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Wikipedia:Categorization

This page contains guidance on the proper use of the categorization function in Wikipedia. The central goal of the category system is to provide navigational links to pages in Wikipedia within a hierarchy of categories. Using essential, defining characteristics of a topic, readers can browse and quickly find sets of pages on topics that are defined by those characteristics.

For proposals to delete, merge, or rename categories, follow the instructions at Categories for discussion. Please use it before undertaking any complicated re-categorization of existing categories or mass creation of new categories.

Before creating a new category
Categories are not the only means of enabling users to browse sets of related pages. And categories have several disadvantages, including that categories only show the page name of each page being categorized, therefore:

 * While the of the category may provide broader information, individual category members cannot be annotated with descriptions or comments, so they give no context or elaboration for any specific entry.
 * There is no provision for referencing any specific entry, to verify a page meets a category's criteria of inclusion.

So, consider whether a list would be more appropriate for such a grouping of pages. Lists would also be more useful where it is important to see dates, for example, a list of Nobel laureates. And can provide options for sorting the entries.

Also, consider whether the category might be considered category clutter. Please see Overcategorization, for more information on this.

Choosing a name for the category
A good category name is neutral, and as much as possible, defines the category inclusion criteria in the name itself.

Important: When choosing a name for the category, please be sure a similar category does not exist.
 * For example: You might want to add a sub-category for people to Category:Mexicans. Before creating that category, try to find it under a similar name. By starting at Category:People by nationality, you will discover that Mexicans are placed in Category:Mexican people.

Note: (categories whose name and topic is the same as an article, such as a category named after a person) should only be created if sufficient directly related articles exist.

Creating the category
After you have determined an appropriate category name for the category, next try to find a suitable place for the new category. (For example, categories of people should be in the tree of "people" categories.) Please see for more information on this.

Once you have determined where to categorize this new category, you should be ready to create the new category. To create a category, If something goes wrong, double check to see if you followed the steps properly and check if the wikitext is correct. For example, if the category fails to list in the parent category, the wikitext should be, not Category:Parent category name.
 * 1) Add a page to the intended category. Do this by editing that page:
 * 2) At the bottom, add the name of the new category, (e.g.:  )
 * 3) Save your edit. The as-yet-undefined category name will now appear as a red link in the category list at the bottom of the page.
 * 4) Next, click on that red link, which brings you to the new category page to create.
 * 5) Finally, at the bottom of the page, simply add the parent category (e.g.:  ), which should usually be a hypernym of the sub-category. This will add the new category into the appropriate parent category.

Category description
Sometimes, a common-sense guess based on the title of the category isn't enough to figure out whether a page should be listed in the category. So, rather than leave the text of a category page empty (containing only parent category declarations), adding a main article which describes the topic, can help with that.

However, only linking to a Wikipedia article explaining the title is often not sufficient as a description for a category. It can be helpful – to both readers and editors – to include a clear description of the category, indicating what pages it should contain, how they should be subcategorized, and so on, and linking to one or more pages as background information.

In such cases, the desired contents of the category should be described on the category page, similar to how the list selection criteria are described in a stand-alone list. The category description should make direct statements about the criteria by which pages should be selected for inclusion in (or exclusion from) the category. This description, not the category's name, defines the proper content of the category. Do not leave future editors to guess about what or who should be included from the title of the category. Even if the selection criteria might seem obvious to you, an explicit standard is helpful to others, especially if they are less familiar with the subject.

The description can also contain links to other Wikipedia pages, in particular to other related categories which do not appear directly as subcategories or parent categories, and to relevant categories at sister projects, such as Commons. Another technique that can be used is described at Classification. Like disambiguation pages, category pages should not contain either citations to reliable sources or external links.

Various templates have been developed to make it easier to produce category descriptions; see Category namespace templates. There are hatnote templates including Cat main and Category see also; others are listed at Hatnote.

Additional considerations
Categories may have hundreds of members, displayed over many pages, with, at most, only 200 category entries on a single category page. To make navigating large categories easier, a table of contents can be used on the category page. The following templates are some of the ways of doing this:
 * Category TOC – adds a complete table of contents (Top, 0–9, A–Z)
 * Large category TOC – adds a complete table of contents with five subdivisions for each letter (Aa Ae Aj Ao At)
 * Consider using  which uses the appropriate TOC for the number of pages on a category page.

Likewise, a maximum of 200 subcategories are displayed at a time, so some subcategories may not be immediately visible. To display all subcategories at once, add a category tree to the text of the category page, as described at.

Category pages can have interlanguage links in the "Languages" list in the left sidebar (in the default skin), linking to corresponding categories in other language Wikipedias. To edit these on Wikidata, click on the "Edit links" link at the end of the languages list.

Categorizing pages

Every Wikipedia page should belong to at least one category, except for talk pages, redirects, and user pages, which may optionally be placed in categories where appropriate. Each categorized page should be placed in all of the categories to which it logically belongs. This means that if a page belongs to a subcategory of C (or a subcategory of a subcategory of C, and so on) then it is not normally placed directly into C. For exceptions to this rule, see § Eponymous categories and § Non-diffusing subcategories below.

While it should typically be clear from the name of an existing category which pages it should contain, the text of the category page may sometimes provide additional information on potential category contents. One way to determine if suitable categories already exist for a particular page is to check the categories of pages concerning similar or related topics. Another way is to search existing category names as described here (top of page).

Since all categories form part of a tree-like hierarchy, do not add categories to pages as if they are tags.

Articles
Apart from certain exceptions (i.e. eponymous categories and non-diffusing subcategories – see below), an article should be categorised under the branch in the category tree possible, without duplication in parent categories above it. In other words, articles should rarely be placed in both a given category and any of its sub- or parent (super-) categories. For example, the article "Paris" need only be placed in Category:Cities in France, not also in Category:Populated places in France. Because the first category (cities) is in the second category (populated places), readers are already given the information that Paris is a populated place in France by it being a city in France.

Categorization of articles must be verifiable. It should be clear from verifiable information in the article why it was placed in each of its categories. Use the Unreferenced category template if you find an article in a category that is not shown by sources to be appropriate or if the article gives no clear indication for inclusion in a category.

Categorization must also maintain a neutral point of view. Categorizations appear on article pages without annotations or referencing to justify or explain their addition; editors should be conscious of the need to maintain a neutral point of view when creating categories or adding them to articles. Categorizations should generally be uncontroversial; if the category's topic is likely to spark controversy, then a list article (which can be annotated and referenced) is probably more appropriate. For example, a politician (not convicted of any crime) should not be added to a category of notable criminals.

The defining characteristics of an article's topic are central to categorizing the article. A defining characteristic is one that reliable sources commonly and consistently refer to in describing the topic, such as the nationality of a person or the geographic location of a place. For example, Italian and artist are defining characteristics of Caravaggio, and so of the article on him, because virtually all reliable sources on the topic mention them.

Particular considerations for categorizing articles:

 * By convention, category declarations are placed at the end of the wikitext, but before any stub templates, which transclude their own categories.
 * Eponymous categories should appear first. Beyond that, the order in which categories are placed on a page is not governed by any single rule (for example, it does not need to be alphabetical, although partially alphabetical ordering can sometimes be helpful). Normally the most essential, significant categories appear first.

 * An article should never be left with a non-existent (redlinked) category on it. Either the category should be created, or else the link should be removed or changed to a category that does exist.
 * Categorization should not be made by the type of an article. A biographical article about a specific person, for example, does not belong in Category:Biography (genre).
 * Articles on fictional subjects should not be categorized in a manner that confuses them with real subjects. Category see also is useful for interlinking examples of real-world and fictional phenomena.

Eponymous categories
A category that covers exactly the same topic as an article is known as the eponymous category for that article (e.g. New York City and Category:New York City; Mekong and Category:Mekong River; Abraham Lincoln and Category:Abraham Lincoln).

Eponymous categories should not be created unless enough directly related articles or sub-categories exist. However, this should not be done simply to reduce the number of categories displayed in an article.

An eponymous category should have only the categories of its article that are relevant to the category's content. For example:
 * Both New York City and Category:New York City fit well in Category:Cities in New York (state).
 * The article New York City is in Category:Populated places established in 1624, but this category is not necessarily relevant to the content of Category:New York City, so it should not be used on the eponymous category.

Individual works by a person should not be included in an eponymous category but should instead be in a sub-category such as Category:Novels by Agatha Christie.

Articles with eponymous categories

 * The article itself should be a member of the eponymous category and should be sorted with a space to appear at the start of the listing (see § Sort keys below).
 * The article should be listed as the main article of the category using the cat main template.
 * Articles with an eponymous category may be categorized in the broader categories that would be present if there were no eponymous category (e.g. the article France appears in both Category:France and Category:Countries in Europe, even though the latter category is the parent of the former category). Editors should decide by consensus which solution makes most sense for a category tree. There are three options:
 * 1) Keep both the eponymous category and the main article in the parent category. This is used in Category:Countries in Europe to allow that region's country articles to be navigated together.
 * 2) Keep just the child article. This is used in Category:British Islands, to prevent a loop.
 * 3) Keep just the eponymous category. This is used for Category:Farmers in Category:People by occupation. Such "X by Y" categories sometimes cover a limited navigational set, not a topic (see § Category tree organization below), thus there is no logical article content.

