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Victoria Principal

Vicki Ree Principal (born January 3, 1950), later known as Victoria Principal, is an American actress, producer, entrepreneur, and author, best known for her role as Pamela Barnes Ewing on the American primetime television soap opera series Dallas. She spent nine years on the long-running series, leaving in 1987. Afterwards, she opened her own production company, Victoria Principal Productions, focusing mostly on television films. In the mid-1980s, she became interested in natural beauty therapies, and in 1989, she created an eponymous line of skincare products, Principal Secret.

Principal became a best-selling author, writing three books about beauty, skincare, fitness, well-being, and health: The Body Principal (1983), The Beauty Principal (1984), and The Diet Principal (1987). In the 2000s, she wrote a fourth book, Living Principal (2001). She is also a two-time Golden Globe Award nominee.

Early life
Vicki Ree Principal was born on January 3, 1950 in Fukuoka, Japan, the elder daughter of United States Air Force sergeant Victor Rocco Principal and Bertha Ree Principal (née Veal). She spent her first three months of life in Japan.

Because her father was in the U.S. military, the family moved often. She grew up in London, Puerto Rico, Florida, Massachusetts, and Georgia, among other places. She attended 17 different schools, including the Royal Ballet School while her family was stationed in England.

Principal began her career in TV commercials, appearing in her first at age 5. After graduating from South Dade Senior High School in 1968, she enrolled at Miami–Dade Community College, intending to study medicine. However, months before completing her first year of studies, she was seriously injured in a car crash while driving home from the library. The other driver was convicted of drunk driving and served jail time. Principal spent months in recovery and was faced with the prospect of having to retake her first year of studies. After serious introspection, she drastically changed course by moving to New York City to pursue acting, and shortly thereafter to Europe. She studied privately with Jean Scott (professor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) in London, and in 1971 moved to Los Angeles.

Early acting
In 1971, Principal moved to Los Angeles, California. She won her first film role as Marie Elena, a Mexican mistress, in John Huston's The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) (opposite Paul Newman), for which she earned a Golden Globe nomination as Most Promising Newcomer. On the basis of the positive response to Principal's acting work, her role was enlarged by writer John Milius. During this period, Warren Cowan flew in, introduced himself to Principal, and offered to represent her free-of-charge for the next year. She went to Arizona as an unknown; when she returned to Los Angeles three months later, the commercial flight she was on was greeted by paparazzi. She then had a starring role in the risqué comedy film The Naked Ape (1973), which was co-financed by Hugh Hefner, the founder and publisher of Playboy magazine. She appeared nude in the September 1973 issue of Playboy to promote the film. However, the film failed at the box office, which was a disappointment to her. In 1974, she was cast in the blockbuster disaster film Earthquake. Principal won the supporting role of Rosa Amici, beating out both Susan Sarandon and Kay Lenz for the part. Prior to her third callback audition, she opted to cut her then waist-length brown hair, dye it black, and have it styled into an Afro. Director Mark Robson was stunned, but impressed by Principal's risky transformation and dedication to look closer to the character. The film went on to become one of the era's highest-grossing films and received four Academy Award nominations and two Golden Globe nominations. She continued to act in lesser-known films such as I Will, I Will... for Now and Vigilante Force. Principal signed a three-picture deal with Brute Productions.

Behind the scenes, transition, and return to acting
Principal decided to leave acting and became a Hollywood talent agent and booking agent, which was her profession from 1975 to late 1977. She then had ambitions to study at law school and would support herself if needed through small acting roles on television and film, so as to fund her future college tuition. In 1976, she returned to her character in Earthquake by shooting additional scenes to expand the running time of the original picture for the broadcast premiere of that film, and in 1977, she made a guest appearance on the pilot of the television series Fantasy Island which aired on the ABC network, and in the 1977 television film The Night They Took Miss Beautiful on the NBC network.

The urge to return to acting came when television producer Aaron Spelling offered Principal a role in the pilot of his television series Fantasy Island, which she accepted.

Dallas TV series
When Principal obtained the pilot audition script for Dallas, her academic career ambitions changed, and she decided to return to the full-time acting profession. As Principal explained to TV Guide Network in 2004, "I had left acting to be an agent and was on my way to law school, but when a friend dropped off a Dallas script, I read it. When I finished, I knew my life had changed - that part was mine. So I called the [casting] person and said, "I'm sending someone in." She said, "Who?" I said, "Just put down my name. It will be a surprise." And it certainly was a surprise - I showed up with me! I sent myself in for it!" Principal landed the role of Pamela Barnes Ewing on the long-running prime time TV soap opera series Dallas that aired on the CBS network from 1978 to 1991. Principal explained to People in 2018, "When I went in for the part on Dallas, I had already fallen in love with the show and with the part. So my feeling from the moment I read it was that it was incredibly special and that I really, really wanted to be a part of it. I could not imagine not being Pam." As Principal told TV Insider in 2018, "I believed that Dallas would be a hit from the moment I read it. In fact, I turned down a major role that would have conflicted with Dallas in the belief that I would be offered the role of Pam. So that happened!"

Principal was her own manager in contract negotiations with CBS and Lorimar Productions, which produced Dallas. When Principal signed her Dallas contract, she removed the clause that would have given the network the right to consent and profit from her outside endeavors. She explained, "As a result that's why, you can only notice in hindsight, I was the only person in the cast who did commercials, who was doing movies of the week, who wrote books and these all belong to me. I retained the control and ownership of my image. No one owns me."

Dallas became a global phenomenon with the 1980 "Who shot J.R.?" cliffhanger mystery reveal. At the time, it was the highest-rated aired television episode in American history. Titled "Who Done It" the episode is the fourth episode in the fourth season (1980–1981) of Dallas, and remains the second highest rated prime-time telecast ever.

In 1981, Principal appeared on the song "All I Have to Do Is Dream" with her then boyfriend singer Andy Gibb. The single reached #51 on the US Hot 100 chart.

In 1983, Principal earned her second Golden Globe nomination, this time as Best Actress in a Television Series for Dallas. Principal took to other ways of improving her character, such as taking voice lessons for a better Texas accent.

Principal's character Pamela Ewing's relationship with Patrick Duffy's character, Bobby Ewing, was one of the major components of the series. Duffy's character, however, was killed off. When Duffy returned to Dallas in 1986, after being killed off a year earlier, the entire previous year was written by the show's writers as a dream that Pam had. Being told that the entire previous year was nothing more than a dream that one of the characters had didn't go over very well with some of the show's fans. Consequently, that season of Dallas is sometimes known as the show's "dream season" as the entire ninth season was only Pam's dream.

In 2018, recalling the first days of filming on the Dallas set in 1978, Principal told TV Insider, "What I remember most about the first day of shooting Dallas was an unexpected feeling of déjà vu. Everything was new to me; I was nervous, and yet I felt strangely sure that I was where I was supposed to be and with the people I was supposed to be with as though this had happened before. I remember looking at Patrick [Duffy] when he did not know it and thinking, 'this is a nice person.' And that made falling into his arms and our love scenes that day so much easier and natural.

Describing the on-screen relationship between Principal and Duffy, or Bobby and Pam, Duffy stated to The Huffington Post in 2017, "We had great chemistry on the show and that just fell into place. It was the luckiest bit of casting, I think, that has occurred in a long time on television. Everybody was absolutely perfect for the parts they played. For a Romeo and Juliet basically subject matter for Bobby and Pam, we were absolutely the most comfortable two actors when we were working together. Victoria had a wonderful sense of humor. We could just go crazy between takes and then get right back into the moment.

Over the course of her nine-year run on Dallas, Principal found worldwide fame. Principal left Dallas in 1987, after a two-year decision to prepare with the series' producers for the final season of her character's arc. However, as an actress, she intentionally worked on separating her own persona from that of her on-screen character, as she explained in 1987 to The New York Times in an interview during her final week of shooting on the Dallas set, "A lot of work has gone into keeping Victoria Principal separate from Pam Ewing. To stay on the show any longer would really seal my fate in the industry."

Reflecting on her time at Dallas, Principal stated to People in 2018, "At year seven, it was time for me to renegotiate my contract and I was very candid about my concern and my disappointment, that we had had such good writing and so many wonderful plots, and that when the time came to renegotiate the writers' contracts, I felt that a number of writers had left because they had not gotten the right deal." As she further explained to Entertainment Weekly in 2018, "The first five years on Dallas were so unbelievably wonderful — then some key writers departed, and by year seven there was a decline in the writing, which was an enormous part of my decision to leave. I informed the producers during renegotiations in the seventh year that I would only stay for two more. They wanted a longer contract, and I said no. I was completely transparent. I learned a lot from playing Pam. She was someone with such innate goodness and who was courageous in fighting for what she believed in. It was really a privilege to play her."

1987–present
Principal went on to star in various television films, some of which she produced through her production company Victoria Principal Productions, before stepping away to focus on her health and wellness projects. She has produced and starred in a half dozen major television productions, including Naked Lie (1989), Blind Witness (1989), and Sparks: The Price of Passion (1990).

