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Municipalities of the canton of Ticino

There are 106 municipalities in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland,. Municipalities (comuni) are grouped in circles (circoli) which are part of districts (distretti).

List

 * Acquarossa
 * Agno
 * Airolo
 * Alto Malcantone
 * Aranno
 * Arbedo-Castione
 * Arogno
 * Ascona
 * Astano
 * Avegno Gordevio
 * Balerna
 * Bedano
 * Bedigliora
 * Bedretto
 * Bellinzona
 * Biasca
 * Bioggio
 * Bissone
 * Blenio
 * Bodio
 * Bosco/Gurin
 * Breggia
 * Brione sopra Minusio
 * Brissago
 * Brusino Arsizio
 * Cademario
 * Cadempino
 * Cadenazzo
 * Campo (Vallemaggia)
 * Canobbio
 * Capriasca
 * Caslano
 * Castel San Pietro
 * Centovalli
 * Cerentino
 * Cevio
 * Chiasso
 * Coldrerio
 * Collina d'Oro
 * Comano
 * Cugnasco-Gerra
 * Cureglia
 * Curio
 * Dalpe
 * Faido
 * Gambarogno
 * Giornico
 * Gordola
 * Grancia
 * Gravesano
 * Isone
 * Lamone
 * Lavertezzo
 * Lavizzara
 * Linescio
 * Locarno
 * Losone
 * Lugano
 * Lumino
 * Maggia
 * Magliaso
 * Manno
 * Massagno
 * Melide
 * Mendrisio
 * Mergoscia
 * Mezzovico-Vira
 * Miglieglia
 * Minusio
 * Monteceneri
 * Morbio Inferiore
 * Morcote
 * Muralto
 * Muzzano
 * Neggio
 * Novaggio
 * Novazzano
 * Onsernone
 * Origlio
 * Orselina
 * Paradiso
 * Personico
 * Pollegio
 * Ponte Capriasca
 * Porza
 * Prato (Leventina)
 * Pura
 * Quinto
 * Riva San Vitale
 * Riviera
 * Ronco sopra Ascona
 * Sant'Antonino
 * Savosa
 * Serravalle
 * Sorengo
 * Stabio
 * Tenero-Contra
 * Terre di Pedemonte
 * Torricella-Taverne
 * Tresa
 * Vacallo
 * Val Mara
 * Vernate
 * Verzasca
 * Vezia
 * Vico Morcote

Changes
In last centuries there were many changes (renaming, merges, splits) of municipalities. The following list enumerates all the changes, with the official (published) date (the new authorities are elected after some time, so sometime there are some other date). Changes from 25 June 1803:

 * Unknown - Niva and Cimalmotto merged in the new municipality of Campo (Vallemaggia).
 * Unknown - Pontirone, Loderio and Biasca merged in the municipality of Biasca.
 * 1830 - Prosito Lodrino merged in the municipality of Lodrino.
 * 23 November 1831 - Pianezzo, Sant'Antonio and Vallemorobbia in Piano separated themselves from Vallemorobbia
 * 1836 - Bottino and Ghirone merged in the municipality of Ghirone
 * 9 May 1853 - Campello separated itself from Calpiogna
 * 2 December 1867 - Vallemorobbia in Piano and Giubiasco merged in the municipality of Giubiasco.
 * 24 January 1982 - Gresso separated itself from Vergeletto
 * 1904 - Pambio and Noranco merged in the municipality of Pambio-Noranco
 * 20 November 1907 - Carasso, Ravecchia, Daro and Bellinzona merged in the municipality of Bellinzona.
 * 1925 - Bioggio, Biogno and Molino merged in the municipality of Bioggio
 * 1925 -- Biogno Villaggio, Lucino and Breganzona merged in the municipality of Breganzona
 * 15 November 1927 - Grumo and Torre merged in the municipality of Torre.
 * 8 May 1928 - Solduno and Locarno merged in the municipality of Locarno.
 * 12 July 1929 - Calprino is renamed Paradiso.
 * 12 July 1929 - Casenzano and Vairano merged in the municipality of San Nazzaro.
 * 10 June 1936 - Mogno and Fusio merged in the municipality of Fusio.
 * 15 October 1956 - Colla, Isone, Piandera, Scareglia and Signôra merged in the new municipality of Valcolla
 * 14 December 1971 - Lugano, Castagnola and Brè-Aldesago merged in the municipality of Lugano
 * 6 March 1972 - Rasa and Intragna merged in the municipality of Intragna
 * 26 November 1974 - Biogno-Beride and Croglio-Castelrotto merged in the new municipality of Croglio
 * 26 November 1974 - Campestro and Tesserete merged in the municipality of Tesserete
 * 24 November 1975 - Pedrinate and Chiasso merged in the municipality of Chiasso
 * 27 June 1994 - Crana, Comologno and Russo merged in the new municipality of Onsernone
 * 6 June 2000 - Tesserete, Cagiallo, Sala Capriasca, Lopagno, Roveredo Capriasca and Vaglio merged in the new municipality of Capriasca.
 * 21 January 2001 - Auressio, Berzona and Loco merged in the new municipality of Isorno
 * 8 October 2003 - Mendrisio and Salorino are merged in the municipality of Mendrisio.
 * 8 October 2003 - Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Maggia, Mogheno and Someo merged in the municipality of Maggia.
 * 8 October 2003 - Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, Peccia and Prato-Sornico merged in the new municipality of Lavizzara.
 * 8 October 2003 - Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco merged in the municipality of Acquarossa.
 * 3 November 2003 - Agra, Gentilino and Montagnola are merged in the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.
 * 3 November 2003 - Bioggio, Bosco Luganese and Cimo merged in the municipality of Bioggio.
 * 24 November 2003 - Casima, Castel San Pietro, Monte and Campora (part of Caneggio) are merged in the municipality of Castel San Pietro.
 * 24 November 2003 - Breganzona, Lugano, Pambio-Noranco and Pazzallo merged in the municipality of Lugano.
 * 24 November 2003- Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Lugano, Pregassona and Viganello merged in the municipality of Lugano.
 * 20 November 2004 - Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena e Vezio merged in the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.
 * 30 November 2004 - Cadenazzo and Robasacco merged in the municipality of Cadenazzo.
 * 26 January 2006 - Faido, Calonico, Chiggiogna and Rossura merged in the new municipality of Faido.
 * 22 October 2006 - Aquila, Campo Blenio, Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged in the new municipality of Blenio.
 * 22 October 2006 - Cevio, Bignasco and Cavergno merged in the municipality of Cevio.
 * 20 April 2008 - Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged in the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.
 * 20 April 2008 - Avegno and Gordevio merged in the new municipality of Avegno Gordevio.
 * 20 April 2008 - Bidogno, Corticiasca, Lugaggia and Capriasca merged in the new municipality of Capriasca.
 * 20 April 2008 - Iseo and Bioggio merged in the municipality of Bioggio.
 * 20 April 2008 - Barbengo, Carabbia, Villa Luganese and Lugano merged in the municipality of Lugano.
 * 5 April 2009 - Mendrisio, Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Rancate and Tremona merged in the municipality of Mendrisio.
 * 25 October 2009 - Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged in the new municipality of Centovalli.
 * 25 October 2009 - Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged in the new municipality of Breggia.
 * 25 April 2010 - Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged in the new municipality of Gambarogno.
 * 21 November 2010 - Medeglia, Bironico, Camignolo, Rivera and Sigirino merged in the new municipality of Monteceneri.
 * 1 April 2012 - Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged in the new municipality of Serravalle.
 * 1 April 2012 - Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Faido, Mairengo and Osco merged in the municipality of Faido.
 * 1 April 2012 - Carabietta and Collina d'Oro merged in the municipality of Collina d'Oro.
 * 14 April 2013 - Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged in the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte.
 * 14 April 2013 - Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Lugano, Sonvico and Valcolla merged in the municipality of Lugano.
 * 14 April 2013 - Besazio, Ligornetto, Mendrisio and Meride merged in the municipality of Mendrisio.
 * 10 April 2016 - Faido and Sobrio merged in the municipality of Faido.
 * 10 April 2016 - Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno, Onsernone and Vergeletto merged in the municipality of Onsernone.
 * 2 April 2017 - Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged into a newly created municipality of Riviera.
 * 2 April 2017 - Bellinzona, Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.
 * 18 October 2020 - Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged into a newly created municipality of Verzasca.
 * 18 April 2021 - Croglio, Monteggio, Ponte Tresa and Sessa merged into a newly created municipality of Tresa
 * 10 April 2022 - Maroggia, Melano and Rovio merged into a newly created municipality of Val Mara

