text:
Johann Matthäus Bechstein

Johann Matthäus Bechstein (11 July 1757 – 23 February 1822) was a German naturalist, forester, ornithologist, entomologist, and herpetologist. In Great Britain, he was known for his treatise on singing birds (Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel, Natural History of Cage Birds, 1795).

Biography
Bechstein was born in Waltershausen in the district of Gotha in Thuringia. He studied theology for four years at the University of Jena, and spent time hunting and roaming the forests as opportunities permitted. After leaving school, he taught for some years, but gave teaching up to devote himself to outdoor pursuits. In 1795, he founded the school of forestry at Waltershausen, and in 1800, the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen made him the director of the forestry school at Dreissigacker near Meiningen in the neighbouring district of Schmalkalden-Meiningen. After the death of his own son, Bechstein adopted his nephew Ludwig Bechstein.

Bechstein was a prolific zoologist and one of the first concerned with wildlife conservation; besides his ornithological work, he also published works calling for the protection of animals that were commonly considered harmful or pests at the time, such as bats. Bechstein's bat was named in his honour.

Partial list of publications

 * Gemeinnützige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands nach allen drey Reichen. 4 vols. Leipzig 1789–95; 2nd ed. 1801–09.
 * Johann Lathams Allgemeine Übersicht der Vögel 1791–1812.
 * Kurze aber gründliche Musterung aller bisher mit Recht oder Unrecht von dem Jäger als schädlich geachteten und getödteten Thiere, nebst Aufzählung einiger wirklich schädlichen, die er, seinem Berufe nach, nicht dafür erkennt, ... Ettinger, Gotha 1792–1805.
 * Kurzgefasste gemeinnützige Naturgeschichte 1792–97.
 * Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel. Ettinger, Gotha 1795; 4th ed. Halle 1840.
 * Naturgeschichte der Stubenthiere. Ettinger, Gotha 1797.
 * Herrn De la Cepede's Naturgeschichte der Amphibien oder der enerlegenden vierfüssingen Thiere und der Schlangen. Eine Fortsetzung von Buffon's Naturgeschichte aus dem Französischen übersetz und mit Anmerkungen und zusätzen versehen. 5 volumes. Industrie Comptoir. Weimar 1800.
 * Ornithologisches Taschenbuch von und für Deutschland oder Kurze Beschreibung aller Vögel Deutschlands für Liebhaber dieses Theils der Naturgeschichte. Richter, Leipzig 1802.
 * Naturgeschichte der schädlichen Waldinsecten. Monath & Kußler, Nürnberg 1798–1800.
 * Diana oder Gesellschaftsschrift zur Erweiterung und Berichtigung der Natur-, Forst- und Jagdkunde. Waltershausen 1797–1816.
 * Ornithologisches Taschenbuch 1802–1803.
 * Vollständige Naturgeschichte der schädlichen Forstinsekten: ein Handbuch für Forstmänner, Cameralisten und Dekonomen [in collaboration with Georg Ludwig Scharfenberg], Leipzig 1804–1805.
 * Die Forst- und Jagdwissenschaft nach allen ihren Theilen für angehende und ausübende Forstmänner und Jäger. Gotha, Erfurt 1818–35.
 * with Georg Ludwig Scharfenberg Vollständige Naturgeschichte der schädlichen Forstinsekten : ein Handbuch für Forstmänner, Cameralisten und Dekonomen 1804

title: Johann Matthäus Bechstein


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Bojan Križaj

Bojan Križaj (born 3 January 1957) is a Slovenian, back then Yugoslavian, former alpine skier. During his international career he competed for the then-existing Yugoslavia. He competed at three Winter Olympics.

Career
Križaj, born in Kranj, was a member of a well known Tržič ski family so he started skiing at the age of 3. In the season 1976/77 he received the first World Cup point, qualified among the 15 best slalom runners and later during that season in Madonna di Campiglio he hit his first top 3 podium. On 20 January 1980 he achieved the first Yugoslav World Cup victory in Wengen, Switzerland and later he won seven more times, thus still being Yugoslavia's and Slovenia's most successful male alpine skier to date.

At 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, U.S., he reached the fourth place in giant slalom, missing the bronze medal by only two hundredths of a second. Four years later he took the athlete's oath at the opening ceremony for Sarajevo's 1984 Winter Olympics. He caused a stir when he spoke the oath not in Croatian or Serbian but in Slovene. Despite great expectations of the Yugoslav audience he finished ninth in giant slalom, much less than expected. Križaj should also have competed at 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, but he got injured a few days before the event.

His most successful World Championship was in 1982 in Schladming, Austria where he received the silver medal in slalom.

His most successful World Cup season was 1986/87 when he received the small crystal globe for the season's best slalom runner (that was the only men's crystal globe of that season not won by Pirmin Zurbriggen). Beside that he was the second in World Cup slalom standings in the 1979/80 and 1985/86 seasons and third in the 1980/81 season. His best position in overall World Cup standings was the 4th place in 1979/80.

He concluded his career in 1988 at the race in Saalbach, Austria where he stepped off the skis right at the end of the track and walked into the finish area. Since his skiing retirement he worked in many fields, including as importer of Austrian brand beer and adviser for ski products in Elan company. In March 2006 he became Head of Slovenian Ski Pool.

Race podiums

 * 8 wins (8 SL)
 * 33 podiums (26 SL, 7 GS)

World Championships results
From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bojan Križaj


text:
Liz Claman

Elizabeth Kate Claman (born December 12, 1963) is the anchor of the Fox Business show The Claman Countdown. Claman was previously the co-anchor of the CNBC morning television program Morning Call. Before that, Claman was the co-host of the programs Wake Up Call as well as briefly co-anchored Market Watch and was the anchor of the CNBC newsmagazine program Cover to Cover.

Claman also temporarily served on a rotation basis along with other anchors as a substitute for The News with Brian Williams before Williams left MSNBC for NBC News in 2004. She is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley.

Early years
Claman was born to Canadian parents in Beverly Hills, California, and she is one of five children. Claman's family is Jewish, her father originates from Russia, and her mother's family is from Romania. Her late father, Dr. Morris Claman, was a world-renowned urologist and associate clinical professor of urology at the UCLA School of Medicine. Her mother is actress June Beverly Claman (née Faibish). Claman attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts where she was a disc jockey for the school radio station, WPAA, and then attended Beverly Hills High School where she was a friend of Peter Schiff. She has been friends with fellow Fox News reporter Claudia Cowan since the second grade.

After a brief stint at UC Santa Cruz, Claman graduated from UC Berkeley with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French language. She also has a Certificat Supérieur de Français from the Sorbonne.

Career
Described by Vanity Fair as "...one of television's top business reporters and anchors," Claman got her start in television as a production assistant for Ann Curry, Paula Zahn, and Jim Lampley at television station KCBS-TV in Los Angeles, California. Claman's first on-air reporting job was at WSYX-TV in Columbus, Ohio, followed by a co-hosting a local morning talk show, Morning Exchange from 1991 to 1994, at WEWS-TV in Cleveland, Ohio. Later, Claman served as a weekend anchor at WHDH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts.

While working in local television, Claman became the youngest producer in the history of KCBS to win an Emmy Award. At WEWS in Cleveland, she won an Emmy for Best Morning Anchor.

In April 1998, Claman began her CNBC career as a freelancer, based in Fort Lee, New Jersey and later in neighboring Edgewater.

In November 2006, Claman's book, "The Best Investment Advice I Ever Received" was published. Claman started at Fox Business Network on October 18, 2007, 3 days after the expiration of her non-compete contract clause with CNBC. She is currently appearing on Fox Business on the 3p and co-anchors the 4 pm show ET with David Asman. Since she joined Fox Business she has conducted interviews with global political and business leaders such as Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, JP Morgan CEO Jamie Dimon, Treasury Secretary Jack Lew, Mario Gabelli, Eric Schmidt, Steve Forbes, Sarah Palin, Jack Kemp, Robert Diamond, Richard Branson, Alan Mulally, Dennis Kozlowski, one time NYMEX Treasurer George Gero, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton; Secretary of Treasury Lawrence Summers, Paul H. O'Neill, John W. Snow, and Timothy Geithner; former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Paul Volcker; former speaker of the house Newt Gingrich; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Harvey Pitt and Mary Schapiro; London Mayor Boris Johnson; Israel's Finance Minister Yuval Steinitz; Israeli President Shimon Peres; and Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar. Claman has also appeared on CBS's The Early Show and on ABC's Good Morning America and appeared twice on Comedy Central's The Daily Show with both Jon Stewart and Trevor Noah.

CNBC

 * Morning Call (co-anchor, 2002–2007)
 * Cover to Cover (anchor, 2003–2006)
 * Wake Up Call (co-anchor, 2002–2005)
 * Market Watch (fill-in co-anchor, October 1998–March 1999; co-anchor, March 1999 – 2002)
 * Today's Business (co-anchor, 2000–2002)
 * This Morning's Business (fill-in anchor)
 * Before the Bell (fill-in anchor)

Fox Business

 * Fox Business (co-anchor, 2007–2014)
 * Countdown to the Closing Bell "The Claman Countdown" (anchor, 2008–Present)
 * After the Bell (co-anchor, 2008–2015)

Personal life
Claman resides in Edgewater, New Jersey. Claman's oldest sister Danielle is an executive for Dick Wolf Films. Her second oldest sister, Holly, is an arts and antiques appraiser. Another older sister is a Hollywood studio musician, and her younger brother is also a musician.

Claman is a member of the board of directors of the American Theatre Wing, the creator of the Tony Awards. Claman is a Tony Award voter. In December 2012, she was named one of Jewish Women International's "Woman to Watch." Claman is a Big Sister in the Big Brother/Big Sister program at the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services of Manhattan. Claman also has raised more than $30 million for Building Homes For Heroes, a charity that builds custom homes for severely disabled soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Claman has spoken from the stage of the United Nations' Assembly Hall and has moderated conferences at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

Despite having been born with mild scoliosis, Claman is an avid runner who completed the New York City Marathon in 2005 and she completed her first Triathlon in New York City in July 2009, finishing the Nautica Olympic-distance Triathlon in under 3.5 hours. She has since completed 6 more triathlons and, from her triathlon competitions alone, has raised more than $500,000 for Building Homes For Heroes. She is also a skier. In 2006 and 2007, Claman participated in the Jerry Ford Celebrity Cup Ski Race in Vail, Colorado sponsored by the Vail Valley Foundation charity. In 2007, Claman's ski team made the race finals.

title: Liz Claman


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Wikipedia:Portraits from the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology

The following images are from the Portraits from the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. Some of which are in the public domain (due to age).

