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Clifton, Bristol

Clifton is both a suburb of Bristol, England, and the name of one of the city's thirty-five council wards. The Clifton ward also includes the areas of Cliftonwood and Hotwells. The eastern part of the suburb lies within the ward of Clifton Down.

Notable places in Clifton include Clifton Suspension Bridge, Clifton Cathedral, Clifton College, The Clifton Club, Clifton High School, Bristol, Goldney Hall and Clifton Down.

Clifton

Clifton is an inner suburb of the English port city of Bristol. Clifton was recorded in the Domesday book as Clistone, the name of the village denoting a 'hillside settlement' and referring to its position on a steep hill. Until 1898 Clifton St Andrew was a separate civil parish within the Municipal Borough of Bristol. Various sub-districts of Clifton exist, including Whiteladies Road, an important shopping district to the east, and Clifton Village, a smaller shopping area near the Avon Gorge to the west. In 1891 the parish had a population of 29,345. On 30 September 1896 the parish was abolished to form North Bristol.

Although the suburb has no formal boundaries, the name Clifton is generally applied to the high ground stretching from Whiteladies Road in the east to the rim of the Avon Gorge in the west, and from Clifton Down and Durdham Down in the north to Cornwallis Crescent in the south. This area corresponds roughly with the city wards of Clifton and Clifton East, although the former also includes the riverside suburb of Hotwells.

Clifton is one of the oldest and most affluent areas of the city, much of it having been built with profits from tobacco and the slave trade. Situated to the west of Bristol city centre, it was at one time a separate settlement but became attached to Bristol by continuous development during the Georgian era and was formally incorporated into the city in the 1830s. Grand houses that required many servants were built in the area. Although some were detached or semi-detached properties, the bulk were built as terraces, many with three or more floors. One famous terrace is the majestic Royal York Crescent, visible from the Avon Gorge below and looking across the Bristol docks. Berkeley Square and Berkeley Crescent, which were built around 1790, are examples of Georgian architecture. Secluded squares include the triangular Canynge Square. The Whiteladies Picture House on Whiteladies Road was converted into offices and a gymnasium in 2001 but it was re-opened as a cinema by Everyman Cinemas in 2016. Clifton Lido was built in 1850 but closed to the public in 1990, it was redeveloped and opened again to the public in November 2008.

On 17 December 1978 a bomb on Queen's Road in Clifton detonated, injuring at least seven people. The Provisional IRA was responsible.

Parts of Clifton itself are now in the process of being pedestrianised.

Demographics
Clifton ward, which includes Hotwells, has a population of 10,452 in 5,007 households, according to adjusted figures for the 2001 census. On the same basis, Clifton East ward has a population of 9,538 in 4,741 households. In Clifton ward, 27% of the adult population (aged 16 to 74 years) is in full-time education.

Geography and transport
Immediately north of Clifton is Durdham Down, a relatively flat and open area, used for recreation purposes. On the western edge of Clifton is Clifton Down, a less open/more wooded area, adjacent to the gorge. Clifton is home to many buildings of the University of Bristol, including Goldney Hall; Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge; the Roman Catholic Clifton Cathedral; Christ Church, Clifton Down; Clifton College; Clifton High School; the former Amberley House preparatory school; Queen Elizabeth's Hospital School, The Clifton Club; and Bristol Zoo.

Clifton is served by Clifton Down railway station on the local Severn Beach railway line, and by frequent bus services from central Bristol. It has road links to the city centre and outer western suburbs, and across the Clifton Suspension Bridge to Leigh Woods in North Somerset. Between 1893 and 1934, it was connected to Hotwells by the Clifton Rocks Railway.

Famous and notable residents

 * David Anderson - vicar of Clifton Church (1864–1881)
 * Angela Carter - author (whilst studying at the University of Bristol)
 * Carla Denyer - councillor for Clifton (2015–present) and Green Party co-leader (2021–present).
 * Eliza Walker Dunbar - early female doctor
 * Eugénie de Montijo - later Empress Eugenie of France, wife of Napoleon III, was a student in Royal York Crescent where she was known as "Carrots"
 * Keith Floyd - restaurateur and TV personality
 * W. G. Grace - cricketer and surgeon
 * Francis Greenway - renowned Australian architect and designer of The Clifton Club
 * John Grimshaw - founder of Sustrans and a voice for cyclists in the UK.
 * Sarah Guppy - inventor and collaborator with Isambard Kingdom Brunel
 * Charles Hansom - architect of Clifton College
 * Henry Selby Hele-Shaw - engineer and inventor of the Hele-Shaw clutch, Professor at the University of Bristol
 * Victoria Hughes - carer for prostitutes whilst cleaning the public toilets on Clifton Down
 * Annie Kenney - leading suffragette
 * Thomas MacAulay - historian
 * Charles Miles - cricketer and soldier
 * Peter Nichols - actor and playwright at the Bristol Old Vic
 * Frank Norman - novelist and playwright
 * Peter O'Toole - actor starting his career at the Bristol Old Vic
 * Svetlana Alliluyeva - later known as Lana Peters, Stalin's daughter
 * Edward Innes Pocock - Scottish rugby player, member of Cecil Rhodes' Pioneer Column, born in Clifton in 1855
 * Reginald Innes Pocock - British zoologist, Edward's younger brother, born in 1863
 * Charles Ross – Medieval English historian, lectured at the University of Bristol
 * J. D. Sedding - English church architect
 * Ellen Sharples and Rolinda Sharples - artist family
 * Tom Stoppard - playwright
 * John Addington Symonds - writer
 * Paule Vézelay - artist
 * Richmond Waller - English cricketer and decorated Royal Marines officer
 * Fabian Ware - Founder of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Born Clifton 17 June 1869
 * Sir Lawrence Weaver - influential editor of Country Life, architectural writer and organiser of the British Empire Exhibition in Wembley in 1924
 * William West - artist and builder of Clifton Observatory

In popular culture
In Frances Burney's novel Evelina (1778), young gentlemen are racing their phaetons on the public highways of Clifton (then still outside Bristol), and not without incident.

Part of the background to Philippa Gregory's historical novel A Respectable Trade – dealing mainly with the slave trade in late 18th-century Bristol – is the start of construction at Clifton, then a far area outside the city limits as they were at the time. In some passages characters debate whether Clifton could ever become viable and whether investment in real estate there would not be too risky – questions which were evidently quite relevant at the time though to the modern reader the answers are obvious.

The song "Clifton in the Rain" by Al Stewart appears on his first album Bed-Sitter Images.

The song "32 West Mall", which appeared on the 1971 album Stackridge was named after the communal flat that the band shared as their headquarters at 32 West Mall in 1970.

The 1978 children's paranormal drama "The Clifton House Mystery" – produced by HTV; was set in the Clifton area. The plot revolved around a family moving into an old house; and subsequently finding a skeleton of a long-dead person in a hidden room. After some unexplained incidents, they become convinced that a ghost connected in some way with the Bristol Riots of 1831 is haunting the house. The plot is based on the story of the real-life Thomas Brereton, a Dragoon commander who committed suicide after being court-martialled for his lenient approach to suppressing the rioters; although the ghost is named "George Bretherton" in the TV series.

Clifton has been featured in many television sitcoms, including the late 1970s and early 1980s TV series Shoestring, which was set in Bristol and starred Trevor Eve as a radio reporter and part-time sleuth. Much of the BBC series Mistresses was set there, including the 2008, 2009 and 2010 seasons. The TV series Teachers was partly filmed in Clifton, as was teen drama Skins and Being Human. Costume drama The House of Eliott was also largely filmed in Clifton, including at Goldney Hall and Berkeley Square.

The long-running hospital drama Casualty also drew on Clifton for many scenes between 1986 and 2009, when it was filmed in Bristol.

In a 2017 episode of the American historical adventure television series Black Sails, Blackbeard played by Ray Stevenson mentions Clifton as being the home of his mother.

A number of films have also been set in Clifton, including The Truth About Love (2005) starring Dougray Scott and Jennifer Love Hewitt, The Foolish Things (2005), starring Lauren Bacall and Anjelica Huston, and Starter for 10 (2006), starring James McAvoy and produced by Tom Hanks, which was filmed largely on Royal York Crescent. The 1962 film about delinquent teenagers, Some People, starring Kenneth More and Ray Brooks was filmed in and around Clifton.

Exhibitions and galleries
In 2010, Bristol-based art gallery Antlers Gallery exhibited its first exhibition Grotesques. The exhibition was held at a disused retail space in Whiteladies Gate. The project featured work by eleven Bristol based artists.

Natural history
Clifton has a long history of natural history television programming and global conservation, due to the presence of the former Bristol Zoo in the north of the ward and the proximity of the BBC Natural History Unit, which means that more than 25% of the world's wildlife programmes are made in Bristol. Animal Magic with Johnny Morris was filmed at Bristol Zoo for the duration of the programme (1963–1983).

The UK arm of the conservation charity Ape Action Africa, which rescues and rehabilitates chimpanzees and gorillas in Cameroon, West Africa, operates out of Clifton.

Cliftonwood
Cliftonwood is a small suburb of the English port city of Bristol. It is bounded approximately by the Hotwell Road to the south, Jacob's Wells Road and Constitution Hill to the East and North East, Clifton Vale to the West, and by the gardens of Goldney Hall, a University of Bristol hall of residence, to the north. Due to the geography of the area, there are only two roads in and out: Ambra Vale in the south-west corner, and Clifton Wood Road in the north-east, though there are many footpaths. On some sources the area is spelled Cliftonwood (one word), and in some Clifton Wood (two words). It is to be said that The end of Clifton ends at the end of Ambra Vale road, therefore Cliftonwood is part of Clifton.

The suburb is primarily a residential area, with the only commercial premises being the Lion pub. Housing is largely large Victorian terraces, which are often painted bright colours – the coloured houses one can see when standing on Bristol's harbourside and looking up at Cliftonwood are the backs of houses on Ambrose Road and Clifton Wood Terrace.