Planned

 * Bosco/Gurin, Campo (Vallemaggia), Cerentino, Cevio and Linescio to merge into the municipality of Cevio-Rovana
 * Morcote and Vico Morcote to merge
 * Astano, Bedigliora, Curio, Miglieglia and Novaggio to merge into a new municipality of Lema (Approved by referendum)
 * Aranno, Bioggio, Neggio and Vernate to merge
 * Prato Leventina and Quinto to merge (Approved by referendum)
 * Bodio and Giornico to merge (Approved by referendum)
 * Balerna, Breggia, Chiasso, Morbio Inferiore and Vacallo to merge
 * Lavertezzo and Locarno to merge

title: Municipalities of the canton of Ticino


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Ramón García (1990s pitcher)

Ramón Antonio García Fortunato (born December 9, 1969) is a former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher who played for the Chicago White Sox (1991), Milwaukee Brewers (1996) and Houston Astros (1997).

In a three-season career, García compiled a 17–16 record with 200 strikeouts, five saves, and a 4.84 of earned run average in 95 appearances.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ramón García (1990s pitcher)


text:
User talk:Teen smoker guy

Hey geezer, you wanna stop the chugging before you die.

title: User talk:Teen smoker guy


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La Matapédia Regional County Municipality

La Matapédia is a regional county municipality (RCM) in eastern Quebec, Canada at the base of the Gaspé peninsula, in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region. Its seat is in Amqui. It is named after the Matapédia River which runs through the western part of the RCM.

La Matapédia was created on January 1, 1982, succeeding from the former Matapédia County Municipality. The region was subject to one of the last waves of colonization in Quebec, settled mostly by people from the Lower Saint-Lawrence between 1850 and 1950. It is a rural region in the Matapedia Valley crossed by the Notre Dame Mountains. Agriculture and logging, and its related industries (forestry and wood products), are the main economic activities.

Subdivisions
There are 25 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Amqui
 * Causapscal

 * Municipalities (7)
 * Albertville
 * Lac-au-Saumon
 * Sainte-Florence
 * Sainte-Marguerite-Marie
 * Saint-Vianney
 * Sayabec
 * Val-Brillant

 * Parishes (8)
 * Saint-Alexandre-des-Lacs
 * Saint-Cléophas
 * Saint-Damase
 * Sainte-Irène
 * Saint-Léon-le-Grand
 * Saint-Moïse
 * Saint-Tharcisius
 * Saint-Zénon-du-Lac-Humqui

 * Villages (1)
 * Saint-Noël

 * Unorganized Territory (7)
 * Lac-Alfred
 * Lac-Casault
 * Lac-Matapédia
 * Rivière-Patapédia-Est
 * Rivière-Vaseuse
 * Routhierville
 * Ruisseau-des-Mineurs

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


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Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality

Les Appalaches ( Municipalité régionale de comté des Appalaches) is a regional county municipality (RCM) in the Chaudière-Appalaches region in southeastern Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1982 from parts of the historic counties of Beauce, Frontenac, Mégantic, and Wolfe. The county seat and largest city is Thetford Mines.

The name of the RCM is linked to its location in the Appalachian Mountains with Mounts Adstock, Caribou, Oak, and Saint-Adrien being the highest. Until 2008, it was known as L'Amiante Regional County Municipality, because of the importance of asbestos mining in the region (amiante is French for "asbestos").

Subdivisions
There are 19 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Disraeli
 * Thetford Mines

 * Municipalities (13)
 * Adstock
 * Beaulac-Garthby
 * East Broughton
 * Irlande
 * Kinnear's Mills
 * Saint-Adrien-d'Irlande
 * Sainte-Clotilde-de-Beauce
 * Saint-Fortunat
 * Saint-Jacques-de-Leeds
 * Saint-Jean-de-Brébeuf
 * Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine
 * Saint-Julien
 * Saint-Pierre-de-Broughton

 * Parishes (4)
 * Disraeli
 * Sacré-Coeur-de-Jésus
 * Sainte-Praxède
 * Saint-Jacques-le-Majeur-de-Wolfestown

Language
Mother tongue from Canada 2016 Census

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

Attractions

 * Chemins Craig and Gosford Historic Route
 * Serpentine-de-Coleraine Ecological Reserve (Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine)
 * Frontenac National Park (Adstock)
 * Heritage Kinnear's Mills (Kinnear's Mills)
 * Mount Adstock (Adstock)
 * Musée minéralogique et minier de Thetford Mines (Thetford Mines)
 * Thetford Mines Bike Path (Thetford Mines)


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La Mitis Regional County Municipality

La Mitis is a regional county municipality in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region in eastern Quebec, Canada on the Gaspé peninsula. It is named for the Mitis River (The Mitis) which has its source in the region (at Lac Inférieur) and flows through the central part of the region before emptying into the Saint Lawrence River.

The county seat is in Mont-Joli.

Subdivisions
There are 18 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Métis-sur-Mer
 * Mont-Joli

 * Municipalities (6)
 * Grand-Métis
 * Les Hauteurs
 * Padoue
 * Sainte-Angèle-de-Mérici
 * Sainte-Luce
 * Saint-Gabriel-de-Rimouski

 * Parishes (7)
 * La Rédemption
 * Saint-Charles-Garnier
 * Saint-Donat
 * Sainte-Flavie
 * Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc
 * Saint-Joseph-de-Lepage
 * Saint-Octave-de-Métis

 * Villages (1)
 * Price

 * Unorganized Territory (2)
 * Lac-à-la-Croix
 * Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * Principal Highways
 * Secondary Highways
 * External Routes
 * None
 * External Routes
 * None
 * External Routes
 * None

title: La Mitis Regional County Municipality


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La Nouvelle-Beauce Regional County Municipality

La Nouvelle-Beauce (New Beauce) is a regional county municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region in southeastern Quebec, Canada, south of the Saint Lawrence River. It is located south of Lévis, along the Chaudière River.

Established in 1982 as a successor to Dorchester County, La Nouvelle-Beauce is made of 11 municipalities and is mainly French-speaking (99.2% French-speaking in 2006) and rural. Sainte-Marie, the county seat, is the most populous municipality.

The name of La Nouvelle-Beauce reminds the one given to the area along the Chaudière River by the French authorities until the end of the French Regime in North America.

Subdivisions
There are 11 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Sainte-Marie

 * Municipalities (7)
 * Frampton
 * Saint-Bernard
 * Saint-Elzéar
 * Saint-Isidore
 * Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon
 * Saints-Anges
 * Scott
 * Vallée-Jonction

 * Parishes (3)
 * Sainte-Hénédine
 * Sainte-Marguerite

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


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Thornborough Henges

The Thornborough Henges are an ancient monument complex that includes the three aligned henges that give the site its name. They are located on a raised plateau above the River Ure near the village of Thornborough in North Yorkshire, England. The site includes many large ancient structures including a cursus, henges, burial grounds and settlements.

They are thought to have been part of a Neolithic and Bronze Age 'ritual landscape' comparable to Salisbury Plain and date from between 3500 and 2500 BC. The monument complex has been called 'The Stonehenge of the North'. Historic England considers its landscape comparable in ceremonial importance to better known sites such as Stonehenge, Avebury, and  Orkney.

Concern over the impact on the ritual landscape of quarrying by Tarmac in the 21st century, led to negotiations between Tarmac and Historic England. Following an agreement originally reached in 2016, the two henges owned by Tarmac, as well as surrounding land owned by local company Lightwater Holdings, passed into the control of Historic England in 2023. The site is now managed by English Heritage and is publicly accessible. The third henge remained in private ownership at the time of the original agreement but in February 2024 English Heritage announced that it had acquired it.