If eponymous categories are categorized separately from their articles, it will be helpful to make links between the category page containing the articles and the category page containing the eponymous categories. The template Related category can be used for this. An example of this set-up is the linked categories Category:American politicians and Category:Wikipedia categories named after American politicians.

Files
Category tags should be added to file pages of files that have been uploaded to Wikipedia. When categorized, files are not included in the count of articles in the category, but are displayed in a separate section with a thumbnail and the name for each. A category can mix articles and images, or a separate file/image category can be created. A file category is typically a subcategory of the general category about the same subject, and a subcategory of the wider category for files, Category:Wikipedia files. To categorize a new file when uploading, simply add the category tag to the upload summary.

Freely licensed files should be uploaded to, and categorized on, Wikimedia Commons, instead of uploading and categorizing on Wikipedia. Existing freely licensed files should usually be moved from Wikipedia to Commons, with a mirror page automatically remaining on Wikipedia. (For an example of one such mirror page, see here.) Categories should not be added to these Wikipedia mirror pages, because doing so creates a new Wikipedia page that is subject to speedy deletion. Exceptions to this principle are made for mirror pages of images that are nominated as featured pictures and for those that appear on the Wikipedia Main Page in the Did You Know? column.

Images that are used in Wikipedia that are non-free or fair use should not appear as thumbnail images in categories. To prevent the thumbnail preview of images from appearing in a category, __NOGALLERY__ should be added to the text of the category. In such cases, the file will still appear in the category, but the actual image preview will not.

Wikipedia administrative categories
A distinction is made between two types of categories:
 * Administrative categories, intended for use by editors or by automated tools, based on features of the current state of articles, or used to categorize non-article pages.
 * Content categories, intended as part of the encyclopedia, to help readers find articles, based on features of the subjects of those articles.

Administrative categories include stub categories (generally produced by stub templates), maintenance categories (often produced by tag templates such as cleanup and fact, and used for maintenance projects), WikiProject and assessment categories, and categories of pages in non-article namespaces.

Article pages should be kept out of administrative categories if possible. For example, the templates that generate WikiProject and assessment categories should be placed on talk pages, not on the articles themselves. If it is unavoidable that an administration category appears on article pages (usually because it is generated by a maintenance tag that is placed on articles), then in most cases it should be made a hidden category, as described in § Hiding categories below.

There are separate administrative categories for different kinds of non-article pages, such as template categories, disambiguation page categories, project page categories etc.

In maintenance categories and other administrative categories, pages may be included regardless of type. For example, in an error tracking category it makes sense to group templates separately, because addressing the errors there may require different skills compared to fixing an ordinary article. For sorting each namespace separately, see § Sort keys below.

User pages
User pages are not articles, and thus do not belong in content categories such as Living people or Biologists. They can however be placed in user categories – subcategories of Category:Wikipedians, such as Category:Wikipedian biologists – which assist collaboration between users.

Similarly, user subpages that are draft versions of articles should be kept out of content categories, but are permitted in non-content or project categories, like Category:User essays. If you copy an article from mainspace to userspace and it already contains categories, wrap them inside Draft categories, remove them, or comment them out. Restore the categories when you move the draft back into article space. Two scripts are available to help with these tasks: User:DannyS712/Draft no cat and User:DannyS712/Draft re cat.

Also, do not transclude articles into your user pages: this will result in the user page being included in all the article's categories.

At Database reports/Polluted categories, a list of affected categories is maintained.

Draft pages
Drafts, no matter whether in the draft namespace or your userspace, are not articles, and thus do not belong in content categories such as Living people or Biologists. If you copy an article from mainspace to draftspace or your userspace and it already contains categories, then disable those categories. This can be done either by inserting a colon character to link to each category (e.g. change  to  ), or by wrapping them in Draft categories (e.g.  etc.). After you move the draft into article space, remove the leading colons to re-enable the categories. If using the draft categories template, the categories will automatically work as normal in mainspace, but the template should be removed. The same system may be used in a new draft to list the categories it may have when moved to mainspace.

Two scripts are available to help with these tasks: User:DannyS712/Draft no cat and User:DannyS712/Draft re cat.

Drafts may be placed in the appropriate subcategories of Category:Wikipedia drafts.

Template categorization
Templates are not articles, and thus do not belong in content categories. It is however a recommendation to place them in template categories – subcategories of Category:Wikipedia templates – to assist when looking for templates of a certain type. For example, Template:Schubert string quartets is categorized under Category:String quartets by composer navigational boxes, which should be a subcategory of Category:Music navigational boxes (type) but Template:Schubert string quartets should not be categorized under Category:Franz Schubert or Category:String quartets (content).

It is usually desirable that pages using a template are not placed in the same categories as the template itself. To avoid this, the category for the template should be placed on the template's documentation page, normally within a  block; if there is no documentation page, the category for the template may be placed on the template itself, within a  block. When a  block is the last item in the template code, there should be no spaces or new lines between the last part of the template proper and the opening tag.

Categorization using templates
Many templates include category declarations in their transcludable text, for the purpose of placing the pages containing those templates into specific categories. This technique is very commonly used for populating certain kinds of administration categories, including stub categories and maintenance categories. See Template:Infobox roller coaster for an example that only adds a category by manufacturer if it exists, and otherwise uses a hidden category.

However, it is recommended that articles not be placed in ordinary content categories using templates in this way. There are many reasons for this: editors cannot see the category in the wikitext; removing or restructuring the category is made more difficult (partly because automated processes will not work); inappropriate articles and non-article pages may get added to the category; sort keys may be unavailable to be customised per category; and ordering of categories on the page is less controllable.

When templates are used to populate administration categories, ensure that the code cannot generate nonsensical or non-existent categories, particularly when the category name depends on a parameter. Also, see Category suppression for ways of keeping inappropriate pages out of template-generated categories.

Category declarations in templates often use  as the sort key, because this overrides any DEFAULTSORT defined on the page.

Hiding categories
In cases where, for technical reasons, administration categories appear directly on articles rather than talk pages, they should be made into hidden categories, so that they are not displayed to readers. This rule does not apply to stub categories or "uncategorized article" categories – these types are not hidden.

To hide a category, add the template to the category page (the template uses the magic word  ). This also places the page in Category:Hidden categories.

A logged-in user may elect to view all hidden categories, by checking "Show hidden categories" on the "Appearance" tab of Preferences. Notice that "hidden" parent categories are never in fact hidden on category pages (although they are listed separately).

Hidden categories are listed at the bottom when previewing. All users of the desktop version can see hidden categories for a page by clicking "Page information" under "Tools" in the left pane, or by editing the whole page with the source editor.

Redirected categories
Do not create inter-category redirects. See for the policy, and  for the technical details.

Sort keys
Sort keys are sometimes needed to produce a correct ordering of member pages and subcategories on the category page. For the mechanics, see.

Categories of people are usually sorted by last name rather than first name, so "surname, forename" sort keys are used (as in "Washington, George"). There are many other rules for sorting people's names; for more information, see WP:NAMESORT.

Other sort key considerations (in no particular order):
 * In English Wikipedia, sort order merges (ignores) case and diacritics. For example, "Baé", "Båf", "BaG" would be sorted in that order.
 * The main article/s of a category, if existent, should get sorted with a space as key so that it/they appear(s) at the very top of the category. Example:  Those articles are typically homonymous or at least synonymous to their category. Furthermore, other general articles that are highly relevant to the category should be sorted with an asterisk as key so that they also appear at the top of a category but beneath the main article/s. Example:   Those articles are typically called "History of example", "Types of example", "List of example" or similar.
 * Leading articles—a, an, and the—are among the most common reasons for using sort keys, which are used to transfer the leading article to the end of the key, as in . Please also apply these sort keys to deliberate misspellings of these words, e.g. "da" or "tha" for "the", as well as foreign language leading articles, such as "el" or "der" (but beware of non-article words that have the same spelling, e.g. that translate as "at" or "one"). However, leading articles in foreign-language-derived names which are no longer translated in English are not subject to this rule; e.g. the sort key for El Paso should be left as the default value (i.e. no  required).
 * Spell out abbreviations and characters used in place of words so that they can be found easily in categories. For example, the sort key for Mr. Bean should be and Dungeons & Dragons should be sorted  . An exception is the times sign (×) as in "Men's 4 × 100 metre" relay; use the letter x in this case.
 * Landforms (and similar) that have noun prefixes such as Isle of Mull should have the noun sorted after as . However, this isn't usually done for settlements and administrative divisions; for example, while Isle of Wight uses , the categories for the county/district are sorted "Isle of Wight". Also for settlements such as Isle of Wight, Virginia the prefix isn't moved.
 * Hyphens, apostrophes and periods/full stops are the only punctuation marks that should be kept in sort values. The only exception is the apostrophe in names beginning with O', which should be removed. For example, Eugene O'Neill is sorted . All other punctuation marks should be removed. (Commas can be added when re-ordering words, as in the previous example.)
 * Entries containing numbers sometimes need special sort keys to ensure proper numerical ordering. For example, IX comes before V in alphabetical order, so Pope John IX might have a sort key "John 9". To get the correct sort order zero padding may be required, thus the actual sort key in this case is "John 09" this ensures that Pope John IX sorts before Pope John X – if we ever get to the hundredth Pope John, we would need to use three digits "John 009". Also note that numbers which include separators (such as commas or periods) will only have the part of the number before the first separator considered by the sorting algorithm. So 10,000 Maniacs might have a sort key "10000 Maniacs". It is important to stick to the same system for all similar entries in a given category.
 * Systematic sort keys are also used in other categories where the logical sort order is not alphabetical (for example, individual month articles in year categories such as Category:2004 use sort keys like "*2004-04" for April). Again, such systems must be used consistently within a category.
 * In some categories, sort keys are used to exclude prefixes that are common to all or many of the entries, or are considered unimportant (such as "List of" or "The"). For example, in Category:2004 the page 2004 in film would have the sort key "Film", and in Category:2004 in Canada the page 2004 Canadian federal budget would have the sort key "Federal Budget".
 * Use other sort keys beginning with a space (or an asterisk or a plus sign) for any "List of ..." and other pages that should appear after the key article and before the main alphabetical listings, including "Outline of" and "Index of" pages. The same technique is sometimes used to bring particular subcategories to the start of the list.
 * Sort order of characters before numbers and Latin alphabet (0–9, A–Z) is (partial list):
 * See also: Meta:Help:Sorting for more information.
 * See also: Meta:Help:Sorting for more information.

