taking stands on "temperance, gambling, illegal corruption, public morality, orphans and the elderly."

New Deal
During the New Deal of the 1930s, Social Gospel themes could be seen in the work of Harry Hopkins, Will Alexander, and Mary McLeod Bethune, who added a new concern with African Americans. After 1940, the movement lessened, but it was invigorated in the 1950s by black leaders like Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement. After 1980, it weakened again as a major force inside mainstream churches; indeed, those churches were losing strength.

Examples of the Social Gospel's continued influence can still be found in Jim Wallis's Sojourners organization's Call to Renewal and more local organizations like the Virginia Interfaith Center. Another modern example can be found in the work of John Steinbruck, senior pastor of Luther Place Memorial Church in Washington, DC, from 1970 to 1997, who was an articulate and passionate preacher of the Social Gospel and a leading voice locally and nationally for the homeless, Central American refugees, and victims of persecution and prejudice.

Social Gospel and Labor Movements
Because the Social Gospel was primarily concerned with the day-to-day life of laypeople, one of the ways in which it made its message heard was through labor movements. Particularly, the Social Gospel had a profound effect upon the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The AFL began a movement called Labor Forward, which was a pro-Christian group who "preached unionization like a revival." In Philadelphia, this movement was counteracted by bringing revivalist Billy Sunday, himself firmly anti-union, who believed "that the organized shops destroyed individual freedom."

Legacy of the Social Gospel
The Social Gospel movement peaked in the early 20th century, but scholars debate over when the movement began to decline, with some asserting that the destruction and trauma caused by the First World War left many disillusioned with the Social Gospel's ideals while others argue that the war stimulated the Social Gospelers' reform efforts. Theories regarding the decline of the Social Gospel after the First World War often cite the rise of neo-orthodoxy as a contributing factor in the movement's decline.

While the Social Gospel was short-lived historically, it had a lasting impact on the policies of most of the mainline denominations in the United States. Most began programs for social reform, which led to ecumenical cooperation in 1910 while in the formation of the Federal Council of Churches. Although this cooperation was about social issues that often led to charges of socialism. It is likely that the Social Gospel's strong sense of leadership by the people led to women's suffrage, and that the emphasis it placed on morality led to prohibition. Biographer Randall Woods argues that Social Gospel themes learned from childhood allowed Lyndon B. Johnson to transform social problems into moral problems. This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice, as exemplified by the Great Society and his commitment to racial equality. The Social Gospel explicitly inspired his foreign-policy approach to a sort of Christian internationalism and nation building.

The Social Gospel Movement has been described as "the most distinctive American contribution to world Christianity."

The Social Gospel, after 1945, influenced the formation of Christian democracy political ideology among Protestants and Catholics in Europe. Many of the Social Gospel's ideas also reappeared in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. "Social Gospel" principles continue to inspire newer movements such as Christians Against Poverty.

Reinhold Niebuhr has argued that the 20th century history of Western democracies has not vindicated the optimistic view of human nature which the social gospelers shared with the Enlightenment. Labor historians argue that the movement had little influence on the labor movement, and attribute that failure to professional elitism and a lack of understanding of the collective nature of the movement. Labor did not reject social gospellers because they were unaware of them but, rather, because their tactics and ideas were considered inadequate.

Canada
The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, a political party that was later reformulated as the New Democratic Party, was founded on social gospel principles in the 1930s by J. S. Woodsworth, a Methodist minister, and Alberta MP William Irvine. Woodsworth wrote extensively about the social gospel from experiences gained while working with immigrant slum dwellers in Winnipeg from 1904 to 1913. His writings called for the Kingdom of God "here and now". This political party took power in the province of Saskatchewan in 1944. This group, led by Tommy Douglas, a Baptist minister, introduced universal medicare, family allowance and old age pensions. This political party has since largely lost its religious basis, and became a secular social democratic party. The Social Service Council (SSC) was the "reforming arm of Protestantism in Canada", and promoted idea of the social gospel. Under the "aggressive leadership of Charlotte Whitton", the Canadian Council of Child Welfare, opposed "a widening of social security protection..." and "continued to impede the implementation of provincial mothers' pensions", instead pressing for the "traditional private charity" model. Charlotte Whitton argued that children should be removed from their homes "instead of paying money to needy parents" Charlotte Whitton, as Christie and Gauvreau point out, was also a member of the SSC, The SSC's mandate included the "intensive Christian conquest of Canada".

The Social Gospel was a significant influence in the formation of the People's Church in Brandon, Manitoba, in 1919. Started by Methodist minister A. E. Smith, the People's Church attempted to provide an alternative to the traditional church, which Smith viewed as unconcerned with social issues. In his autobiography All My Life Smith describes his last sermon before starting the People's Church, saying "The Church was afraid it might give offense to the rich and powerful." The People's Church was successful for a time, with People's Churches founded in Vancouver, Victoria, Edmonton, and Calgary. In Winnipeg, Methodist minister and Social Gospeler William Ivens started another workers church, the "Labor Church," in 1918. Both Smith and Ivens tried to take leaves of absence from their Methodist ministries, which were initially granted. Upon a decision to bring all such special cases before the Methodist Stationing Committee, however, the decisions were rescinded.

In literature
The Social Gospel theme is reflected in the novels In His Steps (1897) and The Reformer (1902) by the Congregational minister Charles Sheldon, who coined the motto "What would Jesus do?" In his personal life, Sheldon was committed to Christian socialism and identified strongly with the Social Gospel movement. Walter Rauschenbusch, one of the leading early theologians of the Social Gospel in the United States, indicated that his theology had been inspired by Sheldon's novels.

Members of the Brotherhood of the Kingdom produced many of the written works that defined the theology of the Social Gospel movement and gave it public prominence. These included Walter Rauschenbusch's Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907) and Christianizing the Social Order (1912), as well as Samuel Zane Batten's The New Citizenship (1898) and The Social Task of Christianity (1911).

21st century
In the United States, the Social Gospel is still influential in liberal Protestantism. Social Gospel elements can also be found in many service and relief agencies associated with Protestant denominations and the Catholic Church in the United States.

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Gennevilliers

Gennevilliers is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine department of Île-de-France. It is located 9.1 km from the centre of Paris.

History
On 9 April 1929, one-fifth of the territory of Gennevilliers was detached and became the commune of Villeneuve-la-Garenne. Gennevilliers is the site of the main river port Port of Gennevilliers of Paris on the Seine.

Transport
Gennevilliers is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 13: Les Courtilles, Les Agnettes and Gabriel Péri. All three are at the border with the commune of Asnières-sur-Seine.

Gennevilliers is also served by two stations on RER C (Les Grésillons and Gennevilliers), as well as five stops on Île-de-France tramway Line 1.

Education
Schools in Gennevilliers include:
 * 13 preschools
 * 9 primary schools
 * 3 junior high schools: Collège Guy-Môquet, Collège Édouard-Vaillant, Collège Louis-Pasteur

There is a senior high school, Lycée Galilée.

Natives/residents

 * Isabelle Adjani, actress
 * Pascal Tayot, French judoka who won a silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics
 * Thierry Vigneron, pole vault bronze medalist and former record holder
 * Garra Dembélé, footballer
 * Wesley Jobello, footballer
 * David N'Gog, footballer (Bolton Wanderers, Liverpool F.C.)
 * Édouard Roger-Vasselin, tennis player
 * Jeanine Claes, dancer

Twin towns – sister cities
Gennevilliers is twinned with:

 * 🇪🇸 La Bañeza, Spain
 * 🇩🇪 Bergkamen, Germany
 * 🇵🇸 Al-Bireh, Palestine
 * 🇮🇹 Imola, Italy
 * 🇵🇱 Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Poland
 * 🏴 Wirral, England, United Kingdom

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gennevilliers


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Blarenberghe

Van Blarenberghe was the name of a dynasty of painters, originally from French Flanders (Lille), but some of the most famous descendants also lived in Paris, France. They were all descendants from Joris van Blarenberghe (1612–1670).

The first two painters were Hendrick van Blarenberghe (1646–1712) and his son Jacques-Guillaume van Blarenberghe (1679–1742). Their style was still heavily influenced by the Flemish Baroque style. Jacques-Guillaume had two painting sons, Louis-Nicolas van Blarenberghe (15 July 1716 – 1 May 1794) and Henri Désiré van Blarenberghe (1734–1812).

Louis-Nicolas had a son who was also a painter and with whom he often collaborated: Henri-Joseph van Blarenberghe (24 November 1750 – 1 December 1826). Together with his father they stayed at the Palace of Versailles, where they worked as miniaturists for the high society of their day. They were especially famous for their paintings on snuff boxes. Louis-Nicolas also worked as official campaign painter of the French court, following the French army as a war reporter. Two of his daughters, Catherine-Henriette and Isabelle, were chamber maids to the children of the French kings. The works of Louis-Nicolas and Henri-Joseph were collected in profusion in the 19th century by the Rothschild family. There is a collection of their work on public display at Waddesdon Manor. An enormous collection of Blarenberghe art was sold in the Mentmore Towers sale of 1977.