In 1994, Principal appeared in an episode of the hit TV sitcom Home Improvement. Through the late 1990s and in 2000, she continued to appear as a guest star on several TV sitcoms and primetime drama series, including Just Shoot Me!, Family Guy, Providence, and The Practice, as well as appearing as herself on the comedy skit show Tracey Takes On....

In 1998, Principal co-starred in the French comedy feature film, Michael Kael vs. the World News Company, written by and starring Benoît Delépine. The cast included Marine Delterme, Mickey Rooney, Elliott Gould, William Atherton, and Féodor Atkine. The plot centers on a journalist who disrupts the cynical collusion between a CNN-type entity and covert operators in Washington in 1999, at Miami-based international news giant corporation WNC, where star co-anchors Leila Parker (Principal) and James Denit (Atherton) hate each other's guts. Their boss, Coogan (Gould), reminds them they pull in top ratings as a pair.

Principal returned to primetime soap-opera television in 2000, when she appeared in another Aaron Spelling production, the short-lived NBC television series Titans, with co-stars John Barrowman, Perry King, and Yasmine Bleeth. Thirteen episodes were filmed, of which 11 were actually aired. Produced by Spelling, the series was initially marketed as a "Dynasty for the new millennium," attempting to emulate the style of Spelling's earlier hit series. However, low ratings led NBC to cancel the series before its first season was completed.

After appearing in NBC's Titans, Principal dedicated her time fully to her skincare company and to philanthropic activities, as she confirmed to People in 2018, "By the time I turned 50, I felt that I wanted to make a change in my life" — she says, of ultimately leaving Hollywood after 2001 — 'My interest had shifted in such a way that would totally pursue my passion, which more and more really was my skincare company and creating products that could help many people."

In 2004, Principal featured along with other original Dallas cast members in Dallas Reunion: The Return to Southfork, a television special celebrating the 1978–1991 primetime series that aired on CBS.

Music
Principal recorded a pop single duet song with English-Australian singer-songwriter Andy Gibb, titled "All I Have to Do Is Dream" (1981). The recording is a cover version of the original song by the Everly Brothers, written by husband-and-wife songwriting team Felice and Boudleaux Bryant (credited solely to Boudleaux), The Gibb/Principal 1981 duet song was released on RSO Records in August 1981. The single peaked at number 51 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on September 12, 1981. The song was Gibb's last charting single, and the only single recorded by Principal.

Entrepreneur
When asked about the benefits of her entrepreneurial success — her skincare empire, best-selling author, television and film producer — Principal stated to The Huffington Post in 2012, that it is "Working for myself and being willing to take all of the blame when things go wrong and happy to take the credit when I get it right."

Victoria Principal Productions
After Principal left the Dallas TV series in 1987, she began her own production company, Victoria Principal Productions, producing mostly television films. Principal went on to star in various television films, some of which she produced through her production company, before stepping away to focus on her health and wellness projects. She has produced and starred in a half dozen major television productions, including Naked Lie (1989), Blind Witness (1989), and Sparks: The Price of Passion (1990).

Principal Secret Skincare
In the mid-1980s, Principal became interested in natural-beauty therapies, and in 1989, she created a self-named line of skincare products, Principal Secret. Over the past 25 years, Principal has built her skincare empire. In 2000, Principal became a member of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (SCC). The SCC is dedicated to the advancement of cosmetic science, and strives to increase and disseminate scientific information through meetings and publications. In January 2011, she launched a line of jewelry called Keys & Hearts available on the same site as her skincare line.

In August 2013, the CEO of Guthy Renker revealed to Women's Wear Daily that Principal's business, Principal Secret Skincare, had revenue of more than $1.5 billion to date, an increase of more than a half-billion dollars over the revenue up to 2007. As Principal told TV Insider in 2018, "I continue to be passionately dedicated to running my skincare company, Principal Secret. We are about to celebrate 27 years in business. And I have never forgotten that Dallas gave me the springboard to achieve so many of my dreams.".

In April 2019, Principal announced that she was stepping away from Principal Secret with Guthy Renker acquiring the business. Principal announced that she would be focusing on her foundation The Victoria Principal Foundation for Thoughtful Existence.

Books
In the 1980s, Principal became a best-selling author, writing three books about beauty, skincare, fitness, well-being and, health: The Body Principal (1983); The Beauty Principal (1984); and The Diet Principal (1987). In the 2000s, she wrote a fourth book Living Principal (2001). After 12 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list in the general non-fiction category, The Body Principal was the first "Advice, How-To, and Miscellaneous" No. 1 bestseller when that List debuted January 1, 1984.

Awards
Principal is a two-time Golden Globe Award nominee: 1973, nominee for Most Promising Newcomer — Female: The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean; and 1983, nominee for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series — Drama: Dallas.

In 1981 and 1982, Principal was the recipient of the "Bravo Otto" Award, a German accolade honoring excellence of performers in film, television, and music. She was also a nominee for the award in 1983.

In 1993, Principal received an honorary law degree from the University of West Los Angeles School of Law.

In 1995, Principal was named Entertainment Business Woman of the Year by the National Association of Women Business Owners.

In 1999, Principal became the youngest recipient of the Genii Lifetime Achievement Award for Women in Television.

In 2003, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to Principal's career.

In 2004, she received an honorary degree from Drexel University's Business School and gave the commencement address. On October 2, 2010, Principal was honored at the opening of Legacy Park in Malibu near the Pacific Coast Highway as a founding member of the park back in 2004. Over a 12-year period, she served the Arthritis Foundation as honorary chairman and ambassador to government.

Personal life
Principal has been married and divorced twice, and has no children. During the filming of The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972), she dated actor Anthony Perkins, who said he lost his virginity to her.

Her first marriage was to writer-producer Christopher Skinner, whom she met in 1978 when he played a bit acting part on Dallas. The couple wed soon after beginning their relationship; however, they filed for divorce two years later in 1980, it was finalized in 1981.

Principal had a high-profile relationship with English-Australian singer-songwriter Andy Gibb. The pair met on The John Davidson Show in January 1981 and had immediate chemistry. They celebrated their love in a duet song, "All I Have to Do Is Dream" (1981), a modest pop-chart hit that peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 12, 1981. The recording was the last single by Gibb, and is the only single recorded by Principal. The relationship ended in March 1982, due to Gibb's escalating drug addiction problems. After Gibb's death in 1988, Principal explained to People, "Our breakup was preceded and precipitated by Andy's use of drugs." She clarified, "I did everything I could to help him, but then I told him he would have to choose between me and his problem."

Principal met prominent Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Dr. Harry Glassman in 1983. They married on June 22, 1985, in Dallas, Texas, when Principal was seven years into her role on Dallas. The couple lived in Beverly Hills. In May 2006, Principal filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. The couple divorced in December 2006, with Principal stating, "We have had a loving relationship for over 20 years."

Principal later moved to Malibu, California. She owns properties in Big Sur, California, and Switzerland. In 2007, Principal showed interest in training for her booked flight on the Richard Branson's commercial space flight venture, the galactic passage ticket which she purchased in 2009. Principal stated, "Going into space fulfills many desires I have of seeing the planet, going fast, going someplace very few people have been—and hopefully coming back down!" In 2012, Principal withdrew from the Branson-led program.

Since 2012, Principal has developed a ranch property outside of Los Angeles, where she rescues and rehabilitates animals.

Philanthropy
Principal told The Huffington Post in 2012, "My deepest concern is for the planet and every living thing on it. Without a healthy planet, education won't matter, hunger won't matter, and science won't matter because we will not survive. Unless we rectify the damage we have done to our land and our oceans, then I truly believe, the planet will reclaim itself.

In 2006, Principal formed a charitable organization, the Victoria Principal Foundation For Thoughtful Existence, to help subsidize the environmental movement, of which she had been an active participant since 1978. The impetus of the foundation is to help financially support the planet and life upon it. Principal is particularly involved with ecology, oceans, banning toxic substances, helping children, and rescuing and rehabilitating animals. She provided aid those in need after the 2008 California wildfires. On June 2, 2010, she donated $200,000 to the cleanup effort in the Gulf Coast region. Her donations brought together two huge environmental nonprofits, Oceana and Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), to work together on the cleanup.

Principal appeared with other celebrities on June 21, 2010, in a CNN Larry King–sponsored telethon to support the Gulf Coast region following the Deepwater Horizon explosion. Principal was on a panel with King, answered phones, and spoke to donors for the entire two hours. The telethon raised over $1.8 million.

Principal is a former co-chairman of Victory Over Violence, the LA County Domestic Violence Council Community Advisory Board. The board is a coalition of representatives from the entertainment industry, business, government, and community who have come together with the dual purposes of increasing public awareness of issues surrounding domestic violence and increasing shelter and victim resources.

On December 13, 2011, Principal donated a substantial sum to the nonprofit marine conservation organization Oceana, and to NRDC to stop the expansion of offshore drilling in the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic Ocean, fearing such activity could lead to another disastrous oil spill. On December 20, 2011, the Giving Back Fund named Principal as one of the Top 30 Celebrity Charity Donors for 2011.