A medieval Jewish ritual bath known as a mikveh was discovered in 1987 in the former Hotwells Police Station bicycle shed by the Temple Local History group. This is believed to be the origin of the name Jacob's Well, also given to the adjoining road.

Hotwells
Hotwells is a district of the English port city of Bristol. It is located to the south of and below the high ground of Clifton, and directly to the north of the Floating Harbour. The southern entrance to the Avon Gorge, which connects those docks to the sea, lies at the western end of Hotwells. Bristol Cathedral is situated at the eastern end of Hotwells, adjacent to The Council House and College Green. Hotwells forms part of the city ward of Clifton.

title: Clifton, Bristol


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Talk:Seven stages

This page has been moved to Seven stages (Yogi). Do you think this means it will soon be made into a dis-ambiguation page?? 66.32.129.87 20:20, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Yes most probably, it will be. The title was too generalized. It must mention - seven stages of what? I moved it to a new name to avoid confusion in the future. There will definitely be more articles on this topic because it means different things. Jam2k 20:37, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Seven stages


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Harunobu

Harunobu (written: 春信 or 晴信) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

 * Arima Harunobu (有馬 晴信) (1567–1612), Japanese daimyō
 * Harunobu Deno (出野 晴信) (born 1969), Japanese fencer
 * Suzuki Harunobu (鈴木 春信) (1725–1770), Japanese Ukiyo-e artist
 * Harunobu Yonenaga (米長 晴信) (born 1965), Japanese politician
 * Takeda Shingen (1521 –1573), Japanese daimyō who was referred to as Harunobu (晴信) throughout his life.

title: Harunobu


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Talk:Dd (Unix)

Learn The DD Command External Reference
This link is to copyrighted material. It is my material, copyrighted by me. I give permission to anyone using Wikipedia to use the linked information in any way he/she sees fit. However, if one uses the material, he/she must not charge money for any derivative writings. [user: AwesomeMachine]

improve text / examples
I just /dev/zero'ed some harddisks and i found out, that the blocksize has a great performance impact

With defautl bs: 15MB/s

With bs=100M: 65MB/s

Maybe also mention that sending SIGUSR1 to gnu dd will make it print progress and writing speed.

Example code:

name of the command dd
There is a talk on blacklisted pupular video site by Hedrik Jan Thomassen about UNIX history. He mention (30:37) about why dd is called dd (this could be a joke from his side). Full title of the video is: T-Dose 2016, From UNIX to Linux, a time lapse of 45 years, Hendrik Jan Thomassen

 * You mean that it is called as DD, instead CC (Convert and Copy a file), because the CC was already taken for "C Compiler" and so on it was named as DD by shifting both alphabets by one and it became DD? --Golftheman (talk) 21:00, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Count parameter optional?
I infer from the examples under the ‘Data transfer forms of dd’ heading that if the count parameter is missing, the entire input is transferred. My own tests seem to confirm this. If this is correct and standard behaviour, the article should make this more explicit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.61.180.106 (talk) 15:38, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dd (Unix)


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Archive (disambiguation)

Archive is a collection of historical records.

Archive, The Archive, or Archives may also refer to:

Companies

 * Archive Corporation, a data storage company active in the 1980s
 * The Internet Archive, a large digital library
 * The Wayback Machine, an archive of the World Wide Web created by the Internet Archive

Computing

 * Archive bit, a file system attribute used for controlling incremental backups
 * Archive file, a computer file combining several files into one
 * Archive site, a website that stores information from the World Wide Web
 * Web archiving, the process of archiving the World Wide Web

Internet

 * archive.is, a general purpose archive site
 * arXiv (pronounced "archive"), an online archive of scientific papers

Publishing

 * Archive (non-profit publishing organisation), a publishing and research platform based in Berlin
 * Archive (magazine), a membership computer magazine for users of the Acorn Archimedes and RISC OS
 * Archives, a scholarly journal of the British Records Association
 * The Archive a defunct scholarly journal of the Center for Creative Photography

Music

 * Archive (band), a trip-hop/progressive rock band
 * Grand Archives, an indie rock band formerly known as Archives

Albums

 * Archive (The Specials album), 2001
 * Archive (Magnum album), 1993
 * Archives (Darkest Hour album), 2006
 * The Archive (EP), a 2013 EP by Imagine Dragons
 * Archives, a 1978 box set by Rush
 * The Archive, a 2019 EP by Lily Potter

Film

 * Archive (film), a 2020 science fiction film directed by Gavin Rothery

Other uses

 * Archives station, a Washington Metro station

title: Archive (disambiguation)


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Richie Dalmau

Raymond ("Richie") Dalmau (born 1973 in Arecibo, Puerto Rico) is a retired basketball player from Puerto Rico, the eldest son of the legendary Raymond Dalmau. He began his professional career in 1991 with the Capitanes de Arecibo under the guidance of his father. The next year he moved to the team where his father spent his career, the Piratas de Quebradillas.

He became a basketball star while he played with Quebradillas, earning a spot in the Puerto Rican National Team in 1995. He still holds that spot as a backing Point Guard. With the National Team he has participated in many International events, among them the 1996 Olympics and the 1998 and 2002 World Tournaments.

He participated in two Puerto Rican League Finals in the years 1999 and 2000, losing both of them to the Cangrejeros de Santurce. In 2001 he was named the League's Most Outstanding Player. In 2002 he participated in the NBA's National Basketball Development League (NBDL) with the Fayetteville Patriots and the Roanoke Dazzle.

By the end of the 2003 season, the Quebradillas Pirates had many financial problems and they lost the rights to all their players. Richie and his brother Ricardo moved to the Indios de Mayaguez.

For the 2005 season, the Dalmau brothers signed with the Cangrejeros de Santurce, which their father Raymond will coach. During this time Richie and his brother Ricardo won their first championship on the league in 2007. Richie signed again with the Cangrejeros de Santurce in 2007 for three years. He has two younger brothers who also play in the BSN; Christian and Ricardo.

Richie is also the founder of a rock band named "Sueño de Hormiga" where he plays the guitar. "Sueño de Hormiga" will release it first CD album during 2008 where Richie is the executive producer.

Dalmau has also contributed to improving Puerto Rico's public education system. In 2008, he and his brother Ricardo Dalmau participated in Sapientis Week, an initiative sponsored by the non-profit Sapientis which brings distinguished public figures into classrooms in order to raise the public's awareness of the education crisis in Puerto Rico.

Career stats
Dalmau's NBA Development League stats in 14 games are 0 games started, 75 points with a 5.4 PPG, 35 assists with a 2.5 APG, 25 rebounds with a 1.8 RPG, 9 steals with a 0.6 SPG, .422 field goal percentage, .250 three point percentage and .731 free-throw percentage.

title: Richie Dalmau


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Maizières

Maizières is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:

 * Maizières, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Maizières, Haute-Marne, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Maizières, Meurthe-et-Moselle, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département
 * Maizières, Pas-de-Calais, in the Pas-de-Calais département
 * Maizières, Haute-Saône, in the Haute-Saône département
 * Maizières-la-Grande-Paroisse, in the Aube département
 * Maizières-lès-Brienne, in the Aube département
 * Maizières-lès-Metz, in the Moselle département
 * Maizières-lès-Vic, in the Moselle département
 * Maizières-sur-Amance, in the Haute-Marne département

title: Maizières


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The Remote Part

The Remote Part is the third studio album by Scottish rock band Idlewild, released on 15 July 2002 by Parlophone. As they were becoming increasingly aware of their label's interest in them and their demos, the band's musical direction was being steered by guitarist Rod Jones. For the first half of 2001, the band recorded songs with producers Stephen Street and Lenny Kaye. Due to the uneven nature of the songs done between tours, they spent some time reworking 20 tracks in the Scottish Highlands. They recorded at Rockfield Studios in Wales, RAK Studios in London, and Sawmills Studios in Cornwall with producer Dave Eringa. Described as an alternative rock and indie rock record, it lacked the punk rock elements of their previous work.

Bookending two UK tours, "You Held the World in Your Arms" was released as the album's lead single on 15 April 2002. The second and third singles "American English" and "Live in a Hiding Place" were released on 1 July and 21 October 2002, respectively. During a stint of Europe, bassist Bob Fairfoull left the band, and was temporarily replaced by technician Alex Grant. They then supported Coldplay on their tours of the UK and Europe. In November 2002, Gavin Fox of Turn and touring guitarist Allan Stewart joined as official members. Two further tours of the UK followed in late 2002 and early 2003; they then went on a headlining US tour, before supporting Pearl Jam in that territory for two months.

The Remote Part received universal acclaim from music critics, some of whom praised the band's energy and songwriting. The album peaked at number two in Scotland, and number three in the UK, as well as charting in France and Ireland. It would later be certified gold in the UK. All of the songs appeared within the top 30 of the Scottish and UK Singles Charts, with "You Held the World in Your Arms" charting the highest at number four in the former, and number nine in the latter.

Background and writing
Idlewild released their second studio album 100 Broken Windows in April 2000, which was produced by Dave Eringa. It peaked at number 15 in the UK, while all of its four singles appeared on the UK Singles Chart, with "Actually It's Darkness" reaching the highest at number 23. With the making of the album, the band became aware of how invested their record label was with the band, and their feedback in regards to demos. Frontman Roddy Woomble acknowledged that the band had been working towards anthemic tracks, and was confident they would pull them off.

They promoted 100 Broken Windows with a UK tour, a supporting slot for Muse on their headlining European tour, and appearances at the Glastonbury, T in the Park and Witnness festivals. Woomble noted that the band felt like "a collective of songwriters" during the writing process for the next album. He credits guitarist Rod Jones with influencing their musical direction, stating that Jones "really started to take steps forward in terms of his guitar playing, and also his harmonies". In August 2000, the band debuted three songs during a hometown show, all three of which leaned towards a 1980s sound; further material was aired during a UK tour.