Note however http://www.sil.si.edu/permissions which states: "Smithsonian Libraries provides free and open access to its digital images and the images may be freely downloaded for personal, research and study purposes only".

As of June, 13 2005 all articles in this list have images, except for (1) non-existent articles; and (2) articles for which the image may be new enough to attract copyright protection, e.g. Carl David Anderson. These articles are marked with a dagger †.

A

 * Frederick Augustus Abel (1826–1902): Chemistry.
 * John Abernethy (1764–1831): Medicine.
 * Franz Carl Achard (1753–1821): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Walter Sydney Adams (1876–1956): Astronomy. †
 * Louis Agassiz (1807–1873): Geology; Biology.
 * Henri Francois d'Aguesseau (1668–1751): Jurist.
 * George Biddell Airy (1801–1892): Astronomy.
 * Bernard Siegfried Albinus (1697–1770): Biology.
 * Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783): Physics; Mathematics.
 * Thomas Allen (1542–1632): Mathematics.
 * André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836): Mathematics; Chemistry; Physics.
 * Carl David Anderson (1905–1991): Physics. †
 * John Anderson (1833–1900): Geology; Biology.
 * Henry Andrews (1743–1820): Astronomy. †
 * Peter Apian (1495–1552): Astronomy; Geology.
 * François Arago (1786–1853): Physics; Astronomy.
 * Jean d'Arcet (1725–1801): Chemistry; Geology; Medicine. †
 * Richard Arkwright (1732–1792): Engineering.
 * Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Francis William Aston (1877–1945): Chemistry; Physics. †

B

 * Charles Babbage (1791–1871): Mathematics.
 * Francis Bacon (1561–1626): Physics.
 * Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917): Chemistry.
 * Jean Sylvain Bailly (1763–1793): Astronomy.
 * Joseph Banks (1743–1820): Botany.
 * Jean Philippe Baratier (1721–1740): Mathematics.
 * John Barclay (1758–1826): Biology.
 * Peter Barlow (1776–1862): Mathematics; Physics.
 * Jacques Barrelier (1606–1673): Biology. †
 * François de Barrême (1640–1703): Mathematics. †
 * Isaac Barrow (1630–1677): Mathematics.
 * Alexandre Edmond Becquerel (1820–1891): Physics.
 * Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852–1908): Physics.
 * Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922): Engineering.
 * Charles Bell (1774–1842): Biology.
 * Jacob Bell (1810–1859): Chemistry. †
 * Johann Friedrich Benzenberg (1777–1846): Astronomy; Geology; Physics. †
 * Torbern Bergman (1735–1784): Chemistry; Geology; Biology.
 * Claude Bernard (1813–1878): Biology.
 * Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782): Biology; Mathematics; Physics.
 * Jean Bernoulli (1667–1748): Mathematics.
 * Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1905): Chemistry.
 * Claude Louis Berthollet (1748–1822): Chemistry.
 * Jons Jakob Berzelius (1779–1848): Chemistry.
 * Henry Bessemer (1813–1898): Engineering.
 * Erastus Brigham Bigelow (1814–1879): Industrialist; Science Patron.
 * Nicolas Bion (1652–1733): Engineering. †
 * Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774–1862): Physics.
 * Joseph Black (1728–1799): Chemistry; Physics; Medicine.
 * Clarence John Blake (1843–1919): Medicine. †
 * Marcus Eliesar Bloch (1723–1799): Medicine; Biology.
 * Johann Elert Bode (1747–1826): Astronomy.
 * Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738): Biology; Chemistry.
 * Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885–1962): Physics.
 * Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906): Physics.
 * Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848): Mathematics.
 * John Booker (1603–1667): Astrology. †
 * Max Born (1882–1970): Physics.
 * Charles Bossut (1730–1814): Mathematics; Technology; Engineering.
 * John Bostock (1773–1846): Chemistry. †
 * Johann Friedrich Böttger (1682–1719): Chemistry.
 * Ismael Boulliau (1605–1694): Astronomy; Mathematics.  †
 * Matthew Boulton (1728–1809): Engineering.
 * Alexis Bouvard (1767–1843): Astronomy.
 * Nathaniel Bowditch (1773–1838): Astronomy.
 * Robert Boyle (1627–1691): Chemistry; Physics.
 * James Bradley (1693–1762): Astronomy.
 * Tycho Brahe (1546–1601): Astronomy.
 * William Thomas Brande (1788–1866): Chemistry.
 * Edouard Branly (1844–1940): Physics. †
 * David Brewster (1781–1868): Optics.
 * James Brindley (1716–1772): Engineering.
 * John Brinkley (1763–1835): Astronomy; Mathematics.
 * Selig Brodetsky (1888–1954): Mathematics. †
 * Benjamin Brodie (1783–1862): Biology.
 * Louis-César-Victor-Maurice de Broglie (1875–1960): Physics. †
 * Alexandre Brongniart (1770–1847): Geology. †
 * John Charles Brooke (1748–1794): Archaeology. †
 * Joshua Brookes (1761–1833): Biology. †
 * John Brown (1819–1822): Biology.
 * Thomas Brown (1778–1820): Physics; Biology.
 * Franz Ernest Brückmann (1697–1753): Medicine. †
 * Marc Brunel (1769–1849): Engineering.
 * William Buchan (1729–1805): Medicine. †
 * Ludwig Friedrich Karl Christian Buechner (1824–1899): Biology.
 * Christian Wilhelm Buettner (1716–1801): Biology. †
 * Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon (1707–1788): Biology.
 * Robert Bunsen (1811–1899): Chemistry.
 * Jean Charles Burckhardt (1773–1825): Astronomy; Mathematics.  †
 * Ogier Ghislain de Busbeck (1522–1592): Biology. †
 * Friedrich Büthner (1622–1701): Mathematics. †
 * William Butler (1535–1618): Medicine.

C

 * Alessandro Cagliostro (1743–1795): Alchemy.
 * John Caius (1510–1573): Medicine.
 * Leopoldo Marco Antonio Caldani (1725–1813): Astronomy.
 * Octave Callandreau (1852–1904): Mathematics; Astronomy. †
 * Joachim Camerarius (1534–1598): Medicine.
 * Moritz Cantor (1829–1920): Mathematics.
 * Anthony Carlisle (1768–1840): Medicine. †
 * Lazare Carnot (1753–1823): Physics; Engineering; Mathematics.
 * Francis Howard Carr (1874–1969): Chemistry. †
 * Charles Carroll (1737–1832): Politics.
 * Edmund Cartwright (1743–1823): Medicine.
 * Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625–1712): Astronomy; Geodesy.
 * Jean-Dominique Cassini (1748–1845): Astronomy; Geodesy.
 * Augustin Louis Cauchy (1789–1857): Mathematics; Physics; Astronomy.
 * Tiberius Cavallo (1749–1809): Physics.
 * Arthur Cayley (1821–1895): Mathematics; Astronomy.
 * Louis-Alexandre de Cessart (1719–1806): Engineering. †
 * Claude Chappe (1763–1805): Engineering.
 * Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal (1756–1832): Chemistry.
 * Michel Chasles (1793–1880): Mathematics.
 * Gabrielle-Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet (1706–1749): Physics.
 * Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786–1889): Chemistry; Medicine.
 * Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756–1827): Physics.
 * Robert Christison (1797–1882): Medicine. †
 * Alexis Claude Clairaut (1713–1765): Mathematics; Astronomy.
 * Christoph Clavius (1538–1612): Mathematics; Astronomy.
 * Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907): Astronomy.
 * Carolus Clusius (1526–1609): Botany.
 * Cadwallader Colden (1688–1776): Botany.
 * Peter Collinson (1694–1768): Biology.
 * Christopher Columbus (1451–1506): Exploration.
 * Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat Condorcet (1743–1794): Mathematics.
 * François-Alexandre-Henri Conneau (1803–1877): Medicine. †
 * Hermann Conring (1606–1681): Physics; Medicine. †
 * James Cook (1728–1779): Exploration.
 * Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543): Astronomy.
 * Pierre Louis Antoine Cordier (1777–1861): Geology; Engineering. †
 * George Costard (1710–1782): Astronomy. †
 * Adam de Craponne (1527–1576): Engineering. †
 * Samuel Crompton (1753–1827): Invention.
 * William Crookes (1832–1919): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Marie Curie (1867–1934): Physics.
 * James Curley (1796–1889): Astronomy; Mathematics.
 * Georges Cuvier (1769–1832): Zoology.

D

 * Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre (1787–1851): Photography.
 * John Dalton (1766–1844): Physics; Chemistry; Meteorology.
 * James Dwight Dana (1813–1895): Geology.
 * Vincenzo Dandolo (1758–1819): Chemistry. †
 * Charles Robert Darwin (1809–1882): Biology.
 * Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802): Medicine; Botany; Engineering.
 * George Howard Darwin (1845–1912): Mathematics; Astronomy.
 * Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716–1800): Medicine; Geology.
 * William Davis (mathematician) (1771–1807): Mathematics.
 * Humphry Davy (1778–1829): Chemistry.
 * John Dee (1527–1608): Mathematics.
 * Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (1749–1822): Astronomy; Geodesy.
 * Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869): Classics.
 * John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683–1744): Physics.
 * René Descartes (1596–1650): Physics; Mathematics.
 * René Louiche Desfontaines (1751–1833): Botany.
 * Nicolas Deyeux (1745–1837): Medicine. †
 * Denis Diderot (1713–1784): Encyclopedist.
 * Kenelm Digby (1603–1665): Physics.
 * Thomas Dimsdale (1712–1800): Medicine. †
 * Johann Wolfgang Doebereiner (1780–1849): Chemistry.
 * John Dollond (1706–1761): Physics.
 * Déodat de Dolomieu (1750–1801): Geology. †
 * Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1818–1889): Medicine. †
 * Johan Gabriel Doppelmayr (1671–1750): Astronomy; Mathematics; Physics. †
 * Heinrich Wilhelm Dove (1803–1879): Meteorology; Physics.  †
 * Paul Drude (1863–1906): Physics. †
 * Johann Dryander (1500–1560): Mathematics; Medicine. †
 * Robert Dudley (1574–1649): Engineering.
 * Pierre Louis Dulong (1785–1838): Chemistry; Physics. †
 * Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800–1884): Chemistry.
 * André Marie Constant Duméril (1774–1860): Zoology; Medicine. †
 * Thomas Cochrane Dundonald (1775–1860): Military.
 * Charles Dupin (1784–1873): Mathematics; Economics. †