Location
The Thornborough Henges are located on a plateau above the River Ure near the village of Thornborough in North Yorkshire, England.

Cursus
The cursus is the oldest and largest ancient monument at Thornborough. It is almost a mile in extent and runs from Thornborough village, under the (later) central henge and terminates close to the River Ure in a broadly east/west alignment, 5 mi north-west of Ripon.

Cursuses are perhaps the most enigmatic of ancient monuments. They typically comprise two parallel ditches, the larger of which can be a mile or more in extent, cut to create a "cigar-shaped" enclosure. Typically, burial mounds and mortuary enclosures are found alongside cursus monuments, indicating that they probably had a ceremonial function. Its age and status, alongside other ancient monuments of its kind, has led to the site being labelled as "the Stonehenge of the North".

Henges
The monument complex has been called 'The Stonehenge of the North'. Historic England considers its landscape comparable in ceremonial importance to better known sites such as Stonehenge, Avebury, and  Orkney.

The three henges are almost identical in size and composition, each having a diameter of approximately 240 m and two large entrances situated directly opposite each other. The henges are located around 550 m apart on an approximate northwest-southeast alignment, although there is a curious 'dogleg' in the layout. Altogether, the monument extends for more than a mile.

Archaeological excavation of the central henge has taken place. It has been suggested that its banks were covered with locally mined gypsum, with the resulting white sheen being striking and visible for miles around. A double alignment of pits, possibly evidence of a timber processional avenue, extends from the southern henge.

The 'dogleg' in the layout appears to cause the layout of the henges to mirror the three stars of Orion's Belt. The exact purpose of the henges is unclear though archaeological finds suggest that they served economic and social purposes as well as astronomical ones. It also reflects the different perpendicular alignments of midwinter sunset and midsummer sunrise. One of the legs also aligns, via another henge site at Nunwick with the Devil's Arrows 17.7km away at Boroughbridge.

The Northern henge is currently overgrown with trees but is one of the best preserved henges in Britain. The Central and Southern henges are in poorer condition although the banks of the henges are still quite prominent, especially in the case of the Central henge. To gain a full appreciation of the scale of the monument it is best viewed from the air. Thornborough Henges is a scheduled monument.

Beltane

All three of the Thornborough henges and the narrow strip of land connecting them are scheduled monuments. However, prior to the 2023 developments (see below) the owners of the site did not generally permit public access. Since 2004 an exception was made by Tarmac in relation to their land which allowed people to attend an annual event in celebration of the Gaelic festival of Beltane.

Quarrying and current status
Extensive quarrying has impacted much of the monument's setting to the north and west of the henges. The site lies within the wider Nosterfield quarry area being exploited for gravel by Tarmac Northern Ltd. In the early 21st century Tarmac planned to extend its quarrying operations to a 45 hectare site less than a mile east of the henges known as 'Ladybridge Farm'. Preliminary investigations of this area of land to discern its archaeological significance suggested that it may have been a location of ritual Neolithic encampments, possibly used by those people who built or visited the henges. Opponents of the plan claimed that if permission was granted for this area to be quarried, much of the remaining contextual information about the henges would be lost. A campaign led by local people and concerned archaeologists attempted to persuade Tarmac and North Yorkshire County Council to guarantee the protection of the area. British planning and archaeology guidelines prefer preservation in situ of archaeological remains. In cases where this is not possible, such as quarrying, preservation by record is an option, involving archaeological excavation. Campaigners argued that further excavation and subsequent quarrying will destroy the ritual landscape completely.

In 2002 Tarmac Northern Ltd. expressed an intention to apply for planning permission to quarry Thornborough Moor, thus intending to quarry right up to the edge of the designated scheduled monument area, which caused what The Times labelled as "unprecedented protests", and a 10,000 signature petition against the proposal. In March 2005, Tarmac stated it would not seek to apply for planning permission to quarry this site for at least ten years, the period covered by North Yorkshire County Council's Minerals Plan.

In February 2006 North Yorkshire County Council turned down Tarmac's application to expand quarrying to the Ladybridge Farm site. Later in 2006 Tarmac submitted a revised planning application to North Yorkshire County Council. The revised application for Ladybridge, which is adjacent to the Nosterfield Quarry, reduced the proposed area for sand and gravel extraction from 45 hectares to 31 hectares, avoiding the south west section of the site to address concerns raised about archaeology. The application was approved in February 2007.

Late in 2007 campaign group Friends of Thornborough requested a judicial review of the planning permission due to a number of procedural irregularities. In response, North Yorkshire County Council ruled the permission to be "fatally flawed," and withdrew the permission previously granted.

In November 2016, North Yorkshire County Council’s planning committee agreed with the owners Tarmac to approve further quarrying in return for preserving the site of the Thornborough Henges and 90 acres of surrounding land, which would eventually be handed over to a public body. This agreement saw control of the two henges on land owned by Tarmac pass to Historic England in February 2023. The site is operated by English Heritage and will enable public access. It will join the National Heritage Collection of English Heritage properties. In February 2024 English Heritage announced that it had acquired the third henge from its private owners.

title: Thornborough Henges


text:
La Région-Sherbrookoise Regional County Municipality

La Région-Sherbrookoise was a former regional county municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec. Prior to September 12, 1998 it was known as Sherbrooke Regional County Municipality.

It ceased to exist when most of it amalgamated into the expanded city of Sherbrooke on January 1, 2002.

Subdivisions
La Région-Sherbrookoise RCM consisted of:

 * the Municipality of Ascot
 * the City of Bromptonville
 * the Municipality of Deauville
 * the City of Fleurimont
 * the City of Lennoxville
 * the City of Rock Forest
 * the Municipality of Saint-Élie-d'Orford
 * the City of Sherbrooke
 * the City of Waterville

History
The City of Bromptonville and the Township of Brompton joined Sherbrooke Regional County Municipality on June 12, 1996. Until then, both had been parts of Le Val-Saint-François Regional County Municipality. They merged to form the new City of Bromptonville on December 30, 1998. Bromptonville merged into the new City of Sherbrooke on January 1, 2002 and became the borough of Brompton, but part of the former city was annexed to Stoke instead.

Dissolution
On January 1, 2002, all of the above except Waterville amalgamated into the newly expanded City of Sherbooke, as part of the 2001–2002 municipal reorganization in Quebec. Waterville remained independent and moved to Coaticook Regional County Municipality.


text:
La Rivière-du-Nord Regional County Municipality

La Rivière-du-Nord (The Rivière-du-Nord or The River of the North) is a regional county municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is in Saint-Jérôme. It is named for the river that runs through it, the Rivière du Nord.

Its population according to the 2016 Canadian Census was 128,170.

Subdivisions
There are 5 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Prévost
 * Saint-Colomban
 * Saint-Jérôme

 * Municipalities (2)
 * Saint-Hippolyte
 * Sainte-Sophie

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
L'Assomption Regional County Municipality

L'Assomption (The Assumption) is a regional county municipality in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is L'Assomption. L'Assomption is located directly north of the city of Montreal.

It is named for the L'Assomption River, which flows through the region from the north before emptying into the Saint Lawrence River in the south of the region at Repentigny.

Subdivisions
There are 5 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (4)
 * Charlemagne
 * L'Assomption
 * L'Épiphanie
 * Repentigny

 * Parishes (1)
 * Saint-Sulpice

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality

La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau (, The Valley of the Gatineau) is a regional county municipality in the Outaouais region of western Quebec, Canada. The seat is in Gracefield. It was incorporated on January 1, 1983 and was named for its location straddling the Gatineau River north of Low.

It consists of two cities, fifteen municipalities, and five unorganized territories. The area also has two Algonquin communities, Rapid Lake in the heart of the La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve and Kitigan Zibi.

The territory of the Gatineau Valley is bordered by other Outaouais RCMs: to the east by the Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality, to the southeast by Papineau RCM, to the south by the Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais RCM and to the west by the Pontiac Regional County Municipality. To the north is La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region. Numerous lakes abound in area, including everything from the small Lac des Pins to 31 Mile Lake.

