text:
User talk:Barfly

You are welcome to add information to the article on Nazim Hikmet, and it does need expansion, but please don't just copy and paste things from other websites; that can be a violation of copyright. Everyking 23:33, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Zeugma 05.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Zeugma 04.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Zeugma 04.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging Image:Zeugma 02.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Zeugma 02.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use or fairuse. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Image Tagging Image:Yilmazguney06.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Yilmazguney06.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Admrboltz (T | C) 17:55, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Image:Hikmet1.jpg and Image:Kemal dervis.jpg still need sources. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 07:57, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Please use edit summaries and the Move function!
Regarding Dragut: Please use Special:Movepage to move pages, and please, please, PLEASE use edit summaries so that we can see what you are doing and your rationale for doing so. -  Corbin  Be excellent  03:11, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Oh, sorry. Guess I wasn't very clear. There's a "move" button at the top of most pages that will set up Special:Movepage for you. For example, to move the page Dragut, you would click the "move" button at the top of that page, which would look like this: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Movepage&target=Dragut Then you fill out the new page to move to, and a rationale (which will appear automatically in the edit summary). No worries, Mopper told me that no revisions need to be made and that the pages can stay as they are. Happy editing! -  Corbin  Be excellent  00:13, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for explanation. I'll consider it on the future edits. barfly 00:19, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Dragut. Reis.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Dragut. Reis.jpg. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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AACS
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Sludge 16:37, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

==Image:10 Muharram.jpg

Possibly unfree Image:10 Muharram.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Blackliontamarin 203.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Spoiler.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Spoiler.jpg)
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Fair use rationale for Image:Deliver Us From Evil.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Deliver Us From Evil.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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Image source problem with Image:Deliver Us From Evil.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Deliver Us From Evil.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Band of brothers01.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 20:43, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:The White Castle.jpg)
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File source problem with File:Zorano.jpg
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Non-free rationale for File:Yol (1982 movie poster).jpg
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An RfC that you may be interested in...
As one of the previous contributors to Infobox film or as one of the commenters on it's talk page, I would like to inform you that there has been a RfC started on the talk page as to implementation of previously deprecated parameters. Your comments and thoughts on the matter would be welcomed. Happy editing!
 * This message was sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of {{U|Technical 13}} (t • e • c) 18:26, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

Copyright problem: Zeugma (Commagene)
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Zeugma (Commagene), but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images from either web sites or printed works. This article appears to contain work copied from https://web.archive.org/web/20050306131003fw_/http://www.zeugmaweb.com/zeugma/english/engtarihce.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20050404150241/http://www.zeugmaweb.com/zeugma/english/enganasayfa.htm, and therefore to constitute a violation of Wikipedia's copyright policies. The copyrighted text has been or will soon be deleted. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with our copyright policy. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators are liable to be blocked from editing.

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Thank you, and please feel welcome to continue contributing to Wikipedia. Happy editing! Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 23:34, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Barfly


text:
Fludrocortisone

Fludrocortisone, sold under the brand name Florinef, among others, is a corticosteroid used to treat adrenogenital syndrome, postural hypotension, and adrenal insufficiency. In adrenal insufficiency, it is generally taken together with hydrocortisone. Fludrocortisone is taken by mouth and is most commonly used in its acetate form.

Common side effects of fludrocortisone include high blood pressure, swelling, heart failure, and low blood potassium. Other serious side effects can include low immune-system function, cataracts, muscle weakness, and mood changes. Whether use of fludrocortisone during pregnancy is safe for the fetus is unknown. Fludrocortisone is mostly a mineralocorticoid, but it also has glucocorticoid effects.

Fludrocortisone was patented in 1953. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Medical uses
Fludrocortisone has been used in the treatment of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome. It is used primarily to replace the missing hormone aldosterone in various forms of adrenal insufficiency such as Addison's disease and the classic salt-wasting (21-hydroxylase deficiency) form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Due to its effects on increasing Na+ levels, and therefore blood volume, fludrocortisone is the first-line of treatment for orthostatic intolerance, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). It can be used to treat low blood pressure.

Fludrocortisone is also a confirmation test for diagnosing Conn's syndrome (aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma), the fludrocortisone suppression test. Loading the patient with fludrocortisone would suppress serum aldosterone level in a normal patient, whereas the level would remain elevated in a Conn's patient. The fludrocortisone suppression test is an alternative to the NaCl challenge (which would use normal saline or salt tablets).

Side effects
Use of fludrocortisone can lead to one or more of the following side effects:
 * Sodium and water retention
 * Swelling due to fluid retention (edema)
 * High blood pressure (hypertension)
 * Headache
 * Low blood potassium level (hypokalemia)
 * Muscle weakness
 * Fatigue
 * Increased susceptibility to infection
 * Impaired wound healing
 * Increased sweating
 * Increased hair growth (hirsutism)
 * Thinning of skin and stretch marks
 * Disturbances of the gut such as indigestion (dyspepsia), distention of the abdomen and ulceration (peptic ulcer)
 * Decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures of the bones
 * Difficulty in sleeping (insomnia)
 * Depression
 * Weight gain
 * Raised blood sugar level
 * Changes to the menstrual cycle
 * Partial loss of vision due to opacity in the lens of the eye (cataracts)
 * Raised pressure in the eye (glaucoma)
 * Increased pressure in the skull (intracranial pressure)

Pharmacology
Fludrocortisone is a corticosteroid and acts as a powerful mineralocorticoid, along with some additional but comparatively very weak glucocorticoid activity. Relative to cortisol, it is said to have 10 times the glucocorticoid potency but 250 to 800 times the mineralocorticoid potency. Fludrocortisone acetate is a prodrug of fludrocortisone, which is the active form of the drug.

Plasma renin, sodium, and potassium are checked through blood tests to verify that the correct dosage is reached.

Chemistry
Fludrocortisone, also known as 9α-fluorocortisol (9α-fluorohydrocortisone) or as 9α-fluoro-11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a halogenated derivative of cortisol (11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione). Specifically, it is a modification of cortisol with a fluorine atom substituted in place of one hydrogen atom at the C9α position. Fluorine is a good bioisostere for hydrogen because it is similar in size, with the major difference being in its electronegativity. The acetate form of fludrocortisone, fludrocortisone acetate, is the C21 acetate ester of fludrocortisone, and is hydrolyzed into fludrocortisone in the body.

History
Fludrocortisone was described in the literature in 1953 and was introduced for medical use (as the acetate ester) in 1954. It was the first synthetic corticosteroid to be marketed, and followed the introduction of cortisone in 1948 and hydrocortisone (cortisol) in 1951. Fludrocortisone was also the first fluorine-containing pharmaceutical drug to be marketed.

Generic name
Fludrocortisone is the generic name of fludrocortisone and its INN, USAN, BAN, DCF, and DCIT, whereas fludrocortisone acetate is the generic name of fludrocortisone acetate and its USP, BANM and JAN.

Brand names
Fludrocortisone is marketed mainly under the brand names Astonin and Astonin-H, whereas the more widely used fludrocortisone acetate is sold mainly as Florinef, but also under several other brand names including Cortineff, Florinefe, and Fludrocortison.

Availability
Fludrocortisone is marketed in Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Romania, and Spain, whereas fludrocortisone acetate is more widely available throughout the world and is marketed in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, various other European countries, Australia, Japan, China, Brazil, and many other countries.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fludrocortisone


text:
List of Connecticut state parks

This is a list of state parks, reserves, forests and wildlife management areas (WMAs) in the Connecticut state park and forest system, shown in five tables. The first table lists state parks and reserves, the second lists state park trails, the third lists state forests, the fourth lists Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) and the fifth lists other state-owned, recreation-related areas. It is possible to faintly view the Milky Way in 10 state parks.

title: List of Connecticut state parks


text:
Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy

The Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy is awarded annually by the American Astronomical Society (AAS) to a woman resident of North America, who is within five years of receipt of a PhD, for distinguished contributions to astronomy or for similar contributions in related sciences which have immediate application to astronomy. The awardee is invited to give a talk at an AAS meeting and is given a $1,500 honorarium. The award is named in honor of American astronomer Annie Jump Cannon.