Production
In January and February 2001, Idlewild had recorded seven songs with producer Stephen Street at Linford Manor in Milton Keynes, prior to a tour of the United States in March and April 2001. They then supported Placebo on their US tour in April and May 2001. Idlewild were unhappy with the material with they did with Street and decided to start again; Woomble said Parlophone were not satisfied with the results. They spent a day with producer Lenny Kaye, who Woomble found to be very enthusiastic about the material they had, in Brooklyn, New York City rearranging the songs. They then recorded at Magic Studios in New York City with Kaye over the course of a week in June 2001; by this point, they had nine tracks in total. Woomble said Kaye was helped in his development as a songwriter, as Kaye aiding him in focusing on his lyrics, which no prior producer assisted in.

By the end of June 2001, they had returned to the UK, and were mixing the material they did with Street at Townhouse in London. They were scheduled to tour the US again in July and August 2001; however, due to Jones requiring hospitalisation for three weeks for an unspecified injury, it was cancelled. In August 2001, they spent two and a half weeks writing and re-doing 20 songs at a cottage in Inchnadamph, located in the Scottish Highlands. Following appearances at the V and Gig on the Green festivals that same month, the band continued working. Ten of the songs they had at this stage "weren't fitting together", according to Woomble, due to being recorded in between separate tours. EMI, who owned Palophone, approved of the demos they had done and allowed them to restart the album with Eringa as the producer. Following this, they practiced in Edinburgh, before traveling down to Wales in September 2001.

The band and Eringa recorded at Rockfield Studios in Monmouthshire, Wales; sessions progressed slowly, and by the end of the month, Parlophone were still not content with the results. In October and November 2001, they recorded at Sawmills Studios in Cornwall; Woomble said these sessions "need[ed] to matter [...] People expect something from us, and yet we never seem to be able to convince them". Following this, they went to London, where they recorded at RAK Studios in December 2001. After a brief break at home for Christmas, they returned to RAK in January 2002; it was during this period that Parlophone finally gave the band their approval. Eringa, with engineer Guy Massey, produced nearly all of the final recordings on the album; him and Massey produced "Live in a Hiding Place" together, while Street produced "Tell Me Ten Words" while Cenzo Townshend as engineer. Sixteen tracks were recorded in total across all of the studios. Eringa mixed all of the recordings in January 2002 with assistant Dan Grech-Marguerat, prior to the album being mastered by Howie Weinberg at Masterdisk in New York City the following month.

Composition and lyrics
Musically, the sound of The Remote Part has been described as alternative rock and indie rock, with influence from Nirvana, Joni Mitchell, and Red House Painters. Its big sound was compared to that of Out of Time (1991) by R.E.M. It lacked any of the punk rock traits of the band's previous releases, utilizing more layers of vocals and guitars, alongside the addition of keyboards and strings. Discussing the album's title, Woomble said it came up during a conversation with poet laureate Edwin Morgan; it was originally named Scottish Fiction and then Living in Fiction, before being christened The Remote Part. Jones said they had planned to make a double album, where all of the electric songs would be on the first half and all the acoustic ones would be on the second part, though he was unsure as to when this idea was dropped. He considered the time they spent in Inchnadamph to be important to the development of their style, embracing the pop sensibility of their sound, which he said was always present albeit in a reduced manner.

The album's opening track, "You Held the World in Your Arms", features a string arrangement by Sally Herbert, and a synthesizer. It was the first song the band had written when they were in the Scottish Highlands. The song initially lacked the instrumental section that opened it, instead beginning with the slow verse. After some feedback from the label, Eringa attached the chorus as the opening part. The power pop track "A Modern Way of Letting Go" was compared to the work of the Foo Fighters and echoed the band's roots. It was Woomble's attempt at "deconstruct[ing] the idea of a rock song in a rock song". The U2-esque ballad "American English" uses acoustic guitarwork and piano. When first working on the song with Kaye, it lasted for longer and featured a spoken-word portion. It is about American poet Walt Whitman, the role an author can play in their song, and how meanings can be distorted.

"I Never Wanted", co-written between the band, previous guitarist Jeremy Mills, and touring guitarist Allan Stewart, is a mid-tempo ballad that is reminiscent of The Soft Bulletin (1999)-era Flaming Lips. The Ash-indebted "(I Am) What I Am Not" was influenced by the writing of Fernando Pessoa in his book The Book of Disquiet (1982). "Live in a Hiding Place" is an acoustic track with piano during the chorus sections. "Out of Routine" was originally titled "Ceilidh Hard", which was named after "Party Hard" (2001) by Andrew W.K. "Century After Century" is a mid-tempo song; "Tell Me Ten Words" evokes the sound of R.E.M., and opens with a country-like guitar intro. "Stay the Same" is a hard rock song. The album's closing track "In Remote Part/Scottish Fiction" ends with a spoken-word narrative from Morgan about the band's Scottish identity. When first contacting Morgan, Woomble had sent him a letter where he told him of his admiration for Morgan's work. Woomble had been a fan of Morgan's since his teenage years, and detailed identity and belonging in his letter. Morgan replied with his own letter, which concluded with a poem that ended up becoming "Scottish Fiction".

Release
On 27 February 2002, The Remote Part was announced for release in five months' time. They went on a short tour of the United Kingdom a week later. They embarked on a longer UK tour April and May 2002. They appeared at T in the Park and Glastonbury Festival. The Remote Part was released on 15 July 2002 through Parlophone. The concept for the artwork was done by Woomble; it consists of an image from the film My Way Home (1978), which was provided by the British Film Institute. The liner notes include the phrase "support your local poet", to which Woomble explained it was satire as they had been "tagged as this 'lyrical/poetic' band". It was promoted with in-store performances and signings at Virgin Megastores.

Following this, the band appeared at V festival in August 2002. In September and October 2002, the band went on a tour of Europe. On 1 October 2002, it was announced that bassist Bob Fairfoull had left the band, and was temporarily replaced by bass technician Alex Grant. Fairfoull, who later joined Degrassi, reportedly quit the band following a fight with Woomble; he did not like the direction the band's music was going in. For the rest of the month, the band supported Coldplay on their UK arena tour and then in Europe. On 20 November 2002, it was announced that Gavin Fox of Turn would permanently fill Fairfoull's role. Alongside this, Stewart, who had been part of the band's crew, became their full-time guitarist.

In spite of Fox's addition, Grant still continued on bass through to the band's December 2002 UK tour, which was supported by the Walkmen and labelmates the Star Spangles. In January and February 2003, the band went on another tour of the UK, leading up to a performance at the 2003 NME Awards. Following this, they embarked on a tour of Australia. The Remote Part was released in the US by Capitol Records on 25 March 2003; fans were given a promotional EP that featured "You Held the World in Your Arms", "The Nothing I Know", "Everything Flows" and a live version of "In Remote Part/Scottish Fiction". The band went on a headlining tour of that territory in the same month, appeared at Coachella, and had a supporting slot for Pearl Jam on their US arena tour in May and June 2003. During this trek, the band performed on Last Call with Carson Daly and Jimmy Kimmel Live!. Soon afterwards, the band performed at the Glastonbury, Move, Frequency and T in the Park festivals.

Singles
"You Held the World in Your Arms" was released as a single on 15 April 2002. Two versions were released on CD: the first with "All This Information", "No Generation", and the music video for "You Held the World in Your Arms", while the second included "A Distant History" and "I Was Made to Think It". The "You Held the World in Your Arms" music video was posted on Dotmusic four days later; it was directed by Sam Arthur. "American English" was released as a single on 1 July 2002. Two versions were released on CD: the first with "Poor Thing", "These Are Just Years", and the music video for "American English" (directed by Alex Smith), while the second featured "The Nothing I Know" and "We Always Have to Impress".

"Live in a Hiding Place" was released as a single on 21 October 2002. Two versions were released on CD: the first with "Great Times Wasted", "Everything Flows", and the music video for "Live in a Hiding Place" (directed by Wim Wenders), while the second included "I Found That Essence Rare", and a live version of "I'm Happy to Be Here Tonight". "A Modern Way of Letting Go" was released as a single on 10 February 2003. The CD version included version versions of "A Modern Way of Letting Go" and "In Remote Part/Scottish Fiction", while the DVD edition featured audio of a radio session version of "(I Am) What I Am Not", the music video for "A Modern Way of Letting Go" (directed by Smith), and footage of the band in New York City. "A Modern Way of Letting Go" was released to modern rock radio stations in the US in June 2003.

Full-album performances and related releases
The Remote Part was played in full in December 2008 at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow as part of a series of shows where the band performed all of their albums. They performed it again across a few shows in 2017 and 2018, one of which featured Fairfoull. It was released as a two-CD package with their 100 Broken Windows in 2011. "You Held the World in Your Arms", "American English", "A Modern Way of Letting Go", "In Remote Part/Scottish Fiction", and "Live in a Hiding Place" were included on the band's first compilation album, Scottish Fiction: Best of 1997–2007 (2007), alongside the music videos for all of the album's singles. "A Modern Way of Letting Go", "American English", and a live version of "American English" were included on the band's third compilation album, The Collection (2010).

Reception
The Remote Part was met with universal acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 83, based on 20 reviews.

John Donohue of Blender said that the band could not use "goonish rockers" as a pretence anymore as their "romantic natures have taken over, to great effect". He added that the band "show their true smarts by continuing to attack every track with youthful energy and passion". Chris Long for BBC Manchester Music noted that there was "moments when you think the band's fallen into only being able to write fast rock or slow ballad, and there's nothing in-between, [...] but it never lasts long enough to offend". AllMusic reviewer MacKenzie Wilson wrote that the band had found what they were looking for: "a beautiful calmness and a comfortable spot to reflect upon – and The Remote Part flawlessly does the job". She added that it was "obvious" based on their earlier material that the band were "headed to this point in their career". Entertainment Weekly Brian M. Raftery found the album to be a "perfectly fine collection of emotive, big-ambition British rock songs".