E

 * Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882–1944): Astronomy.
 * Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933): Physics.
 * Tatjana Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa (1876–1964): Mathematics.
 * Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915): Medicine.
 * Albert Einstein (1879–1955): Physics.
 * Wilhelm Friedrich Eisenlohr (1799–1872): Physics. †
 * Havelock Ellis (1859–1939): Psychology; Biology. †
 * Johann Franz Encke (1791–1865): Astronomy.
 * Henry Englefield (1752–1822): Astronomy; Botany. †
 * Karl Oswald Victor Engler (1842–1925): Chemistry. †
 * Desiderius Erasmus (1469–1536): Humanist.
 * Andreas von Ettingshausen (1796–1878): Physics; Medicine. †
 * Leonhard Euler (1707–1783): Mathematics; Astronomy; Physics.
 * John Evans (1680–1730): Astrology. †
 * Oliver Evans (1755–1819): Engineering.
 * Johann Albert Eytelwein (1764–1848): Engineering. †

F

 * Guy-Crescent Fagon (1638–1718): Botany; Medicine. †
 * Michael Faraday (1791–1867): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Hervé Faye (1814–1902): Astronomy; Geodesy.
 * Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887): Physics.
 * James Ferguson (1710–1776): Astronomy; Scientific Instruments.
 * Jean François Fernel (1497–1558): Medicine. †
 * Cyrus West Field (1819–1892): Science Patron.
 * Oronce Fine (1494–1555): Mathematics; Geography.  †
 * Armande-Hippolyte-Louis Fizeau (1819–1896): Physics.
 * Camille Flammarion (1842–1925): Astronomy.  †
 * John Flamsteed (1646–1719): Astronomy.
 * Robert Fludd (1574–1637): Alchemy.
 * Martin Folkes (1690–1754): Antiquities.
 * Simon Forman (1552–1611): Medicine; Astrology. †
 * Antoine-François de Fourcroy (1755–1809): Chemistry; Medicine.
 * Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768–1830): Mathematics; Physics.
 * George Fownes (1815–1849): Chemistry. †
 * John Wakefield Francis (1789–1861): Medicine. †
 * James Franck (1882–1964): Physics. †
 * Adolph Frank (1834–1916): Chemistry. †
 * Edward Frankland (1825–1899): Chemistry.
 * Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790): Physics.
 * John Franklin (1786–1847): Exploration.
 * Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826): Physics; Scientific Instruments.
 * Edmond Fremy (1814–1894): Chemistry.
 * Augustin Jean Fresnel (1788–1827): Physics.
 * Robert Fulton (1765–1808): Engineering.

G

 * John Gadbury (1627–1704): Astrology.  †
 * François-Benjamin Gaillon (1782–1839): Biology. †
 * Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828): Medicine.
 * Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655): Physics; Astronomy.
 * Luca Gaurico (1476–1558): Mathematics; Astronomy; Astrology. †
 * Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855): Mathematics.
 * Hubert Gautier (1660–1737): Engineering. †
 * Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Cornelius Gemma (1535–1579): Medicine; Astronomy. †
 * Gemma Frisius (1508–1555): Mathematics.
 * Johannes Gesner (1709–1790): Botany; Geology. †
 * Davies Gilbert (1767–1839): Engineering; Science Patron. †
 * Pierre-Simon Girard (1765–1836): Engineering. †
 * Stephen Girard (1750–1831): Banker.
 * John Hall Gladstone (1827–1902): Chemistry. †
 * James Glaisher (1809–1903): Meteorology.
 * Leopold Gmelin (1788–1853): Chemistry.
 * Ambrose Godfrey (1660–1741): Chemistry. †
 * Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832): Biology; Geology; Physics.
 * Thomas Graham (1805–1869): Chemistry; Physics.
 * James Gregory (1638–1675): Mathematics; Physics; Astronomy.
 * Olinthus Gregory (1774–1841): Mathematics.
 * William Gregory (1803–1858): Chemistry; Biology. †
 * Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712): Biology.
 * William Robert Grove (1811–1896): Physics; Chemistry.
 * Franz von Paula Gruithuisen (1774–1852): Medicine; Astronomy.
 * Simon Grynaeus (1493–1541): Geography. †
 * Otto von Guericke (1602–1686): Engineering; Physics.

H

 * Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843): Medicine; Chemistry.
 * Matthew Hale (1609–1676): Mathematics; Jurist. †
 * Stephen Hales (1677–1761): Biology.
 * Henry Halford (1766–1844): Medicine. †
 * Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777): Anatomy.
 * Edmund Halley (1656–1742): Astronomy; Geophysics.
 * Christopher Hansteen (1784–1873): Physics; Astronomy.
 * Robert Hare (1781–1858): Chemistry. †
 * John Harrison (1693–1776): Scientific Instruments.
 * William Harvey (1578–1657): Medicine.
 * René Just Haüy (1743–1822): Geology.
 * Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925): Physics.
 * Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976): Physics.
 * Lorenz Heister (1683–1758): Anatomy. †
 * Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894): Physics.
 * Joseph Henry (1797–1878): Physics.
 * Jean Hermann (1738–1800): Medicine; Botany; Chemistry. †
 * John Frederick William Herschel (1792–1871): Astronomy; Physics; Chemistry.
 * William Herschel (1738–1822): Astronomy.
 * Johannes Heurnius (1543–1603): Medicine. †
 * Johannes Hevelius (1611–1687): Astronomy.
 * Urban Hiarne (1641–1724): Medicine; Chemistry. †
 * Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): Physics.
 * James Hodgson (1672–1755): Mathematics. †
 * Friedrich Hoffmann (1660–1742): Medicine.
 * August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818–1892): Chemistry.
 * Robert William Holley (1922–1993): Biochemistry. †
 * Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911): Botany.
 * Hanns Hörbiger (1860–1931): Engineering; Astronomy. †
 * Eben Norton Horsford (1818–1893): Chemistry. †
 * Joseph Huddart (1741–1816): Geology. †
 * David Edward Hughes (1831–1900): Engineering. †
 * Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859): Biology; Geology.
 * William Hunter (1718–1783): Anatomy.
 * Charles Hutton (1737–1823): Mathematics.
 * John Huxham (1692–1768): Medicine.  †
 * Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895): Biology.
 * Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695): Mathematics; Physics.

J

 * Karl Gustav Jakob Jacobi (1804–1851): Mathematics.
 * Moritz Hermann Jacobi (1801–1874): Physics. †
 * Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752–1834): Engineering.
 * Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin (1727–1817): Medicine.
 * Robert Jameson (1774–1854): Geology.
 * Edme-Sébastien Jeaurat (1724–1803): Astronomy; Engineering; Geography. †
 * Edward Jenner (1749–1823): Medicine.
 * William Jenner (1815–1898): Medicine.
 * David Starr Jordan (1851–1931): Zoology.
 * Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575): Medicine.  †
 * Bernard de Jussieu (1699–1777): Botany.

K

 * Abraham Gotthelf Kaestner (1719–1800): Mathematics.
 * Robert Kane (1809–1890): Chemistry.
 * Immanuel Kant (1724–1804): Physics.
 * August Kekule (1829–1896): Chemistry.
 * William Thomson, Baron Kelvin (1824–1907): Physics.
 * Johannes Kepler (1571–1630): Astronomy; Physics.
 * Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680): Mathematics; Physics; Chemistry.
 * Gustav Kirchhoff (1824–1887): Physics.
 * Martin Heinrich Klapproth (1743–1817): Chemistry.
 * Gowin Knight (1713–1772): Physics. †
 * Emanuel Konig (1658–1731): Physics; Medicine. †
 * Nicholas Kratzer (1487–1550): Mathematics; Astronomy. †
 * Johannes Kunckel (1631–1703): Chemistry. †

L

 * Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813): Physics; Astronomy; Mathematics.
 * Joseph Jérôme Le Français de Lalande (1732–1807): Astronomy.
 * Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777): Mathematics; Physics; Astronomy.
 * Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux (1779–1825): Biology. †
 * Michel Ange Lancret (1774–1807): Mathematics; Architecture. †
 * Pierre Simon Laplace (1749–1827): Mathematics; Physics; Astronomy.
 * Dominique Jean Larrey (1776–1842): Medicine.
 * André Laugier (1770–1832): Chemistry. †
 * Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794): Chemistry.
 * John Bennet Lawes (1814–1900): Agriculture.
 * Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723): Biology.
 * Adrien Marie Legendre (1752–1833): Mathematics.
 * Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716): Mathematics.
 * Claude-Hugues Lelièvre (1752–1835): Geology. †
 * Emil Khristianovich Lenz (1804–1865): Physics; Geology. †
 * John Leslie (1766–1832): Physics.
 * Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805–1894): Engineering.
 * Antoine-Jean Letronne (1787–1848): Geography.
 * Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742–1799): Physics.
 * Justus Liebig (1803–1873): Chemistry.
 * William Lilly (1602–1681): Medicine.
 * James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford (1847–1913): Astronomy. †
 * Carl von Linné (1707–1778): Biology; Geology; Medicine.
 * Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986): Biochemistry.
 * Joseph Nicolas de L'Isle (1688–1768): Astronomy. †
 * Friedrich List (1789–1846): Economics.
 * John Locke (1632–1704): Physics.
 * Oliver Lodge (1851–1940): Physics.
 * Roger Long (1680–1770): Astronomy.
 * John Lubbock (1834–1913): Biology; Anthropology.
 * Paul Luther (1533–1593): Medicine; Chemistry. †
 * Charles Lyell (1797–1875): Geology; Biology.