 * Sort keys may be prefixed with Greek letters to place entries after the main alphabetical list. The following letters have special meaning by convention:
 * "Σ" (capital sigma) is used to place stub categories at the end of subcategory lists. ("µ" (mu) was previously used, but the capital version "Μ" was confusing.)
 * "β" (beta, displays as capital, "Β") is for barnstars.
 * "Δ" (delta) is for documentation, where sorting by Latin D is undesirable.
 * "ι" (iota, displays as "Ι") is for Wikipedia images.
 * "ρ" (rho, displays as "Ρ") is for portals.
 * "τ" (tau, displays as "Τ") is for templates. Keep in mind, template categories should not be added to content categories per WP:CAT.
 * "υ" (upsilon, displays as "Υ") for user templates.
 * "ω" (omega, displays as "Ω") is for WikiProjects.
 * Similar to the handling of Latin letters, if the sort key is or begins with a lower case Greek letter, then the capital Greek letter will be displayed in headings on category pages. Items whose sort keys begin with lowercase letters will appear beneath corresponding capital letters. Several of these resemble Latin letters B, I, P etc., but they will sort after Z.
 * Note: Not all of these types are suitable for inclusion in content categories. For one-type categories, such as template categories, Greek letter grouping is not useful.
 * If a page is to be given the same sort key in all or several of its categories, the  magic word should be used. Per MOS:ORDER, this is placed just before the list of category declarations. Default sort keys are sometimes defined even where they do not seem necessary—when they are the same as the page name, for example—in order to prevent other editors or automated tools from trying to infer a different default.

Category tree organization

Categories are organized as overlapping "trees", formed by creating links between inter-related categories (in mathematics or computer science this structure is called a partially ordered set). Any category may contain (or "branch into") subcategories, and it is possible for a category to be a subcategory of more than one "parent" category. (A is said to be a parent category of B when B is a subcategory of A.)

There is one top-level category, Category:Contents. All other categories are found below this. Hence every category apart from this top one must be a subcategory of at least one other category.

There are two main kinds of category:

 * Topic categories are named after a topic (usually sharing a name with the Wikipedia article on that topic). For example, Category:France contains articles relating to the topic France.
 * Set categories are named after a class (usually in the plural). For example, Category:Cities in France contains articles whose subjects are cities in France. A category may be explicitly labeled as such using the Set category template.

Sometimes, for convenience, the two types can be combined, to create a set-and-topic category (such as Category:Voivodeships of Poland, which contains articles about particular voivodeships as well as articles relating to voivodeships in general).

Subcategorization

If logical membership of one category implies logical membership of a second (an is-a relationship), then the first category should be made a subcategory (directly or indirectly) of the second. For example, Cities in France is a subcategory of Populated places in France, which in turn is a subcategory of Geography of France.

Many subcategories have two or more parent categories. For example, Category:British writers should be in both Category:Writers by nationality and Category:British people by occupation. When making one category a subcategory of another, ensure that the members of the subcategory really can be expected (with possibly a few exceptions) to belong to the parent also. Category chains formed by parent–child relationships should never form closed loops; that is, no category should be contained as a subcategory of one of its own subcategories. If two categories are closely related but are not in a subset relation, then links between them can be included in the text of the category pages.

Except for non-diffusing subcategories (see below), pages for sub-categories should be categorised under the parent categories possible.

Sometimes proper subcategorization requires the creation of new categories.

Note also that as stub templates are for maintenance purposes, not user browsing (see § Wikipedia administrative categories above), they do not count as categorization for the purposes of Wikipedia's categorization policies. An article which has a "stubs" category on it must still be filed in the most appropriate content categories, even if one of them is a direct parent of the stubs category in question.

Diffusing large categories
Although there is no limit on the size of categories, a large category will often be broken down ("diffused") into smaller, more specific subcategories. For example, Category:Rivers of Europe contains no articles about specific rivers directly, they are all in subcategories.

A category may be diffused using several coexisting schemes; for example, Category:Albums is broken down by artist, by date, by genre etc. Metacategories may be created as ways of organizing schemes of subcategories. For example, the subcategories called "Artistname albums" are not placed directly into Category:Albums, but into the metacategory Category:Albums by artist, which itself appears in Category:Albums. (See Category:Categories by parameter)

It is possible for a category to be only partially diffused—some members are placed in subcategories, while others remain in the main category.

Information about how a category is diffused may be given on the category page. Categories which are intended to be fully broken down into subcategories can be marked with the category diffuse template, which indicates that any pages which editors might add to the main category should be moved to the appropriate subcategories when sufficient information is available. (If the proper subcategory for an article does not exist yet, either create the subcategory or leave the article in the parent category for the time being.)

To suggest that a category is so large that it ought to be diffused, or substantially diffused, into subcategories, you can add the overpopulated category template to the category page.

Non-diffusing subcategories
Not all subcategories serve the "diffusion" function described above; some are simply subsets which have some special characteristic of interest, such as Best Actor Academy Award winners as a subcategory of Film actors. They provide an exception to the general rule that pages are not placed in both a category and its subcategory: there is no need to take pages out of the parent category purely because of their membership of a non-diffusing subcategory. (Of course, if the pages also belong to other subcategories that do cause diffusion, then they will not appear in the parent category directly.)

Non-diffusing subcategories should be identified with a template on the category page:
 * The Non-diffusing subcategory templates should be used for sub-categories that are non-diffusing, like.
 * The All included can be used for categories where all child articles of a certain type are in the parent, like or.

Subcategories defined by gender, ethnicity, religion, and sexuality should almost always be non-diffusing subcategories. The Categorizing articles about people guideline outlines the rules on these categories in more detail.

Note that some categories can be non-diffusing on some parents, and diffusing on others. For example, is a non-diffusing sub-category of, but it is a diffusing subcategory of.

Category cleanup templates

 * Article with insufficient categories
 * Improve categories template indicates that the article needs additional or more specific categories. It is recommended that this template be placed at the bottom of the page, where readers will look for the categories.
 * Article with too many categories
 * Use Recategorize template when there are too many categories. Put this template on the top of articles.
 * Category unknown
 * If you're not sure where to categorize a particular page, add the uncategorized template to it, and other editors (such as those monitoring WikiProject Categories/uncategorized) will help find appropriate categories for it.

Inappropriate categorization
Anyone may edit an article and remove a questionable categorization. If an article has an "incorrect" or "inappropriate" category, remove that category from the article, and replace it (if applicable) with a more correct category.

Even if an article may occupy the grey areas of a category's inclusion criteria, that is not a valid reason to keep the article in a category. If a particular article does not fit the inclusion criteria of a category, then the article simply should not be added to it.

If categorization of any particular page is disputed, please discuss the categorization on the talk page of the page in question. If the category seems reasonable, but questionable in some cases, consider whether you can solve (part of) the problem by writing a clearer.

If you have a proposal for a better name for the category or for a wider re-arrangement of the categorization scheme; or if you have a concern that may apply to several members of the category (such as if the category violates one or more sections on this page, Categorizing articles about people, Overcategorization, or other Wikipedia policies and guidelines), you can participate in, or post a new, discussion about the category.

Category talk pages are not always widely watched. Consider whether you can invite more potentially interested people to take part in a discussion, such as by discussing it at a relevant WikiProject, or at WikiProject Categories. Another option could be to nominate the category for discussion at Categories for discussion, or if the category name has an obvious typographical error, you can list it for speedy renaming at Categories for discussion/Speedy.

See Categories for discussion/Howto for instructions on how to use the templates for: deletion (cfd), renaming (cfr), or merging (cfm).

If you are in a content dispute, see Dispute resolution for what to do next.

For browsing

 * PetScan (formerly CatScan)
 * Classification (category tree jumping)
 * Category intersection (ability to find articles that are in more than one category)
 * Special:Categories (lists all existing categories alphabetically)
 * Special:CategoryTree
 * Category:Wikipedia categories

For maintenance

 * Special:MostLinkedCategories
 * Special:UncategorizedFiles
 * Special:UncategorizedPages
 * Special:UnusedCategories
 * Special:WantedCategories
 * Category combinatorics
 * Database reports
 * Template:Category link with count

title: Wikipedia:Categorization


text:
Category:British monarchs

This category contains articles about crowned heads of the United Kingdom and its predecessor kingdoms and principalities. For the full range of articles about British royals see the British royalty category.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:British monarchs


text: Talk:TI Advanced Scientific Computer

title: Talk:TI Advanced Scientific Computer


text:
User:OwlofDoom

Greetings! Quinn Daley here.