Margaret Burbidge was due to be given the 1972 award, but she refused it on the grounds of gender discrimination, stating: "It is high time that discrimination in favor of, as well as against, women in professional life be removed". This prompted the AAS to set up its first committee on the status of women in astronomy and they ceased issuing the award directly. From 1973–2004 the American Association of University Women issued the awards, on advice from the AAS. The AAS resumed direct issuing of the award in 2005.

List of winners
Source: American Astronomical Society

title: Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy


text:
Augustus Noble Hand

Augustus Noble Hand (July 26, 1869 – October 28, 1954) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and later was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. His most notable rulings restricted the reach of obscenity statutes in the areas of literature and contraceptives. He was the older first cousin of famed judge Learned Hand, who served on both courts with his cousin during most of Augustus Hand's tenure.

Education and career
Born in Elizabethtown, New York, Hand received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Harvard University in 1890, and earned a law degree from Harvard Law School in 1894. He then established a private practice in New York City, which he maintained until 1914.

Federal judicial service
Hand was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson on September 28, 1914, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by Judge George Chandler Holt. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 30, 1914, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on June 1, 1927, due to his elevation to the Second Circuit.

Hand received a recess appointment from President Calvin Coolidge on May 19, 1927, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Charles Merrill Hough. He was nominated to the same position by President Coolidge on December 6, 1927. He was confirmed by the Senate on January 18, 1928, and received his commission the same day. He assumed senior status on June 30, 1953. His service terminated on October 28, 1954, due to his death in Middlebury, Vermont.

Contraceptives
One of Hand's best-known decisions was rendered in the case of United States v. One Package, 86 F.2d 737 (2d Cir. 1934), in which he ruled that contraceptives, when imported by a licensed physician, were not immoral or obscene devices banned under the Comstock Law provisions incorporated into the Tariff Act of 1930. Hand wrote that "we are satisfied that this statute, as well as all the acts we have referred to, embraced only such articles as Congress would have denounced as immoral if it had understood all the conditions under which they were to be used. Its design, in our opinion, was not to prevent the importation, sale, or carriage by mail of things which might intelligently be employed by conscientious and competent physicians for the purpose of saving life or promoting the well being of their patients."

Censorship
The same year, Hand further limited the Tariff Act's restrictions in United States v. One Book Called Ulysses, 72 F.2d 705 (2d Cir. 1934), which ruled that the novel Ulysses, by James Joyce, was not obscene and therefore could not be banned from import into the United States. The opinion was significant in its urging that any test of obscenity could not rely on mere isolated passages but instead had to consider the work as a whole, a test the Supreme Court later endorsed. These principles, filtered through a long line of later cases, ultimately influenced the United States Supreme Court's case law on obscenity standards. Hand's opinion also displayed a historical perspective of the harm of overzealous censorship:"Art certainly cannot advance under compulsion to traditional forms, and nothing in such a field is more stifling to progress than limitation of the right to experiment with a new technique. The foolish judgments of Lord Eldon about one hundred years ago, proscribing the works of Byron and Southey, and the finding by the jury under a charge by Lord Denman that the publication of Shelley's 'Queen Mab' was an indictable offense are a warning to all who have to determine the limits of the field within which authors may exercise themselves. We think that Ulysses is a book of originality and sincerity of treatment and that it has not the effect of promoting lust. Accordingly it does not fall within the statute, even though it justly may offend many." Hand's cousin, Judge Learned Hand, joined in Augustus Hand's opinion; Chief Judge Martin Manton dissented.

Motion Picture Antitrust
In 1946, Hand was temporarily assigned to a three-judge panel of the New York Southern District Court for the U.S. government's antitrust case against the eight largest movie distributors. The court's per curiam decree in United States v. Paramount Pictures, 70 F.Supp. 53 (S.D.N.Y. 1946), significantly altered the motion picture industry in the United States, by forbidding the distributors from colluding with movie theaters in such anti-competitive licensing practices as price-fixing.

Cases

 * Ochs v. Commissioner (1952)

title: Augustus Noble Hand


text:
Category:Culture of Japan

Japanese culture consists of the interaction between an indigenous Jōmon culture and subsequent influences from the rest of the world. Culture of China was first mostly influential, starting with the development of the Yayoi culture from around 300 BC. Classical Greek and Indian cultural traditions, combined into Greco-Buddhism, influenced the arts and religions of Japan from the 6th century AD, culminating with the introduction of Mahayana Buddhism. From the 16th century onward, European influence prevailed, with American influences becoming predominant following the end of World War II.

Japan has developed a unique original culture in its arts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e), crafts (dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo, kamishibai), and traditions (games, onsen, sentō, tea ceremony), as well as a unique cuisine.

title: Category:Culture of Japan


text: Category:Ljubljana

title: Category:Ljubljana


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WNBA Defensive Player of the Year Award

The Women's National Basketball Association's Defensive Player of the Year Award is an annual Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) award given since the league's inaugural season -- 1997, to the top defensive player of the regular season. The winner is selected by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States, each of whom casts a vote for first, second and third place selections. Each first-place vote is worth five points; each second-place vote is worth three points; and each third-place vote is worth one point. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award.

Tamika Catchings has won the defensive player of the year award more times than any other player with the record of 5.

title: WNBA Defensive Player of the Year Award


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Sakhalin-I

The Sakhalin-I (Сахалин-1) project, a sister project to Sakhalin-II, is a consortium for production of oil and gas on Sakhalin Island and immediately offshore. It operates three fields in the Okhotsk Sea: Chayvo, Odoptu and Arkutun-Dagi.

In 1996, the consortium completed a production-sharing agreement between the Sakhalin-I consortium, the Russian Federation and the Sakhalin government. The consortium was managed and operated by Exxon Neftegas Limited (ENL), a unit of ExxonMobil, until Exxon's withdrawal in March 2022 following the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine. The Russian government froze Exxon's investment in August 2022 and ordered its transfer to a newly created Russian company the following October.

Since 2003, when the first Sakhalin-1 well was drilled, six of the world's 10 record-setting extended reach drilling wells have been drilled at the fields of the project, using the Yastreb rig. It has set multiple industry records for length, rate of penetration and directional drilling. On 27 August 2012, Exxon Neftegas beat its previous record by completing Z-44 Chayvo well. This ERD well reached a measured total length of 12,376 m, making it the longest well in the world. In November 2017, the record well reached 15 km long.

History
Sakhalin I's fields Chayvo, Arkutun-Dagi and Odoptu were discovered by the Soviets some 20 years before the Production Sharing Agreement of 1996. However these fields had never been properly assessed and a reevaluation of the commercial viability had to be carried out. To do this, factors such as the reservoir quality, producibility and well locations had to be found. 3-D seismic is the most common way to determine much of this however shallow gas reservoirs interfered with the seismic signals and blurred the images somewhat.

Two campaigns of 3-D seismic were carried out along with a number of appraisal wells into the Arkutun-Dagi and Chayvo fields. The results were initially average from the appraisal wells with hydrocarbons being successfully tested, but there was still a large amount of uncertainty involved with the project. However, in late 1998, a revaluation of the 3-D seismic data using the most advanced seismic-visualization techniques then available indicated that the hydrocarbon depth on the edge of the field could be significantly deeper than first thought. In 2000, the Chayvo 6a delineation well confirmed what was suspected, a 150 m oil column. This provided the certainty that the field was commercially viable in the hostile environment with a potential to be a 1 Goilbbl field.

In 2007, the project set a world record when extended-reach drilling (ERD) well Z-11 reached 11282 m. That record was broken in early 2008 with extended-reach well Z-12 reaching 11680 m. Both extended-reach wells are in the Chayvo field and reach over 11 km., the Chayvo field contains 17 of the world's 30 longest extended-reach-drilling wells. However, in May 2008, both world records of ERD well were surpassed by the GSF Rig 127 operated by Transocean, which drilled the ERD well BD-04A in the Al Shaheen oil field in Qatar. This ERD well was drilled to a record measured length of 12,289 m including a record horizontal reach of 10,902 m in 36 days.