M

 * Colin MacLaurin (1698–1746): Mathematics.
 * Johann Heinrich Mädler (1794–1874): Astronomy.
 * Michael Maestlin (1550–1631): Astronomy; Mathematics. †
 * Gustav Magnus (1802–1870): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Dortous de Mairan (1678–1771): Physics.  †
 * Conrad Malte-Brun (1775–1826): Geography.
 * Etienne Louis Malus (1775–1812): Physics.
 * Eustachio Manfredi (1674–1739): Astronomy; Hydraulics. †
 * James Jay Mapes (1806–1866): Chemistry. †
 * Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793): Medicine.
 * Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937): Engineering; Physics.
 * Benjamin Martin (1705–1782): Physics. †
 * Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937): Philosophy.
 * Nevil Maskelyne (1732–1811): Astronomy.
 * Claude-Louis Mathieu (1783–1875): Astronomy. †
 * Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698–1759): Mathematics; Biology; Physics.
 * Hiram Stevens Maxim (1840–1916): Invention.
 * James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879): Physics.
 * Julius Robert von Mayer (1814–1878): Physics.
 * Walther Mayer (1887–1948): Mathematics. †
 * John Mayow (1641–1679): Medicine; Chemistry.
 * Cyrus Hall McCormick (1809–1884): Agriculture.
 * Donald McKay (1810–1880): Engineering.
 * Samuel M'Clellan (1800–1853): Anatomy. †
 * Richard Mead (1673–1754): Medicine.
 * Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560): Mathematics.
 * Daniel Melanderhjelm (1726–1810): Astronomy. †
 * Gregor Mendel (1822–1884): Biology.
 * Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815): Medicine.
 * Lothar Meyer (1830–1895): Chemistry.
 * Albert Abraham Michelson (1852–1931): Physics.
 * Hugh Middleton (c. 1560–1643): Engineering — †
 * Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953): Physics.
 * Hermann Minkowski (1864–1909): Mathematics.
 * Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel (1776–1854): Botany. = Image:Charles-François Brisseau-Mirbel.jpg
 * Richard von Mises (1883–1953): Mathematics; Engineering.
 * Samuel Latham Mitchill (1764–1831): Biology; Geology.
 * Eilhard Mitscherlich (1794–1863): Chemistry.   †
 * Gaspard Monge (1746–1818): Mathematics; Chemistry; Physics.
 * Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (1625–1672): Geology.
 * Geminiano Montanari (1633–1687): Astronomy.
 * Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier (1745–1799): Aeronautics.
 * Jean-Étienne Montucla (1725–1799): Mathematics. †
 * Campbell Morfit (1820–1897): Chemistry. †
 * Jean-Baptiste Morin (mathematician) (1583–1656): Medicine. †
 * Samuel Morland (1625–1695): Mathematics.
 * Jedidiah Morse (1761–1826): Geography.
 * Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791–1872): Engineering.
 * Albert Mousson (1805–1890): Physics. †
 * Ronald Impey Murchison (1792–1871): Geology.   †
 * William Murdoch (1754–1834): Engineering.
 * James Sheridan Muspratt (1821–1871): Chemistry. †

N

 * Felix Nadar (1820–1910): Photography; Aeronautics. = image:Felix_Nadar.jpg
 * John Napier (1550–1617): Mathematics.
 * Robert Napier (1791–1876): Engineering. = Image:Robert_Napier_(engineer).jpg
 * James Nasmyth (1808–1890): Astronomy; Engineering.
 * Gabriel Naude (1600–1653): Bibliography; Medicine. = Image:Gabriel_Naude.jpg †
 * Walther Nernst (1864–1941): Chemistry.
 * Simon Newcomb (1835–1909): Astronomy.
 * Isaac Newton (1642–1727): Physics; Mathematics; Astronomy.
 * Peter Nicholson (1765–1844): Mathematics; Architecture. = image:Peter_Nicholson.jpg †
 * Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833–1896): Chemistry.
 * Leopoldo Nobili (1784–1835): Physics.
 * Jean-Antoine Nollet (1700–1770): Physics. = image:Jean-Antoine_Nollet.jpg †

O

 * Hermann Oberth (1894–1989): Physics.
 * Wilhelm Olbers (1758–1840): Astronomy; Medicine.
 * Denison Olmsted (1791–1859): Physics; Astronomy.
 * Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Barnaba Oriani (1752–1832): Astronomy.
 * Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851): Physics.
 * Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598): Geography.
 * Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932): Chemistry.
 * Richard Owen (1804–1892): Medicine; Paleontology.

P

 * Paul Painlevé (1863–1933): Mathematics.
 * Johann Georg Palitzsch (1723–1788): Astronomy; Astrology; Physics.
 * Samuel Parkes (1759–1825): Chemistry.
 * John Parkinson (1567–1650): Botany; Medicine. †
 * Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931): Engineering.
 * Blaise Pascal (1623–1662): Mathematics; Physics.
 * Louis Pasteur (1822–1895): Chemistry.
 * Linus Pauling (1901–1994): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc (1580–1637): Mathematics; Astronomy.
 * John Pender (1816–1896): Engineering. †
 * Johann Friedrich Penther (1693–1749): Mathematics; Economics. †
 * Claude Perrault (1613–1688): Biology; Medicine.
 * Jean Petitot (1607–1691): Art. †
 * William Petty (1623–1687): Economics; Geography.
 * Joseph Petzval (1807–1891): Mathematics. †
 * Kaspar Peucer (1525–1602): Mathematics; Medicine. †
 * Philip Syng Physick (1768–1837): Medicine.
 * Giuseppe Piazzi (1746–1846): Astronomy.
 * Marc-Auguste Pictet (1752–1825): Physics. †
 * Max Planck (1858–1947): Physics.
 * John Playfair (1748–1819): Mathematics; Geology.
 * Lyon Playfair, Baron Playfair (1818–1898): Chemistry.
 * Julius Plucker (1801–1868): Mathematics; Physics.
 * Johann Christian Poggendorff (1796–1877): Physics.
 * Henri Poincaré (1854–1912): Mathematics.
 * Louis Poinsot (1777–1859): Mathematics; Physics.
 * Siméon-Denis Poisson (1781–1840): Mathematics.
 * Jean Victor Poncelet (1788–1867): Mathematics; Engineering.
 * Philippe Gustave le Doulcet, Comte de Pontécoulant (1795–1874): Astronomy. †
 * Josef Popper-Lynkeus (1838–1921): Aeronautics. †
 * John Pordage (1607–1681): Medicine; Astrology. †
 * Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet (1790–1868): Physics; Engineering.
 * Johann Praetorius (1537–1616): Mathematics. †
 * Joseph Priestley (1733–1804): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Claude Antoine Prieur-Duvernois (1763–1832): Engineering.
 * John Pringle (1707–1782): Medicine.
 * Richard Anthony Proctor (1837–1888): Astronomy.
 * Gaspard-François-Clair-Marie Riche, Baron de Prony (1755–1839): Engineering; Mathematics.
 * Richard Pulteney (1730–1801): Botany. = image:Richard_Pulteney.jpg †
 * Michael I. Pupin (1858–1935): Physics.
 * Jan Evangelista Purkyne (1787–1869): Medicine.
 * Pythagoras (580 BCE–500 BCE): Mathematics; Astronomy —

R

 * Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898–1988): Physics. †
 * John Radcliffe (1650–1714): Medicine.
 * Walter Raleigh (1552–1618): Exploration.
 * David Ramsay (1749–1815): Medicine.
 * William Ramsay (1852–1916): Chemistry.
 * Petrus Ramus (1515–1572): Mathematics; Astronomy; Physics.
 * François-Vincent Raspail (1794–1878): Biology; Medicine. †
 * Walther Rathenau (1867–1922): Industrialist; Electrical Engineering.
 * John Ray (1627–1705): Biology.
 * René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757): Mathematics; Engineering; Biology.
 * Francesco Redi (1626–1698): Medicine.
 * Abraham Rees (1743–1825): Encyclopedist.
 * Johannes Regiomontanus (1436–1476): Astronomy; Mathematics.
 * Victor Regnault (1810–1878): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Karl Reichenbach (1788–1869): Biology. †
 * John Rennie (1794–1874): Engineering.
 * Josef Ressel (1793–1857): Physics.
 * Franz Reuleaux (1829–1905): Engineering.
 * Henry Revell Reynolds (1745–1811): Medicine. †
 * Mark Ridley (1560–1624): Medicine. †
 * Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866): Mathematics.
 * Antoine Risso (1777–1845): Biology. †
 * David Rittenhouse (1732–1796): Engineering; Astronomy.
 * Alexis-Marie de Rochon (1741–1817): Astronomy. †
 * Jacques Rohault (1620–1675): Physics. †
 * Henry Enfield Roscoe (1833–1915): Chemistry.
 * Heinrich Rose (1795–1864): Chemistry.
 * William Parsons, Earl of Rosse (1800–1867): Astronomy.
 * Henry Augustus Rowland (1848–1901): Physics.
 * William Roxburgh (1751–1815): Botany. = Image:William Roxburgh.jpg
 * Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1753–1814): Physics.
 * Prince, Count Palatine Rupert (1619–1682): Physics; Military.
 * Benjamin Rush (1746–1813): Medicine; Chemistry.
 * Henry Chamberlaine Russell (1836–1907): Astronomy; Meteorology. †
 * Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937): Physics; Chemistry.
 * Lewis Morris Rutherfurd (1816–1892): Astronomy. †
 * Frederik Ruysch (1638–1731): Botany; Medicine.

S

 * Balthazar Georges Sage (1740–1824): Geology; Chemistry.  †
 * Jules Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire (1805–1895): Classics.
 * William Salmon (1644–1713): Medicine. †
 * Jacques-Noël Sané (1740–1831): Engineering. †
 * Paolo Sarpi (1552–1623): Physics.
 * Nicholas Saunderson (1682–1739): Mathematics.
 * Joseph Saxton (1799–1873): Scientific Instruments.   †
 * Joseph Juste Scaliger (1540–1609): Classics.
 * John Martin Schaeberle (1853–1924): Astronomy.
 * Carl Scheibler (1827–1899): Chemistry. †
 * Ernst Christian Julius Schering (1824–1889): Mathematics. †
 * Rudolf Schmitt (1830–1898): Chemistry. †
 * Christian Schönbein (1799–1868): Chemistry.
 * Johann Schöner (1477–1547): Astronomy; Geography. †
 * Christoph Schorer (1618–1671): Medicine. †
 * Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961): Physics.
 * Johann Hieronymus Schröter (1745–1816): Astronomy.
 * Anton, Ritter von Kristelli Schrötter (1802–1875): Chemistry. †
 * Heinrich Christian Schumacher (1780–1850): Astronomy; Geodesy.
 * Daniel Schwenter (1585–1636): Mathematics.  †
 * Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999): Chemistry.
 * Angelo Secchi (1818–1878): Astronomy.
 * Johann Andreas von Segner (1704–1777): Mathematics; Physics. †
 * Alois Senefelder (1771–1834): Invention.
 * George Shaw (1751–1813): Biology.
 * Friedrich Siemens (1826–1904): Invention; Engineering. †
 * Werner von Siemens (1816–1892): Electrical Engineering.
 * Carl Wilhelm Siemens (1823–1883): Engineering. †
 * Igor Ivan Sikorsky (1889–1972): Aeronautics.
 * Benjamin Silliman (1779–1864): Chemistry; Geology.
 * Hans Sloane (1660–1753): Medicine; Biology.
 * John Smeaton (1724–1792): Engineering.
 * William Smith (1769–1839): Geology. †
 * Arthur Smithells (1860–1939): Chemistry. †
 * Willebrord Snellius (1580–1626): Mathematics; Physics; Astronomy. †
 * Samuel Thomas von Soemmering (1755–1830): Medicine.  †
 * James Sowerby (1757–1822): Biology; Geology.
 * Herbert Spencer (1820–1903): Physics; Biology.
 * Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904): Exploration.
 * Jozef Stefan (1835–1893): Physics.
 * Carl August Steinheil (1801–1870): Physics; Astronomy.    †
 * George Stephenson (1781–1848): Engineering.
 * Robert Stephenson (1803–1859): Engineering.
 * Dugald Stewart (1753–1828): Physics; Mathematics.
 * George Gabriel Stokes (1819–1903): Physics; Mathematics.
 * Leonhard Christoph Sturm (1669–1719): Mathematics; Engineering. †
 * Johann Georg Sulzer (1720–1779): Physics. †
 * Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689): Medicine.
 * James Joseph Sylvester (1814–1897): Mathematics.

