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Andover Canal

The Andover Canal (formally, the Andevor Canal) was a canal built in Hampshire, England. It ran 22 mi from Andover to Redbridge through Stockbridge and Romsey. The canal had a fall of 179 ft through 24 locks, and for much of its length paralleled the River Anton and River Test. It opened in 1794, but was never a commercial success. The only dividend paid to shareholders was in 1859, using the proceeds from the sale of the canal to the London and South Western Railway, who bought it to lay a railway line along much of its course. The railway line is now also defunct.

History
The first survey for an Andover Canal was carried out in 1770 by Robert Whitworth, at a time when there was a great deal of canal building activity in the country. The canal would follow the valley of the River Anton, until it joined the River Test, and then follow that valley down to Redbridge. He produced an estimated price for a narrow canal, and another for a wider canal. The following year, Parliament was approached for permission to bring a bill, quoting an Act of Parliament from the reign of Charles II, which had granted rights to make several rivers, including the Test and the Anton, navigable. The bill was not submitted, which Phillips, writing his General History of Navigation in 1795, stated was due to objections concerning land purchase and possible damage to property, but a newspaper report in 1788 believed it was due to a lack of subscribers.

Interest in the scheme revived in 1788, when a meeting was held in Andover on 4 August. With support from Andover Corporation, a committee was appointed, and Robert Whitworth carried out another survey. Of the estimated £35,000, over £19,000 had been pledged within two weeks, and by the time the bill was submitted to Parliament in March 1789, this figure had risen to £30,700. An Act of Parliament was obtained on 13 July, which created "The Company of Proprietors of the Andevor [sic] Canal Navigation", who had powers to raise £35,000 by the issuing of shares, and an additional £30,000 if required, of which £10,000 could be raised by issuing more shares and £20,000 by mortgage. Management was by a committee of 15, appointed from among the proprietors. One unusual aspect of the Act was that it specified that the canal could open between 4:00 am and 10:00 pm, and that the maximum size of barges was to be 60 by with a draught of 3.5 ft.

The canal was completed in 1794 at a cost of £48,000; £35,000 had been raised by issuing shares and £13,000 had been borrowed. The canal locks were built to take boats up to 65 ft long and 8 ft wide, which was somewhat bigger than the enabling Act allowed. The main cargos of the canal were coal, slates and manure coming in from Southampton Water and agricultural produce going out, although boats were often unable to find cargos for the journey back out to Southampton Water. The canal was never successful enough to pay a dividend until it closed in 1859, when income from the sale to Andover & Redbridge Railway produced one. In 1827 the canal was 8 years behind on its interest payments although this had improved to only one year by 1851.

Demise

The Manchester and Southampton Railway (MSR) agreed to buy the canal for £30,000 in 1845, but while the bill was progressing through Parliament, the railway company and the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) agreed to share ownership of both the canal and the railway line from Redbridge to Andover, at which point the Great Western Railway (GWR) objected, and the bill was defeated. Two years later, the MSR again tried to get an Act for the line, but again it was defeated. The LSWR, however, obtained a bill for a line from Salisbury to Basingstoke, which would pass through Andover, and were also empowered to buy the canal. Work on this line stopped in 1849, at which point the canal company bought the sixteen barges that worked on the canal and operated the boats themselves. This solved the problem of potential toll reductions which the barge operators were requesting. The two railway companies, now acting together again, decided that the canal should close, once the purchase money had been given to the shareholders. £9,000 was paid in 1851, but the rest was not. Local landowners then set up a company to complete the railway link between Basingstoke and Salisbury. It reached Andover in 1854, after which the canal maintained its traffic by reducing tolls, but the reduced income resulted in the interest on loans not being paid.

A complicated series of negotiations then took place, with the GWR attempting to buy the canal, then encouraging the canal company to form the Andover Canal Railway Company, which would build a broad-gauge railway along its course to Southampton, and finally both companies trying to buy the canal. In the end, they reached agreement, the LSWR made the purchase, and the line was laid to standard gauge. The canal ceased to operate on 19 September 1859, and the railway, nicknamed the Sprat and Winkle Line, was opened on 6 March 1865. Around 14.5 mi of the canal bed were used for the railway.

Much of this railway has since also been abandoned. As a result, most traces of the canal have completely disappeared, although the remains of a stretch of the canal can still be seen between Timsbury and Romsey. In addition, several stretches of canal can be made out alongside the old railway track bed such as at Brook and also between Westover and Fullerton, where reasonable stone and brick remains of a lock are evident.

Course
The canal terminus was on the south side of the River Anton in Andover. It then followed the river to its junction with the River Test, and crossed both rivers on two aqueducts. Below the aqueducts, it followed the east bank of the river to Redbridge. Above Kimbridge, there was a junction with the Salisbury and Southampton Canal. The junction with the Test at Redbridge, from where access to Southampton Water was possible, was situated above the medieval bridge, although the original plans showed it a little further to the south on the foreshore. The total length of the canal was 22 mi, and the 24 locks dropped the level through 179 ft.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andover Canal


text:
The Nutmeg of Consolation

The Nutmeg of Consolation is the fourteenth historical novel in the Aubrey-Maturin series by British author Patrick O'Brian, first published in 1991. The story is set during the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812.

Building a schooner on an island in the South China Sea as food supplies grow scant, Aubrey and his shipmates are attacked by pirates then rescued by a Chinese ship large enough to hold them all as far as Batavia, where Raffles has a ship for them. Aubrey names the sweet-smelling ship from one of the sultan's many titles, Nutmeg of Consolation. They sail into the Celebes Sea, where battle commences.

This novel constitutes the second of a five-novel circumnavigation of the globe; other novels in this voyage include The Thirteen Gun Salute, Clarissa Oakes/The Truelove, The Wine-Dark Sea, and  The Commodore.

Reviews written soon after publication were generally impressed with the main characters, drawn well, though opposite in abilities. The author's ability to put the reader in an era about 200 years ago was judged to be impressive and engrossing, "contemporary novels, written, paradoxically, in an 18th-Century voice", also that O'Brian created "a whole, solidly living world for the imagination to inhabit." Some feared that too much nautical detail will put off some readers, while others found that of small importance compared to the characters and how they are facing the world. The author's descriptions of the flora and fauna seen in Maturin's rambles received strong praise. All of the reviews noted the descriptions of the squalor and brutality of the penal colony at Botany Bay in that era. One reviewer said that Doctor Maturin was the more interesting of the two characters in this novel, for his botanising and his reactions to the changes of fortune and to insult. At least one reviewer gave his view of the fourteen novels as a whole, and on O'Brian's ability to break out of the nautical genre, to write excellent novels.

Plot summary
Aubrey and his crew are shipwrecked on a remote island in the South China Sea after surviving the destruction of HMS Diane in a typhoon. A cricket match is underway between the sailors and marines, which keeps up the crew's spirits as they build the schooner needed for reaching Batavia. Doctor Maturin is killing game for the pot, particularly wild boar and babirussas. Dyaks, Kesegaran and her male assistants, arrive on the island. Speaking in Malay with Maturin, the Dyaks promise to take a message to Batavia in exchange for a note on Shao Yen for twenty "joes" (Portuguese Johannes coins), but instead return in a proa with 300 pirates, twice as many as the 150 Dianes. After beheading the ship's carpenter and some other crew members while stealing tools, they attack the encampment and burn the schooner. They are routed after a bloody conflict and all pirates lost as their proa is sunk by the last remaining ball from the "long nine" gun, well-aimed.