On 28 January 2011, Exxon Neftegas, operator of the Sakhalin-1 project, drilled the then world's longest extended-reach well. It has surpassed both the Al Shaheen well and the previous decades-long leader Kola Superdeep Borehole as the world's longest borehole. The Odoptu OP-11 Well reached a measured total length of 12,345 m and a horizontal displacement of 11,475 m. Exxon Neftegas completed the well in 60 days.

On 27 August 2012, Exxon Neftegas beat its own record by completing Z-44 Chayvo well. This ERD well reached a measured total length of 12,376 m.

Since the start of drilling in 2003 to 2017, Sakhalin-1 has drilled 9 of the 10 longest wells in the world. Since 2013, the project has set five records for drilling wells with the deepest depths in the world. In April 2015, the O-14 production well was drilled, with length of 13.5 km, in April 2014 the Z-40 well was completed with a length of 13 km, in April and June 2013 - the Z-43 and Z-42 wells 12.45 km and  12.7 km long, respectively. In November 2017 the record well reached 15 km long.

Production from Sakhalin 1 halted in May 2022, when operator Exxon Neftegaz declared force majeure at the project in response to international sanctions imposed on Russia after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February. In October 2022 Vladimir Putin instructed authorities to disband Exxon Neftegaz and transfer the project and all of its assets and equipment to a new operator, in which the government will hold a controlling 80% shareholding for an initial period of one month. The Exxon Neftegaz shareholding may be sold at an auction to a third party if authorities discover any damage to the development. By November the new operator of the project Sakhalin 1 LLC was owned 30% by Exxon Mobil, 20% by India’s Oil and Natural Gas (ONGC), 30% by Japan’s Sakhalin Oil and Gas Development (SODECO), Rosneft subsidiary Sakhalinmorneftegaz-Shelf who manages the project was given 11.5% and JSC RN-Astra 8.5%.

After handing over operations of Sakhalin 1 to the Rosneft subsidiary, production was re-established with an output of 140000 oilbbl/d-150000 oilbbl/d expected to rise to 220000 oilbbl/d eventually.

Development
The three fields will be developed in this order: Chayvo, Odoptu and Arkutun-Dagi. The total project is estimated to cost US$10–12 billion, making it the largest direct investment in Russia from foreign sources. It is also estimated that nearly 13,000 jobs will be created either directly or indirectly. Approximately $2.8 billion has already been spent, which helped lower unemployment and improved the tax base of the regional government. The fields are projected to yield 2.3 Goilbbl of oil and 17.1 Tcuft of natural gas.

In 2007, the consortium reached its production goal of 250000 oilbbl/d of oil. In addition, natural gas production for the peak winter season in 2007 was 140 Mcuft/d.

The first rig is in place for Sakhalin-I, Yastreb, is the most powerful land rig in the world. Parker Drilling Company is the operator of the 52 m high rig. Although the rig is land based it will drill more than 20 extended-reach wells 10 km horizontally out into the Sea of Okhotsk, and 2600 m in depth. This land-based offshore drilling arrangement is needed because the Sea of Okhotsk is frozen about four months out of the year. The rig is designed to be resistant to the earthquakes that frequent the area, and operate in the -40 C temperatures that can occur in the winter.

As part of the project, Russia is in the process of building a 220 km pipeline across the Tatar Strait from Sakhalin Island to De-Kastri oil terminal on the Russian mainland. From De-Kastri it will be loaded onto tankers for transport to East Asian markets.

Consortium
Prior to March 2, 2022 the consortium consisted of:
 * 30.0% - ExxonMobil (United States)
 * 30.0% - Sakhalin Oil & Gas Development Co (Japan)
 * 20.0% - ONGC Videsh Ltd. (India)
 * 11.5% - Sakhalinmorneftegas-Shelf (Russia)
 * 8.5% - RN-Astra (Russia)

Both Russian entities are Rosneft affiliates.

Restructured with a new project company, Sakhalin 1 LLC in October 2023, Sakhalinmorneftegas-Shelf became the new manager of the project.

Environment
Scientists and environmental groups have voiced concern that the Sakhalin-I oil and gas project in the Russian Far East, operated by an ExxonMobil subsidiary Exxon Neftegas, threatens the critically endangered western gray whale population. Approximately 130 western gray whales remain, of which only 30-35 are reproductive females. These whales only feed during the summer and autumn, in feeding grounds which happen to lie adjacent to Sakhalin-I project onshore and offshore facilities and associated activities along the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island. Particular concerns were caused by the decision to construct a pier and to start shipping in Piltun Lagoon.

Since 2006, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has convened the Western Gray Whale Advisory Panel (WGWAP), consisting of marine scientists who provide expert analysis and advice concerning impacts on the endangered western gray whale population from oil and gas projects in the area, including Sakhalin-I. In February 2009, the WGWAP reported that the number of western gray whales observed in the near-shore (primary) feeding area had significantly declined in the summer of 2008, which coincides with industrial activities conducted by ENL (and other companies) in the area. The WGWAP suggested a moratorium on all industrial activities in the area until their effects had been studied or plans made to mitigate any negative effects of industrial activity had been implemented. Cooperation of Sakhalin Energy-ENL with the scientific panel investigating gray whales was hampered by confidentiality agreements and by ENL's lack of motivation to cooperate with the process.

ExxonMobil has responded that since 1997 the company has invested over $40 million to the western whale monitoring program.

In June 2018 the Sakhalin Environment Watch reported a huge die off of Pacific herring fish at the River Kadylaniy near Sakhalin's pipeline outlet. Low oxygen concentrations, related to oil production work has been suggested as the culprit.

ExxonMobil withdrawal
On March 1, 2022, ExxonMobil, the principal operator of the Sakhalin I project, announced its complete withdrawal from the project. A company press release cited the war in Ukraine and the desire to comply with international sanctions as reasons for the termination of operations, along with a desire to protect investors' assets. In the same document, ExxonMobil announced its intent to end any participation the company had or has planned in the country.

title: Sakhalin-I


text:
Category talk:United States

Untitled
True or false: an article is allowed to be in more than one category. 66.245.97.81 23:42, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * True. --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 16:43, 2004 Sep 10 (UTC)

Categories
Why in this category are the same categories that in the article United States? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Александр Мотин (talk • contribs) 17:02, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Category talk:United States


text:
Melanogaster

Melanogaster ("black-bellied") may refer to the following organisms:
 * Genera:
 * Melanogaster (fungus), a genus of false truffles
 * Melanogaster (fly), a genus of hoverflies
 * Species:
 * Drosophila melanogaster, a species of fruit fly, widespread and also important in research
 * Acheilognathus melanogaster, a species of brackish-freshwater ray-finned fish in Japan
 * Anhinga melanogaster, the Oriental darter (snakebird), a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia
 * Turnix melanogaster, the black-breasted buttonquail (a rare bird in Australia)

title: Melanogaster


text:
Augustus Hand

Augustus Hand may refer to:

 * Augustus C. Hand (1803–1878), U.S. Congressman from New York, grandfather of Augustus Noble Hand
 * Augustus Noble Hand (1869–1954), U.S. federal judge from New York, grandson of Augustus C. Hand

title: Augustus Hand


text:
Gotthard Base Tunnel

The Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT; Gotthard-Basistunnel, Galleria di base del San Gottardo, Tunnel da basa dal Sogn Gottard) is a railway tunnel through the Alps in Switzerland. It opened in June 2016 and full service began the following December. With a route length of 57.09 km, it is the world's longest railway and deepest traffic tunnel  and the first flat, low-level route through the Alps. It lies at the heart of the Gotthard axis and constitutes the third tunnel connecting the cantons of Uri and Ticino, after the Gotthard Tunnel and the Gotthard Road Tunnel.

The GBT consists of a large complex with, at its core, two single-track tunnels connecting Erstfeld (Uri) with Bodio (Ticino) and passing below Sedrun (Grisons). It is part of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) project, which also includes the Ceneri Base Tunnel further south (opened on 3 September 2020) and the Lötschberg Base Tunnel on the other main north–south axis. It is referred to as a "base tunnel" since it bypasses most of the existing vertex line, the Gotthard railway line, a winding mountain route opened in 1882 across the Saint-Gotthard Massif, which was operating at its capacity before the opening of the GBT. The new base tunnel establishes a direct route usable by high-speed rail and heavy freight trains.