Henri-Joseph painted, besides the miniatures, mainly panoramic paintings, often in gouache. The subjects were, as with his father, often military, and also included the French revolution. He was the drawing teacher of the French princes, and founder and first conservator of the Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille.

title: Blarenberghe


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Talk:The Weirdstone of Brisingamen

Untitled
It is actually based on the legend of Alderley which is a woodland in north Cheshire near Alderley Edge. This is nowhere near the Wirral which is Merseyside. It is closer to Stockport and south Manchester.

This is true. I'm removing the Wirral Lmno 20:05, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Plot summaries
Over the next few weeks I will try and add plot summaries and character lists to the Alan Garner novels. --Katstevens 00:14, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

This perhaps isn't the correct place to post opinion in which case I apologize. I just have to comment how disappointed I was in Boneland and how after reading that it spoiled the original Weirdstone for me for a long time - a book that though an adult - was special to me and I enjoyed for many readings over the years. It is really evident that for some reason, Garner must have really come to actually hate the characters he created long ago - perhaps Garner's life went horribly wrong but for whatever reason it seems he no longer had the feeling of magic and wonder that he once had. I very much wish I'd never read Boneland and am doing the best to disassociate that "downer" from the previous two books.```` — Preceding unsigned comment added by Azrock1965 (talk • contribs) 18:59, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Weirdstone of Brisingamen


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User talk:Elsa Lambarri

Hello Elsa, welcome to Wikipedia! Am I right in assuming that you're a student at HLT? If so, thanks for trying to incorporate your work into Wikipedia! But please, observe a few points:

 * In Wikipedia, we normally do not capitalize article titles. Hence, it's Audio signal processing, not Audio Signal Processing. Please merge your content from Audio Signal Processing into the already existing Audio signal processing and then make Audio Signal Processing a redirect to Audio signal processing by replacing all your text with "#REDIRECT Audio signal processing".

 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, so its articles do not use first peron singular or plural ("I" or "we"). Could you please rewrite as necessary? It's no big deal, if you don't do it, someone else surely will :-)

 * Please check whether Wikipedia covers the topics you want to add already.

Anyway, Thanks for helping us and have fun! Lupo 09:52, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, what about Copyright? Do you have permission to copy the texts from HLT into Wikipedia? Lupo 10:14, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elsa Lambarri


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Higher education in Mauritius

Higher education in Mauritius includes colleges, universities and other technical institutions. Public university education has been free to students since 2019. The sector is managed by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) which has the responsibility for allocating public funds, and fostering, planning and coordinating the development of post-secondary education and training. Formerly the Tertiary Education Commission, in 2020 it was reformed into the HEC and a separate Quality Assurance Authority (QAA) for auditing of qualifications.

The University of Mauritius
Starting as the College of Agriculture, the University of Mauritius, established in 1965, dominates the Tertiary Education Sector locally. Originally, it had three Schools, namely Agriculture, Administration and Industrial Technology. It has since expanded to comprise five faculties, namely Agriculture, Engineering, Law and Management, Science, and Social Studies & Humanities.

It has a Centre for Medical Research and Studies and hosts the SSR Medical College (Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College). It has a Centre for Distance Education, a Centre for Information Technology and Systems, and a Consultancy Centre.

The UoM is expanding, with a student growth rate of about 10% annually. Programmes have changed steadily from sub-degree certificate/diploma levels to undergraduate and taught masters Programmes, as well as research at postgraduate level.

University of Technology, Mauritius
The University of Technology, Mauritius (UTM) Act was promulgated in May 2000 and became operational in September 2000. UTM has three schools: the School of Business Informatics and Software Engineering, the School of Public Sector Policy and Management, and the School of Sustainable Development Science.

Open University of Mauritius
The Open University of Mauritius (OU) was established on 12 July 2012 according to the Open University of Mauritius ACT 2010. OU delivers education to learners who wish to study full-time as well as to those who are unable to be physically present on campus. With flexible study options, its learners can study from home, work, or anywhere in the world. The Mauritius College of the Air, which was established in 1971, was integrated with the Open University of Mauritius in July 2012. OU is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, International Council for Open and Distance Education, and African Council for Distance Education.

In collaboration with other universities it offers courses in both open, distance, blended and full-time learning modes. There are three campuses in Mauritius and one in Rodrigues.

Distance learners watch or listen to materials supplied, work on course activities and assignments with support from the tutor who is an email away. Tutorials are organized but they are mostly optional and give a chance to meet the tutors and fellow learners. Through its virtual classrooms, international learners also participate in interactive sessions conducted by its resource persons. It also offers short courses that help to improve the employability skills.

OU offers qualifications ranging from short employability courses, B.Sc./B.Ed., M.Sc./M.Ed./M.A, MBA to DBA/Ph.D. to fields including Management, Business Administration, Human Resource Management/Development, Education, Finance, Accounting, Taxation, Law, Graphics Design, Journalism, Multimedia, Audio-visual Production, Translation Studies, Mathematics, Logistics, Transport, French and English.

OU conducts corporate training for private and public institutions. Employees are empowered through continuous professional development courses. OU has a School of Public Health; a Centre for Research on Interculturality; and a Big Data Research Centre. http://www.open.ac.mu

Université des Mascareignes
The Université des Mascareignes was founded as the country's fourth public university in 2012, merging the IST (Institut Supérieur de Technologie) of Camp Levieux and Swami Dayanand Institute of Management (SDIM).

Greenwich University Pakistan, Mauritius Branch Campus
The Mauritius Branch Campus of Greenwich University (Pakistan) is located in at 51, Ebene, Cybercity, Mauritius and fully accredited by the Higher Education Commission of Mauritius, offering undergraduate and graduate degrees in Business Administration. The Campus is also approved by Mauritius Qualification Authority (MQA).

Greenwich University has been imparting higher education in Pakistan for the past 30 years. The University is recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan and is ranked among the top ten business schools of Pakistan. Greenwich University has a campus in The Republic of Mauritius, duly recognized by the HEC of Mauritius and the MQA, making it the only university from Pakistan who has an international campus duly recognized by accrediting bodies. It is member of Association of International Education (NAFSA), International Association of Universities (IAU), The Association of Advance Collegiate Schools in Business (AACSB), Asia Pacific Quality Network (APQN), International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE), Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) and Association of MBA (AMBA).

Aberystwyth University Mauritius Branch Campus
Aberystwyth University (Mauritius Branch Campus) was built in the Quartier-Militaire, registered with the HEC and opened in 2016. All the courses at undergraduate and postgraduate level were accredited by the UK Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. Two years later the university closed its Mauritius campus to new enrolments due to low enrolment numbers.

The Mauritius Institute of Education
Founded in 1973, the MIE was charged with teacher education, research in education and curriculum development. The role of the MIE as a curriculum development centre has been phased so that it is now predominantly involved in training teachers and educational research. However, it continued to play a role in curriculum planning and development, and it was entrusted with the responsibility for Curriculum Development as from October 2010. It has since produced the National Curriculum Framework for the Pre-Primary(2008), Primary (2007) and Secondary (2009) sectors. In 2015, it spearheaded the curriculum development for the Nine Year Continuous Basic Education (NYCBE). Alongside, it produced the teaching and learning Syllabi and also wrote and published some 255 textbooks to cover the whole of the 9-year spectrum from Grades 1 to 9 between 2015 and 2020. In 2023, the MIE developed a new curriculum for Technical Education for Grades 10 and 11 comprising three main areas of learning,namely Engineering Technology, Health and Hospitality, Computer Technology and Innovation. It is also responsible for the development of the teaching and learning materials and teacher training for this new stream. The Publications are available on MIE's website for consultation.

There are five schools at MIE: Applied Sciences, Education, Science and Mathematics, Arts and Humanities and a Centre for Open and Distance Learning.

It offers training to school teachers from pre-primary, primary and secondary schools, as well as managerial cadres in programme ranging from Certificate, Diploma, Post Graduate Certificate in Education and Post Graduate Diplomas. It offers B.Ed for both the Primary and Secondary Education. Masters programmes in Education, in collaboration with the University of Brighton, UK. It offers Doctoral programmes in association with the University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa and the University of Brighton, UK. It is also associated with St Mary's University, London and offers Joint Master's and Doctoral programmes in Education, open to international students.

The MIE, through its Centre for Open & Distance Learning, is involved in the Sankore Project for digitising curriculum materials for primary and secondary schools and the introduction of interactive whiteboard technology in schools.

The Mahatma Gandhi Institute
MGI was established in 1970 as a joint government of Mauritius and government of India venture for the promotion of education and culture, with emphasis on Indian culture and traditions. It runs, within the tertiary set-up, programmes in Indian Studies, Indological Studies, Performing Arts, Fine Arts, Chinese and Mauritian Studies.