On the last day of rum and tobacco supplies, Maturin meets four Chinese children collecting precious birds' nests from the surrounding cliffs. Maturin binds the boy's injured leg. Maturin persuades the children's father, Li Po, to carry the remaining crew of the Diane in the empty holds of his roomy junk back to Batavia. It is intercepted by Wan Da, whom Maturin knows well from Pulo Prabang, and who shares information about the French frigate nearly ready to sail. Upon arriving in Batavia, Aubrey is provided by Governor Raffles with a 20-gun ship which Aubrey renames Nutmeg of Consolation after one of the titles of the Sultan of Pulo Prabang. At sea, Aubrey hears from a Dutch merchantman that the French frigate Cornélie is watering at an island, Nil Desperandum. Aubrey disguises the Nutmeg as a Dutch merchantman and, when the disguise fails, engages in battle with the Cornélie. Aubrey attempts to outwit the Cornélie in the Salibabu Passage but is outmanoeuvred and nearly outgunned until, at the height of the chase, Nutmeg encounters the Surprise, under Thomas Pullings, accompanied by the Triton, a British privateer. The Surprise gives chase, and the Cornélie soon founders. The Surprise takes the survivors, including Lieutenant Dumesnil, on board. Pullings has taken many prizes in the time they were parted, with two American privateers in convoy. The Nutmeg and its convoy sail back to Batavia, via Canton, under Lieutenant Fielding.

Resuming command of Surprise, Aubrey continues their interrupted journey to New South Wales. Stopping to collect fresh foods at Sweetings Island, Maturin rescues two young Melanesian girls, the sole survivors of an outbreak of smallpox. Sailing into Sydney Cove, Aubrey, Maturin and Martin are shocked at life in the penal colony under Governor Macquarie, no better than it was after the "Rum Rebellion". Maturin and Tom Pullings attend a formal dinner, hosted by Mrs Macquarie and the Governor's deputy, Colonel McPherson, at Government House. Captain Lowe insults Sir Joseph Banks and Maturin, and again insults Maturin outside the house; Maturin fights and wins a duel against Captain Lowe on the spot. Maturin learns by letter that Sir Joseph Blaine could not transfer Maturin's funds to Smith's failed bank, so his fortune is not lost.

Dr Redfern takes Maturin to see Padeen Colman, recovering in the hospital from his severe flogging for absconding from the penal colony. Maturin and Martin journey inland of Sydney to examine the local flora and fauna and collect specimens. On a second trip, they stay with Paulton north of Sydney near Bird Island, and find Padeen in better shape, assigned to work there as Maturin had arranged. The Irishman was convicted for stealing laudanum from an Edinburgh apothecary, meriting the punishment of transportation to this penal colony. Maturin tells Padeen to meet him at Bird Island on the day Surprise is to sail. This plan is checked by Aubrey, who promised to take no escaped prisoners, leaving Maturin in a quandary. Maturin hears from Hastings of the recently arrived Waverley that his wife Diana had a daughter in April, and he is overjoyed, but tells no one else his good news. Maturin and Martin, keen to see the duck-billed platypus, locally named the 'water-mole', are taken on a final expedition in the cutter by Barret Bonden. Maturin and Martin spot two platypuses. Maturin secures one - a male - in his net but his arm is pierced by its two poison-spurs. When the Surprise arrives to pick them up, Padeen is also taken aboard. To everyone's relief Maturin slowly regains consciousness after he is aboard.

Characters
See also Recurring characters in the Aubrey–Maturin series

 * Jack Aubrey: Captain of HMS Diane, post-ship Nutmeg and HM Hired Vessel Surprise.
 * Stephen Maturin: Ship's surgeon, natural philosopher, friend to Jack and an intelligence officer.
 * Sophia Williams: Jack's wife and mother of their three children.
 * Diana Villiers: Cousin to Sophia, wife of Maturin, and mother of their newborn daughter.
 * Mr David Edwards: Secretary to the deceased Envoy Mr Fox. Edwards is carrying the treaty between Britain and the Sultan of Pulo Prabang.
 * Mr Welby: Captain of the Marines.
 * Mr Fielding: First Lieutenant on the Diane and also in the Nutmeg. He stays with the Nutmeg when she meets Surprise.
 * Mr Dick Richardson: Second Lieutenant in the Diane, after Elliot is presumed dead in the pinnace. He was called Spotted Dick as midshipman when introduced in The Mauritius Command aboard HMS Boadicea.
 * Preserved Killick: Captain's steward on Nutmeg and every ship that Aubrey sails.
 * Barret Bonden: Coxswain to Aubrey.
 * Mr Reade: Midshipman on Diane, Nutmeg and Surprise, who loses his arm in the battle with the Dyaks.
 * Mr Hadley: Carpenter on HMS Diane, killed in the attack by the Dyaks.
 * Shao Yen: Banker on Java with whom Maturin dealt for the mission to Pulo Batang, and later aids Aubrey in funds to speed Nutmeg in the shipyard at Batavia.
 * Kesegaran: Seafaring Dyak woman who returned to attack the stranded Dianes.
 * "Green Headcloth": Dyak chieftain.
 * Li Po: Chinese junk owner and captain, who rescued the Dianes after the typhoon.
 * Wan Da: Powerful Malay pirate, introduced in The Thirteen Gun Salute.

 * Batavia and the Nutmeg of Consolation

 * Sir Stamford Raffles: Lieutenant-Governor of Java with an interest in botany. He receives the treaty carried by David Edwards, from Maturin.
 * Ahmed: Maturin's Malay servant, discharged amicably at Java.
 * Mr Macmillan: Surgeon's mate on HMS Diane, moves to Nutmeg.
 * Mr Sowerby: Cambridge-educated naturalist who seeks a government position under Raffles, in his conservatory, and who names a plant after Maturin.
 * Mr Miller: One of two young gentlemen engaged in Batavia as "able", soon promoted to midshipman on Nutmeg. He is killed in the battle with Cornélie.
 * Mr Oakes: The other of two young gentlemen engaged in Batavia as "able" and promoted to midshipman on Nutmeg and moved to Surprise.
 * Mr Conway: Promoted from the foretop to midshipman.
 * Mr David Adams: Once a skilled captain's clerk of HMS Lively (Post Captain), he joins the Nutmeg at Batavia, to sort the records saved from the Diane from the scientific record of water temperature.
 * William Grimshaw: New mate to Killick, formerly of HMS Thunderer.

 * Chasing Cornélie and meeting Surprise

 * Jean-Pierre (Pierrot) Dumesnil: Second Lieutenant on Cornélie; nephew of Captain Christy-Pallière, prisoner of war after his ship was taken and the captain and first lieutenant are killed in the battle. Aubrey considers him a friend.
 * Mr Seymour: Masters mate promoted to acting Third Lieutenant of Nutmeg.
 * Horse-Flesh Goffin: Cashiered British post-captain who is captain of the British privateer Triton.
 * Mr Nathaniel Martin: Parson, natural philosopher and assistant ship's surgeon aboard HM Hired Vessel Surprise. He was introduced in The Ionian Mission.
 * Mr Davidge: Third Mate on HM Hired Vessel Surprise. He attended Trinity College in Dublin like Maturin, and knew the same amount of duelling in those years. He had been a Royal Navy lieutenant, introduced in The Letter of Marque.
 * Mr West: Second Mate on HM Hired Vessel Surprise. He had been a Royal Navy lieutenant. He was introduced in The Letter of Marque.
 * Sarah and Emily Sweeting: Two young Melanesian girls saved by Maturin, as the last survivors of a smallpox epidemic on Sweeting's Island, and taken aboard.

