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Axiom of constructibility

The axiom of constructibility is a possible axiom for set theory in mathematics that asserts that every set is constructible. The axiom is usually written as V = L. The axiom, first investigated by Kurt Gödel, is inconsistent with the proposition that zero sharp exists and stronger large cardinal axioms (see list of large cardinal properties). Generalizations of this axiom are explored in inner model theory.

Implications
The axiom of constructibility implies the axiom of choice (AC), given Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice (ZF). It also settles many natural mathematical questions that are independent of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC); for example, the axiom of constructibility implies the generalized continuum hypothesis, the negation of Suslin's hypothesis, and the existence of an analytical (in fact, $$\Delta^1_2$$) non-measurable set of real numbers, all of which are independent of ZFC.

The axiom of constructibility implies the non-existence of those large cardinals with consistency strength greater or equal to 0#, which includes some "relatively small" large cardinals. For example, no cardinal can be ω1-Erdős in L. While L does contain the initial ordinals of those large cardinals (when they exist in a supermodel of L), and they are still initial ordinals in L, it excludes the auxiliary structures (e.g. measures) that endow those cardinals with their large cardinal properties.

Although the axiom of constructibility does resolve many set-theoretic questions, it is not typically accepted as an axiom for set theory in the same way as the ZFC axioms. Among set theorists of a realist bent, who believe that the axiom of constructibility is either true or false, most believe that it is false. This is in part because it seems unnecessarily "restrictive", as it allows only certain subsets of a given set (for example, $$0^\sharp\subseteq \omega$$ can't exist), with no clear reason to believe that these are all of them. In part it is because the axiom is contradicted by sufficiently strong large cardinal axioms. This point of view is especially associated with the Cabal, or the "California school" as Saharon Shelah would have it.

In arithmetic
Especially from the 1950s to the 1970s, there have been some investigations into formulating an analogue of the axiom of constructibility for subsystems of second-order arithmetic. A few results stand out in the study of such analogues:

 * John Addison's $$\Sigma_2^1$$ formula $$\textrm{Constr}(X)$$ such that $$\mathcal P(\omega)\vDash\textrm{Constr}(X)$$ iff $$X\in\mathcal P(\omega)\cap L$$, i.e. $$X$$ is a constructible real.

 * There is a $$\Pi_3^1$$ formula known as the "analytical form of the axiom of constructibility" that has some associations to the set-theoretic axiom V=L. For example, some cases where $$M\vDash\textrm{V=L}$$ iff $$M\cap\mathcal P(\omega)\vDash\textrm{Analytical}\;\textrm{form}\;\textrm{of}\;\textrm{V=L}$$ have been given.

Significance
The major significance of the axiom of constructibility is in Kurt Gödel's proof of the relative consistency of the axiom of choice and the generalized continuum hypothesis to Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory. (The proof carries over to Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, which has become more prevalent in recent years.)

Namely Gödel proved that $$V=L$$ is relatively consistent (i.e. if $$ZFC + (V=L)$$ can prove a contradiction, then so can $$ZF$$), and that in $$ZF$$

 * $$V=L\implies AC\land GCH,$$

thereby establishing that AC and GCH are also relatively consistent.

Gödel's proof was complemented in later years by Paul Cohen's result that both AC and GCH are independent, i.e. that the negations of these axioms ($$\lnot AC$$ and $$\lnot GCH$$) are also relatively consistent to ZF set theory.

Statements true in L
Here is a list of propositions that hold in the constructible universe (denoted by L):

 * The generalized continuum hypothesis and as a consequence
 * The axiom of choice
 * Diamondsuit
 * Clubsuit
 * Global square
 * The existence of morasses
 * The negation of the Suslin hypothesis
 * The non-existence of 0# and as a consequence
 * The non existence of all large cardinals that imply the existence of a measurable cardinal
 * The truth of Whitehead's conjecture that every abelian group A with Ext1(A, Z) = 0 is a free abelian group.
 * The existence of a definable well-order of all sets (the formula for which can be given explicitly). In particular, L satisfies V=HOD.
 * The existence of a primitive recursive class surjection $$F:\textrm{Ord}\to\textrm{V}$$, i.e. a class function from Ord whose range contains all sets.

Accepting the axiom of constructibility (which asserts that every set is constructible) these propositions also hold in the von Neumann universe, resolving many propositions in set theory and some interesting questions in analysis.

title: Axiom of constructibility


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Antisocial

Antisocial may refer to:

Sociology, psychiatry and psychology

 * Anti-social behaviour
 * Antisocial personality disorder
 * Psychopathy
 * Conduct disorder

Law

 * Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003
 * Anti-Social Behaviour Order
 * Crime and Disorder Act 1998
 * Public order crime

Popular culture

 * "Antisocial" (Trust song), 1980
 * "Antisocial" (Ed Sheeran and Travis Scott song), 2019
 * Antisocial (album), a 2000 album by Turn
 * "Antisocial", a 2010 song by Gucci Mane on Burrrprint 2
 * Antisocial, a song by Migos and Juice WRLD from Culture III, 2021
 * Antisocial (film), a 2013 Canadian horror film
 * Anti-Social (film), a 2015 Hungarian-British crime film
 * "Anti-social", a 'minisode' from Talking Tom and Friends
 * "Anti-Social", a season 2 episode of The Loud House

Books

 * Antisocial: Online Extremists, Techno-Utopians, and the Hijacking of the American Conversation, the 2019 book from Andrew Marantz

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Antisocial


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User:Ørbech

Ørbech, Denmark

title: User:Ørbech


text:
Talk:North Bačka District

Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from [official website].

The spelling of the name
Serbian government uses 3 forms of the name: Severno - Bački, Severno-Bački and Severnobački. Only the form Severnobački is in line with prescriptive ortography and general usage (cf. Južnoslovenski/Južnoslavenski). I suggest we use Severnobački. Zocky 23:49, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Bačka District


text: Category:Snooker

title: Category:Snooker


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Toorak railway station

Toorak railway station is a commuter railway station on the northern boundary of Armadale, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The station is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, and was opened on 7 May 1879. The station is named after the nearby suburb of Toorak—located north of the station. The station consists of an island platform and two side platforms all accessed by a pedestrian bridge. There are two principal station buildings located on the central platform (platforms 2 and 3) and on platform 4, consisting of a small two and one-story brick buildings. These buildings were provided in 1914, as ticketing and staff offices. The station is only partially accessible due to a multiple steep access ramps.

Toorak railway station is served by the Frankston line, part of the Melbourne railway network. The station also connects to the Route 72 tram service and the route 604 and 605 bus services. The journey to Flinders Street railway station is approximately 6.5 kilometres (4.04 mi) and takes 11 minutes.

Description
Toorak railway station is on the boundary of Armadale, Toorak, and Prahran suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. The station is located nearby to the Beatty Avenue shopping precinct, Orrong Romanis Reserve, and Toorak Park. The station is owned by VicTrack, a state government agency, and the station is operated by Metro Trains. The station is approximately 6.5 kilometres (4.04 mi), or an 11-minute train journey, from Flinders Street station. The adjacent stations are Hawksburn station up towards Melbourne, and Armadale station down towards Frankston.

The station consists of a single island platform and two side platforms with a total of four platform edges. Standard in Melbourne, the platform has an asphalt surface with concrete on the edges. The platforms are approximately 160 metres (524.93 ft) long, enough for a Metro Trains 7 car HCMT. The station features a pedestrian bridge, accessed from the centre of the platforms by a ramp. The station features two principal station buildings, both former ticketing offices which are now heritage listed staff facilities. Distinct Edwardian architectural features of the red brick station buildings include ornate parapets, cement banding, tall chimneys with terracotta pots, tiled hip roof with terracotta finials, and stucco walls.

The station building, platform, and overpass are largely the same as when originally built, with the main change being updated signage, technology, and the addition of two new platform canopy amongst other minor building and platform upgrades. There is no car parking available at the station. The station is listed as an "assisted access" station on the Metro Trains website, as the access ramp is too steep and would require assistance for wheelchair customers to traverse.

History
Toorak railway station was opened on 7 May 1879, with the station consisting of a single platform and track for commuter and freight service. Like the adjacent suburb itself, the station was named after Toorak House, built by merchant James Jackson in 1849. The name is believed to be an Indigenous word meaning 'reedy swamp' or 'black crow'. The first station buildings were opened on the site between 1881 and 1883 to coincide with the duplication of track between the city and Oakleigh. The current station was constructed in 1914 to provide improved and additional facilities to what had become an increasingly busy and important location on the train network. The station rebuild was part of level crossing removal works that removed all level crossings, rebuilt all stations, and quadruplicated the corridor between South Yarra and Caulfield by 1914. Later in 1922, the line was electrified using 1500 V DC overhead wires with three position signalling also introduced.

In 1976, debate regarding the name of the station occurred as the station is located in the nearby suburb of Armadale. Suggestions were made about renaming the station, including naming the station after Albert Jacka, Australia's first recipient of the Victoria Cross, who was mayor of the former St Kilda Council. These calls never eventuated, with Toorak station retaining its name with little conversation regarding its naming taking place since.

The station has mostly stayed the same since 1914, with only minor upgrades taking place. In 1972, the island platform (Platforms 2 and 3) was extended at both ends. In 1977, a former goods siding and associated point work were permanently closed before being removed due to limited use. In 1993, major re-signalling works occurred between Toorak and Caulfield stations. The station underwent minor upgrades with the installation of two new shelters on Platform 1 in the 2010s. In 2021, resignalling works occurred to upgrade the corridor to high capacity signalling as part of the Metro Tunnel project.

In the mid-2010s, rezoning by Stonnington Council allowed for higher density development next to Toorak station. This allowed for the construction of 446 apartments and 18 townhouses across numerous towers by developer Lendlease. These towers have contributed to an increase in patronage and added density on an otherwise under-utilised site.

Platforms and services
Toorak has two side platforms and one island platform with four faces. The station is currently served by the Frankston line—a service on the metropolitan rail network. The Frankston line runs from Frankston station south east of Melbourne, joining the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines at Caulfield station before continuing onto the Werribee or Williamstown lines via Flinders Street station. Despite the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines operating through the station, these services no longer stop at the station due to low station patronage, instead running express through the station.

Platform 1:

 * all stations services to Flinders Street, Werribee and Williamstown

Platform 2:

 * all stations services to Frankston

Platform 3:

 * No services stop at this platform. Cranbourne and Pakenham line services run express through this station.