In 2012, Principal funded and participated in an online campaign with the NRDC in an effort to stop sonic blasting along the California coastline and prevent the deaths of hundreds of marine mammals and marine life. In 2012, she funded, through Tree People, the creation of a mobile emergency fire warning system for the Los Angeles area. In 2013, this system was completed and implemented, the first of its kind in California.

In 2013, Principal funded an ad bringing awareness to the plight of sea lion pups washing up along the California coastline and provided funds to Wildlife Org. for their rescue and rehabilitation.

In 2013, after the deadly Moore, Oklahoma, EF5 tornado, Principal funded the American Humane Association's famous Red Star Rescue Team to help search, rescue, and shelter injured and missing animals with the ultimate goal of reuniting them with their families. In August 2013, she funded in collaboration with Tree People a new mobile system that allows citizens to participate in critical wildfire prevention by texting.

In July 2014, Principal made a substantial contribution to NRDC's campaign for Save the Bees. She stated, "As of yesterday, I've now made a substantial donation and joined in support of the NRDC's campaign for Save the Bees. Without bees, our fruit- and vegetable-bearing plants and trees will cease to be productive." In August 2014, she fully funded, with the help of Mission K9 rescue, the return of military working dog Maxi from Japan to the United States to be reunited with her former Marine handler. Two months later, she donated $100,000 to support Malibu ballot initiative Measure R, which sought to limit the environmental impact of development in Malibu by requiring a vote on any new developments over 20,000 square feet. In November, the initiative was passed by voters.

In May 2015, Principal fully funded the Red Star Rescue Team of the American Humane Association for the rescue and rehabilitation of 150 dogs that had been injured and displaced by tornadoes and floods in Oklahoma and Texas. The following year, she created the Moki fund to help rescue animals and provide medical care so that they can be adopted into permanent homes. In August 2016, Principal worked with the American Red Cross to provide shelter and food for the victims of the 2016 Louisiana floods, as well as the American Humane Association to help rescue and shelter animals that were displaced in Louisiana and attempt to reunite them with their owners.

In April 2018, Principal announced that she will double the impact of individual gifts by matching donations to Oceana, up to $50,000 to help protect U.S. coasts from the dangers of offshore oil and gas. Explaining her commitment, Principal has stated, "Oceana successfully protected much of the Atlantic and Arctic from new drilling in the past, but now those protections are at risk. Oceana knows how to win victories for our oceans, and I am making this commitment to encourage people across the country to join me in the fight to protect our coasts."

In September 2018, Principal donated a fleet of rescue boats to help American Humane with animal disaster relief efforts in the Carolinas after Hurricane Florence.

Books

 * The Beauty Principal. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984; ISBN 0-671-49643-3.
 * The Diet Principal. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987; ISBN 0-671-53082-8.
 * Living Principal: Looking and Feeling Your Best at Every Age. New York: Villard, 2001; ISBN 0-375-50488-5.
 * Living Principal: Looking and Feeling Your Best at Every Age. New York: Villard, 2001; ISBN 0-375-50488-5.

title: Victoria Principal


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Talk:On First Looking into Chapman's Homer

Nominate for featured article? Stunning work,everyone! Andycjp 15/05/04

Cortez vs. Balboa.
I remember reading somewhere that Keats was actually not mistaken when he compares himself to Cortez.

Balboa discovered the Pacific. Homer wrote the epics. Chapman translated them

Cortez looked at the Pacific through Balboa's eyes (I think there is no proof that Cortez saw the pacific himself) Keats is looking at the epics through Chapman's eyes.

Both of them have not seen the true beauty of something so wonderful with their own eyes.

 * I don't think that's a sound reading, since "stout Cortez" is being paralleled to the astronomer (Herschel presumably in K's mind) who discovers a new planet. The point is that Keats's own experience of encountering a great poet is like a totally new discovery of something of monumental significance.  The article's current position of justifying the Cortez cite is frankly a lot of gobbledygook, and the special pleading inherent in claiming that Keats was "keenly interested in history" and so wouldn't make such a mistake is embarrassing.  Keats relied for his knowledge on a book by William Robertson called History of America, which includes separate passages describing Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean from a peak in Darien and Cortez's first survey of Mexico City from a high point.  If you read them, you'll find they're very similar, and the most reasonable conclusion is that Keats confused them in his memory.  71.136.180.15 (talk) 08:20, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * In fact metrically "Balboa" could have been easily substituted for "stout Cortez", eliminating the problem of an extra syllable mentioned in the article, the loss of an bland adjective being a small cost for historical accuracy in my opinion. And ironically the next line has an extra syllable anyway ("and").  If Keats was willing to change "wondering eyes" to "eagle eyes", it's strange he didn't change this.--Jack Upland (talk) 03:43, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

The 'and' is elided. 'stout' is not a 'bland' adjective, and as has been mentioned elsewhere, it doesn't mean 'fat'.
 * No, it doesn't mean fat, but so what? How is "and" elided??? It's an extra syllable!!!--Jack Upland (talk) 10:53, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

"Stout" Cortez
This has always seemed unfair. Why bring his body type into the poem? Bah humbug, Keats! (M Padman) 'stout' used to mean 'brave' and is used in English public schools to describe someone as a 'stout fellow'. Incidentally neither Cortez nor Bilbao 'discovered' the Pacific. It was always there. It was found by them but what credit goes to the Indians who knew about it for ages and showed it to the so called 'explorer' who went where no humans went, meaning where no whites had ever gone.....

 * That's a misinterpretation of what "discovery" and "explorer" mean, but that's irrelevant here.--Jack Upland (talk) 03:35, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * stout -- Rodhull andemu  21:46, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

True. I have, however, corrected the erroneous statement about the 'first' Europeans to see the Pacific: its western coast was seen by Europeans much earlier.

I have deleted the following sentence: "Charles Clarke noticed the error immediately, but Keats chose to not to alter his text, presumably because substituting Balboa for Cortez would have modified the meter." The account by Clarke is in Charles Cowden Clarke, Recollections of Writers (1878; Fontwell, Sussex: Centaur Press, 1969), in which "Recollections of John Keats" are at pp. 120-157, books.google.ca/books?id=oSdAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA120. There is no indication that Clarke pointed out any error in the sonnet. (Besides, the emendation "Balboa" would have exactly the same metre as "stout Cortez".) If the contributor who wrote that sentence wants to repeat that assertion, it should be documented. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:569:720B:D00:E5E0:5924:7CF6:6B88 (talk) 17:39, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

Criticism
I have removed the following after researching its veritability; if some reference for it can be found, it should be replaced:

'When this poem was first published, critics drew attention to the fact that Keats was not classically educated, depending on a translation of Homer rather than being able to read the Greek original. Keats was deeply upset at being rejected for reasons of social class, but this did not stop him using classical themes in his later work.'

OES 23 14:23, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I have removed the following due to verifiability. If some reference can be found, it should be re-written for clarity and replaced:
 * ”The island-dotted Aegean lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean and so Keats contrasts the western islands of his own experience with the East Indies, the goal that drew adventurers like Cortés and Balboa to the New World, an example of the submerged imagery behind the text that is typical of Keats's technique.” CalebSohSweeKai (talk) 00:31, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

Western Isles
Can a better explanation for this phrase be found? It makes little sense to say the Greek Islands were to the west of the East Indies. The confusion between the West and East Indies did not outlive Columbus. Compared with America, the Greek Islands are even further east.

Keats could mean the West Indies. This would tie in with "realms of gold". But how to explain Apollo? And he doesn't introduce Cortez till later.

Alternatively he could mean the Fortunate Isles/Garden of the Hesperides of ancient mythology. Presumably they are linked with Apollo as he is a god of the sun and "Hesperides" means dusk.--Jack Upland (talk) 21:58, 4 April 2009 (UTC)
 * My take is more likely the latter; Homer would have been writing in these terms about places beyond his knowledge and experience, and at the time, this would have included the islands of the Western Mediterranean, i.e. around Iberia, and the Indies, East or West, would have been completely unknown to him. Keats is apparently making a strong metaphorical comparison between two versions of historical events, mediated by Chapman himself. But that's just how I see it. -- Rodhull andemu  22:11, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

I don't understand what you mean. There is no suggestion Homer is writing about the East and West Indies. What are the two versions of historical events?--Jack Upland (talk) 22:17, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Or Keats could mean the western isles of the Hebrides, and be referring to Scottish poetry. But does that have any basis in his career?  I remain baffled by this phrase.--Jack Upland (talk) 07:52, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