The administrative centre for La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau is north of Kitigan Zibi in Maniwaki, previously the county seat of historic Gatineau County.

Subdivisions
There are 22 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Gracefield
 * Maniwaki

 * Municipalities (13)
 * Blue Sea
 * Bois-Franc
 * Bouchette
 * Cayamant
 * Déléage
 * Denholm
 * Egan-Sud
 * Grand-Remous
 * Kazabazua
 * Lac-Sainte-Marie
 * Messines
 * Montcerf-Lytton
 * Sainte-Thérèse-de-la-Gatineau

 * Townships (2)
 * Aumond
 * Low

 * Unorganized Territory (5)
 * Cascades-Malignes
 * Dépôt-Échouani
 * Lac-Lenôtre
 * Lac-Moselle
 * Lac-Pythonga

 * First Nation Reserve (2) (not associated with RCM)
 * Kitigan Zibi
 * Rapid Lake

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None
 * Principal highways
 * Secondary highways
 * None
 * Secondary highways
 * None
 * None


text:
La Vallée-du-Richelieu Regional County Municipality

La Vallée-du-Richelieu (The Valley of the Richelieu) is a regional county municipality in the Montérégie region in southwestern Quebec, Canada. Its seat is McMasterville.

It surrounds the Richelieu River as the river flows north from Lake Champlain in the United States to the Saint Lawrence River northeast of Montreal at Sorel-Tracy, Quebec. Dramatically different from the mountainous terrain to the south, the river valley is a vast plain that has been developed with extensive farmlands.

In the 21st century, the Richelieu River is very popular for both U.S. and Canadian recreational boaters, providing a connection that can bring boaters all the way from the outlet of the Saint Lawrence River to New York Harbor. A number of old fortifications exist dating back to the 17th century; they were built by the French in an effort to try to prevent the Iroquois from using the river as a way to attack the French settlers in the area. Fort Richelieu is at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Fort St. Louis (now Fort Chambly) at Chambly, Fort Sainte-Thérèse, and Fort Saint-Jean at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, are on the way. Fort St. Anne Isle La Motte, Vermont in Lake Champlain is near the river's source. The region is informally known as la Vallée-des-Forts.

Subdivisions
There are 13 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (7)
 * Beloeil
 * Carignan
 * Chambly
 * McMasterville
 * Mont-Saint-Hilaire
 * Otterburn Park
 * Saint-Basile-le-Grand

 * Municipalities (6)
 * Saint-Antoine-sur-Richelieu
 * Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu
 * Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu
 * Saint-Jean-Baptiste
 * Saint-Marc-sur-Richelieu
 * Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil

Former municipalities

 * Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville (now part of the Urban agglomeration of Longueuil)

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text: Talk:Ruthenian

title: Talk:Ruthenian


text:
Pierre-De Saurel Regional County Municipality

Pierre-De Saurel is a regional county municipality  in the Montérégie region in southwestern Quebec, Canada. Originally named Le Bas-Richelieu Regional County Municipality, the name change to Pierre-De Saurel took effect on January 1, 2009. Its seat is in Sorel-Tracy. It is located on the Richelieu River, downstream from La Vallée-du-Richelieu Regional County Municipality at the confluence of the Richelieu and Saint Lawrence River.

The RCM is named after Pierre de Saurel, a captain of the Carignan-Salières Regiment who rebuilt Fort Richelieu in 1666 and later became the area's seigneur.

Subdivisions
There are 12 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Saint-Joseph-de-Sorel
 * Saint-Ours
 * Sorel-Tracy

 * Municipalities (7)
 * Saint-Aimé
 * Saint-David
 * Saint-Robert
 * Saint-Roch-de-Richelieu
 * Sainte-Anne-de-Sorel
 * Sainte-Victoire-de-Sorel
 * Yamaska

 * Parishes (1)
 * Saint-Gérard-Majella

 * Villages (1)
 * Massueville

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal highways

 * Secondary highways

 * External routes
 * None


text:
Le Centre-de-la-Mauricie Regional County Municipality

Le Centre-de-la-Mauricie was a former regional county municipality and census division in the Mauricie region of Quebec, Canada.

Subdivisions
Prior to its dissolution, it consisted of:

 * Villes
 * Grand-Mère
 * Shawinigan
 * Shawinigan-Sud

 * Municipalities
 * Charette
 * Lac-à-la-Tortue

 * Parish Municipalities
 * Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel
 * Saint-Élie
 * Saint-Gérard-des-Laurentides
 * Saint-Jean-des-Piles
 * Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc

 * Villages
 * Saint-Boniface-de-Shawinigan
 * Saint-Georges-de-Champlain

Dissolution
The RCM was dissolved on December 31, 2001, when the municipalities of Charette, Saint-Boniface-de-Shawinigan, Saint-Élie, and Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc were transferred to the Maskinongé Regional County Municipality, Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel was transferred to the Les Chenaux Regional County Municipality, and the remaining municipalities were amalgamated into the new City of Shawinigan.


text:
Le Domaine-du-Roy Regional County Municipality

Le Domaine-du-Roy (The King's Domain) is a regional county municipality in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is in Roberval, and it is named for the King of France, who owned the land at the time of the colonization of Quebec.

Subdivisions
There are 10 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Roberval
 * Saint-Félicien

 * Municipalities (5)
 * Chambord
 * Lac-Bouchette
 * Sainte-Hedwidge
 * Saint-François-de-Sales
 * Saint-Prime

 * Parishes (1)
 * La Doré

 * Villages (1)
 * Saint-André-du-Lac-Saint-Jean

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Lac-Ashuapmushuan

 * Indian Reserve (1) (not associated with RCM)
 * Mashteuiatsh

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways
 * None

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
User talk:Touchon

Hi,

You seem to be a new user. Welcome to wikipedia. Regarding the new page you have created, there already exists a page on De Stijl. In such a case, it is the practice to have one article/ page only by merging the content of the two pages and after that creating a redirect from the page with the lesser known title to the page with the better known title. You could do it yourself, if you need any help feel free to ask. KRS 16:19, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Cecil Touchon
Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Cecil Touchon may not be sufficiently well-known to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. On Wikipedia, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper, a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects. TigerShark 02:38, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for checking in I am still working on the page. So what constitutes 'noteable'? Cecil Touchon is mentioned in wikipedia here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massurrealism I am just attempting to put a page for the like Cecil Touchon to go to. Perhaps I could request that you write an appropriate article?

License tagging for Image:Fuxnexuslogo01.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Fuxnexuslogo01.jpg. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 21:04, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Big Zeus
A tag has been placed on Big Zeus, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable, that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert notability may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is notable, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Nenyedi 20:54, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Massurrealism - conflicts-of-interest

 * The article Cecil Touchon was written by User:Touchon
 * The article Alan King (artist) was written by User:Alankinguk

--89.247.3.118 (talk) 09:43, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Touchon


text:
Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality

 Le Fjord-du-Saguenay  (The Fjord of the Saguenay [river]) is a regional county municipality in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Saint-Honoré, which is also its most populous municipality.

It is named for the fjord part of the Saguenay River, protruding out of the Saint Lawrence River into the southern section of the RCM. It is located adjacent to the city of Saguenay and practically surrounds it. It has a land area of 40232.41 km2 and a Canada 2011 Census population of 20,465 inhabitants.

Le Fjord-du-Saguenay is one of the few regional county municipalities in Quebec that does not constitute its own census division; instead, it is grouped with Saguenay as the single census division of Le Saguenay-et-son-Fjord; the territory of the census division corresponds exactly to that of the old pre-2002 Le Fjord-du-Saguenay regional county municipality.