Platform 4:

 * No services stop at this platform. Cranbourne and Pakenham line services run express through this station.

Transport links
Toorak station has one tram and two bus connections. The route 72 tram service operates from nearby Malvern Road up towards the city and down towards Camberwell. The station also connects to the route 605 bus service from Gardenvale to the Melbourne CBD (on Queen Street) and the route 604 bus from Gardenvale to The Alfred Hospital. The station does not have an accessible tram platform or a bus interchange, and instead is operated through on-street bus and tram stops. Toorak station also has train replacement bus stops located adjacent to the station.

Tram connections:

 * Melbourne tram route 72 icon.svg: Melbourne University – Camberwell

Bus connections:

 * : Gardenvale – The Alfred Hospital
 * : Gardenvale – Melbourne CBD (Queen Street)

title: Toorak railway station


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Tony Jones (snooker player)

Tony Jones (born 15 April 1960) is an English former professional snooker player.

Career
In 1983, Jones became the English Amateur Champion, beating John Parrott 13–9. He was also a World Championship doubles finalist (with partner Ray Reardon) in 1985.

Jones was the surprise winner of the 1991 European Open when, ranked no. 35 in the world, he beat Mark Johnston-Allen 9–7, despite never having previously been beyond the quarter-final stage of a ranking tournament. He reached no. 15 in the 1991/1992 rankings as a result, but dropped out of the top sixteen the following season. Despite a quarter-final appearance at the 1996 Grand Prix, he gradually slid down the rankings and lost his professional status in 2004.

title: Tony Jones (snooker player)


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Central Banat District

The Central Banat District (Средњобанатски округ, ; Közép-bánsági körzet) is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the geographical region of Banat. According to the 2022 census results, it has a population of 157,711 inhabitants. The administrative center is the city of Zrenjanin.

Name
In Serbian, the district is known as Srednjobanatski okrug or Средњобанатски округ, in Croatian as Srednjobanatski okrug, in Hungarian as Közép-bánsági körzet, in Slovak as Sredobanátsky okres, in Romanian as Districtul Banatul Central, and in Rusyn as Стредобанатски окрух.

Municipalities
The district encompasses the city of Zrenjanin and the following municipalities:
 * Novi Bečej
 * Nova Crnja
 * Žitište
 * Sečanj

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the Central Banat District has 187,667 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
Ethnic composition of the Central Banat district:

Churches
There are many buildings that stand out by their beauty: the Orthodox Church of Assumption from 1746, a Roman Catholic Church in Arač from the 13th century, a Roman Catholic Cathedral from 1868 and a Reformatory Church from 1891.

title: Central Banat District


text:
Talk:Central Banat District

Note
Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

Names
See the relevant discussion about Hungarian names here.

title: Talk:Central Banat District


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Area 7

Area 7 may refer to:

 * Area 7 (NTS) one of the areas inside the Nevada Test Site
 * Area 7 (novel), thriller by Matthew Reilly
 * Area-7, Australian band
 * Brodmann area 7

title: Area 7


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North Banat District

The North Banat District (Севернобанатски округ, ; Észak-bánsági körzet) is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the geographical regions of Banat and Bačka. According to the 2022 census, the district has a population of 117,896 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Kikinda.

Administrative history
In the 9th century, the area was ruled by the Bulgarian-Slavic dukes Glad (in the east) and Salan (in the west), while in the 11th century, the eastern part of the area was ruled by duke Ahtum. From the 11th to the 16th century, during the administration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, the area was divided between the Csanadiensis County, Temesiensis County and Torontaliensis County in the east, and the Csongradiensis County, Bacsensis County and Bodrogiensis County in the west. Part of the area was also located within the Cumania region. From 1526 to 1527, the area was ruled by the independent Serb ruler, emperor Jovan Nenad, while during Ottoman administration (16th-18th century), it was divided between the Temeşvar Eyalet in the east and the Sanjak of Segedin in the west.

During Habsburg administration (18th century), the area was divided between the Banat of Temeswar in the east and the Military Frontier in the west. Since the abolishment of the Theiß-Marosch section of the Military Frontier (in 1751), and the abolishment of the Banat of Temeswar (in 1778), the area was divided between the Torontal County in the east and the Batsch-Bodrog County in the west, with a small part of it located within the Tschongrad County. Much of the area was part of the autonomous districts of Velika Kikinda (existed from 1774 to 1876 within the Torontal County) in the east and Potisje (existed from 1751 to 1848 within the Batsch-Bodrog County) in the west. In the 1850s, the area was divided between the Veliki Bečkerek District in the east and the Sombor and Novi Sad districts in the west. After 1860, it was again divided between Torontal, Batsch-Bodrog and Tschongrad counties.

During the Yugoslav administration (1918-1941), the area was initially (from 1918 to 1922) divided between the Veliki Bečkerek County in the east and the Novi Sad County in the west. From 1922 to 1929, it was part of the Belgrade Oblast, and from 1929 to 1941 part of the Danube Banovina.

During the German-Hungarian Axis occupation (1941-1944), the area was divided between the Banat autonomous region (part of the German-occupied puppet state of Serbia) in the east and the Bács-Bodrog County (an administrative unit of Horthy's Hungary) in the west. Initially, the Banat region was part of the rump Danube Banovina (whose capital was moved to Smederevo), but from December 1941, it was organized as one of the districts of Serbia and was officially named the District of Veliki Bečkerek.

From 1944, the area was part of autonomous Yugoslav Vojvodina (which was part of the new socialist Yugoslav Serbia from 1945). The present-day districts of Serbia (including the North Banat District) were defined by the Government of Serbia's Enactment of 29 January 1992.

Municipalities
The North Banat District comprises the city of Kikinda, five municipalities and 50 local communities. The municipalities are
 * Kanjiža (Hungarian: Magyarkanizsa)
 * Senta (Hungarian: Zenta)
 * Ada (Hungarian: Ada)
 * Čoka (Hungarian: Csóka)
 * Novi Kneževac

Note: for the municipalities with a Hungarian ethnic majority, the names are also given in Hungarian.

An interesting fact is that the first three municipalities enlisted (Kanjiža, Senta and Ada) are geographically, in fact, in the Bačka region, since the natural border between Banat and Bačka is the river Tisa.

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2022, the North Banat District has 117,896 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
With the results of the 2011 census, Hungarians were the largest ethnic group in the district at 46.64%, closely followed by Serbs at 42.67%. The municipalities with a Serb ethnic majority are Kikinda (75.43%) and Novi Kneževac (57.19%), while the municipalities with a Hungarian ethnic majority are: Čoka (49.66%), Ada (75.03%), Senta (79.09%) and Kanjiža (85.13%). As for the local communities, 29 have a Hungarian majority, 19 have a Serb majority, and 2 are ethnically mixed, with a Hungarian relative majority.

The results of the 2022 census registered Serbs as the largest ethnic group at 44%, followed by Hungarians at 43%.

The ethnic composition of the district (as of the 2011 and 2022 censuses):

Culture
The first modern Serb printing house was founded in Kikinda in 1878, to be followed a year later by the opening of the first library.

This city is also reputable for its painters, including Teodor Ilić Češljar, Nikola Aleksić, Đura Pecić, and Đura Jakšić, a painter and author.

Kikinda was the scene of the region's first theatrical performance, given in German, in 1796.

title: North Banat District


text: Category:Acids

title: Category:Acids


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Lunacy

Lunacy may refer to:

 * Lunacy, the condition suffered by a lunatic, now used only informally
 * Lunacy (film), a 2005 Jan Švankmajer film
 * Lunacy (video game), a video game for the Sega Saturn video game console
 * Luna Sea, a Japanese rock band originally named Lunacy
 * Lunacy (album), their 2000 album
 * The following of the Roman goddess Luna, a variation of the Greek goddess Selene
 * Lunacy (FIRST), the name of the FIRST Robotics Competition 2009 game
 * Luna-C (born 1973), British DJ and record producer

title: Lunacy


text:
Miho Komatsu

Miho Komatsu (小松 未歩) is a former Japanese singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Kobe, Japan, Komatsu began her career as a songwriter, writing "Kono Machi de Kimi to Kurashitai" for Field of View. In May 1997, she released her debut single "Nazo", which served as the theme song to the Japanese anime series Case Closed. The song peaked at number nine on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart in Japan and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). Her debut album of the same title (1997) peaked at number five on the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart in Japan. After releasing a compilation album Miho Komatsu Best: Once More (2006), which peaked at number 21 in Japan, she retired from the music industry with no announcement.

As of May 2022, Komatsu has released eleven albums including eight studio albums, 26 singles, and two essay books. During her ten year career, she never made any television appearances and performed live. As a singer, Komatsu is perhaps best-known for writing and singing four theme songs for Case Closed, such as "Nazo", "Negai goto Hitotsu dake", "Kōri no ue ni Tatsu yō ni", and "Anata ga Iru kara".

As a songwriter, Komatsu has written songs for artists including Field of View, Deen, Wands, Rina Aiuchi, U-ka Saegusa in dB. She has earned three Oricon Weekly Singles Chart top ten songs as a songwriter with "Kimi ga Inai Natsu" by Deen, "Sabitsuita Machine Gun de Ima o Uchinukō" by Wands, and "Precious Place" by Aiuchi.

Early life and beginning of music career
When Miho Komatsu was 3 years old, she was influenced by her brother to start playing the electone (electronic organ). Starting in junior high school, she became interested in Western and Japanese music. Her music career then started by the 8th grade when she began making and writing songs on her own and participated in a band as keyboardist around this time as well. When she became a senior in high school, Miho then became a vocalist of a band that played regularly in a Keihanshin live house. In 1996, she recorded her first demo tape, which soon fell into the hands of a producer for Giza Studio. She was signed to the label by the end of 1996.

1997–1999
On 7 April 1997, the on-air version of her debut single Nazo was broadcast as an opening theme for the anime television series Detective Conan.

On 23 April 1997, the band Field of View released single Kono Machi de Kimi to Kurashitai where Miho was credited as a writer. In the media, it was broadcast as an ending theme for TV Asahi's television program Chou Jigen Time Bomber. It was Miho's first song written for another artist. Later, she self-cover this song in her debut album.

On 28 May 1997, Nazo was officially released under the Zain Records label. The single reached into Top 10 of Oricon Weekly Charts and charted more than 32 weeks.

On 18 June 1997, Miho wrote Japanese singer Arisa Tsujio's debut single Aoi Sora ni Deata. In the media, it was promoted as a first ending theme for anime television series Chūka Ichiban!, the on-air version broadcast on April 27. Miho self-covered this song in her debut album.