The main purpose of the Gotthard Base Tunnel is to increase local transport capacity through the Alpine barrier, especially for freight on the Rotterdam–Basel–Genoa corridor, and more specifically to shift freight volumes from trucks to freight trains. This both significantly reduces the danger of fatal road crashes involving trucks, and reduces the environmental damage caused by heavy trucks. The tunnel also provides a faster connection between the canton of Ticino and the rest of Switzerland, as well as between northern and southern Europe, cutting the Basel/Zürich–Lugano–Milan journey time for passenger trains by one hour (and from Lucerne to Bellinzona by 45 minutes).

After 64 percent of Swiss voters accepted the NRLA project in a 1992 referendum, the first preparatory and exploratory work began in 1996. Construction began in November 1999 at Amsteg. Drilling operations were completed in March 2011. The final cost is projected as CHF 9.560 billion.

Description
The Gotthard Base Tunnel, with a length of 57.09 km and a total of 151.84 km of tunnels, shafts and passages, is the longest railway tunnel in the world, with a geodetic distance of 55.782 km between the two portals. It is also the first flat route through the Alps or any other major mountain range, with a maximum elevation of 549 m above sea level, corresponding to that of Bern. It is the deepest railway tunnel in the world, with a maximum depth of 2450 m, comparable to that of the deepest mines on Earth. Without ventilation, the temperature inside the mountain reaches 46 C.

Like the two other tunnels passing below the Gotthard, the Gotthard Base Tunnel connects two Alpine valleys across the Saint-Gotthard Massif: the Urner Reusstal in the canton of Uri, in which flows the river Reuss, and the Valle Leventina, the largest valley in the canton of Ticino, in which the river Ticino flows. Unlike most other tunnels, the Gotthard Base Tunnel passes under several distinct mountain massifs, two of them being major subranges of the Alps, the Glarus Alps and the Saint-Gotthard Massif, with the valley of the Anterior Rhine, the Surselva in the canton of Graubünden, between them. The tunnel passes under these two ranges more than 2000 m below the Chrüzlistock (2709 m) and the Piz Vatgira (2983 m, near the Lukmanier Pass). While the cantons of Uri and Ticino are part of the German- and Italian-speaking areas of Switzerland respectively, the Surselva is mainly Romansh-speaking.

The Alps strongly influence the European climate – and that of Switzerland in particular – and there can be substantially different weather conditions at each end of the GBT, described by the Ticinese architect Mario Botta: "The light changes at the Gotthard: that of the Mediterranean Sea is not the same as that of the continent, that of the central lands, that of Europe far away from the sea." On average, the temperature is about 3 C-change higher on the south side than the north side, but on some days, temperature differences are well over 10 C-change.

The north portal lies in the north of the municipality of Erstfeld at an elevation of 460 m, east of the Reuss. There, the tunnel penetrates the western slopes of the Bälmeten and Chli Windgällen (although only marginally) before passing below the valley of the Chärstelenbach, a creek in the Maderanertal. From there, the tunnel runs parallel to the small valley of Etzli, below the Witenalpstock. The main crest of the Glarus Alps, which is the watershed between the Reuss and the Anterior Rhine, is crossed below the Chrüzlistock, the crest having an elevation of about 2700 m at this point. From the crest and border, the tunnel runs parallel to the small valley of the river Strem (Val Strem) before passing below Sedrun and the Anterior Rhine. From the bottom of the valley, the tunnel proceeds towards the valley of the Rein da Nalps (Val Nalps) and passes east of Lai da Nalps, before crossing the Gannaretsch range below the western summit of Piz Vatgira (2981 m). This is the deepest point of the tunnel, with a rock layer of 2450 m above it. The tunnel then passes below the valley of the Rein da Medel (Val Medel) and west of Lai da Sontga Maria. After a few kilometres the tunnel crosses the watershed between the Anterior Rhine and the Ticino, just north of Pizzo dell'Uomo (2525 m). This point corresponds to the main chain of the Alps, and is the main drainage divide between the Rhine and the Po. For a few kilometres, the tunnel passes below two western tributaries of the Brenno in the Valle Santa Maria before crossing the last range, west of the Passo Predèlp (about 2500 m) and east of Faido. It then follows the eastern slopes of the large Valle Leventina, the valley of the Ticino, for about 18 km to the south portal at Bodio, at an elevation of 312 m, just 3 km before Biasca, where the Brenno converges with the Ticino.

The closest railway stations to the portals are Altdorf and Biasca. The first regularly served railway stations on the base line (as of 2016/17) are those of Arth-Goldau (Schwyz), a railway node with links to Lucerne and Zürich, and Bellinzona (the "Gate of Ticino"), with links to Locarno, Luino and Lugano (via the Monte Ceneri Rail Tunnel). The journey from Arth-Goldau to Bellinzona takes not more than an hour. The station of Altdorf is planned to be served by 2021. There also have been talks of using that of Biasca. The travel between Altdorf and Biasca would last less than 25 minutes.

Background
Since the 13th century, the 2106 m Gotthard Pass has been an important trade route from northern to southern Europe. Control of its access routes led to the birth of the Swiss Confederacy. The Gotthard Pass is located halfway between Lake Lucerne and Lake Maggiore. It is the shortest link between the navigable Rhine and the Po. Before modern transport, the traverse of the pass took days, and snow makes it a challenge in winter.

Quite late, compared to other current top-importance routes through the Alps (e.g. Simplon, San Bernardino, Brenner, Mont Cenis), namely in 1830, the first Saint-Gotthard Pass road was established after centuries-long usage of a bridle path. From 1842 onwards, a daily course by the Gotthard Post, a stagecoach drawn by five horses with ten seats, still took about 23 hours from Como to Flüelen. It would last until 1921.

In 1882, with the inauguration of the Gotthard Railway Tunnel, the travel time between Altdorf and Biasca was reduced dramatically to only hours, though often accompanied with overnight stays in large Fin de siècle-hotels, for example in Biasca. In those days, it was still an adventure and it was only affordable to the rich. Electrification of the railway line in 1922 significantly reduced travel time again. Refilling water boilers of steam locomotives was no longer necessary. There were also the technical advantages of electrical engines and future technical improvements.

From 1924, car transport on trains through the railway tunnel began. The road between Göschenen and Airolo over the summit of the pass, comporting notably the Schöllenen ravine and the Tremola, had countless hairpin turns and serpentine curves, dropping 1000 m in altitude. It posed a huge challenge for automobiles of those days. From 1953 onwards, the pass road was sequentially improved and expanded at several sections along the Gotthard route, finally ending in 1977 with the opening of an expressway fully circumventing the Tremola. In winter, however, due to the snow, cars could only cross the Gotthard on the train.

Transit time was further dramatically reduced with the opening of the Gotthard Road Tunnel and the finalization of the northern part of A2 motorway through the Urner Reusstal (in close proximity to the railway), with many additional tunnels (then leading from Basel to the Gotthard Road Tunnel), in 1980. With the completion in 1986 of the A2 motorway in the Valle Leventina, the main valley leading from Airolo down to Bellinzona, and the surmounting of the Monte Ceneri between Bellinzona and Lugano in 1983, finally a continuous motorway was established from the northern border of Switzerland in Basel to the southern border in Chiasso, or the shortest motorway route from North-German Hamburg as far as South-Italian Sicily, bringing down the competitiveness of the railway line. Passenger speed was also increased on the railway line with the use of tilting trains, notably the ICN, although maximum speed remaining far lower than on a modern straight high-speed line. Both modern motorway and historic railway rely on heavy rockfall and avalanche protection equipments and are exposed to harsh weather condition in winter.

After the opening of the auto tunnel, in 1980, traffic increased more than tenfold. The existing tunnel was at its capacity by 2013. A second tunnel will be built next to the first, following a national referendum. Construction started in 2021 and is scheduled to finish in 2027.