MGI has three main schools operating at the tertiary level: the School of Indian Studies, the School of Music and Fine Arts, and the School of Mauritian and Area Studies. It also runs diploma and certificate level programmes, degree level programmes in Languages, Fine Arts and Performing Arts, in collaboration with the UoM. A secondary school and the Gandhian Basic School operate within the ambit of the MGI.

The Mauritius College of the Air
MCA was established in 1971 to promote education, arts and science and culture in Mauritius through mass media. When the MCA statute was re-enacted in 1985, distance education was maintained as a major strategy to meet these objectives. Merged with the Audio-Visual Centre of the Ministry of Education and Science in 1986, the MCA has until recently been catering mainly for the primary and secondary education sector through the production of educational programmes for broadcast on radio and television. The MCA has also been producing educational materials for non-formal or continuing education, for non-broadcast use. Since the beginning of 1995, it has been involved in dispensing tertiary level programmes in collaboration with overseas institutions through the distance mode.

The MCA is being reconfigured as the Open University of Mauritius.

Rabindranath Tagore Institute
Set up in December 2002, the Rabindranath Tagore Institute has a cultural vocation and operates under the aegis of the Mahatma Gandhi Institute. It is still in an early phase of development.

The Polytechnics
Two polytechnic institutions exist in the country.
 * The Swami Dayanand Institute of Management runs diploma level Programmes in Information Technology, Administration and Accounting; such diploma programmes were formerly provided by the UoM.
 * The Institut Supérieur de Téchnologie offers diploma level programmes (Brevét de Téchnicien Supérieur) in Electro-Technics, Mecatronics and Building Engineering. All the programmes are run on a full-time basis.

Technical School Management Trust Fund
The TSMTF was created in 1990 to manage the Polytechnics. It is administered by a Board. Industry Advisory Committees, composed of representatives of both the public and private sectors, are appointed in respect of the programmes. The committees function is to:
 * establish programme objectives, curriculum content and delivery modes;
 * establish terminal standards and certification;
 * prescribe training equipment, hardware and software;
 * prescribe training facilities and environment;
 * advise on industrial training attachments;
 * review programme results and diploma holders’ employment performance;
 * monitor and review market demand;
 * review and upgrade programmes.

Mauritius Institute of Training and Development (Ex:IVTB)
The IVTB was set up in 1988 to promote vocational education and training with the purposes of supplying workforce for the industrial, services and domestic sectors. Most of the programmes are vocational nature leading to the National Trade Certification (levels 3 and 2). As from 1998 the IVTB began tertiary level programmes at the levels of certificate and diploma in areas including Hotel Management, Automation and Information Technology.

Since 2004, the IVTB has introduced the National Trade Certificate Foundation Course for students who have completed their Prevocational Education Level 3. The course teaches Craftsmanship.

The IVTB has also introduced other courses such as IC3 for students of National Trade Certificate Level 2 and 3.

The Mauritius Institute of Health
The MIH was set up in 1989 to cater for the training needs of health professionals, local and regional. It organizes courses and programmes, mostly of short duration for medical and para-medical personnel.

Private institutions/distance education
Private institutions and organisations, which amount to more than 35, are offering programmes in Management, Accountancy and Information Technology. Most of these private institutions are local counterparts of overseas institutions and are offering programmes ranging from sub-degree to postgraduate ones through a mixed-mode system, encompassing both distance learning and face-to face tutorials. A majority of the examinations are conducted by the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate (MES) and a few are organised and invigilated by the overseas institutions themselves in collaboration with the local partner. Key players include the Charles Telfair Institute, MALEM, the Mauritius Employers Federation and the Mauritius Chamber of Commerce & Industry.

University of the Indian Ocean
The UIO, established in January 1998 under the aegis of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), is a network of tertiary education and research institutions of the five member states, namely Comores, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles. It offers tertiary level programmes of a regional vocation in the five member countries. During its three-year pilot phase, the secretariat of the UIO was based in Reunion. In line with a recent decision, the seat of the UIO will be a rotating one among member states.

Institut de la Francophonie pour L’Entrepreneuriat
IFE came into operation in 1999, within the context of an agreement signed between the Ministry of Education and Scientific Research and the "Association des Universités Partiellement ou Entièrement de Langue Française et L’Université des Réseaux d’Expréssion Française". It offers Masters and Doctoral programmes and undertake research in entrepreneuriat and related fields with a regional vocation.

Sir Seewosagur Ramgoolam Medical College [SSR] Medical College
SSRMC was created in 1999 and is affiliated with the University of Mauritius. It is situated at Belle Rive nearby the city of Curepipe. It caters for local and overseas students, from India, South Africa, Malaysia, Gulf and other Indian Ocean Rim countries. A report from an international monitoring committee highlighted that the teaching room of the medical college is inadequate and badly sited for clinical teaching.

The five year degree costs US$50000. Approximately 20% of seats are allocated to local students on the 5-year MBBS program which is divided into ten semesters of 6 months each and BDS course of four years followed by a one-year compulsory rotatory internship. The college offers postgraduation courses MD/MS in five specialities of Medicine, Surgery, Radio diagnosis, Anaesthesiology, and Ophthalmology. The minimum entry requirement is completion of both Cambridge SC and Cambridge HSC examinations, with a minimum requirement of AAB at HSC level. The MBBS degree Of SSR is recognised by the Medical board of California, IMED/ECFMG USA and by the World Health Organisation.

Indian Ocean Dental School and Hospital
The Indian Ocean Dental School and Hospital, managed by the R.F. Gandhi A.K. Trust Limited, began in 2003. It is affiliated to Bhavnagar University, Gujarat, India.

The institute is the key provider of dental education in the region, providing the BDS programme. The program duration is 4 years plus 1 year of internship. Further details can be accessed from www.iodsh.com

title: Higher education in Mauritius


text:
Lawrence Rabiner

Lawrence R. Rabiner (born 28 September 1943) is an electrical engineer working in the fields of digital signal processing and speech processing; in particular in digital signal processing for automatic speech recognition. He has worked on systems for AT&T Corporation for speech recognition.

He holds a joint academic appointment between Rutgers University and the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Education

 * B.S. in electrical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1964
 * M.S. in electrical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1964
 * Ph.D. in electrical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1967

Research interests

 * Digital signal processing
 * Speech processing
 * Multimodal user interfaces
 * Multimedia communications
 * Shared collaboration systems for tele-collaboration

Life
Rabiner was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1943. During his studies at MIT, he participated in the cooperative program at AT&T Bell Laboratories, during which he worked on digital circuit design and binaural hearing. After obtaining his PhD in 1967, he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories' research division in Murray Hill, NJ as a member of technical staff. He was promoted to supervisor in 1972, department head in 1985, director in 1990, and functional vice-president in 1995. He joined the newly created AT&T Labs - Research in 1996 as director of the Speech and Image Processing Services Research Laboratory. He was promoted vice-president of Research in 1998, succeeding Sandy Fraser, where he managed broad programs in communication, computing, and information sciences. He retired from AT&T in 2002 and joined the department of electrical engineering at Rutgers University, with a joint appointment at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Rabiner pioneered a range of novel algorithms for digital filtering and digital spectrum analysis. The most well known of these algorithms are the Chirp z-Transform method (CZT) of spectral analysis, a range of optimal FIR (finite impulse response) digital filter design methods based on linear programming and Chebyshev approximation methods, and a class of decimation/interpolation methods for digital sampling rate conversion. In the area of speech processing, Rabiner has made contributions to the fields of pitch detection, speech synthesis and speech recognition. Rabiner built one of the first digital speech synthesizers that was able to convert arbitrary text to intelligible speech. In the area of speech recognition, Rabiner was a major contributor to the creation of the statistical method of representing speech that is known as hidden Markov modeling (HMM). Rabiner was the first to publish the scaling algorithm for the Forward–Backward method of training of HMM recognizers. His research showed how to successfully implement an HMM system based on either discrete or continuous density parameter distributions. His tutorial paper on HMM is highly cited. Rabiner's research resulted in a series of speech recognition systems that went into deployment by AT&T to enable automation of a range of ‘operator services’ that previously had been carried out using live operators. One such system, called the Voice Recognition Call Processing (VRCP) system, automated a small vocabulary recognition system (5 active words) with word spotting and barge-in capability. It resulted in savings of several hundred millions of dollars annually for AT&T.

