text:
Talk:Questionable Content

characters ranked by independence
I made a list by this process:
 * Write down the character who appears in the greatest number of strips (as of #2525; excluding guest strips).
 * Remove from consideration all strips with that character.
 * Repeat.

The result: Marten (1338), Faye (567), Marigold (137), Dora (105), Hannelore (50), Yelling Bird (40), Steve (30), Sven (27), Pintsize/Dale/May (20 each), Penelope (14), turkeys (9), Emily (8), Ellen/Natasha/Claire (4 each), Tai (3). —Tamfang (talk) 05:46, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I personally believe that inappropriately skews the results in favour of some newer characters. I think the article list should simply be the top 10 by number of appearances, with the possibility of consensus to include or exclude specific characters if needed (for example, I'm not sure that Steve needs to be included, but I definitely think that Dale and May should not be included). — Huntster (t @ c) 06:37, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that's not a terribly accurate method. It also skews the numbers towards characters who do not appear with other characters.  It's interesting numbers, but it's statistically irrelevant. Human.v2.0 (talk) 18:18, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Not accurate or relevant for what purpose? That list may not measure what interests you most, but it measures something that interests me: the degree to which a character stands out of the shadows of other characters. Take Tai for example: each of her first eighty (80) appearances, over a span of more than three years, were with Marten, and her second strip without Marten was 35 weeks after her first.  This says to me that Tai was a secondary character in Marten's story (and now Dora's).  —Tamfang (talk) 21:48, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Ok, "not accurate" is bad wording because it is accurate for the method, but it is irrelevant for the purposes of this article because the calculation of "descending rank of appearances independent of characters ranked higher" is irrelevant to anything other than random statistics. As far as relevance to the article, you might as well have sampled the color pallet and sorted the appearances based on the descending occurrence in regards to RGBC pixels.  "Most people have pants, if they don't have pants most have skirts, if they don't have skirts then most have police chasing them."  I find it interesting, personally, but at best this particular method is overly specialized and therefor irrelevant to common usage.  Anywho, I was just stating that to clarify.  Kudos on the work.Human.v2.0 (talk) 21:05, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Doing it again: 1594 Marten, 750 Faye, 206 Hannelore, 133 Marigold, 119 Dora, 57 May, 56 Clinton, 53 Yelling Bird, 34 Steve, 30 Brun, 28 Pintsize, 27 Sven, 19 Claire, 15 Momo, 14 Penelope, 13 turkeys, 11 Veronica, 9 Bubbles. —Tamfang (talk) 06:25, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

 * It now occurs to me that this measurement is analogous to topographic prominence. —Tamfang (talk) 05:42, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

 * This year's count: 1628 Faye & Marten tie; 234 Hannelore; 134 Marigold; 120 Dora; 77 Brun; 67 May; 53 Yellingbird; 41 Emily & Claire tie; 35 Steve; 27 Sven & Pintsize tie; 17 Bubbles; 14 Penelope; 13 turkeys; 12 Veronica; 10 Bembo; 9 Momo; 8 Renee & Elliot tie; 6 Clinton. —Tamfang (talk) 01:46, 13 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Five years later: 1889 Faye; 974 Marten; 338 Hannelore; 249 Clinton; 212 May; 157 Roko; 155 Dora; 145 Marigold; 107 Brun; 62 Claire; 53 Yelling Bird; 38 Yay (Spookybot); 36 Steve; 33 Pintsize; 29 Renee; 27 Bubbles & Sven tie. —Tamfang (talk) 00:22, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

yet another variation
Here's another possibly interesting list: ranking characters by independence from any single other character. —Tamfang (talk) 21:48, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Tamfang, you know I love the tables and statistics you put together--they are always insightful and interesting--but I just don't see why these relational figures should have relevance to who appears in the article. I still think that a basic appearance count is what matters most. Heck, I'd suggest everyone except Marten, Dora and Faye (and maybe Pintsize) should be considered secondary...restricting to these three would tremendously simplify the list! — Huntster (t @ c) 23:31, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

 * By the way, Hannelore has now appeared in more than twice as many strips as Pintsize. —Tamfang (talk) 08:06, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

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Is a fan-run wiki a usable secondary source?
I don't fully understand which secondary sources are accepted and which are not but if it is acceptable, then material from the fan-administered wiki at Wikia could be used to replace primary sources in the Questionable Content page. 50.35.65.62 (talk) 23:47, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Fan wikis, and wikis in general, are only very rarely considered reliable sources (WP:RS). Wikis are user generated content (WP:UGC), which don't have the reputation for fact-checking and accuracy expected of reliable sources. Grayfell (talk) 01:18, 2 June 2018 (UTC)

the recurring question of major characters
Dale is one of the ten characters listed, but has appeared in fewer strips than Clinton, May, Roko, Momo, Elliot, Steve, Sven, Brun, or Angus. (Remember Angus??) —Tamfang (talk) 00:30, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

CV of dooom

 * For the majority of the comic, Faye worked alongside Dora at the Coffee of Doom

Is that still true? I should look up the first and last strips in which she was working there. —Tamfang (talk) 06:55, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

 * From before #75 (first appearance of the shop) until Dora fired her in #2879. So yes, still a slight majority, but in a couple of years we need to change that line! —Tamfang (talk) 16:33, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Questionable Content


text:
Claremont, Western Australia

Claremont is a western suburb of Perth, Western Australia, on the north bank of the Swan River.

History
Prior to European settlement, the Noongar people used the area as a source of water, for fishing and for catching waterfowl.

In 1830, John Butler, a settler, set up an inn at Freshwater Bay (in modern-day Peppermint Grove) to attract travellers on the road from Perth to Fremantle. A wetland became known as Butler's Swamp (later Lake Claremont). After the arrival of convicts in the colony in 1850, work began on constructing the Fremantle Road. The government allocated land on the foreshore and at Butler's Swamp to 19 Pensioner Guards and their families, and a permanent convict depot operated at Freshwater Bay (until 1875).

A state school (1862) and church were built, and a community grew around what is now Victoria Avenue. A settler named James Morrison acquired a property at Swan Location 702, and named it Claremont Estate, after his wife, Clara (née de Burgh). During the 1870s, a number of prominent families, including the Triggs, Sandovers and Stirlings, acquired land in the district, around the later site of Christ Church Grammar School; some of their homes were later bought and used by the school.

In 1881, the railway line from Perth to Fremantle was built, along with a station at Butler's Swamp; the name of the station was changed to Claremont in 1883. The focus of the community shifted to the area between the railway line, Fremantle Road (Stirling Highway) and Bay View Terrace. The Freshwater Bay school ceased to play a central role; it became a boarding house nicknamed "’Appy ‘Ome" in 1892 (and in 1975 a museum).

Land speculators bought in the area and subdivided blocks at varying sizes, leading to a wide class diversity within the suburb. By about 1903, the entire suburb, other than a dozen or so streets, had been subdivided, and by the Second World War, the community was firmly established.

Geography
Claremont is bounded by Airlie Street to the south; Stirling Highway, Parry Street and Stirling Road to the west; Alfred Road to the north and Loch Street and Bay Road to the east. A large part of Claremont is residential, although a significant shopping area is located along Stirling Highway, and the Claremont Showground and the eastern half of Lake Claremont are within Claremont's boundaries.

Claremont has grand homes in the Agett Road and Richardson Avenue areas on the south side of Stirling Highway, while lesser areas include the areas around Ashton Avenue to the north.

Population
At the 2016 census, Claremont had a population of 8,148 people. 61.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 8.5%, South Africa 1.9%, China 1.9% and New Zealand 1.7%. 78.3% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin at 2.1%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 32.2%, Anglican 21.3% and Catholic 19.1%.

Of the employed people in Claremont, 6.4% worked in hospitals (excepting psychiatric hospitals). Other major industries of employment included higher education 4.0%, combined primary and secondary education 3.9%, legal services 3.5% and cafes and restaurants 3.3%.

Of occupied private dwellings in Claremont 46.5% were separate houses, 25.3% were semi-detached and 27.5% were flats or apartments.

Facilities
Claremont includes the Claremont Showground and the Claremont Oval, home ground of the Claremont Football Club, as well as a significant shopping area along Stirling Highway, most concentrated on the St Quentins Avenue precinct.

Several private schools including Methodist Ladies' College, Christ Church Grammar School, Presbyterian Ladies' College, John XXIII College and Scotch College are either in Claremont or within 50 m of the suburb boundary. Claremont also contains a small private hospital (Bethesda) and one state primary school; Freshwater Bay Primary School (formed by the amalgamation of Claremont Primary School and East Claremont Primary School), as well as a number of jetties on the Swan River.

The Perth Royal Show, an annual agricultural show, is held at the Claremont Showground. The Showground also hosts several large events and music festivals throughout the year.

The suburb contains a number of heritage-listed sites, including the Claremont Post Office and the weatherboard ANZAC Cottage.

Transport
Claremont is served by the Claremont railway station and Loch Street railway station at regular times, as well as the Showgrounds railway station during special events. Various buses, including the CircleRoute, travel along Stirling Highway and through Claremont's northern and southern sections. All services are operated by the Public Transport Authority.