As early as 1947, engineer Eduard Gruner imagined a two-story base tunnel from Amsteg to Biasca, both rail and road, with a stop at Sedrun, to provide a faster and flatter passage through the Swiss Alps. Similarly to Gruner's idea, the GBT cuts through the Gotthard Massif some 600 m below the older tunnel. On the historic track only the Gotthard Railway trains up to 1300 t when using two locomotives or up to 1500 t with an additional bank engine at the end of the train are able to pass through the narrow mountain valleys and through spiral tunnels climbing up to the portals of the old tunnel at a height of 1151 m above sea level. Since the GBT is in full service, standard freight trains of up to 3600 t are able to pass this natural barrier.

Because of ever-increasing international truck traffic, Swiss voters chose a shift in transportation policy in September 1992 by accepting the NRLA proposal. A second law, the Alpine Protection Act of February 1994, requires a shift of as much tonnage as possible from truck transport to train transport.

The goal of both the laws is to transport trucks, trailers and freight containers through Switzerland, from Basel to Chiasso, and beyond by rail to relieve the overused roads, and that of the Gotthard in particular, by using intermodal freight transport and rolling highways (where the entire truck is transported). The GBT substantially contributes to the requirements of both laws and enables a direct flat route from the ports of the North Sea (notably Rotterdam) to those of the Mediterranean Sea (notably Genoa), via the Rhine corridor.

Although the technical maximum speed is 250 km/h through the GBT, the maximal authorized speed has been reduced to 230 km/h for ecological and economical reasons, while the operating speed of passenger trains is restricted to 200 km/h in order to accommodate the freight traffic, with the possibility to accelerate up to 230 km/h in case of delay. At opening the GBT reduced travel times for trans-Alpine train journeys by about 40 minutes, and by one hour when the adjacent Zimmerberg and Ceneri Base Tunnels were completed. This is viewed as a revolution, especially in the isolated region of Ticino, which is separated from the rest of the country by the Alps and the Gotthard. The two stations of Bellinzona and Lugano (respectively named "Gate of Ticino" and "Terrace of Ticino") were entirely renovated for the opening of the GBT, among other improvements.

As of 2016, the Gotthard Base Tunnel is the longest railway tunnel in the world. It is the third Swiss tunnel to bear this title, after the Gotthard Tunnel (15 km, 1882) and the Simplon Tunnel (19.8 km, 1905). It is the third tunnel built under the Gotthard, after the Gotthard Tunnel and the Gotthard Road Tunnel.

Construction
AlpTransit Gotthard AG was responsible for construction. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS).

To cut construction time in half, four access tunnels were built so that construction could start at four different sites simultaneously: Erstfeld, Amsteg, Sedrun, and Faido. A fifth at Bodio was added later. The two tunnels are joined approximately every 325 m by connecting galleries. Trains can move between the tunnels in the two multifunction stations at Sedrun and Faido. These stations house ventilation equipment and technical infrastructure and serve as emergency stops and evacuation routes.

Access to the Sedrun station site is by a level access tunnel 1 km long from the valley floor near Sedrun. At the end of the access tunnel, two vertical shafts lead 800 m down to the base tunnel level. A proposal to construct a functioning railway station, called Porta Alpina (from Romansh, "Alpine Gate"), at this site was evaluated, but the project was put on hold in 2007 and definitively cancelled by the federal authorities in 2012 as uneconomical.

The final breakthrough in the east tube occurred on 15 October 2010 at 14:17 +02:00. The final breakthrough in the west tube occurred on 23 March 2011 at 12:20.

On 30 August 2013, the tunnel was entirely traversed for the first time from Bodio to Erstfeld in six hours, by diesel train, buses and by foot.

On 16 December 2013, the operational test phase started on a 13 km stretch in the southern section of the west tube between Faido and Bodio. Its purpose was to test the infrastructure and any ancillary systems.

On 31 October 2014, the railway track installation was completed. A gold sleeper on the very last part of the track was installed during the event to mark this milestone of progress.

On 1 October 2015, following permission by the Federal Office of Transport, the first tests on the entire length of the GBT were performed, with steadily increasing speed. On 8 November, a train reached the top speed of 275 km/h.

Allocation of work
The contracts were awarded in sections:
 * Erstfeld (the 7.7 km section from Erstfeld to Amsteg), with two tunnel boring machines (TBM) boring the two tubes. The break-through of the east tube between Erstfeld and Amsteg took place on 15 June 2009. The portal area was surface-mined.
 * Amsteg (the 11.3 km section from Amsteg to north of Sedrun), ARGE AGN (Strabag and Züblin Murer) received the contract for work in this sector. On 9 December 2009, the Amsteg section was officially delivered to the owner for fitting-out, with civil engineering, construction, concrete and lining work completed in early 2010.
 * Sedrun (the 8.6 km East tube and 8.7 km West tube in the section immediately north and south of Sedrun), along with work performed by Transco (Bilfinger SE, Implenia, Frutiger and Impresa Pizzarotti). The final breakthrough in the west tube occurred in March 2011. The northbound tubes from Amsteg to the Sedrun multifunction station (north) were handed over to the railway systems contractor Transtec Gotthard on 15 September 2011, the date specified in the construction schedule.
 * Faido (13.4 km East tube and 13.6 km West tube in the section from south of Sedrun to Faido), with Consorzio TAT (Alpine Mayreder Bau, CSC Impresa costruzioni, Hochtief and Implenia and Impregilo).
 * Bodio (15.9 km East tube and 15.6 km West tube in the section from Faido to Bodio), with work performed by Consorzio TAT (Alpine Mayreder Bau, CSC Impresa costruzioni, Hochtief, Implenia and Impregilo). Civil engineering construction, concrete and lining works were completed in early 2010.

Deaths during construction
Nine workers died during construction; one in the Amsteg section, two in the Sedrun section, and three each in the southernmost Faido and Bodio sections.

Inauguration and commissioning
In 2016, several events, including festivities and special exhibitions, were held around the Gotthard, culminating in the inaugurations in early June, dubbed Gottardo 2016. Public institutions joined the celebrations: Swiss Post issued a special stamp commemorating the Gotthard Base Tunnel, and Swissmint issued gold and silver coins dedicated to the opening.

On 31 May 2016, a day before the inauguration, the nine people who died during construction were commemorated in a ceremony at the north portal in Erstfeld that was led by a Catholic vicar general, a vicar of the Evangelical-Reformed Church of Uri, a Jewish rabbi, and a Muslim imam. A bronze memorial plaque with their names — four coming from Germany, three from Italy, and one from each of South Africa and Austria – was unveiled by AlpTransit Gotthard AG CEO Renzo Simoni. A Catholic shrine to Saint Barbara, the patron of miners, stands inside the tunnel as a memorial.

The tunnel was officially inaugurated on 1 June 2016. At the northern entrance in Erstfeld, President of the Confederation Johann Schneider-Ammann spoke of a "giant step for Switzerland but equally for our neighbours and the rest of the continent", while a live relay carried a speech given by Transport Minister Doris Leuthard at the southern entrance in Bodio. The first journey carried hundreds of Swiss citizens who had won tickets in a draw, while the assembled guests in Erstfeld, including the Federal Council in corpore, heads of state and government from neighbouring countries and transport ministers from European countries, attended the opening show Sacre del Gottardo by Volker Hesse featuring 600 dancers, acrobats, singers and musicians celebrating Alpine culture and myths around the Gotthard. On the following weekend, popular festivities and special exhibitions, attended by more than 100,000 visitors, were held.

From 2 August to 27 November 2016, the Swiss Federal Railways ran a special train service through the tunnel called "Gottardino" which was open to the public. It was a once-daily service from Flüelen railway station to Biasca railway station and in reverse. The trains made a stop inside the tunnel, to allow passengers to visit an exhibition inside the underground multifunction station in Sedrun which would normally be used in emergency only.

Regular services
During 2016, the GBT was tested extensively before its integration into the regular schedule on 11 December. On 5 December, the Swiss Federal Railways were granted permission from the Federal Transport Office to use the new base line. While the base tunnel is used for InterCity trains (ICN) and EuroCity trains (EC), the vertex line remains in use for regional trains. Since 2019, the Gotthard axis is served by the Stadler EC250 (Giruno) high-speed train and future flagship of the SBB fleet.

From the Amsteg portal, guided tours are organised inside the Gotthard Base Tunnel complex. A window allows visitors to watch the trains running in the tunnel.