On 5 July 1997, the on-air version of Kagayakeru Hoshi was broadcast on TV Asahi as an ending theme for Anime television series Manmaru The Ninja Penguin.

On 13 August 1997, she released first LP Record ''Double Front Project Remix Feat. Miho Komatsu "Nazo"'' which includes four remixes of debut single Nazo.

On 28 August 1997, the band Deen released twelfth single Kimi ga Inai Natsu where Miho was credited as a writer. The on-air version of the song started to be broadcast on 11 August by Yomiuri TV as an ending theme for Anime television series Detective Conan. Miho self-covered this song in her debut album.

On 3 September 1997, the band Wands released twelfth single Sabitsuita Machine Gun de Ima wo Uchi Nukou and Miho was credited as a writer. In the media it was broadcast on Fuji TV as an ending theme for Anime television series Dragon Ball GT. Miho self-cover this song in her debut album. On 25 September, Miho released a second single Kagayakeru Hoshi under Amemura-O-Town Record label.

On 8 October 1997, the band Field of View released their first compilation album Singles Collection +4 and in track Oozora he was Miho credited as a writer. Originally, Oozora he was planned be released as a single (with CD code ZADL-1072) however due to unknown reason it was canceled. Miho self-cover this song in her sixth album in 2003.

On 3 December 1997, Miho released her debut album Nazo. The album includes two released singles and four self-covers from artists she wrote songs for throughout 1997. Album tracks Dream'in in Love was promoted as a theme song for MBS radio's program Sport Dom and Alive for commercial film's image song Astel Kansai Corporation. The debut album reached No. 5 on Oricon Weekly Charts and charted 40 weeks. The album was rewarded with RIAJ's Platina and Gold disc. The album also won 12th Japan Gold Disc Award title Best Artist of the Year. In 1998, the album was 63rd biggest selling album of the year.

On 8 December 1997, the on-air version of Negai Goto Hitotsu Dake start broadcast on YomiuriTV as an ending theme for Anime television series Detective Conan.

On 14 January 1998, she released third single Negai Goto Hitotsu Dake. It reached into Top 10 of Oricon Weekly Charts and charted for 17 weeks. The b-side track Ginga was promoted as an ending theme for ABC television program Wide ABCDE~su. It was 81st best sold single in year 1998. On February the single received reward from RIAJ Gold Disc.

On 18 February 1998, the band Deen released fourteenth single Tooi Sora de and Miho was credited as a writer. In the media it was broadcast as an commercial song for SoftBank Telecom's Least-cost routing. Miho self-cover this song in 20th single Tsubasa wa Nakutemo in 2003.

On 18 March 1998, she released fourth single Anybody's game. In the media it received three broadcasts promotions, as an ending theme Fuji TV program SF, theme song for NHK drama series Ojisan Kaizou Kouza and KBS music program J-rock Artists Best 50. B-side track Ichiman Meter no Keshiki also received three broadcasts promotions, as a theme song for Yomiuri TV program Japan International Birdman Rally, as an ending theme for Shizuoka Asahi Television informational program Sport Paradise and commercial song for Iwaki Meisei University's radio. on 30 March, the on-air version of Chance broadcast on Fuji TV as an theme song for Mezamashi TV.

On 20 May 1998, the band Field of View released eighth single Kawaita Sakebi where Miho was credited as a writer. In the media it was broadcast in April on TV Asahi as an opening theme for Anime television series Yu-Gi-Oh!. Miho self-cover this song in her sixth album in 2003.

On 27 May 1998, the band Deen released fifteenth single Kimi Sae Ireba where Miho was credited as a writer. In the media it was broadcast on 5 May on Fuji TV as a third opening theme for Anime television series Chuuka Ichiban. Miho self-cover this song in her sixth album in 2003.

On 13 July 1998, the on-air version of "Koori no ue ni Tatsu yo ni" broadcasts on Yomiuri TV as an ending theme for Anime television series Detective Conan.

On 19 August 1998, Miho released fifth single Chance. It was Miho's first single to reach into Top 5 Oricon Weekly Charts and charted for 7 weeks. The single has been rewarded in September by RIAJ with a golden disk.

On 14 October 1998, Miho released sixth single "Koori no Ue ni Tatsu you ni". The single reached into Top 5 Oricon weekly charts and charted 14 weeks. On the same month the single was rewarded by RIAJ with a golden disk. In 1998 it was 162nd best sold single in the year.

On 18 November 1998, the band Deen released sixteenth single Tegotae no nai Ai where Miho was credited as a writer. In the media it was broadcast as an ending theme for TBS program Muscle Ranking. Miho self-cover this song in her second album. Miho's self-cover was used as an opening theme for PlayStation game L no Kisetsu ~a piece of memories~.

On 19 December 1998, she released second album Miho Komatsu 2nd : Mirai. The album includes one self-cover and four singles. The singles Koori no Ue ni Tatsu you ni and Anybody's Game had received new album mix. The album track Mirai was promoted as a radio commercial song for Kyushu Electric Power. The album reached into Top 5 of Oricon Weekly charts and charted for 12 weeks. It sold more than 800,000 copies, making it her highest selling album. The album has been rewarded by RIAJ with a platina disk. In 1999 it was best 47th sold album in the year.

In January 1999, the on-air version of Sayonara no Kakera broadcast as an ending theme for TV Asahi program Paku2 Gurumenbo.

On 3 March 1999, Miho released her seventh single Sayonara no Kakera. It is Miho's first maxi single and first single which Miho self-produced.

On 1 April 1999, Miho transferred from Amemura Studio to Giza Studio recording label. In 3 April, the on-air version of Saitan Kyori de broadcast on TBS television program Rank Oukoku as an ending theme. On 17 April, the on-air version of Kaze ga Soyogu Basho broadcast on TBS Anime television series Monster Rancher as an opening theme.

On 8 May 1999, Miho released eighth single Saitan Kyori de under Giza Studio label.

On 30 June 1999, Miho released ninth single Kaze ga Soyogu Basho.

Miho's third album Miho Komatsu 3rd was planned to release sometime in August (with cd code GZCA-1011) however due to unknown reason the release has been delayed for four months.

2000–2002
On 16 February 2000, Miho released third studio album Miho Komatsu 3rd : everywhere. The single "Saitan Kyori de" has received album mix. The album track "Beautiful Life" was promoted on TV Asahi program Yajiuma Wide as an ending theme. The album reached into Top 5 of Oricon Weekly charts and charted for five weeks.

On 22 April 2000, the movie version of "Anata ga Iru Kara" was premiered on Anime movie Case Closed: Captured in Her Eyes.

On 21 June 2000, Miho released tenth single "Anata ga Iru Kara" was released. It became the last Miho single to enter the Top 10 Oricon Weekly Charts.

On 18 October 2000, Miho released eleventh single "Kimi no Me ni wa Utsuranai". In the media it was broadcast as an ending theme for TV Osaka music program Amerock. B-side track "Anata wo Aishiteku Koto" was broadcast as a theme song for Jaits project Kaze ni Notte Suteki ni.

On 24 January 2001, Japanese singer-songwriter Rina Aiuchi released her debut album Be Happy where in track "Her Lament: Dare ni mo Kikoenai Kanojo no Sakebi" Miho was credited as writer for the first time after three years. Miho never self-cover this song.

On 31 January 2001, she released twelfth single "Love Gone". In the media it was broadcast as an ending theme for TBS program Kokoro TV and opening theme for Nichion radio music program P.S. Pop Shake.

On 7 March 2001, she released fourth studio album Miho Komatsu 4 : A thousand feelings. It was Miho last album which reached into Top 10 of Oricon Weekly Charts. The single "Love Gone" has received album mix. The album tracks "Hold me tight" was used as an opening theme for PlayStation 2 game Missing Blue and "I don't know the truth" as an ending theme for same PlayStation 2 game Missing Blue.

On 30 May 2001, she released thirteenth single "Todomaru Koto no nai Ai".

On 8 August 2001, she released fourteenth single "Saigo no Toride". B-side track includes remix version of "Kagayakeru Hoshi" by Yoshinobu Ohga.

In October 2001, an official website was launched.

On 5 December 2001, she released fifteenth single "Aishiteru". On 19 December, two of Miho's singles "Love Gone" and "Todomaru Koto no nai Ai" were included in the compilation album Giza Studio Masterpiece Blend 2001.

On 29 May 2002, one day after Miho crossed fifth debut anniversary she released sixteenth single "Dance". In the media it was broadcast as an ending theme for NTV show CW Love. It became her first media song after year.

On 17 July 2002, the Giza Studio has released cover album GIZA studio MAI-K & FRIENDS HOTROD BEACH PARTY where Miho was credited as guest vocal in track "Surfin' U.S.A." by The Beach Boys.

On 25 September 2002, she released fifth studio album Miho Komatsu 5 : source. The album includes 4 singles.

On 27 November 2002, she released seventeenth single "Mysterious Love" and on the same day her first remix album Miho Komatsu Wonderful World: Single Remixes & More. In the media the single was broadcast as an ending theme for NTV show TV Ojamanbou.

In December 2002, Miho's singles "Dance" and album track "Gift" were included in the compilation album Giza Studio Masterpiece Blend 2002.

2003–2004
On 19 March 2003, she released eighteenth single Futari no Negai. In the media it was broadcast as an opening theme for NTV music program AX Music T.V

On 25 June 2003, she released nineteenth single Watashi Sagashi.

On 11 August 2003, Miho launched on her website Diary section.

On 25 September 2003, she released sixth album Miho Komatsu 6th : Hanano. The album includes 3 singles and 3 self-covers. Her fifth single Chance has received new remix with subtitle Rechance by Hiroshi Asai from The★tambourines.

On 26 November 2003, she released multiple releases: twentieth single Tsubasa wa Nakutemo which B-side track includes self-cover of Deen's Tooi Sora de, ballad compilation album Lyrics and first essay book Henna Monosashi.

In December 2003, Miho's singles Watashi Sagashi and album track Futari no Negai were included in the compilation album Giza Studio Masterpiece Blend 2003.

On 28 April 2004, she released twenty-first single Namida Kirari Tobase.

On 28 July 2004, she released twenty-second single Suna no Shiro.

On 20 October 2004, she released twenty-third single I: Dareka.... In the media it was broadcast as a theme song for the NTV show Music Fighter. It became her first media song after year and half.