 * New South Wales
 * Sir Joseph Banks: Botanist, president of the Royal Society and early promoter of settlement at Botany Bay; mentioned in conversation at the dinner by Maturin and Captain Lowe.
 * Lachlan Macquarie: Governor of New South Wales since 1809.
 * Mrs Macquarie: Governor's wife who welcomes Surprise in her husband's absence.
 * Captain Lowe: Man aligned with McPherson who insults Maturin and the name of Sir Joseph Banks at the dinner at the Governor's house, resulting in a duel on the spot, which he loses.
 * Colonel MacPherson: Deputy to the Governor, and a powerful political force in the dismal colony.
 * John 'Anguish' Paulton: A writer and friend of Martin who shares his manuscript with Maturin. He plays music, and spends a pleasant evening with Aubrey as well, both playing their violins.
 * Dr Redfern: Humanitarian doctor in the penal settlement. He is based on the historical figure.
 * Patrick (Padeen) Colman: Prisoner at the penal colony, formerly assistant to Maturin, found in the hospital in Sydney after enduring 200 lashes. His initial crime was theft of laudanum, to which he had become addicted aboard ship, without Maturin noticing. His lashes were for trying to escape the penal colony. Maturin wants to see and save his shipmate.
 * James Fitzgerald: Priest and cousin to Maturin, who reports that the United Irishmen in the penal colony blame him for the hanging of Robert Gough. Maturin explains he never informs, and had nothing to do with Gough being taken (Gough was aboard a snow that Aubrey chased in The Thirteen Gun Salute aboard Surprise but abandoned the chase.)
 * Sir William Hastings: Former patient (whose leg Maturin saved in Master and Commander after Saumarez's battle at Gibraltar) who brings him the news that the Naval Chronicle announced the birth of their daughter in April.

Ships

 * British
 * The Nutmeg of Consolation - a small post-ship (previously the Dutch 20-gun Gelijkheid)
 * HM Hired Vessel Surprise
 * Plover - a sloop
 * The Triton - a letter of marque
 * HMS Tromp - fifty-four, carrying dispatches
 * HMS Waverly
 * French
 * Cornélie - frigate
 * Dutch
 * Alkmaar - a merchantman

Series chronology
This novel references actual events with accurate historical detail, like all in this series. In respect to the internal chronology of the series, it is the eighth of eleven novels (beginning with The Surgeon's Mate) that might take five or six years to happen but are all pegged to an extended 1812, or as Patrick O'Brian says it, 1812a and 1812b (introduction to The Far Side of the World, the tenth novel in this series). The events of The Yellow Admiral again match up with the historical years of the Napoleonic wars in sequence, as the first six novels did.

Reviews
Reviews written soon after publication were generally impressed with the main characters, drawn well, though opposite in abilities. The author's ability to put the reader in an era about 200 years ago was judged to be impressive and engrossing. Some feared that too much nautical detail will put off some readers, while another found that of small importance compared to the characters and how they are facing the world. At least one reviewer gave his view of the fourteen novels as a whole, as they are a newly discovered treasure. Publication in the US of novels in the series prior to this one was happening as The Nutmeg of Consolation was first printed in both the US and the UK; the series had found a new audience.

Kirkus Reviews found this novel to be "witty, literate and engaging", with the action following directly from the previous novel (The Thirteen Gun Salute). It was described as "Another in O'Brian's stylish epic series" and the bemused doctor was "as always, the tale's most interesting character and constantly preoccupied with flora, fauna, and good conversation".

Publishers Weekly judged that the "subtly drawn" characters of Maturin and Aubrey will please readers. The novel is rich with details and contrasts: "the chief joys are in the details of the food, drink and clothes of the era, with those of the rain forests, kangaroos and platypuses added here. On the other hand, early Sydney's squalor is matched by its brutality."

Library Journal found the main characters very well drawn, and noted the quality of the writing in the description of flora and fauna seen in the series of adventures in this novel. They noted that "O'Brian certainly knows his stuff about 19th-century seamanship (although landlubber readers may find themselves confused by some of the technical terminology)." and that the ship ends this novel "amidst the cruelty of Botany Bay, the penal colony in New South Wales."

A S Byatt had strong praise for this novel in her review of it. "An essential of the truly gripping book for the narrative addict is the creation of a whole, solidly living world for the imagination to inhabit, and O'Brian does with prodigal specificity and generosity." Dean King remarked the strength of her specific and positive review, when it was possible that a review for an author in his late seventies might suggest it was a nice try, but not keeping up to standard.

Mark Horowitz in the Los Angeles Times described the novels so far written as a long story of two characters, living at the dawn of the 19th century but in novels that are truly modern. His praise is strong, with comparisons to Conrad.

"How good can they really be? In England, after all, 19th-Century naval fiction--from the classic Horatio Hornblower stories by C. S. Forester to the waterlogged tales of Dudley Pope--is a tried and true, not to say tired, genre with limited appeal. But O'Brian's books are as atypical of conventional sea stories as Conrad's. Like John le Carre, he has erased the boundary separating a debased genre from 'serious' fiction. O'Brian is a novelist, pure and simple, one of the best we have. . . . These are contemporary novels, written, paradoxically, in an 18th-Century voice. The Age of Reason is just making way for the Romantic era; Maturin and Aubrey, the philosophe and the man of action, are on the cusp. Without a hint of anachronism, O'Brian still manages to suggest a modern sensibility struggling to be born. (Once, Maturin even comes perilously close to discovering the subconscious a century in advance of Freud; another time, contemplating a peculiar animal specimen, he speculates on the origins of species and their evolution, but can't quite work out the details.)"

"As to where it will all end, O'Brian's not saying. At least one more in the series is on the way. 'Are endings really so very important?' asks a friend of Maturin's during a discussion of literature in, of all places, far-off Botany Bay. 'Sterne did quite well without one. . . . I remember Bourville's definition of a novel as a work in which life flows in abundance, swirling without pause: or as you might say without an end, an organized end. And there is at least one Mozart quartet that stops without the slightest ceremony: most satisfying when you get used to it.'"

Author's note
In his Author's Note, O'Brian makes reference to Robert Hughes' The Fatal Shore, a book that provided him with invaluable research information about the history of Australia and, in particular, the penal colony of New South Wales.

Continuity
This story begins where The Thirteen Gun Salute ended, on the island with HMS Diane broken by the typhoon, building a new ship from what they can salvage. It makes reference to the last time that Aubrey and Maturin approached Botany Bay in The Fortune of War, after the situation with Captain William Bligh and the Rum Rebellion has been addressed. Their stop was short, as their mission was not needed and the place unbearable as to the human inhabitants.