Bus

 * 23 Claremont Station to Elizabeth Quay Bus Station – serves Leura Avenue, Bay View Terrace and Victoria Avenue
 * 24 Claremont Station to Point Fraser – serves Leura Avenue, Bay View Terrace and Victoria Avenue
 * 25 Claremont Station to Shenton Park Station – serves Leura Avenue, Bay View Terrace and Princess Road
 * 27 Claremont Station to East Perth – serves Stirling Road and Alfred Road
 * 28 Claremont Station to Perth Busport – serves Stirling Road, Shenton Road, Davies Road and Alfred Road
 * 102 Claremont Station to Cottesloe Station – serves Stirling Road
 * 103 Claremont Station to Elizabeth Quay Bus Station – serves Leura Avenue and Stirling Highway
 * 107 Claremont Station to Fremantle Station – serves Stirling Road and Stirling Highway
 * 995 Claremont Station to Elizabeth Quay Bus Station (high frequency) – serves Leura Avenue and Stirling Highway
 * 998 Fremantle Station to Fremantle Station (limited stops) – CircleRoute clockwise, serves Stirling Highway, Stirling Road, Claremont Station and Leura Avenue
 * 999 Fremantle Station to Fremantle Station (limited stops) – CircleRoute anti-clockwise, serves Stirling Highway, Leura Avenue, Claremont Station and Stirling Road

Rail

 * Fremantle/Airport Line
 * Loch Street Station
 * Showgrounds Station (special events only)
 * Claremont Station
 * Fremantle Line only
 * Swanbourne Station

Politics
Claremont is part of the federal division of Curtin. The federal seat is held by the independent Kate Chaney. It was typically regarded as a safe seat for the Liberal Party until the most recent election, as it had been continually retained by the Liberal Party with the exception of former Liberal member Allan Rocher as an independent politician between 1996 and 1998 and the current member Kate Chaney. For the parliament of Western Australia, Claremont is divided between the state electoral districts of Cottesloe and Nedlands, both held by the Liberal Party. The current mayor of Claremont is Jock Barker.

Notable residents

 * Jessie Forsyth (1847/49 – 1937), temperance advocate
 * Kimberley Michael (Kim) Durack (1917–1968), agricultural scientist
 * Adelaide Kane (born 1990) actress
 * Sheila Mary McClemans (1909–1988), barrister and naval officer
 * Donald Alexander Stockdrill (1923–1980), civil engineer
 * Colin Syme (1903–1986), businessman
 * Gwyn White (née Shirley) (1913–2020), first female umpire for the Davis Cup

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Claremont, Western Australia


text:
New Hudson

New Hudson may mean:
 * New Hudson (company), a former UK engineering and motorcycle manufacturing company
 * New Hudson, New York, the town located in Allegany County, New York
 * New Hudson, Michigan, an unincorporated community within Lyon Township, Oakland County, Michigan

title: New Hudson


text:
Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by number of edits until 22 May 2004

simple:Wikipedia:Wikipedians by number of editssv:Wikipedia:Mest aktiva Wikipedianer Here is a list (compiled with data from May 22, 2004) of the 500 Wikipedians who have made the most edits on the wiki.

The first list counts edits from the main namespace only. The second list counts edits from all namespaces. Each list also shows the number of edits for the last thirty days.

A list in unformatted form is available weekly here. It contains data for all users.

The list gives some impression of who the heavy contributors are -- although only very roughly so, since many of the edits of those high in the list will be spelling corrections, part of an edit war, correcting their own mistakes, or successively saving each small change where others would use the preview option. Someone who created a number of long new pages or major additions might well occur much lower. Also, people who often edit when not logged in will appear lower in this list than they would otherwise.

Of course, we want the general public involved, including those people whose only edit may have been to fix a simple obvious typo. As of April 2004 Wikipedia gets around 10,000 edits a day -- most of which are made by people who are not on this list. We appreciate all of your excellent contributions. Thank you, anonymous editors.


text:
New Lebanon

New Lebanon is the name of several towns in the United States:

 * New Lebanon, Indiana
 * New Lebanon, Missouri
 * New Lebanon, New York
 * New Lebanon, Ohio
 * New Lebanon, Pennsylvania

title: New Lebanon


text:
Talk:Miklós Horthy

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:23, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Miklós Horthy, Budapešť.jpg

Data Protetion
This article includes the address of a private house at Estoril, Portugal. I request that explicit reference of this address to be removed.

Thank you Jose Gil Pedreira 2001:818:DD8B:3200:C856:5499:E83B:7D16 (talk) 20:13, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

Infobox photograph
The current infobox photograph is extremely pixelated, a result of it being an obvious copy-paste from some website rather than a direct scan of a photograph. Until the original is found, i do not think this image should be presented. I think and  are better alternatives (though the latter is quite damaged). Curbon7 (talk) 00:18, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Curbon7 Hi, I uploaded a better quality image. OrionNimrod (talk) 15:06, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Excellent! Curbon7 (talk) 16:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately it is a newspaper photograph, the author is the Magyar Filmiroda Rt. (can be read on original webpage (Galeria Savaria) and copyrights are not free, the upload will be deleted, as 1941 is not older then 100 years as it is claimed in the licence info. Also it is possible, that copyright holder after WWII emigrated to the USA and sold it, as it is claimed to be part of Hulton Archive. (same photo though cropped) JSoos (talk) 17:17, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi @JSoos, I changed it to 70 years, because since 1941 82 years passed. Btw that photo found on postcards also, everybody could scan it. I see after 1944 that magazin ceased to exist. Magyar Filmiroda also ceased to exist after WW2. I do not know if there are a copyright holder. The image is not from the Galéria Savaria website, just I used a link to show the magazin. You can see even the angle of the photo is different. OrionNimrod (talk) 17:50, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Anyhow the author on the newspaper clearly states MFI, and the licence is LIVE+70, it is clearly not in the public domain, and there is a claim of the Hulton Archive too. why don't you name the real source then? JSoos (talk) 18:19, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I get the image from here, you can see an edit below: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Horthy_the_regent.jpg could you show me where is the live+70 and Hulton Archive? OrionNimrod (talk) 18:25, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * This is what I reverted too, because the image was not matching description of earlier upload (probable source: horthymiklos.com, but that is a dubious webpage). Also that pic I reverted is not part of Commons but enwiki! Because the different copyright rules. The licenc you used says: "the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or fewer". In Hungarian law it is not less, it is 70. MFI was captured by state corporations after WWII, and now NFI Studio (Mafilm) is the legal successor. For "public domain" it says: works that lack originality, or copyright has expired (see: Commons:PD). Hulton Archive was taken by Getty, and the |linked picture of Getty states it is from Hulton. JSoos (talk) 19:04, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with the revert because that picture is 20 years earlier so not identical with the other one, that is why I uploaded it separate.
 * Do you have a good quality image what we can use? I think it should be. OrionNimrod (talk) 19:31, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miklós Horthy


text:
NASD

NASD may refer to:

 * National Ag Safety Database, maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 * National Amalgamated Stevedores and Dockers, a British trade union
 * National Association of Securities Dealers, the former name of the American self-regulatory organization for broker-dealers, now known as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)
 * Network-Attached Secure Disks, a 1997–2001 research project of Carnegie Mellon University, with the goal of providing cost-effective scalable storage bandwidth
 * Norristown Area School District, located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
 * North Allegheny School District, located in Wexford, Pennsylvania

title: NASD


text:
Bubastis

Bubastis (Bohairic Coptic: Ⲡⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥϯ Poubasti; Greek: Βούβαστις Boubastis or Βούβαστος Boubastos ), also known in Arabic as Tell-Basta or in Egyptian as Per-Bast, was an ancient Egyptian city. Bubastis is often identified with the biblical Pi-Beseth (פי-בסת py-bst, Ezekiel 30:17). It was the capital of its own nome, located along the River Nile in the Delta region of Lower Egypt, and notable as a center of worship for the feline goddess Bastet, and therefore the principal depository in Egypt of mummies of cats.

Its ruins are located in the suburbs of the modern city of Zagazig.

Etymology
The name of Bubastis in Egyptian is Pr-Bȝst.t, conventionally pronounced Per-Bast but its Earlier Egyptian pronunciation can be reconstructed as /ˈpaɾu-buˈʀistit/. It is a compound of Egyptian pr (“house") and the name of the goddess Bastet; thus the phrase means "House of Bast". In later forms of Egyptian, sound shifts had altered the pronunciation. In Bohairic Coptic, the name is rendered Ⲡⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥϯ, Ⲡⲟⲩⲁⲥϯ or Ⲃⲟⲩⲁⲥϯ.

History
Bubastis served as the capital of the nome of Am-Khent, the 18th nome of Lower Egypt. Bubastis was situated southwest of Tanis, upon the eastern side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. The nome and city of Bubastis were allotted to the Calasirian division of the Egyptian war-caste.

Second Dynasty
In a later account by the Greek historian Manetho, it's stated that a "chasm opened near Bubastis and many perished" during the reign of Hotepsekhemwy in the Second Dynasty.

Twelfth Dynasty
In the Middle Kingdom, Tell Basta was the site of a large mudbrick palace (16,000 sqm) dated to the Twelfth Dynasty. It has been thought to be a residence of Amenemhat III. A limestone lintel shows the king during his Heb Sed Festival.

Second Intermediate Period
Following the Twelfth Dynasty, the Middle Kingdom faded out. At Bubastis, a red granite architrave belonged to Sekhemre Khutawy Khabaw. In another monument found at Tanis, he is mentioned along with Hor.

Twenty-Second Dynasty
It became a royal residence after Shoshenq I, the first ruler and founder of the 22nd Dynasty, became pharaoh in 943 BC. Bubastis was its height during this dynasty and the 23rd. It declined after the conquest by Cambyses II in 525 BC, which heralded the end of the Saite 26th Dynasty and the start of the Achaemenid Empire.

The Twenty Second Dynasty of Egyptian monarchs consisted of nine, or, according to Eusebius of three Bubastite kings, and during their reigns the city was one of the most considerable places in the Delta. Immediately to the south of Bubastis were the allotments of land with which Psamtik I rewarded the services of his Ionian and Carian mercenaries; and on the northern side of the city commenced the Canal of the Pharaohs, which Pharaoh Necho II began (but never finished) to go between the Nile and the Red Sea.