On 17 November 2004, the band U-ka Saegusa in dB released second album U-ka saegusa IN db II where in track Watashi wo Yurusanaide Miho was credited as a writer for the first time in three years. Miho never self-cover this song.

2005–2006
On 25 January 2005, she released seventh studio album Miho Komatsu 7 : prime number. The album includes four singles.

On 3 April 2005, the on-air version of I just wanna hold you tight was broadcast on TV Tokyo as an ending theme for Anime television series MÄR. It became her anime theme song for the first time after six years.

On 11 May 2005, Japanese singer-songwriter Aiko Kitahara released second studio album Message where in album track Message was Miho credited as a writer. Miho never self-cover this song.

On 18 May 2005, she released twenty-fourteenth single I just wanna hold you tight.

On 27 July 2005, Japanese singer Sayuri Iwata released second single Fukigen ni Naru Watashi where Miho was credited as a writer. In the media it was broadcast as an ending theme for Anime television series MÄR. Miho self-covered this song in her final studio album.

On 17 August 2005, she released twenty-fifteenth single Anata Iro. In the media it was broadcast as an opening theme Nihon TV movie program Eiga Tengoku Chine★Para.

On 7 December 2005, she released her final single Koi ni Nare.... In the media it was broadcast as an ending theme for Tokyo Broadcasting System Television variety program Tokoro Man Yuuki.

On the same day, Japanese singer Sayuri Iwata releases studio album Thank You for... where in album track Hitori Janai was Miho credited as a writer. Miho never self-cover this song.

On 29 March 2006, Japanese singer-songwriter Rina Aiuchi released 26th single Glorious/Precious Place, in Glorious she was credited as a writer for the last time. Miho never self-cover this song.

On 26 April 2006, she released final studio album Miho Komatsu 8 : a piece of cake. The album includes 3 final singles.

On 22 November 2006, she released first compilation album Miho Komatsu Best ~once more~ and second essay book Hen na Monosashi 2. The album includes new unreleased song Happy ending.

Afterwards
Until January 2009, she kept her blog active.

In 7 April, 2011, Sai Saida (斉田才), a producer in Giza Studio, confirmed that Komatsu is "very close to her retirement" on his Twitter. In June, she was moved on the official Beinggiza website into the Other Artist category.

On OLDIES GOODIES hosted by FM Shiga (FM滋賀) in April 10, 2021, when Hirofumi Banba (ばんばひろふみ) mentioned Komatsu, he said, "It was very unfortunate to Komatsu. I wonder if only she had tried harder." Daiko Nagato then replied the reason of Komatsu's quit is because she "wanted to disappear from the public eye" to Banba.

In May 2022, all the songs and albums Komatsu has released were made available on streaming services, in celebration of 25 years anniversary since her debut in May 1997.

Discography

 * Nazo (1997)
 * Miho Komatsu 2nd: Mirai (1998)
 * Miho Komatsu 3rd: Everywhere (2000)
 * Miho Komatsu 4: A Thousand Feelings (2001)
 * Miho Komatsu 5: Source (2002)
 * Miho Komatsu 6th: Hanano (2003)
 * Miho Komatsu 7: Prime Number (2005)
 * Miho Komatsu 8: A Piece of Cake (2006)

Composed songs

 * Arisa Tsujio
 * Aoi Sora ni Deaeta (青い空に出逢えた)
 * Field of View
 * Kono Machi de Kimi to Kurashitai (この街で君と暮らしたい)
 * Kawaita Sakebi (渇いた叫び)
 * Oozora E (大空へ)
 * Deen
 * Kimi ga Inai Natsu (君がいない夏)
 * Tooi Sora de (遠い空で)
 * Kimi Sae Ireba (君さえいれば)
 * Tegotae no nai Ai (手ごたえのない愛)
 * Wands
 * Sabitsuita Machine Gun de Ima o Uchimekō (錆びついたマシンガンで今を撃ち抜こう)
 * Rina Aiuchi
 * Her Lament ~Dare Ni Mo Kikoenai Kanojo No Sakebi~ (Her Lament ~誰にも聞こえない彼女の叫び~)
 * Precious Place
 * Sayuri Iwata
 * Fukigen ni naru Watashi (不機嫌になる私)
 * Hitori Ja Nai (ひとりじゃない)
 * U-ka Saegusa in dB
 * Watashi wo Yurusanaide (私を許さないで)
 * Aiko Kitahara
 * Message

From J-Groove Magazine

 * March 2001 Vol.5
 * April 2001 Vol.6
 * July 2001 Vol.9
 * September 2001 Vol.11
 * January 2002 Vol.15
 * July 2002 Vol.21
 * November 2002 Vol.25
 * January 2003 Vol.27
 * May 2003 Vol.31
 * August 2003 Vol.34
 * November 2003 Vol.37

From Music Freak Magazine

 * May 1997 Vol.30: Information
 * September 1997 Vol.34: Information
 * November 1997 Vol.36: Information
 * December 1997 Vol.37: 1st Album "Nazo" Liner Notes
 * January 1998 Vol.38: Information
 * February 1998 Vol.39: Information
 * March 1998 Vol.40: Anybody Game interview/Miho Komatsu's recommended movies
 * August 1998 Vol.45: Chance interview
 * September 1998 Vol.46: Information
 * October 1998 Vol.47: Koori no Ue ni tatsu you ni Interview
 * December 1998 Vol.49: 2nd album Miho Komatsu 2nd "Mirai" Interview, Review
 * February 1999 Vol.51: Information, Best Top 10 Miho Komatsu songs by readers inquiry
 * March 1999 Vol.52: Sayonara no Kakera Interview, Information
 * April 1999 Vol.53: Information
 * May 1999 Vol.54: Saitan Kyori de Interview, Information
 * June 1999 Vol.55: Kaze ga Soyogu Basho Interview
 * January 2000 Vol.62: Information
 * February 2000 Vol.63: Miho Komatsu 3rd Everywhere Interview and Self Liner Notes
 * March 2000 Vol.64: Review
 * June 2000 Vol.67: Anata ga Iru Kara Interview
 * September 2000 Vol.70: Information
 * October 2000 Vol.71: Kimi no Me ni wa Utsuranai Interview
 * December 2000 Vol.73: New Year Card, Information
 * January 2001 Vol.74: Love Gone Interview
 * February 2001 Vol.75: Information
 * March 2001 Vol.76: Miho Komatsu 4th A Thousand Feelings
 * April 2001 Vol.77: Information
 * May 2001 Vol.78: Todomaru Koto no Nai Ai interview, Information
 * August 2001 Vol.81: Saigo no Toride interview
 * November 2001 Vol.84: Information
 * December 2001 Vol.85: Aishiteru Interview
 * January 2002 Vol.86: New Year Card 2002
 * May 2002 Vol.90: Dance Interview
 * August 2002 Vol.93: Information
 * September 2002 Vol.94: Miho Komatsu 5: Source Interview and Self Liner Notes
 * October 2002 Vol.95: Information
 * November 2002 Vol.96: Mysterious Love Interview

title: Miho Komatsu


text:
Talk:South Banat District

Note
Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

Removed Romanian references
I removed the following references to Romanian names and the mention of Romanian minority:

It encompasses the following municipalities: *Plandiste (rom: Plandişte) *Opovo *Kovacica (rom: Kovăciţa) *Alibunar *Vrsac (rom: Vârşeţ) *Bela Crkva (rom: Biserica Albă) *Pancevo (rom: Panciova) *Kovin (rom: Cuvin). There is an signifiant Romanian-speaking minority (6,9%).

There are many minorities in the district and listing only Romanian names and mentioning only the Romanian minority is not quite NPOV. If somebody can find the statistical data on minorities for the district (I tried, but failed miserably), they should of course be included. Romanian and other names of municipalities should be in the articles for individual communities. Zocky

 * Romanian is the first nationality living in this district, after the serbian. Official statistics as of 2002:

 * Serbians: 220.641 (70,2%)
 * Romanians: 21.618 (6,9%)
 * Hungarians: 15.444 (4,9%)
 * Slovaks: 15.212 (4,8%)

 * Yes, there are many minorities in the district, but Romanian is the biggest, so if it is mentioned alone, there should be no NPOV problem. Of course, I could add the numbers for the other minorities, but I was not forced to do so, even more if it causes no NPOV problems. I mentioned the names in romanian, because they are official, and because there are no articles for Plandiste, Kovacica, Bela Crkva, and Kovin, where to add the romanian names. That way, the one who makes the article on Plandiste for examples will know how that is spelled in romanian so will add that information to his article.

 * Plus: Romanian language is an official language of Vojvodina according to the Fundamental Law of Vojvodina, equal to the Serbian language, so if the serbian names are available, the minority languages names should be added too, if they exist. You can add the Hungarian and Slovak names if you know them, I'm not aware of them. --Danutz
 * I've removed the Romanian names from this listing, they belong on each city's page. (As a simile, you can look at Bihor, which doesn't list Hungarian names even with a 25% minority present) They are on the talk page, if anyone needs to look them up.
 * As for not including the ethnic distribution, I don't see how that could possibly be a NPOV problem. --gcbirzan (talk) 23:57, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hungarian
Saying that writing Hungarian names for other districts of Vojvodina apart from the North Banat and Bačka is like writing Serbian names for Budapest, Paris and london is rediculous. Surely new know that there are many Hungarian villages in these districts such as Skorenovac, Šumarak, Ivanovo, Debeljača, Dobričevo, Jermenovci and Šušara in the South Banat district alone. I will not list the others as there is little point. Surely the acceptance of minorities and the respect for their language and culture in 2005 in Europe has nothing to do with Trianon? I am a student in the United Kingdom and study politics and minorities. I do not understand how this can be a problem or affect NPOV? In this country we respect our minorities and support their cultures and identities. Please could someone answer as this i do not understand. Thank You, Hvala, Köszönöm --Sch. Dávid 22:13, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * We have to write names of districts in all 6 official languages of Vojvodina (not only in Hungarian). That was my objection first time. For example, there are more Romanians than Hungarians in South Banat District, and if you write only Hungarian name and not Romanian, Romanians will be insulted. Same story is about names of municipalities. Wikipedia have practice that alternate names are usually written for the issue about which article speaking (For example: alternate names of South Banat District should be posted in this article, while alternate names of its municipalities, should be written in separate articles about them). In the region with 6 official languages is not quite NPOV to mention only alternate names in Hungarian. That was my basic objection. One more thing: I couldn’t manage to find Rusyn names for districts. Could you find and post them? User:PANONIAN

title: Talk:South Banat District


text: Category:Snooker ranking tournaments

title: Category:Snooker ranking tournaments


text:
Talk:Fertilizer

Ambiguity of units in chart
Edited a chart to more clearly display the units used in each section

Link?
In my opinion the link to the Fertilizer Institute should not be removed, as it is not advertisement of the fertilizer industry.