Publication history

 * 1991, February HarperCollins hardback ISBN 0-00-223461-0 / 978-0-00-223461-0 (UK edition)
 * 1991, August W. W. Norton hardback ISBN 0-393-03032-6 / 978-0-393-03032-7 (USA edition)
 * 1992 HarperCollins Canada paperback ISBN 0-00-617929-0 / 978-0-00-617929-0 (UK edition)
 * 1993, July W. W. Norton paperback ISBN 0-393-30906-1 / 978-0-393-30906-5 (USA edition)
 * 1993 Books on Tape audio CD ISBN 0-7366-6165-4 / 978-0-7366-6165-2 (USA edition)
 * 1995 Recorded Books audio CD, narrator Patrick Tull ISBN 1-4193-4321-1 / 978-1-4193-4321-6 (USA edition)
 * 1995 Recorded Books audio cassette ISBN 0-7887-0228-9 / 978-0-7887-0228-0 (USA edition)
 * 1997, May Harper paperback ISBN 0-00-649929-5 / 978-0-00-649929-9 (UK edition)
 * 1999, July HarperCollins Audio audio cassette, narrator Robert Hardy ISBN 0-00-105577-1 / 978-0-00-105577-3 (UK edition)
 * 2000, February Soundings audio cassette ISBN 978-1-86042-739-8 (UK edition)
 * 2000, September Books on Tape audio cassette, narrator Richard Brown ISBN 978-0-7366-5714-3 (USA edition)
 * 2001, August Random House Audio audio cassette, narrator Tom Pigott-Smith ISBN 978-0-375-41600-2 (USA edition)
 * 2002, January Soundings audio CD ISBN 978-1-84283-240-0 (UK edition)
 * 2002, November Thorndike Press hardback ISBN 978-0-7862-1938-4 (USA edition)
 * 2003, January Chivers Large Print hardback ISBN 978-0-7540-1853-7 (UK edition)
 * 2004, May Paragon paperback ISBN 978-0-7540-9228-5 (UK edition)
 * 2006, August Blackstone Audio audio CD, narrator Simon Vance ISBN 978-0-7861-6336-6 (USA edition)
 * 2006, August Blackstone Audio audio cassette ISBN 978-0-7861-4752-6 (USA edition)
 * 2007, March Blackstone Audiobooks audio MP3 CD ISBN 978-0-7861-7255-9 (USA edition)
 * 2007, March Blackstone Audiobooks audio CD ISBN 978-0-7861-6048-8 (USA edition)
 * 2007, March Blackstone Audiobooks audio cassette ISBN 978-0-7861-4862-2 (USA edition)
 * 2008 Playaway audio CD ISBN 978-1-60775-974-4 (USA edition)
 * 2011, December W. W. Norton e-book ISBN 9780393088472 (USA edition)
 * 2011, December Harper e-book (UK edition)
 * 2013 August Audible Studios (UK edition) (USA edition)

The process of reissuing the novels prior to this novel and The Letter of Marque was in full swing in 1991, as the whole series gained a new and wider audience, as Mark Howowitz describes.

Two of my favorite friends are fictitious characters; they live in more than a dozen volumes always near at hand. Their names are Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin, and their creator is a 77-year-old novelist named Patrick O'Brian, whose 14 books about them have been continuously in print in England since the first, "Master and Commander," was published in 1970.

O'Brian's British fans include T. J. Binyon, Iris Murdoch, A. S. Byatt, Timothy Mo and the late Mary Renault, but, until recently, this splendid saga of two serving officers in the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars was unavailable in this country, apart from the first few installments which went immediately out of print. Last year, however, W. W. Norton decided to reissue the series in its entirety, and so far nine of the 14 have appeared here, including the most recent chapter, The Nutmeg of Consolation.

title: The Nutmeg of Consolation


text:
Talk:Jo Moore

Issues
The more I trawl through the Google results for "jo moore" and "martin sixsmith" the more I realise how difficult this story is to do justice to in a succinct article. It's all rumour and misinformation and innuendo and generally as clear as mud and I have a headache now. --rbrwrˆ

 * In brief - she was a spin doctor and did exactly what a spin doctor is supposed to do. Why this is a surprise to anyone is a mystery. --Bonalaw 15:24, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Inaccurate
This article is factually inaccurate. How could Jo Moore work for the Labour Party in the early 1980s? When she was a teenager? Get a grip. Stick to the facts —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.1.76.157 (talk • contribs) --rbrwr± 3 July 2005 08:30 (UTC).

 * Well, if you know the facts, be bold and fix it. It does seem to be slightly inconsistent, though - if she was born in 1963 and was a graduate when she started working for the Labour Party, it is unlikely to have been before about 1984 or '85 which would be mid- rather than early 1980s. --rbrwr± 3 July 2005 08:30 (UTC)

There is nothing unusual about teenagers getting a job, even in politics, especially if their family has political connections. "The early eighties" could even include 1983 when she was no longer a teenager. Wmck (talk)

Subsequent career
The article seems to fizzle out towards the end - it doesn't say what happened to Moore as a consequence of the email. According to The Times today she went on to leave the government and retrain as a teacher, but the article doesn't mention this. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 08:22, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jo Moore


text:
Talk:Iterated function system

Equivalent constructions
There might be something unclear in the construction paragraph:

''The most common algorithm to compute IFS fractals is called the chaos game. It consists of picking a random point in the plane, then iteratively applying one of the functions chosen at random from the function system and drawing the point. An alternative algorithm is to generate each possible sequence of functions up to a given maximum length, and then to plot the results of applying each of these sequences of functions to an initial point or shape.''

Is this a correct rendition of the two methods? Method 1 as described here takes an initial point, applies a randomly chosen transformation, plots the resulting point and applies a randomly chosen transformation on that point again. Method 2 as described here do effectively the same sequence of transformations but only plots the last point. Method 2 is then just Method 1 throwing away most of the plot.

I might be showcasing my ignorance here, but in the chaos game (method 1), we have, intuitively, a point that is jumping around and never settles. Perhaps, we're trying to say that method 2 relies on function sequences such as f1(f2(f1(f3(f2(...(X)....))) where f1,f2,f3 are contractive mappings and that each such sequence have any point X converging on a specific fixed point. This sounds like it would rely on the Banach fixed point theorem but the chaos game seems to show that even though contractive mappings converge to a point, iterative application of different contractive mappings does not necessarily do the same.

So in short, I'm not sure what method 2 is supposed to be :-) EverGreg (talk) 13:54, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The paper "fractals, graphs and fields" by Franklin Mendivil explained the two methods and their equivalence very well. Recommended if there's others out there getting confused. :-) The construction paragraph seems correct, though it leaves out a lot of detail. EverGreg (talk) 19:40, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

to EverGreg: "Method 2 as described here do effectively the same sequence of transformations but only plots the last point."

There's a subtlety in method 2. Note that it doesn't say "generate a sequence of transformations". It says "generate EACH POSSIBLE sequence of transformations" (implication: from a known starting point in space.)