Persian rule and decline
After Bubastis was taken by the Persians, its walls were dismantled. From this period it gradually declined, although it appears in ecclesiastical annals among the episcopal sees of the province Augustamnica Secunda. Bubastite coins of the age of Hadrian exist. The following is the description which Herodotus gives of Bubastis, as it appeared shortly after the period of the Persian invasion, 525 BC, and Hamilton remarks that the plan of the ruins remarkably warrants the accuracy of this historical eye-witness: "Temples there are more spacious and costlier than that of Bubastis, but none so pleasant to behold. It is after the following fashion. Except at the entrance, it is surrounded by water: for two canals branch off from the river, and run as far as the entrance to the temple: yet neither canal mingles with the other, but one runs on this side, and the other on that. Each canal is a hundred feet wide, and its banks are lined with trees. The propylaea are sixty feet in height, and are adorned with sculptures (probably intaglios in relief) nine feet high, and of excellent workmanship. The Temple being in the middle of the city is looked down upon from all sides as you walk around; and this comes from the city having been raised, whereas the temple itself has not been moved, but remains in its original place. Quite round the temple there goes a wall, adorned with sculptures. Within the inclosure is a grove of fair tall trees, planted around a large building in which is the effigy (of Bast). The form of that temple is square, each side being a stadium in length. In a line with the entrance is a road built of stone about three stadia long, leading eastwards through the public market. The road is about 400 ft broad, and is flanked by exceeding tall trees. It leads to the temple of Hermes."

Religion
Bubastis was a center of worship for the feline goddess Bastet, sometimes called Bubastis after the city, who the Greeks identified with Artemis. The cat was the sacred and peculiar animal of Bast, who is represented with the head of a cat or a lioness and frequently accompanies the deity Ptah in monumental inscriptions. The tombs at Bubastis were accordingly the principal depository in Egypt of the mummies of the cat.

The most distinguished features of the city and nome of Bubastis were its oracle of Bast, the splendid temple of that goddess and the annual procession in honor of her. The oracle gained in popularity and importance after the influx of Greek settlers into the Delta, since the identification of Bast with Artemis attracted to her shrine both native Egyptians and foreigners.

The festival of Bubastis was considered the most joyous and gorgeous of all in the Egyptian calendar as described by Herodotus: "Barges and river craft of every description, filled with men and women, floated leisurely down the Nile. The men played on pipes of lotus. the women on cymbals and tambourines, and such as had no instruments accompanied the music with clapping of hands and dances, and other joyous gestures. Thus did they while on the river: but when they came to a town on its banks, the barges were made fast, and the pilgrims disembarked, and the women sang, playfully mocked the women of that town and threw their clothes over their head. When they reached Bubastis, then held they a wondrously solemn feast: and more wine of the grape was drank in those days than in all the rest of the year. Such was the manner of this festival: and, it is said, that as many as seven hundred thousand pilgrims have been known to celebrate the Feast of Bast at the same time."

Christian bishopric
Extant documents mention the names of three Christian bishops of Bubastis of the 4th and 5th centuries:
 * Harpocration, one of the bishops ordained by Melitius of Lycopolis listed in 325
 * Hermon, a contemporary of Athanasius of Alexandria, in about 362
 * Iulianus at the Second Council of Ephesus in 449

Excavations
The tomb of the late New Kingdom vizier Iuty was discovered in December 1964 in the "Cemetery of the Nobles" of Bubastis by the Egyptian archaeologist Shafik Farid. Since 2008, the German-Egyptian "Tell Basta Project" has been conducting excavations at Bubastis. Previously, in March 2004, a well preserved copy of the Decree of Canopus was discovered in the city.

title: Bubastis


text:
New Liberty

New Liberty may refer to:

In the United States:
 * New Liberty, Illinois
 * New Liberty, Indiana
 * New Liberty, Iowa
 * New Liberty, Kentucky
 * New Liberty, Missouri

title: New Liberty


text:
Shard

Shard or sherd is a sharp piece of glass, pottery or stone.

Shard may also refer to:

Places

 * Shard End, a place in Birmingham, United Kingdom

Architecture

 * Dresden Shard, a redesign of the Bundeswehr Military History Museum in Dresden, Germany
 * The Shard, a skyscraper in London, United Kingdom

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Shard (comics), a character in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Rex Shard, a character in SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron
 * "The Shard", a chapter in Mirror's Edge

Science and technology

 * Shard (database architecture), a method of horizontal partitioning in a database
 * Elytron or shard, a forewing found on some insect species

title: Shard


text:
New Lisbon

New Lisbon is the name of several locations, named after the original Lisbon, Portugal:

United States

 * New Lisbon, Indiana
 * New Lisbon, Randolph County, Indiana
 * New Lisbon, New Jersey
 * New Lisbon, New York
 * New Lisbon, Ohio, today Lisbon, Ohio
 * New Lisbon, Wisconsin

Portuguese Empire

 * New Lisbon, Angola, former name of Huambo, Angola, until 1975
 * New Lisbon, Brazil, former name of Fortaleza, Brazil, until 1613

title: New Lisbon


text:
Talk:Ilse Koch

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 10 March 2020 and 4 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Awoodenxula.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:17, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Nickname
"Buchenwälder Schlampe" does indeed translate as "Buchenwald Bitch/slut" but it seems to appear only in non-German texts (at least on Google), raising the suspicion that it is simply a translation back into German of the liberal and alliterative translation of Hexe to Bitch rather than Witch. I propose that the phrase "Buchenwälder Schlampe" be quarantined to the talk page unless someone can find evidence of its use in German. Fine to leave "bitch" in English (or Polish if that's an accurate translation of what she was called by Polish inmates. Coughinink 03:22, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

As to her nick-name, I'm absolutely sure that the correct term was "The Bitch of Buchenwald", not the "Witch of Buchenwald". At least the Polish inmates report the "Suka z Buchenwaldu" name. Halibutt 15:21, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

If I may add, I wonder if "Bitch of Buchenwald" is even accurate, because "Schlampe" does *not* mean "bitch", it means "whore" or "slut". I saw another woman Nazi named the "Bitch of xyz" in another article on Wikipedia. Is this even necessary to include? After all, the people in the camp didn't speak english. I'm tempted to just edit this out since it doesn't add much to the article. Dailycyclist 01:14, 14 June 2007 (UTC)Dailycyclist

 * Okay, discussing this today with people who lived during the time - and lampshade discussion aside, her nickname in America is certainly "The Bitch of Buchenwald". Is it an incorrect translation - yes, that's what Americans do best (laugh, it's a joke) - but Ilse is certainly known as such in America. Why isn't this relevant, part of the page or at least noted? We have this line; She is also called in English "The Beast of Buchenwald". Maybe I'm wrong, but that's how she 'is' known in America, especially among the generation that lived in those times. To totally leave this out of the article seems, not right, not true to the "story" (per se). Then again as an aside I think there should be a section devoted to the "myth" (quoted because it's obviously in dispute) about the skin. Not much, no need to convince people either way - but at least have something along the lines of "it was reported" or "it was believed" and then debunk it. We do this in other articles, why not just present both sides here? I think if people hear this rumor, and then come here they deserve to hear the rumor and then to see it debunked, in page, and not pushed to another website (which may not last as long as Wikipedia - pages move, domains disappear, people go out of business). Are we not trying to catalog this information? The word "lamp" does not even appear until sources and links - why not address the legends in the article? Again - to at least put them to rest. I don't think the normal reader is just going to navigate to the talk page as I have. Furthermore we get so hung up on bias, or trying not to be, we forget that she was actually convicted - it's not like we are trying to libel an innocent woman who didn't work in Buchenwald. JoeHenzi (talk) 05:14, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It seems like she was both. Reliable sources state both the "Beast" and the "Bitch" of Buchenwald, and if you want you to you can add the citation I give above as one of many to copyedit the sentence to include both. If you don't, I will. Cheers :> Doc   talk  07:31, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ as far as the Bitch of Buchenwald. I'll get to the lampshade stuff, but it must be noted that every reliable source I've seen says that it was never proven. Of course, this certainly does not mean it shouldn't be mentioned here, as it is a very well-knowm allegation. Doc   talk  01:12, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The english article still is different to the german one. The english variant reads "bitch", which we know means more whore than anything, but the german word "Hexe" more translates to witch. It also makes sense if you know "Grimm's Märchen" that she would rather act ill against people, than conduct adultery as the term "bitch" would imply. Perhaps the polish terms differ, but in german Hexe = witch 2A02:8388:1600:6900:BE5F:F4FF:FECD:7CB2 (talk) 21:17, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Previously Under "Nickname" - not nickname material (archival talk)
It was never proofed that she had possessed lampshades from human skin or that the family dinner table was decorated with shrunken human heads. She was not convicted for those things. She was only convicted for his sadism against prinsoners. --217.247.10.83 09:45, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

How in the hell is this academic? Human lampshades, please. Give me a break. Im not a Nazi but THAT is just stupid.
 * Where does the article claim that? Well, the "shrunken head" dinner table decoration might be a silly claim as well.
 * There were pictures taken of the lampshades, I've seen them. I think the book was the 14 most evil people in history or something like that.. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.81.93.202 (talk) 13:33, 22 January 2007 (UTC).
 * Is there any proof that the pictures are really taken from items related to Koch? There is an enormous amount of forgery in some books. Lampshades and other items potentially made from human corpses were not testified by persons involved in official examinations during the trials. --78.51.96.254 (talk) 10:25, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

Furthermore, Koch did not walk out of the camp as you claim, but was arrested with her husband in 1943 for imbezzlement, this indeed ended her tenure there.

 * Indeed, Ilse Koch was arrested in 1943. She was found not guilty by an SS court, while her husband Karl-Otto Koch was found guilty, imprisoned and shot/ executed by the SS for various crimes in 1945. --78.51.96.254 (talk) 10:25, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

Motivations?
What frustrates me about articles like this is that we never really gain any insight into the minds of these "monsters." Why was Ilsa so sadistic when other people are revulsed by her actions? Was it her upbringing, her mental state or some other reason? Surely some psychological research was undertaken if she lived into the 1960s.

I mean, I am aware of Stanley Milgram's work but has there been a look at individual Nazis to understand why certain individuals were so fanatical that they wanted to genocide a whole race? It would help our understanding to prevent this type of thing happening again.