This line I think is also somewhat contentious
'When used appropriately, inorganic fertilizers enhance plant growth, the accumulation of organic matter and the biological activity of the soil, while reducing the risk of water run-off, overgrazing and soil erosion' - although fertilizers will enhance plant growth I think it would be a difficult case to argue that they do any of the rest. I am unclear about what is meant by 'biological activity of the soil' - I would imagine that addition of fertilizers would decrease invertebrate diversity, but possibly increase the decomposition rate - I don't know. Is this what is meant? The accumulation of organic matter follows plant growth, but without additional nitrates more plant matter would be left after cropping (as less would be valuable harvest), overgrazing still occurs in highly fertlised areas as stocking is increased to match plant growth and soil erosion.... how do fertilizers prevent soil erosion? I am not a professor, I am a student of wildlife conservation so this is perhaps more of a question than a statement of facts... but it just doesn't seem to fit well with what I have been taught. 00000000

This article is terrible
I've never commented on an article before, but after reading this one I have to. I am not an area expert on fertilizers, so I'm ill equipped to make changes myself. I visited this page to get information but the page is unreadable. Whoever thinks they're doing anyone a favor by flagging citation needed every sentence should either find the citations themselves or let it go. As a user I can't even disseminate the information presented because the flow of the text is so broken up. Not everything needs a citation and some generalizations are okay. The point of wikipedia is to make information accessible to the nonexpert. Although the information should be correct, a simple consensus from the common people is enough. If something is wrong, it will get fixed. Making an article this unreadable renders it useless. Someone, please fix this. Ropeswing 11:41 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Sewage sludge
In the article it states that sewage sludge is not used due to risk of contamination. However, is this meant when sewage sludge is used -as is-, without refinement ? If it is heated into pellets (such a plant exist in the us), i guess most contaminants are removed (so that it is probably already safe to use as fertiliser for crops)

Disambiguation
I created, and linked to in the hatnotes, the disambiguation page "Plant food". Okay? Solomonfromfinland (talk) 02:42, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Said disambiguation currently links to five real articles, including this one. That's enuf to justify having such a disambiguation page, i suppose?--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 02:44, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fertilizer


text:
Cliff Wilson

Clifford Wilson (10 May 1934 – 21 May 1994) was a Welsh professional snooker player who reached the highest ranking of 16, in 1988-89. He was the 1978 World Amateur Champion and won the 1991 World Seniors Championship. He was a successful junior player, known for his fast attacking snooker and ability, and won the British Under-19 Championship in 1951 and 1952. In the early 1950s both Wilson and future six-times World Professional Champion Ray Reardon lived in Tredegar, where they played a succession of money matches that attracted large enthusiastic crowds.

A combination of factors, including Reardon leaving Tredegar, led to Wilson virtually giving up the game from 1957 to 1972, but after being asked to take up a vacant place in a works team, he returned to playing and later became the 1978 World Amateur Champion, achieving his victory with an 11–5 win in the final against Joe Johnson. In 1979 Wilson turned professional, aged 45, and, still playing with an attacking style, reached several ranking tournament quarter-finals during his career. At the inaugural World Seniors Championship in 1991 he beat Eddie Charlton 5–4 in the final to take the title. He won the Welsh Amateur Championship in 1956, 1977 and 1979, and was runner-up in the Welsh Professional Championship in 1981 and 1984. He suffered from a number of health conditions, including poor eyesight, during his career, but continued to play professionally until his death in 1994 at the age of 60.

Amateur years
Wilson was born on 10 May 1934 and grew up in Tredegar, the same town as his friend and snooker rival Ray Reardon. He learnt to play snooker in a steelworks club-room. Even as a teenager, Wilson was nearly sightless in his left eye. In 1950, aged 16, Wilson was the reigning Welsh boys snooker champion and working as a storekeeper when he reached the final of the British under-19 Championship, where he lost 2–3 to Rex Williams. In the same competition the following year, Wilson (now a steelworker) won the title, defeating Gary Owen 3–2 in the final. In 1952 he beat Owen on his way to reaching the semi-final of the English Amateur Championship, where, using a cue that had been repaired overnight and reduced in length by an inch, he lost to Charles Downey.

Having been called up into the Royal Air Force for his national service, Wilson was granted special leave to participate in the 1952 under-19 Championship. In the final he faced Owen again, this time winning 4–2. A match report of Wilson's 3–1 semi-final win against Donald Scott in the Western Mail said that he played "spectacular snooker … he had breaks of 20, 25, 30 and 41 all at tremendous speed." In 1954, Wilson was the youngest competitor in the English Amateur Championship and lost 9–11 to Geoff Thompson in the final. He won the Welsh Amateur Championship in 1956. Snooker historian Clive Everton wrote of Wilson's early career that he was "a phenomenal potter: quick, instinctive fearless."

He played Reardon in a succession of money matches in Tredegar. In The Story of Billiards and Snooker, Everton described Wilson as being an "even more remarkable talent" than Reardon, who would go on to win the World Snooker Championship six times between 1969 and 1978. Everton went on to describe their contests, when each would attract hundreds of supporting spectators, as "modern snooker's nearest equivalent to a bare knuckle prize fight." Everton then suggests that when Reardon moved away, "the edge went from Wilson's game." Wilson's father, who had supported his son's snooker career, died at around the time that Reardon moved away, and Wilson also started having problems with his eyesight. Apart from this, snooker's popularity was on the wane during the 1950s and it was extremely difficult to join the small, closed professional circuit. Wilson gave up snooker almost completely, and continued working at the steelworks at Llanwern. From 1957 to 1972 he was retired from snooker apart from participating in a few games in 1960, which included the televised "Snooker Foursomes" in which he partnered John Price.

In 1972 he started playing again when a friend asked him to take a vacant place in a works team in the Newport League. Within two years of starting to play again, he was selected for the Wales team for the 1973–74 Home International series, losing 1–2 against D. Lenehan of Ireland and beating W. McKerron of Scotland 2–1. He was selected again in 1976–77 for the match against Ireland, beating J. Clusker 2–1. In 1977–78 Wales won the series, although Wilson lost two of his three matches, including a 1–2 defeat by 1972 and 1974 World Amateur Champion Ray Edmonds. In the 1978 series Wilson won three of his four matches, including a 3–0 win over the captain of the England team Mike Hallett. In 1977, he won his second Welsh amateur championship, following his earlier win in 1956, beating Dai Thomas 8–1 in the final.

As Welsh Champion, Wilson qualified for the 1978 World Amateur Championship in Malta. He was the only player in the three groups of the round-robin stage to win all of their matches, and then beat Maltese player Joe Grech 5–4 in the quarter-finals. Wilson built a 4–0 lead in front of a 4,000 strong audience that, according to Everton, started to deliberately distract him, as Grech levelled at 4–4 and led 37–0 in the deciding frame. Wilson eventually won the frame, and remained in the pressroom with Everton, guarded by police, until the audience left. He beat Kirk Stevens 8–2 in the semi-final and then Joe Johnson 11–5 in the final to take the title.

Following his world amateur championship win, Wilson was invited to participate in the 1979 Masters. He would have been the first amateur to play in the Masters, but withdrew due to a threatened boycott by professional players. He lost 5–8 in the southern area final of the English Amateur Championship to Jimmy White after leading 4–2. 1979 also saw him win the Welsh Amateur Championship for the third time, defeating Geoff Thomas 8–5 in the final; and take the National Pairs championship title with Steve Newbury.

Professional career
Wilson turned professional in 1979 at the age of 45, and won his first match, 9–7 against John Pulman in the 1979 UK Championship, before losing 4–9 to Terry Griffiths in the following round. In his debut World Snooker Championship in 1980, he beat Frank Jonik 9–7 in qualifying and lost 6–10 to Doug Mountjoy in the first round. In the 1980–81 season, he reached the final of the 1981 Welsh Professional Championship, losing 6–9 to Reardon. He beat Roy Andrewartha and Eddie Sinclair, both 9–4, in qualifying for the 1981 World Snooker Championship and then was beaten 6–10 by David Taylor in the first round. In 1981–82 he again lost in the first round of the world championship, 5–10 to Eddie Charlton. Wilson was the runner-up at the Pontins Spring Open in consecutive years, losing 3–7 to Willie Thorne in 1980 and 2–7 to John Hargreaves in 1981.

With wins over Johnson, Mountjoy and White, Wilson reached his first ranking tournament quarter-final at the 1982 International Open, losing 4–5 to the eventual champion Tony Knowles. He next reached a ranking quarter final at the 1985 Grand Prix, with further losing quarter-final appearances at the 1986 International Open, 1987 classic, and 1989 International Open.

He broke into the top sixteen of the world rankings for one season, 1988/89, ranked 16th. This ranking entitled him to a place at the 1989 Masters, where he came back from 0-2 down to level at 2–2 against reigning World Champion and defending Masters Champion Steve Davis before Davis went on to win 5–2.

He later went on to win the first World Seniors Championship in 1991, beating Charlton 5–4 in the final after earlier victories over Mountjoy and Griffiths. Charlton had led 4-2 and needed only to pot the and  for the match, but Wilson took three frames in a row to win his first professional title at the age of 57 and collect £16,000, his highest prize winnings.

He recorded wins over a number of prominent players as a professional. In January 1992 he beat Ken Doherty 5–2 in the 1992 Welsh Open before losing 1–5 to Darren Morgan. Later that year he played a young Ronnie O'Sullivan in the 1992 UK Championship, winning 9–8. Both Doherty and O'Sullivan won the respective tournaments the following year. The highest break of his career was 136 at the 1989 Grand Prix.

His popular exhibition matches were advertised with the phrase "You've never seen anything like it!" He was known as a fast, attacking, player and has been described as an "outstanding potter" both by Everton and by snooker writer Ian Morrison. In 1953, a Sports Argus match report described Wilson as having "lived up to his reputation as the finest potter in the country, one ball being hardly in the pocket before the next one was following it in." Wilson's obituary in The Times noted that in the 1950s he was seen as a "phenomenal talent" and played an attacking game that was unlike the defensive approach generally prevalent at the time, and Eurosport's Desmond Kane included him in a 2020 list of the ten "greatest long potters". Jack Karnehm in 1981 wrote that Wilson was "probably the hardest hitter of a ball on earth. His high-speed accurate potting has to be seen to be believed" and added "it is said that the last time he played a safety shot was in 1959 and that was by mistake."