I've been active on Wikipedia for a very long time, but these days I mostly just make minor corrections to things. Visit my personal homepage here if you like: https://www.quinn.mx/

OwlofDoom (talk) 10:50, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

title: User:OwlofDoom


text:
Isabella of Hainault

Isabella of Hainault (5 April 1170 – 15 March 1190; also spelled: Ysabella de Hainault, Ysabelle de Hainaut or Ysabeau de Hainaut) was a Queen of France as the first wife of King Philip II. She was also formally ruling Countess of Artois de jure between 1180 and 1190.

Early life
Isabella was born in Valenciennes on 5 April 1170, the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, and Margaret I, Countess of Flanders. When she was just one year old, her father had her betrothed to Henry, the future Count of Champagne. He was the nephew of Adèle of Champagne, the queen of France. In 1179, both their fathers swore that they would proceed with the marriage, but her father later agreed to her marrying King Philip II.

Queen of France
Isabella married Philip on 28 April 1180 at Bapaume, and brought as her dowry the county of Artois. The marriage was arranged by her maternal uncle Philip, Count of Flanders, who was advisor to the King. The wedding did not please the queen dowager, for it meant the rejection of her nephew and the lessening of her brothers' influence.

Isabella was crowned Queen of France at Saint Denis on 28 May 1180. She was a descendant of Charlemagne and the chroniclers of the time saw in this marriage a union of the Carolingian and Capetian dynasties, which was represented in her son Louis VIII.

Though Isabella received extravagant praise from certain annalists, she initially failed to win Philip's affections owing to her inability to provide him with an heir, although she was only 14 years old at the time. Meanwhile, in 1184, Philip was waging war against Flanders; angered at seeing his wife's father Baldwin support his enemies, he threatened to divorce her. According to Gislebert of Mons, Isabella then appeared barefooted and dressed as a penitent in the town's churches, thus gaining the sympathy of the people. Her appeals angered them so much that they went to the palace and started shouting loud enough to be heard inside. Robert, the king's uncle, successfully interposed; no repudiation followed, for repudiating her would also have meant the loss of Artois.

Finally, on 5 September 1187, she gave birth to the desired son, Louis.

Death
Isabella's second pregnancy was extremely difficult. On 14 March 1190, she gave birth to twin boys named Robert (who died the same day) and Philip (who died 3 days afterwards, on 17 March). Owing to complications in childbirth, she died in Paris the next day, 15 March, aged not quite 20, and was buried in the cathedral of Notre-Dame. She was mourned greatly in the capital, having been a popular queen. Her husband was not with her when she died, nor did he attend the funeral, as he was away in Normandy campaigning against Richard I of England. When Philip learnt of her death, he hastily signed a truce with Richard and returned to Paris, where he confirmed the placement of her tomb and spent several days in mourning before returning to Normandy the following week. In a letter to Pope Clement III, he wrote that he greatly missed his late wife.

Isabella's son Louis succeeded her as Count of Artois. Her dowry of Artois eventually returned to the French crown following the death of her husband, when her son Louis became king.

Appearance
"Queen Isabelle, she of noble form and lovely eyes." In 1858, Isabelle's body was exhumed and measured at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. At 90 cm from pelvis to feet, she would have stood about 1.72-1.75 m, (5'8"-5'9") tall. It was during this exhumation that a silver seal (now in the British Museum) was discovered in the queen's coffin. Little used during her lifetime, it is one of the few medieval seals with a royal connection to survive from the Middle Ages.

title: Isabella of Hainault


text:
User talk:Zigger/Archive 1

Welcome
Hello Zigger and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date
 * Ask questions on Village pump
 * Put something on your user page which is not a truism ;)
 * Have fun.

-- Tim Starling 09:49, Feb 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks Tim. zig 10:38, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Stubs during relinking
Zigger, welcome. Just a point, a stub notice goes on a stub article. Just a stubnote on it's own is not a stub article, sorry. If you just need a placeholder and you're in the process of writing an article now, you don't need to place it. Just upload your text when you're done. Thanks :) Dysprosia 12:49, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks Dysprosia. I'm trying to relink various pages pointing to 2 different people with the same name, while adding a third. Eventually I hope to improve my text-to-link ratio. -- zig

MediaWiki:med
Please stop putting the medical disclaimer link in articles. We have already gone over this point and as a result there is a disclaimer link on the top and bottom of every page. Having a link in some articles and not others will give the false impression that the absence of a link means that the article is somehow safer. Wikipedia-specific mentions like that also reuduces the ability of downstream users to use our content. --mav
 * See MediaWiki talk:Med -- Zigger 20:02, 2004 Mar 6 (UTC)

From deleted MediaWiki talk:Med:

The disputed MediaWiki:med text:

And (for the next few days use the following 'debate' link -- Zigger 18:15, 2004 Mar 29 (UTC)):

From deleted Template:VfD-Med:

Following question at User Talk:Jiang: At (you need to be an admin to view it). Do you want it revived? --Jiang 06:44, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Dates
Is it absolutely necessary to change Twentieth century to 20th century in articles? I was always taught to avoid numbers in prose if at all possible. -- Graham :) | Talk 14:53, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the feedback. No, it wasn't necessary at all. While editing articles for other reasons, I was conforming to what seemed to be the dominant form. The century articles themselves certainly use numbers for their main titles. If anyone is aware of previous Talk or style meta-articles about this elsewhere (which is likely) I would appreciate being supplied with the link. (I have just added Talk:Centuries to my watchlist, which is probably a good place if anyone wants a new forum to discuss this further.) My only view on the numerals/words choice for centuries in Wikipedia is a preference for consistency. -- Zigger 04:29, 2004 Mar 14 (UTC)
 * See Manual of Style (dates and numbers). (Ignore my advice above about Talk:Centuries.) I'm currently searching through the Talk archives for background ... -- Zigger 04:47, 2004 Mar 14 (UTC)
 * Summary: the Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers) currently specifies the format as 20th century. No capitals. Numbers as numerals. Ordinal suffix. Use 10th century BC for 'older' centuries (AD/BC disputed in favour of CE/BCE). Use the format 1700s to refer to a decade. These rules are not requirements, but inconsistent articles are likely to be edited. -- Zigger 05:04, 2004 Mar 14 (UTC)

April 1
Loved your space-saving suggestions on the VfD-Main_page discussion. I hope this helps. Oh, I have started signing my name on the back of all my comments to save space: εru τ xεT N-- lol

MediaWiki:med - deletion
I've undeleted it. Before we implemented the current mediawiki scheme, we simply blanked out the section after the article was deleted. Archived deletion debates was for lengthy/controversial votes of deleted articles that could not fit on the main vfd page. No new guidelines have been site for the current format. I thought that since the vote was unanimous, this particular debate wasn't worth keeping. --Jiang 22:30, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

History of EDI
History of EDI was deleted in January, a week after the notice was posted. On April 3rd a sysop deleted a new test page with the same name. When they viewed the deleted edits, they didn't notice the date of the older deleted edits (from January) and undeleted the page thinking that it was still listed on Copyright problems. It's been deleted again. Maximus Rex 18:52, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

List of legal topics
Glad to see someone adding entries to list of legal topics. I did it for a while, but it became too daunting a task. The list is now getting very long and I wonder out loud if it should be divided into more sublists, there is an international law list, a criminal law list, business law, real estate and a few others. Having separate topical lists may be useful for someone searching for specific topics, though a large list does help with a recent changes search. — ©   Alex756   05:53, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Classic Car Club of America
The CCCA spells 'du Pont' that way on their own website in the very list of accepted cars that I read to produce the one on Classic Car Club of America. I'll do some more research to see which one is correct. It could indeed be that the company used both forms at different times. —Morven 17:32, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Images - Neo-Grec
Hi Zigger, I'm the person who created the article on Neo-Grec. I was wondering about the 'wikified' images. I think that there is some point in having larger or variable size images so that the presentation of the article looks nicer. Especially because the images in the neo-grec article are small to begin with, and zooming doesn't show much more, I was wondering why you wikified them. I sort of prefer it the other way in this case. I'm wondering your thoughts on this. brianshapiro

Apache Jakarta Project
Can you answer the question for you at talk:Jakarta Project Jay 15:34, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Images - Avianca
Hi Zigger: Im obssessed wtih aviation, and I thought it would look nice to identify the other airplane in the Avianca photo. Remember, not everyone can identify other airline logos (actually I think hardly anyone but enthusiasts as me and Arp could). Besides that, you're right, the info has little encyclopedic value. I just thought it would be nice for others to identify the other airplane.

Thanks for reading the article I originated and God bless you!