 * Good point. In my opinion, Ilse Koch was not a monster, but a person who's moral standards were corrupted massively by her environment. Looking for advancement and social acceptance, she accepted more and more of the ideology around her. On the other hand, most of the crimes the National Socialist movement committed, were regarded as necessary from a "scientific point of view", exactly as proposed by the Rockefeller Foundation and other important organizations. See e.g. "Developed and funded various German eugenics programs, including the one that Josef Mengele worked in before he went to Auschwitz". --78.51.96.254 (talk) 10:44, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

 * There is plenty of discussion on this topic on Wikipedia if you look into Nazi ideology, scientific racism, the Völkisch movement of the 19th and 20th centuries and the political and psychological aftermath of Germany's World War I loss and subsequent humiliation in the Treaty of Versailles. Also, if you look at the entries on the Nuremberg Trials, you can find references to psychological profiles that were done on the defendants. But since there are literally hundreds of entries for individuals involved with the Third Reich, this information is not reprinted on the page of every one of them.

 * There was also A LOT of literature (some of it best-selling books) in the early 1960s reflecting on the mentality of people living under totalitarian regimes and an examination of how ordinary people could allow such atrocities to take place. Most of the attention was focused on Germany but it also touched on the Soviet Union. 69.125.134.86 (talk) 14:32, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

Photograph Content
Are we sure that the photograph is really of "Collection of prisoners' tattoos "? These definitely appear to be anatomical samples but most of them look more like organs of some sort than skin samples; the one at center-left appears to be a kidney, the one at top-center appears to be a heart. The others may be possibly be a lung, liver, intestines, etc. I really don't see anything that appears to be a skin sample with a tatoo on it. A similar photograph in one of the articles linked at the article's end simply states "human remains" with a purported lampshade with human skin (no tatoos). Is there a reliable caption we can reference? - JoeConsumer 05/09/06

 * I is certain of a thing, it is that the photograph is a true photograph taken the day of the release of the camp It is my father-in-law who took this photograph, it was this day there there. It does not make any propaganda and forever published this series of photographs which was in a drawer (it is me which found that very useful for Wikipédia). It made bets 16th Belgian battalion of Fusiliers between on March 13 and on May 7, 1945. The American army had prohibited the catch of photograph. But anyway made him a series of photographs. My father-in-law is still in life and me claims that it is many tatoo human. But its memories and its health are not any more exellent. Afflicted this text is translated into English with tools automatic  --Luc Viatour 09:01, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If these samples are really tatoos, how do we know that they are related to Ilse Koch? As the US Army in a lot of cases killed most of the Camp personel at the very time of liberation, important witnesses were lost and it is hard to say who's samples this might have been. --78.51.96.254 (talk) 11:09, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

Like much - most - all - of the Nazi atrocities, when original material ever is tested it turns out to be more legend than fact. The US general who commuted her life sentence to 4 years stated that there was never any lampshade or other evidence every even mentioned at any trial. Her second trial was demanded by political pressure, not evidence. She probably was not a nice lady though -

 * The court apparently concluded that the lampshade in question was goat skin, and that an overzealous / sensationalist reporter started the story that it was made from human skin. Media hype has been around for as long as the media have. There is no need to exaggerate or diminish the scale of what happened; the truth will suffice.
 * Occam's Razor clearly applies here. The simplest explanation is that the lamp was simply there to illuminate the collection on display.
 * Zuiram 16:56, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

"the truth will suffice" - I don't think we should go that far. If we only use the truth, well the story about Ilse will either be very short or very sympathetic. Even mentioning her husband ( hung by the Nazis for corruption ) might show that the Nazis wouldn't stand for maltreatment of prisoners,etc. We are backed into a corner - anyway to just delete the whole article?( someone might read it 100 years from now and wonder how off the beam we were)159.105.80.63 18:36, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The story of Ilse Koch was an important tool for re-education purposes, partially used for propaganda projects related to "collective guilt theory". Therefore it is really hard to say which of the accusations are realistic and which might be mere propaganda or sick phantasy. Most likely, Ilse Koch was quite criminal, but most of the sadistic and perverted actions she was accused of should be seen as slander. The article shows how historically well documented criminal persons are used for political and re-educational purposes, using real crimes and a lot of phantasy for building an image of a supernatural monster. --78.51.96.254 (talk) 11:09, 30 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Okay... you're answering a post from six years ago. No problem - but I don't see anything in the article about a "supernatural monster". This is not a forum for discussing the article, but improvements are always welcome. Cheers :> Doc   talk  11:52, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

The Proof.
http://www.fatherryan.org/holocaust/buchen/Ilsekoch.htm

http://www.justiceatdachau.com/bio.htm

--Homer slips. 02:53, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Great sites!--Nikki Fagin 18:00, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Shame on the people who employ shoddy scholarship and repeat unverified stories. Please read the Straight Dope's excellent research on the topic of "lampshades". (Also, you might want to use your critical thinking skills and not just believe every tall tale automatically - why would someone who hates Jews want a lampshade made of the skin of a person they find despicable and "defile" their house with it?) Just because someone writes something, doesn't make it true, and unlike the Holocaust itself, there's not one shred of solid evidence for this bizarre claim.

Human-skin lampshade
The memoria´s museum had one on display in 1980. It was not made of patches of skin, as one might expect, but it was woven of narrow stripes of what looked like white, untattooed skin. If this was a fake, it was a good one. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

I beg to differ. In the early 1970's I worked declassifying WWII in the national records center of the National Archives in the US. There we came up the Koch file which included lampshades and other items that appeared to be made of human body parts. I am not a forensic specialist, but I saw what I saw and touched what I touched. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eric111 (talk • contribs) 06:59, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

I also disagree. There is a documentary on the "Nazi Hunters" made in 2010 where footage of the lampshades and tattoos are shown. I don't agree with the statement that because we have may no evidence TODAY, that Koch could not have done this evil deed. The sentence with "urban legend" in it should be stricken IMHO. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tpkatsa (talk • contribs) 19:49, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

It is an absolute lie and pure revisionism to suggest that human-skin lamp shades are an "urban legend," and did not occur. Archives of video evidence taken by the liberators both discuss and show such proof. For instance, the footage by Norman Krasna (viewable at http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=8b3_1283888983) shows just such lamps. Clearly Wikipedia does not take facts as seriously as opinions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.131.122.144 (talk) 09:26, 9 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It's pretty clear that the human-skin lamp shades are a propaganda lie. Otherwise they'd still be presented for verification. They were an invention by the American psychological warwafare department. --41.17.144.179 (talk) 10:54, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

To what end? The war was already over by the time all of these details came out, how would it serve the US to fabricate such things?124.169.15.72 (talk) 14:48, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Somewhat hysterical that some of you are attempting to state that this was an urban legend or unsubstantiated here-say by submitting your own here-say/original research/opinion as proof to the contrary. She was brought to trial TWICE in which both times dozens of witnesses made the same claims. Although she was not convicted of this in either court, this does not mean that she didn't do it - it just means the charge was dropped due to lack of evidence which by 1950-51 you would not expect any of the grisley items to still be around (whether they existed or not). Whether it was fabricated lies or not, she was still tried for these crimes and thus it's important factual history. I think the article is pretty evenhanded about the claims and her ultimate acquital of those crimes. Ckruschke (talk) 18:12, 23 April 2012 (UTC)Ckruschke

 * Manskin lampshades probably did exist at one time, it seems. There might not have been very many, but it's probably safe to say at least one or two manskin lampshades were made. Who the unlucky person(s) was (were) that provided the skin, we'll probably never know. — Rickyrab. Yada yada yada 22:45, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Of course, those lampshades could just as easily have been goat skin. —  Rickyrab. Yada yada yada 22:49, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Are there any modern forensic tests have done on the lampshades nowadays? Or all of them were lost in history? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gdgzfallen (talk • contribs) 19:47, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

If the lamp shades were in the National Archives, we only have to go there and find them and have them tested. I doubt they would be destroyed. 2601:181:8301:4510:98B6:290A:3912:880D (talk) 02:55, 7 May 2019 (UTC)

Whether those items were really evidence of atrocities involving human body parts or not, is immaterial as far as this entry goes as at the time of her trials they were presented as real evidence. (However, I have read that those items were acquired from a nearby university to be used for propaganda purposes. I also don't hear or read much in the mainstream media about these things anymore, which leads me to believe that their origins were unsubstantiated, and folks have decided to let it drop. The story of their origins in itself would be an interesting topic.  If they were not the evidence they were purported to be, the who, what, when, where and why would be fascinating to know.  If genuine, one would think they would be prominently displayed in a Holocaust museum somewhere as evidence.  Also, DNA extractions could possibly be done to hopefully inform family members of the fate of their loved ones.  If they were deemed to be "safe" for the viewing by general audiences in newsreels presented to millions of people at theaters, and later on in television documentaries, there should be no squeamishness or concerns of impropriety about presenting them as a display for the public. Very strange.)2603:9000:CF0A:5F00:E0CE:1464:5D72:4320 (talk) 13:04, 21 July 2019 (UTC)

letter to her son?
The German version of this article on de.wikipedia claims her only son, Artwin, committed suicide at a very young age. So how did she write a letter to him before she took her own life in 1967? --67.149.150.252 (talk) 05:02, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Because Artwin was her legitimate son. The son she wrote to in 1967 was fathered by an unknown while she was in custody. Valetude (talk) 22:03, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

"Horrible Woman?"
Although this woman was clearly horrible, Wikipedia has to remain impartial! The very first sentence in this article surely can't contain bias. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.152.172.176 (talk) 21:47, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Ilse Koch has not been a guard in a concentration camp and not chief overseer (Oberaufseherin) in Buchenwald. In the 2 family-photo-albums (National Archives and Records Service, Washington) there is not 1 picture of her in uniform. ( Photo Gallery, DVD, “The Bitch of Buchenwald” (artsmagic.com); fpp.co.uk/docs/controversies/humanskin;  and National Archives, Washington (photographs relating to the Third German Reich-Publication number M1137).

It was neither Ilse Koch who ordered to build an indoor sports arena, but this decision was made by the SS-administration in Berlin.

She was not at all a prominent nazi, only member of the NSDAP since 1932 as many other Germans.

An SS-investigation resulted in death penalty for her husband (who was executed by the SS a week before the arrival of the American army), but Ilse Koch was acquitted.