2023 derailment and closure
On 10 August 2023, a freight train derailed while traveling through the tunnel, causing extensive damage to the tunnel infrastructure. The incident occurred near the multi-functional station of Faido, in the canton of Ticino. No one was injured, and no hazardous materials were released. The derailment caused significant damage to the tunnel, prompting its closure to both passenger and freight traffic. The incident led to the derailing of around 30 wagons, and the train damaged the concrete sleepers for approximately 8 km before coming to a stop.

As of the end of 2023, the tunnel operates with a single tube, giving priority to freight trains. Most passenger trains are rerouted through the mountain route and the old Gotthard Tunnel. The complete reopening of the base tunnel is expected in September 2024.

Politics
The realization of the GBT, as the centrepiece of the NRLA, is also a prototypical example of direct democracy in Switzerland. In order to accomplish this mega-project the political institutions also had to overcome many parliamentary sessions and several major popular votes, including the following:

 * 27 September 1992, NRLA proposal (mandatory referendum): The final proposal by the Federal Council was accepted by 63.6% yes votes (declined by 1+2/2 cantons, turnout 45.9%)
 * 20 February 1994, Alps Initiative (federal popular initiative): Initiated by a few private people with the goal to protect the Alpine environment from the negative impact of traffic was accepted by 51.9% yes votes (declined by 7 cantons, turnout 41%). The initiative was accepted despite the recommendation by the Federal Council from 12 February 1992 to decline the initiative without any counterproposal, and despite the parliamentary recommendation (both chambers) from 18 June 1993 to decline the initiative.
 * 29 November 1998, Public Transport Funding (mandatory referendum): A total budget of CHF 30 billion for several public transport projects was accepted by 63.5% yes votes (declined by 1+3/2 cantons, turnout 38.3%); "the NRLA is to receive CHF 13.6 billion"
 * 21 May 2000, Bilateral EU Agreements / 40-tonne Trucks / Heavy Traffic Fee (optional referendum): As part of a whole package of several bilateral agreements with the EU the Swiss also accepted by 67.2% yes votes (declined by 2 cantons, turnout 48.3%) the shift of an upper limit for trucks from 28 t to 40 t, but at the same time the EU agreed to a new heavy-traffic fee, which would also be used to finance the NRLA
 * 17 December 2003, Ceneri Base Tunnel (parliamentary session): The controversial funding of the Ceneri Base Tunnel was finally passed by parliamentary approval only; the possibility for an optional referendum was not raised by any political groups, nor by the public. The then-in-charge transport minister, Federal Councilor Moritz Leuenberger, was quoted as saying "This is the only way to make the railway [the Gotthard axis] a flat line between Basel and Chiasso."

Figures

 * Diameter of each of the single-track tubes: 8.83 - 9.58 m
 * Distance between cross passage tube: ca. 325 m
 * Numbers of cross passage tubes: 178
 * Maximum rock overlay: 2450 m (at Piz Vatgira)
 * Start of construction: 1993 (sounding drills), 1996 (preparations), 4 November 1999 (official start, first blasting), 2003 (mechanical excavation)
 * Breakthrough: 15 October 2010 (Eastern tube), 23 March 2011 (Western tube)
 * Commissioning: May 2016
 * Inauguration/opening: 1 June 2016
 * Start of daily passenger service: 11 December 2016 (see public transport timetable)
 * Total cost: CHF 9.560 billion
 * Travel time: Passenger trains – 20 minutes
 * Amount of excavated rock: 28200000 t, 13300000 m3, the equivalent of 5 Giza pyramids
 * Number of tunnel boring machines (TBM): Four Herrenknecht Gripper TBMs. Machine numbers S-210 and S-211 operated northbound from Bodio to Faido and Sedrun and were nicknamed Sissi and Heidi respectively; Machines S-229 and S-230 operated southbound from Erstfeld to Sedrun and were known as Gabi I and Gabi II.
 * Total length: 440 m (including back-up equipment)
 * Total weight: 3000 t
 * Power: 5 MW
 * Max. excavation daily: 25 - 30 m (in excellent rock conditions)
 * Total excavation length by TBM: about 45 km (for each tube)
 * Manufacturer: Herrenknecht, Schwanau, Germany

Safety
The safety requirements on the rolling stock are similar to those of other long Swiss tunnels, including the ability for the emergency brake to be overridden.

Incidents
On 10 August 2023, a freight train heading north derailed inside the tunnel causing it to be shut. Trains scheduled to use the tunnel were either cancelled or redirected via the "panorama route" which added around one to two hours to journeys, and reduced passenger capacity by around two thirds. According to an SBB press conference, around 8km of tracks, 20,000 concrete sleepers and a lane change gate in the tunnel were severely damaged. The gate is needed to separate the two tunnel tubes which is why the second tunnel could not initially be used to run trains. When the incident first happened, authorities stated the tunnel would be shut for at least 6 days but later announced that passenger trains would not be able to use the tunnel for several months. Freight trains have been allowed to use the east tunnel from 23 August due to a temporary maintenance gate replacing the damaged one.

Experts from the Swiss Transportation Safety Investigation Board (STSB) were dispatched to the site to preserve and document evidence of the crash. Investigators found fragments of a wheel and signs of derailment several kilometers before the crash site. At the Faido station, they discovered a pile of derailed wagons. The STSB's mission is to determine the causes of accidents to ensure or improve safety, rather than to assign guilt or responsibility. The STSB believes that the derailment was likely caused by a broken wheel tread inside the tunnel. All fragments of the wheel were found, consisting of several large pieces. The cause of the breakage has not yet been determined. External influence or fatigue fracture are possible explanations. The wheel fragments will be subjected to metallurgical analysis to determine the cause. Despite the broken wheel, the wagon was dragged by the train for several kilometers. At the switching point of the multi-functional station, where trains can switch between the two tubes of the tunnel, the wagon derailed, pulling more than 20 following wagons off the tracks.

Repair work on the tunnel is expected to be extensive. Initially projected to last until the end of 2023, in November 2023 it was announced that the extensive repairs would not be complete before September 2024, and the tunnel will operate in reduced capacity until at least that date. This is due to repairs requiring a complete replacement of seven kilometers of railways, including 20,000 sleeper blocks and their concrete foundations, a damaged lane-change gate, two high-speed switches and many other safety and operationally relevant parts. Repairs are expected to cost between 100 and 130 million Swiss Francs. In the meantime, trains have been rerouted over the panorama route. Since the alternate route is unable to accommodate bi-level equipment, passenger capacity has been reduced by around two thirds. The undamaged east tube of the tunnel is set to resume freight traffic from 23 August 2023, while passenger trains will remain rerouted. As of 16 August, the Swiss Federal Railways are evaluating, in conjunction with the Federal Office of Transport, the possibility of operating some passenger trains on a single track in the east tube, similar to the planned freight traffic. In case of emergency, passengers would be evacuated through the other tunnel tube. However, this option is still under consideration. It is expected that on 10 December, coinciding with the yearly timetable changes, freight capacity within the tunnel will be increased for freight vehicles during the week, and for passenger vehicles during weekends.

Traffic
Since the opening date on 1 June 2016, between 130 and 160 trains on an average working day operated through the Gotthard Base Tunnel, which in March 2019 marked the 100,000th transit. Around two-thirds of the passages were freight trains and the remaining quota were passenger trains, both national and international.

Projections
The number of projected trains per day was 180–260 freight trains and 50 (65 from 2020) passenger trains.

Passengers
After the opening of the tunnel there was an increase in passengers crossing the trans-alpine line, with 2.3 million passengers in the first 8 months, an increase of 30% over the previous year.

In August 2017, an average of 10,400 people crossed the tunnel daily. Train services from Italy to Switzerland through the line are expected to become faster from 2020, with the opening of the Ceneri Base Tunnel, with an expected further increase in passenger numbers. There are plans for a train service between Zürich and Milan with a journey time of 2:45 hours, down from 3:50 hours.

Freight
67,000 t on 120 trains passed through the tunnel each day during the first half year of operation.

title: Gotthard Base Tunnel


text:
Virginiana

Virginiana is a Neo-Latin term meaning "of Virginia", used in taxonomy to denote species indigenous to or strongly associated with the U.S. state of Virginia and its surrounding areas.