Personal life
He was married to Valerie Wilson, and had four sons, including twins. Towards the end of his life, Wilson suffered from a number of problems with his back, knee and heart, eventually developing an "inoperable disease of the liver and pancreas" that led to his death. Although he continued to play professionally, recording a century break in the 1994 International Open in January 1994, he died in May of that year, aged 60.

title: Cliff Wilson


text:
Talk:Darwine

Untitled
I have requested a high res logo from the project:

http://sourceforge.net/forum/forum.php?thread_id=1085003&forum_id=237909 __________________

Could someone fix the gallery? (2/3 Screenshots not showing!)

Darwine.png
Image:Darwine.png was added to this article on August 2006 according to the Article History, however, according to the File History at Image:Darwine.png, the file was uploaded in December 2006. Does this mean a link was created before the file was actually uploaded? Also, it appears that Image:Hexley.png was uploaded before Darwine.png, and they are both the same file with the same checksum, so I'll be filing an WP:IFD. I think the Darwine project actually uses a Hexley holding a glass of wine instead of a trident. —Tokek 09:14, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I don't think that the trident version is specific to this program. But the logo does make me concerned about using it... Althepal 04:01, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Programs
How do you install and open programs using Darwine? I mean, does it just tell the computer to open with Darwine every time there is a non-Mac OS file type that was clicked? Althepal 04:01, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I assume it works like Wine on linux. You can either explicitly start an application from the command line, or the desktop manager can trap the appropriate MIME types and execute files when you doubleclick them.  129.128.210.68 19:28, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Is Darwine dead?
Is this project still under development? Its website seems not to have changed in a year and the last public build is from December 2006. --EvilMonkeySlayer 09:51, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

See the unofficial builds, updated in early December 2007: http://thisismyinter.net/?p=29 137.99.115.248 (talk) 16:28, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

I think it's been revived, with the release of Wine 1.0 last week. Darwine 1.0 I belive it is at http://thisismyinter.net/?p=47 So....I guess this page needs updating? I can do it if no one wants to.Breaker475 (talk) 17:01, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The name Darwine at least is dead; kronenberg who was one of the main people updating it now simply calls it WINE because as of May 29, 2009 he stated "As some might have read on Wine-Devel, Darwine is dead for good". If anyone can fine a reliable reference for this we can put that in the article.--BruceGrubb (talk) 20:00, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Winesweepmac.gif
Image:Winesweepmac.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 03:12, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Newer screenshots
The screenshots of windows programs are looking a tad bit dated. Anyone mind if I replace them with say screenshots of more recent windows software on Darwine 0.9.60 on top of Leopard? —Preceding unsigned comment added by EvilMonkeySlayer (talk • contribs) 12:25, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe it would be best to put up images from both Tiger and Leopard; Darwine is capable of running on both platforms and they're both Mac OS X. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.80.170.118 (talk) 00:24, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Mistakes?
I was just wondering what 'mistakes' i made that had to be corrected. The only change that i could view was rearranging the download links so one was above the other as well as adding vagueness as to which version works best with which OS. Feel free to correct me if i'm wrong though. 69.80.162.72 (talk) 06:11, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

 * You specifically said that the link to http://www.kronenberg.org/darwine/ was for tiger builds only and you continue to do so. Please stop editing others edits with incorrect information. --EvilMonkeySlayer (talk) 21:24, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I said that of the two builds, the kronenberg link works best with Tiger. The latest builds from thisismyinter.net don't work with Tiger. Sorry for trying to be specific and clear for users. 69.80.162.72 (talk) 01:15, 28 April 2008 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.80.170.118 (talk)

RFC: Official Darwine?
Neither builds from http://thisismyinter.net/ nor http://www.kronenberg.org/darwine/ are the official version yet in a rev from Breaker475 http://thisismyinter.net/ has been classed as the official version. This isn't true in any sense and is against (I believe) wikipedia guidelines. While I agree the old project appears dead neither of the unofficial builds are official in their capacity.

I think perhaps either the site address needs changing back to its original or the site address is removed altogether.

There's also the total lack of any citation at all. Frankly, I think this article should be rewritten from scratch.

That or the guys who make the unofficial builds need to team up and make a new official Darwine build or some such, so we can link to an official source at the least. --EvilMonkeySlayer (talk) 11:40, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Okay, my bad. I put thisismyinter.net as the official since I was redirected there from the Wine main site, winehq.org. In any case, I agree to a total rewrite of this. Breaker475 (talk) 14:56, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

External link to Google Code
The link to the Google Code repo for Darwine returns a 404 error. Shouldn't it be removed? sydbarrett74 (talk) 15:37, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Darwine


text:
South Banat District

The South Banat District (Јужнобанатски округ, ; Dél-bánsági körzet; Districtul Banatul de Sud; Juhobanátsky okres) is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The administrative center of the district is the city of Pančevo. The district lies in the region of Banat. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 260,244 inhabitants.

Name
In Serbian, the district is known as Južnobanatski okrug (Јужнобанатски округ), in Croatian as Južnobanatski okrug, in Hungarian as Dél-bánsági körzet, in Slovak as Juhobanátsky okres, in Romanian as Districtul Banatul de Sud, and in Rusyn as Јужнобанатски окрух.

Municipalities
It encompasses the cities of Pančevo and Vršac and the following municipalities:
 * Plandište
 * Opovo
 * Kovačica
 * Alibunar
 * Bela Crkva
 * Kovin
 * Pančevo
 * Vršac

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the South Banat District has 293,730 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
Most of the municipalities in the district have an ethnic Serb majority, while the municipality of Kovačica is ethnically mixed, with a relative Slovak majority (41.8%). Ethnic composition of the South Banat district:

Culture
Pančevo is distinguished for its numerous cultural monuments, such as Vojlovica Monastery, founded by Despot Stefan Lazarević in 1405. Religious monuments also include the Serbian Orhtodox Church of Assumption (built in 1807-1811), the Church of Transfiguration (built in 1873-1878), and the Roman Catholic Church of St Charles Borromeo (from 1756/57). Prominent cultural institutions include Pančevo National Museum (founded in 1923) and Pančevo Cultural Center.

In the town of Vršac, there are two Serbian Orthodox monasteries: Mesić Monastery from the 13th century and Središte Monastery from the late 15th century. Vršac is also home to the medieval fortress Vršac Castle (Vršačka kula), which dates back to the mid 15th century. Vršac Museum (founded in 1882) is located in the historic Konkordija buliding and is one of the oldest museums in Serbia.

Archeological sites of exceptional cultural significance are Starčevo from the Neolithic and Židovar from the Bronze Age.

title: South Banat District


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Rugby Football Union

The Rugby Football Union (RFU) is the national governing body for rugby union in England. It was founded in 1871, and was the sport's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby (WR) in 1886. It promotes and runs the sport, organises international matches for the England national team, and educates and trains players and officials.

The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs, representing over 2.5 million registered players, and forms the largest rugby union society in the world, and one of the largest sports organisations in England. It is based at Twickenham Stadium, London.

In September 2010 the equivalent women's rugby body, the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW), was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby. The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012.

Formation
On 4 December 1870, Edwin Ash of Richmond and Benjamin Burns of Blackheath published a letter in The Times suggesting that "those who play the rugby-type game should meet to form a code of practice as various clubs play to rules which differ from others, which makes the game difficult to play". On 26 January 1871 a meeting attended by representatives from 21 clubs was held in London at the Pall Mall Restaurant on Regent Street.

The 21 clubs present at the meeting were: Blackheath (represented by Burns and Frederick Stokes, the latter becoming the first captain of England), Richmond, Ravenscourt Park, West Kent, Marlborough Nomads, Wimbledon Hornets, Gipsies, Civil Service, The Law Club, Wellington College, Guy's Hospital, Flamingoes, Clapham Rovers, Harlequin F.C., King's College Hospital, St Paul's, Queen's House, Lausanne, Addison, Mohicans, and Belsize Park. The one notable omission was the Wasps. According to one version, a Wasps' representative was sent to attend the meeting, but owing to a misunderstanding was sent to the wrong venue at the wrong time on the wrong day; another version is that he went to a venue of the same name where, after consuming a number of drinks, he realised his mistake but was too drunk to make his way to the correct venue. Ealing Rugby Club (now Ealing Trailfinders) also received an invitation, but their representative stopped in a public house and also missed the meeting.

As a result of this meeting the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was founded. Algernon Rutter was elected as the first president of the RFU, and Edwin Ash was elected as treasurer. Three lawyers who were Rugby School alumni (Rutter, Holmes and L.J. Maton) drew up the first laws of the game, which were approved in June 1871.

Although similar unions were organised during the next few years in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, New Zealand, Australia, France, Canada, South Africa, and the United States, the RFU was the first and therefore had no need to distinguish itself from others by calling itself the English RFU.

Northern clubs secede – Rugby League
Twenty-two rugby clubs from across the north of England met on 29 August 1895 in the George Hotel in Huddersfield, where they voted to secede from the Rugby Football Union. The main reason for the split was the wish of players to be compensated for lost wages when playing Rugby. Many working class players in the North lost wages to play. The R.F.U. opposed players being paid. They set up the Northern Rugby Football Union (later renamed the Rugby Football League). The RFU took strong action against the clubs involved in the formation of the NRFU, all of whom were deemed to have forfeited their amateur status and therefore to have left the RFU. A similar interpretation was applied to all players who played either for or against such clubs, whether or not they received any compensation. These players were barred indefinitely from any involvement in organised rugby union. These comprehensive and enduring sanctions, combined with the very localised nature of most rugby competition, meant that most northern clubs had little practical option but to affiliate with the NRFU in the first few years of its existence.

The modern era (1970 – present)
The RFU long resisted competitions and leagues fearing that they would encourage foul play and professionalism. The first club competition, then known as the R.F.U. Club Competition, took place in 1972. Following a sponsorship agreement it became known as the John Player Cup in 1976.

The RFU agreed to the formation of a league pyramid in 1987.

Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex served as patron until February 2021.

Women
In 2005 the RFU began talks about a merger with the governing body for women's rugby union the RFUW. In September 2010 the RFUW was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby. The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012.

In July 2022, a vote of the RFU Council approved by a narrow margin to prohibit transgender women from playing in the female category, and to require a risk assessment for transgender men. The Liverpool Tritons, in coordination with International Gay Rugby, have condemned the decision and protested at Pride in Liverpool.