Awards and recognitions

 * Acoustical Society of America Fellow, 1970
 * Paper Award of IEEE Group on Audio and Electroacoustics, 1971
 * Eta Kappa Nu Outstanding Young Electrical Engineer Award – Honorable Mention, 1972
 * ASA Biennial Award, 1974
 * IEEE Fellow, 1976
 * IEEE ASSP Achievement Award, 1978
 * IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award, 1980 (with Ronald Schafer)
 * IEEE ASSP Society Award, 1980
 * Election to National Academy of Engineering, 1983
 * IEEE Centennial Award, 1984
 * AT&T Bell Laboratories Fellow, 1989
 * Election to National Academy of Sciences, 1990
 * Speech Processing Magazine Award of the IEEE, 1994
 * AT&T Patent Award, 1995
 * AT&T Fellow Award, 1996
 * IEEE Millennium Medal, 1999
 * IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal, 1999

Recent journal articles

 * Digital Speech Processing, B. H. Juang, M. M. Sondhi, and L. R. Rabiner, Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Third Edition, Volume 4, pp. 485–500, 2002.
 * Speech and Language Processing for Next-Millennium Communications Services, R. V. Cox, C. A. Kamm, L. R. Rabiner, J. Schroeter, and J. G. Wilpon, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 88, No. 8, pp. 1314–1337, August 2000
 * Image and Video Coding-Emerging Standards and Beyond, B. G. Haskell, P. G. Howard, Y. A. LeCun, A. Puri, J. Ostermann, M.R. Civanlar, L. R. Rabiner, L. Bottou, and P. Haffner, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 8, No. 7, pp. 814–837, November 1998
 * On the Applications of Multimedia Processing to Communications, R. V. Cox, B. G. Haskell, Y. LeCun, B. Shahraray, and L. R. Rabiner, IEEE Proceedings Vol. 86, No. 5, pp. 755–824, May 1998
 * The Role of Speech Processing in Human-Computer Intelligent Communication, C. A. Kamm, M. Walker, and L. R. Rabiner, Speech Communication, Vol. 23, pp. 263–278, 1997

title: Lawrence Rabiner


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/LynndieEngland

Incident is already covered extensively in Abu Ghraib (prison). I've orphaned it.--Eloquence* 03:42, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * comment. Should it be orphaned before discussion? --bodnotbod 16:39, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. I actually was looking for this page once when it did not yet exist. -- Chris 73 | Talk 09:59, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Tentative delete, and I welcome other comments here. I question whether it's noteworthy to dedicate an article to her. I understand that she is part of very significant issue, but she's not really a central player. 15 minutes of fame kind of thing.Alcarillo 15:23, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Take the point about whether she should have her own article, but Wikipedia does not lack space.  Will also impress newcomers to the site. --bodnotbod 16:36, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Like Chris 73, I looked for this page before it existed. - MykReeve 18:13, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. IMO, this is a good example of "Wiki is not paper."  In ten years when she's still cooling her heels in Leavenworth and everyone's forgotten who she is, maybe she'll be merged in somewhere, but for now, why not? Isomorphic 03:38, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow, the inclusionist bias on VfD sure has increased since the last time I checked. This is an obvious example of a page that will date quickly and is completely redundant, and will likely be neglected in favor of the main article. The only thing this person is famous for is abusing Iraqis. A top candidate for a redirect, in my not so humble opinion, and we probably have hundreds of precedents for this. But if you insist on putting her on display, I guess that's a befitting punishment.--Eloquence* 06:22, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe what you are seeing is not "inclusionist bias" but popular opinion to keep an article about a person who is "only" known for abusing Iraqis. In my view that would be enough.  As someone else has said, Wiki is not paper.  But she has been instrumental in changing peoples' opinions, in reinforcing dislike of the USA in the Middle East.  As a UK Arabic newspaper is saying:  This is the straw that breaks the camel's back.  Paul Beardsell 00:02, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and make a redirect to Abu Ghraib (prison). -- Schnee 12:18, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. She's one of the most infamous people in the world right now. Stargoat 16:47, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Famous people need biographical articles, regardless of whether they are discussed elsewhere. There is certainly more to be said about her than would be appropriate in the Abu Ghraib article. Everyking 18:55, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. She's become _the_ icon (Whether that was justified or not doesn't mather) of the Abu Ghraib (prison) scandal. Her "fame" should be reflected in Wikipedia. --Bjorn H Bergtun 19:43, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just a suggestion.  It might be unsafe for her to have so much info about her be plainly available.  If you don't care that's fine.  But if Wikipedia is percieved to be at fault, maybe we could lose everything?
 * Keep. We absolutely have the luxury, in Wikipedia, of having as much granularity of article as we like, and also the luxury of redundancy between articles; there would be no problem with wide overlap with Abu Ghraib (prison). The article should, however, be listed on cleanup. (Oh. And since she has just had worldwide front page coverage, I don't think a listing in wikipedia is going to decrease her safety. However I take the implied point that we should stop libelling her before she has been found guilty of something. An alleged would go down a storm.) --Tagishsimon
 * Keep. What Everyking said covers my view as well. Fredrik 00:35, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's good to look at the individuals behind the abuse in Abu Ghraib. pir 10:39, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. One dimension of the Abu Ghraib affair is the backgrounds of the soldiers involved.  This article adds a level of detail about her that would be inappropriate in the Abu Ghraib (prison) article. JamesMLane 11:26, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and de-orphan. Contains valuable content that would be inappropriate in Abu Ghraib (prison). -- Seth Ilys 14:43, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep of course. Why delete articles just because they faces the war crimes of your own country? There is an article on other infamous persons like Adolf Eichmann here, although such issues are covered in other articles as well. Jeez
 * Keep. I can see her continued to be mentioned in debates for a considerable time and people should have access to unbiased details regarding her. From reports I have read this could well bring up the Women in the armed services arguments again as the alleged relationship with Graner appears to in some way have influenced matters.Scraggy4 15:46, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. →Raul654 15:55, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Wikipedia is littered with the biographies of minor celebrities and non-entities whom most people have never heard of. One more shouldn't make any difference.  ChicXulub 17:02, May 8, 2004 (GMT)
 * keep. This, err, lady has played a central role in a disclosure that has changed the perspective of the liberation/invasion of Iraq and in Rumsfeld accepting the blame for something/anything! When she becomes insignificant and unremembered then have another vote but I am likely to vote keep again.  Paul Beardsell 18:12, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. For the same reasons as Everyking. Andres 18:15, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely Keep and expand article. Her vile actions propelled her into the public spotlight.  It is very important to document acts of torture like the ones she committed so that others can learn and make connections between the present day war in Iraq and historic examples of torture like the holocaust.  VTEX 20:09, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely Keep and expand article. Her vile actions made it possible for those with no sense of proportion and no concept of the enormity of the holocaust to score cheap political points and defame the United States. - Humbug 22:01, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The above is a sockpuppet →Raul654 02:19, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Abu Ghraib (prison). -- Kaihsu 20:15, 2004 May 8 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have no idea, even after reading these comments, why anyone would think this page should be deleted.  Wiki is not paper. -Rwv37 21:54, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I see absolutely no valid reasons to remove it. MikeCapone 23:47, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The "anti-Jessica Lynch" definitely deserves a page.  This might be the woman who brings down a president.  --M4-10 02:21, 9 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Jam (disambiguation)

Jam is a type of fruit preserve.

Jam or Jammed may also refer to:

Other common meanings

 * A firearm malfunction
 * Block signals
 * Radio jamming
 * Radar jamming and deception
 * Mobile phone jammer
 * Echolocation jamming

Music

 * The Jam, an English band, late 1970s-early 1980s
 * JAM Project, a Japanese animation music group
 * Judy and Mary, a Japanese band
 * Jam (album), by Little Angels
 * "Jam" (Michael Jackson song)
 * "Jam" (The Yellow Monkey song)
 * "Jam (Turn It Up)", a song by Kim Kardashian
 * Jam, improvise music in a jam session
 * Jammed (album), a 2004 studio album by The Church

Other

 * Jam (film), a 2006 film by Craig E. Serling
 * Jam (novel), a 2010 novel by Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw
 * Jam (TV series), UK
 * Jam Kuradoberi, a character in the Guilty Gear game series
 * The Jam (comics), by Bernie Mireault
 * HBO Kids, formerly known as "Jam" from 2001 until 2016
 * Jam Films, a collection of short films

Codes

 * Jamaica (ISO country code: JAM)
 * Jamaican Patois (SO 639-3: jam), an English-based creole language

Computing

 * JAM (disk compression), DOS disk compression software by JAM Software
 * JAM Message Base Format
 * Perforce Jam, a software building tool
 * .jam, a file type for JAM/STAPL, a Standard Test and Programming Language

Media

 * BBC Jam, an online educational service
 * Jam!, a Canadian entertainment news site
 * Jam 88.3, branding of DWJM, a radio station in Metro Manila
 * Jam 96.3, branding of WJAM, a radio station in Selma, Alabama
 * JamRadio, the student radio station of the University of Hull, England

Organisations

 * JAM (trade union), a manufacturing trade union in Japan
 * JAM Creative Productions, a jingle company in Texas, US
 * JAM Productions (company), a short-lived computer game development company
 * Naughty Dog, formerly JAM Software Inc., first-party video game developer in California US
 * Jamaat al Muslimeen, an Islamist terrorist organization in Trinidad and Tobago
 * Jaish al Mahdi or Mahdi Army, an Iraqi military force created by Muqtada al-Sadr