"realms of gold"
"realms of gold" in the opening line seem to imply worldly riches... how can this be original research? It's just reading the words, not even interpreting them. Tagging isn't editing. --Wetman (talk) 23:15, 20 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Poetry, of its nature, is laden with metaphor, and more or less always has been. If otherwise, there would be no jobs for professors of English Literature. One man's "realms of gold" may well refer in a literal sense to, e.g. Eldorado; another's may well refer to the richness that derives from other sources, such as the value of friendship, the beauty of language itself, or even some religious significance. However, Keats is one of the major romantic poets and I doubt that what he meant hasn't been addressed by academics over the last 200 years or so. That, of course, remains conjectural in the absence of Keats' own words, but at least it's worthy of inclusion in this article. WP:OR strongly suggests that we should not draw conclusions for the reader; and WP:RS, supported by WP:V, suggests, nay mandates, that we are only able here to report what those sources have written. In the case of Keats, and this poem, there should be ample material for an encyclopedic analysis. I would have justified earlier had I not thought it beyond argument, since I am currentlt working on a backlog of image fixes; but if you need chapter and verse, you may have it, as entitled. But experienced editors shouldn't need it. Rodhull  andemu  23:47, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Space round the box
Can an editor adept in html create a slight breathing space between the box and the text? The poem template tested intruded extraneous marks. Thanks.--Wetman (talk) 07:09, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

References to the poem.
GK Chesterton in his poem "The Logical Vegetarian", (Wine, water and song, Methuen & co, August 1915) I am silent in the Club, I am silent in the pub, I am silent on a bally peak in Darien; — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.193.54.102 (talk) 04:20, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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White Bluffs, Washington

White Bluffs was an agricultural town in Benton County, Washington, United States. It was depopulated in 1943 along with the town of Hanford to make room for the nuclear production facility known as the Hanford Site.

History
Prior to the arrival of white settlers, the land was inhabited by the Wanapum Indians, a tribe closely related to the Palouse, Yakama, and Nez Perce tribes.

The first white settlement at White Bluffs was in 1861. The original townsite was located on the east bank of the Columbia River in Franklin County, near present-day Area 100H of the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. A ferry was built to accommodate traffic across the Columbia headed for the gold rush in British Columbia. By the early 1890s the population had grown and the town expanded to the west bank of the Columbia in Benton County.

The state government authorized a "colonization" project in 1921 to build 99 homes for returning World War I veterans, but abandoned it in 1925.

Hanford Site
When U.S. government seizures of homes of White Bluffs residents occurred beginning in March 1943, some homes were seized immediately for government office buildings. Residents were given from three days to two months to abandon their homes. Homes and orchards were burned by the government to clear the site. The remains of some 177 persons buried at the White Bluffs Cemetery were moved on May 6, 1943, to the East Prosser Cemetery, some 30 miles (50 km) away.

At the time of the government destruction of the town of White Bluffs, production of pears, apples, vegetables, and grapes for wine production were primary sources of livelihood.

Almost nothing remains of the town. A U.S. Department of Energy photo gallery containing various White Bluffs pictures was released on June 15, 2008.

title: White Bluffs, Washington


text:
Santa Clarita Valley

The Santa Clarita Valley (SCV) is part of the upper watershed of the Santa Clara River in Southern California. The valley was part of the 48,612 acre Rancho San Francisco Mexican land grant. Located in Los Angeles County, its main population center is the city of Santa Clarita which includes the neighborhoods of Canyon Country, Newhall, Saugus, and Valencia. Adjacent unincorporated communities include Castaic, Stevenson Ranch, Val Verde, and Valencia.

Etymology
The Santa Clara River was named by Spanish explorers for Clare of Assisi. The valley later became known as "little Santa Clara" in deference to the Northern California mission and city of Santa Clara, California. In time, "little Santa Clara" became "Santa Clarita".

Geography
The Santa Clarita Valley is bordered by the Lake Piru area, including the community of Val Verde, Los Padres National Forest, and Castaic Lake to the northwest, Sierra Pelona Mountains and Angeles National Forest to the north and northeast, San Gabriel Mountains to the east and southeast, and Santa Susana Mountains to the south and southwest, and Ventura County and the Santa Clara River Valley to the west. To the west-northwest lies the Topatopa Mountains.

Santa Clarita Valley is connected to a wide array of other nearby valleys: the San Fernando Valley and Los Angeles Basin via Newhall Pass to the south; Antelope Valley via CA 14 through Soledad Pass to the northeast; the San Joaquin Valley via I-5 through Tejon Pass to the northwest, and Leona Valley via San Francisquito and Bouquet canyons.

Downstream lies the Santa Clara River Valley, which was given the moniker Heritage Valley by the tourism bureau representing Piru, Fillmore, and Santa Paula. Upstream is Soledad Canyon which contains the communities of Vincent, Acton, Ravenna, and Agua Dulce.

Geology
The Santa Clarita Valley is underlain by Quaternary alluvial deposits and coarse-grained Pleistocene age conglomerates dominated by sandstone of marine and non-marine origin. The far eastern end of the valley features predominantly coarse-grained Tertiary age formations of sedimentary origin. The southern end of Bouquet Canyon features a large areas of artificial fill stretching from Newhall Ranch Road up to Copper Hill Drive.

The valley is bisected by the San Gabriel Fault, which runs through the center of the valley along a NW-SE axis. The much smaller Holser Fault runs east-to-west between the south-eastern Topatopa Mountains and the present day community of Valencia. Neither fault line has been active since the early Holocene era.

The valley is located in the northeastern extreme of the Ventura Basin Province, a petroleum-rich sedimentary basin with a long history of oil and gas production.

Climate
The valley features a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), approaching a semi-arid climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, moderately rainy winters with rare snowfall. Temperatures often exceed 100 F on hot summer afternoons but rarely dip below 25 F on cold winter nights. The valley lies within plant hardiness zone 9b.

Late spring and early summer mornings are often overcast due to the formation of a marine layer off the coast that moves inland overnight. These clouds typically retreat out of the valley by midday.

The valley is part of a "wind-tunnel-like-corridor" that connects the high desert with the Oxnard Plain on the coast. This funnels the Santa Ana winds which spreads wildfires and has been called one of the "most dangerous wind and fire corridors in Southern California."

Wildfires
Characterized by dry hills covered in brush and chaparral, Santa Clarita is susceptible to wildfires. Although wildfires are most common in summer and fall, they can occur throughout the year during drought conditions, such as in December 2017. Wildfire risk is highest when Santa Ana winds blow through the area from the Mojave Desert.

Notable wildfires in the Santa Clarita Valley include the Buckweed Fire, Sand Fire, Rye Fire, Tick Fire, and Maria Fire.

Ecology
Santa Clarita lies on the boundary between the WWF-designated California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion to the southwest, and California montane chaparral and woodlands ecoregion to the northeast.

Resident species of note include bobcat, coyote, red-tailed hawk, and desert cottontail.

Entertainment
The Santa Clarita Valley is about 20 mi from the Burbank Bob Hope Airport, and about 35 mi from Los Angeles International Airport. It is home to the 262 acre theme park Six Flags Magic Mountain which includes the gated waterpark Six Flags Hurricane Harbor. It offers a variety of family-oriented activity centers such as the Santa Clarita Aquatics Center, Copper Horse Riding Ranch, and the Cube (formerly Ice Station Valencia), restaurants and shopping centers, golf courses, cinemas and theaters, luxurious day spas, outdoor recreation areas like Castaic Lake, Placerita Canyon, and Santa Clarita Woodlands Park, as well as acres of parkland, animal sanctuaries like the Gentle Barn and Gibbon Conservation Center, over 70 miles of paseos and trails for hiking and biking, and more. The valley is also home to a number of historical sites, such as the oil drilling town Mentryville, Walk of Western Stars, and William S. Hart Ranch and Museum. The Santa Clarita Valley has a rich Western heritage, and since 1994, it has hosted an annual Cowboy Festival, which attracts more than 10,000 visitors each year.

Education
Elementary school students in Santa Clarita are served by the Castaic, Newhall, Saugus, and Sulphur Springs school districts. Junior high and high schools are part of the William S. Hart Union High School District, except for Castaic Middle School which is in the Castaic Union School District.

The unincorporated mountain communities of Acton and Agua Dulce are served by the Acton-Agua Dulce Unified School District, which serves students from kindergarten through 12th grade.

There are three institutions of higher education in the valley: College of the Canyons, California Institute of the Arts, and The Master's University.

title: Santa Clarita Valley


text:
User talk:Sudhir gokhale

Hi. Veer Savarkar has a copyright violation in the pages before you edited it. I have deleted the article in accordance with Wikipedia policy. Please feel free to recreate the article with your new text. - Tεx τ urε 23:09, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sudhir gokhale


text:
145 (number)

145 (one hundred [and] forty-five) is the natural number following 144 and preceding 146.

In mathematics

 * Although composite, 145 is a Fermat pseudoprime in sixteen bases with b < 145. In four of those bases, it is a strong pseudoprime: 1, 12, 17, and 144.
 * the Mertens function returns 0.
 * 145 is a pentagonal number and a centered square number.
 * $$145 = 12^2 + 1^2 = 8^2 + 9^2$$. 145 is the fourth number that is the sum of two different pairs of squares. Also, 145 is the result of 34 + 43, making it a Leyland number.
 * $$145 = 1! + 4! + 5!$$, making it a factorion. The only other numbers that have this property are 1, 2 and 40585.
 * $$145=5^2+5!=11^2+4!=12^2+1!$$, making 145 the smallest number that can be written as the sum of a square number and a factorial in 3 ways. The next number with this property is 46249.