In September 2022, transgender player Julie Curtiss began a legal challenge to the ban on transgender women in female rugby by sending the RFU a pre-action protocol letter.

Structure
In response to the faltering results of the England national team, Rob Andrew was appointed on 18 August 2006 by the RFU to the post of Director of Elite Rugby, to oversee all aspects of representative rugby in England from the regional academies to the full senior side, including senior team selection powers and the power to hire and fire coaches at all levels of English rugby. Andrew also had the task of building bridges with the premiership clubs and the RFU in terms of players withdrawal from their club duties for international duties. On 6 January 2011 his role of Director of Elite Rugby was scrapped in an overhaul of the organisation's structure.

Chief executive John Steele opted to create a single rugby department divided into the areas of performance, operations and development with the emphasis on "delivering rugby at all levels", with each area having its own director.

Men's team
The England national rugby union team competes in the annual Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, and Wales. They have won this championship outright on a total of 28 occasions (with the addition of 10 shared victories), 13 times winning the Grand Slam and 25 times winning the Triple Crown, making them the most successful team in the tournament's history. England are to date the only team from the northern hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup, when they won the tournament back in 2003. They were also runners-up in 1991, 2007 and 2019. They are currently ranked third in the world by World Rugby as of 8 March 2020.

Women's national team
The England women's national rugby union team first played in 1982. England have taken part in every Women's Rugby World Cup competition. They won the competition in 1994 by defeating the United States 38–23 in the final, and again in 2014 by beating Canada 21–9 in the final. They finished as runner-up on four other occasions. Their coach is Simon Middleton after their coach Gary Street, who had been head coach since 2006, retired in 2015.

Men's national sevens team
The England national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series, Rugby World Cup Sevens and the Commonwealth Games. England's best finish in the Sevens Series is second place, which they have achieved four times, most recently in the 2016-17 season. The England Sevens team has generated several notable sevens players. Ben Gollings holds the record for points scored on the Sevens Series with 2,652 points. Dan Norton holds the record for tries scored on the Sevens Series with 338 tries as of October 2019. England's Simon Amor (2004) and Ollie Phillips (2009) have each won a World Rugby Sevens Player of the Year award.

World Championship winning teams (7)
England men's senior team
 * 2003

England women's senior team
 * 1994, 2014

England men's under-20
 * 2013, 2014, 2016

England men's sevens
 * 1993

Premiership
Premiership Rugby is an English professional rugby union competition. The Premiership consists of ten clubs, and is the top division of the English rugby union system. Premiership clubs qualify for Europe's two main club competitions, the European Rugby Champions Cup and the European Rugby Challenge Cup. The team finishing at the bottom of the Premiership each season was relegated to the second-division RFU Championship until 2020, and the winner of the Championship is promoted to the Premiership until 2022. The competition has been played since 1987, and has evolved into the current Premiership system. The current champions are Saracens. The most recently promoted side are Saracens.

Championship
The RFU Championship is the second tier of the English rugby union league system and was founded in September 1987. The league was previously known as National Division One and in 2009 changed from a league consisting of semi-professional clubs to one that was fully professional. However since 2020 several clubs have since returned to a semi-professional model. The current champions are Jersey Reds after beating Ealing Trailfinders.

Premier 15s
The Premier 15s is the top tier of the women's English rugby union domestic league system run by the Rugby Football Union. The league was created mainly from teams in the Women's Premiership. Its first season began on 16 September 2017. The current champions are Gloucester-Hartpury, with the runners up being Exeter Chiefs. Many of the teams have connections with premiership clubs.

Royal Patrons
Royal Patrons of the Rugby Football Union:

 * Queen Elizabeth II 1952 – December 2016
 * Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex December 2016 – February 2021
 * Catherine, Princess of Wales  February 2022 – Present

title: Rugby Football Union


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West Bačka District

The West Bačka District (Западнобачки округ, ; Nyugat-bácskai körzet) is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the geographical region of Bačka. It has a population of 154,491 inhabitants. The administrative seat of the district is the city of Sombor.

Name
In Serbian, the district is known as Zapadnobački okrug or Западнобачки округ, in Croatian as Zapadnobački okrug, in Bunjevac as Zapadnobački okrug, in Hungarian as Nyugat-bácskai körzet, in Slovak as Západnobáčsky okres, in Rusyn as Заходнобачки окрух, and in Romanian as Districtul Bacica de Vest.

Administrative history
In the 9th century, the area was ruled by the Bulgarian-Slavic duke Salan. From 11th to 16th century, during the administration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, the area was divided between the Bodrogiensis County, Bacsensis County, and Csongradiensis County. In 1526–1527, the area was ruled by the independent Serb ruler, emperor Jovan Nenad, while during Ottoman administration (16th-17th century), it was part of the Sanjak of Segedin.

During Habsburg administration (18th century), the area was divided between the Batsch County, Bodrog County and the Military Frontier. The two counties were joined into single Batsch-Bodrog County in the 18th century. Since the abolishment of the Theiß-Marosch section of the Military Frontier in 1751, part of that territory was also included into Batsch-Bodrog County. In the 1850s, the area was mostly part of the Sombor District, with some parts in the Novi Sad District. After 1860, the area was again included into Batsch-Bodrog County.

During the royal Serb-Croat-Slovene (Yugoslav) administration (1918–1941), the area was part of the Novi Sad County (1918–1922), Bačka Oblast (1922–1929), and Danube Banovina (1929–1941).

During the Hungarian-German Axis occupation (1941–1944), the area was included into Bács-Bodrog County. Since 1944, the area was part of autonomous Yugoslav Vojvodina (which was part of new socialist Yugoslav Serbia since 1945). The present-day districts of Serbia (including West Bačka District) were defined by the Government of Serbia's Enactment of 29 January 1992.

Municipalities
It encompasses the municipalities of:
 * Sombor
 * Apatin
 * Odžaci
 * Kula

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the West Bačka has 188,087 inhabitants.

Culture
Sombor is a town of rich cultural tradition: the Roman Catholic church and the Franciscan Monastery from the 18th century, the Perish House originating from the early nineteenth century, the iconostasis of the Big and Small Orthodox church in Stapar are protected monuments registered as cultural heritage, which bear witness to the long history of this town.

title: West Bačka District


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Sovereign of the Seas

Sovereign of the Seas may refer to one of these ships:

 * HMS Sovereign of the Seas, an English Royal Navy warship of 102 guns; later renamed Sovereign and Royal Sovereign
 * Sovereign of the Seas (clipper), an 1852 clipper ship built by Donald McKay in Boston
 * MS Sovereign (formerly MS Sovereign of the Seas), the world's largest cruise ship when launched in 1988 for Royal Caribbean International

title: Sovereign of the Seas


text:
Talk:West Bačka District

Note
Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

Names
See the relevant discussion about Hungarian names here.

title: Talk:West Bačka District


text:
Category:Alkanes

An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon. See Alkane. Alkanes as substituents are called alkyl groups.

title: Category:Alkanes


text:
South Bačka District

The South Bačka District (Јужнобачки округ, ; Dél-bácskai körzet; Juhobáčsky okres) is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Geographically it lies in the southern part of Bačka and northern part of Syrmia. According to the 2022 census results, it has a population of 607,178 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Novi Sad, which is also the capital and the largest city of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.

Administrative history
In the 9th century, the area was ruled by the Bulgarian-Slavic duke Salan. From 11th to 16th century, during the administration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, the area was mostly part of the Bacsensis County, with small northern parts of it in the Bodrogiensis County and Csongradiensis County. In 1526–27, the area was ruled by the independent Serb ruler, emperor Jovan Nenad, while during Ottoman administration (16th-17th century), it was part of the Sanjak of Segedin.

During Habsburg administration (18th century), the area was divided between the Bodrog County, Batsch County and the Military Frontier. The two counties were joined into single Batsch-Bodrog County in the 18th century. Since the abolishment of the Theiß-Marosch section of the Military Frontier in 1751, part of that territory was also included into Batsch-Bodrog County. The only part of the area that remained within Military Frontier was Šajkaška region. From 1751 to 1848, northeastern part of the area belonged to the autonomous District of Potisje.

In the 1850s, the area was mostly part of the Novi Sad District, with some northern parts in the Sombor District. After 1860, the area was again included into Batsch-Bodrog County (officially Bács-Bodrog County since 1867). In 1873, the Military Frontier in Šajkaška region was abolished and that area was also included into Bács-Bodrog County.

During the royal Serb-Croat-Slovene (Yugoslav) administration (1918-1941), the area was initially a part of the Novi Sad County (1918-1922). Between 1922 and 1929, it was divided between Bačka Oblast and Belgrade Oblast, while from 1929 to 1941 it was part of the Danube Banovina. During the Hungarian-German Axis occupation (1941-1944), the area was included into Bács-Bodrog County.

Since 1944, the area was part of autonomous Yugoslav Vojvodina (which was part of new socialist Yugoslav Serbia since 1945). The present-day districts of Serbia (including South Bačka District) were defined by the Government of Serbia's Enactment of 29 January 1992.

Municipalities
The district is divided into 11 municipalities in addition to City of Novi Sad, which itself is divided into two urban municipalities:
 * Srbobran
 * Bač
 * Bečej (Hungarian: Óbecse)
 * Vrbas
 * Bačka Palanka
 * Bački Petrovac (Slovak: Báčsky Petrovec)
 * Žabalj
 * Titel
 * Temerin
 * Beočin
 * Sremski Karlovci

The city of Novi Sad is divided into the municipalities Novi Sad and Petrovaradin.

Note: for municipalities with Hungarian and Slovak relative or absolute majority names are also given in these languages.

Settlements
There are 76 towns and villages, and 1 city in South Bačka. The largest settlements in the district are:

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2022, the South Bačka District has 607,178 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
There are 9 municipal areas with Serbian ethnic majority: City of Novi Sad (79%), Sremski Karlovci (78%), Titel (87%), Žabalj (85%), Beočin (70%), Srbobran (66%), Bačka Palanka (79%), Temerin (68%) and Vrbas (55%).

One municipality in the district has a Slovak majority: Bački Petrovac or Báčsky Petrovec in Slovak (65%), and 2 are mixed: Bač, with relative Serb majority (47%) and Bečej or Óbecse in Hungarian, with relative Hungarian majority (46%).

Culture
The first Serbian primary school was founded in Bečej and Zmajevo in 1703, while the first grammar school was established in Sremski Karlovci in 1791.