If you have 3 transformations and you want sequences of length 10, you have 3^10 possible sequences of transformations. Given a common (arbitrary) starting point, this will yield 3^10 end points. Those 3^10 end points are plotted and make your fractal. 46.64.181.38 (talk) 14:11, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Right. Another way of looking at it is that the chaos-game algorithm is a random depth-first "search" that never backtracks, while Method 2 is an exhaustive search up to a given depth. But yes, this paragraph is super unclear.  I just improved it slightly, but a lot more work is needed. Kragen Javier Sitaker (talk) 05:49, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

Example
Just not an encyclopedic, throught with ferns and triangles IFS animation 1 and IFS animation 2 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Edo 555 (talk • contribs) 14:05, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Major missing topics
Although a few are mentioned as links, this page currently doesn't talk about any of these IFS topics, which I think are interesting and important:

 * fractal image compression using IFSs;
 * escape-time rendering of IFSs by inverting the functions;
 * ray-traced rendering of 3-D IFSs;
 * the relationship between IFSs and L-Systems, at any rate the commonly-studied L-Systems (it's easy to come up with a pathological L-System that doesn't obviously correspond to any IFS);
 * Barnsley's deterministic iteration algorithm, which I guess is "Method 2"?
 * the various other rendering methods presented by Hepting et al. 1991;
 * the "collage theorem";
 * Bell's "tesseral synecdoche algorithm";
 * the "grayscale photo-copy algorithm" and its connection to the invariant measure of the IFS;
 * the problem of computing the IFS's bounding box;
 * the need to balance transform probabilities for stochastic ("chaos game") rendering (and the difficulty of doing so);
 * computing sound upper and lower conservative bounds on the IFS's attractor;
 * the phase transitions observed during continuous parameter variation.

Some random set of slides I ran across mentioned that you can get good ray-tracing results by approximating your surface normal as a weighted sum of the surface normals of the bounding spheres of the different subunits, which was part of what I was trying to figure out. I was disappointed to find that we haven't written a better article on this topic yet.

Thoughts on which of these are most important to cover? How to organize them?

Kragen Javier Sitaker (talk) 06:19, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

Zooming
The article says that zooming in on an IFS fractal using the deterministic and random iteration algorithms is impractical.

This may not be the case, depending on how broadly you conceive each algorithm. I've been investigating producing high depth zooms, using a modification of the (depth first) deterministic iteration algorithm and reached a zoom of 5 × 10150, using native 64 bit floating point arithmetic, without any noticeable deterioration in image quality, at little cost in extra computation time. At this point I hit an arithmetic overflow in the calculation of how deep the iterations should be, but this code can be refactored to avoid this. The modified code is ticking away and has reached a zoom 7 × 10190. It may be possible to get to over 10600.

The modification is to combine a shallow depth first deterministic algorithm with a pruned breadth first deterministic algorithm (i.e. selecting only those branches in the deeper parts of the tree which lie within the zoom).

I haven't tried it yet, but combining a random iteration algorithm with the same pruned breadth first deterministic algorithm, should also work. Lavateraguy (talk) 16:48, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iterated function system


text:
Parkes Observatory

Parkes Observatory is a radio astronomy observatory, located 20 km north of the town of Parkes, New South Wales, Australia. It hosts Murriyang, the 64 m CSIRO Parkes Radio Telescope also known as "The Dish", along with two smaller radio telescopes. The 64 m dish was one of several radio antennae used to receive live television images of the Apollo 11 Moon landing. Its scientific contributions over the decades led the ABC to describe it as "the most successful scientific instrument ever built in Australia" after 50 years of operation.

The Parkes Observatory is run by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), as part of the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF) network of radio telescopes. It is frequently operated together with other CSIRO radio telescopes, principally the array of six 22 m dishes at the Australia Telescope Compact Array near Narrabri, and a single 22 m dish at Mopra (near Coonabarabran), to form a very long baseline interferometry array.

The observatory was included on the Australian National Heritage List on 10 August 2020.

Design and construction
The Parkes Radio Telescope, completed in 1961, was the brainchild of E. G. "Taffy" Bowen, chief of the CSIRO's Radiophysics Laboratory. During the Second World War, he had worked on radar development in the United States and had made connections in its scientific community. Calling on this old boy network, he persuaded two philanthropic organisations, the Carnegie Corporation and the Rockefeller Foundation, to fund half the cost of the telescope. It was this recognition and key financial support from the United States that persuaded Australian prime minister, Robert Menzies, to agree to fund the rest of the project.

The Parkes site was chosen in 1956, as it was accessible, but far enough from Sydney to have clear skies. Additionally the mayor Ces Moon and landowner Australia James Helm were both enthusiastic about the project.

The success of the Parkes telescope led NASA to copy features of the design into their Deep Space Network, which included three 64 m dishes built at Goldstone, California, Madrid, Spain, and Tidbinbilla, near Canberra in Australia.

The telescope continues to be upgraded, and as of 2018 is 10,000 times more sensitive than its initial configuration.

Hardware

The primary observing instrument is the 64 m movable dish telescope, second largest in the Southern Hemisphere, and one of the first large movable dishes in the world (DSS-43 at Tidbinbilla was extended from 64 m to 70 m in 1987, surpassing Parkes).

The inner part of the dish is solid aluminium and the outer area a fine aluminium mesh, creating its distinctive two-tone appearance.

In the early 1970s the outer mesh panels were replaced by perforated aluminium panels. The inner smooth plated surface was upgraded in 1975 which provided focusing capability for centimetre- and millimetre-length microwaves.

The inner aluminium plating was expanded out to a 55 m diameter in 2003, improving signals by 1dB.

The telescope has an altazimuth mount. It is guided by a small mock-telescope placed within the structure at the same rotational axes as the dish, but with an equatorial mount. The two are dynamically locked when tracking an astronomical object by a laser guiding system. This primary-secondary approach was designed by Barnes Wallis.

Receivers
The focus cabin is located at the focus of the parabolic dish, supported by three struts 27 m above the dish. The cabin contains multiple radio and microwave detectors, which can be switched into the focus beam for different science observations.

These include:

 * 1050 cm receiver (Replaced now by UWL)
 * The Multibeam Receiver – a 13-horned receiver cooled at -200 C for the 21 cm Hydrogen line.
 * H-OH receiver (Replaced now by UWL)
 * GALILEO receiver (Replaced now by UWL)
 * AT multiband receivers, covering 2.2-2.5,4.5-5.1 and 8.1-8.7 GHz
 * METH6, covering 5.9-6.8 GHz
 * MARS (X band receiver), covering 8.1-8.5 GHz
 * KU-BAND, covering 12–15 GHz
 * 13MM (K band receiver), covering 16–26 GHz
 * Ultra Wideband Low (UWL) receiver – installed in 2018 it can simultaneously receive signals from 700 MHz to 4 GHz. It is cooled to -255 C to minimise noise and will enable astronomers to work on more than one project at once.

18m "Kennedy Dish" antenna
The 18 m "Kennedy Dish" antenna was transferred from the Fleurs Observatory (where it was part of the Mills Cross Telescope) in 1963. Mounted on rails and powered by a tractor engine to allow the distance between the antenna and the main dish to be easily varied, it was used as an interferometer with the main dish. Phase instability due to an exposed cable meant that its pointing ability was diminished, but it was able to be used for identifying size and brightness distributions. In 1968 it successfully proved that Radio galaxy lobes were not expanding, and in the same era contributed to Hydrogen line and OH investigations. As a stand-alone antenna it was used in studying the Magellanic Stream.

It was used as an uplink antenna in the Apollo program, as the larger Parkes telescope is receive-only. It is preserved by the Australia Telescope National Facility.