In the military

 * USS Armada (AM-145) was a United States Navy Admirable-class minesweeper during World War II
 * USS Colbert (APA-145) was a United States Navy Haskell-class attack transport during World War II
 * USS General Harry Taylor (AP-145) was a United States Navy General G. O. Squier-class transport during World War II
 * USS Greer (DD-145) was a United States Navy Wickes-class destroyer during World War II
 * USS Huse (DE-145) was a United States Navy Edsall-class destroyer escort during World War II
 * USS Roanoke (CL-145) was a United States Navy Worcester-class cruiser following World War II

In sports

 * The Grand Union Canal Race is a 145-mile ultramarathon from Birmingham to London along the Grand Union Canal

In transportation

 * Eurocopter EC 145 is a twin-engine light utility helicopter
 * The Delahaye 145 Sports Car from 1938
 * The Alfa Romeo 145 car produced between 1994 and 2001
 * Volvo 145 Express station wagon
 * ERJ 145 regional jets produced by Embraer
 * Golden Gate Transit Bus Route 145
 * London Bus Route 145

In other fields
145 is also:
 * The year AD 145 or 145 BC
 * 145 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 762 – 763 CE
 * 145 Adeona is a large main belt asteroid
 * Psalm 145
 * Sonnet 145
 * Apple Computer laptops, such as the PowerBook 145 and PowerBook 145B
 * Puff Daddy song “Picture it” includes the lyrics “in something foreign soarin’ 145”
 * Tsuu T'ina Nation 145 Indian reserve in Alberta, Canada
 * 145 mg medicine tablets, as with Tricor
 * "One Four Five" is a song by The Cat Empire

title: 145 (number)


text:
Sweet Polly Oliver

"Sweet Polly Oliver" is an English broadside ballad (Roud #367), traceable from 1840 or earlier. It is also known as "Pretty Polly Oliver" and has several variant sets of lyrics, set to a single anonymous melody.

It is one of the best known of a number of folk songs describing women disguising themselves as men to join the army to be with their lovers.

Thomas Root wrote a symphonic band arrangement and Benjamin Britten wrote an arrangement for voice and piano.

Lyrics

 * As sweet Polly Oliver lay musing in bed,
 * A sudden strange fancy came into her head.
 * "Nor father nor mother shall make me false prove,
 * I'll 'list as a soldier, and follow my love."

 * So early next morning she softly arose,
 * And dressed herself up in her dead brother's clothes.
 * She cut her hair close, and she stained her face brown,
 * And went for a soldier to fair London Town.

 * Then up spoke the sergeant one day at his drill,
 * "Now who's good for nursing? A captain, he's ill."
 * "I'm ready," said Polly. To nurse him she's gone,
 * And finds it's her true love all wasted and wan.

 * The first week the doctor kept shaking his head,
 * "No nursing, young fellow, can save him," he said.
 * But when Polly Oliver had nursed him back to life
 * He cried, "You have cherished him as if you were his wife".

 * O then Polly Oliver, she burst into tears
 * And told the good doctor her hopes and her fears,
 * And very shortly after, for better or for worse,
 * The captain took joyfully his pretty soldier nurse.

title: Sweet Polly Oliver


text:
File:Paulbouts.png

Summary
Picture of Paul Bouts, reproduced from "De Psychognomie" with permission of the author.

title: File:Paulbouts.png


text:
Myst III: Exile

Myst III: Exile is the third title in the Myst series of graphic adventure puzzle video games. While the preceding games in the series, Myst and Riven, were produced by Cyan Worlds and published by Brøderbund, Exile was developed by Presto Studios and published by Ubi Soft. The game was released on four compact discs for both Mac OS and Microsoft Windows on May 8, 2001; versions for the Xbox and PlayStation 2 were released in late 2002. A single-disc DVD version was later released for Windows and Mac OS.

The player assumes the role of a friend of Atrus. A member of the D'ni race, Atrus can create links to other worlds called Ages by writing descriptive books. In Exile, Atrus has written an Age for the D'ni to live on while rebuilding their civilization. The book is stolen by a mysterious figure; the player pursues the thief in an attempt to reclaim Atrus' tablet.

The creators of the Myst franchise gave the task of creating the third Myst game to Presto Studios, known for its adventure game series The Journeyman Project. Presto sought to develop a diverse and logical approach to puzzles and Ages, and worked to make the villain sympathetically multifaceted. The developers hired Jack Wall to develop a musical style different from earlier composer Robyn Miller but still recognizable as a Myst game. The project required millions of U.S. dollars and more than two years to complete.

Exile was well-received by critics; The Daily Telegraph called it the best game in the Myst series. Despite selling more than one million copies within the first year of release, Exile performed worse commercially than Myst and Riven. Myst IV: Revelation, the fourth game in the series, was developed and published solely by Ubisoft.

Gameplay

Gameplay in Myst III: Exile is similar to that of its predecessors. The player explores immersive, pre-rendered environments known as "Ages" by using either mouse clicks or the space bar for movement from set nodes across each Age. Unlike previous games, which employed a series of still images, Exile uses a "free look" system which gives the player a 360-degree field of view at each node. The game also has an optional "zip" mode to rapidly cross explored terrain by skipping nodes. Clicking allows the player to manipulate objects and pick up items. The on-screen cursor changes to show contextual actions.

Each of the game's Ages has a distinctive look and theme. Players begin their journey on the Age of J'nanin, which acts as a hub linking to other Ages and as a "lesson Age" demonstrating important principles for later puzzles. Three of these Ages are Amateria, a mechanical Age in the middle of a vast sea; Edanna, a world of preserved nature, with abundant plant and animal life; and Voltaic, a dusty island riddled with contraption-filled canyons.

By gathering clues and manipulating the environment, the player solves thematically linked puzzles. For example, the book leading to Voltaic is accessed by aligning beams of light across a canyon; the Age itself contains similar energy-based puzzles. Edanna's plant-filled puzzles require manipulation of the Age's ecosystem. Puzzles often involve observing interactions between elements of the environment, then adjusting the links between them. The player can also pick up and view journals or pages written by game characters which reveal back-story and give hints to solving puzzles. Cursor Mode allows the player to select items from a personal inventory at the bottom of the screen.

Plot
Exile begins 10 years after the events of Riven, when the player arrives at Tomahna, the home of Atrus and his wife Catherine. Atrus is a scientist and explorer who has mastered an ancient practice known as the Art: he can create links to different Ages by writing special books. This ability comes from an ancient civilization known as the D'ni, whose society crumbles after the D'ni city is devastated by a plague. Atrus calls the player to his home to display his newest Age, Releeshahn, which Atrus has designed as a new home for the D'ni survivors.

As Atrus is preparing to leave for Releeshahn, a mysterious man appears in Atrus' study, sets it on fire, steals the Releeshahn book and leaves behind another. Following the thief, the player arrives at J'nanin, an Age that Atrus had written long before as a way to teach the Art to his sons. Because the fire has caused considerable damage to the J'nanin book, Atrus cannot accompany the player.

The mysterious man is named Saavedro. Twenty years earlier, Atrus' wayward sons Sirrus and Achenar destroyed Saavedro's home Age of Narayan and trapped him on J'nanin. Saavedro believes his family is dead and swears vengeance on Atrus, unaware that Atrus has already imprisoned his sons for their crimes and that Saavedro's family is still alive. The game can end several ways depending on the player's actions. In the most ideal scenario, Saavedro returns to Narayan peacefully after giving back the book of Releeshahn. Other endings result in Saavedro destroying Releeshahn or killing the player; another option allows the player to leave Saavedro trapped forever.

Development
Cyan Worlds and Mattel Interactive (then the owner of the Myst and Riven franchise) sought bids from several development companies for the development of a sequel to Myst and Riven; according to Game Developer, interested parties developed proposals including story concepts, analysis of the first two games, technology discussion, and technology demonstration. A core team from Presto Studios held discussions which analyzed Myst and Riven, then set out specific goals for the third game. According to Presto founder and producer Greg Uhler, these goals included visual variety in the Ages, a satisfying ending, and a way for players to gauge their progress during the game. The progress goal was very important for Uhler, who stated: "Players who had failed to complete Myst or Riven did so because they were unsure of how much remained of the game and what their goals were." Initially, Presto prepared three possible storylines for the game to follow; a meeting between Cyan, Presto, and Mattel yielded a completely different plot, which explored some of the loose ends hinted at in Myst. Mattel chose Presto for the task because of their talent, experience, and an existing business relationship.