In a review for NME, Mark Beaumont saw the album as a "bold, bright, broken and bitter beast" that showcases a band that "burst out of their student-sheep’s clothing and rip the throat out of Coldplay". Rolling Stone reviewer Gaylord Fields said the band "ratchet up the latent R.E.M.-isms, elevating themselves heads above their musical kin". Pitchfork contributor Rob Mitchum saw the album's potential for "alt-rock hits [...] where each and every song could be a single". The Guardian music correspondent Dave Simpson noted that the album was "musically anthemic but lyrically introspective". Spin Andrew Beaujon wrote that the band were "compelling when they put Woomble's sad-sack lyrics front and center," though on a few songs, their "turgid squall swamps his words".

The Remote Part charted at number two in Scotland, and number three in the UK. It also reached number 39 in Ireland, and number 135 in France. "You Held the World in Your Arms" charted at number four in Scotland, and number nine in the UK. "American English" charted at number eight in Scotland, and number 15 on the UK. "Live in a Hiding Place" charted at number 17 in Scotland, and number 26 in the UK. "A Modern Way of Letting Go" charted at number 21 in Scotland, and number 28 in the UK. The Remote Part was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Playlouder ranked the album at number 10 on their list of the top 50 albums of 2002.

Track listing
All songs by Idlewild, except where noted.

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

Idlewild
 * Bob Fairfoull – bass
 * Rod Jones – guitar
 * Colin Newton – drums
 * Roddy Woomble – vocals

Additional musicians
 * Jeremy Mills – piano (track 11)
 * Allan Stewart – extra guitar (track 11)
 * Sally Herbert – string arrangement (track 1)
 * Edwin Morgan – voice (track 11)

Production and design
 * Dave Eringa – producer, mixing
 * Guy Massey – engineer, producer (track 6)
 * Stephen Street – producer (track 9)
 * Cenzo Townshend – engineer (track 9)
 * Dan Grech-Marguerat – assistant
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Roddy Woomble – artwork concept
 * Traffic – art direction, design
 * Danny Clinch – band photography
 * British Film Institute – original cover image

title: The Remote Part


text:
Gorillaz (album)

Gorillaz is the debut studio album by English virtual band Gorillaz, released on 26 March 2001 in the United Kingdom by Parlophone and in the United States by Virgin Records. The album reached number three in the UK and number fourteen in the US, and the top ten in several other countries. Gorillaz has sold over seven million copies worldwide. The album's success earned the group an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the "Most Successful Virtual Band", and spawned the singles "Clint Eastwood", "19-2000", "Rock the House", and "Tomorrow Comes Today".

Background
Musician Damon Albarn and comic book creator Jamie Hewlett met in 1990 when guitarist Graham Coxon, a fan of Hewlett's work, asked him to interview Blur, a band Albarn and Coxon had recently formed. The interview was published in Deadline magazine, home of Hewlett's comic strip, Tank Girl. Hewlett initially thought Albarn was "arsey, a wanker"; despite becoming acquaintances with the band, they often did not get on, especially after Hewlett began seeing Coxon's ex-girlfriend Jane Olliver. Despite this, Albarn and Hewlett started sharing a flat on Westbourne Grove in London in 1997. Hewlett had recently broken up with Olliver and Albarn was at the end of his highly publicised relationship with Justine Frischmann of Elastica.

The idea to create Gorillaz came about when Albarn and Hewlett were watching MTV. Hewlett said, "If you watch MTV for too long, it's a bit like hell – there's nothing of substance there. So we got this idea for a cartoon band, something that would be a comment on that." The band originally identified themselves as "Gorilla" and the first song they recorded was "Ghost Train" which was later released as a B-side on their single "Rock the House" and the B-side compilation G-Sides. The musicians behind Gorillaz' first incarnation included Albarn, Del the Funky Homosapien, Dan the Automator and Kid Koala, who had previously worked together on the track "Time Keeps on Slipping" for Deltron 3030's eponymous debut album.

Although not released under the Gorillaz name, Albarn has said that "one of the first ever Gorillaz tunes" was Blur's 1997 single "On Your Own", which was released for their fifth studio album Blur.

20th anniversary reissue
In March 2021, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album's release, a vinyl box set was announced. The first edition of the boxset, which was exclusive to the band's webstore, was released on 10 December 2021. The boxset includes previously released material, including the original album, the B-sides compilation album G-Sides, and the remix album Laika Come Home (which received its first reissue since its initial press) and previously unreleased material, including live performances from the 2001 London Forum concert and five demos. Additionally, it also includes notes and early sketches by Jamie Hewlett during the making of the album.

Composition
Critics have described the album as alternative rock, lo-fi,  dub, hip hop, trip hop,  and art pop, with elements of punk rock, rap rock, art rock, Britpop, Latin, and bubblegum pop. The album's first single "Clint Eastwood", is named after the famous movie actor. The theme from The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly can be heard periodically throughout the song; this was one of several Sergio Leone-directed Italian westerns of the late 1960s in which Eastwood plays a character with no name. Years after the release of this album, it was revealed that the track "Starshine" has an alternative version, which features Luton-based rap group Phi Life Cypher. This version is not available on any releases, but it is available on the Phi Life Cypher SoundCloud channel and also on the video-sharing website YouTube.

All editions of the Gorillaz album feature an enhanced section that included screen savers, wallpaper and an autoplay, featuring a short movie which opens the user's Internet browser to a special section of the Gorillaz website, which gives the user full access to Murdoc's Winnebago.

Del the Funky Homosapien collaborated on two songs on the album, "Clint Eastwood" and "Rock the House", both of which became singles and videos and achieved chart success. Del was not originally slated to collaborate on these songs. By the time Del came onto the project, the album was already finished, and Phi Life Cypher had recorded verses for "Clint Eastwood"; but when Del finished making Deltron 3030 with Dan the Automator, Automator asked if he could stay in the studio a little longer to record new verses for the Gorillaz songs. For the purposes of the music videos and the Gorillaz storyline canon, Del performed as Gorillaz character "Del the Ghost Rapper", who was said to be a spirit that was hiding from death within the band's drummer, Russel Hobbs. Del later commented in an interview on the success of "Clint Eastwood" by saying that he actually wrote his rap for the song using the book How to Write a Hit Song, a book that he bought with a coupon his mother gave him. After the song went platinum he gave the plaque to his mother. As part of Russel Hobbs' back-story, the character of Del was one of Russel's friends that was gunned down in a drive-by shooting, whose ghost possessed Russel.

In 2004, the album was packaged with 2002's Laika Come Home in a limited edition box set as part of EMI's "2CD Originals" collection. Other saw a release such as the reggae-dub "Dub Dumb", which features British-Jamaican artist Sweetie Irie; it is available on the PlayStation 2 game MTV Music Generator 2 rather than on G-Sides or the album itself. Other tracks include "Gor Beaten", which was another track that didn't make the album; however, elements of the track's instrumental were once available on one of the Gorillaz member's computers in Kong Studios.

Reception
Gorillaz received generally positive reviews from critics. It was ranked sixth in both Spins and Kludges end-of-year lists, 48 on NME's 2001 year-end list and Q ranked it among the 50 best albums of the year. The album was nominated for the 2001 Mercury Music Prize (Gorillaz was bookmakers' favourite before the nomination was withdrawn at the band's request).

The album made some retrospective "best of" lists. Slant Magazine ranked the album no. 96 in its best of the 2000s, Complex, Consequence Of Sound and Rhapsody ranked it among the top 100 albums of the 2000s  and Gigwise included it in its 2013 best self-titled albums of all time. The album was given an entry in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Singles

 * "Tomorrow Comes Today" was released as an EP before the album was released. A video for the single was also released.
 * "Clint Eastwood" was the first single from the album, debuting on 4 March 2001. The single peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart, number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.
 * "19-2000" was the second single from the album, released in June 2001. The single peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart and number 23 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks.
 * "Rock the House" was the third single from the album, released in October 2001. The single peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart.
 * "Tomorrow Comes Today" was the fourth and final single from the album, released almost a year after the album, in February 2002. It peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart.
 * "5/4" was repeatedly considered for a single but was edged out by "19-2000" and "Rock the House". A video was considered for this, but never got past the storyboarding stage.

Track listing
All songs are written by Damon Albarn and performed by Gorillaz, except where noted. Produced by Dan the Automator/Gorillaz with the exception of Track 13 produced by Tom Girling & Jason Cox

Sample credits
Source:

 * "New Genious (Brother)" contains samples of "Hit or Miss", written by Odetta Gordon and performed by Bo Diddley.
 * "Man Research (Clapper)" contains samples of "In the Hall of the Mountain Queen" written and performed by Raymond Scott.
 * "Rock the House" contains samples of "Modesty Blaise", written and performed by John Dankworth.
 * "Slow Country" contains samples of "Ghost Town" written by Jerry Dammers and performed by The Specials.
 * "M1 A1" contains samples of music from the film Day of the Dead, written by John Harrison.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Gorillaz.

Musicians

 * Damon Albarn – vocals, keyboards, piano, melodica, guitars, bass guitar (tracks 2–3, 7, 9), drum programming, flute (track 10)
 * Junior Dan – bass guitar (tracks 4, 6, 8–15, "Dracula", "Left Hand Suzuki Method")
 * Jason Cox – drums, drum programming
 * Dan the Automator – sampled loops, drum programming (tracks 2, 8, 12–13), additional synthesizers
 * Tom Girling – drum programming
 * Kid Koala – turntables
 * Miho Hatori – additional vocals (tracks 1–4, 6, 11–12, "Left Hand Suzuki Method")
 * Del the Funky Homosapien – vocals (tracks 5, 10)
 * Dave Rowntree – drums (tracks 7, 15)
 * Tina Weymouth – additional vocals, additional percussion (track 11)
 * Chris Frantz – additional percussion (track 11)
 * Ibrahim Ferrer – vocals (track 12)
 * Mike Smith – trumpet (track 12), saxophone ("Dracula")

Technical

 * Dan Nakamura – production (tracks 1–12, 14–15)
 * Gorillaz – production (tracks 1–12, 14–15)
 * Tom Girling – production  (track 13), co-production, engineering, Pro Tools
 * Jason Cox – production (track 13), co-production, engineering
 * Toby Whelan – engineering assistance
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering

Artwork

 * Jamie Hewlett – artwork
 * Zombie Flesh Eaters – artwork
 * Jow – photography
 * Ed Reeve – photography

title: Gorillaz (album)


text:
Maizières, Calvados

Maizières is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Maizières, Calvados


text:
Captain (album)

Captain is the first release by the Scottish rock band Idlewild, issued by Deceptive Records in 1998. Although the number of tracks would normally classify it as an EP, Captain is commonly known as a mini-album. The guitarist Rod Jones notes that the album "was a sort of introduction to Idlewild".