Australia Telescope National Facility
The observatory is a part of the Australia Telescope National Facility network of radio telescopes. The 64 m dish is frequently operated together with the Australia Telescope Compact Array at Narrabri, the ASKAP array in Western Australia, and a single dish at Mopra, telescopes operated by the University of Tasmania as well as telescopes from New Zealand, South Africa and Asia to form a Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) array.

Timeline
1960s
 * Built in 1961 and was fully operational by 1963.
 * A 1962 series of lunar occultations of the radio source 3C 273 observed by the Parkes Telescope were used to locate its exact position, allowing astronomers to find and study its visual component. Soon to be called "quasi-stellar radio sources" (quasar), Parkes observation was the first time this type of object to be associated with an optical counterpart.
 * 1964 to 1966, all-sky survey at 408 MHz of the southern sky is conducted and published (first version of the Parkes Catalogue of Radio Sources) finding over 2000 radio sources including many new quasars.
 * Second all-sky survey at 2,700 MHz begins in 1968 (completed in 1980).

1990s
 * June and November 1990, Parkes collaborates with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory  to conduct a 5GHZ (6 cm) all-sky survey (The Parkes-MIT-NRAO (PMN) Surveys). The Telescope is equipped with a NRAO multi-beam receiver operating at a frequency of 4850 MHz.
 * Between 1997 and 2002 it conducted the H I Parkes All Sky Survey (HIPASS) neutral hydrogen survey, the largest blind survey for galaxies in the hydrogen line (21-centimeter line or H I line) to date.

2000s
 * More than half of currently known pulsars were discovered by the Parkes Observatory.
 * Vital component of the programme to detect gravity waves as part of the broader International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA), which also includes the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) and the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA).

Fast radio burst
Fast radio bursts were discovered in 2007 when Duncan Lorimer of West Virginia University assigned his student David Narkevic to look through archival data recorded in 2001 by the Parkes radio dish. Analysis of the survey data found a 30-jansky dispersed burst which occurred on 24 July 2001, less than 5 milliseconds in duration, located 3° from the Small Magellanic Cloud. At the time it was theorised FRBs might be signals from another galaxy, emissions from neutron stars or black holes. More recent results confirm that magnetars, a kind of highly magnetised neutron star, may be one source of fast radio bursts.

Peryton discovery
In 1998 Parkes telescope began detecting fast radio bursts and similar looking signals named perytons. Perytons were thought to be of terrestrial origin, such as interference from lightning strikes. In 2015 it was determined that perytons were caused by staff members opening the door of the facility's microwave oven during its cycle. When the microwave oven door was opened, 1.4 GHz microwaves from the magnetron shutdown phase were able to escape. Subsequent tests revealed that a peryton can be generated at 1.4 GHz when a microwave oven door is opened prematurely and the telescope is at an appropriate relative angle.

Breakthrough Listen
The telescope has been contracted to be used in a search for radio signals from extraterrestrial technologies for the heavily funded project Breakthrough Listen. The principal role of the Parkes Telescope in the program will be to conduct a survey of the Milky Way galactic plane over 1.2 to 1.5 GHz and a targeted search of approximately 1000 nearby stars over the frequency range 0.7 to 4 GHz.

Historical non-astronomy research
During the Apollo missions to the Moon, the Parkes Observatory was used to relay communication and telemetry signals to NASA, providing coverage for when the Moon was on the Australian side of the Earth.

The telescope also played a role in relaying data from the NASA Galileo mission to Jupiter that required radio-telescope support due to the use of its backup telemetry subsystem as the principal means to relay science data.

The observatory has remained involved in tracking numerous space missions up to the present day, including:
 * Mariner 2
 * Mariner 4
 * Voyager missions (but no longer due to distance of the probes, only the 70 m dish at the CDSCC can still communicate with the two Voyager probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.)
 * Giotto
 * Galileo
 * Cassini-Huygens (until 2017)

The CSIRO has made several documentaries on this observatory, with some of these documentaries being posted to YouTube.

Apollo 11 broadcast

When Buzz Aldrin switched on the TV camera on the Lunar Module, three tracking antennas received the signals simultaneously. They were the 64 m Goldstone antenna in California, the 26 m antenna at Honeysuckle Creek near Canberra in Australia, and the 64 m dish at Parkes.

Since they started the spacewalk early, the Moon was only just above the horizon and below the visibility of the main Parkes receiver. Although they were able to pick up a quality signal from the off axis receiver, the international broadcast alternated between signals from Goldstone and Honeysuckle Creek, the latter of which ultimately broadcast Neil Armstrong's first steps on the Moon worldwide.

A little under nine minutes into the broadcast, the Moon rose far enough to be picked by the main antenna and the international broadcast switched to the Parkes signal. The quality of the TV pictures from Parkes was so superior that NASA stayed with Parkes as the source of the TV for the remainder of the 2.5-hour broadcast.

In the lead up to the landing wind gusts greater than 100 km/h were hitting the Parkes telescope, and the telescope operated outside safety limits throughout the moonwalk.

Mars rovers
In 2012 the observatory received special signals from the Mars rover Opportunity (MER-B), to simulate the Curiosity rover UHF radio. This helped prepare for the then upcoming Curiosity (MSL) landing in early August—it successfully touched down on 6 August 2012.

Visitors Centre
The Parkes Observatory Visitors Centre allows visitors to view the dish as it moves. There are exhibits about the history of the telescope, astronomy, and space science, and a 3-D movie theatre.

Legacy
In 1995 the radio telescope was declared a National Engineering Landmark by Engineers Australia. The nomination cited its status as the largest southern hemisphere radio telescope, elegant structure, with features mimicked by later Deep Space Network telescopes, scientific discoveries and social importance through "enhancing [Australia's] image as a technologically advanced nation".

On Monday, 31 October 2011, Google Australia replaced its logo with a Google Doodle in honour of Parkes Observatory's 50th anniversary.

The Parkes Radio Telescope was added to the National Heritage List in 2020.

In popular culture

 * In 1964 the telescope featured in the opening credit sequence of The Stranger, Australia's first locally produced sci-fi TV series. Some scenes were also shot on location at the telescope and inside the observatory.
 * The observatory and telescope were featured in the 2000 film The Dish, a fictionalised account of the observatory's involvement with the Apollo 11 Moon landing.
 * The telescope is featured on the cover of Steve Hillage's 1977 album Motivation Radio.

Wiradjuri names
In November 2020, in NAIDOC Week, the Observatory's three telescopes were given Wiradjuri names. The main telescope ("The Dish") is Murriyang, after the home in the stars of Biyaami, the creator spirit. The smaller 12m dish built in 2008 is Giyalung Miil, meaning "Smart Eye". The third, decommissioned antenna is Giyalung Guluman, meaning "Smart Dish".

title: Parkes Observatory


text:
Los Glaciares National Park

Los Glaciares National Park (Parque Nacional Los Glaciares) is a federal protected area in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina.

The park covers an area of 726927 ha, making it the largest national park in the country. Established on 11 May 1937, it hosts a representative sample of Magellanic subpolar forest and west Patagonian steppe biodiversity in good state of conservation. In 1981, it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The park's name refers to the giant ice cap in the Andes, the largest outside of Antarctica, Greenland and Iceland, feeding 47 large glaciers, of which 13 flow towards the Pacific Ocean. In other parts of the world, glaciers start at a height of at least 2500 m above mean sea level, but due to the size of the ice cap, these glaciers begin at only 1500 m, sliding down to 200 m. Los Glaciares borders Torres del Paine National Park to the south in Chilean territory.