Presto spent millions of U.S. dollars developing the game, using the studio's entire staff to complete the project. Development took two and a half years, of which nine months were spent on design and pre-production. Particular attention was devoted to strong visual styles and mechanics, which a critic described as "a collaboration of Jules Verne, Rube Goldberg and Claes Oldenburg". By July 2000, the game's look and feel, story, and puzzles were all complete, and Presto was building the game worlds. Pre-rendered environments, like those in the earlier Myst games, were used, providing what producer Dan Irish described as the "photorealistic ability to present the world in a convincing way. The 360-degree camera view also allows you to experience it in a way that makes it feel real." Presto used 3ds Max, Areté's Digital Nature Tools, and additional software to generate the pre-rendered visuals as well as dynamic water, character animations, and lighting.

As in Myst and Riven, the developers used live-action sequences instead of computer-generated actors and props; Irish stated that using computer graphics would have reminded players they were in a game, "which would wreck the immersion that is so critical to the Myst games". Live actors were filmed on a blue screen and then placed in the digital environments using chroma key technology. Before any shooting could begin, all the sets were constructed and filled with props the actors could use, costumes for all the characters were fashioned, and each scene was plotted out by storyboard. Rand Miller returned to play Atrus, a role he had filled since the first Myst game. Brad Dourif, a professional actor best known for the Child's Play films, agreed to play Saavedro because he was a huge Myst fan. Dourif noted that acting for a game was much more difficult than working on movie sets, as he could not see the player or interact with the game environment. Other actors included Maria Galante as Atrus' wife Catherine, and Greg Uhler's daughter Audrey in a cameo as Atrus' daughter Yeesha. Preparation for the video shoots took four months; filming the scenes took just seven days. Uhler noted that the video was one aspect of Myst that Presto "did wrong"; because high-definition video cameras were not used, the resulting video was not as crisp as developers had hoped.

After Mattel sold off their video gaming assets during their sale of The Learning Company to the Gores Technology Group in 2000, Exile ended up in the hands of a new subsidiary of The Learning Company titled GAME Studios. After Gores sold GAME Studios and their assets to Ubi Soft in March 2001, the title alongside the Myst franchise as a whole was put in the hands of the company.

Audio
The music for Myst and Riven was composed by Robyn Miller; Jack Wall created the score for the third installment. Irish stated that developing the music was one of the hardest aspects of Exile: "We had to match or exceed the surrealistic style of music that Robyn [Miller] had pioneered. It had to be recognizable as Myst, but unique and distinctive." Wall looked at the increasing complexity of games as an opportunity to give players a soundtrack with as much force as a movie score. Wall also echoed Irish's opinion that he wanted to make a very different score from the "wonderful sonic pastiche" of Myst and Riven, yet still recognizable as a sequel to the earlier games; Wall considered copying Miller's style as the "safe" yet unappealing route that was expected of him.

In preparation for his composition, Wall studied Miller's music, noting that he and Miller differed on their use of music theory. Miller, according to Wall, felt that "melody could easily get in the way of the experience of playing the game", but Wall felt that some melody provided something thematic for the player to grasp. Wall wanted the music to have a sense of purpose while still preserving interactivity, so he composed "reward music" for completing puzzles and recorded the score with a real orchestra.

Reception
Exile was generally received positively upon release; the PC version holds a 77% rating at GameRankings and an 83%/100 rating at Metacritic.

Exile graphics and sound received nearly universal praise, and were credited with completing the game's immersion. The puzzles were described as less difficult and more contained, meaning that players did not have to experiment with switches and then click several screens away to see the effect, as in Riven. Macworld's Peter Cohen praised Presto for giving out bits of story throughout the game, rather than providing exposition only during opening and closing sequences. The pacing and rewards system was also appreciated by reviewers. IGN concluded their review of the game by stating that Presto had done "a pretty good job with a notable addition to the series". The Daily Telegraph offered even stronger praise, saying that Presto had crafted the best Myst game in the series thus far, a sentiment that was echoed in other publications. The editors of Computer Games Magazine named Exile the best adventure game of 2001, and called it "a breath of fresh air amidst the otherwise barren crop of adventure titles." They also presented the game with their "Best Art Direction" and "Best Acting" awards, the latter for Dourif's performance.

Criticism of the game included complaints about the four-disc format of the game, which required players to swap out the installer disc with one of the other discs every time the player entered a new Age. GameSpot's Scott Osborne noted that due to the frame-by-frame nature of gameplay, it was occasionally difficult to discern where players were allowed to venture and what areas were unreachable. The Los Angeles Times reported that bugs including a lack of sound, incompatibility with certain graphics cards and system crashes were present in as many as 10 percent of the first shipment of discs. Reviewers who had not enjoyed Myst or Riven stated that there was nothing new or substantially different in the game to warrant interest; The New York Times observed, "Exile has everything you loved or hated about Myst and Riven."

During the 5th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Myst III for "Outstanding Achievement in Character or Story Development", "Outstanding Achievement in Original Musical Composition" and "PC Action/Adventure Game of the Year"; these awards ultimately went to Ico, Tropico and Return to Castle Wolfenstein, respectively. In 2011, Adventure Gamers named Myst III the 59th-best adventure game ever released.

Sales
Exile was highly anticipated; preorders topped 500,000 units by March 2001. The game was the best-selling computer title in the United States within a week of release, with an average retail price of $42. Its Collector's Edition claimed fifth place. The two SKUs held #1 and #9 the following week, by which time Ubisoft reported overall sales of 75,000 units. After staying in first place for three weeks, Exile dropped to third during the week ending June 2. It was the fourth-best-selling computer game of May in the region; PC Data reported sales of 54,468 retail units for the month. The Collector's Edition secured 12th place and sold 20,104. Exile remained on NPD Intelect's weekly computer game sales top 10 from June 3–23, and maintained fourth place for the month of June; PC Data tracked domestic retail sales of 49,287 units during the period. According to Ubisoft, Exile sold over 400,000 units worldwide by June 30.

Exile remained in NPD Intelect's monthly top 20 from July through August, and sold 173,569 domestic retail units by October, while its Collector's Edition sold 40,051. Following Exile's European release on September 7, it reached second place on the British sales charts, and #1 on those of Germany and France. Ubisoft reported global sales of over 750,000 units by the end of September, and of nearly 1.2 million units by the end of December. Its domestic retail sales for 2001 totaled 284,555 units, for $11.7 million in revenue. Domestic sales continued in 2002, with 80,810 retail units sold from January to June; and in 2003, with 43,735 sales for the year. By August 2006, Exile's computer version had sold 400,000 copies and earned $14 million in the United States alone. Edge ranked it as the country's 37th-best-selling computer game released between January 2000 and August 2006. As of the latter date, it was also the country's highest-selling Myst game released during the 2000s. By 2010, Exile's total sales had reached 1.5 million copies.

Despite strong sales, Exile was considered commercially disappointing compared to the phenomenal sales of the first two games, which had sold nearly 10 million units by the time of Exile's release. GameSpot editor Greg Kasavin told Time magazine that "Myst is no longer as relevant to gamers as it used to be" and that "it represents an antiquated style of gaming" compared to the 3-D action games being released at the time. Soon after Exile's release, Presto announced it was discontinuing software development; the Xbox title Whacked! was to be the last title produced by the company. Presto employee Michael Saladino pointed to the maverick style of the studio and its inability to develop more than one title at a time as reasons for its folding. The next game in the Myst series, entitled Revelation, would be produced and published by Ubisoft.

title: Myst III: Exile


text:
Manding languages

The Manding languages (sometimes spelt Manden) are a dialect continuum within the Niger-Congo family spoken in West Africa. Varieties of Manding are generally considered (among native speakers) to be mutually intelligible – dependent on exposure or familiarity with dialects between speakers – and spoken by 9.1 million people in the countries Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Mali, Liberia, Ivory Coast and The Gambia. Their best-known members are Mandinka or Mandingo, the principal language of The Gambia; Bambara, the most widely spoken language in Mali; Maninka or Malinké, a major language of Guinea and Mali; and Jula, a trade language of Ivory Coast and western Burkina Faso. Manding is part of the larger Mandé family of languages.

Subdivisions
The Manding languages, the differences from one another and relationships among them are matters that continue to be researched. In addition, the nomenclature is a mixture of indigenous terms and words applied by English and French speakers since before the colonisation of Africa, which makes the picture complex and even confusing.

The Mandinka people speak varieties from the first two groups. The differences between the western and eastern branches manifest themselves primarily phonetically. While dialects of the western group usually have 10 vowels (5 oral and 5 long/nasal), the eastern group, typified by Bambara, has 14 vowels (7 oral and 7 nasal):

 * Manding
 * West
 * Kassonke – Western Maninka (Mali, Senegal)
 * Mandinka (Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau)
 * Kita Maninka (Mali)
 * Jahanka (Guinea, Senegal, Gambia, Mali; one of several dialects under this name)
 * East
 * Marka (Dafin) (Burkina Faso, Mali)
 * Bambara–Dyula (Northeastern Manding; Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast)
 * Eastern Maninka (Southeastern Manding; multiple varieties in Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast)
 * Bolon (Burkina Faso)

In addition, Sininkere (Burkina Faso) is of an unclear placement within Manding.