During her trial at Dachau by an American court, there were a lot of survivor accounts accusing her of abuse of prisoners and sadistic behavior, but these accusations were not taken seriously, what made the Military American Governor General Lucius D. Clay do feel that she was unjustly sentenced and commuted her sentence to four years. “The most serious charges were based on hearsay and not on factual evidence…There was no convincing evidence.” (Lucius D. Clay, An American Life, Jean Edward Smith, 1990) (Decision in Germany, 1950, p. 254). “We tried Ilse Koch (…) It turned out actually that it was goat skin. But at the trial it was still human flesh. It was almost impossible for her to have gotten a fair trial” (1976 Interview with George C. Marshall Foundation, Virginia)

The “New York Herald Tribune” sent Germany-correspondent, Edwin C. Hartrich, to investigate and explore the court acts. He looks into thousands of pages and comments finally: “The Ilse-Koch-case is a first-hand model of war propaganda which could not been kept under control. The Americans (…) became victims of their own black propaganda, and after tried it to authenticate it in court. Denson and his colleagues tried desperately to proof this ‘facts’, which could not be proved at all.”

During the trial the Prosecutor, Lt. Colonel William D. Denson, could not introduce the notorious lampshade(s), gloves and photo-albums, made of tattooed human skin, although the National Archives mentioned September 28, 1973 : “…In the process of reviewing the records of the United States Army Judge Advocate General for the years 1939-1948, we have found (…) two photo albums which apparently figured in the prosecution’s case in FRG Box 1089 in this record group”. The Prosecutor apparently was having the albums, which were proof of the innocence of Ilse Koch, and for that reason was hidden them. During the cross-examination the defense-lawyer Emmanuel Lewis asked the Prosecution to introduce at least one ‘corpus delicti’ as evidence, and the Prosecutor answered: “There is nothing more that we would like to do, but unfortunately the people who have these items in their custody, went home and it is impossible to find out where this evidence is in this moment”. (Der Spiegel, 7/1950)

Ilse Koch was again sentenced to life-imprisonment on January 15, 1951 by a German court, for “one count of incitement to murder, one of incitement to attempted murder, five of incitement to severe physical mistreatment of prisoners, and two of physical mistreatment”. “The court found no proof that anyone at Buchenwald had been murdered for his tattooed skin (…)”

Ilse Koch was mother of Karl Koch’s 3 children, Artwin, Gisela and Gudrun and give birth in Dachau-prison to Uwe. The father of Uwe might have been the American interrogator Josef Kirschbaum. (Innocent at Dachau, Joseph Halow, 1992, p. 248). Artwin committed suicide. “The odium against his parents and the shame of his mother’s trial had overwhelmed him (Die Hexe von Buchenwald, Smith Arthur lee). Gudrun died a few months after birth. The whereabouts of Gisela and Uwe are not known. (siegfriedverbeke@hotmail.com) 9/12/2009.

Ugh ! The first paragraph is worser than Ilse ever was conceptually apprehended !
After the trial was remitted under worldwide media attention, survivor accounts of her resulted in other authors describing her abuse of prisoners as "sadistic"; a shadow image as "concentration camp murderess" transfixed itself to post-war German society.

My biggest problem with wiki articles is that they almost always completely fail to "invite" the reader to continue reading. The above is the worst example I've found yet. I read these discussion pages and people besiege the most inane minutae, but completely ignore the most basic fundamentals of lexigraphical adeptitude.

Jonny Quick (talk) 05:16, 8 April 2010 (UTC)Jonny Quick

 * Well, since WP is the encyclopedia anyone can edit, it always needs improvement from editors who actually care about the articles. Please feel free to improve the article in any way you see fit. Cheers :> Doc9871 (talk) 04:01, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

Tried?
'She was one of the first prominent Nazis to be tried by the US military.'

I think you mean trialed but I am not sure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AntonHogervorst (talk • contribs) 09:44, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

No, it's actually correct, see http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/try (under number 4). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.232.64.214 (talk) 10:34, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Of course "tried" is correct. "Trial" is a noun. Someone is tried at his trial. Varlaam (talk) 03:14, 18 February 2012 (UTC)

revert - inappropriate for english-language page
Better English language speculations than authoritative source?Xx236 (talk) 07:26, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
 * VerifiabilityCitations to non-English sources are allowed. Xx236 (talk) 11:49, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Ilse Koch as wife of Karl Otto Koch
the article states "...Through some friends in the SA and SS, she met Karl Otto Koch in 1934, marrying him two years later..." i went on page with information about Karl Otto Koch and found great differences in dates and where both were - it seems to me that Ilse and Otto Karl were separated, when Karl Otto Koch was transferred from Buchenwald: "...On August 1, 1937, he was given command of the new concentration camp at Buchenwald. He remained at Buchenwald until September 1941, when he was transferred to the Majdanek concentration camp for POWs. That was largely due to an investigation based on allegations of his improper conduct at Buchenwald, which included corruption, fraud, embezzlement, drunkenness, sexual offences and a murder. Koch commanded the Majdanek camp for only one year; he was relieved from his duties after 86 Soviet POWs escaped from the camp in August 1942. Koch was charged with criminal negligence and transferred to Berlin, where he worked at the SS Personalhauptamt and as a liaison between the SS and the German Post-Office..." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch "...In 1936 she began working as a guard and secretary at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin, which her fiancé commanded, and was married the same year. In 1937 she came to Buchenwald when her husband was made Commandant.[9] In 1940, she built an indoor sports arena, which cost over 250,000 reichsmarks (approximately $62,500), most of which had been seized from the inmates. In 1941 Karl Otto Koch was transferred to Lublin, where he helped establish the Majdanek concentration and extermination camp. Ilse Koch remained at Buchenwald until 24 August 1943, when she and her husband were arrested on the orders of Josias von Waldeck-Pyrmont, SS and Police Leader for Weimar, who had supervisory authority over Buchenwald. The charges against the Kochs comprised private enrichment, embezzlement, and the murder of prisoners to prevent them giving testimony.[10] Ilse Koch was imprisoned until 1944 when she was acquitted for lack of evidence, but her husband was found guilty and sentenced to death by an SS court in Munich, and was executed by shooting in Buchenwald in April 1945. She went to live with her surviving family in the town of Ludwigsburg, where she was arrested by U.S. authorities on 30 June 1945..." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Koch this discrepancy tells me that either husband and wife divorced OR that another man who came instead of Karl Otto Koch was left in history under the name of original husband, which is a fraud that needs to be corrected on Wikipedia and other archives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.242.161.27 (talk) 23:24, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

The article mentions "Karl and Ilse Koch had two sons, including one who committed suicide after the war." However on Karl's page it is stated that on "May 25, 1936 Koch married Ilse Koch née Margarete Ilse Köhler, with whom he had a son and two daughters." Both is hardly possible. Is there somebody able to rectify this?Mregelsberger (talk) 14:12, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

doubt about Ilse Koch remaining wife of Karl Otto Koch after 1941
the article states "...Through some friends in the SA and SS, she met Karl Otto Koch in 1934, marrying him two years later..." i went on page with information about Karl Otto Koch and found great differences in dates and where both were - it seems to me that Ilse and Otto Karl were separated, when Karl Otto Koch was transferred from Buchenwald: "...On August 1, 1937, he was given command of the new concentration camp at Buchenwald. He remained at Buchenwald until September 1941, when he was transferred to the Majdanek concentration camp for POWs. That was largely due to an investigation based on allegations of his improper conduct at Buchenwald, which included corruption, fraud, embezzlement, drunkenness, sexual offences and a murder. Koch commanded the Majdanek camp for only one year; he was relieved from his duties after 86 Soviet POWs escaped from the camp in August 1942. Koch was charged with criminal negligence and transferred to Berlin, where he worked at the SS Personalhauptamt and as a liaison between the SS and the German Post-Office..." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch "...In 1936 she began working as a guard and secretary at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin, which her fiancé commanded, and was married the same year. In 1937 she came to Buchenwald when her husband was made Commandant.[9] In 1940, she built an indoor sports arena, which cost over 250,000 reichsmarks (approximately $62,500), most of which had been seized from the inmates. In 1941 Karl Otto Koch was transferred to Lublin, where he helped establish the Majdanek concentration and extermination camp. Ilse Koch remained at Buchenwald until 24 August 1943, when she and her husband were arrested on the orders of Josias von Waldeck-Pyrmont, SS and Police Leader for Weimar, who had supervisory authority over Buchenwald. The charges against the Kochs comprised private enrichment, embezzlement, and the murder of prisoners to prevent them giving testimony.[10] Ilse Koch was imprisoned until 1944 when she was acquitted for lack of evidence, but her husband was found guilty and sentenced to death by an SS court in Munich, and was executed by shooting in Buchenwald in April 1945. She went to live with her surviving family in the town of Ludwigsburg, where she was arrested by U.S. authorities on 30 June 1945..." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Koch this discrepancy tells me that either husband and wife divorced OR that another man who came instead of Karl Otto Koch was left in history under the name of original husband, which is a fraud that needs to be corrected on Wikipedia and other archives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Inna Maria Swann (talk • contribs) 23:37, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Seems like conflicting information and I'm not sure which is right since the info on both pages are referenced. Your statement to the definitive that one set of information is true over the other seems to be only your WP:OR/WP:POV. Not sure what to do... If you can prove one source/page is correct while another is not, please provide that info. Ckruschke (talk) 15:37, 10 February 2014 (UTC)Ckruschke

The sons
I started looking at this:

"Another son, conceived in her prison cell at Dachau by an unknown father, was born in the Aichach prison near Dachau, where she was sent to serve her life sentence, and was immediately taken from her. At the age of 19, he learned that Koch was his mother and began visiting her regularly at Aichach. They had a good relationship and Koch wrote poetry for him.

Which doesn't really make sense -- she committed suicide about (the dates in the article aren't precise) 20 years after the son would have been born.

Then I noticed that this talk page discusses some earlier weird references to the son.

Googling around a bit (how I got interested in this person to begin with), she's apparently an utterly fascinating character. A mystery wrapped in an enigma, and all that. Apparently multiple affairs, the husband may have been gay, the father of at least one son seems to have been Jewish...