People

 * Jam (title), various rulers in India and Pakistan
 * Jam Handy (1886–1983), American swimmer and film producer

Iran

 * Jam County, Bushehr Province
 * Jam, Iran, a city
 * Jam Rural District
 * Jam, Khuzestan, a village
 * Jam, Semnan, a village

Elsewhere

 * Jamrud or Jam, Khyber Agency, Pakistan
 * Jám or Iam, Berlişte Commune, Caraş-Severin County, Romania
 * Jam River, Madhya Pradesh, India
 * Jam Dam
 * Minaret of Jam, Afghanistan

Sports

 * Jam, a round in a roller derby game
 * Long Beach Jam (2003–2005) and Bakersfield Jam (2006–2016), later Northern Arizona Suns, a basketball team

Other uses

 * Jam., an abbreviation for the Epistle of James
 * Jam or Jamshid, a mythological figure of Greater Iranian culture and tradition
 * JAM Liner, a bus company in the Philippines
 * Joint Admission Test for M.Sc., an Indian admission test
 * Junctional adhesion molecule, a protein that in humans is encoded by the JAM2 gene
 * Jut Art Museum, a museum in Taipei, Taiwan
 * Time in Jamaica, shortened to JAM, official time of Jamaica, UTC−5

title: Jam (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vatefairefoutre

Wikipedia is not a slang dictionary for foreign language slang. RickK 04:43, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Nor is it any other kind of dictionary for foreign language slang. Delete.  Gwimpey 08:31, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Chris 73 | Talk 10:01, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Whatever 'delete' is in French. DJ Clayworth 13:55, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 'Supprimez-la!' That means 'delete' -- oh, and in case anyone's wondering, I'm "flexing my arm, and placing my opposite hand on the elbow joint, like in other cultures..."
 * Comment: Consider article on offensive gestures and merge. --bodnotbod 16:42, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * That particular gesture is already mentioned in the gesture article, under the name Italian elbow gesture. (It seems most gestures are offensive, at least to somebody.)  Does it have a more formal name or direct translation in Italian or other languages?  I will add the translation va te faire foutre to the information given in that article.  Not sure if this should redirect there, though.  Smerdis of Tlön 19:19, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * In Britain it's used rarely, I believe. It means, if done rapidly, "up yours".  But the more common use in Britain is to hold the pose and judder the forearm for a few moments - usually performed by labourers at passing attractive women.  It represents, as I'm sure you've guessed, the rearing priapism they like to imagine they have in their trousers. --bodnotbod 20:37, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * "Keep it."--unattributed, undated, and certainly not me. --Ben Brockert 23:54, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * "Delete" -- me. --Ben Brockert 02:19, May 9, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Évreux

Évreux is a commune in and the capital of the department of Eure, in the French region of Normandy.

Antiquity
In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. Julius Caesar wintered eight legions in this area after his third campaigning season in the battle for Gaul (56-55 BC): Legiones VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII and XIV.

Middle Ages
The first known members of the family of the counts of Évreux were descended from an illegitimate son of Richard I, duke of Normandy. These counts became extinct in the male line with the death of Count William in 1118. The county passed by right of Agnes, William's sister and wife of Simon I de Montfort (died 1087) to the house of the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury VI de Montfort-Évreux ceded the title in 1200 to King Philip II. Philip IV presented it in 1307 to his brother Louis d'Évreux, for whose benefit Philip the Long raised the county of Évreux into the peerage of France in 1317.

Philip d'Évreux, son of Louis, became king of Navarre by his marriage to Joan II of Navarre, daughter of Louis the Headstrong, and their son Charles the Bad and their grandson Charles the Noble were also kings of Navarre. The latter ceded his counties of Évreux, Champagne and Brie to King Charles VI of France in 1404. In 1427 the county of Évreux was bestowed by King Charles VII on Sir John Stewart of Darnley (c. 1365–1429), the commander of his Scottish bodyguard, who in 1423 had received the seigniory of Aubigny, and in February 1427 or 1428 he was granted the right to quarter the royal arms of France for his victories over the English. On Stuart's death before Orléans, during an attack on an English convoy, the county reverted to the crown.

Modernity
The countship was again temporarily alienated (1569–1584) as an appanage for Duke François of Anjou, and in 1651 was finally given to Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon, in exchange for the Principality of Sedan. The most famous holder of the title is Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, son of Marie Anne Mancini.

Évreux was heavily damaged during the Second World War, and most of its centre was rebuilt. The nearby Évreux-Fauville Air Base was used by the United States Air Force until 1967, and since then by the French Air Force.

Name
The French name Évreux is derived from the Eburovices, a Gallic tribe who inhabited the area. Their name comes from the Gaulish eburo meaning 'yew tree'.''

Demographics
The inhabitants of Évreux are known as Ebroicians (Ébroïciens).

Catholicism

Évreux Cathedral has been the seat of the bishops of Évreux since its traditional founder, Saint Taurin of Évreux, most probably working between 375 and 425; Bishop Maurusius was present at the Council of Orléans in 511. The earliest parts of the present building, which is mostly Gothic, date from the eleventh century. The west façade and its two towers are mostly from the late Renaissance; the octagonal central tower dates from the late fifteenth century. Of especial note are the Lady chapel and its stained glass, the rose windows in the transepts and the carved wooden screens of the side chapels. The church of the former abbey of St-Taurin is in part Romanesque. It has a choir of the 14th century and other portions of later date, and contains the thirteenth-century shrine of Saint Taurin. The episcopal palace, a building of the fifteenth century, adjoins the south side of the cathedral. The belfry facing the hôtel de ville also dates from the fifteenth century.

Judaism
In the Middle Ages, Évreux was one of the centres of Jewish learning, and its scholars are quoted in the medieval notes to the Talmud called the Tosafot. The following rabbis are known to have lived at Évreux: Samuel ben Shneor, praised by his student Isaac of Corbeil as the "Prince of Évreux", one of the most celebrated tosafists; Moses of Évreux, brother of Samuel, author of the Tosafot of Évreux; Isaac of Évreux; Judah ben Shneor, or Judah the Elder, author of liturgical poems; Meïr ben Shneor; Samuel ben Judah; Nathan ben Jacob, father of Jacob ben Nathan, who in 1357 copied the five Megillot with the Targum for Moses ben Samuel.

Sights
Évreux is situated in the pleasant valley of the Iton, arms of which traverse the town; on the south, the ground slopes up toward the public gardens and the railway station. It is the seat of a bishop, and its cathedral is one of the largest and finest in France.

The first cathedral was built in 1076, but destroyed in 1119 when the town was burned at the orders of Henry I of France to put down the Norman insurrection. He rebuilt the cathedral as an act of atonement to the Pope. Between 1194 and 1198, the conflict between Philippe Auguste and Richard the Lion-hearted damaged the new cathedral. The architecture of the present edifice shows this history, with its blend of Romanesque and Gothic styles. As did many towns in the regions of Nord and Normandy, Évreux and its cathedral suffered greatly from Second World War.

At Le Vieil-Évreux (lit. the old Évreux), the Roman Gisacum, 3+1/2 mi southeast of the town, the remains of a Roman theatre, a palace, baths and an aqueduct have been discovered, as well as various relics, notably the bronze of Jupiter Stator, which are now deposited in the museum of Évreux.

 * Évreux Cathedral
 * Hôtel de ville
 * Église Saint-Taurin

Administration

 * The communauté d'agglomération Évreux Portes de Normandie has 62 communes.

Cantons
Since 2015, Évreux is part of three cantons:
 * The canton of Évreux-1 includes a part of Évreux and the communes of: Arnières-sur-Iton and Saint-Sébastien-de-Morsent (pop: 24,125 in 2019);
 * The canton of Évreux-2 includes a part of Évreux and the communes of: Aviron, Le Boulay-Morin, La Chapelle-du-Bois-des-Faulx, Dardez, Émalleville, Gravigny, Irreville, Normanville, Reuilly, Saint-Germain-des-Angles and Saint-Vigor (pop: 28,128);
 * The canton of Évreux-3 includes a part of Évreux and the communes of: Angerville-la-Campagne, Les Baux-Sainte-Croix, Boncourt, Cierrey, Fauville, Gauciel, Guichainville, Huest, Miserey, Le Plessis-Grohan, Saint-Luc, Sassey, La Trinité, Le Val-David and Le Vieil-Évreux (pop: 22,912);

Mayors
Évreux has historically maintained socialist politics, with Roland Plaisance of the French Communist Party serving as mayor for over two decades (1977–2001). Plaisance was followed by Jean-Louis Debré, in some part due to the latter's friendship with Jacques Chirac. In 2014, Guy Lefrand (UMP, centre-right) a former member of the National Assembly of France, was elected mayor, with a mandate lasting six years.