T

 * Niccolò Tartaglia (1499–1557): Mathematics.
 * Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605–1689): Exploration.
 * Alfred Swaine Taylor (1806–1880): Chemistry. = image:Alfred_Swaine_Taylor.jpg †
 * John Taylor (1703–1772): Medicine. †
 * Hermann Friedrich Teichmeyer (1685–1744): Physics; Chemistry; Medicine. = image:Hermann_Friedrich_Teichmeyer.jpg †
 * William Thaw (1818–1889): Science Patron. = image:William_Thaw.jpg †
 * Louis Jacques Thénard (1777–1857): Chemistry.
 * Hans Peter Jörgen Julius Thomsen (1826–1909): Chemistry. = image:Hans_Peter_Jörgen_Julius_Thomsen.jpg
 * André Thouin (1747–1824): Botany. = image:André_Thouin.jpg †
 * Gaston Tissandier (1843–1899): Aeronautics.
 * Johann Daniel Titius (1729–1796): Mathematics; Physics.
 * Abraham Trembley (1710–1784): Zoology.
 * Anne-Robert-Jacques, baron de l'Aulne Turgot (1727–1781): Economics.
 * Daniel Turner (1667–1741): Medicine. = image:Daniel_Turner.jpg †
 * John Tyndall (1820–1893): Physics.
 * Thomas Tyrer (1844–1918): Chemistry. = image:Thomas_Tyrer.jpg †

U

 * Francis Robbins Upton (1852–1921): Mathematics; Physics. †
 * Donato Bramante (1444–1514): Architecture. †
 * Andrew Ure (1778–1857): Chemistry. = image:Andrew_Ure.jpg

V

 * Martin Vahl (1744–1804): Botany.
 * Pierre Varignon (1654–1722): Mathematics; Physics.
 * Jacques de Vaucanson (1709–1782): Physics.
 * Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1763–1829): Chemistry.
 * Georg Freiherr von Vega (1754–1802): Mathematics. = image:Georg_Vega.jpg
 * Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746–1822): Physics.
 * Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564): Medicine.
 * Amerigo Vespucci (1451–1512): Exploration; Geography.
 * François Viète (1540–1603): Mathematics.
 * Francois Villette (1621–1698): Engineering. = image:Francois_Villette.jpg †
 * Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (1821–1902): Medicine; Anthropology.
 * Vincenzio Viviani (1622–1703): Mathematics. = image:Vincenzio_Viviani.jpg †
 * Edward William Voelcker (1857–1930): Chemistry. = image:Edward_William_Voelcker.jpg †
 * Alessandro Volta (1745–1827): Physics.
 * Zanino Volta (1795–1869): Physics. = image:Zanino_Volta.jpg †
 * Gerardus Joannes Vossius (1577–1649): Physics.
 * Hans Vredeman de Vries (1527–c. 1604): Architecture. image:Hans_Vredeman_de_Vries.jpg †

W

 * Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923): Physics.
 * Francis Amasa Walker (1840–1897): Mathematics; Economics. = image:Francis_Amasa_Walker.jpg
 * John Wallis (1616–1703): Mathematics.
 * Emil Gabriel Warburg (1846–1931): Physics. = image:Emil_Gabriel_Warburg.jpg †
 * Joshua Ward (1685–1761): Medicine; Chemistry. = image:Joshua_Ward.jpg †
 * Seth Ward (1617–1689): Astronomy.
 * William Watson (1715–1787): Physics; Botany; Medicine.
 * James Watt (1736–1819): Engineering; Chemistry.
 * Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891): Physics.
 * Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897): Mathematics.
 * Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817): Geology.
 * Edward Weston (1850–1936): Chemistry; Physics.
 * Hermann Weyl (1885–1955): Mathematics.
 * Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875): Physics.
 * William Whewell (1794–1866): Physics.
 * William Whiston (1667–1752): Mathematics.
 * Thomas Willis (1621–1675): Medicine.
 * Richard Willstatter (1872–1942): Chemistry.
 * Wilhelm Wirtinger (1865–1945): Mathematics. = image:Wilhelm_Wirtinger.jpg †
 * Caspar Wistar (1761–1818): Anatomy. = image:Caspar_Wistar.jpg
 * Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882): Chemistry.
 * Christian, Freiherr von Wolff (1679–1754): Physics; Mathematics.  = image:Christian Freiherr von Wolff.jpg
 * William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1878): Chemistry; Physics; Medicine.
 * Thomas Wright (1711–1786): Astronomy.

Y

 * Thomas Young (1773–1829): Physics.

Z

 * Franz Xaver, Freiherr von Zach (1754–1832): Astronomy.
 * Johann Zeisold (1599–1677): Physics. = image:Johann_Zeisold.jpg †
 * Ferdinand, Graf von Zeppelin (1838–1917): Aeronautics.


text:
Craig Raine

Craig Anthony Raine, FRSL (born 3 December 1944) is an English contemporary poet. Along with Christopher Reid, he is a pioneer of Martian poetry, a movement that expresses alienation with the world, society and objects. He was a fellow of New College, Oxford, from 1991 to 2010 and is now emeritus professor. He was the editor of Areté from 1999 to 2020.

Early life
Raine was born in Bishop Auckland, County Durham, the son of Norman Edward and Olive Marie Raine. His father was the North of England amateur boxing champion in 1937. He then worked as a bomb armourer for the RAF, until forced to retire due to epilepsy caused by a skull fracture. After the RAF his father worked as a pub landlord. He was raised in a prefab in Shildon, a town near Bishop Auckland. He won a scholarship to Barnard Castle School, where he lived as a boarder. Of his time there he has recalled that it seemed that everyone else's parents seemed to be: "accountants or surgeons or something. I couldn't say my father was an ex-boxer who did faith healing, had epileptic fits and lived off a pension. So for a while I said he was a football manager. But by the end I was inviting my friends home and they thought he was just as terrific as I did."

Raine has commented on his education: "At Barnard Castle I was taught by an absolutely remarkable English teacher, Arnold Snodgrass, a friend of W. H. Auden at Oxford [and later Robert Graves]. There was no question that he altered my mindset on things and made me very critical." At school he wrote "'pimply Dylan Thomas' poems, some of which he sent to Philip Toynbee, then lead reviewer at The Observer".

Raine received his university education at Exeter College, University of Oxford, where he received a BA in English and later received his B.Phil.

Career
He taught at Oxford and followed a literary career as book editor for New Review, editor of Quarto, and poetry editor at the New Statesman. He became poetry editor at publishers Faber and Faber in 1981, and has been a fellow of New College, Oxford, since 1991, retiring from his post as tutor in June 2010.

In 1972 he married Ann Pasternak Slater, a now retired fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford. They have one daughter and three sons. Moses Raine is a playwright and Nina Raine a director and playwright.

Craig Raine is founder and editor of the literary magazine Areté and a frequent contributor. His works include a number of poetry collections: The Onion, Memory (1978), A Martian Sends a Postcard Home (1979), A Free Translation (1981), Rich (1984), History: The Home Movie (1994), and ''Clay. Whereabouts Unknown'' (1996). His reviews and essays are collected in two anthologies: Haydn and the Valve Trumpet (1990) and In Defence of T. S. Eliot (2000). A short critical-biographical study of Eliot, T. S. Eliot: Image, Text and Context, was published in 2007.

His friend Ian McEwan argues that Raine espouses "very strong and clear, almost Arnoldian, ideas of literature and criticism".

Poetry collections

 * The Onion, Memory, Oxford University Press, 1978. ISBN 0-19-211877-3.
 * A Journey to Greece, Sycamore Press, 1979
 * A Martian Sends a Postcard Home, Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-211896-X.
 * A Free Translation, Salamander, 1981
 * Rich, Faber and Faber, 1984
 * The Prophetic Book (bilingual edition with Polish translation by Jerzy Jarniewicz), Correspondance des Arts, 1989
 * History: The Home Movie, Penguin, 1994
 * Change, Prospero Poets, 1995
 * Clay: Whereabouts Unknown, Penguin, 1996
 * Collected Poems 1978–1999, Picador, 1999
 * A la recherche du temps perdu, Picador, 2000
 * How Snow Falls, 2010

Fiction

 * Heartbreak, Atlantic, 2010
 * The Divine Comedy, Atlantic, 2012

Drama

 * 1953: A Version of Racine's Andromaque, Faber and Faber, 1990

Libretto

 * The Electrification of the Soviet Union, Faber and Faber, 1986, opera by Nigel Osborne

Criticism

 * Haydn and the Valve Trumpet, Faber and Faber, 1990
 * In Defence of T. S. Eliot, Picador, 2000
 * T. S. Eliot: Image, Text and Context, Oxford University Press, 2007
 * More Dynamite: Essays 1990–2012, Atlantic, 2013
 * My Grandmother's Glass Eye: A Look at Poetry, Atlantic, 2016

As editor

 * A Choice of Kipling's Prose, Faber and Faber, 1987
 * Rudyard Kipling: Selected Poems, Penguin, 1992
 * New Writing 7, (co-editor) Vintage, 1998

title: Craig Raine


text:
Elspeth Howe

Elspeth Rosamund Morton Howe, Baroness Howe of Idlicote, Baroness Howe of Aberavon, (née Shand; 8 February 1932 – 22 March 2022) was a British life peer and crossbench member of the House of Lords (2001–2020) who served in many capacities in public life. As the widow of Geoffrey Howe, she was formerly known as Lady Howe of Aberavon before receiving a peerage in her own right. She was the paternal half-aunt of Queen Camilla.

Early life
Born Elspeth R. M. Shand in Marylebone, London, she was the daughter of the writer Philip Morton Shand by his fourth wife, Sybil Mary Shand (née Sissons, formerly Slee). As such, she was a half-aunt to Queen Camilla (née Shand, formerly Parker Bowles), whose father, Bruce Shand, was son of Philip Morton Shand by a previous marriage. She grew up in Bath, Somerset, and was educated at Wycombe Abbey, a leading private school for girls, and at the London School of Economics. She married the rising politician Geoffrey Howe in 1953, and had three children, Caroline (Cary), and twins, Amanda and Alec.