Geography
Los Glaciares, of which 30% is covered by ice, can be divided in two parts, each corresponding with one of the two elongated big lakes partially contained by the park. Lake Argentino, 1466 km2 and the largest in Argentina, is in the south, while Lake Viedma, 1100 km2, is in the north. Both lakes feed the Santa Cruz River that flows down to lower part Puerto Santa Cruz on the Atlantic. Between the two halves is a non-touristic zone without lakes called Zona Centro.

The northern half consists of part of Viedma Lake, the Viedma Glacier and a few minor glaciers, and a number of mountains very popular among fans of climbing and trekking, including Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Torre.

The southern part has, as well as a number of smaller ones, the major glaciers which flow into Lake Argentino: Perito Moreno Glacier, Upsala Glacier, and Spegazzini Glacier. Typical excursion boats travel between icebergs to visit Onelli Bay, and the otherwise inaccessible Spegazzini and Upsala. Perito Moreno is reachable by land.

Climate
The park has a cool and moist temperate climate. Mean temperatures range from 0.6 C in winter to 13.4 C in summer although at higher altitudes, the mean annual temperature can be around -3 C. The park receives an average annual rainfall of 500 mm in the west and 900 mm in the east which is evenly distributed throughout the year. Snowfall is common during the colder months.

Ecology
The mountains hold most of the humidity from the Pacific Ocean, letting through only the ice coldness (annual average of 7.5 C) and creating the arid Patagonian steppe on the Argentine side of the range. This area is habitat for rheas, guanaco, cougar, and South American gray fox, the latter of which has suffered from the invasion of the cattle industry and are endangered. The guanaco, while not endangered, has had a dramatic decline in historic population due to large scale grazing of livestock throughout much of Patagonia. There are over 100 species of birds in the area (condors, eagles, and others). Between the ice and the Patagonian steppe there is a fertile area of Magellanic subpolar forests composed mainly of lengas and guindos, but also ñires. Within these more hospitable areas also live huemul deer and torrent duck.

Issues
Los Glaciares National Park faces many issues around tourism, overgrazing, forest fires and more. There are areas of the park where overgrazing is quite a problem and contains many alien/invasive and feral species such as cattle, European hares and certain types of trout. Forest fires have had a strong impact on the site and degraded and destroyed parts of it as well.

Human use
Los Glaciares is a major attraction for international tourists. Starting points of tours are the city of El Calafate at the shore of Lake Argentino but outside the park, where the park's administration has its headquarters, and El Chaltén village in the northern part of the park, at the foot of the Fitz Roy. Other touristic points in the park include Lago del Desierto and Lago Roca.

It was also used as one of the filming locations for "Return of the Ice", the second episode of the speculative science documentary series The Future is Wild.

title: Los Glaciares National Park


text:
Talk:Kanem–Bornu Empire

Summary of Kanem Bornu
Kanem Bornu was an ancient civilization centered on lake Chad. Its genesis is a classical nomad-sedentary event. In the seventh century nomadic warriors subjugated stable farming communities and set themselves up as rulers. This initial consolidation of towns and villages grew increasingly cohesive with time. Taxes were levied, international relations were established and urban centers grew in importance. Eventually, the ruling dynasty relinquished it's nomadic traditions and established a permanent capital, Njimi. By the thirteenth century, the kingdom of Kanem was effectively an empire. It stretched from the Fezzan in modern day Libya all the way to Bornu in the south of lake Chad (Nigeria). The economy was diverse and although many people mistakenly assert that it was based on slave trading, it was actually based on agriculture. Rice, millet, salt, fish-products and much more was constantly circulating in large volumes into, out of and within this vast empire. In addition, the state exported perfume, wax, garments, cotton, kola nuts, ivory and ostrich feathers. The trading partners were the Hausa city states, North Africans, and adjacent kingdoms. Natron was mined in the Air region and tariffs on imports and exports was an extremely important source of income for the state. Administratively, the empire was divided into twelve provinces, each with its provincial capital. Kanem Bornu's foreign policy was significantly shaped by a need to control the important trading routes and thus tax the movement of goods. The state religion was Islam but the monarchy still practiced a very typically African divine kingship.

In the fourteenth century, the Bilala province rebelled. This rebellion gained in momentum when it was joined by nomadic Arab warriors. In the meantime, the Kanem monarchy was experiencing a crisis of legitimacy. Countless princes were constantly competing for the throne, plotting and dethroning one another. This seriously weakened the empire and the Bilala troupes overwhelmed a capital already in chaos. This precipitated the great exodus of Kanem history. Huge masses of people from the metropolitan province of Kanem fled to the outlying province of Bornu. Bornu was more fertile then Kanem, further from the belligerent Bilala and closer to important markets of Western Africa. Thus began the second kingdom, Kanem became Kanem-Bornu.

In Kanem Bornu an impressive capital was built, Ngazargamu. A time of reconsolidation occurred as the monarchy was put back in order. More wars ensued, this time against the indigenous Sao who lived in walled city states. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Kanem Bornu experienced its second apex. The empire became the most powerful in Africa. It stretched from the Hausa city states in the West to the Nile valley in the East. A part of the Nile valley, however was only held for a short amount of time, but Darfur (in Sudan) was solidly secured as a vassal state. In the person of Idris Alaoma, the empire found a gem of a leader. Emperor Alaoma reformed the economy of the empire, established a common currency and regularized the commercial weighing scales. He modernized the national fleets to make rivers common and efficient modes of transportation of commodities. He criticized ancient Sudanic traditions that contradicted Islam such as divine kingship and imposed Islamic sharia in the court systems. He was also a tireless warrior who expanded the reigns of the empire to the extreme. Kanem Bornu rivaled Timbuktu's famed universities as it became a center of scholarship which attracted students from all directions.

The seventeenth century was the second, and last, era of apogee in the history of Kanem Bornu. It was followed, in the eighteenth century, by a drought that lasted for over thirty years. This practically broke the backbone of the economy and the military. This was coupled by constant Touareg raids on the important Northern fringes of the empire. This mining territory was eventually lost to these desert nomads. Rebellions ensued in the Eastern provinces who had opened up new routes to North Africa and thus gravitated Kanem's trade caravans into their realm. Moreover, the Ottoman empire had imposed a policy upon its Arab provinces in which trade with the Sudan was discouraged in an effort to promote Turkish products. Kanem Bornu thus found itself economically suffocated from the North, drained from the East, maimed by the Tuaregs in the mining North, exhausted by a 37 year drought and militarily challenged from within and without. The most shattering blow however, came from the West. In 1804, Usman Dan Fodio, a Sufi mystic, intellectual and religious leader, had started a revolution. He had launched a social revolt which culminated in the invasion of Hausa land to eventually form the most powerful empire of 19th century Africa. Altogether, the Sokoto empire (as it was known) contained well over fifteen city states and approximately ten million inhabitants. Kanem Bornu wasn't spared from Sokoto's expansionism. Unlike all of the Hausa city states that swiftly succumbed to Dan Fodio, Kanem Bornu led a strong resistance, but despite its best efforts, half of the empire was conquered, and the capital sacked. The emperor regained most of his land with the help of a cleric-warrior, but the glory that was Kanem Bornu was no more.