The album was produced by Paul Tipler in the first week of October 1997 at River Studios, London.

In an interview in 2007, Roddy Woomble spoke about the album, saying that he "was singing in an American accent, y’know! Of course it’s how we found our feet – I was deeply into Tom Barman, and even though he’s Belgian he sang in an American accent, and I thought if he could do it so could I. But after the first album, I found another voice, my own voice."

The album was played in full alongside Make Another World, on 21 December 2008.

Track listing
All tracks written and composed by Idlewild.
 * 1) "Self Healer" - 1:58
 * 2) "Annihilate Now!" - 3:32
 * 3) "Captain" - 3:35
 * 4) "Last Night I Missed All the Fireworks" - 1:24
 * 5) "Satan Polaroid" - 3:17
 * 6) "You Just Have to Be Who You Are" - 5:57
 * 7) "Queen Of The Troubled Teens" - 2:15 (Japan bonus track)
 * 8) "Faster" - 1:51 (Japan bonus track)
 * 9) "Self Healer (1st Version)" - 2:24 (Japan bonus track)
 * 10) "House Alone" - 1:34 (Japan bonus track)

Personnel

 * Bob Fairfoull - bass guitar
 * Rod Jones - guitar
 * Colin Newton - drums
 * Roddy Woomble - vocals
 * Paul "The Captain" Tipler - producer
 * Ian Ritterskamp - photography

title: Captain (album)


text:
Malloué

Malloué is a former commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

title: Malloué


text:
Maltot

Maltot is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Maltot


text:
Jiamusi

Jiamusi (Manchu:  ; formerly Kiamusze) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. Located along the middle and lower reaches of the Songhua River, it faces Russia's Khabarovsk Krai across the Ussuri River and the Heilongjiang. In 2018, Jiamusi had a GDP of RMB 101.2 billion with a 4.3% growth rate. Its population was 2,156,505 at the 2020 census whom 862,555 lived in the built up area comprising 4 urban districts.

Early history
In 1720, Jiamusi was first named Giyamusi (ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠮᡠᠰᡳ, 甲母克寺噶珊，嘉木寺) during the Kangxi period by the Nanai people. The word Giyamusi originally means "inn" in the Manchu language. Because of the harsh climate and short growing season, the region of modern day Jiamusi was largely uncultivated. Since the Qing government opened Manchuria for farming in order to prevent the conquest of the area by Russia, Jiamusi developed as a small trading post under the name Dongxing (東興鎮) since 1888. When Han Chinese and Manchu settlers began to move into the area, Jiamusi became the seat of a county administration, under the name Huachuan in 1910. However, the county seat was moved 30 miles to the north to Haoli (Hegang) after several destructive floods. After the Xinhai Revolution, as the Han Chinese continued to move in, the population of Jiamusi rose rapidly. Jiamusi continued to grow as a commercial center. As Jiamusi has become the largest harbor along the lower reaches of the Songhua River, a road system was constructed in order to provide convenient transport linking Jiamusi to several other important strongholds in northeastern China including Harbin and Nancha.

Japanese occupation period
As the Japanese invasion of Manchuria began, Jiamusi was established as an administrative centre of the puppet Manchukuo government. Going by the name Kiamusze, Jiamusi was also the capital of Sanjiang province. Jiamusi was regarded as an important military strongpoint to defend the Soviet Red Army's possible invasion. In 1937, the City of Jiamusi was established. It also became a major military base. Many settlers came into the area, not only from China but also from Korea and Japan, including the Development Group of Manchuria and Mongolia. After the construction of and Tumen-Jiamusi and Suihua-Jiamusi Railway continuously completed in 1937 and 1940, Jiamusi has become an agricultural products distribution center in Heilongjiang.

People's Republic
After 1949, as Jiamusi was still the transport and communications center of this region, the rapid development of Jiamusi continued. Industries including manufacturing agricultural equipment, mining machinery, fertilizers, plastics, and chemicals were developed. Since one of the biggest paper mills in China was built in 1957, Jiamusi has been a major producer of wood pulp and newsprint. Because of being conveniently connected by air and water to Khabarovsk in the Russian Far East, Jiamusi is also an important harbour for international trade in northeastern China.

Geography
Jiamusi is located in eastern Heilongjiang province. Located at latitude 45° 56′−48° 28′ N and longitude 129° 29′−135° 05' E, containing China' easternmost point, although the urban area of Shuangyashan lies further to the east of Jiamusi. Neighbouring prefectures are: It also borders Russia's Khabarovsk Krai to the east. The average elevation in the prefecture is 85 m, with the terrain primarily consisting of plains. The total area of the prefecture is 31258 km2. The confluence of the Amur, Songhua and Ussuri rivers meet in the east of the city. The Sanjiang Plain came into being because of the alluvion of these three large rivers.
 * Harbin (W)
 * Hegang (N)
 * Qitaihe (S)
 * Shuangyashan (E)
 * Yichun (W)

Climate
Jiamusi has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), with long, bitter, but dry winters, and humid and very warm summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −18.0 °C in January to 22.5 °C in July, while the annual mean is 4.0 °C, and more than 60% of the year's precipitation occurs from June to August. The frost-free period is about 130 days per year, while mean annual precipitation is about 542.6 mm. Typically, the ground freezes to a depth of 1.2 m, beginning to freeze in late November and beginning to thaw in late March. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −41.1 °C to 38.1 °C.

Subdivisions
On July 26, 2006, Yonghong District (永红区) was merged into Jiao District (郊区).

Sport
Five of the players in the national bandy team at their first World Championships came from Jiamusi. It's one of the cities in which China Bandy Federation explores the potential for further development. The 13,000-capacity Jiamusi Stadium is located in the city. It opened in 2012 and it is used mainly for football.

Economy
Jiamusi has long been a major transit port and distribution center of goods, and serves as the economic hub of eastern Heilongjiang province. In 2011, Jiamusi's GDP paced up to RMB 62.53 billion representing a steady growth of 14.2% from a year earlier. In 2015, Jiamusi has a GDP of RMB 81.01 billion.

Jiamusi is an agricultural production hub in Heilongjiang Province. Value-added output from the agricultural sector increased 14.2% to RMB 18.92 billion in 2011. Crop production of the city rose 26.8% to 7.3 million tons. In 2011, gross industrial output from enterprises with designated size or above of the city surpassed RMB 39.34 billion, increased 35.5% year on year. Gross output from heavy industry amounted to RMB 22.77 billion, increasing by 38.7% compared with a year ago, while that from light industry reached RMB 16.57 billion, surging 31.4% from the previous year. Heavy industry and light industry made up 64% and 36% of the city's total gross industrial output.

Electricity production and supply, construction materials, chemicals and agricultural products processing are the pillar industries in the city. Major industrial products in the city include cement, edible oils, fertilizer and feed. The industrial sector in Jiamusi is relatively weak compared with other cities in Heilongjiang such as Harbin and Daqing. In 2011, the service sector became the largest contributor of the city, which gained value-added output of RMB 26.99 billion. This contributes 43.2% to Jiamusi's economy. With the consumer market being very active, sales of consumer goods in Jiamusi amounted to RMB 24.55 billion in 2011, rising 18.2% year on year.

Foreign trade value increased 19.6% to RMB 3.65 billion in 2011. Export value was US$3.01 billion, representing a rise of 6.1% over the previous year. while import value stood at US$640 million, increased 197.5% year on year. Russia is Jiamusi's largest foreign trade partner. In 2011, foreign trade with Russia amounted to US$900 million, increased 24.5% over the previous year, accounting for 24.66% of the city's foreign trade. The utilized FDI in Jiamusi hit US$150 million in 2011, increased 33.5% over the previous year.

Railway
Jiamusi is a transportation hub in northeast Heilongjiang. Suijia (Suihua-Jiamusi) Railway and Tujia (Tumen-Jiamusi) Railway meet here. Trains from Jiamusi Railway Station connect the city with Beijing, Jinan, Dalian, Harbin, Tianjin and several other cities in China. On September 30, 2018, the Harbin–Jiamusi intercity railway was opened to passenger traffic, which shortened the travel time between Jiamusi and Harbin from six hours to two and half hours.

Highway
Jiamusi is served by the G1011 Harbin-Tongjiang Expressway, the G11 Hegang-Dalian Expressway, as well as six other highways, forming a comprehensive highway network.

Air
Jiamusi Dongjiao Airport is 9 km east of the city center, which offers flights to a number of domestic destinations and international destinations such as Khabarovsk and Seoul.

Ports and waterways
First built in 1919, Jiamusi Port is a major port along the downstream of Songhua River. The port was expanded in 1937 and became a Steel-structured-port. However, The annual throughput of the port was less than 120 thousand tons per year until PRC's foundation in 1949. In 2014 the annual throughput was about 1 million tons per year. Available from mid-April until the beginning of November, passenger ships sail from Jiamusi up the Songhua River to Qiqihar, Harbin or downstream to Tongjiang and Khabarovsk in Russia.

Education
Jiamusi is home to Jiamusi University.