Career
Howe served as deputy chairman of the Equal Opportunities Commission from 1975 to 1979, and in various other capacities from 1980. She was later made chair of the Broadcasting Standards Commission. In the 1999 New Year Honours she was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Lady Howe was a Justice of the Peace in Inner London from 1964 until her retirement from the Bench in 2002. She sat in the Youth Court at Camberwell where she was a bench chairman.

On 29 June 2001, at the age of 69, she was made a life peer, as Baroness Howe of Idlicote, of Shipston-on-Stour in the County of Warwickshire, in her own right, becoming one of the first People's Peers. She and her husband were one of the few couples each of whom held a peerage in their own right. Having already been styled Lady Howe by dint of her husband's knighthood and then his peerage, it was quipped when she received her own peerage that she was "once, twice, three times a Lady".

Howe retired from Parliament on 2 June 2020. She died at her home in Idlicote, Warwickshire, on 22 March 2022, aged 90, following a battle with cancer.

title: Elspeth Howe


text:
Talk:Mad Mike Hoare

Date of birth
Multiple internet sources suggest he was born in 1919. --93.107.199.105 (talk) 20:27, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Name of mercenary
"One mercenary had died during the skirmish"

What was the name of this mercenary ?
 * Johan Fritz. I added a little about him. --Jpbrenna 04:09, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Nickname.
Wasn't he known as 'Mad Mike Hoare'? - (Aidan Work 04:55, 30 November 2005 (UTC))

Yes, he was.

Objectivity
This line added:

"Primarily, Mike Hoare and his men were motivated by money, but their willingness to engage in criminal and violent acts was another motivating factor. Later in his career as a killer for hire, Hoare would be condemned in court and vilified by a judge for the atrocities committed by himself and his followers."

Much of the article seems to glorify Hoare as a heroic leader figure, which most historians would contest since his exploits and activities were often brutal and for substantial profit. This line was added for balance. Hoare was, in fact, never considered a heroic leader by any measure and in any written work.

 * Boy, this facility is really cool. I didn't think I will find an article on him. I just learned of him from this bbc article And yeah, I think Mad Mike should be redirected to this article as it looks like it was his nick name. Now, what happened to civilization? The article treats a mercenary like a hero WTF?

 * honestly, I must say that "brutal" describes a lot of people who have served in most militaries around the world. Primarily, if you believe Mr Hoare himself, he did what he did because he was anti communist, and felt it was the best way he could help the world, with his training he had (he served in WWII in the British Army for instance). I am sure he would take offense to it being said he did it for such a low reason as a willingness to engage in criminal activity and violence. if he just wanted those two things, there are any number of ways to do that without leaving his home in South Africa. As for being vilified by a judge, he definatly deserved that to be vilified, after all, he hijacked a plane (with the pilots consent) and had the plane fly to the location it was intending to go... reason for doing it? to get his troops out of the combat zone they were in... as for "never considered a heroic leader by any measure and in any written work." why make a movie about him then?

Harry G. Smith
Do a search of Guardian Karate School. Harry G. Smith was my Karate instructors teacher and member of the Wild Geese.

Some people NEED kill'n, and guys like Hoare and Smith are the ones to do it.

Peace.

POV
This article provides a number of useful facts. Still it is mainly a glorification of a mercenary. The passage mentioned above under "objectivity", and which contains some criticism of his conduct, has been removed from the article. --84.188.211.138 01:07, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * may I ask, if he was good at his job, "fought the good fight", etc, etc... what is the difference between mercenary and soldier? the fact that he fought for a country other than his own is a silly thing to base a view of someone on... George Washington would not qualify as a decent man then, neither would several other key players in history.

Although the US link to Diego Garcia is eminently plausible, I am not aware of any sources which back this up. Anyone know? If not, we should remove it. --Magicmike 02:51, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Other Careers
Is it true that Mad Mike Hoare was a qualified chartered accountant? Thanks in advance for any info. PeadarMaguidhir 07:26, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * yes, he was. and quiet a prolific writer to boot.

I haven't been able to find anything concrete to back this up (apart from a vague reference to the December 1980 Accountancy magazine disciplinary pages), but I recall hearing from an accountancy lecturer that Mad Mike was only thrown out of the ICAEW because he was in prison so couldn't pay his annual fees. In other words, they couldn't touch him for any of the "other stuff"! 86.140.171.105 08:20, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Firstly, I believe he may have been a member of the Irish Institute. Secondly, if convicted of a crime, he would automatically have been subject to an Institute investigation which would lead to expulsion.--PeadarMaguidhir 15:14, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Mike Webb
I really don't think that the radio personality Mike Webb is the same as the mercenary, and I removed the link.Grant McKenna 09:24, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Update
does anybody have any more recent information about him? Where he retired to, where is he now, etc?

 * Mike Hoare is dead now but I am trying to find a source from the press for the date. I knew someone who knew him so as a final resort we can visit his relatives. There is a lot missing from this article and I will include much detail but presently am separated from my books and articles Ghj-AA4 (talk) 06:15, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * He seems to be alive and most likely living in South Africa at the age of 91 where one of his children Chris seems to live. It is thought from postings on websites interested in mercenaries and so on that he has dementia and is otherwise in the physical condition you would expect at this age. Some sources suggest he was born in 1919 rather than 1920. Persistent chatter on the internet asserts he was killed in a robbery in the late 1980s or early 1990s in Zimbabwe and/or South Africa. This does not seem to be true--93.107.199.105 (talk) 20:24, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

 * "Some sources suggest he was born in 1919 rather than 1920." While allowing doubt about the year, they flatly assert the place to be Dublin, Ireland, rather than this article's India. See http://www.mercenary-wars.net/biography/mike-hoare.html for one. 173.184.68.224 (talk) 22:18, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Reuters dispatch claimed he died in Rhodesia circa 1990.His two daughters were first raped and shot,then his wife.No details given on his death.His son Chris was out of the country.Don't believe the robbery motive.Mike hosted the going away party for the U.S ambassador that fingered Mandela for his roadblock arrest. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Statemachine 01 (talk • contribs) 23:21, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I think the above might be describing the death, not of Hoare, but of Lt Col Dudley Coventry. He was a Rhodesian Army officer involved in some notable operations of the Bush War period. I remember reading his obituary in one of the republished collections put out by the Daily Telegraph. The date of death would be about right, and home invasion was mentioned as I recall (it might have been included in the book mentioned at this link http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3650257/Paperbacks.html).

 * Additionslly, the front cover of this book https://www.amazon.co.uk/Congo-Unravelled-Operations-Independence-Mercenary/dp/1907677631, newly published in 2012, displays a review quote from Hoare. If he had died since then, I think a lot of mainstream media and internet sources would have reported it. 2A02:8010:6087:0:381A:988F:6000:3FB7 (talk) 17:54, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 23:57, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 18:39, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

contested statements removed

 * Hoare agreed to fight for Mancham.
 * When attempting the military deposition, Hoare and the others were disguised as a beer drinking fraternity, the "Ancient Order of Frothblowers", arriving in a Royal Swazi jet on Mahé, and carrying their own weapons; nine mercenaries (Hoare's advance guard) were already in the island on the evening of 25 November 1981.
 * South Africa negotiated [Four of the mercenary soldiers' (convicted of treason)] release with a $3 million ransom payment.
 * Throughout his trial Hoare insisted that his operation had been blessed by the South African government: I see South Africa as the bastion of civilisation in an Africa subjected to a total Communist onslaught... I foresee myself in the forefront of this fight for our very existence; he was released in 1985.

Please do not return this information to the artilce without a citation.-- Birgitte SB  19:34, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Bias
This article is absurdly biased in favour of its subject. It does not even make clear that he was convicted of a major crime and received a substantial sentence. (Facts available in the source at the link in footnote number 4). Why is he described as having been involved in "military battles" in the Indian Ocean rather than "criminal activities"? 212.137.36.228 (talk) 08:51, 28 September 2011 (UTC)PaulN — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.186.23.80 (talk) 23:02, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The article makes it perfectly clear that he was found guilty and sentenced to prison - the ref you point out is used several times, specifically in the Seychelles affiar section, where it says "...this was upgraded to hijacking after international pressure." and "While still in prison..." - you don't go to prison if you're not found guilty.
 * It's called a military battle, because that's what it was. the legality of the scenario can be argued, but they were military in nature, and battles in nature.   a_man_alone (talk) 09:53, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

How to pronounce the family name
Hoare as in "rhymes with whore"? I image him punching a lot of people in the face if that is not the right pronounciation ;-) Maybe someone with a little bit knowledge of Irish can help?

 * Yep. That's the correct pronunciation. 89.204.195.129 (talk) 21:33, 17 July 2012 (UTC) K Murphy

Should he be considerated as a DRC Army officer?
Since he was a commender of the ANC 5 Commando, should Mike Hoare be included in the Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo military personnel? On the other hand, it was only a figleaf to hide foreign intervention. --Jean Po (talk) 22:08, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 30 December 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: MOVED (non-admin closure) Galobtter (pingó mió) 04:52, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

Mike Hoare → Mad Mike Hoare – per WP:COMMONNAME. Overwhelmingly known in reliable sources as Mad Mike Hoare, "Mad" Mike Hoare or "Mad Mike" Hoare. See e.g. ~250 hits on gbooks or 24 hits on JSTOR Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 04:19, 30 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. He is indeed overwhelmingly known as Mad Mike Hoare. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:36, 4 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

5 Commando Armée Nationale Congolaise
I undid the good faith edit by user talk:Quisqualis because we need to retain the red-link to 5 Commando to encourage editors to create such a page (see [|Open Tasks - African Military History]. Because we already have a 5 Commando page on Wikipedia (Royal Marines) we need to add "ANC [Armée Nationale Congolaise] for disambiguation purposes.  If ANC is ambiguous because of the South African political organisation, we can use any other unique and appropriate suffix.  Recommendations are welcome.  Farawayman (talk) 12:05, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mad Mike Hoare


text:
Antonio Damasio

Antonio Damasio (António Damásio) is a Portuguese neuroscientist. He is currently the David Dornsife Chair in Neuroscience, as well as Professor of Psychology, Philosophy, and Neurology, at the University of Southern California, and, additionally, an adjunct professor at the Salk Institute. He was previously the chair of neurology at the University of Iowa for 20 years. Damasio heads the Brain and Creativity Institute, and has authored several books: his work, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (2010), explores the relationship between the brain and consciousness. Damasio's research in neuroscience has shown that emotions play a central role in social cognition and decision-making.