Sincerely yours, Antonio Wild Flyer Martin

You have a good idea.. Re:Jewish-Spanish history
Hi Zigger see my response at User talk:IZAK. You seem to make good sense. Thanks. IZAK 19:02, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Re: Jewish law
Hi see my reponse at User talk:IZAK, thanks. IZAK 21:19, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zigger/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Ingres (database)

Level of detail
This article seems to get into details that are way beyond what should be in an encyclopedia. The information here should tell people what the product does and where it comes from, it shouldn't contain details instructions on how to install software patches. Mhkay (talk) 19:46, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I concur. This is (was) one of the most bizarre articles I've ever encountered in Wikipedia.  I moved the History section to the top, just after the lead section, thus pushing the excessive detail down.  It looks like someone was trying to write a user manual for Ingres; that kind of detailed stuff should be moved to Wikibooks. — QuicksilverT @ 20:39, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Agree, the guideline in particular is WP:NOTHOWTO and others that "Wikipedia is not". It is almost all uncited anyway, sigh. A basic overview with a couple sources would be best. W Nowicki (talk) 17:14, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Did it. Not only no citations, (I added some) but what about keeping it current. Pi314m (talk) 08:43, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

Postgres
After returning to Berkeley, Stonebraker started a post-Ingres project to address the problems with the relational database model that had become increasing clear during the early 1980s. Primary among these was the relational model's inability to understand "types", combination of simpler data that make up a single unit. Today we typically refer to these as objects.

"...the problems with the relational database model" - I do not believe this was the case, there was no problem other than ignorance of the fundamentals.

"Primary among these was the relational model's inability to understand "types"..." - complete rubbish, should be removed.

Replace with this para:

== Postgres == After returning to Berkeley, Stonebraker started a post-Ingres project to address limitations of existing database management implementations.

Fat Cursors
I never heard the term 'fat cursor' that is referenced here - a google search for "fat cursor" postgres or "fat cursors" postgres only returns hits on the wikipedia, and other wikis... Perhaps the term isn't correct after all? 194.114.62.71 (talk)

 * I found a Microsoft use of the term and added it as a REF. Pi314m (talk) 08:43, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

Split?
I think that University Ingres, Ingres (Computer Associates) and Postgres should have separate articles. 132.205.45.110 18:10, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, eight years later and still not there. PostgreSQL is there now as it should, and is much better sourced than this one. What I propose is an article on the current entity Actian that summarizes the previous commercial history. Not sure I will have time to develop it, but it seems worth a try. W Nowicki (talk) 17:14, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

Another split?
"Ingres" the artist is the article that should be displayed when "Ingres" is entered in for a search. Instead, a company named "Ingres" appears. The artists is more famous and more important and should be what appears first with a link to the company instead of the other way around. Ingres the artist painted one of the most famous paintings of Napoleon, a bunch of other famous paintings in the Louvre (itself) and taught at important art schools (he was even head of the art school in Rome). He influenced famous/important artists like Edgar Degas, Robert Henri, John Singer Sargent and hundreds others. Besides, "Ingres" the company is probably named after him, although I don't know that for sure. There is even "Ingres" paper (it has been around since the time of Ingres, used by and discussed by various famous/important artists such as in the letters of Degas) which is probably more famous than the company.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Justinjuicebox (talk • contribs) 02:11, 4 July 2007

 * The artists name is Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, and it's therefore clear that there's no reason to place an article on this artist under simply Ingres. Or, do you suggest that this artist should be redirected to from Jean, Auguste, Dominique as well as Ingress? As for the questions of which is more notable... Well, I have a Bachelor of arts, and I have to admit, I've never heard of the artist Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. The company Ingres though, I most certainly have heard of. Jerazol 13:29, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * A "Bachelor of Arts" is not in itself necessarily a degree in visual art unless one specifically majored in visual art (a B.A. is simply, along with a B.S., Bachelor of Science, just one of the most commonly awarded undergraduate degrees). The way your sentence was written, there is a potentially misleading implication (it seems to have been read that way by User:Interlingua below) that because you have a B.A. you are an authority on visual art. —Lowellian (reply) 04:45, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I very much agree with the original post: Ingres the artist (and not this management system) being the more famous and the earlier should be the default for when one types simply "Ingres". Since this is a wikipedia, and not a personal website, whether or not Jerazol has ever heard of Ingres the artist is beside the point, though if he has a degree in art and has never heard of him, this tells us quite a lot more about his study habits than it does the notability of the artist. The fact that Ingres has other names is also not relevant, and the comment about having redirects for each of his given names is snide and insincere.
 * Consider a few other notable cases in which merely typing the family name leads directly to the main article: Cicero (the Roman writer and not the Chicago suburb), Goya (the Spanish painter and not the American food company), Picasso (the painter and not the Japanese rock band), Da Vinci, Titian, and many more. Or, changing focus, consider these other examples in which various computer-related programs and companies are NOT the default link: Java, Apple, Peru.
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by Interlingua (talk • contribs) 12:52, 17 August 2007
 * While I appreciate the personal attacks, I never the less disagree with your conclusion. The 3 IT-related names you mention (2 in fact. I have been unable to find any sort of software or otherwise IT-related technology named Peru). It seems fairly obvious that Java and Apple should link to respectively, the land mass and the fruit, as those are what most people would immediately relate with those words/names.
 * While I'm sure Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres is a famous artist in his own right, he's hardly comparable to artists like Picasso, Da Vinci, Goya etc. which have achieved a general recognition also outside of art circles. If you look at artists like Andy Goldsworthy, Sebastião Salgado, Ansel Adams, you'll notice that Goldsworthy and Adams simply goes to a disambiguation page, while Salgado is an article on some obscure Brazilian village.
 * If Ingres the artist had been a generally well known person/artist, I would have agreed with you, but as it is, it's 2 separate interest areas with an equal claim to the article namespace, and considering Ingres the rdbms is actually named Ingres, while Ingres the artist is only part of the artists name, I think it makes more sense to keep it as it is, with the disambiguation link at the top of the article, pointing to Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
 * Jerazol 19:18, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Ingres is an extremely famous artist, definitely widely known outside art circles, and far better known than the database. Ingres is a major, major figure in the history of art. I'm baffled by the comparisons you're making, since Ingres, in terms of how widely-known he is, is definitely on the level of Goya. Comparing Ingres to Goldsworthy and Salgado is using a straw man argument. —Lowellian (reply) 04:05, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

The obvious solution is to make Ingres into a disambiguation page with links to the artist and the database, and for the database article to be renamed "Ingres (database)" or "Ingres Corporation" or something similar. Tevildo 18:47, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. I have moved "Ingres" to "Ingres (database)"; "Ingres" now redirects to the artist, and the artist article now has a hatlink at the top sending pointing people to "Ingres (disambiguation)" so that other meanings of "Ingres", such as the database, can be easily found. —Lowellian (reply) 04:05, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I came across this while looking at disambiguation pages - since there are only two terms to be disambiguated with "Ingres" (this article, and Ingres (database), a disambiguation page is not actually necessary. All that's needed is a disambiguation hatnote from this article pointing to Ingres (database).  I've put that in, and will subsequently delete the disambiguation page.  I hope that makes sense, but I'd be happy to explain further if not.  MOS:DP talks about this, and to a lesser extent, so does Disambiguation. -- Nataly a  11:00, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect article name
Ingres not a "database"; it is a database management system, which is normally shortened to the acronym DBMS. A database is entirely different from a DBMS. Just as one would not refer to a file system as a "file", one should not refer to a DBMS as a database.

This issue is somewhat clouded by the fact that Ingres Coporation has recently officially designated its product by the name Ingres Database 9.2. In my view this simply perpetuates an ill-informed misnomer and it should not be encouraged here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.133.118.245 (talk) 15:06, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The above comment does in fact seem accurate. Yes, to be precise, this Ingres is a software system that manages databases, while "database" is a particular collection of such data that is being managed. However, it is (perhaps sadly) often misused as shorthand to just say "database", and it is sufficient for disambiguation purposes. There is no single database named "Ingres", but only one family of software with this name that manages databases (albeit many releases with a long history). So best idea might be to make it clear in the article body, and not spend time on another move battle. W Nowicki (talk) 17:07, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

Merge involving Applications-By-Forms
I can't follow your justification for this edit. You've removed a merge template from one page, with "merged to Actian instead", but that merge doesn't seem to have taken place. I see the 'half-baked' redirect from Rhadow which you very reasonably reversed, but that does leave a merge uncompleted and no argument for the alternative target. Any thoughts on the current status? Worth re-instating the initial merge template (which is still up on Applications-By-Forms but not here)? Klbrain (talk) 11:22, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I don't clearly remember this. I suspect I was interrupted while in the middle of it. I have reviewed revision histories and it looks like Actian is the best merge target for Applications-By-Forms since Applications-By-Forms is mentioned on Actian but not on Ingres (database) (except for a See also link). I'll fix up the merge banners. I'd have to look a little deeper to decide whether this merge is a good idea. I simply suggested it as an WP:ATD when Applications-By-Forms was WP:PRODded. ~Kvng (talk) 15:29, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

Lead must summarize; Ingres is bigger than Actian
I know a fair amount about the deep history of computer science, but databases are one of my larger blind spots. Nevertheless, it's rather easy to see than Ingres is bigger than Actian, and that the lead must cover this history, too.

New lead material:

In its early years, Ingres was an important milestone in the history of database development. Ingres began as a research project at UC Berkeley, starting in the early 1970s and ending in 1985. During this time Ingres remained largely similar to IBM's seminal System R in concept; it differed in more permissive licensing of source code, in being based largely on DEC machines, both under UNIX and VAX/VMS, and in providing QUEL as a query language instead of SQL. QUEL was considered at the time to run truer to Edgar F. Codd's relational algebra (especially concerning composibility), but SQL was easier to parse and less intimidating for those without a formal background in mathematics.