Domestic

 * Kunshan, Jiangsu
 * Zhangzhou, Fujian
 * Chaoyang, Beijing
 * Guangyuan, Sichuan
 * Jingzhou, Hubei
 * Huludao, Liaoning
 * Jilin, Jilin

International

 * 🇯🇵 Nirasaki, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
 * 🇷🇺 Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
 * 🇦🇺 Shoalhaven, New South Wales, Australia
 * 🇮🇹 Avellino, Italy
 * Donghae, South Korea

title: Jiamusi


text:
Mandeville-en-Bessin

Mandeville-en-Bessin is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Mandeville-en-Bessin


text:
Manerbe

Manerbe is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Manerbe


text:
Al-Khansa'

Tumāḍir bint ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith ibn al-Sharīd al-Sulamīyah (تماضر بنت عمرو بن الحارث بن الشريد السُلمية), usually simply referred to as al-Khansāʾ (الخنساء, meaning "snub-nosed", an Arabic epithet for a gazelle as metaphor for beauty) was a 7th-century tribeswoman, living in the Arabian Peninsula. She was one of the most influential poets of the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods.

In her time, the role of a female poet was to write elegies for the dead and perform them for the tribe in public oral competitions. Al-Khansāʾ won respect and fame in these competitions with her elegies, and is widely considered as the finest author of Arabic elegies and one of the greatest and best known female Arab poets of all time. In 629, she went to Medina with a deputation from her clan and, after meeting the Islamic prophet Muhammad, embraced the new religion. Her poetry was later recorded by Muslim scholars, who were studying unaltered Arabic of her time in order to explicate the language of early Islamic texts.

Life
Al-Khansāʾ was born and raised in the Najd in the Arabian Peninsula into a wealthy family of the tribe of Sulaym, and was the daughter of the head of the al-Sharid clan. According to both contemporary as well as later judgement, she was the most powerful female poet of her time. In pre-Islamic society, the role of a female poet, such as al-Khansā’, was to compose elegies for the tribesmen who fell in the battlefield. Her extraordinary fame rests mainly on her elegiac poetry composed for her two brothers, Sakhr and Mu‘āwiya, who were killed in tribal skirmishes of Banū Sulaym with Banū Murra and Banū Asad, predating Islam.

In 612, her brother Muʿawiyah was killed by members of another tribe. Al-Khansāʾ insisted that her brother, Ṣakhr, avenge Muʿawiyah's death, which he did. Ṣakhr was wounded in the process and died of his wounds a year later. Al-Khansāʾ mourned her two brothers' deaths in poetry, writing over a hundred elegies about the two of them alone, and began to gain fame for her elegiac compositions, especially due to her powerful recitals. The contemporary Arab poet al-Nabigha said to her, "You are the finest poet of the jinn and the humans." (إنك أشعر الجن والإنس). Similarly, another anecdote says that al-Nabigha told al-Khansāʾ, "If Abu Basir had not already recited to me, I would have said that you are the greatest poet of the Arabs. Go, for you are the greatest poet among those with breasts". She responded by saying, "I'm the greatest poet among those with testicles, too".

She was a contemporary of Muhammad, and eventually converted to Islam. It is said that Muhammad would ask her to recite some of her poetry for him, and he would love listening to her. Whenever she paused after a recital, he would gesture her to keep going and say, "Go on, Khunās!" Muhammad even rated al-Khansāʾ over Imru' al-Qais, the most famous poet of the classical Arabic tradition, as the one with greater poetic abilities.

She was married at least twice, and had six children, all of whom were also poets and eventually converted to Islam. Four of them, Yazīd, Muʿāwiyah, ʿAmr, and ʿAmrah, were killed in the Battle of Qadisiyah. When she received the news, she allegedly said, "Praise be to God who honored me with their martyrdom. And I have hope from my Lord that he will reunite me with them in the abode of his mercy." (الحمد لله الذي شرفني بقتلهم، وأرجو من ربي أن يجمعني بهم في مستقر رحمته).

Poetry and importance in the history of Arabic literature
The poems of al-Khansā’ are short and marked by a strong and traditional sense of despair at the irrevocable loss of life. Apart from her poetical talent, her significance lies in having raised the early Arabic elegiac tradition to the level of qarīd poetry instead of sadj‘ or radjaz. Her style and expression, which assured her a superiority in this genre, became stereotyped in the later rithā’ poetry. As an outstanding poet and female figure in the history of Arabic literature, the position of al-Khansā’ is unique. Al-Khansa’s elegies were later collected by Ibn al-Sikkit (802–858 CE), a literary scholar of the early Abbasid era. Nearly a thousand lines of her poetry remain.

Editions and translations

 * James Montgomery, Loss Sings, The Cahiers Series, 32 (Sylph Editions, 2019), ISBN 1909631272
 * In 2021, it was announced that Yasmine Seale would translate al-Khansa's work for the Library of Arabic Literature series.

title: Al-Khansa'


text:
LEN European Aquatics Championships

The European Aquatics Championships is the continental Aquatics championship for Europe, which is organised by LEN—the governing body for aquatics in Europe. The Championships are currently held every two years (in even years); and since 2022, they have included 5 aquatics disciplines: Swimming (long course/50m pool), Diving, Synchronised swimming, Open water swimming and High diving. Prior to 1999, the championships also included Water polo, which beginning in 1999 LEN split-off into a separate championships. The open water events are not held during the Olympic year.

The Championships are generally held over a two-week time-period in mid-to-late Summer; however, in the most recent Summer Olympics years (2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020), the Championships were moved to the Spring to be moved away from the Summer Olympic Games.

The swimming portion of these championships is considered one of the pre-eminent swimming competitions in the world. Note however that LEN also conducts an annual short-course (25 meters) swimming championship, which is a completely separate and a completely distinct event (typically held in early December).

Championships
Historically, the Championships were first held in 1926, and included water polo prior to 1999 when the discipline was moved to the European Water Polo Championship. From 1973-1999 Europeans were held in years without a Summer Olympics or World Championships, save 1979 (1973 being the inception year of the World Championships; and 1999 being the last year before Worlds moved from even-years between Summer Olympics to every-odd year beginning in 2001). Women were first allowed to participate at the second Championships in 1927

Medal tables (1926–2024)
Updated after the 2024 European Aquatics Championships.

Overall
Note: The table includes medals won in swimming (since 1926), diving (since 1926), synchronized swimming (since 1974), open water swimming (since 1991), high diving (since 2022) and water polo since 1926 until and including 1997 when the discipline was part of the event. From 1999 the water polo event was separated and got its own independent tournament as European Water Polo Championship.

As of 2024, Albania, Andorra, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, Gibraltar, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia and San Marino have yet to win a medal.

===Swimming (1926–2024) ===

Multiple medalists in swimming (long course)
These table shows swimmers who have won at least 7 gold medals at the European Championships. Update after the 2024 European Aquatics Championships. {{legend|lightblue|Still active}}

title: LEN European Aquatics Championships


text:
100 Broken Windows

100 Broken Windows is the second studio album by Scottish rock band Idlewild, released on 9 May 2000. While touring in support of their debut studio album Hope Is Important (1998), the band wrote and recorded its follow-up in stages. Sessions were done between May and November 1999 at a variety of studios: AIR in London, Jacob's in Surrey, Rockfield in Wales, and Electrical Audio, Chicago. Initial recording with Bob Weston resulted in unremarkable material, by which point they switched to working with producer Dave Eringa. Described as an indie punk album, 100 Broken Windows has been compared to R.E.M. and Hüsker Dü.

A tour of the United Kingdom preceded the release of the album's lead single "Little Discourage" on 20 September 1999. Idlewild closed the year with a tour of the United States; in March and April 2000, they went on a stint of the UK. "Actually It's Darkness" was released as a single on 27 March 2000 during the latter trek. They toured Europe with Muse prior to the release of the "These Wooden Ideas" single on 12 June 2000. Various festival appearances followed, till later in the year when the band went on a tour of the UK. "Roseability" was released as a single on 16 October 2000, which was promoted with a few supporting shows for Placebo.

100 Broken Windows received generally favourable reviews from music critics, some of whom praised the songwriting and progress from their previous album. The album charted at number six in Scotland, and number 15 in the UK. It would later be certified gold in the UK. All of the songs appeared on the Scottish and UK Singles Charts, with "Little Discourage" charting the highest in Scotland at number 12, and "Actually It's Darkness" charting the highest in the UK at number 23. 100 Broken Windows appeared on an overlooked albums from the year list by Spin, and a Scottish albums of the decade list by The Skinny.

Background and production
Idlewild released their debut studio album Hope Is Important in October 1998. It peaked at number 53 in the UK, while all of its four singles appeared on the UK Singles Chart, with "When I Argue I See Shapes" reaching the highest at number 24. The band wrote and recorded their next album in sections during their 120-date promotional tour for Hope Is Important. While writing the album, he revisited Scottish folk music that he had grown up listening to prior to discarding it for nosier forms of music, as well as American rock. Between May and November 1999, recording sessions were held at AIRm Studios in London, Jacob's Studio in Surrey, Rockfield Studios in Wales, and Electrical Audio in Chicago, Illinois.

Woomble had been enamored with bands such as June of 44 and Slint; Idlewild contacted Bob Weston and sent him some demos. Weston, who liked the demos, went to London to work with the band. Woomble said they had worked on a few tracks, "but they were just so weird, and we weren't ready for that". The band wanted direction, which they felt they were unable to due to Weston taking more of an engineer role instead of a producer. As their label Food Records disliked those songs, the band set about working with Dave Eringa, who had finished working with the Manic Street Preachers at Rockfield, and travelled to Jacob's to meet Idlewild.

Woomble said they didn't want to be viewed as "just as a rowdy night out for teenagers"; with the creation of "Little Discourage" and "Roseability", the band had a newfound confidence. They visited Weston in Chicago to finish working on some tracks. Eringa revisited the material the band had done during their first session with Weston, and had them re-sing some vocal sections. Weston recorded "Listen to What You've Got", "Rusty", and "The Bronze Medal, while Eringa produced the remaining tracks, and did additional recording for "The Bronze Medal". They were assisted by John Bailey, Matt Ollivier, Lee Butler, and Willie Deans. All recordings were by mixed by Eringa at CaVa Studios in Glasgow in December 1999, except for "Rusty", which was mixed by Weston in Chicago.