Subdivisions
There are 16 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Saint-Honoré

 * Municipalities (11)
 * Bégin
 * Ferland-et-Boilleau
 * L'Anse-Saint-Jean
 * Larouche
 * Petit-Saguenay
 * Rivière-Éternité
 * Saint-Ambroise
 * Saint-Charles-de-Bourget
 * Saint-David-de-Falardeau
 * Saint-Félix-d'Otis
 * Saint-Fulgence

 * Parishes (1)
 * Sainte-Rose-du-Nord

 * Unorganized Territory (3)
 * Lac-Ministuk
 * Lalemant
 * Mont-Valin

History
Le Fjord-du-Saguenay was originally created in 1982, consisting mostly of the former historic County of Chicoutimi except for a few Municipalities which were taken from parts of the historic county of Lac-Saint-Jean-Est. In 2002, the cities of Chicoutimi, Jonquière, La Baie and the surrounding area amalgamated and became the City of Saguenay at which point they separated from the RCM; the post-2002 Le Fjord-du-Saguenay consists of the remainder of the original. After the departure of Saguenay, its largest community is the municipality of Saint-Honoré, with a 2011 census population of 5257 inhabitants.

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Basel-Landschaft

The following are the 86 municipalities of the canton of Basel-Country, as of 2009.

List

 * Aesch (BL)
 * Allschwil
 * Anwil
 * Arboldswil
 * Arisdorf
 * Arlesheim
 * Augst
 * Bennwil
 * Biel-Benken
 * Binningen
 * Birsfelden
 * Blauen
 * Böckten
 * Bottmingen
 * Bretzwil
 * Brislach
 * Bubendorf
 * Buckten
 * Burg im Leimental
 * Buus
 * Diegten
 * Diepflingen
 * Dittingen
 * Duggingen
 * Eptingen
 * Ettingen
 * Frenkendorf
 * Füllinsdorf
 * Gelterkinden
 * Giebenach
 * Grellingen
 * Häfelfingen
 * Hemmiken
 * Hersberg
 * Hölstein
 * Itingen
 * Känerkinden
 * Kilchberg (BL)
 * Lampenberg
 * Langenbruck
 * Läufelfingen
 * Laufen
 * Lausen
 * Lauwil
 * Liedertswil
 * Liesberg
 * Liestal
 * Lupsingen
 * Maisprach
 * Münchenstein
 * Muttenz
 * Nenzlingen
 * Niederdorf
 * Nusshof
 * Oberdorf (BL)
 * Oberwil (BL)
 * Oltingen
 * Ormalingen
 * Pfeffingen
 * Pratteln
 * Ramlinsburg
 * Reigoldswil
 * Reinach (BL)
 * Rickenbach (BL)
 * Roggenburg
 * Röschenz
 * Rothenfluh
 * Rümlingen
 * Rünenberg
 * Schönenbuch
 * Seltisberg
 * Sissach
 * Tecknau
 * Tenniken
 * Therwil
 * Thürnen
 * Titterten
 * Wahlen
 * Waldenburg
 * Wenslingen
 * Wintersingen
 * Wittinsburg
 * Zeglingen
 * Ziefen
 * Zunzgen
 * Zwingen


text:
Le Granit Regional County Municipality

Le Granit (Granite) is a regional county municipality in the Estrie region of eastern Quebec, Canada. Located directly south of Quebec City, it borders the region of Chaudière-Appalaches, as well as the US states of New Hampshire and Maine. It is named for its abundance of granite. Created in 1982, Le Granit's seat is Lac-Mégantic.

Subdivisions
There are 20 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Lac-Mégantic

 * Municipalities (15)
 * Audet
 * Frontenac
 * Lac-Drolet
 * Lambton
 * Milan
 * Nantes
 * Notre-Dame-des-Bois
 * Piopolis
 * Saint-Ludger
 * Saint-Robert-Bellarmin
 * Saint-Romain
 * Saint-Sébastien
 * Sainte-Cécile-de-Whitton
 * Stornoway
 * Val-Racine

 * Parishes (1)
 * Saint-Augustin-de-Woburn

 * Townships (2)
 * Marston
 * Stratford

Population
Population trend:

Language
Mother tongue (2016)

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal highways

 * Secondary highways

 * External routes

title: Le Granit Regional County Municipality


text:
Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality

Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality (Upper Richelieu) is a regional county municipality in the Montérégie region in southwestern Quebec, Canada. Its seat is in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. It is named for the Richelieu River which runs south-north through it.

Subdivisions
There are 14 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu

 * Municipalities (12)
 * Clarenceville
 * Henryville
 * Lacolle
 * Mont-Saint-Grégoire
 * Noyan
 * Saint-Alexandre
 * Saint-Blaise-sur-Richelieu
 * Saint-Paul-de-l'Île-aux-Noix
 * Saint-Sébastien
 * Saint-Valentin
 * Sainte-Brigide-d'Iberville
 * Venise-en-Québec

 * Parishes (1)
 * Sainte-Anne-de-Sabrevois

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes


text:
Talk:Blue Coat School (Oldham, Greater Manchester)

For an August 2004 deletion debate over this page see: Votes for deletion/Blue Coat School, Oldham

Right, I've just gone through on a bit of an editing spree. It appears that in the past month or so, Heavily non-NPOV additions have been made. I'm not in Oldham, so I don't have easy access to the list of staff etc to check facts, but in my last edit I've made changes that bring it closer to the ideal. I'd postulate that the vandalism is being performed by (ex-)pupils of the school, in a manner of the pages about teachers there (Graham McGuffie, Anthony Ballantyne, both now deleted). In 6 weeks or so I'll be in a better position to check facts about the school itself. See also What_Wikipedia_is_not --RDevz 16:23, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

OK, I just performed a huge edit on the page. A hell of a lot of it was inaccurate, misleading and rather hateful towards the school. I've chopped out large portions that didn't seem to fit in with the purpose of the Wiki. The article still isn't perfect, and could use a lot more editing. This seems like a suitable place to break though. RDevz 17:46, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Just added the buildings section, although this is incomplete. I left the school in 2000, so things may have changed.

Things I know are missing:
 * What was the name of the temporary building that housed 4 language classrooms? Is it still there?
 * What was the name of the old building that used to house the sixth formers? What is it used for now they have under the cellar?

I also heard the roof blew off the junior block... can someone confirm this? (Starguitar 17:16, 22 February 2007 (UTC))

Q: What was the name of the temporary building that housed 4 language classrooms? Is it still there?

A: You mean the JT block? (stands for Jean Taylor Block), and that was supposed to be tempory? i havent been in there for about 4 years, its that bad.

Q:What was the name of the old building that used to house the sixth formers? What is it used for now they have under the cellar?

A:Kirkman house? that behind my times, but after that there was the undercroft (under the science dept), we moved to the mezzanine. (the old converted sports dept, it above the new Lunch hall/reastaurant.)

Q:I also heard the roof blew off the junior block... can someone confirm this?

A: yes it did, although it wasnt very spectacular, it was just the metal tim from the edge, although it was metal at it was quite high up.

ste (current Y12)--Steroberts89 18:59, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Also does anyone know where is secret Staircase is? in Kirkman House?

--Steroberts89 19:09, 18 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
Municipalities of the canton of Neuchâtel

The following are the 27 municipalities of the canton of Neuchâtel, as of 2021.

List

 * Boudry
 * Brot-Plamboz
 * Cornaux
 * Cortaillod
 * Cressier (NE)
 * Enges
 * Hauterive (NE)
 * La Brévine
 * La Chaux-de-Fonds
 * La Chaux-du-Milieu
 * La Côte-aux-Fées
 * La Grande-Béroche
 * La Sagne
 * La Tène
 * Le Cerneux-Péquignot
 * Le Landeron
 * Le Locle
 * Les Planchettes
 * Les Ponts-de-Martel
 * Les Verrières
 * Lignières
 * Milvignes
 * Neuchâtel
 * Rochefort
 * Saint-Blaise
 * Val-de-Ruz
 * Val-de-Travers


text:
Le Haut-Saint-François Regional County Municipality

Le Haut-Saint-François (The Upper Saint-François [St. Francis]) is a regional county municipality in southeastern Quebec, Canada in the Estrie region. Its seat is in Cookshire-Eaton, and it is named for the Saint-François River which runs through the RCM.