When ANSI preferred SQL over QUEL as a standard as part of the 1986 SQL standard (SQL-86), Ingres became less competitive against rival products such as Oracle until future Ingres versions also provided SQL. Many companies spun off of the original Ingres technology, including Actian itself, originally known as Relational Technology Inc., and the NonStop SQL database originally developed by Tandem Computers but now offered by Hewlett Packard Enterprise.

I've added two references, neither ideal, but both mitigated by having their own solid internal citation structure (one via quotes, one via reference notes). Unfortunately, I don't have direct access to the literature, and so I must defer to someone else to resolve these references down to their internal sub-references. Some of what I gleaned from those sources parallels material already present here, insufficiently cited (so you can view my blogish citations either as glass half full, or glass half empty, as you wish).

I know for myself that the expanded lead text provides exactly the kind of historical gestalt that makes a subject intelligible on a quick glance. Short version: Ingres got Betamaxed by IBM and Larry Ellison.

As I usually sign off after larger additions, I'm a tumbleweed editor contributing on the way by. I rarely return. Revise or revert at will.

One last remark: I don't know much about databases, but I do know enough to use Postgres almost exclusively to host my own applications, given the option. Good god how I love software that doesn't fall over at the first mild gust of adversity. — MaxEnt 00:07, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The pronunciation given seems unlikely - I would expect it to be   with emphasis on the first syllable. John Womble (talk) 16:25, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ingres (database)


text:
Marcus Rose

William Marcus Henderson Rose (born 12 January 1957) is a former rugby union international full back who gained ten caps for England between 1981 and 1987.

Career
Rose made his debut in senior rugby while still at Loughborough Grammar School, his first appearance for Leicester Tigers came on 20 December 1975 against Bristol when he replaced club captain Robin Money who was injured, Rose played 7 times for Leicester in his first season scoring 70 points. He played the first 9 games of the next season before university began, and similarly played the first three games of the 1977/78 season, scoring five tries in what were his final matches for the club.

Rose was selected by Cambridge University for The Varsity Match in 1979, 1980, and 1981.

Rose made his debut on 7 March 1981 against  at Lansdowne Road, Rose scored a try and a conversion in a 10–6 win, but was unable to take up an offer of a place on England's 1981 England rugby union tour of Argentina as he could not defer his final university exams. Later in March that year Rose joined Coventry, where he stayed until October 1983.

On 4 April 1987 Rose scored 17 points as England beat to deny them a triple crown in the 1987 Five Nations Championship.

Rose provided colour commentary on the ESPN broadcast of the 1987 Rugby World Cup Final.

title: Marcus Rose


text:
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine

Dimethoxybromoamphetamine (DOB), also known as brolamfetamine (INN) and bromo-DMA, is a psychedelic drug and substituted amphetamine of the phenethylamine class of compounds. DOB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1967. Its synthesis and effects are documented in Shulgin's book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story.

Chemistry
The full name of the chemical is 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine. DOB has a stereocenter and R-(−)-DOB is the eutomer. This is an important finding as it is suggestive that it is targeting different receptors relative to most other phenethylamines (e.g. MDMA) where the R-isomer serves as the distomer. The toxicity of DOB is not fully known, although high doses may cause serious vasoconstriction of the extremities. DOB is one of the most potent compounds in PiHKAL; while the active dose is similar to that of DOI, another psychedelic amphetamine, DOB has been shown to have a higher efficacy in triggering downstream effects mediated by 5-HT2 receptors, making it likely to be slightly more dangerous than DOI in overdose, due to greater vasoconstrictive action. Omission of the amphetamine related α-methyl leads to 2C-B, a compound that possesses a lower affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor and is a weaker receptor agonist which results in drastically reduced vasoconstriction.

Pharmacology
DOB is a 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist or partial agonist. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its agonistic properties at the 5-HT2A receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOB is often used in scientific research when studying the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily. It is an agonist of human TAAR1.

It has been suggested that DOB is a prodrug metabolized in the lungs.

Excessively high doses of this hallucinogen may cause diffuse arterial spasm. The vasospasm responded readily to intra-arterial and intravenous vasodilators, such as tolazoline.

Legal status
Internationally DOB is a Schedule I substance under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the drug is legal only for medical, industrial or scientific purposes.

Canada
Listed as a Schedule 1 as it is an analogue of amphetamine.

Australia
DOB is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2017). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.

Russia
Schedule I, possession of at least 10 mg is a criminal offence.

United Kingdom
DOB is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

title: 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine


text:
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title: User:RoToRa/monobook.css


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User:Chopchopwhitey/monobook.css

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title: User:Chopchopwhitey/monobook.css


text:
District of Alyn and Deeside

Alyn and Deeside (Alun a Glannau Dyfrdwy) was one of six local government districts in the county of Clwyd, north-east Wales from 1974 to 1996. There is still a parliamentary constituency of the same name.

History
The district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered three former districts from the administrative county of Flintshire, which were all abolished at the same time:
 * Buckley Urban District
 * Connah's Quay Urban District
 * Hawarden Rural District, except the parish of Marford and Hoseley (an exclave, surrounded by Denbighshire) which went to Wrexham Maelor.

The government initially specified that the new district should be called Alyn-Dee, reflecting the district's location between the River Alyn and River Dee. The neighbouring district was similarly called Delyn, combining the names of the same two rivers the other way around. The shadow council elected in 1973 requested that the name be changed from Alyn-Dee to Alyn and Deeside. The change of name was confirmed by the Secretary of State for Wales on 19 October 1973, before the new district formally came into being.

The district was abolished under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, which saw Clwyd County Council and its constituent districts abolished, being replaced by principal areas, whose councils perform the functions which had previously been divided between the county and district councils. The former area of Alyn and Deeside all became part of the new Flintshire principal area on 1 April 1996.

Political control
The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1974. From 1974 until the council's abolition in 1996, political control was held by the following parties:

Premises
The council inherited three main offices from its predecessor authorities, and for most of the council's existence its functions were divided between them:
 * Council Chambers, Mold Road, Buckley, built in 1901, from Buckley Urban District Council
 * Civic Centre, Wepre Drive, Connah's Quay, built early 1960s, from Connah's Quay Urban District Council
 * Council Offices, Glynne Way, Hawarden, built in 1886, from Hawarden Rural District Council

In 1992 the council consolidated all its offices at a new building which it called the Civic Offices at St David's Park in Ewloe in the community of Hawarden. After the council's abolition ownership of the Civic Offices passed to the new Flintshire County Council, which leased the building to Unilever who renamed it "Unity House". In 2018, after Unilever's lease expired, Flintshire County Council brought the building back into civic use, renaming it "Ty Dewi Sant" and moving various departments there from County Hall, Mold.

title: District of Alyn and Deeside


text:
User:PlatinumX/test

(tag removed) merge|International Military Tribunal for the Far East|date=May 2004}}

From May 3, 1946 to November 12, 1948, ll Japanese Class A war criminals were tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in Tokyo. The prosecution team was made up of justices from eleven Allied nations: Australia, Canada, China, France, United Kingdom, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The Tokyo trial lasted two and a half years, from May 1946 to November 1948. Other war criminals were tried in the respective victim countries. War crime trials were held at ten different locations in China.

The Indictment
Of the 80 Class A war criminal suspects detained in the Sugamo prison after 1945, 28 men were brought to trial before the IMTFE. The accused included nine civilians and nineteen professional military men:
 * Four former premiers: Hiranuma, Hirota, Koiso, Tojo;
 * Three former foreign ministers: Matsuoka, Shigemitsu, Togo
 * Four former war ministers: Araki, Hata, Itagaki, Minami
 * Two former navy ministers: Nagano, Shimada
 * Six former generals: Doihara, Kimura, Matsui, Muto, Sato, Umezu
 * Two former ambassadors: Oshima, Shiratori
 * Three former economic and financial leaders: Hoshino, Kaya, Suzuki
 * One imperial adviser: Kido
 * One radical theorist: Okawa
 * One admiral: Oka
 * One colonel: Hashimoto

The indictment accused the defendants of promoting a scheme of conquest that "contemplated and carried out ... murdering, maiming and ill-treating prisoners of war (and) civilian internees ... forcing them to labor under inhumane conditions ... plundering public and private property, wantonly destroying cities, towns and villages beyond any justification of military necessity; (perpetrating) mass murder, rape, pillage, brigandage, torture and other barbaric cruelties upon the helpless civilian population of the over-run countries."

Joseph Keenan, the chief prosecutor representing the United States at the trial, issued a press statement along with the indictment: "war and treaty-breakers should be stripped of the glamour of national heroes and exposed as what they really are --- plain, ordinary murderers."

The Nanking Massacre
Numerous eye-witness accounts of the Nanking Massacre were provided by Chinese civilian survivors and western nationals living in Nanking at the time. The accounts included gruesome details of the Nanking Massacre. Thousands of innocent civilians were buried alive, used as targets for bayonet practice, shot in large groups and thrown into the pYangtze River. Rampant rapes (and gang rapes) of women ranging from age seven to over seventy were reported. The international community estimated that within the six weeks of the Massacre, 20,000 women were raped, many of them subsequently murdered or mutilated; and over 300,000 people were killed, often with the most inhumane brutality.