Mammals

 * Didelphis virginiana, Virginia opossum

Birds

 * Strix virginiana, great horned owl

Insects

 * Croesia virginiana, sparganothis fruitworm moth

Plants

 * Anemone virginiana, tall anemone
 * Clematis virginiana, woodbine or wild hops
 * Diospyros virginiana, the American persimmon
 * Epifagus virginiana, beech drops
 * Fragaria virginiana, wild strawberry
 * Hackelia virginiana, beggar's lice, sticktight or stickseed
 * Hamamelis virginiana, witch hazel
 * Juniperus virginiana, eastern red-cedar
 * Magnolia virginiana, sweetbay magnolia
 * Medeola virginiana, Indian cucumber-root
 * Osmunda virginiana, rattlesnake fern
 * Ostrya virginiana, American hophornbeam
 * Persicaria virginiana, jumpseed
 * Physostegia virginiana, obedient plant or false dragonhead
 * Pinus virginiana, Virginia pine
 * Prunus virginiana, bitter-berry or chokecherry
 * Quercus virginiana, southern live oak
 * Rosa virginiana, Virginia rose, common wild rose or prairie rose
 * Spiraea virginiana, Virginia spiraea
 * Tephrosia virginiana, goat-rue
 * Tradescantia virginiana, Virginia spiderwort

Fungi

 * Morchella virginiana

title: Virginiana


text: User talk:80.219.51.20

title: User talk:80.219.51.20


text:
Talk:Usonia

Knowing Samuel Butler's work quite well, I do not believe I ever came across the word "Usonia". Could the editor of this piece tell exactly where he found it?

I'm not the editor, but...
In 1927 Wright wrote: But why this term “America” has become representative as the name of these United States at home and abroad is past recall. Samuel Butler fitted us with a good name. He called us Usonians, and our Nation of combined States, Usonia.

(Frank Lloyd Wright on Architecture: Selected Writings 1894-1940, p. 100.)

In a footnote in The Living City (1958), he attributes it to “Samuel Butler’s suggestion of a name for our nameless nation (see his Erewhon).”

However, I skimmed Erewhon (1872) and didn't find it. Meryle Secreste, in his 1992 biography Frank Lloyd Wright, writes that “no one has been able to find the reference.” He quotes John Sergeant as writing: “It has been suggested that Wright picked up the name on his first European trip in 1910 when there was talk of calling the U.S.A. ‘U-S-O-N-A,’ to avoid confusion with the new Union of South Africa.”

USONA, of course, stood for United States of North America.

 * So, wouldn't it make sense to say some of this in the article - that Wright attributed the coinage to Samuel Butler, but it is uncertain where it actually came from? --Jim Henry 23:50, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The pronunciation of Usonian, by the way, is [you SOH nee an]. Or at least that's the way I've heard it pronounced on PBS television. Wright's usage makes this by far the commonest adjectival form of USA. --kwami 08:37, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The Esperanto version of Wikipedia says that "the Esperanto word Usono comes from Usonia, a word occasionally proposed to avoid the use of "America"." Of course, this motivation disagrees with the accounts by several of Wright's biographers. Wolfram Diestel at the University of Leipzig, who has put together the largest online Esperanto dictionary, denies that Usono derives from the Esperanto supposed acronym USN (pronounced u-so-no), as claimed by large print dictionaries, but rather was borrowed from Usonia, which he says was invented by Wright. I don't know when the word was first used in Esperanto, but it's included in lists of words used by Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, who died in April 1917. This is ten years earlier than the earliest use by Wright that I have found. kwami 08:50, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If it were an acronym in Esperanto, one would expect Uŝono instead of Usono. The dictionary entry kwami cited is at .  The Zamenhof citation is from his speech at the 1910 World Esperanto Convention in Washington, D.C.  The Reta Vortaro says (of the American English term "Usonia") that it was coined by Frank Lloyd Wright "around the turn of the 19th/20th centuries".  --Jim Henry 18:53, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If no one knows for sure exactly when Wright started to use the word "Usonia", or whether he really got it from Butler or someone else, we should say that in the article body. Maybe we should cite the Reta Vortaro for the attribution of "Usono" to "Usonia" but express reservations given the later date of the first known use by Wright than the first known use in Esperanto. --Jim Henry 23:50, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, guess now I am the editor! Added the basics of this discussion, plus touched up the existing text a bit. kwami 04:36, 2005 May 12 (UTC)

Most common adjectival form of "United States"?
If you ask me, the most common form is "U.S.", used adjectivally. It's what I personallly use on Wikipedia, e.g., "Benjamin Harrison Eaton was a U.S. politician..." -- Decumanus 06:29, 2005 May 22 (UTC)

 * We're not counting nouns used attributively as being adjectives. You can't say "I'm a U.S." to mean "I'm an American", for example, even if "I'm a U.S. citizen" is more or less equivalent to "I'm an American citizen"; nor could you say "He speaks U.S." What I think people are looking for is a syntactic adjective that's unambiguous in meaning. It can be awkward to always have to put another noun after "U.S." to make it behave like an adjective. But of course you're right: "He speaks U.S. English" is more specific than "He speaks American English". kwami 06:58, 2005 May 22 (UTC)
 * Well I think you prove my point. In the sentence, "I am an American," the word American is a noun, not an adjective. -- Decumanus 07:01, 2005 May 22 (UTC)
 * Nobody uses Usonian in common usage, therefore an attempt at claiming it is the most common form is incorrect. The most common adjectival form is American, as in "Benjamin Harrison Eaton is an American politician".  RickK 07:08, May 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Point 1: "American" can both a noun and an adjective (can be used with "more than" etc.), unlike "U.S." I guess a follow-up question would be, what unambiguous single word can you use to mean an inhabitant of the U.S.?
 * Point 2: We're talking about words that unambiguously mean U.S. American. None of them are in common use; that's the whole point! ("Most common" doesn't mean common, just less uncommon than the alternatives.) But of the dozens of proposals, Usonian is the only one I've ever heard spoken. If you've ever heard any others, I'd be curious as to what they are. kwami 07:16, 2005 May 22 (UTC)
 * Well certainly "American" is the most common word (at least in the U.S.) to describe a citizen of the United States. I see nothing wrong with it as word, myself. I know others have issues. But I still disagree with your grammatical analysis: U.S. can be used as both a noun and an adjective. American can be used as both as well. I think you're trying to say that "American" is primarily an adjective, whereas U.S. is primarily a noun (defined by order of preference in a dictionary)? -- Decumanus 07:24, 2005 May 22 (UTC)
 * Most any English noun can be used attributively. I could speak of "the Decumanus family" or "the Decumanus point of view", but wouldn't argue that "Decumanus" is an adjective because of that. An adjective is somewhat different. I can say, "I'm more American than you", but not "I'm more U.S. than you", for example.
 * Why can't you? -- Decumanus 08:01, 2005 May 22 (UTC)
 * Well, you can say the words, but people wouldn't know what you mean.
 * I think many people would in fact, if you said it the right way. -- Decumanus 08:18, 2005 May 22 (UTC)
 * If you don't buy that, how about this: "American" is a noun derived from "America" meaning 'an inhabitant of', as well as being an adjective. But "U.S." has no such meaning. Therefore you can't just substitute one for the other.
 * You're saying there's no thing thing as a "United Stateser", a noun derived from "United States." Correct, but I don't see your point. We're talking about adjectives here, I thought? -- Decumanus 08:01, 2005 May 22 (UTC)
 * I'm trying to approach is from two different angles. Take your pick. The point is that we're missing a very basic word, that some people don't care for the work-around that we use, and have proposed various words that would be parallel to "Canadian", "Cuban", "Peruvian", etc. (These are all both adjectives and nouns naming people.) Of those proposals, "Usonian" is the only one I've ever actually heard. As far as I can tell, it's the most common (or at least, the least rare). I'm not arguing that it should be used, but thought that in an article named "Usonia" this deserved at least a mention. kwami
 * Besides the cultural issues, there's a practical issue with using "American". That's why you hear "U.S. citizen" in legal usage: an Argentine is technically an American citizen, so you need something more specific. But you can't simply replace "American" with "U.S." across the board, because they aren't the same part of speech (or, if you prefer, because one can be used to refer to a person, and the other can't), so we're left with this awkward partial fix, sometimes using "American", sometimes "U.S.", but lacking a word that will do for both. Almost every other country has a word for its citizens. kwami 07:54, 2005 May 22 (UTC)