Eventually, this cleric-warrior gained more power and dethroned the rightful king thus ending approximately one thousand years of rule from the Saifuwa dynasty. His descendents ruled what remained of Kanem and suffered many military setbacks from Wadai and Baguirmi. A Sudanese military leader by the name of Rabih invaded Kanem Bornu which was by then, just a weak remnant of a far more glorious and ancient self. The last flame was extinguished by the French when they conquered Kanem-Bornu in the beginning of the twentieth century.

The end.

The nomadic hypothesis is now outdated. It has been been suggested by authors like Palmer, Urvoy, and A. Smith. In the German version you can find a summary of my views. Here I only corrected the first paragraph (origin). At present I have unfortunatelly no time to do any more. Dierk Lange, 18/11/06.

The preceding text was placed here by an anonymous editor on 13 November 2005. I checked a few phrases from it in Google, and if it's copyvio, it's not from the internet. Does anyone recognize it? It's unsourced, so I'm reluctant to merge into the real article. Any other opinions? --Amcaja 15:03, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Hello Mr. Smithson, I'm the one who put the text up. I'm swamped with work now and I'll have exams pretty soon. I will however do my best to have the sources up within a month. They're a mixture of books and internet. Good day

The current article is certainly better than the one pasted above, but is inaccurate with regard to the 19th c. Bornu was not in fact conquered by the Sokoto Caliphate nor was it incorportated into Wadai. While severely weakened by wars with Sokoto Bornu remained independent until conquered by Rabih in 1891. - John

--- it is true the article is unsourced but more accurate and in line with the information available, specially in Arabic.i honestly urge you to revisit the original article specially about the origin of the Empire.

Why the split
I'm sure this is digging up old dirt, but why was this article split? I can guess the reasoning, but is there a link to the debate which established consensus? It's just strange as most sources, and other language Wikipedias, use this as the name of the Sayfawa state, with Kanem and Bornu (amongst others) as constituent elements added and lost over time. The division seems artificial (is it based on modern nationalisms?) at first blush, but I don't want to alter an established consensus. T L Miles (talk) 16:29, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Take off the Northern Nigeria flag?
I think it's silly to put a colonial flag up on this page. What do you think?

Content split proposed
See WP:CONSPLIT. Articles for both Kanem Empire and Bornu Empire already exist. Content should be moved to these articles. Kanem-Bornu Empire is an artificial term used by historians.

This is mostly analogous case with artificial terms like Angevin Empire and Byzantine Empire, which have been created by historians. It would be reasonable to have a disambiguation page to link to the Kanem Empire and the Bornu Empire. Ceosad (talk) 22:36, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

This article actually seems to be a case of WP:REDUNDANTFORK. Ceosad (talk) 15:07, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I have changed my mind about the split. This one should be the only article in existance. I shall bring this issue of three separate articles for an articles for deletion proposition in the near future. Ceosad (talk) 18:21, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Ceosad I have suggested a MERGE in this direction, the article history of Kanem–Bornu Empire being the oldest, and its breadth of discussion of the topic includes continuity in both directions, i can do copy-editing and merge these articles over the next few days..

I think we should have no QUALMS using artificial terminology invented by historians, for although the term was invented, the concept of continuity they convey are not fiction, consider the Graeco-Roman civilization: one might argue that Greek culture and Roman culture are distinct and separate, though that may be the case, yes it is true, but the "Mediterranean world" has passed from a predominantly Greek influence towards Roman hegemony almost imperceptibly, owing to the fact that Greek ideas and way of life started from that secluded peninsula near Asia but Magna Graecia grew to expand in all directions and began to shape the ideals of the nascent Etruscan Empire and their vassals, what would become the Citizens and City of Rome, which in later centuries would succeed in the continuity of this tradition and further spread it, with more rigor, over a wider area along the Mediterranean basin; this goes to show that Roman republicanism grew out of Greek ideals of democracy and Roman sphere of influence grew in no small part because the weak and fragmented Magna Graecia was receptive to its organizing power, and i can say that something similar happened to what we now call the Kanem–Bornu Empire continuity.. this i will establish as i conduct the merge carefully —-— .: nimbosa :. (talk • contribs) 10:25, 19 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I also agree with the merge proposal. Given the consensus, and your expertise, might you be in a position to complete the merge? Klbrain (talk) 22:18, 23 February 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 12:43, 10 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks! i forgot about this merge, actually, real life got me busy.. ;) ..I will try to review these changes —-— .: nimbosa :. (talk • contribs) 02:00, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe014/abstract. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. /wiae /tlk  11:40, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

The origins of Kanem
There is a huge issue on the origins of Kanem in this article. In fact, one scholar, Dierk Lange, proposed a diffusionnist theory since the mid-1990s. He states that Kanem was founded by assyrians. This theory, that reminds the theories dating from colonial period, is supported only by him and, if it surely deserves a mention in the page, it shouldn't be presented as positively as it is in the present version of the article. I anonymously proposed a revised version in this sense, and updated the bibliography, but these changes have been erased. RDewiere (talk) 17:40, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

Discuss the activities of the great ruler's of the bornu empire
The activities of the great ruler of borno empire because I don't know the book The like the information about it I want to know what is like I want to know why it seems like the great ruler of the Bornu empire and all that since I want to know is that hide likes to like go to the barn empires for like no history and do you know that history is my best subject I want to know more about it I want to know more about the bornu empire thank you that is all I have to say about borno empire thank you very much their appreciation 102.89.46.180 (talk) 19:51, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

History
Mention one factor responsible for the rose of kanem Borno empire 41.190.3.70 (talk) 18:19, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kanem–Bornu Empire


text:
List of programs broadcast by TVA

This is a list of programs broadcast on TVA. TVA is a French language television network in Canada, which broadcasts over the air in Quebec and is available in the rest of Canada on cable.

B

 * Le Banquier
 * Les Brillant
 * Bugs Bunny et ses amis

C

 * Caméra Café
 * Canadian Football League
 * Chambres en ville
 * Chanteurs masqués
 * La classe de 5e
 * Le cœur a ses raisons
 * Cornemuse

D

 * Dieu merci!
 * Double Défi
 * Dr House

E

 * L'École des fans
 * Esprits criminels
 * L'Été indien / talk show
 * L'expérience Messmer / variety show

F

 * Fais-moi un dessin
 * Les Feux de L'amour
 * Fort Boyard
 * Fortier

G

 * Le Grand Blond avec un show sournois
 * Grendizer

H

 * Les héros

J

 * JE
 * Jeopardy!
 * Juste pour rire

K

 * km/h

L

 * Lance et compte
 * La liste noire: Rédemption
 * Lol:-)

M

 * Maman Dion
 * Monk

N

 * North American Soccer League

O

 * Occupation Double

P

 * Patof
 * Les Pierrafeu
 * Piment Fort
 * Le Poing J
 * La Poule aux œufs d'or

Q

 * Quoi de neuf, Bugs?

R

 * Le Recrue

S

 * Sailor Moon
 * La série Montréal-Québec
 * Shopping TVA
 * Les Sœurs Elliot
 * Star Académie

T

 * Taxi 0-22
 * Teletubbies
 * Top Modèles
 * TVA Nouvelles

U

 * Ultimatum

V

 * Vertige
 * La Voix

Y

 * Yamaska

title: List of programs broadcast by TVA