Transport
The train station Gare d'Évreux-Normandie is on the railway line from Gare Saint-Lazare to Cherbourg, it is served by regular Intercity and regional rail services to both Paris and Normandy. There used to be two stations in Évreux, only one of which remains open to this day. The second station (Évreux-Nord) served the line from Évreux to Rouen.

Geography
The city is on the Iton river.

Personalities

 * Moses of Évreux was a French tosafist, and author of a siddur, who flourished at Évreux in the first half of the thirteenth century
 * Esteban Ocon, Formula 1 racing driver
 * Abdoullakh Abouyedovich Anzorov, terrorist
 * Bintou Dieme, basketball player
 * Joseph Gomis, basketball player
 * Michael Victor Evreux, Entrepreneur, and US businessman with ties to construction and precious metal markets. Born June 1961 in the United States.
 * Jean-Louis Hue (born 1949), writer, winner of the 1982 edition of the Prix Fénéon
 * Denis Lhuillier, footballer
 * Joseph Mendes, footballer
 * Bernard Mendy, footballer
 * Élodie Mendy, basketball player
 * Léon Walras, economist
 * Edmond Doutté, sociologist, orientalist and Islamologist
 * Mathieu Bodmer, footballer
 * Jean-Luc Hees, president of the radio group Radio France
 * Vincent Delerm, a singer of the Nouvelle scène trend
 * Didier Courrèges, an equestrian of the prestigious cadre noir, Olympic winner with the French team in Athens
 * Olivier Patience, tennis player
 * Ouleymata Sarr, footballer
 * Dayot Upamencano, footballer
 * Gérard Serée, artist
 * Jean-Yves Raimbaud, co-creator of Space Goofs with Philippe Traversat, creator of Oggy and the Cockroaches

Twin towns – sister cities
Évreux is twinned with:
 * 🇧🇯 Djougou, Benin
 * 🇷🇺 Kashira, Russia
 * 🏴 Rugby, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇩🇪 Rüsselsheim, Germany

title: Évreux


text:
Ronald W. Schafer

Ronald W. Schafer (born February 17, 1938) is an American electrical engineer notable for his contributions to digital signal processing.

After receiving his Ph.D. degree at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1968, he joined the Acoustics Research Department at Bell Laboratories, where he did research on digital signal processing and digital speech coding. In 1974 he joined the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he became a professor in electrical engineering, until leaving to join Hewlett-Packard in March 2005.

He has served as associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing and as vice-president and president of the IEEE Signal Processing Society. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America. He is also a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1994 for research, teaching, and leadership in signal processing.

He has received the IEEE Region 3 Outstanding Engineer Award, the 1980 IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award, the Distinguished Professor Award at the Georgia Institute of Technology, the 1992 IEEE Education Medal and the 2010 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal.

Books

 * Digital Signal Processing, A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, Prentice Hall, 1975
 * Digital Processing of Speech Signals, L. Rabiner, R. W. Schafer, Pearson Education, 1978.
 * Discrete-Time Signal Processing, A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, Pearson, 2010.
 * Computer-Based Exercises for Signal Processing Using MATLAB, J. H. McClellan, C. S. Burrus, A. V. Oppenheim, T. W. Parks, R. W. Schafer, H. W. Schuessler, Prentice Hall, 1998
 * DSP First: A Multimedia Approach J. H. McClellan, R. W. Schafer, M. A. Yoder, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998.
 * Signal Processing First J. H. McClellan, R. W. Schafer, M. A. Yoder, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2003.

title: Ronald W. Schafer


text:
Hampton, Peterborough

Hampton is a developing township to the south of Peterborough, in the Peterborough district, in the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire, England.

Hampton
The first two neighbourhoods to be complete are Hampton Hargate, which is home to a community of around 1,700 homes, and Hampton Vale, with approximately 1,900 homes. Each neighbourhood is based around its own local centre with community facilities, shops and primary school. Work is continuing on building a third neighbourhood at Hempsted, while planning is now underway on a fourth neighbourhood, the Hamptons, which, like other parts of Hampton, will have its own distinct character.

Adjoining these is Hampton's central and commercial area where the Serpentine Green shopping centre, Hampton College secondary and primary schools, and two business parks - Cygnet Park and Kingston Park, are located.

Eventually Hampton will have up to 8,500 new homes spread over its four local areas, with additional schools, local centres and leisure facilities, as well as commercial and retail areas providing more than 12,000 jobs. Construction started in 1996 and is scheduled to continue until at least 2023.

Homes
Since the first arrivals to Holly Walk, Hampton Hargate, in 1997, more than 5000 new homes have been built at a rate of up to 500 a year. More than 30 home builders and housing associations have built schemes, including around 900 units of affordable housing.

Innovative homes schemes include a zero carbon house built in association with Morris Homes. Homes in hampton have been occupied by many celebrities such as Kanye West who purchased a property in 2009 to record his hit song "Temperature" By Sean Paul Two self-build schemes have been included, allowing people to design and build their own homes.

Schools
The success of Hampton's schools has led to rapid expansion. Hampton Hargate Primary School was built in 2000 with one entry form (FE), extended in 2002 to two FE, and further extended in 2012 to three FE. Hampton Vale Primary was built in 2004 as a one FE school, expanded to a two FE in 2002, and further extended in 2012 to three FE. A third primary school opened in 2013 on the Hampton College campus. Hampton Gardens Secondary School opened in 2017 followed by Hampton Lakes Primary School in 2020.

Hampton College
Hampton College, a secondary school built to serve Hampton, opened to years 7 and 8 in September 2005. By 2008 the school accepted students in years 7 through to 11. Further expansion, including a sixth form, was initially due for completion by 2010. Although the school will begin AS Level courses in September 2009, the date for the new buildings is currently under review. The school currently boasts an outdoor amphitheatre and is built around a courtyard setting. In the evenings, the school is used for a variety of groups and adult education classes and it is hoped that the school will eventually form the heart of the community within Hampton. The college was recently found to be 'outstanding' by Ofsted, and was rated as outstanding in 6 out of a possible 7 categories. This puts it in the top 2% of schools nationally.

Economy
Hampton has a jobs-to-homes ratio of 1.25. Total rateable value of Hampton businesses now exceeds £20m.

Companies with distribution centres at Kingston Park, Hampton, include IKEA, Debenhams and Prologis. Other well-known names include News International, Kiddicare, GKL Northern and Volvo. Deafblind UK and Mencap have headquarters operations in Hampton.

The 2011 UK census showed Orton with Hampton ward has the highest proportion of employed people in Peterborough. 76.6% of 16- to 74-year-olds are working.

Serpentine Green
Hampton is served by a large shopping centre - Serpentine Green - which opened in 1999 and includes a Tesco Extra hypermarket, Boots, Costa Coffee, CEX, and many other High St names. It is located off the A15 road and has free parking.

Community
There are currently two community centres on Hampton. The first is alongside Hargate Primary School, the second opened at Hampton Vale local centre in 2011. Other community facilities include Active Hampton, used by Hampton Football Club which has grown to have 23 separate squads for girls and boys.

Environment
Hampton has been cited by Natural England as an exemplar of how to integrate new development into the surrounding landscape. Its master developers, O&H Properties, have maintained their pledge to provide at least 50% open space, and have planted around 110,000 trees.

Charities Froglife, The Wildlife Trust and Buglife, are involved in the design of the open space, including Hampton Nature Reserve which is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The reserve is home to Europe's largest population of Great Crested Newts and is managed by the charity Froglife. It is notable not only for its amphibian population but at least 27 butterfly species, 18 species of dragonfly and 120 of water beetles.

The three miles of cycleway through the southern section of Hampton are part of Peterborough's 50-mile Green Wheel route encircling the city.

Arts
A £50,000 sculpture competition resulted in David Nash (artist) OBE RA being commissioned to create a five piece work, The Noon Vessel, for the courtyard of Hampton College, creating shadows as the sun moves around.