Subdivisions
There are 14 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & towns (3)
 * Cookshire-Eaton
 * East Angus
 * Scotstown

 * Municipalities (8)
 * Ascot Corner
 * Bury
 * Chartierville
 * Dudswell
 * La Patrie
 * Newport
 * Saint-Isidore-de-Clifton
 * Weedon

 * Townships (3)
 * Hampden
 * Lingwick
 * Westbury

Demographics
Mother tongue data, from Canada 2016 Census:

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal highways

 * Secondary highways

 * External routes


text:
La Tuque, Quebec

La Tuque is a city located in north-central Quebec, Canada, on the Saint-Maurice River, between Trois-Rivières and Chambord. The population was 11,129 at the 2021 Canadian census, most of which live within the urban area. At over 28,000 km2, it is the largest city in Canada by area.

The Classique internationale de canots de la Mauricie canoeing race begins at La Tuque.

Etymology
The name, which dates to the eighteenth century, originates from a nearby rock formation which resembles a French-Canadian knitted cap known as the tuque.

In 1823–24, the explorer François Verreault described the location as: "« un Portage nommé Ushabatshuan (le courant trop fort pour le sauter). Les Voyageurs le nomment la Tuque, à cause d'une Montagne haute, dont le pic ressemble à une Tuque. Ce portage est d'une lieue, avec des fortes côtes à monter ». ('a portage named Ushabatshuan ('the rapids too strong to jump'). The voyageurs call it La Tuque, due to a tall mountain whose peak resembles a 'tuque.' The portage is a league long, and climbs steep slopes.')"

The hat-shaped mountain which gave its name to the town of La Tuque is located between the Saint-Maurice River (left bank) and the WestRock paper mill. The summit of this mountain is about 245 m. It is located 200 m from the river and about 400 m upstream (northeast side) of the La Tuque hydroelectric power plant.

History
The territory of La Tuque was first inhabited by Atikamekw Indigenous people. In the early 1850s, settlers were drawn to the area to exploit the forest resources. The La Tuque Post Office opened in 1887, but the area remained isolated from the rest of the Mauricie until the early 1900s when the National Transcontinental Railway was built, prompting industrial development and the growth of a community on the east bank of the Saint-Maurice River where there was a large set of falls.

On November 15, 1909, the Village Municipality of La Tuque was incorporated, with Achille Comeau as first mayor. A few months later on April 4, 1910, the Village Municipality of La Tuque Falls was formed, with Wenceslas Plante as first mayor. Less than one year later in March 1911, both villages merged to form the Town of La Tuque, with Wenceslas Plante as first mayor.

In the 1940s, the hydro-electric generating station on the Saint-Maurice River was built, resulting in the partial destruction of the rock formation that gave the town its name.

In 1972, the Municipality of Haute-Mauricie was formed out of portions from the unincorporated Carignan and Malhiot Townships, in the proximity of the Saint-Maurice Wildlife Reserve. However, its low population and constantly rising administrative costs led to the merger of Haute-Mauricie with La Tuque in August 1993.

On March 26, 2003, Le Haut-Saint-Maurice Regional County Municipality was dissolved and all its municipalities and unorganized territories were amalgamated into the new City of La Tuque, thereby becoming the largest municipality with city status in land area in Quebec, and largest in Canada (38,000 km2). On January 1, 2006, the municipalities of La Bostonnais and Lac-Édouard separated and were reestablished.

In May 2010, some 120 forest fires broke out around La Tuque, burning until June. Smoke from these fires reached portions of Eastern Ontario and southern Quebec, including the cities of Ottawa and Montreal, as well as the northern US states.

In 2011, the 100th anniversary of La Tuque was celebrated with various cultural activities, including a large parade held on June 25 as well as the creation of a recipe book made by local residents.

Geography
While the urban area of La Tuque is relatively small, its entire territory is the largest city in Canada. It consists of almost all the entire former regional county municipality of Le Haut-Saint-Maurice, and includes the settlements of Carignan, Clova, La Croche, Fitzpatrick, Kiskissink, Oskélanéo, Parent, Rapide-Blanc, Rivière-aux-Rats, and Sanmaur.

Enclosed by but not administratively part of the city are the three First Nations reserves of Coucoucache, Obedjiwan, and Wemotaci.

Notable bodies of water in La Tuque are:
 * Gouin Reservoir
 * Lake Edouard
 * Lake Kiskissink
 * Lake Wayagamac
 * Grand Lake Bostonnais
 * Ventadour Lake

Notable rivers in La Tuque are:
 * Saint-Maurice
 * Vermillon
 * Manouane
 * Croche
 * Bostonnais
 * Little Bostonnais
 * Trenche

Climate
La Tuque has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with warm summers and cold, snowy winters.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, La Tuque had a population of $11,129$ living in $5,543$ of its $6,930$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $11,001$. With a land area of 24809.4 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Territorial equivalent
The population of the La Tuque territorial equivalent according to the Canada 2021 Census is 15,038.

Economy
The local economy centres on pulp and paper; the city has a pulp-milling centre as well as a major hydroelectric station.

As the gateway to the upper Mauricie, La Tuque's economy also offers outdoor tourism opportunities and caters to hunting and fishing trips in its large hinterland, which is partially regulated by the following zone d'exploitation contrôlées:
 * Zec de la Croche
 * Zec de la Bessonne
 * Zec Borgia
 * Zec Frémont
 * Zec du Gros-Brochet
 * Zec Jeannotte, Québec
 * Zec Kiskissink
 * Zec Menokeosawin
 * Zec Tawachiche
 * Zec Wessonneau

Transportation
The main highway is Quebec Route 155 that connects La Tuque with Shawinigan to the south and the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region to the north. Numerous forest roads provide access to remote hunting and fishing camps, and the village of Parent is accessible by a 175 km long gravel road from Mont-Saint-Michel in the Laurentides region.

The Canadian National Railway dissects La Tuque's territory. This railway, built in 1910 by the National Transcontinental Railway, connected Quebec City to the Canadian Prairies and goes through vast wilderness areas of northern Quebec and Ontario. While it was intended to ship grain from the prairies to the Port of Quebec and to open up virgin territories, it never carried much rail traffic. However, it is still serviced by Via Rail at the La Tuque railway station and Parent railway station, with request stops at Fitzpatrick, Oskélanéo, and Clova. Other sidings along the line are Casey, Hibbard, Cann, Sanmaur, Vandry, Windigo, and Rapide-Blanc-Station.

The La Tuque Airport is located directly south of the town's centre on Route 155. La Tuque Water Aerodrome is located just north of the city centre.

Urban agglomeration
The Urban agglomeration of La Tuque is an urban agglomeration that consists of:
 * the city of La Tuque,
 * the municipality of La Bostonnais,
 * the municipality of Lac-Édouard.

The agglomeration comprises the elements of the redefined city of La Tuque as it existed after amalgamation on March 26, 2003, including the two municipalities that chose to de-merge on January 1, 2006.

The agglomeration of La Tuque succeeded to the regional county municipality of Haut-Saint-Maurice, which was created in 1982 from part of the Quebec ridings's (county's) of Champlain electoral district, of Quebec electoral district of Saint-Maurice and of Abitibi. Le Haut-Saint-Maurice was dissolved during the merger of all municipalities in 2003 to create the city of La Tuque. Following the referendum on recreating La Bostonnais and Lac-Édouard, the agglomeration of La Tuque was created to allow municipalities to manage in common some competencies.

Census division
La Tuque is a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division of Quebec, with geographical code 90. The TE of La Tuque consists of:
 * the municipalities of the urban agglomeration of La Tuque, namely
 * the city of La Tuque
 * the municipality of La Bostonnais
 * the municipality of Lac-Édouard

 * three Indian reserves, namely
 * Coucoucache
 * Wemotaci
 * Obedjiwan

List of mayors
The mayor is the municipality's highest elected official. La Tuque has had fifteen mayors, since its incorporation as a city.