Usonian at Wiktionary has something to add. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 17:01, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

pronunciation
Hi Revolución, I see you're changing the pronunciation from you-soh'-nee-a [ju.'so.ni.@] to oo-soh'-nee-a [u.'so.ni.@]. What's your source on this? It's the former on PBS television in the US, and that's also what you'd expect from the spelling, as in union, usury, etc. kwami 00:53, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * I concur, but mostly I have heard it used by architects in reference to Wright's work. -- Decumanus 00:55, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

 * Well, I have no source, sorry about the misunderstanding. But don't you think "oo-SOH-nee-a" sounds better? I know, yeah it's pretty hard to come up with an example of a word that uses that pronunciation, how about Uzbekistan? ;-) Revolución 02:35, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * When I was a kid, and learned that "lomster" was really lobster, I thought it sounded just horrible with a b. I have a sneaking suspicion that all the architects out there who are used to the you pronunciation will think the same about pronouncing it oo! kwami 03:47, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

I added a few more "usonian" homes to the pageLesotho (talk) 16:26, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Order of noted Usonian houses
I appreciate the value of ordering the list of noted Usonian Houses. However, I don't think the current alphabetization is the most useful. Perhaps alphabetizing by surname (as in most reference works on Wright), or in chronological order (as in most of the others). For example, I think that Dorothy H. Turkel should be alphabetized under "T" rather than under "D". Other thoughts on the most useful order? --Frankie Rae (talk) 18:41, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

 * By location would make most sense Galesburg Parkwyn Usonia II … Mediaarchitect (talk)

Revival of topic with correction
I'm sorry to see that there has been so little discussion on the Usonia article, mostly in 2005 with only a few sporadic comments since, the last in 2012. With this, I'm wondering if anyone is even still following it, and I would appreciate it if anyone who is would chime in here and let his/her presence be known. In any event, as one who favors the use of "Usonia(n)" rather than "America(n)", I was a bit dismayed to see "Usonia" take me to an article on architecture rather than on the term itself as an attractive alternative to the arrogant and illogical "America". The first sentence of this article is wrong, which makes all of it in a way wrong whether a disambiguation page exists or not. This first sentence is belied by the article itself, which quotes Wright as clearly indicating what he actually meant by the term. ("But why this term 'America' has become representative as the name of these United States at home and abroad is past recall. Samuel Butler fitted us with a good name. He called us Usonians, and our Nation of combined States, Usonia.") I'm not sure exactly what I want or plan to do about this, though I suppose it will probably entail, aside from modifying the current article, preparing an additional one on "Usonia(n)" as a proposed substitute for "America(n)" and a disambiguation page. Perhaps there could be four articles, corresponding to the four definitions at https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Usonian. Two of these already exists, with this one and Usonia Historic District. In any event, I'll begin by brushing up what the article has to say about Esperanto, in which the word is not "Usonia" but "Usono". Thanks in advance for any collaboration or advice. –Roy McCoy (talk) 23:06, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

 * First off, the three senses biographically specific to Frank Lloyd Wright will probably be treated together and/or in existing articles, so there won't be 4 separate articles. Second, the use of "American" which you object to is not so much "arrogant" as because there is no commonly-used word in the English language which is more specific in meaning than "American" and also of the same part of speech as American, as discussed at length above on this page.  Spanish has "Estadounidense", but there's no established word in English which is equivalent (which is why "Usonian" was invented).  AnonMoos (talk) 08:52, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

 * My use of the word "arrogant" may be slightly influenced by "arogi" in Esperanto, which means to arrogate. I still do think the term "American" is arrogant, however, whatever its rationale. Are you,, planning on developing a more general treatment of "Usonia(n)", and are you aware of another collaborator or collaborators? I myself am fairly content, at least for the time being, with my modification of the article's first paragraph.-- 16:24, 3 May 2019 Roy McCoy

 * Wikipedia article talk pages are for discussing how to improve Wikipedia articles, not for mobilizing social activism. The words "Usonian" and "Dymaxion" both had a kind of limited prominence in American popular culture in the 1940s (Dymaxion apparently more so than Usonian, especially when the Dymaxion map appeared in LIFE magazine), but have become more obscure since then -- leaving behind what linguists call a "lexical gap" in the case of Usonian (what some people would call a "sniglet")... AnonMoos (talk) 23:32, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for signing my message, sorry I forgot. But you signed mine without signing your own? I don't understand that, though I do see you're AnonMoos because that's who revised the page. Thanks also for reminding me what the talk pages are for; I don't think there's anything wrong with seeking collaboration on a page, though, and I imagine this sometimes occurs. Also, even though I'm clearly interested in promoting a general usage of "Usonia(n)", I'm still entitled to correct matters of fact and properly edit a page otherwise (which may go without saying).
 * I'll add that when I googled "Usonian" earlier today, most of the finds were architectural and so my objection to the slant of the article has faded. I also followed your links to "Dymaxion" and "sniglets", and will note that while "Dymaxion" didn't survive, "geodesic dome" did. I would say that "Usonia(n)" merits the fate of the latter rather than of the former. –Roy McCoy (talk) 00:58, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm following. The disambiguation link should address your concern.  --Charles Oppermann (talk) 13:17, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

 * What disambiguation link? A forthcoming one, I hope. If you mean the present "For the alternative name for a United States citizen" line, it doesn't, at least not satisfyingly. -- 16:24, 3 May 2019 Roy McCoy

Another property to include under noted Ursonian homes?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamour_and_Gerte_Shavin_House

title: Talk:Usonia


text:
Íslandsbanki

Íslandsbanki is an Icelandic bank with roots tracing back to 1875, formerly being the domestic part of Glitnir banki hf., but on 15 October 2008 being split from the bankrupt Glitnir and reestablished into a new independent bank. The sole operations of the bank is to manage a branch network in Iceland, with a 20%-40% market share across all domestic franchise areas. As of 2022, the bank has 12 branches around Iceland.

First Íslandsbanki
Íslandsbanki was originally created in 1990 through the merger of Alþýðubanki (Union Bank), Verzlunarbanki (Bank of Commerce) and Iðnaðarbanki (Industrial Bank). After its 2000 merger with FBA Icelandic Investment Bank, the bank was briefly renamed Íslandsbanki-FBA, but "FBA" was dropped from the name in 2002. In 2006, the bank again rebranded itself as Glitnir.

Second Íslandsbanki
The bank was re-established on 15 October 2008 under the name Nýi Glitnir ("New Glitnir") to take over the Icelandic operations of Glitnir banki hf., after the 2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis. The name was changed back to Íslandsbanki on 20 February 2009. The name Glitnir was deemed to be unreliable after the financial collapse, and a new logo was designed based on the old Glitnir and Íslandsbanki logos. Íslandsbanki was wholly owned by the Icelandic State Treasury from 2008 until 2021.

By the end of 2017, the bank had 861 full-time employees and a total amount of assets worth ISK 1.036 trillion, and its operations were divided into six business segments: Retail Banking, Corporate Banking, Markets, Wealth Management, Treasury and Subsidiaries & Equity Investments. The Bank has a 20–40% market share across all domestic franchise areas, and operates an efficient branch network in Iceland.

The directors, executives, and auditors of four Icelandic banks: Kaupthing Bank, Landsbanki, Glitnir/Íslandsbanki, and the Central Bank of Iceland, were awarded the satirical Ig Nobel Prize in Economics in 2009 for demonstrating that tiny banks can be rapidly transformed into huge banks, and vice versa and for demonstrating that similar things can be done to an entire national economy.

The current CEO is Jón Guðni Ómarsson.

Privatisation
In 2021, the Icelandic Government, in line with its plan, decided to begin the sell-off of Íslandsbanki in stages. In 2021, the government sold a 35% share in Íslandsbanki, with a further 22.5% being sold in March 2022. This brings the Icelandic State Treasury's share in the bank at 42.5% as of 2022.

title: Íslandsbanki