History
The township is being developed on the site of former brick fields. The Ancient Romans were the first to work the Oxford clay in this area and by the twentieth century was one of the UK's most important producers of bricks. Bricks from this area were known as "flettons" after the town, the term later became a little more generic.

title: Hampton, Peterborough


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of countries by IQ

 * These statistics are ludicrous. I haven't had time to do a calculation as to what the average IQ of the sample is based on these numbers, but I'm betting it's considerably below 100.  Secondly, the idea that the mean IQ of the citizens of Guinea (59, according to the table) is more than two standard deviations below the global mean beggars belief.  According to the IQ article, people with an IQ below 80 are regarded as being candidates for special ed.  As this article is basically a collection of statistics, and as they are so beyond the pale, I can't see any alternative but to delete the article.  --Robert Merkel 10:04, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with Robert's comments above. problems with the definition of IQ aside, any samples involving more than 10 representatives of each country should fall within a two and a bit points of 100 (TB 07:46, 7 May 2004 (UTC) adds: if the data is normalised, the tests truly comparable and underlying national IQs are equal). It's patent nonsense.  Very pretty tables and flags on the page though.  TB 10:14, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * "any samples involving more than 10 representatives of each country should fall within a two and a bit points of 100".
 * That would only be the case if the average for each country was set at 100. The averages here are relative to a global U.K. average of 100.  AndyCapp 17:39, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I've done some more looking into this, and these statistics are actually from a scholarly publication by two retired professors, and the book has been reviewed positively in an Elsevier journal (look on the article talk page for a link). I think this says plenty about the quality of some of the research done in the social sciences, quite frankly.   --Robert Merkel 12:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Research has had 3 mentions in Britain's Newspaper of Record - The Times (as a left of centre, politically, person I take a certain glee in how uncritical this conservative paper has been of the research): Times One and Times Two. If the article is to be deleted, I think we need to be clear about why. --bodnotbod 17:02, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Discussion on Times Letters Page --bodnotbod 17:19, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have not seen any scholars make any credible claims as to the invalidity of the IQ data. AndyCapp 17:53, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Have you looked? IQ is frequently criticized as not adequately measuring intelligence, as being western-centric, as failing to take into account various types of intellectual skill, etc. Do you have a citation for these studies? Snowspinner 01:57, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. BJAODN. Variation on the old "50% of Irishmen (Scots, women, etc) are of below average intelligence" line. Well done, though. Andrewa 11:48, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Statistically insignificant. Alcarillo 14:11, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Can you prove it? The data would not be published if it hadn't passed statistical significance tests.  AndyCapp 17:53, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Because newspapers never publish sensationalistic studies... Snowspinner 01:57, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I almost feel bad saying that to something that's clearly had a lot of work put into it's layout, but this seems like it's statistical bullplop. So... Lord Bob 14:46, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. Distasteful, yes.  Since it's reprinted data is it copyvio?  Or even wikisource?  The reason I'm not saying delete is that there's a list of The 100 Best Stand-up Comics as listed by an American publication somewhere, and - other than if a distinction is made on grounds of taste - I guess all other rankings tables would have to be deleted too? Article cannot stand without full discussion of the research method which would hopefully bring the article into such disrepute we can laugh about it ;o)  --bodnotbod 16:53, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * My problem isn't with a list of average IQs in certain nations, my problem is with the methodology that, as Robert said right at the top of this thread, produces statistics that border on the absurd. A relative layman's look at this page makes me think that these figures say the average human being is below the defined average for IQ, and that doesn't make much sense. Lord Bob 17:07, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well then, I challenge you to multiply the average IQ of each coutry by its proportion of the world's population, and see if it adds up to 100. AndyCapp 17:10, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's verifiable information and comes from numerous sources. In regards to Bodnotbod's concerns above about copyvio - the data itself cannnot be copyrighted. I don't see why it should be deleted unless you have a reasonable suspicion to believe the data is false. AndyCapp 17:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Results of a study can be copyrighted, actually. Snowspinner 01:57, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that you can't copyright the average IQ of a nation. Take a look at the Idea-expression divide article.  AndyCapp 03:38, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The copyright would be for the particular data from that study. The facts cannot be copyrighted, of course, however were the study to be repeated, sampling error would yield different numbers. This particular set of numbers, then, is copyrighted. Snowspinner 04:38, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Just for my education, this set of numbers is copyrighted... can that be right? Anybody know the real legal position on this?  Surely any research of populations relies on sampling and then, by extension, all such research findings would be copyrighted.  That can't be right, surely? --bodnotbod 12:34, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see anything in US Code that says we are not allowed to restate the results of a scientific study. I also do not see anything that explicitly says we are not allowed to. However, it does say that information cannot be copyrighted.  See 17 U.S.C. § 102. In addition, Lynn and Vanhanen's collection of numbers is less a "study" than a compilations of studies, so in the unlikely event that 17 U.S.C. § 102 fails, then 17 U.S.C. § 103 (b) still applies, because Lynn and Vanhanen did nothing but compile the results of studies, and therefore have no copyright in the data itself. AndyCapp 14:35, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Rewrite - needs far more discussion of the dubiousness of the techniques used. It's flawed methodology but if the Times takes it seriously then it's notable. The Land 17:49, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Feel free to add to the article. AndyCapp 17:54, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The article lists where the data is sourced from and states that the data is dependent on the validity or invalidity of the research methods used, so I can't see anything factually wrong with the article. If the data was about something less controversial and with fewer sociological ramifications, such as a list of the best standup comics as rated by Comedy Central, or List of countries by GDP, would you still want to delete the article over concerns the data could be statistically flawed? If anyone wants to add any arguments or any links arguing against the validity of the data or research methods, please go ahead. AndyCapp 18:15, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comments: If all that you say is true, a better preamble might save the article. I suggest you have a go at this yourself. Comparisons with other articles are not convincing IMO. AFAIK data can be copyrighted, but IMO this would be regarded as information not raw data. Information can't be copyrighted. My vote stands at delete, BTW. Andrewa 18:29, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Then how about we change the title to "List of countries by IQ as ranked by Lynn and Vanhanen" (Even though they themselves are sourcing the information from numerous worldwide studies). Would that be acceptable?  This is true and useful information with heavy sociological implications, so I can't understand why there are people who want to erase it from existence or hide it from Wikipedia readers who are interested in having access to it.  AndyCapp 18:41, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: It's not the title that's the problem IMO. See below for a better renaming suggestion. This would involve rewriting the introduction, which is what I think is most needed. Andrewa 19:01, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I half-agree with Andrewa -- it's the title and the intro that are the problem. A comparatively new hypothesis is presented as if it were fact, or at least widely accepted within the field.  Even a possible title like "List of countries by IQ as ranked by Lynn and Vanhanen" skews the emphasis.  What makes this highly questionable claim worth including is that somebody with some sort of credential said it.  Change title to "Lynn-Vanhanen hypothesis of national IQ and wealth" or some such, to emphasize that aspect, then report what they say and what their critics say.  It should begin along the lines of: "The Lynn-Vanhanen hypothesis of national IQ and wealth holds that about 58 per cent of the differences in national wealth can be explained by differences in intelligence, with each average IQ point above 70 being worth about £500 in GDP per head of population.  (Rewrite the foregoing because it's probably copyvio - I took it almost verbatim from the Times One article.)  (Start new paragraph)  In (insert year), Dr. Richard Lynn of the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen of the University of Tampere, Helsinki, Finland, in their book IQ and the Wealth of Nations, presented IQ data by country, taking averages when multiple studies give varying results for a country. Thus, some of these figures are based on much more data and larger studies than others."  Then continue with their data, more detail on their methodology, their conclusions and comments, and opposing points of view, including general critique of IQ scores and any specific responses to Lynn-Vanhanen, any rebuttals they make to their critics, etc.   JamesMLane 05:30, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this is another indication that an IQ test is a method used to determine how good a person is at taking IQ tests. MK 18:24, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * That may be so, but it doesn't mean that the list itself is invalid. If you're right, then we still have a list of countries sorted by average IQ, even though IQ might be nothing more than an indication of how a person is at taking IQ tests.  If you want to add that IQ doesn't measure much except how good someone is at taking an IQ test, feel free to do so, although such discussion really belongs on the IQ page. AndyCapp 18:34, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I vote move to IQ and the Wealth of Nations and write up the controversy. We already have an article on The Bell Curve. Rmhermen 18:45, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a decent idea to me, although the actual IQ data isn't the main thrust of the book; the book mostly argues that IQ correlates with GDP AndyCapp 20:43, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Completely baseless. Wile E. Heresiarch 20:12, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's backed up by numerous studies, so how is it baseless? AndyCapp 20:43, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The fact that the data makes you uncomfortable is not a reason to erase it. It is a well-sourced and important piece of the IQ debate. The arguments that it is "source material" are perhaps more persuasive, but until I'm fully persuaded, my vote is keep. (It is however due for a rewrite which acknowledges the controversial nature of the material.) -- VV 20:47, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to IQ and the Wealth of Nations exactly as Rmherman suggests. (I didn't vote previously, merely commented). --bodnotbod 21:03, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to IQ and the Wealth of Nations. IQ tests are highly arbitrary within borders, let alone across them. I think these data, rather than being "true and useful" are a noisy form of data on education spending, so I don't see any "heavy sociological implications", apart perhaps from highlighting inequality of opportunity across this world. -- EuroTom 21:46, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Very sensitive topic, but it seems to be backed up by credible research. Maybe add a paragraph about the flaws of measuring IQ, or western country bias of IQ tests, etc... -- Chris 73 | Talk 22:40, 6 May 2004 (UTC) Title change is also an option. -- Chris 73 | Talk 03:11, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I have very serious reservations about including this. Delete or move and radically rework it to put it in the proper context. Everyking 23:27, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * As I've just pointed out on Talk:List of countries by IQ, the average IQ of the sample population is about 90, and the sample includes 83% of the world's population. If I've done my sums right, that means the average IQ of the rest of the world must be about 147 to get a global mean of 100!  