Life and work
During the 1960s, "Damasio studied medicine at the University of Lisbon Medical School, where he also did his neurological residency and completed his doctorate in 1974." "For part of his studies, he researched behavioral neurology under the supervision of Norman Geschwind of the Aphasia Research Center in Boston."

Damasio's main field is neurobiology, especially the neural systems which underlie emotion, decision-making, memory, language and consciousness. Damasio might believe that emotions play a critical role in high-level cognition—an idea counter to dominant 20th-century views in psychology, neuroscience and philosophy.

Damasio formulated the somatic marker hypothesis, a theory about how emotions and their biological underpinnings are involved in decision-making (both positively and negatively, and often non-consciously). Emotions provide the scaffolding for the construction of social cognition and are required for the self processes which undergird consciousness. "Damasio provides a contemporary scientific validation of the linkage between feelings and the body by highlighting the connection between mind and nerve cells ... this personalized embodiment of mind."

The somatic marker hypothesis has inspired many neuroscience experiments carried out in laboratories in the U.S. and Europe, and has had a major impact in contemporary science and philosophy. Damasio has been named by the Institute for Scientific Information as one of the most highly cited researchers in the past decade. Current work on the biology of moral decisions, neuro-economics, social communication, and drug-addiction, has been strongly influenced by Damasio's hypothesis. An article published in the Archives of Scientific Psychology in 2014 named Damasio one of the 100 most eminent psychologist of the modern era. (Diener et al. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 2014, 2, 20–32). The June–July issue of Sciences Humaines included Damasio in its list of 50 key thinkers in the human sciences of the past two centuries.

Damasio also proposed that emotions are part of homeostatic regulation and are rooted in reward/punishment mechanisms. He recovered William James' perspective on feelings as a read-out of body states, but expanded it with an "as-if-body-loop" device which allows for the substrate of feelings to be simulated rather than actual (foreshadowing the simulation process later uncovered by mirror neurons). He demonstrated experimentally that the insular cortex is a critical platform for feelings, a finding that has been widely replicated, and he uncovered cortical and subcortical induction sites for human emotions, e.g. in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. He also demonstrated that while the insular cortex plays a major role in feelings, it is not necessary for feelings to occur, suggesting that brain stem structures play a basic role in the feeling process.

He has continued to investigate the neural basis of feelings and demonstrated that although the insular cortex is a major substrate for this process it is not exclusive, suggesting that brain stem nuclei are critical platforms as well. He regards feelings as the necessary foundation of sentience.

In another development, Damasio proposed that the cortical architecture on which learning and recall depend involves multiple, hierarchically organized loops of axonal projections that converge on certain nodes out of which projections diverge to the points of origin of convergence (the convergence-divergence zones). This architecture is applicable to the understanding of memory processes and of aspects of consciousness related to the access of mental contents.

In The Feeling of What Happens, Damasio laid the foundations of the "enchainment of precedences": "the nonconscious neural signaling of an individual organism begets the protoself which permits core self and core consciousness, which allow for an autobiographical self, which permits extended consciousness. At the end of the chain, extended consciousness permits conscience.

According to the University of Iowa's Department of Neurology's website, "Damasio's research depended significantly on establishing the modern human lesion method, an enterprise made possible by Hanna Damasio's structural neuroimaging/neuroanatomy work complemented by experimental neuroanatomy (with Gary Van Hoesen and Josef Parvizi), experimental neuropsychology (with Antoine Bechara, Ralph Adolphs, and Dan Tranel) and functional neuroimaging (with Kaspar Meyer, Jonas Kaplan, and Mary Helen Immordino-Yang)." The experimental neuroanatomy work with Van Hoesen and Bradley Hyman led to the discovery of the disconnection of the hippocampus caused by neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

As a clinician, he and his collaborators have studied and treated disorders of behaviour and cognition, and movement disorders.

Damasio's books deal with the relationship between emotions and their brain substrates. His 1994 book, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain, won the Science et Vie prize, was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Award, and is translated in over 30 languages. It is regarded as one of the most influential books of the past two decades. His second book, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, was named as one of the ten best books of 2001 by the New York Times Book Review, a Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year, a Library Journal Best Book of the Year, and has over 30 foreign editions. On the basis of a single-case experiment, Damasio suggested emotions belong to the automatic vital processes of the body and thus can be recognized by a person without any form of memory. In 2003, this work was followed by the publication of Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain. In it, Damasio suggested that the philosopher Baruch Spinoza's thinking foreshadowed discoveries in biology and neuroscience views on the mind-body problem and that Spinoza was a protobiologist. Damasio's book is Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain. In it Damasio suggests that the self is the key to conscious minds and that feelings, from the kind he designates as primordial to the well-known feelings of emotion, are the basic elements in the construction of the protoself and core self. The book received the Corinne International Book Prize.

Damasio is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. He is the recipient of several prizes, amongst them the Grawemeyer Award, the Honda Prize, the Prince of Asturias Award in Science and Technology and the Beaumont Medal from the American Medical Association, as well as honorary degrees from, most recently, the Sorbonne (Université Paris Descartes), shared with his wife Hanna Damasio. He has also received doctorates from the Universities of Aachen, Copenhagen, Leiden, Barcelona, Coimbra, Leuven and numerous others.

In 2013, the Escola Secundária António Damásio was dedicated in Lisbon.

He says he writes in the belief that "scientific knowledge can be a pillar to help humans endure and prevail."

He is married to Hanna Damasio, a prominent neuroscientist and frequent collaborator and co-author, who is a professor of neuroscience at the University of Southern California and the director of the Dornsife Neuroimaging Center.

In 2017 he was designated member of the Council of State of Portugal, replacing Antonio Guterres, the 9th Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Damasio additionally serves on the board of directors of the Berggruen Institute, and sits on the jury for the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy.

Books

 * Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, Putnam, 1994; revised Penguin edition, 2005
 * The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, Harcourt, 1999
 * Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain, Harcourt, 2003
 * Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain, Pantheon, 2010. ISBN 978-1-5012-4695-1
 * The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures, Pantheon, 2018.
 * Feeling and Knowing: Making Minds Conscious, Pantheon, 2021

title: Antonio Damasio


text:
Big Brovaz

Big Brovaz (pronounced as "brothers") is an R&B and hip hop music group from London, England. In their seven-year career they released two studio albums and eight singles. There were three line-up changes with two of the original members leaving halfway through. In 2006, the only two female members launched their own band Booty Luv, which was taking off following the success of their debut single "Boogie 2nite". After their second album failed to chart and with low sales of their last two singles, the band decided to split. In May 2012, the four members from the third line-up reformed and toured Australia with S Club 3.

2001–2002: Formation, original lineup and Look Inside
Big Brovaz originally comprised three women (Cherise, who won the MOBO for best unsigned artist in 2000; Dion; and Nadia, born in Reading), three men (J-Rock; Flawless, born in Lagos; and Randy), plus two producers Skillz (also known as JJC, born in Kano, who also managed his group 419 Squad), and Michael Fingaz Mugisha. The group was referred to as a softer version of the So Solid Crew.

The group was brought together by Fingaz, one of the collective's producers, who already worked under the title "Big Brovaz". The "Big Brovaz" team asked the individual members to showcase their talent alongside underground London R&B and hip hop artists on a compilation that was being put together, entitled Big Brovaz – Watching You. On the album, rather than giving each member an individual track, the producers decided to make the artists work together and perform on the same tracks. That collaborative effort led to the group's formation.

The Big Brovaz – Watching You compilation sold over two thousand copies.

A track from the album, which featured west London R&B singer Cherise, was picked up by the organizer of the annual MOBO award and she was asked to compete in the annual MOBO Unsigned talent competition where she achieved first place. Cherise was signed and later release her own solo album. Following this, the group was picked up by Sony Records.

Female member Cherise released a solo album Look Inside before the debut album from Big Brovaz was released. It only spawned one single, "2nd Best", while the album won a MOBO award.

2002–2004: Commercial breakthrough and Nu Flow
The group's breakthrough was in October 2002 when the group's debut single, "Nu Flow" became a hit, particularly in the UK where it made the top 3, spending over four months inside the top 75. Their debut album of the same name was released on 4 November 2002 to rave reviews. This single was covered in 2006 in a UK Halifax TV advertisement.

The group's success continued into 2003 with the release of further singles from their debut album. The group's second single, "OK" made Number 7 in the UK Singles Chart prompting a re-release of the album with a re-ordered track listing and new tracks on 10 February 2003. However, the album was re-issued yet again one month later, on 24 March 2003, with another re-ordered track listing and a new track entitled "Favourite Things". This song became the group's third single and was famous for sampling the song "My Favourite Things" from the musical The Sound of Music. As well as their own interpretation of the classic song, the group decided to include a cover of the original as a hidden bonus track on version three of "Nu Flow". "Favourite Things" became the group's biggest highest-charting hit to date, peaking at Number 2 in the UK Singles Chart and spending three weeks inside the top 3 of that chart.

The fourth single taken from the album was "Baby Boy". The music video for the single was famous for being inspired by the sitcom Friends. "Baby Boy" became the group's fourth top 10 hit in a row, peaking at Number 4 in the UK singles chart. The fifth single from the album, "Ain't What You Do", which sampled Fun Boy Three and Bananarama's collaboration It Ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It) was the group's fifth top 15 hit, peaking at Number 15.

The group's debut album was certified platinum in the UK, a great achievement for UK R&B and hip hop.

The group next appeared on-screen in the 2004 film Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, in which they performed a version of Sly & the Family Stone's "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)" and was featured on the Soundtrack. They also released the single "We Wanna Thank You (The Things You Do)" as the theme song from the movie in April 2004. This was the collective's smallest hit to date, peaking at Number 17 in the UK singles charts. Shortly after this, rapper Flawless was stopped at LAX airport and was found to be in possession of about 2.2 g of Cannabis out of the UK. This resulted in his sacking from the group in 2004, leaving the remaining 5 group members and two producers to carry on without him.

2004–2007: third line up, Re Entry and split
Later in 2004, one member down, the group released another new single, "Yours Fatally", which was due to be taken from their second album. Although receiving good reviews, the single did not catch on as much as their record company had hoped and were subsequently dropped by their label due to poor sales in late 2004. After being dropped, the group decided to split up and pursue solo ventures. The reformed group's MySpace webpage confirmed that a new single would be released 24 April entitled "Hangin' Around", which became the group's lowest charting hit to date, peaking outside the UK top 40.