All I'm saying is, this seems to be a very notable person, and there seems to be a lot of fascinating material that could be added here. I'm not going to attempt it because I don't have the expertise in the subject matter. But it would be great if we could find someone who did.

Djcheburashka (talk) 14:50, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

 * The "Family" section says Karl and Ilse Koch had two sons, one of whom was born after the war. Wartime footage of her living in luxury outside the camp shows her with two children.  Were these both her children? Arrivisto (talk) 20:36, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

At War
I removed the internal link, since it mistakenly lead to the EP "At War" by a Brazilian death metal band, not the page of the American band At War, which currently has no English wikipedia entry. 12:08, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

War crimes?
As of now, the section on "War crimes" does not display or touch any war crime at all. If anybody cares for this article, I really hope they can/will supply proper information and referrence on this particular subject. RhinoMind (talk) 01:24, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

Adjustments

 * Note 5's source is not available anymore.
 * The chapter title War crimes should be replaced with an more appropriate one, e.g. Wife of a concentration camp commander or Crimes.
 * Note 14's source is available only as an abstract. The whole article is accessible only by subscription.
 * I was unable to find citations about Ilse Koch or her son Uwe in any of the 16 pages of trivia questions from Note 18's source.
 * This is the correct link to the Note 19's source.
 * From citation in Note 20 should be removed "page=3".
 * Note 19's source may replace the citation needed tag at the end of Death chapter.
 * Carlotm (talk) 01:45, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

Different truths in different articles
This article paints a completely different picture compared to Lampshades_made_from_human_skin. Incidentally, that article seems to mysteriously have longer quotes and sources not found in this article. I can only assume that one of these two articles have been carefully crafted to present a certain agenda. A clever man might think that it's the one with removed sources and shortened quotes but I wouldn't dare to draw such conclusions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:2002:4E44:2B65:CA2:4306:433B:1353 (talk) 19:07, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

Legal implications
The contributor who handled a purported human-skin-lampshade would have contaminated the evidence with his own DNA. Nonetheless it would certainly be presently possible to determine whether the object was human skin or most likely, ordinary animal skin parchment, used as writing material then recycled to provide a lampshade. It would be possible to determine the individual who originally owned the skin. About five years ago I searched the Internet and discovered that such animal-parchment-covered lampshades continue to be manufactured.

The 'human-skin-lampshade' would be primary evidence of murder and as such ought to be handed to police for modernforensic testing. If the lampshade (if it still exists!) is tested and found to be merely ordinary parchment (sheep/goatsetc.) then it would be evidence that, as usual, people have falsely smeared the Germans - falsely accusing someone of a crime, which is itself a crime. Has the evidence been destroyed? That would also be a criminal offense.

The most likely possibility is that the lampshades, like the 'shrunken heads' are as intentionally fraudulent as the numerous other props and fake photographs that smeared the Germans during and after WW2 and WW1. Recall that WW1 was restarted at the end of 1916 and early 1917 and soldiers were recruited to prevent the barbarous Germans from eating Belgian babies and raping nuns (WW1 was the 'war to prevent cannibalism'). Telling Lies about the Germans is a sport. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1.144.96.231 (talk) 22:35, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

Josef Kirschbaum, father of Uwe Koch
Josef Kirschbaum is known for his statement to his client named Einstein: "How can we bring this pig to the gallows for murdering your brother if you are so stupid as to bring your brother into this courtroom!" Moreover he aught to have been disbarred because of his scandalous relationship with the accused Ilse Koch. Can we imagine any other case where such conduct would be allowed today? Also, the 2,400 Jewish attendees at the Nuremberg trials should have refused to take part in the trials. Instead, they immorally acted as biased prosecutors in their own case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1.144.96.231 (talk) 22:49, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

Buchenwal deaths
The American twelfth Army report, 'Buchenwald: A preliminary Report', established that most of the people who died under the Germans were killed by the communists within the camp - they decided who would receive food. Images of the inmates at the time of their liberation presented them as fit and healthy. As I understand it, when the liberated the camp, the Russians killed more Germans there than had died under the German rule. Note that the liberators found a thousand Hungarian Jewish children playing happily. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1.144.96.231 (talk) 22:58, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

Part of the t4 program?
Was Ilse Koch a patient in the T4 program since she was psychotic? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.40.192.91 (talk) 03:30, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

Popular culture addition
OK to add this information?

 * The Discovery Channel video One Of The Most Evil Women In History - Ilse Koch (23 minutes) portrays Ilse Koch's Nazi life of crime. Vwanweb (talk) 21:19, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

It would be good to add in a Propaganda section. 2601:181:8301:4510:98B6:290A:3912:880D (talk) 03:04, 7 May 2019 (UTC)

Photo of internal organs (?)
What is the relevance, here, of a photo depicting preserved human organs removed from prisoners during medical experiments conducted in Buchenwald concentration camp ? Ilse Koch is associated with the collecting of tattooed skins, not of internal organs or nazi human experimentation ? BeatrixBelibaste (talk) 17:04, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

She was involved in the evil things that were going on,

In Hitler's Shadow: Post-War Germany & the Girls of the BDM https://books.google.com/books?id=ecOIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270&lpg=PT270&dq=internal+organs++++Ilse+Koch+Buchenwald+concentration+camp&source=bl&ots=Ku7W-kK5o5&sig=ACfU3U0FAUph9_63Lid6FFWBeEwCgQyIEQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKupaf9YzkAhWJjlkKHfSmDBMQ6AEwEHoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=internal%20organs%20%20%20%20Ilse%20Koch%20Buchenwald%20concentration%20camp&f=false

Maybe we reword the picture to? Collection of prisoners' internal organs, human experimentation happened under  Ilse Koch at Buchenwald .Jack90s15 (talk) 17:30, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

family sources need updating
Two sources of her sone Uwe are provided, but both are tagged as unrealiable (although one is more 'questionable' thatn unrealiable). Why keep the second of the two up (since April 2016)? Can a quicck Google search on her prison-conceived son yield reputable results? NotPeterParker (talk) 08:30, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

Veracity of this wiki entry on Ilse Koch
Hi All,

I'm very frustrated by the wealth of disinformation that this entry contains - that she had a position as a guard at Sachsenhausen, that she followed Karl to Majdanek, that she had four children, that she herself was engaged in experiments, that she was prosecuted by Kunzig (who was actually assistant prosecutor) rather than William Denson, the list goes on and on. I wish I was more conversant with adding/editing content here. I've fixed the biggest howling errors quickly, but not sure they will stick. If anyone is interested, my new book on Ilse Koch will be published by Harvard Press this month. It is based on ten years of archival research and interviews with her daughter, etc. I hope it will help to set the record straight, because the information on this Wiki page is so horribly wrong (though in some cases understandably so, as it quotes sources that themselves are wrong). https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674249189 Tomazjardim (talk) 18:27, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Okay, spent a day re-writing... Tomazjardim (talk) 18:51, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

Accusations
Were they for real (proven as such) or were they false? It appears a lot of storytelling was in the accusations against here. Kind of a mass-hysteria in the later 1940s that made people believe the most absurd stories. But should that form our historiography. 105.0.7.63 (talk) 13:44, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

 * The answer is complicated; it is beyond dispute that articles made of human skin were produced at buchenwald, as many were found in the pathology department upon liberation. So there's nothing particularly "absurd" about the allegations; the complicated part is whether or not Ilse Koch bore some responsibility for this. This is a much more complicated question, and the evidence seems to suggest that most allegations were apocryphal, and based on rumors, in the absence of clear indications of who indeed was responsible. Some prisoners concluded, for instance, that commandant Karl Koch must have been producing such articles for his wife… Moosejah (talk) 18:35, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ilse Koch


text:
Anton Dolin (ballet dancer)

Sir Anton Dolin (27 July 1904 – 25 November 1983) was an English ballet dancer and choreographer.

Biography
Dolin was born in Slinfold in Sussex as Sydney Francis Patrick Chippendall Healey-Kay (generally known as Patrick or Pat Kay to his friends). He was the second of three sons of Henry George Kay (1852-1922) and his wife, Helen Maude Chippendall Healey (1869-1960), from Dublin. He trained at Serafina Astafieva's school at The Pheasantry in London's King's Road. He joined Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1921, was a principal there from 1924. It was Diaghilev who gave Patrick his stage name: at that time the most powerful impresario in world ballet, Diaghilev 'russified' names of his star dancers to keep up the tradition of his company.

In the 1930s, Dolin was a principal with the Vic-Wells Ballet. There he danced with Alicia Markova, with whom he went on to found the Markova-Dolin Ballet and the London Festival Ballet. In 1933, he spotted Vera Zorina and introduced her to Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo in 1934.

He joined Ballet Theatre when it was formed in 1940 and remained there as a dancer and choreographer until 1946.

Dolin wrote several books, including the autobiography Ballet Go Round (1938) and Alicia Markova: Her Life and Art (1953). He was knighted in 1981. He is featured in the documentary film A Portrait of Giselle.

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in April 1978 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at London's Royal Academy of Dance.

Upon Dolin's death, dancers Jelko Yuresha and Belinda Wright inherited the rights to his choreography of Giselle, Pas de Quatre, and his acclaimed original ballet, Variations for Four. Yuresha and Wright danced—and later staged—productions of these ballets with dance companies around the world, designing original costumes and sets for those performances. In 2017, Yuresha (rights holder) and Philip Ronald Kay (Dolin's nephew and heir) founded the Sir Anton Dolin Foundation in Berlin, Germany with the aim of protecting Dolin's legacy. Since then, all rights to Dolin's works are the property of the Sir Anton Dolin Foundation.

title: Anton Dolin (ballet dancer)


text:
City of Cockburn

The City of Cockburn  is a local government area in the southern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth about 8 km south of Fremantle and about 24 km south of Perth's central business district. The City covers an area of 167.5 km2 and had a population of over 104,000 as at the 2016 Census.