Notable residents

 * Marcel Béliveau (1939–2009), animator, humourist and actor
 * Jean-Jacqui Boutet, actor
 * Mathieu Fortin, writer
 * Maude Guérin, actress
 * Steven Guilbault, environmentalist
 * Félix Leclerc (1914–1988), singer-songwriter, poet, writer, actor and Québécois political activist
 * Sylvie Roy, politician
 * Dominique Trottier, TV reporter
 * James Renald, musician
 * Gaétan Barrette, politician
 * Steven Guilbeault, politician

title: La Tuque, Quebec


text:
Talk:Neo-Plasticism

Needs to be merged with De Stijl KRS 16:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neo-Plasticism


text:
L'Érable Regional County Municipality

L'Érable (Maple) is a regional county municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, Canada. Named for its maple trees, the area is rural in nature and is located 50 km southwest of Quebec City. Its seat is Plessisville.

Subdivisions
There are 10 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (2)
 * Plessisville
 * Princeville

 * Municipalities (6)
 * Inverness
 * Laurierville
 * Lyster
 * Sainte-Sophie-d'Halifax
 * Saint-Ferdinand
 * Villeroy

 * Parishes (2)
 * Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes
 * Saint-Pierre-Baptiste

Demographics
Mother tongue from 2016 Canadian Census

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: L'Érable Regional County Municipality


text:
Illinois campaign

The Illinois campaign, also known as Clark's Northwestern campaign, was a series of engagements during the American Revolutionary War in which a small force of Virginia militia led by George Rogers Clark seized control of several British posts in the Illinois Country of the Province of Quebec, located in modern-day Illinois and Indiana in the Midwestern United States. The campaign is the best-known action of the western theater of the war and the source of Clark's reputation as an early American military hero.

In July 1778, Clark and his men crossed the Ohio River from Kentucky and took control of Kaskaskia, Vincennes, and several other villages in British territory. The occupation was accomplished without firing a shot because many of the Canadien and Native American inhabitants in the region were unwilling to resist the Patriots. To counter Clark's advance, Henry Hamilton, the British lieutenant governor at Fort Detroit, reoccupied Vincennes with a small force. In February 1779, Clark returned to Vincennes in a surprise winter expedition and retook the town, capturing Hamilton in the process. Virginia capitalized on Clark's success by establishing the region as Illinois County, Virginia.

The importance of the Illinois campaign has been the subject of much debate. Because the British ceded the entire Northwest Territory to the United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, some historians have credited Clark with nearly doubling the size of the original Thirteen Colonies by seizing control of the Illinois Country during the war. For this reason, Clark was nicknamed the "Conqueror of the Northwest", and his Illinois campaign—particularly the surprise march to Vincennes—was greatly celebrated and romanticized.

Background

The Illinois Country was a vaguely defined region which included much of the present U.S. states of Indiana and Illinois. The area had been a part of the Louisiana district of New France until the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, when France ceded sovereignty of the region east of the Mississippi to the British in 1763 Treaty of Paris. In the Quebec Act of 1774, the British made eastern Illinois country a part of its newly expanded Province of Quebec.

In 1778, the population of the Illinois Country consisted of about 1,000 people of European descent, mostly French-speaking, and about 600 African-American slaves. Thousands of American Indians lived in villages concentrated along the Mississippi, Illinois, and Wabash Rivers. The British military presence was sparse: most of the troops had been withdrawn in 1776 to cut back on expenses. Philippe-François de Rastel de Rocheblave, a French-born soldier and official, was hired by the British to be the local commandant, of Fort Gage, in Kaskaskia. Rocheblave reported to Hamilton at Fort Detroit, and frequently complained that he lacked the money, resources, and troops needed to administer and protect the French villages and forts, from internal and external enemies, within the region.

When the American Revolutionary War began, in 1775, the Ohio River marked the border between the Illinois Country and Kentucky, an area recently settled by American colonists. The British had originally sought to keep American Indians out of the war, but in 1777 Hamilton received instructions to recruit and arm Indian war parties to raid white settlements on the Kentucky frontier, opening a western front in the war. "From 1777 on," wrote historian Bernard Sheehan, "the line of western settlements was under almost constant assault by white-led [Indian] raiding parties that had originated at Detroit."

In 1777, George Rogers Clark was a 25-year-old major in the Kentucky County, Virginia, militia. Clark believed that he could end the raids on Kentucky by capturing the British posts in the Illinois Country and then moving against Detroit. In April 1777, Clark sent two spies into the Illinois country. They returned after two months and reported that the fort at Kaskaskia was unguarded, that the French-speaking residents were not greatly attached to the British, and that no one expected an attack from Kentucky. Clark wrote a letter to Governor Patrick Henry of Virginia in which he outlined a plan to capture Kaskaskia.

Planning

Because the Kentucky settlers lacked the authority, manpower, and supplies to launch the expedition themselves, in October 1777 Clark traveled to Williamsburg via the Wilderness Road to meet with Governor Henry, joining along the way a party of about 100 settlers who were leaving Kentucky because of the Indian raids. Clark presented his plan to Governor Henry on December 10, 1777. To maintain secrecy, Clark's proposal was only shared with a small group of influential Virginians, including Thomas Jefferson, George Mason, and George Wythe. Although Henry initially expressed doubts about whether the campaign was feasible, Clark managed to win the confidence of Henry and the others. The plan was approved by the members of the Virginia General Assembly, who were only given vague details about the expedition. Publicly, Clark was authorized to raise men for the defense of Kentucky. In a secret set of instructions from Governor Henry, Clark was instructed to capture Kaskaskia and then proceed as he saw fit.

Governor Henry commissioned Clark as a lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia and authorized him to raise seven militia companies, each to contain fifty men. This unit, later known as the Illinois Regiment, was a part of the Virginia State Forces and thus, not a part of the Continental Army, the national army of the United States, during the Revolutionary War. The men were enlisted to serve for three months, after they reached Kentucky. To maintain secrecy, Clark did not tell any of his recruits that the purpose of the expedition was to invade the Illinois Country. To raise men and purchase supplies, Clark was given £1,200 in Continental currency, which was badly inflated, especially because of British counterfeiting measures at the time.

Clark established his headquarters at Redstone Old Fort on the Monongahela River, while three of Clark's associates from Dunmore's War, Joseph Bowman, Leonard Helm, and William Harrod, each began to recruit men. Clark commissioned Captain William Bailey Smith as a major, and gave him £150 to recruit four companies in the Holston River valley and then meet Clark in Kentucky.

For a variety of reasons, Clark was unable to raise all 350 men authorized for the Illinois Regiment. His recruiters had to compete with recruiters from the Continental Army and from other militia units. Some believed that Kentucky was too sparsely inhabited to warrant the diversion of manpower, and recommended that it should be evacuated rather than defended. Settlers in the Holston valley were more concerned with Cherokees to the south than with Indians north of the Ohio, and were reluctant to enlist in operations to the north. Although some Pennsylvanians enlisted in the Illinois Regiment, the longstanding boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and Virginia meant that few Pennsylvanians volunteered for what was perceived as a campaign to protect Virginia territory.

Clark's journey down the Ohio

After repeated delays to allow time for more men to join, Clark left Redstone by boat on May 12, 1778, with about 150 recruits, organized in three companies under captains Bowman, Helm, and Harrod. Clark expected to rendezvous with 200 Holston men under Captain Smith at the Falls of the Ohio in Kentucky. Traveling with Clark's men were about 20 families who were going to Kentucky to settle.

On the journey down the Ohio River, Clark and his men picked up supplies at Forts Pitt and Henry that were provided by General Edward Hand, the Continental Army Western Department commander. They reached Fort Randolph (Point Pleasant, West Virginia) soon after it had been attacked by an Indian war party. The fort commander asked for Clark's help in pursuing the raiders, but Clark declined, believing that he could not spare the time.

As he was nearing the Falls of the Ohio, Clark stopped at the mouth of the Kentucky River and sent a message upriver to Major Smith, telling him that it was time to rendezvous. Clark soon learned, however, that of Smith's four promised companies, only one partial company under a Captain Dillard had arrived in Kentucky. Clark therefore sent word to Colonel John Bowman, the senior militia officer in Kentucky, requesting that the colonel send Dillard's men and any other recruits he could find to the falls.