Despite this setback, the group continued and they announced that their second album "Re-Entry" (originally due for a May release) would finally be released in early 2007. The third single from the album (as "Yours Fatally" was to be included), confirmed as "Big Bro Thang", was announced to have a release before the album. The single "Big Bro Thang" was released with six remixes launching on iTunes between 26 February 2007 and 19 March, with the album Re-Entry finally released on 9 April 2007.

2012-present: Reformation, touring and new material
In May 2012, the four remaining original members of the band set off on a tour of Australia with three members of pop group S Club 7. On 14 September 2014 the group released their first single since reforming independently. In October and December 2018, the band joined with Peter Andre, 5ive, S Club 3, Boyzlife (Keith Duffy and Shane Lynch), B*Witched, Blazin' Squad and East 17, for a 5-date revival arena tour. Cherise and Nadia also performed as Booty Luv.

On 25 September 2021 the group released "Controlla". This was the first release by the group that did not feature vocals from the female members of the band.

Solo careers
Nadia and Cherise are now also performing under the name Booty Luv. Their first single, a cover of Tweet's "Boogie 2nite" was released in the UK via the Hed Kandi label on 27 November 2006. The single received good reviews and became a favourite on the UK club scene. It peaked at Number 2 in its third week in the UK Singles Chart, spending eleven weeks in the Top 15 and sixteen weeks in the Top 40.

Four more singles have since been released, with Shine, a cover of the Luther Vandross song, peaking at Number 10 in the UK singles chart. Third and fourth singles "Don't Mess with My Man", a cover of the Lucy Pearl song, and an original song "Some Kinda Rush" both reached the Top 20, peaking at number 11 and 19. "Dance Dance" was the fifth single to be taken from the album. Booty Luv's début album Boogie 2nite was released on 17 September 2007, and reached number 11 in the UK Albums Chart.

J-Rock and Randy also went on to form their own group, Party Dark, falling into the Party/House and Rap genres and were signed to Champion Records in 2009. On 15 March 2010 they released their first single, "Is That You?", which was well received by DJs such as Huw Stephens, Bobby Friction and Eddie Temple-Morris and the music video reached Number 1 in the MTV Dancefloor Charts four weeks in a row.

Party Dark released a second single in the later part of 2010 called "Let's Go". This was announced via a teaser trailer on YouTube and a remix competition on their own and their label's websites.

J-Rock was the protagonist of an All 4 documentary entitled Giving Up the Weed.

Filmography

 * Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)

title: Big Brovaz


text:
William Bateson

William Bateson (8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was an English biologist who was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns. His 1894 book Materials for the Study of Variation was one of the earliest formulations of the new approach to genetics.

Early life and education

Bateson was born 1861 in Whitby on the Yorkshire coast, the son of William Henry Bateson, Master of St John's College, Cambridge, and Anna Aikin, who was on the first governing body of Newnham College, Cambridge. He was educated at Rugby School and at St John's College, where he graduated BA in 1883 with a first in natural sciences.

Taking up embryology, he went to the United States to investigate the development of Balanoglossus, a worm-like hemichordate which led to his interest in vertebrate origins. In 1883–4 he worked in the laboratory of William Keith Brooks, at the Chesapeake Zoölogical Laboratory in Hampton, Virginia. Turning from morphology to study evolution and its methods, he returned to England and became a Fellow of St John's. Studying variation and heredity, he travelled in western Central Asia.

Career
Between 1900 and 1910 Bateson directed a rather informal "school" of genetics at Cambridge. His group consisted mostly of women associated with Newnham College, Cambridge, and included both his wife Beatrice, and her sister Florence Durham. They provided assistance for his research program at a time when Mendelism was not yet recognised as a legitimate field of study. The women, such as Muriel Wheldale (later Onslow), carried out a series of breeding experiments in various plant and animal species between 1902 and 1910. The results both supported and extended Mendel's laws of heredity. Hilda Blanche Killby, who had finished her studies with the Newnham College Mendelians in 1901, aided Bateson in the replication of Mendel's crosses in peas. She conducted independent breeding experiments in rabbits and bantam fowl, as well.

In 1910, Bateson became director of the John Innes Horticultural Institution and moved with his family to Merton Park in Surrey. During his time at the John Innes Horticultural Institution he became interested in the chromosome theory of heredity and promoted the study of cytology by the appointment of W.C.F. Newton and, in 1923, Cyril Dean Darlington.

In 1919, he founded The Genetics Society, one of the first learned societies dedicated to Genetics.

Personal life
Bateson was married to Beatrice Durham. He first became engaged to her in 1889, but at the engagement party, was thought to have had too much wine, so his mother in law prevented her daughters' engagement. They finally married 7 years later in June 1896, by which time Arthur Durham had died and his wife had either died (according to Henig) or had somehow been persuaded to drop her opposition to the marriage (according to Cock). Their son was the anthropologist and cyberneticist Gregory Bateson.

Bateson has been described as a "very militant" atheist.

Awards
In June 1894 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and won their Darwin Medal in 1904 and their Royal Medal in 1920. He also delivered their Croonian lecture in 1920. He was the president of the British Association in 1913–1914.

Work on biological variation (to 1900)
Bateson's work published before 1900 systematically studied the structural variation displayed by living organisms and the light this might shed on the mechanism of biological evolution, and was strongly influenced by both Charles Darwin's approach to the collection of comprehensive examples, and Francis Galton's quantitative ("biometric") methods. In his first significant contribution, he shows that some biological characteristics (such as the length of forceps in earwigs) are not distributed continuously, with a normal distribution, but discontinuously (or "dimorphically"). He saw the persistence of two forms in one population as a challenge to the then current conceptions of the mechanism of heredity, and says "The question may be asked, does the dimorphism of which cases have now been given represent the beginning of a division into two species?"

In his 1894 book, Materials for the study of variation, Bateson took this survey of biological variation significantly further. He was concerned to show that biological variation exists both continuously, for some characters, and discontinuously for others, and coined the terms "meristic" and "substantive" for the two types. In common with Darwin, he felt that quantitative characters could not easily be "perfected" by the selective force of evolution, because of the perceived problem of the "swamping effect of intercrossing", but proposed that discontinuously varying characters could.

In Materials Bateson noted and named homeotic mutations, in which an expected body-part has been replaced by another. The animal mutations he studied included bees with legs instead of antennae; crayfish with extra oviducts; and in humans, polydactyly, extra ribs, and males with extra nipples. These mutations are in the homeobox genes which control the pattern of body formation during early embryonic development of animals. The 1995 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded for work on these genes. They are thought to be especially important to the basic development of all animals. These genes have a crucial function in many, and perhaps all, animals.

In Materials unaware of Gregor Mendel's results, Bateson wrote concerning the mechanism of biological heredity, "The only way in which we may hope to get at the truth is by the organization of systematic experiments in breeding, a class of research that calls perhaps for more patience and more resources than any other form of biological enquiry. Sooner or later such an investigation will be undertaken and then we shall begin to know." Mendel had cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants, performing exactly the experiment Bateson wanted.

Also in Materials, he stated what has been called Bateson's rule, namely that extra legs are mirror-symmetric with their neighbours, such as when an extra leg appears in an insect's leg socket. It appears to be caused by the leaking of positional signals across the limb-limb interface, so that the extra limb's polarity is reversed.

In 1897 he reported some significant conceptual and methodological advances in his study of variation. "I have argued that variations of a discontinuous nature may play a prepondering part in the constitution of a new species." He attempts to silence his critics (the "biometricians") who misconstrue his definition of discontinuity of variation by clarification of his terms: "a variation is discontinuous if, when all the individuals of a population are breeding freely together, there is not simple regression to one mean form, but a sensible preponderance of the variety over the intermediates… The essential feature of a discontinuous variation is therefore that, be the cause what it may, there is not complete blending between variety and type. The variety persists and is not "swamped by intercrossing". But critically, he begins to report a series of breeding experiments, conducted by Edith Saunders, using the alpine brassica Biscutella laevigata in the Cambridge botanic gardens. In the wild, hairy and smooth forms of otherwise identical plants are seen together. They intercrossed the forms experimentally, "When therefore the well-grown mongrel plants are examined, they present just the same appearance of discontinuity which the wild plants at the Tosa Falls do. This discontinuity is, therefore, the outward sign of the fact that in heredity the two characters of smoothness and hairiness do not completely blend, and the offspring do not regress to one mean form, but to two distinct forms."

At about this time, Hugo de Vries and Carl Erich Correns began similar plant-breeding experiments. But, unlike Bateson, they were familiar with the extensive plant breeding experiments of Gregor Mendel in the 1860s, and they did not cite Bateson's work. Critically, Bateson gave a lecture to the Royal Horticultural Society in July 1899, which was attended by Hugo de Vries, in which he described his investigations into discontinuous variation, his experimental crosses, and the significance of such studies for the understanding of heredity. He urged his colleagues to conduct large-scale, well-designed and statistically analysed experiments of the sort that, although he did not know it, Mendel had already conducted, and which would be "rediscovered" by de Vries and Correns just six months later.

Founding the discipline of genetics
Bateson became famous as the outspoken Mendelian antagonist of Walter Raphael Weldon, his former teacher, and of Karl Pearson who led the biometric school of thinking. The debate centred on saltationism versus gradualism (Darwin had represented gradualism, but Bateson was a saltationist). Later, Ronald Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane showed that discrete mutations were compatible with gradual evolution, helping to bring about the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Bateson first suggested using the word "genetics" (from the Greek gennō, γεννώ; "to give birth") to describe the study of inheritance and the science of variation in a personal letter to Adam Sedgwick (1854–1913, zoologist at Cambridge, not the Adam Sedgwick (1785–1873) who had been Darwin's professor), dated 18 April 1905. Bateson first used the term "genetics" publicly at the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London in 1906. Although this was three years before Wilhelm Johannsen used the word "gene" to describe the units of hereditary information, De Vries had introduced the word "pangene" for the same concept already in 1889, and etymologically the word genetics has parallels with Darwin's concept of pangenesis. Bateson and Edith Saunders also coined the word "allelomorph" ("other form"), which was later shortened to allele.

Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage with Reginald Punnett and Edith Saunders, and he and Punnett founded the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Bateson also coined the term "epistasis" to describe the genetic interaction of two independent loci. His interpretations and philosophies were often at odds with Galtonian eugenics, and he was a pivotal figure in shifting the consensus away from strict hereditarianism.

The John Innes Centre holds a Bateson Lecture in his honour at the annual John Innes Symposium.

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title: William Bateson