Dr. Robert Wilson, a surgeon who was born and raised in Nanking and educated at Princeton and Harvard Medical School, testified that beginning with December 13, "the hospital filled up and was kept full to overflowing" during the next six weeks. The patients usually bore bayonet or bullet wounds; many of the women patients had been sexually molested.

The international community had filed many protests to the Japanese Embassy. Bates, an American professor of history at the University of Nanking during the Japanese occupation, provided evidence that the protests were forwarded to Tokyo and were discussed in great detail between Japanese officials and the U.S. ambassador in Tokyo.

Brackman (reporter at the trial and author of the book "The Other Nuremberg") commented: "The Rape of Nanking was not the kind of isolated incident common to all wars. It was deliberate. It was policy. It was known in Tokyo." Yet it was allowed to continue for over six weeks.

Narcortics Trafficking
Japan's opium operations in China in the 30's and 40's was conducted with full approval from Tokyo as a state policy, under the directives of an official Japanese umbrella organization, the China Affairs Board. The Board was responsible for political, economic, and cultural affairs in occupied China. This organization was run by Prince Konoye, and the ministers of war, the navy, finance and foreign affairs of the time.

Japan's opium trafficking was designed to weaken the Chinese people's will to resist and to provide substantial revenues to finance Japanese military and economic aggression.

Bacteriological Warfare
Reference to the bacteriological warfare was only briefly mentioned during the trial. The assistant U.S. prosecutor David Sutton read the following statements: "The enemy's TAMA Detachment carried off their civilian captives to the medical laboratory, where the reactions to poisonous serums were tested.

This detachment was one of the most secret organizations. The number of persons slaughtered by this detachment cannot be ascertained." Surprisingly, the prosecutor did not pursue the subject, and hence was rejected as unsupported.

After the trial by the IMTFE, in December 25-30, 1949, the Soviets tried twelve former members of the TAMA detachment who were captured in Manchuria. The twelve were convicted of conducting experiments on living people.

In the February 23, 1950 issue of Izvestia, the Soviet government daily, the Soviets charged that in September 1946, the Soviet prosecutors had turned over to the U.S. prosecutor, the chief of the Allied counsel, hard evidence of Japan's experiments on bacteriological weapons.

In 1976, the Tokyo Broadcasting System confirmed the existence of the TAMA detachment. Five living members of the top-secret operation told a Japanese reporter that they had escaped indictment as war criminals in return for divulging their research to the U.S. authorities.

THE VERDICT
Two (Yosuke Matsuoka and Osami Nagano) of the twenty-eight defendants died of natural causes during the trial. One defendant (Shumei Okawa) had a mental breakdown on the first day of trial, was sent to a psychiatric ward and was released in 1948 a free man. The remaining twenty-five (25) were all found guilty, many of multiple counts. Seven (7) were sentenced to death by hanging, sixteen (16) to life imprisonment, and two (2) to lesser terms. All seven sentenced to death were found to be guilty of inciting or otherwise implicated in mass-scale atrocities, among other counts. Three of the sixteen sentenced to life imprisonment died between 1949 and 1950 in prison. The remaining thirteen (13) were paroled between 1954 and 1956, less than eight years in prison for their crimes against millions of people.

Two former ambassadors were sentenced to seven and twenty years in prison. One died two years later in prison. The other one, Shigemitsu, was paroled in 1950, and was appointed foreign minister in 1954.

SUMMARY OF THE VERDICT AND SENTENCE
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" !Counts Accused !1 !27 !29 !31 !32 !33 !35 !36 !54 !55 !SENTANCE NOTE G X X X X X X X X Life Imp. Paroled 1955 DOIHARA G G G G G X G G G U Death HASHIMOTO G G X X X O O O X X Life Imp. Paroled 1945 HATA G G G G G O X X X G Life Imp. Paroled 1955 HIRANUMA G G G G G X X G X X Life Imp. Paroled 1955 HIROTA G G X X X X X O X G Death HOSHINO G G G G G X X O X X Life Imp. Paroled 1955 ITAGAKI G G G G G X G G G U Death KAYA G G G G G O O O X X Life Imp. Paroled 1955 KIDO G G G G G X X X X X Life Imp. Paroled 1955 KIMURA G G G G G O O O G G Death KOISO G G G G G O O X X G Life Imp. Died 1950 MATSUI X X X X X O X X X G Death MINAMI G G X X X O O O X X Life Imp. Paroled 1954 MUTO G G G G G X O X G G Death OKA G G G G G O O O X X Life Imp. Paroled 1954 OSHIMA G X X X X O O O X X Life Imp. Paroled 1955 SATO G G G G G O O O X X Life Imp. Paroled 1956 SHIGEMITSU X G G G G G X O X G 7 years Paroled 1950 Appointed Foreign Minister 1954 SHIMADA G G G G G O O O X X Life Imp. Paroled 1955 SHIRATORI G X X X X O O O O O Life Imp. Died 1949 SUZUKI G G G G G O X X X X Life Imp. Paroled 1955 TOGO G G G G G O O X X X 20 years Died 1948 TOJO G G G G G G O X G U Death	 Enshrined as "martyr" at the Yasukuni Shrine in 1978 UMEZU G G G G G O O X X X Life Imp. Died 1949  G: Guilty; X: Not Guilty; O: Blank; U: Other. COUNTS OF INDICTMENT: Count 1: as "leaders, organizers, instigators, or accomplices in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy .. to wage wars of aggression, and war or wars in violation of international law." Count 27: waging unprovoked war against China. Count 29: waging aggressive war against the United States. Count 31: waging aggressive war against the British Commonwealth. Count 32: waging aggressive war against the Netherlands. Count 33: waging aggressive war against France (Indochina). Count 35 & 36: waging aggressive war against the USSR. Count 54: "ordered, authorized, and permitted" inhumane treatment of Prisoners of War (POWs) and others. Count 55: "deliberately and recklessly disregarded their duty" to take adequate steps to prevent atrocities. SUMMARY OF CONVICTED CLASS A WAR CRIMINALS
 * ARAKI|G
 * ARAKI|G