History
Cockburn is named after Cockburn Sound, which was named in 1827 by Captain James Stirling after Admiral Sir George Cockburn. Sir George was born in London in 1772 and was a renowned British naval officer, eventually becoming Admiral of the Fleet and First Sea Lord. He served under Horatio Nelson during the war with France, but came to public attention and was granted his knighthood for his service in the War of 1812, in particular for the burning of Washington in 1814. It was he who took Napoleon to exile on the island of Saint Helena after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

In 1871, the Fremantle Road District was created under the District Roads Act 1871 to cover the area to the south and east of Fremantle, and the Fremantle Road Board was created to manage it. The original District was bounded on the north by the Swan River from Fremantle to the mouth of the Canning River; on the east by a line from Bull Creek to the junction of what is now the intersection of the Albany and South Western Highways in Armadale; on the south by a line from Armadale to, and including the Rockingham townsite; and to the west by the Indian Ocean.

In the first five years of the Board's existence most of its members served on the Fremantle Town Council. The function of the Board was simply to provide the roads that linked Fremantle to other parts of the Colony. By 1913 the District was divided into Wards, each electing representatives to the Board. In 1922 the Board constructed new offices at the corner of Forrest and Rockingham Roads.

In July 1923, the District received a large amount of land (gaining the localities of Atwell and Banjup and 75% of the Jandakot locality) from Jandakot Road District when that entity was abolished. On 21 January 1955, it was renamed Cockburn, after a successful referendum underlined the desire for recognition of the District's independence from Fremantle.

On 1 July 1961, Cockburn Road District became a shire following the enactment of the Local Government Act 1960, and on 24 January 1971, almost exactly 100 years after the formation of the Fremantle Road District, it became a Town in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. On 26 October 1979 the town attained City status.

In May 1966, Rottnest Island and Carnac Island were included in the boundaries of the Shire of Cockburn. However, the council has "no involvement in or responsibility for any functions relating to the control and management of the islands", which are administered directly by state government agencies.

A public inquiry into corruption in the City of Cockburn was held in 1999. The Council was suspended in April 1999 and dismissed on 30 June 2000, with administrators running the council until an election held on 6 December 2000. In 2007 the City of Cockburn was again embroiled in controversy as alleged evidence of corruption arose at the Corruption and Crime Commission.

Wards
The city is divided into three wards, each electing three councillors. The mayor is directly elected.

 * East Ward
 * West Ward
 * Central Ward

Suburbs
The suburbs of the City of Cockburn with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:

Heritage-listed places
, 140 places are heritage-listed in the City of Cockburn, of which 21 are on the State Register of Heritage Places, among them the Coogee Hotel the Newmarket Hotel and the Woodman Light.

Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Mobile, Alabama, United States – 28 September 2005
 * 🇭🇷 Split, Croatia – 6 July 1998
 * 🇨🇳 Yueyang, China – 28 November 1998

title: City of Cockburn


text:
Gesine Schwan

Gesine Schwan (née Schneider, 22 May 1943) is a German political science professor and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The party has nominated her twice as a candidate for the federal presidential elections. On 23 May 2004, she was defeated by the Christian Democrat Horst Köhler. On 23 May 2009, Köhler beat her again to win his second term.

Personal life
Born in Berlin on 22 May 1943, Schwan was baptized in the Roman Catholic faith as the daughter of Oberschulrat (Senior School Inspector) Hans R. Schneider. During the Third Reich dictatorship her parents were members of the passive resistance, offering protection to a Jewish girl by hiding her. After World War II, the family engaged actively in the reconciliation of Polish–German relations.

In 1969, Schwan married her first husband, Professor Alexander Schwan, with whom she had two children and who died in 1989. In 2004, Gesine Schwan celebrated her second wedding with longtime companion Peter Eigen in Berlin. He is a former World Bank manager as well as a founder and current Chair of the Advisory Council of Transparency International. Schwan is very engaged in German and Polish mutual understanding and therefore supports, in numerous ways, the work of the Freya von Moltke Stiftung for the New Kreisau. She has given numerous presentations on this topic.

Education
In 1962, Schwan graduated (Abitur) from the bilingual Französisches Gymnasium, a German-French secondary school in Berlin. In the same year, she began her studies in history, philosophy, romance languages, and political science at the Free University of Berlin and later at University of Freiburg.

Early career
After research stays in Warsaw and Kraków, she obtained her Ph.D. in 1970 from FU Berlin for a dissertation on the Polish philosopher Leszek Kołakowski. After that, she became assistant professor at the same university. Here, she continued her works on the critique of Marx for which she received the habilitation in 1975.

Professorship
Schwan was appointed full professor at the Department of Political Science at FU Berlin in 1977. At the time, her research fields encompassed political theory, philosophy, psychology, and culture as well as theories of democracy and socialism. In 1980/81, she had a research stay at the Wilson Center for Scholars in the USA; another research stay in 1984 at the Robinson College at Cambridge University; in 1998, she was visiting professor at the New School for Social Research in New York. From 1993 to 1995, she was dean of the Political Science Faculty at FU Berlin.

In 1999, Gesine Schwan competed for the post of president of FU Berlin, but was defeated by Peter Gaehtgens. In the same year, she was elected as the president of Viadrina European University in Frankfurt (Oder).

Political career
Schwan belongs to the German tradition of social democratic opposition to Karl Marx's theories. In September 1974, she was one of the founding members of the Seeheimer Kreis, a conservative think tank within the SPD. She became a member of the SPD Grundwertekommission (Commission for Fundamental Values) in 1977. In 1984, she was removed from this position after criticizing the party's Ostpolitik as cooperating too closely with communist governments, while not engaging enough with dissidents. Rather she sought for support and dialog with those Eastern Europeans who would dare to criticize their governments. Schwan was reinstated in the Grundwertekommission in 1996. Since 2002, she has presided over the German-Polish Forum together with Janusz Reiter. In November 2004, the German government under Gerhard Schröder appointed her to the newly created office of the co-ordinator for cooperation with Poland (her counterpart on the Polish side was then Irena Lipowicz). She retained this position when the government changed and became headed by Christian Democrat Angela Merkel. In February 2009, she criticized Schröder for being too uncritical towards Vladimir Putin and too insensitive about Polish concerns about closer German-Russian ties.

On 15 September 2010, Schwan supported the new initiative Spinelli Group in the European Parliament, which was founded to reinvigorate the strive for federalisation of the European Union (EU). Other prominent supporters are: Jacques Delors, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Guy Verhofstadt, Jo Leinen, Andrew Duff, and Elmar Brok.

Presidential elections
On 23 May 2004, Schwan was the SPD candidate for the German presidential election. She received 589 votes in the Bundesversammlung (Federal Assembly) but was defeated by Horst Köhler who won 604 votes from the 1205 delegates. On 26 May 2008, SPD chairman Kurt Beck announced Schwan's renewed nomination for the upcoming presidential elections in 2009. Once again she competed with Horst Köhler, who announced his renewed candidacy on 22 May 2008. In the event Köhler was re-elected to a second term over Schwan.

Later political career
In the 2019 SPD leadership election, Schwan announced her intention to run for the position as the party's co-chair, together with Ralf Stegner.

Other activities

 * Einstein Forum, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * CARE Deutschland-Luxemburg, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Museum Berggruen, Member of the International Council
 * Theodor Heuss Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 1994)
 * Technical University of Berlin, Member of the Board of Trustees (2018-2019)

Controversy
Ahead of the 2009 presidential election, Schwan was criticized by the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records, Marianne Birthler, for statements on the political regime of East Germany. Reportedly, several electors from the Green Party refused to vote for Schwan due to her statements regarding the communist state.

Awards and honours

 * 1993 Federal cross of merits (Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse)
 * 1999 Urania-Medal Award for Particular Activities in the Scientific National Education
 * 2002 Commander's Cross of the Order of Merits of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz)
 * 2004 Marion Dönhoff Award for International Agreement and Conciliation
 * 2006 Honorary doctor of the European University Institute, Florence

title: Gesine Schwan


text:
Kay

The name Kay is found both as a surname and as a given name. In English-speaking countries, it is usually a feminine name, often a short form of Katherine or one of its variants; but it is also used as a first name in its own right, and also as a masculine name (for example in India, the Netherlands, and Sweden). The alternative spelling of Kaye is encountered as a surname, but also occasionally as a given name: for instance, actress Kaye Ballard.

Female

 * Kay Armen (1915–2011), stage name of Armenuhi Manoogian, American Armenian singer
 * Kay Burley (born 1960), Sky News founder and presenter
 * Kay B. Cobb (1942–2023), American judge
 * Kay Copland, Scottish sport shooter
 * Kay Elson (born 1947), Australian politician
 * Kay Francis (1905–1968), American actress
 * Kay Hagan (1953–2019), American politician
 * Kay Hull (born 1954), Australian politician
 * Kay Bailey Hutchison (born 1943), American lawyer, politician, and diplomat
 * Kay Ivey (born 1944), governor of Alabama
 * Kay Kendall (1927–1959), British actress and comedian
 * Kay Kinsman (1909–1998), Canadian artist and writer
 * Kay Lahusen (1930–2021), American photographer, writer and gay rights activist
 * Kay Matheson (1928-2013), teacher, Gaelic scholar, one of four students involved in the 1950 removal of the Stone of Scone.
 * Kay Mazzo (born 1946), American ballet dancer and educator
 * Kay A. Orr (1939), 36th governor of Nebraska, US
 * Kay Toinette K. T. Oslin (1942–2020), American country music singer-songwriter
 * Kay Panabaker (born 1990), American actress
 * Kay Parker (1944–2022), English pornographic actress
 * Kay Purcell (1963–2020), English actress
 * Kay Redfield Jamison (born 1946), American psychologist and writer
 * Kay Starr (1922–2016), stage name of Katherine Starks, American pop and jazz singer
 * Kay Thompson (1909–1998), American author
 * Kay Tse (born 1977), Hong Kong Cantopop singer
 * Kay (singer) (born 1985), Canadian singer-songwriter
 * Kay Young (born 1944), Canadian politician

Male

 * Kay Bell, American football player and professional wrestler
 * Kay Christofferson, American politician
 * Kay van Dijk, Dutch volleyball player
 * Kay Kyser, American bandleader and radio personality
 * Kay Nielsen, Danish illustrator
 * Kay Pollak, Swedish film director
 * Kay Stephenson, American football player and coach
 * Prince Kay One, German singer and rapper
 * Jay Kay, British musician and frontman of British band Jamiroquai

Fictional characters

 * Agent K, a character in the Men In Black film series and animated series
 * Kay Adams-Corleone, a character in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather.
 * Sir Kay, character from Arthurian legend
 * Kay Harker, character from the book The Box of Delights by John Masefield.
 * Kay, a protagonist in the video game Legend of Kay.
 * Kay, also spelled Kai, a character in Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen
 * Kay, a character in the Vertigo comic series Fables, based on the above.
 * Kay Faraday, a character in Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth
 * Kay Engel, a character in Freier Fall (2013 film).
 * Kay, protagonist from the video game Sea of Solitude
 * Kay Swiss, a character in Scott the Woz

title: Kay


text:
Macula densa

In the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal tubule where it touches the glomerulus. Specifically, the macula densa is found in the terminal portion of the distal straight tubule (thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle), after which the distal convoluted tubule begins.