At best, move to IQ and the wealth of nations, along with an extensive debunking of this schoolboy howler-ridden work. --Robert Merkel 00:17, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's because the UK average was set at 100 and used as a basis for comparison. But if the statistics were to be adjusted so that the worldwide average was 100, you would still see the same range of IQs, with Hong Kong at 117, the UK at 110, and Guinea at 69.AndyCapp 00:37, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I think you've just demonstrated why this data should be moved away from its current home, then, because it doesn't represent what it claims to... -Robert Merkel 01:25, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I haven't met anyone from Guinea, but I have known a dozen or two from Ethiopia (2nd from bottom on the list), and suffice it to say that average people in Ethiopia are not in need of special ed. I've also met a lot of Indians and, again, they are anything but mentally deficient. The list is utter, complete bullshit. Wile E. Heresiarch 13:35, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, very cautiously. If these studies were done, and have held up under fire, I think there's no reason that we should censor the information. However, I think this article desperately needs a title change: "List of countries by IQ" is misleading; let's try something more like: "World IQ data as measured by Lynn and Vanhanen".
 * I've done some work on the article, to make it somewhat less misleading. If the research is credible, yes, we should keep it. However, this is very dangerous information. For example, it may deter future investment in low-ranked countries, or be used to justify racism or nationalism at some point in the future. We need to make this article as fair and not-misleading as possible. I think I've made a good start by, for example, noting the fact that the countries where measured IQ is highest are also those that use frequent IQ-test-like-exams in their educational systems, and that by practicing IQ tests people can improve their scores dramatically (I know a guy who worked his supposed "IQ" up from 150-ish into the 200s, by practicing these tests.)
 * Even with all that said, I'm still highly doubtful that this research means anything, and I expect to hear, at some point, that it was flawed, faulty, or corrupt. When that happens we should remark even further that the study was discredited. Some of these results are bizarre. Guinea at 59? That's a mental age of 9.44 (IQ theory is that IQ = 100*(mental age)/(chronological age), but intellectual aging stops at an arbitrarily selected 16.0 so for adults you use 16 as the denominator)-- seems quite ludicrous to me.
 * So, yeah... I'd say keep, because I'm opposed to censorship, but be very careful to make sure this article is not misleading. I've done some work on the article toward that effect, and I encourage others to do so as well. Mike Church 02:00, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * How is this "dangerous" information? Is Holocaust dangerous information, as it might be used to justify hatred of Germans?  Is Emmett Till dangerous, because it might provoke racism against whites?  Are you worried that Science and technology in China will engender Chinese nationalism?  I see a double standard. -- VV 04:28, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I can think how it could be regarded as dangerous but I'll put it on the article talk page. Not here. --bodnotbod 12:40, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * IQ is bullshit, and bullshit masquerading as factual information is dangerous. That is why this article is dangerous. Note to VV: there's no need to drag irrelevant topics into the discussion. Wile E. Heresiarch 13:35, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to IQ and the Wealth of Nations . --Jiang 02:14, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't believe there is a total order among people. Correlation between any of {race, geography, language, food} and IQ is not established yet, let alone nationality. Also, the appropriateness of IQ as a measure of intelligence itself is debatable. More importantly, the method employed for arriving at such a result is not convincing. Many of those who voted to keep this article have cited various other articles which violate this principle. If that be true, they should also be deleted. In general, I'm against ordering of any sort except based on scientifically measurable quantities with strong backing of facts.:-- Sundar 12:50, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. (Or modify heavily)I fully agree with with the objections of the above user. --Bjorn H Bergtun 20:38, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Take a look at this article: List of countries by GDP. It's almost identical, but the only difference is that IQ has been replaced with GDP.  Yet this article has been existence since February without much controversy.  GDP is as difficult, if not more difficult, to measure than IQ.  How exactly does one go about measuring the total value of all goods produced in a society?  What about grey market or illegal sales?  What about corporate accounting fraud distorting sales figures?  Or cash transactions that go unaccounted for?  What about inflationary effects on prices and sales revenues?  Any argument that could work against the IQ article could also work against the GDP article, so I can't see any reason why the GDP article should be kept while the IQ article should be deleted. AndyCapp 01:59, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No statistic is completely free from doubt, but there are gradations. Figures on GDP are routinely compiled by governments, central banks or international agencies, applying some comparatively objective standards.  The kinds of issues you raise are considered and discussed by different economists.  Here, we have a computation of national IQ that's found in one book.  It doesn't seem that other researchers have even picked up on this idea.  Still less have these figure been through the kind of scrutiny applied to GDP numbers.  Although I don't favor deletion, it would be misleading for us to present the numbers from this particular book in a table like that for GDP, as if the two sets of data had equal reliability. JamesMLane 07:02, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Objections to proposed new title "IQ and the Wealth of Nations"
 * Several people have suggested this move, but I strongly disagree. To have an article with that title, and only this content, would imply that this one book is authoritative on the subject.  Furthermore, I doubt we could augment such an article much, because I don't think there are many other researchers trying to find such a correlation.  That's why I suggested instead "Lynn-Vanhanen hypothesis of national IQ and wealth" as a title.  I agree with the POV that this hypothesis is bullshit, but, obviously, that is just a POV.  We should report on this claim.  After all, we report on Holocaust denial.  Only, let's not give the false impression that this is anything more than the opinion of one particular pair of authors, who use questionable data to reach convenient conclusions.  (I love the part where the exceptions are explained away as reflecting the superiority of capitalism.  It sure sounds like they started with a set of right-wing doctrines and tried to manipulate the data to provide a veneer of scientific support.) JamesMLane 14:49, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with this proposal. The Land 15:07, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't. It's standard procedure to file articles on books under their titles, even if the title is POV.  The first sentence will be, IQ and the Wealth of Nations is a controversial book by L and V which puts forward the thesis that, etc., etc.  If we don't allow it to be under this title, can we move Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them to Al Franken's hypothesis of inaccuracy in FOX News reporting?  -- VV 21:22, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * DELETE THIS NAZI/RACIALIST BULLSHIT. 172 22:58, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * There's a distinction between the general hypothesis (the Holocaust never occurred, FOX News is biased) and a specific book (Did Six Million Really Die?, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them). With the Holocaust, we have the article on the hypothesis (Holocaust denial) which mentions that book, but the book doesn't get its own article.  The Franken book merits its own article because of its significance (best-seller, subject of lawsuit, celebrity author), whatever you think of the merits of its claims.  The analogy isn't perfect -- there is no separate article on the claim that FOX is biased, because that discussion finds a ready home under FOX News.  In the present case, the Lynn-Vanhanen claim deserves to be reported (though it is indeed Nazi/racialist bullshit), but the article should be about the issue, not just the book.  Then other publications that support the hypothesis (if any) can readily be accommodated. JamesMLane 01:00, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The existance of the study itself has been verified. The version of the article I looked at was reasonably NPOV in presenting the findings of the study. Comments about the validity of using IQ tests as a measure of intelligence or critiques of the methodology are irrelevant to the deletion debate. (They are, of course, fair critiques that may be appropriate in the article.) Rossami 02:22, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, I disagree with most of the emotional rhetoric above. IQ tests are optimized for the cultural context in which they have been developed (pretty much exclusively UK and US). Why would it possibly surprise anyone that people from outside that cultural context score lower on tests than those for whom the test was designed? That was the only implication I drew from the article even before all this discussion about changing the introduction back and forth. Rossami
 * Keep. The study exists and has gained attention, therefore merits inclusion. Andris 04:59, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Although I'm still a relative newbie I can see why this is a very difficult one for wikipedia to decide how to handle.
 * Is there a consensus that:

 * published, notable, scientific research is a proper subject fo a WP entry even if the research methodology is highly controversial and the conclusions potentially offensive
 * any entry on such research has to be qualified to make sure that the fact of controversy surrounding the research is made clear.
 * If so then we have no option but to rewrite it and insert under a different heading. The Land 13:49, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * If this information comes from a particular study, then aren't the statistical results of that study copyrighted? Can we just steal their statistics?  It's not the same thing as census info or sports scores, which can't be copyrighted.  RickK 22:18, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or at the very least move it to IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Obviously this isn't a definitive study on the subject, so it doesn't belong at "List of countries by IQ". --Minesweeper 00:52, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * As I noted in the article, L&V's table is not their own research but data culled from various published studies in the field. That's another reason why naming it the "Lynn-Vanhanen" hypothesis or whatever is wrong; it's not their research, but the collected results of dozens of researchers.  It doesn't seem like this should be a copyright issue. -- VV 00:16, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Move discussion to a talk page and continue discussion. -Fennec 14:58, May 9, 2004 (UTC)