Writing
The Manding languages have a strong oral tradition, but also have written forms: adaptations of the Arabic alphabet and the Latin alphabet and at least two indigenous scripts.
 * The Arabic alphabet was introduced into the region with the arrival of Islam and was adapted to write in the Manding languages as the Ajami, which is still commonly used for Mandinka.
 * The Latin alphabet was introduced into the region following European conquest and colonization. It is used fairly widely, with "official" versions in many countries, for teaching, literacy and publication.
 * The NKo alphabet, developed in 1949 by Solomana Kante, is designed to write Manding using a common literary standard comprehensible to speakers of all these varieties. It is gaining popularity.
 * A lesser-known alphabet for Bambara was developed in the early 20th century but is not used.

title: Manding languages


text:
Talk:Indo-European

Because the page was moved, the peer review is really here: Peer review/Indo-European/archive1

Indo European Language Tree Picture
The picture I uploaded seems to have been deleted from the page because of copyright infringe. I think, of all the charts and pictures of Indo European relations I've come across, this was the best. Is there someway we can keep it? I'm not sure how to approach this or what to do. Any options? The image page is here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IndoEuro.jpg

Latins?????
The infobox sucks. You are reducing Europe's most influential tribes (namely the Italic tribes) into one particular dialect of one particular tribe and tossing them into a group with other cultures who for the most part weren't even Indo-European!! Of course being that this is an English article, "Celtic" and "Germanic" peoples remain independently categorized. Seems a little propagandist. Anyway, following this ridiculous logic why not just categorize all the barbarian tribes as Celts? Seriously people, this is rather sad. 72.209.44.108 16:11, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

reworking into summary article

 * due to a suggestion on WP:PR, I'm reworking this article into a summary, pointing to several sub-articles, as listed in Template:Indo-European
 * Indo-European (linguistics) is supposed to give background on the history of research. Maybe someone can think of a better title?
 * most of the material, links etc. of this article was actually related to the Proto-Indo-Europeans an has been moved there.

dab 09:43, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Re: "PTC": Does this stand? Does anybody have some background for this (e.g. geneticists' views)? My suspicion is that this is just a random theory picked off the net (continuitas.com seems to be mainly about two italian authors). Regarding the theory itself, my suspicion is that genetic analysis of *any* region (except obvious "melting pot"/crossroads, such as Malta etc.) would show strong continuity, since large-scale long-distance migrations are very rare (in pre-modern times, of course), and genetical traces of "invaders" will be very scarce, which does not mean that the language was not completely replaced at one point.

Even minor migrations, minor compared to the population total, may incuce major linguistic change. "Migrations" that go on over several generations are better described as diffusion to avoid mental images of warlike conquering horsemen looting, raping and burning etc.

Anyway, I have created a separate article for PTC for now. Some smoothing of this (Indo-European) article is certainly still necessary. I'm trying to make it more coherent, but at some point, somebody else should check my edits for POV. Dbachmann 09:57, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The article needed serious NPOVing: it did not have one particular bent, but there were lots of little paragraphs, partly redundant, that were at odds with each other. have a look at the top of The Search for Indo European Origins where I tried to neutrally mention the different "emotional" issues. Some more integration work is still needed, though. Some POV claims I removed, for instance the assertion that 19th century research was tainted by racism from the outset. This simply doesn't do justice to the bulk of serious research. It's true that the Nazis made a big fuss of the 'Aryans', but the scholarly literature was only very marginally affected by this, so that the history of these distortions have a more adequate home in an article on the Nazis. Similarly, RSS style nationalistic views may be linked, but should be constrained to articles such as Aryan invasion theory. Dbachmann 08:57, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Can somebody explain to me how a philosopher like Friedrich Nietzsche can have contributed to the discovery of the Indo-Europeans? It seems implausible to me. Thanks in advance. Andries 23:17, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know anything about this in particular, but Nietzche was originally trained as a philologist, not as a philosopher, you know, so it's not at all beyond reason that he might have dabbled in this territory. -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 00:20, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

Wow, is Indogermanen really the German word for "Indo-European"? Those wacky, wacky Germans. I thought the "Indo-Germanic" thing was long dead... -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 17:18, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

-- Look,
 * Nietzsche was trained as a classical philologist. This doesn't mean he has the slightest involvement with PIE. It is ridiculous to mention Nietzsche in this article, and to leave out people like Jones and Sommer etc. Mentioning Dumezil may be in order, even though his theories are badly outdated, and the controversies should be alluded to.
 * "Indogermanisch" is a technical term and has no Nazi bent whatsoever! I don't know what people are thinking. Probably the fact that some steppe tribe called themselves "arya" in 2000 BC makes them Nazis, according to this argument? "Indo-Germanic" as originally intended in the 19th century was a linguistic term supposed to express the geographical range of the language family, as it were a bracket, including the most eastern and the most northern, to avoid having to call it "indo-aryan-graeco-armeno-italo-celto-albano-germanic" or something. It was never meant to express dominance of germanic (or indic) languages of any sort. After the discovery of Tocharian, we would have to switch to "Tocharo-Germanic", but of course the confusion would not be worth it.

I will try to modify the article accordingly, as gently as I can manage.

Dbachmann 13:18, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I have removed "Mostly for political reasons" before "their very existence is also questioned by scholars". George Feuerstein's book In Search of the Cradle of Civilization gives many cogent arguments for India as the origin of Sanskrit, and perhaps of other Indo-European languages. In his book, Hinduism: a Short Introduction, Klaus Klostermaier summarizes and seems to accept these arguments.

It is true that tools of the right-wing BJP have made similar arguments for political reasons, but the inclusion of this clause may lead right-thinking readers to unnecessarily reject these lines of inquiry.

 * Does BJP mean what I think it does!!??

 * If you were thinking Bharatiya Janata Party ("Indian People's Party"), then yes!Goethean 17:35, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * apparently BJP means "Blowjob principle" on Usenet (though not widely used, it seems). This would make for a cool disambiguation page!
 * BJP
 * British Journal of Photography
 * Blowjob principle, principle of tit-for-tat or something
 * Bharatiya Janata Party ("Indian People's Party"), right-wing nationalistic party of India
 * :-) Dbachmann 09:48, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Indo-European existence
I object to the fact that Indo-Europeans really existed. Not only are they a theory that was created by linguists, but there has been no proof (other than linguistic theories) to support it. On the other hand, there has been ample Archaeological and Anthropological facts to support just the opposite, that a Indo-European nomadic tribe never existed. Also, the indo-european theory is based on the fact that the human race was created by monogenesis. There is another school of thought that supports polygenesis (that the human race evolved in different parts of the planet at the same time) The indo-european theory is just not viable under the polygenesis theory (the one I am supporting) However neither the monogenesis or the polygenesis theory have been proven without a shadow of a doubt, so I cannot prove for certain that indo-europeans never existed until that matter is cleared up.

However the indo-european theory has been changed many times since its original conception. It has been thrown back from 1200 bc, to 1800 to 3000. Greek Mythology does not mention in any place that a nomadic tribe conquered them or that they conquered the native tribes when they moved into the Aegean territory, on the contrary, they mention that they (The Greeks) always lived there.

There are so many facts to discredit the theory that I wonder why it still survives. DB0 16:03, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 1. Show us this archaeological and anthropological proof you mentioned that shows the Indo-European theory isn't true,

2. As of now, there are more discoveries supporting monogenesis than polygenesis,

3. Even with polygenesis, the Indo-European theory is totally possible; all the groups in the Indo-European group have for a long time been said to all be Caucasian, one of the supposed races for polygenesis,

4. It is no coincidence that languages like Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit have related words; languages (and genes) do not become closer to each other again, they only diverge, except when there is later influence, like Latin on English, and there doesn't seem to be enough of that possible to explain all the relationships seen in the Indo-European theory,

5. I have always read that in around 1200 BC, there was some group, usually called the Dorians, who invaded or entered the Greek Peninsula, which at that time was already inhabited by the Myceneans - who are not thought to be Indo-European, and who also happened to like to make Earth goddess statues something like what Marija Gimbutas said in her Kurgan hypothesis,

6. Every culture around the world has some mythological story for creation of the world and the origin of the people they happen to identify themselves to be at that moment; you have to look a little deeper to see any relics of truth in those stories,

spettro9 5 Jan 2005   ---
 * Ummm, please get your facts straight. The Mycenaens were Indo-European AND Greek. Before entering the Balkans, the Greeks seperated into the Mycenaens, who migrated to the south, c. 2000 BC, and the Dorians, who remained in the northern part of the Balkans. Approximately 1000 years later, the Dorians joined them, or rather, carried out an invasion on them and plunged Greece into a "dark age". Nonetheless, their linguistic influence was low, and both Modern and Ancient Greek are descended from primitive Mycenaean. Dorian dialects still exist, with a small number of speakers. ~  Eiríkr Rauði  12:38, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

  Cite sources, not opinions. Zosodada 05:10, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Albanian, Tochranian, Anatolian not Centum/Satem?
The article states that there is some evidence that Tochranian, Anatolian, and Albanian don't belong to either Centum or Satem, yet no evidence is given that help coroborate this. Whoever wrote that (or anyone else that's familiar with the theory) should write what evidence there is for this theory, otherwise there may as well be no point in having it there. (Stamford).