The cells of the macula densa are sensitive to the concentration of sodium chloride in the thick ascending loop of henle. A decrease in sodium chloride concentration initiates a signal from the macula densa that has two effects: (1) it decreases resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles, which raises glomerular hydrostatic pressure and helps return the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) toward normal, and (2) it increases renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles, which are the major storage sites for renin.

As such, an increase in sodium chloride concentration would result in vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles, and reduced paracrine stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells. This demonstrates the macula densa feedback, where compensatory mechanisms act in order to return GFR to normal.

The release of renin is an essential component of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), which regulates blood pressure and volume.

Histology
The cells of the macula densa are taller and have more prominent nuclei than surrounding cells of the distal straight tubule (cortical thick ascending limb).

The close proximity and prominence of the nuclei cause this segment of the distal tubule wall to appear darker in microscopic preparations, hence the name macula densa.

Function

Macula densa cells sense changes in sodium chloride level, and will trigger an autoregulatory response to increase or decrease reabsorption of ions and water to the blood (as needed) in order to alter blood volume and return blood pressure to normal.

A decrease in afferent arteriole diameter causes a decrease in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate), resulting in a decreased concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the filtrate and/or decreased filtrate flow rate. Reduced blood pressure means decreased venous pressure and, hence, a decreased peritubular capillary pressure. This results in a smaller capillary hydrostatic pressure, which causes an increased absorption of sodium ions into the vasa recta at the proximal tubule.

Hence, a decrease in blood pressure results in less sodium chloride present at the distal tubule, where the macula densa is located. The macula densa senses this drop in salt concentration and responds through two mechanisms, both of which are mediated by prostaglandin release. First, prostaglandins preferentially vasodilate the renal afferent arteriole, decreasing afferent arteriole resistance and, thus, offsetting the decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure caused by the drop in blood pressure. Second, prostaglandin activates prostaglandin-sensitive specialized smooth muscle cells of the renal afferent arterioles, juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells), to release renin into the bloodstream. The JG cells can also release renin independently of the macula densa. There are stretch-sensitive baroreceptors lining the arterioles that will release renin if a fall in blood pressure (i.e. decreased stretch of arteriole due to less blood flow) in the arterioles is detected. Furthermore, JG cells contain beta-1 adrenergic receptors, and so activation of the sympathetic nervous system will further stimulate renin release.

Thus, a drop in blood pressure results in preferential vasodilation of the afferent arterioles, increasing renal blood flow (RBF), renal plasma flow (RPF) and GFR due to greater blood flow to the glomerulus. Note that there is no change in filtration fraction, as both GFR and RPF are increased. It also results in the release of renin, which, through the renin–angiotensin system, causes constriction of the efferent arterioles, which ultimately increases hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus.

The process triggered by the macula densa helps keep the GFR fairly steady in response to varying artery pressure.

Damage to the macula densa would impact blood flow to the kidneys because the afferent arterioles would not dilate in response to a decrease in filtrate osmolarity and pressure at the glomerulus would not be increased. As part of the body's blood pressure regulation, the macula densa monitors filtrate osmolarity; if it falls too far, the macula densa causes the efferent arterioles of the kidney to contract, thus increasing the pressure at the glomerulus and increasing the glomerular filtration rate.

title: Macula densa


text:
Cottesloe, Western Australia

Cottesloe is a western suburb of Perth, Western Australia, within the Town of Cottesloe. Cottesloe was named for Thomas Fremantle, 1st Baron Cottesloe, a prominent Tory politician and the brother of Admiral Sir Charles Fremantle for whom the city of Fremantle was named. The nearby suburb of Swanbourne was named for the Fremantle family seat, Swanbourne House, in Swanbourne, Buckinghamshire.

Cottesloe was home to Australian Prime Minister John Curtin. The house he built still stands in Jarrad Street. It is now vested jointly in the National Trust of Australia (WA) and Curtin University.

Geography
Cottesloe is a beach-side suburb of the city of Perth in Western Australia. It is located roughly halfway between Perth's central business district and the port of Fremantle. It is famous for its beaches, cafes and relaxed lifestyle.

Cottesloe is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west; a line extending from Boundary Road, Mosman Park to the ocean to the south; the Perth-Fremantle Railway, Stirling Highway, Congdon Street and West Coast Highway to the east; and North Street to the north. Cottesloe is generally residential, with a significant shopping area located between Jarrad and Station streets adjacent to the Cottesloe railway station.

Population
In the 2016 census, there were 7,375 people in Cottesloe, 68.8% of whom were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were England 8.6%, South Africa 1.8%, New Zealand 1.6% and United States of America 1.4%. 86.6% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 36.4%, Anglican 22.6% and Catholic 19.3%.

Of the occupied private dwellings in Cottesloe, 66.9% were separate houses, 14.9% were semi-detached, row or terrace houses, townhouses etc., and 18.1% were flat or apartments.

Of the employed people in Cottesloe, 7.2% worked in hospitals (except psychiatric hospitals). Other major industries of employment included legal services 3.6% and general practice medical services 3.0%.

Present day
Historically Cottesloe Beach and its panorama are reflections of the changes in the last 110 years of Perth's history. The photos and paintings of Cottesloe Beach that are either in collections or published, give tangible evidence of the importance of beach-oriented activities in the Perth community. Cottesloe Beach is a popular place for beach cricket. An oceanway allows pedestrians and cyclists to move along the beaches.

It is one of Perth's most popular beaches and in 2009, Lonely Planet named Cottesloe Beach the world's 2nd best beach for families.

The Indiana Tea House, which overlooks Cottesloe Beach, is also an icon of the suburb, and in 2021 it was added to the Western Australia Heritage Register.

A new town planning scheme was approved for Cottesloe allowing developers to build to five storeys high along Marine Terrace with the Ocean Beach Hotel site allowed to reach eight storeys. The decision followed a two decade long debate.

A plan to build a skatepark in Cottesloe in 2020, had resulted in heated debate between locals and skateboarders.

Transport
Cottesloe is served by Swanbourne, Grant Street, Cottesloe, Mosman Park and Victoria Street railway stations on the Fremantle line. Various bus routes along Stirling Highway and through the suburb's western and eastern sections link Cottesloe to Perth and Fremantle. All services are operated by the Public Transport Authority. Cottesloe is serviced by the 102 operated by Swan Transit.

Bus

 * 102 Cottesloe Station to Claremont Station – serves Railway Street, Stirling Highway, Jarrad Street, Broome Street, Marine Parade, Eric Street, Grant Street and North Street
 * 107 Fremantle Station to Claremont Station – serves Stirling Highway
 * 998 Fremantle Station to Fremantle Station (limited stops) – CircleRoute clockwise, serves Stirling Highway
 * 999 Fremantle Station to Fremantle Station (limited stops) – CircleRoute anti-clockwise, serves Stirling Highway

Rail

 * Fremantle Line
 * Grant Street Station
 * Cottesloe Station
 * Mosman Park Station
 * Victoria Street Station

Politics
From 1901 to 1968 and from 1974 to 1980 Cottesloe was part of the Fremantle electorate, since 1934 a notional Labor seat. Its most prominent member was wartime Prime Minister John Curtin, a Cottesloe resident.

Since 1980, it has been part of the federal division of Curtin. Curtin is regarded as a safe seat for the centre-right Liberal Party, which has held the seat continually since its inception, with the exception of a period from 1995 to 1998 when former Liberal member Allan Rocher held the seat as an independent and since 2022 when the current independent member Kate Chaney was elected. In the parliament of Western Australia, its Legislative Assembly electoral district is Cottesloe, held consecutively by three Liberal Party leaders, currently David Honey.

Notable residents
John Curtin, Prime Minister of Australia for much of World War II, was local federal member of parliament from 1928 to 1931 and 1934 to 1945. He lived in Cottesloe from 1918 until his death in office in 1945. Curtin's house in Jarrad Street is vested in the National Trust of Australia (WA) and Curtin University. During 2008 there was a suggestion that the house be relocated to the Curtin University grounds but the decision was made that the house remain in Cottesloe. In May 2009 the federal government announced that it would provide a grant of $580,000 to the National Trust to restore the house.

Kathleen Hope Barnes MBE who was a leading Australian nurse was born here in 1909.

Claude de Bernales was a mining entrepreneur who in 1911 bought Attorney-General Richard Pennefather's 1898 Federation Queen Anne house, naming it Overton Lodge. In 1936 it was rebuilt as a 30-room Inter-war Spanish Mission style residence, designed by Bernard Evans. It was bought for £30,000 by the Town of Cottesloe in 1950 and renamed the Cottesloe War Memorial Town Hall and Civic Centre.

Former West Coast Eagles premiership player Chris Mainwaring lived in Cottesloe before his death on 1 October 2007.

title: Cottesloe, Western Australia


text:
New Middletown

New Middletown is the name of several towns in the United States:

 * New Middletown, Indiana
 * New Middletown, Ohio

title: New Middletown