Composition and lyrics
Musically, the sound of 100 Broken Windows has been described as indie punk, and was compared to 1980s alternative acts, such as R.E.M. and Hüsker Dü. Woomble said the Smiths served as a big influence on the album. The album saw Woomble sing in his own accent, in contrast to the previous releases where he leaned towards a more American vocal. Rich Hughes of The Line of Best Fit said the band got the "mix perfect between their REM-influenced literary rock and their punk past". Ink 19 writer Marcel Feldmar said it "conjures up some of the best moments of Swervedriver, and at other moments you just get lost in the power and passion, pulling in a ferocity like the New Model Army up in arms again". Discussing the title, guitarist Rod Jones said Woomble had written it in a book sometime prior, and that it dealt the album's topical theme of dissatisfaction. Woomble said the lyrics reference subject matter such as postmodernism, the Scottish mountains, crofting, and Gertrude Stein. He said the band were improving as songwriters, "but not so much for the album to lose its raw edges". Jeff Jackson of Sonic said the lyrics bounce between "straightforward declarations and enigmatic wordplay, the songs unfurl their meanings in short bursts and volleys".

100 Broken Windows opens with "Little Discourage", a track that beings with a Nirvana-esque guitar part. Its call-and-response chorus section contains touches of new wave keyboards. It was one of the first songs written for the album, and initially sounded closer to "You're the Voice" (1986) by John Farnham. They subsequently changed the song; its lyrics were intentionally vague, spurred on by the opening line, which Woomble had written on its own at the top of his notebook. "These Wooden Ideas" is critical of the music industry, and was compared to Murmur (1983)-era R.E.M. The band borrowed a keyboard and guitar from Teenage Fanclub for the song as they were recording in another room at Rockfield. "Roseability" is an alternative rock track; Woomble said he was inspired by a poem by Gertrude Stein. When working on a song, Woomble wanted to play along to it to come up with potential lyrics, to which Eringa said he'd "give him an idea track".

The song "Idea Track" was subsequently named after this, and deals with optimism. Jones said it was the band's first attempting at writing a track while at a studio. The chorus sections came about as Woomble was unable to settle on a melody that he enjoyed, so Eringa combined all six existing vocal takes into one. The bridge section features a violin performance from Jones, as they had found the instrument while at Jacob's. "Let Me Sleep (Next to the Mirror)" is a mid-tempo song that recalls the early work of the Smashing Pumpkins. "Listen to What You've Got" evoked the work of the Pixies, which Woomble attributed to the American underground rock they liked. As the song was done in Chicago with Weston, Jones was able to use Steve Albini's Travis Bean and IVP guitars to give it "that buzzsaw guitar sound".

"Actually It's Darkness" opens with a post-punk keyboard part, before switching into Oi!-era guitar riff, with a piano-centred bridge section. One of its lines, "shed a shade of shyness" was taken from a live review about Woomble, which he felt "link[ed] together public and personal opinion". "Rusty" featured guitar riffs in the style of Fugazi, which were inspired by Shellac's 1000 Hurts (2000), and also played on the Travis Bean and IVP guitars. During one weekend, Eringa was working as a sound engineer for a Manic Street Preachers show; Idlewild got drunk in the studio, attempting to cover "Save Tonight" (1997) by Eagle-Eye Cherry, and wrote "Mistake Pageant" in the process. The album ends with the ballad "The Bronze Medal", which recalled "All Apologies" (1993) by Nirvana.

Release
In July and August 1999, Idlewild played a handful of shows in mainland Europe and the UK, including an appearance at the Reading and Leeds Festivals. In September 1999, the band embarked on a tour of the UK. Coinciding with this, "Little Discourage" was released as a single on 20 September 1999. Two versions were released on CD: the first with "A Tone" and "Broken Windows", while the second included "1990 Nightime", and a live version of "You Don't Have the Heart". The music video for "Little Discourage" was directed by James and Alex. After this, they went on a headlining tour of the United States throughout the following month. On 13 January 2000, 100 Broken Windows was announced for released in three months' time. In March and April 2000, the band toured across the UK; Jeremy Mills of Peeps into Fairyland served as the band's touring guitarist for the trek.

"Actually It's Darkness" was released as a single on 27 March 2000. Two versions were released on CD: the first with "Meet Me at the Harbour" and "West Haven", while the second featured "Forgot to Follow", and a cover of "It'll Take a Long Time" (1972) by Sandy Denny. The music video for "Actually It's Darkness" was directed by James and Alex. 100 Broken Windows was released on 10 April 2000 by Food Records. The album's booklet includes a black-and-white map of Outer Hebrides. In another part of the booklet, "Subject: History" is mentioned, which Woomble had a double meaning: when people inquired as to the subject matter of their songs; when they worked with Weston, the tapes had a section on the label listed as "Subject", intended for the name of the band, though Weston wrote topics like geography and history.

100 Broken Windows was promoted with an instore performance at the HMV shop in Edinburgh, a one-off gig that was broadcast on Japanese TV, as well as appearances on Later... with Jools Holland and Top of the Pops. They then embarked on a tour of Europe with Muse in May 2000, leading up to the single release of "These Wooden Ideas" on 12 June 2000. Two versions were released on CD: the first with "There's Glory in Your Story" and a cover of "When the Ship Comes In" (1964) by Bob Dylan, while the second included an acoustic version of "Actually It's Darkness", and a cover of "Rescue" (1980) by Echo & the Bunnymen. The music video for "These Wooden Ideas" was directed by James and Alex. The band played a handful of instore performances at Virgin Megastores, prior to appearances at the Glastonbury, T in the Park, Witnness, T on the Fringe and Reading and Leeds Festivals.

In between of these shows, Jones accompanied Graham Coxon on his solo tour of the UK in July 2000. In October 2000, the band went on another tour of the UK, which coincided with the release of single "Roseability" on 16 October 2000. Two versions were released on CD: the first with "Thousand", a remix of "Rusty", and the music video for "Roseability" (directed by Grant Gee), while the second featured a live version of "I've Only Just Begun", and a radio session version of "Self Healer". The concept for the "Roseability" video stemmed from the label asking if they could create a "straightforward video" as the previous ones were not shown till after midnight. As James and Alex were busy, the band settled on Gee, who had previously worked with other acts on Parlophone, such as Coldplay and Radiohead; they invited their fans to appear in the video. Following this, the band supported Placebo for a handful of shows. 100 Broken Windows was released in the US on 13 March 2001 through Capitol and Odeon Records.

100 Broken Windows was played in full in December 2008 at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow as part of a series of shows where the band performed all of their albums. It was released as a two-CD package with Hope Is Important in 2002, and then with their third studio album The Remote Part in 2011. A 10th anniversary two-CD version of 100 Broken Windows was released in 2010, with B-sides, demos, and radio session versions. The band performed the album in its entirety again, in 2010 in Edinburgh. "Roseability", "These Wooden Ideas", "Let Me Sleep (Next to the Mirror)", and "Little Discourage" were included on the band's first compilation album, Scottish Fiction: Best of 1997–2007 (2007), alongside the music videos for all of the album's singles. "Roseability", "Actually It's Darkness", "Idea Track", "Little Discourage", and the remix of "Rusty" were included on the band's third compilation album, The Collection (2010).

Original reviews
100 Broken Windows was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. Entertainment Weekly writer Brian M. Raftery said Woomble's voice was "backed by rousing punk guitars and a ceaseless energy. The results are flashes of beauty and menace, often [...] in one song." Octavio Hernandez of La Opinión said it was an "energetic recording", with Woomble's " brilliant voice and a rhythmic skeleton of great flavor". Spin Jon Dolan wrote that the album was an "astounding follow-up" to Hope Is Important. The staff at NME said melody is "now paramount over velocity, the rough edges of reckless spontaneity smoothed by the high-gloss patina of responsible coherence". They noted that the album "gracefully enacts the sort of awkward, jarring progression another band would take several albums to complete."

Keith Gwillim of Stylus write that the band made music that is "all bluster and belligerence on the surface, but goes much deeper", showcasing that they were capable of "stealing from the past and making it your own". Pitchfork joint reviewers Beatty & Garrett expected a repeat of Hope Is Important and were "completely [...] surprise[d]" as it had "[n]o more screeching. No more punk-guitar chaos. No more uncomfortable strain." They added that the "chord progressions are crisp and the hooks immediate." In The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Chris Ryan wrote that the band "grows up and gets smart", greatly "step[ping] up in song-writing quality, as melody takes precedence over noise". AllMusic reviewer MacKenzie Wilson noted that the band "scale back a bit" on the album, while showing they had "grown up". Chris Lorraine for Blender said that while it was a "melodic, chorus-catchy disc", the band's "need to kick into a loud anthemic chorus on each song feels a bit by-the-book".

Retrospective reviews
The List writer Camilla Pia said the album was "slightly out of step with the modern world and yet meant so much to those who ‘got it. Record Collector reviewer Jamie Atkins wrote that the album went on to be the band's "finest moment", with several of the tracks displaying a "new maturity to their songwriting without sacrificing the abrasiveness that made their earlier records so exciting". BBC Music's Mike Diver saw the album as a "game-changer" that "stamped Idlewild's identity as a highly literate, immensely able outfit whose melodies had evolved into true earworms". Dan Bean of The Press wrote that the album has "dated little" since its release, with "Little Discourage" "setting the pace and style of the album". The Skinny PJ Meiklem noted that a few of tracks had "all the melodic clues" that would be expanded upon with their next album The Remote Part. He added that ten years removed from its release, 100 Broken Windows was "still a powerful record".

Commercial performance and accolades
100 Broken Windows peaked at number six in Scotland, and number 15 in the UK. "Little Discourage" charted at number 12 in Scotland, and number 24 in the UK. "Actually It's Darkness" charted at number 14 in Scotland, and number 23 in the UK. "These Wooden Ideas" charted at number 18 in Scotland, and number 32 in the UK. "Roseability" charted at number 25 in Scotland, and number 38 in the UK. 100 Broken Windows was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). By July 2003, it has sold 35,000 copies in the US.