Seven (7) sentenced to death: Doihara, General Kenji (1883-1948). Commander, Kwantung Army, 1938-40; Supreme War Council, 1940-43; army commander in Singapore, 1944-45. Deeply involved in the army's drug trafficking in Manchuria. Later ran brutal POW and internee camps in Malaya, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Convicted on counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 54. Hirota, Baron Koki (1878-1948). Ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1928-31; foreign minister, 1933-36; premier, 1936-37. Was foreign minister during the Rape of Nanking and other atrocities perpetrated by the army. As premier, he led his cabinet in planning the invasions of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands, in addition to continuing the undeclared war against China. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 55. Itagaki, General Seishiro (1885-1948). Chief of staff, Kwantung Army, 1936-37; minister of war, 1938-39; chief, army general staff, 1939; commander in Korea, 1941; Supreme War Council, 1943; commander in Singapore, 1945. Troops under his command in China and elsewhere terrorized prisoners and civilians. Was responsible for prison camps in Java, Sumatra, Malaya, Borneo and elsewhere. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 54. Kimura, General Heitaro (1888-1948). Chief of staff, Kwantung Army, 1940-41; vice minister of war, 1941-43; Supreme War Council, 1943; army commander in Burma, 1944-45. Helped plan the China and Pacific wars, including surprise attacks. Involved in the brutalization of the Allied POWs and was the field commander in Burma when civilian and POW slave labor built and died on the Siam-Burma Railway. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54, 55. Matsui, General Iwane (1878-1948). Personal appointee of the emperor to the Geneva Disarmament Conference, 1932-37; commander, China Expeditionary Force, 1937-38. Troops under his overall command were responsible for the Rape of Nanking in 1937 and other atrocities. He retired in 1938 and then ceased to play an active role in military affairs. Convicted on Count 55. He was one of 14 Class A war criminals who were secretly enshrined as "matyrs" at the Yasukuni Shrine, which is dedicated to Japan's war dead and is Japan's most revered Shinto temple. Muto, General Akira (1892-1948). Vice chief of staff, China Expeditionary Force, 1937; director, military Affairs Bureau, 1939-42; army commander in Sumatra, 1942-43; army chief of staff in the Philippines, 1944-45. Troops under his command participated in both the Rape of Nanking and the Rape of Manila. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54, 55. Tojo, General Hideki (1884-1948). Chief, Manchurian secret police, 1935; councillor, Manchurian Affairs Bureau, 1936; chief of staff, Kwantung Army, 1937-38; vice minister of war, 1938; minister of war 1940-44; premier, 1941-44. Considered the arch-criminal of the Pacific War. Tojo assumed full responsibility for all the actions of his government and the military during the war. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 54. Sixteen (16) sentenced to life imprisonment: Araki, General Sadao (1877-1966). Minister of war, 1931-34; Supreme War Council, 1934-36; minister of education 1938-39; senior adviser to the cabinet, 1939-40. An early advocate of Japanese military expansionism. While education minister, he restructured the Japanese school system along military lines. Convicted on Counts 1 and 27. Paroled in 1955. Hashimoto, Colonel Kingoro (1890-1957). Held various commands, including that of an artillery regiment during the Rape of Nanking in 1937. Played a major role in staging the Mukden Incident, which eventually led to war with China. Author of political books of racist propaganda, he was important in mobilizing Japanese public opinion behind the Pacific War. Convicted on Counts 1 and 27. Paroled in 1954. Hata, Field Marshal Shunroku (1879-1962). Supreme War Council, 1937; commander, China Expeditionary Force, 1938, 1941-44; minister of war, 1939-40. One of the militarists who planned the invasion of China in the 1930s. He was in overall command of troops who perpetrated countless atrocities against Chinese civilians. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 55. Paroled in 1954. Hiranuma, Baron Kiichiro (1867-1952). Privy Council, 1924-39; founder and president, Kokuhonsha (right-wing patriotic society), 1926-28; premier, 1938; minister of home affairs, 1940; minister without portfolio, 1940-41; president, Privy Council, 1945. Convicted on crimes 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 36. Hoshino, Naoki (1892-1978). Chief of financial affairs, Manchukuo (Manchuria), 1932-34; director of general affairs (chief civilian officer), Manchukuo, 1936; minister without portfolio, 1940-41; chief cabinet secretary, 1941-44. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32. Paroled in 1955. Kaya, Okinori (1889-1977). Minister of finance, 1937-38, 1941-44; president, North China Development Company, 1939-41. An early advocate of selling narcotics to the Chinese to finance the expenses of the occupation forces. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32. Paroled in 1955. Kido, Marquis Koichi (1889-1977). Chief secretary to the lord keeper of the privy seal, 1930-37; minister of education, 1937; minister of welfare, 1938; minister of home affairs, 1939; lord keeper of the privy seal 1940-45. Was Emperor Hirohito's closest adviser during the most critical periods of the wars with China and the Allies. His secret diary, which he kept during all of his time at or near the seat of power, was the prosecution's bible during much of the Tokyo trial. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32. Paroled in 1955. Koiso, General Kuniaki (1880-1950). Vice minister of war, 1932; chief of staff, Kwantung Army, 1932-34; army commander in Korea, 1935-38; minister of overseas affairs, 1939; governor-general, Korea, 1942-44; premier 1944-45. Was known among the Korean population as "the Tiger of Korea" because of his brutality. As premier, he was aware of POW death camps. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 55. Minami, General Jiro (1874-1955). Minister of war, 1931; Supreme War Council, 1931-34; commander, Kwantung Army, 1934-36; governor-general, Korea, 1936-42; privy Council, 1942-45. An early leader of the army clique that controlled Japan in the 1930s and 1940s. Ruled Japan's Korean colony with an iron fist. Convicted on Counts 1 and 27. Paroled in 1945. Oka, Admiral Takasumi (1890-1973). Chief, Naval Affairs Bureau, 1940-44; vice minister of the navy, 1944. An important participant in planning the surprise attacks perpetrated by Japanese naval forces during the second week in December 1941. Also administered some POW and civilian to shoot survivors of torpedoed Allied ships. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32. Paroled in 1954. Oshima, General Hiroshi (1886-1975). Military attache in Germany, 1934-38; ambassador to Germany, 1938-39, 1941-45. Helped forge the Axis Pact with Germany and Italy and was an intimate of Hilter, Himmler, Goring, and Ribbentrop. Convicted on Count 1. Paroled in 1955. Sato, General Kenryo (1895-1975). Section head, then chief, Military Affairs Bureau, 1942-44; assistant chief of staff, China Expeditionary Force, 1944; army commander in Indochina, 1945. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32. Paroled in 1956. Shimada, Admiral Shigetaro (1883-1976). Vice chief of naval staff, 1935-37; commander, China Fleet, 1940; navy minister, 1941-44; Supreme War Council, 1944. Authorized the naval surprise attacks in December 1941. Naval units under his overall command massacred Allied POWs, transported prisoners and civilian internees aboard hellships, and killed any surviving crew members of torpedoed Allied ships. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32. Paroled in 1955. Shiratori, Toshio (1887-1949). Director, Information Bureau, Foreign Ministry, 1929-33; ambassador to Italy, 1938-40; adviser tot the foreign minister, 1940. A supporter of military expansionism, he favored an alliance among Germany, Italy the Soviet Union and Japan to dominate the world. Convicted on Count 1. Suzuki, General Teiichi (1888- ). chief, China Affairs Bureau, 1938-41; president, Cabinet Planning Board, and minister without portfolio, 1941-43; adviser to the cabinet, 1943-44. An early and active supporter of militarism. Involved in Japan's drug trafficking in China and approved the use of POWs and civilians as slave laborers. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32. Paroled in 1955. Umezu, General Yoshijiro (1882-1949). Section chief, general staff, 1931-34; commander, China Expeditionary Force, 1934; vice minister of war, 1939-44; army chief of staff, 1944-45. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32. Two sentenced to lesser terms: Shigemitsu, Mamoru (1887-1957). Ambassador to China, 1931-32; vice minister of foreign affairs, 1933-36; ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1936-38; ambassador to United Kingdom, 1938-41; foreign minister, 1943-45. He and General Umezu signed the instrument of surrender in 1945. Convicted on Counts 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 55. Sentenced to seven years in prison. Paroled in 1950, he reentered the political arena and was appointed foreign minister in 1954. Togo, General Hideki (1884-1948). Ambassador to Germany, 1937; ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1938; foreign minister, 1941-42, 1945. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32. Sentenced to twenty years in prison.

Source: New Jersey Hong Kong Network (1990). http://cnd.org/mirror/nanjing/NMTT.html, Accessed April 16, 2004.

title: User:PlatinumX/test


text:
John I, Count of Hainaut

John of Avesnes (1 May 1218 – 24 December 1257) was the count of Hainaut from 1246 to his death.

Life
Born in Houffalize, John was the eldest son of Margaret II of Flanders by her first husband, Bouchard IV of Avesnes. As the marriage of Margaret and Bouchard was papally dissolved, he was considered illegitimate.

His mother was remarried to William II of Dampierre and bore more children who could claim her inheritance. Thus, John and his brother Baldwin undertook to receive imperial recognition of their legitimacy and did so from the Emperor Frederick II. On 5 December 1244, Margaret inherited Flanders and Hainaut and designated her eldest son by her second husband, William III of Dampierre, as her heir. Immediately a war, called the War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault, was set off over the rights of inheritance, pitting John against William.

After two years of fighting, in 1246, Louis IX of France intervened to settle the conflict and granted Hainaut to John and Flanders to William. However, Margaret refused to hand Hainaut over to John. On 6 June 1251, William of Flanders was assassinated and it was shown that the Avesnes family had financed the crime. On 4 July 1253, John defeated the armies of Margaret and her second Dampierre son, Guy, at the Battle of Walcheren. Guy was imprisoned and Margaret agreed to sell her rights to Hainaut to Charles of Anjou if he would reconquer it from John. John's brother-in-law William II, Count of Holland, who had been elected German King (or "King of the Romans"), was convinced to grant Hainaut (an imperial fief) and those Flemish lands within the Empire to John. Charles was defeated and King Louis, returning from the Seventh Crusade, ordered his brother to abide by his arbitration of 1246. On 22 November 1257, Guy finally relinquished Hainaut, but John died on Christmas Eve in Valenciennes.

Family and children
John married Adelaide of Holland in 1246 and had the following issue:
 * John II, Count of Hainaut and Holland (1247–1304)
 * Baldwin (born after 1247, lived in 1299)
 * Joanna, Abbess of Flines (died 1304)
 * Bouchard, Bishop of Metz (1251–1296)
 * Guy, Bishop of Utrecht (1253–1317)
 * William, Bishop of Cambrai (1254–1296)
 * Floris, stadholder of Zeeland and Prince of Achaea

title: John I, Count of Hainaut


text:
Adelaide of Holland

Adelaide of Holland (Aleide (Aleidis); c. 1230 – buried 9 April 1284), was a Countess of Hainaut by marriage to John I, Count of Hainaut. She acted as the regent of the County of Holland during the minority of her nephew Count Floris V between 1256 and 1263.

She was a daughter of Floris IV, Count of Holland and Matilda of Brabant, and a sister of William II, Count of Holland and King of Germany.

Life
On 9 October 1246, Adelaide married John I of Avesnes, Count of Hainaut. Like her mother, she was a patron of religious houses. Her religious interest is reflected in that three of her sons became bishops, and her one daughter became an abbess. She also insisted on a bilingual education for them.

Between 1258 and 1263, Adelaide was regent of Holland in the name of her nephew Floris V. She called herself Guardian of Holland and Zeeland (Tutrix de Hollandie et Zeelandie). After he came of age, she continued to advise him. She died in 1284 at Valenciennes, but in 1299, with the death of Floris' son John I, it was her own son John II who inherited Holland through her.

She gave Town privileges to Schiedam, which afterward had the right to be called a city. In it, she founded Te Riviere Castle, which was then the second-largest castle in Holland.

She ordered the construction of the Schielands Hoge Zeedijk, which today continues to protect 3 million inhabitants in a wide area around Rotterdam.

Jacob van Maerlant dedicated his first poem, Geesten, to Adelaide.

Issue
With John I, she had the following issue:

 * 1) John II, Count of Hainaut and Holland (1247–1304)
 * 2) Baldwin (born after 1247, lived in 1299)
 * 3) Joanna, abbess of Flines (died 1304)
 * 4) Bouchard, Bishop of Metz (1251–1296)
 * 5) Guy, Bishop of Utrecht (1253–1317)
 * 6) William, Bishop of Cambrai (1254–1296)
 * 7) Floris, stadholder of Zeeland and Prince of Achaea (1255–1297)

title: Adelaide of Holland