Silly paragraph removed
I have removed this paragraph:

 * These kings were ragarded as being able to "reach out and defend their
 * people". This is an important fact, as the word reach is the only
 * Germanic word to maintain a very well-known Indo-European root,
 * meaning king, that can be seen in Latin rex, Irish rí, and
 * Sanskrit raj.

It's silly, I've seen no evidence that "reach" is from the PIE for "king", and there are plenty of other Germanic words that are descended from the root in question. Crculver 17:59, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * And rightly so. Judging from the style of it and the kind of article this is, I suspect it was written by User:Kenneth Alansson who has been banned for adding (and highly aggressively defending) pseudo-scientific utter nonsense. Fedor 13:07, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

hi
" the Proto-Indo-Europeans, possibly originating from somewhere around the Black Sea region from the 5th millennium BC onward."

I think this theory is very likely to be nonsence.

 * Nonetheless, it is the most widely accepted hypothesis. The only real alternative, Renfrew's theory of an origin in Anatolia, is held by few and is becoming increasingly abandoned. Wikipedia's goal is to represent the current thought in scholarship. Why do you protest the common theory, and do you hold the qualifications necessary to back up your assertion? Crculver 20:26, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The last time I checked, Anatolia was in the Black Sea Region, namely directly under it. So I don't sea how Renfrew's views are contradictory to the commonly held view, or how it is becoming 'abandoned'. Fedor 10:00, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops, I misread the poster above in thinking that "north of the Black Sea" was written. That is the mainstream view, with an origin south of the Black Sea being proposed by Renfrew and held by ever less. Sorry for the misreading. However, the anonymous poster who began this thread didn't offer anything constructive. Crculver 10:16, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * True. And I do not wish to contend what the mainstream believes, but wonder how they can pin-point it so exactly. Sounds a bit speculative to me, maybe that is what the previous poster hooked on. In any case, the present formulation is good as it covers both views, mainstream's and Renfrew's. Fedor 11:16, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Notes for map of Indo-European expansion
There is good map. But there are several mistakes:

1) Corsica and Sardinia were not Indo-European up to 1000 BC, because its population (Corses and Sardes) are described by ancient authors as relatives of non-Indoeuropean Hispanic Iberes. Romanisation of these islands was made to 1st cent. AD.

2) Eastern Spain was home of non-Indoeuropean Iberes and this area was romanisated up to 1st cent. AD.

3) In Scandinavia Northern Bronze Age culture which associated with Indo-Europeans spread to Norway and more large part of Sweden.

4) Estonia had no significant Indo-European population and generally border between Finnic and Baltic populations was Daugava (Dvina River) in today Latvia.

5) It is believed that in migration in Europe Indo-Europeans is divided to 2 branch: northern (Paleoeuropeans - ancesors of Celts, Illyrians, Italics, Venets, Germans, Slavs and Balts) and southern (ancesors of Greeks, Thracians, Phrygyans and Armenians). Border between these two branch was Carpatian mountains.

6) Up to 1000 BC nor Crete nor Cyprus were not Indo-European which is fixed in historical accounts.

7) It is believed in Kurgan hypothesis and is evidenced from historical and linguistical data that Anatolians came from Agean Sea basin (for example Carians).

8) Armenian Highlands was not Indo-European up to 800 BC. Its population were predominantly Caucasian-speaking Hurrians and Urartians.

9) About Tocharians: from linguistical data is known that Tocharians is strongly contacted with Finno-Ugric tribes. From this and archeological accounts it is believed that ancesors of Tocharians were population of Fatyanovo culture (central Russia). When and by which way Tocharians came to Sinkiang (Western China) is not known, but because slightly linguistical contacts between Tocharian and Iranic languages proposed that migration went through forest zone (not steppe).

Generally I think that it will better correct map.

Dmitry Krotko (til@bigmir.net).

 * Good points, and I'll try to take them into consideration when I update the map. Of course, it can only ever be very approximate in any case (except for your point (9) which is news to me; do you have a reference? I am also not familiar with your terminology in (5).) thanks, dab (ᛏ) 18:08, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * There has indeed a case been made for early contacts between Tocharian and Uralic speakers, based on loanwords, which would also explain the unusual (for an Indo-European lanugage) sound changes of Early Tocharian, especially the merger of all stop rows into one voiceless unaspirated one (see Kallio 2004 in the Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 63). However, there is no need to place the region of contact in Europe. Considering Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses, Pre-Proto-Uralic was likely spoken west of Lake Baikal in about 3000 BC and spread west into Europe from there in the 3rd millennium BC, placing it in the immediate neighbourhood of the Afanasevo culture, which was most probably Indo-European-speaking and has been specifically linked to Tocharian. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 14:22, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

back to dab page
I think I originally started this page as an overview of the articles linked by Indo-European. By now, it has become difficult to keep it aligned with its sub articles, and I propose cutting it down to a disambiguation page (along the lines of English or German), i.e. linking to Indo-European languages, Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-Europeans (of course without loss of data, exporting everything not already covered there). dab (ᛏ) 18:13, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * did it. dab (ᛏ) 16:34, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation Link Repair
I've re-pointed or removed the links to this page from all but three of the hundreds of pages that used to point to it. The three that remain are I'm declaring it done for now. Dpv 23:06, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Persian people—currently locked for editing; note on Talk page
 * History of Azerbaijan—currently locked for editing; note on Talk page
 * List of religions—in a sentence I don't understand, refers to a standard monotheistic Indo-European belief system; note on Talk page

Requested move 6 August 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved --  JHunterJ (talk) 11:55, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Indo-European → Indo-European (disambiguation) – This should redirect to Indo-European languages, the primary topic. Srnec (talk) 14:02, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nominator.(KIENGIR (talk) 16:50, 6 August 2020 (UTC))
 * Support. This had been a redirect to Indo-European languages until 4 May 2017 when the target of the redirect was changed to create a WP:MALPLACED disambiguation without any discussion or any rationale. The disambiguation page was then moved to fix the malplacement. older ≠ wiser 17:26, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 18:51, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT. Krakkos (talk) 19:12, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT. Rreagan007 (talk) 21:11, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Support Lorstaking. 13:02, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per PRIMARYREDIRECT. --Ab207 (talk) 15:38, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment, I am considering doing this immediately per WP:SNOWBALL.-Berig (talk) 16:40, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support but this is not a valid disambiguation page. Overwrite this page with a redirect to Indo-European (disambiguation) and ensure the other partial title matches etc are in a hatnote or at See also. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 07:39, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Indo-European


text:
Oswaldo Peraza

Oswald José Peraza [pay-RAH-za] (born October 19, 1962) is a Venezuelan former starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Baltimore Orioles (1988). He batted and threw right-handed. As of the 2014 season, he is the pitching coach for the Dominican Summer League Blue Jays.

Peraza was a hard thrower with a fastball in the 94–95 range. He also had a good slider and a fine change-up. He was traded from the Toronto Blue Jays to the Orioles for Mike Flanagan on August 31, 1987 in a transaction that was completed four days later on September 4 when José Mesa was sent to Baltimore. Peraza debuted with Baltimore in 1988, then missed the following season with arm problems, which were serious enough to affect the rest of his career. In his rookie season, Peraza posted a 10–14 record with 61 strikeouts and a 5.55 of ERA in 86 innings pitched.

Peraza, who was once one of the more highly touted prospects in the game, could not make it out of Triple-A ball after 1988 and he retired for good after three injury riddled years (1990–92).

title: Oswaldo Peraza


text:
Sachiko M

Sachiko Matsubara (Japanese: 松原 幸子; born 1973), better known by her stage name Sachiko M, is a Japanese musician. Her first solo album, Sine Wave Solo, was released in 1999. Working in collaboration with Ami Yoshida under the name Cosmos in 2002, Sachiko released the two disc album Astro Twin/Cosmos (2) which was awarded the Golden Nica prize in Ars Electronica, 2003. She released Good Morning Good Night, a collaborative album with Otomo Yoshihide and Toshimaru Nakamura, in 2004.

Selected discography

 * Filament 1 (1998) with Otomo Yoshihide
 * Un (1998) with Toshimaru Nakamura
 * Four Focuses (1999) with Martin Tétreault, Yasuhiro Otani, and Otomo Yoshihide
 * Filament 2 (Secret Recordings 2) (1999) with Günter Müller and Otomo Yoshihide
 * Sine Wave Solo (1999)
 * Do (2001) with Toshimaru Nakamura
 * Tears with Ami Yoshida as Cosmos (2002)
 * Les Hautes Solitudes - A Philippe Garrel Film: Imaginary Soundtrack (2002) with Otomo Yoshihide and Taku Sugimoto
 * Artefact (2002) with Philip Samartzis
 * Good Morning Good Night (2004) with Otomo Yoshihide and Toshimaru Nakamura
 * Manafon (2009) with David Sylvian

title: Sachiko M