Novi Sad is home to the oldest cultural and scientific institution of the Serbian people - the Matica Srpska, which was founded in 1826 in Budapest, and transferred to Novi Sad in 1864. The Serbian National Theatre was founded in Novi Sad in 1861.

Economy
Within the district the following industries prevail: chemical, oil, machines, tools and electrical porcelain, textile, food, and construction industry.

Administration
By the Serbian government's 2006 Regulation of the administrative districts the names of all districts were changed from okrug (district) to upravni okrug (administrative district). District is governed by the prefect (načelnik) who is appointed by the central government. Prefects of the South Bačka District were:
 * 19?? - 1997: Jovo Ubibarip
 * 1997 - 12 April 2001: Obrad Milošević
 * 12 April 2001 - 28 June 2002: Arsen Kurjački (b. 1958)
 * 28 June 2002 - 29 April 2004: Branko Bjelajac
 * 29 April 2004 - 3 November 2005: Darko Mandić
 * 3 November 2005 - 6 July 2007: Svetlana Selaković (b. 1957)
 * 6 July 2007 – present: Darija Šajin (b. 1973)

title: South Bačka District


text:
Nikki McKibbin

Katherine Nicole McKibbin (September 28, 1978 – November 1, 2020) was an American rock music singer-songwriter who finished third in the debut season of the reality television series American Idol. Before American Idol, McKibbin appeared in the first season of Popstars. In May 2007, she released a rock album called Unleashed.

American Idol
In 2002, McKibbin appeared on the first season of American Idol, placing third. McKibbin was in the bottom three every week except one, a total of six times (including elimination).

Post-Idol career
Immediately following her stint on American Idol, McKibbin signed with 19 Management and RCA Records. They urged her to record a country album, but she was determined to stay true to her rock roots; she rejected the idea, saying she felt she would be "selling out." The creative differences resulted in no releasable recordings being produced.

McKibbin ran Angelfire Productions, a karaoke company, but after Idol, "got out of the karaoke business" to focus on her music career.

In 2004, she appeared on the holiday CD Christmas in a Fishbowl with several other reality stars for Fishbowl.com.

In May 2005, McKibbin joined Dallas rock band Downside. They did several shows together including a sold-out show at the Hard Rock Cafe in Dallas, but McKibbin left the band in September of the same year due to creative and personal differences.

In 2005, McKibbin appeared in several reality shows, including a "Reality TV Stars" episode of Fear Factor, and the sports competition show Battle of the Network Reality Stars, in which her team won. She also appeared in the E! Entertainment reality show Kill Reality, which documented the filming of The Scorned, a television movie featuring a cast of people who had been on reality television shows; McKibbin played a singer in the film.

Later in 2005, it was announced that she was signed to Australian indie label Astral Records, with her rock-influenced album originally intended to be released in February 2006. Recording began in December 2005, starting with a cover version of "To Be with You" by Mr. Big. A single of "The Lie"/"To Be with You" and a limited edition behind-the-scenes DVD was made available through her official website.

McKibbin's debut album Unleashed came out May 22, 2007. For the promotional 2007 tour, McKibbin worked with Texas heavy metal band Rivethead.

Late in 2007, McKibbin recorded two Christmas songs for the album American Christmas. One was a cover of "All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Vince Vance & the Valiants and the other was an original, "Alone with the Christmas Lights".

In 2008, McKibbin appeared on the second season of the VH1 reality show Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, in which she received treatment for cocaine and alcohol addiction at the Pasadena Recovery Center (PRC). While receiving a physical examination from Dr. Drew Pinsky in the season's first episode, she revealed that she was sexually, physically and emotionally abused as a child. On top of that, she also lost her mother to addiction the previous year. Pinsky noticed signs of hepatomegaly during the examination, most likely caused by her alcoholism. She said that she was on prescription ziprasidone and dextro-methamphetamine to reduce her anxiety, but Pinsky told her that it was unwise for a serious addict to be on such powerful medications. Her withdrawal was painful, and the day after she was taken off her medications she experienced the lethargy of withdrawal syndrome.

After McKibbin completed the program at the PRC, she moved into a sober living environment, which was filmed for the Celebrity Rehab spinoff Sober House. During a group night out for McKibbin and her fellow sober living housemates, which fell on the anniversary of her mother's death the previous year, she gave her first-ever performance while sober, singing her song "Inconsolable".

McKibbin later appeared in the fifth episode of Celebrity Rehab's fifth season, during which she marked three years of sobriety, and performed for that season's cast.

In 2011, McKibbin formed a new band called Love Stricken Demise. The band released an EP in 2012 called Psychotrip which included their single "Celebrity High".

In 2014, McKibbin was seen accompanying her son Tristan on the thirteenth season of American Idol during his audition, where he made it to Hollywood, but was ultimately cut before the live shows.

McKibbin used to give vocal and performance lessons for children in Fort Worth, Texas.

Personal life
McKibbin was born in Grand Prairie, Texas. She was married to Craig Sadler. She had a son, Tristen Cole Langley, (b. December 20, 1997), from a previous relationship. Her husband, Craig, appeared with her on Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew.

McKibbin marked a year of sobriety on June 10, 2009.

Death
On November 1, 2020, McKibbin was taken off life support after suffering a brain aneurysm on October 28. She is the fourth American Idol finalist to die after Michael Johns in 2014, Rickey Smith in 2016, and Leah LaBelle in 2018.

title: Nikki McKibbin


text:
Wikipedia:Brooke Vibber Day

Brooke Vibber Day is June 1, which commemorates the awesome works of Brooke Vibber, previously Brion Vibber, our legendary longtime lead developer. This is an important day to Wikipedia. The awesome first Vibber Day was observed in 2004 and was proclaimed by Jimbo Wales:

"Saluton!

I hereby decree, in my usual authoritarian and bossy manner, that today (June 1st) shall forever be known as [Brooke] Vibber day. Wikipedians of the distant future will marvel at [Brooke's] incredible dedication and hard work, without which the project should have collapsed a long time ago. Tonight at dinner, every Wikipedian should say a toast to [Brooke] and [her] many inventions.

On [Brooke] Vibber day, Wikipedians everywhere greet each other in Esperanto.

Dankon, [Brooke].

Bondezirojn,"

- Jimbo

title: Wikipedia:Brooke Vibber Day


text:
Srem District

The Srem District (Сремски округ / Sremski okrug, ) is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the geographical regions of Syrmia and Mačva. According to the 2022 census results, it has a population of 282,547 inhabitants. The administrative center is the city of Sremska Mitrovica.

Name
In Serbian, the district is known as Sremski okrug (Сремски округ), in Croatian as Srijemski okrug, in Hungarian as Szerémségi Körzet, in Slovak as Sriemskí okres, in Rusyn as Srimski okruh (Сримски окрух), and in Romanian as Districtul Srem.

Administration
The Srem District is one of seven districts (first-level administrative divisions) of Vojvodina (and 29 of Serbia). Districts are regional centers and do not have any form of self-government. The District includes the municipalities of:

 * Inđija
 * Irig
 * Pećinci
 * Ruma
 * Sremska Mitrovica
 * Stara Pazova
 * Šid

History
In Late antiquity, between the 3rd and 5th centuries, the city of Sirmium (present-day Sremska Mitrovica) was a capital of the Roman province of Pannonia Secunda. In the 6th century Sirmium was the capital of Byzantine Pannonia. In the 7th century, during Avar administration, the area was ruled by Bulgar local ruler Kuber, while in the 11th century, it was ruled by independent Bulgarian-Slavic duke Sermon. In the 11th century, it was part of the Byzantine Theme of Sirmium.

During the administration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary (12th–16th century), the area was divided between Sirmiensis and Valkoensis counties. During Ottoman administration (16th–18th century), the area was initially a part of the vassal Ottoman duchy of Syrmia ruled by Serb duke Radoslav Čelnik and was subsequently included into the Sanjak of Syrmia.

At the end of the Austro-Russian-Turkish War of 1735-1739, there was a migration of Albanians from the Kelmendi tribe to Srem, who were recorded as speaking Albanian as late as 1921.

During Habsburg administration (18th-19th century), the area was divided between the Syrmia County and the Military Frontier. In the 1850s, northern parts of the area were part of the Novi Sad District, but were again included into Syrmia County after 1860. Since the abolishment of the Military Frontier in 1882, Syrmian parts of the Frontier were also included into Syrmia County.

During the royal Serb-Croat-Slovene (Yugoslav) administration (1918–1941), the area was part of the Syrmia County (1918–1922) and Syrmia Oblast (1922–1929). From 1929 to 1931, the area was divided between Danube Banovina in the north-east and Drina Banovina in the south-west, while from 1931 to 1939 the area was part of the Danube Banovina. From 1939 to 1941, north-western parts of the area were part of the Banovina of Croatia.

During the German-Croatian Axis occupation (1941–1944), the area was included into the Grand County of Vuka. Since 1944, the area was part of autonomous Yugoslav Vojvodina (which was part of new socialist Yugoslav Serbia since 1945). The present-day districts of Serbia (including Syrmia District) were defined by the Government of Serbia's Enactment of 29 January 1992.

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the Srem District has 312,278 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
Ethnic composition of the Srem district:

Culture
The monasteries on the Fruška Gora mountain are the greatest cultural treasures of this region. There are 16 active monasteries, mostly dating back from the late middle ages, including Grgeteg Monastery, Jazak Monastery and Velika Remeta. The Krušedol Monastery is a true treasury of the Vojvodinan painting. It was founded in 1514 as an endowment of Orthodox bishop Maksim Branković and his mother Angelina. In the Novo Hopovo Monastery, the church architecture and fresco paintings are particularly attractive. The exact time of its first construction is unknown, but 1765 is known as the year of its reconstruction.

Archeological Museum Carska Palata (Royal Palace) in Sremska Mitrovica is dedicated to the remains of the Roman town Sirmium, dating back to 1st century BC.

A museum dedicated to the prominent Serbian artist Sava Šumanović is located in his hometown of Šid. It consists of the Gallery with 417 works of art, donated by Sava's mother Persida Šumanovic, and the Memorial House, where the painter used to live with his family.

title: Srem District


text:
Talk:South Bačka District

Note
Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

Names
See the relevant discussion about Hungarian names here.

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100803150847/http://www.sremski-karlovci.org.rs:80/ to http://www.sremski-karlovci.org.rs/

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title: Talk:South Bačka District


text: User:Abu badali

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