Spin ranked it at number one on their list of overlooked albums from the year. The Skinny ranked the album as number one on their Scottish Albums of the Decade list. Kerrang! included it on their list of Seven Amazing British Rock Albums From A Golden Era between 1999 and 2002. Fatherson have cited it as an influence on their third album Sum of All Your Parts (2018), while Mastersystem have cited it and Hope Is Important as influences on their debut album Dance Music (2018).

Track listing
All songs by Idlewild.

 * 1) "Little Discourage" – 3:08
 * 2) "I Don't Have the Map" – 2:14
 * 3) "These Wooden Ideas" – 3:52
 * 4) "Roseability" – 3:38
 * 5) "Idea Track" – 3:13
 * 6) "Let Me Sleep (Next to the Mirror)" – 3:20
 * 7) "Listen to What You've Got" – 2:32
 * 8) "Actually It's Darkness" – 2:39
 * 9) "Rusty" – 4:17
 * 10) "Mistake Pageant" – 2:49
 * 11) "Quiet Crown" – 3:21
 * 12) "The Bronze Medal" – 3:35

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

Idlewild
 * Bob Fairfoull – bass
 * Rod Jones – guitar
 * Colin Newton – drums
 * Roddy Woomble – vocals

Production and design
 * Bob Weston – recording (tracks 7, 9 and 12), mixing (track 9)
 * Dave Eringa – producer, mixing (all except track 9), additional recording (track 12)
 * John Bailey – studio assistant
 * Matt Ollivier – studio assistant
 * Lee Butler – studio assistant
 * Willie Deans – studio assistant
 * Ian Ritterskamp – cover photograph
 * Chika – band photography
 * Anonymous – design

title: 100 Broken Windows


text:
Manneville-la-Pipard

Manneville-la-Pipard is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Manneville-la-Pipard


text:
Revive China Society

The Hsing Chung Hui (Hanyu Pinyin romanization: Xīngzhōnghuì), translated as the Revive China Society (興中會), the Society for Regenerating China, or the Proper China Society was founded by Sun Yat-sen on 24 November 1894 to forward the goal of establishing prosperity for China and as a platform for future revolutionary activities. It was formed during the First Sino-Japanese War, after a string of Chinese military defeats exposed corruption and incompetence within the imperial government of the Qing dynasty. The Revive China Society went through several political re-organizations in later years and eventually became the party known as the Kuomintang. As such, the contemporary Kuomintang considers its founding date to be the establishment of Revive China Society.

Development
Because Sun was in exile from China at the time, the Revive China Society was founded in Honolulu, Republic of Hawaii. It was the first Chinese nationalist revolutionary society. Those admitted to the society swore the following oath:
 * Expel Tatar barbarians, revive Zhonghua, and establish a unified government.
 * (驅除韃虜，恢復中華，創立合眾政府. )

When Sun Yat-sen returned to Hong Kong in early 1895, he met up again with Yeung Ku-wan, president of the already existing Furen Literary Society, whom he had first met in 1891. As they both wanted to take advantage of the uneasy political situation due to the First Sino-Japanese War, on 18 February 1895 the Furen Literary Society was merged into the Revive China Society, with help from Yau Lit, a close friend of Sun and member of Furen. Yeung and Sun became the President and Secretary of the Society respectively. They disguised their activities in Hong Kong at 13 Staunton Street under the guise of running a business called "Kuen Hang Club" (乾亨行).

In October 1895, the Revive China Society planned to launch an uprising in Guangzhou, with Yeung directing the uprising in Hong Kong where funds and training location were provided by Li Ki-tong. However, plans were leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Haodong, a schoolboy friend of Sun Yat-sen, were captured by the Qing government.

Under pressure from the Qing government in mainland China, the British colonial authorities in Hong Kong forced Yeung and Sun Yat-sen to leave, barring them from entering Hong Kong over the next five years. Yeung travelled to Johannesburg, South Africa, via Singapore and later to Japan, where he stayed from 1896 to 1899, to expand the Revive China Society and spread its ideas.

The group lost its vigour after the failed uprisings in 1895 and 1900, according to the Concise History of Hong Kong.

It was later merged into the Tongmenghui, which in turn became the Kuomintang.

title: Revive China Society


text:
Le Manoir

Le Manoir is the name of two communes in France:

 * Le Manoir, Calvados
 * Le Manoir, Eure

It is also a shortened name for a hotel/restaurant:
 * Le Manoir aux Quat' Saisons

title: Le Manoir


text:
David Widgery

David Widgery (27 April 1947 – 26 October 1992) was a British Marxist writer, journalist, polemicist, physician, and activist.

Biography
Widgery was born in Barnet and grew up in Maidenhead, Berkshire. He contracted polio as a child and was expelled from sixth form for publishing a magazine.

In 1965, Widgery met Allen Ginsberg, then visited Watts, where he encountered the civil rights movement, followed by Cuba. On return to Britain, he studied medicine at the Royal Free Hospital Medical School before writing for the New Statesman and Oz magazines, becoming co-editor of Oz during 1971.

Widgery joined the International Socialists in 1967, remaining in the group when it became the Socialist Workers Party in 1977. He began working at Bethnal Green Hospital in 1972, worked at St Leonard's Hospital in the late 1970s and later in the decade he published his first book, The Left in Britain, 1956–68.

Widgery contributed to Ink, Time Out and City Limits, also writing for the New Statesman, Socialist Review, International Socialism and New Society.

He also presented a paper at the ninth symposium of the National Deviancy Conference in Sheffield (7–8 January 1972) on "The Politics of the Underground".

His books include The Chatto Book of Dissent (1991), an anthology of dissident writings co-edited with Michael Rosen, Some Lives!: A GP's East End (1991), the story of his experience as a doctor in London's East End, The National Health: A Radical Perspective, and Beating Time (1986), an account of the Rock Against Racism movement of the late 1970s.

When Widgery died, aged 45, excess alcohol, barbiturates and pethidine were found in his bloodstream, but it is not known whether this was an accidental or intentional overdose. One obituary described Widgery as "a radical humanist intellectual on permanent loan to revolutionary socialism."

Publications

 * Widgery, D. (1976), The Left in Britain, 1956-68 (Peregrine Books)
 * Widgery, D. (ed) (1980), The Book of the Year: September 1979 to September 1980 (Inklinks)
 * Widgery, D., The National Health: A Radical Perspective
 * Widgery, D. (1986), Beating Time
 * Widgery, D. (1989), Preserving Disorder (Essays on Society & Culture) (Pluto Press)
 * Widgery, D. and Rosen, M. (eds) (1991), The Chatto Book of Dissent (Chatto)
 * Widgery, D. and Shelton, S. (1991), Some Lives!: A GP's East End, London: Sinclair Stevenson.
 * Widgery, D. (1991), Marketa Luskacova: Photographs of Spitalfields (Whitechapel Art Gallery)

title: David Widgery


text:
Len

Len or LEN may refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Len (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
 * Lén, a character from Irish mythology
 * Alex Len (born 1993), Ukrainian basketball player
 * Mr. Len, American hip hop DJ
 * Len Kagamine, Vocaloid

LEN

 * The Lake Erie and Northern Railway, a defunct interurban electric railway in Ontario, Canada
 * Ligue Européenne de Natation, the European Swimming League
 * LEN Trophy

Codes

 * len, ISO 639-3 code for the extinct Lencan languages of Central America
 * LEN, IATA airport code of León Airport, near León, Spain
 * LEN, ICAO airline code for Lentini Aviation - see List of airline codes (L)

Other uses

 * Len (band), a Canadian indie rock group
 * Len (Norway), an important Norwegian administrative entity during 1536–1814
 * Len (programming), a function that gives the length of a text string in some dialects of BASIC programming language
 * River Len, a river in the English county of Kent

title: Len


text:
European Aquatics

European Aquatics (formerly Ligue Européenne de Natation, European Swimming League, popularly known by its acronym LEN) is the European governing body for aquatic sports affiliated to World Aquatics — it is the Continental Association for Europe. It was formally organized in 1927 in Bologna, and since 2015 is headquartered in Nyon.

European Aquatics comprises 52 national swimming federations in Europe, and includes Israel which for Olympic-sport purposes is grouped with Europe. European Aquatics is overseen by an elected Bureau (board) composed of Members representing 17 different Federations. European Aquatics oversees aquatic sports in Europe: diving, swimming, open water swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo.

Championships
European Aquatics organizes one championship (European Aquatics Championships), involving four of the five LEN disciplines (swimming, diving artistic swimming, and open water swimming).
 * European Aquatics Championships (held in even years; includes swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and Masters)

Discipline championships
European Aquatics organizes five more discipline championships (swimming (25m), diving, water polo, artistic swimming, and open water).
 * Swimming (25m): European Short Course Swimming Championships (run every year, from 2015 run every second year)
 * Diving: European Diving Championships (run every second year since 2009)
 * Water Polo: European Water Polo Championship (run every second year)
 * Artistic Swimming: European Artistic Swimming Championships (2023)
 * Open Water: European Open Water Championships (run every second year since 2016)

Junior championships
European Aquatics also runs various competitions restricted to a younger age:
 * Swimming: European Junior Swimming Championships (run every year); European U-23 Swimming Championships (run every second year)
 * Diving: European Junior Diving Championships (run every year)
 * Water Polo: U19 and U17 European Water Polo Championship (run every second year)
 * Artistic Swimming: European Junior Artistic Swimming Championships (run every year)
 * Open Water: European Junior Open Water Championships (run every year)

Masters championships

 * Swimming: European Masters Swimming Championships (run every second year)

Member federations
The following national federations are part of European Aquatics (Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials are, however, banned from every FINA event through the end of 2022 ):

Member federation bans
On 3 March 2022, European Aquatics indefinitely banned Russians and Belarusians, and the corresponding European Aquatics member federations, from competing at or officiating any European Aquatics event to show support for Ukraine in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in addition to banning European Aquatics events from being held in Russia and Belarus.

title: European Aquatics


text:
Le Manoir, Calvados

Le Manoir is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Le Manoir, Calvados