Clark's little flotilla reached the Falls of the Ohio on May 27. He set up a base camp on a small island in the midst of the rapids, later known as Corn Island. When the additional recruits from Kentucky and Holston finally arrived, Clark added 20 of these men to his force, and sent the others back to Kentucky to help defend the settlements. The new recruits were placed in a company under Captain John Montgomery. In Montgomery's company was a scout named Simon Kenton, who was on his way to becoming a legendary Kentucky frontiersman. On the island, Clark revealed that the real purpose of the expedition was to invade the Illinois country. The news was greeted with enthusiasm by many, but some of the Holston men deserted that night; seven or eight were caught and brought back, but others eluded capture and returned to their homes.

While Clark and his officers drilled the troops in preparation for the Kaskaskia expedition, the families who had traveled with the regiment down the Ohio River settled on the island and planted a corn crop. These settlers moved to the mainland the following year, founding the settlement which became Louisville. While on the island, Clark received an important message from Pittsburgh: France had signed a Treaty of Alliance with the United States. Clark hoped that this information would be useful in securing the allegiance of the Canadien inhabitants of the Illinois country.

Occupation of the Illinois Country

Clark and his men set off from Corn Island on June 24, 1778, leaving behind seven soldiers who were deemed not hardy enough for the journey. These men stayed with the families on the island and guarded the provisions stored there. Clark's force numbered about 175 men, organized in four companies under Captains Bowman, Helm, Harrod, and Montgomery. They passed over the whitewater of the falls during a total solar eclipse, which some of the men regarded as a good omen.

On June 28, the Illinois Regiment reached the mouth of the Tennessee River, where they landed on an island and prepared for the final stage of the journey. Normally, travelers going to Kaskaskia would continue to the Mississippi River, and then paddle upstream to the village. Because Clark hoped to take Kaskaskia by surprise, he decided to march his men across what is now the southern tip of Illinois and approach the village by land, a journey of about 120 mi. Clark's men captured a boatload of American hunters led by John Duff who had recently been at Kaskaskia; they provided Clark with intelligence about the village and agreed to join the expedition as guides. That evening, Clark and his troops landed their vessels on the north side of the Ohio River, near the ruins of Fort Massac, a French fort abandoned after the French and Indian War (near present Metropolis, Illinois).

The men marched 50 mi through forest before emerging into prairie. When a guide announced that he was lost, Clark suspected treachery and threatened to kill the man unless he found the way. The guide regained his bearings, and the trek resumed. They arrived outside Kaskaskia on the night of July 4. Thinking they would have arrived sooner, the men had carried only four days worth of rations; they had gone without food for the last two days of the six-day march. "In our hungry condition," wrote Joseph Bowman, "we unanimously determined to take the town or die in the attempt."

They crossed the Kaskaskia River about midnight and quickly secured the city without firing a shot. At Fort Gage, the Virginians captured Rocheblave, who was sleeping in his bed when the Americans burst into the lightly guarded fort. The next morning, Clark worked to secure the allegiance of the townspeople, a task made easier because Clark brought news of the Franco-American alliance. Residents were asked to take oath of loyalty to Virginia and the United States. Father Pierre Gibault, the village priest, was won over after Clark assured him that the Catholic Church would be protected under the laws of Virginia. Rocheblave and several others deemed hostile to the Americans were kept as prisoners and later sent to Virginia.

Clark soon extended his authority to the nearby French settlements. On the afternoon of July 5, Captain Bowman was sent with 30 mounted men, along with some citizens of Kaskaskia, to secure Prairie du Rocher, St. Philippe, and Cahokia. The towns offered no resistance, and within 10 days more than 300 people had taken the American oath of allegiance. When Clark turned his attention to Vincennes, Father Gibault offered to help. On July 14, Gibault and a few companions set out on horseback for Vincennes. There, most of the citizens agreed to take the oath of allegiance, and the local militia garrisoned Fort Sackville. Gibault returned to Clark in early August to report that Vincennes had been captured and that the American flag was now flying at Fort Sackville. Clark dispatched Captain Helm to Vincennes to take command of the Canadien militia.

Hamilton retakes Vincennes
In Detroit, Hamilton learned of Clark's occupation of the Illinois Country by early August 1778. Determined to retake Vincennes, Hamilton gathered about 30 British soldiers, 145 Canadien militiamen, and 60 American Indians under Egushawa, the influential Odawa war leader. An advance party of militiamen was led by Captain Normand MacLeod of the Detroit Volunteer Militia. On October 7, Hamilton's main contingent began the journey of more than 300 mi to Vincennes. Coming down the Wabash, they stopped at Ouiatanon and recruited Indians who had declared allegiance to the Americans after Clark's occupation of the Illinois country. By the time Hamilton entered Vincennes on December 17, so many Indians had joined the expedition that his force had increased to 500 men. As Hamilton approached Fort Sackville, the Canadien militia under Captain Helm deserted, leaving the American commander and a few soldiers to surrender. The townsfolk promptly renounced their allegiance to the United States and renewed their oaths to King George.

After the recapture of Vincennes, most of the Indians and Detroit Militia went home. Hamilton settled in at Fort Sackville, for the winter, with a garrison of about 90 soldiers, planning to retake the remaining Illinois towns, along the Mississippi River, in the spring.

Clark's trek to Vincennes

On January 29, 1779, Francis Vigo, an Italian fur trader, came to Kaskaskia to inform Clark about Hamilton's reoccupation of Vincennes. Clark decided that he needed to launch a surprise winter attack on Vincennes before Hamilton could recapture the Illinois country in the spring. He wrote to Governor Henry:

"I know the case is desperate; but, sir, we must either quit the country or attack Mr. Hamilton. No time is to be lost. Were I sure of a reinforcement, I should not attempt it. Who knows what fortune will do for us? Great things have been effected by a few men well conducted. Perhaps we may be fortunate. We have this consolation, that our cause is just, and that our country will be grateful and not condemn our conduct in case we fall through. If we fail, the Illinois as well as Kentucky, I believe, is lost."

On February 6, 1779, Clark set out for Vincennes with probably about 170 volunteers, nearly half of them French militia from Kaskaskia. Captain Bowman was second-in-command on the expedition, which Clark characterized as a "forlorn hope." While Clark and his men marched across country, 40 men left in an armed row-galley, which was to be stationed on the Wabash River below Vincennes to prevent the British from escaping by water.

Clark led his men across what is now the state of Illinois, a journey of about 180 mi. It was not a cold winter, but it rained frequently, and the plains were often covered with several inches of water. Provisions were carried on packhorses, supplemented by wild game the men shot as they traveled. They reached the Little Wabash River on February 13, and found it flooded, making a stream about 5 mi wide. They built a large canoe to shuttle men and supplies across. The next few days were especially trying: provisions were running low, and the men were almost continually wading through water. They reached the Embarras River on February 17. They were now only 9 mi from Fort Sackville, but the river was too high to ford. They followed the Embarras down to the Wabash River, where the next day they began to build boats. Spirits were low: they had been without food for last two days, and Clark struggled to keep men from deserting.

On February 20, five hunters from Vincennes were captured while traveling by boat. They told Clark that his little army had not yet been detected, and that the people of Vincennes were still sympathetic to the Americans. The next day, Clark and his men crossed the Wabash by canoe, leaving their packhorses behind. They marched towards Vincennes, sometimes in water up to their shoulders. The last few days were the hardest: crossing a flooded plain about 4 mi wide, they used the canoes to shuttle the weary from high point to high point. Shortly before reaching Vincennes, they encountered a villager known to be a friend, who informed Clark that they were still unsuspected. Clark sent the man ahead with a letter to the inhabitants of Vincennes, warning them that he was just about to arrive with an army, and that everyone should stay in their homes unless they wanted to be considered an enemy. The message was read in the public square. No one went to the fort to warn Hamilton.

Siege of Fort Sackville

Clark and his men marched into Vincennes at sunset on February 23, entering the town in two divisions, one commanded by Clark and the other by Bowman. Taking advantage of a slight elevation of land which concealed his men but allowed their flags to be seen, Clark maneuvered his troops to create the impression that 1,000 men were approaching. While Clark and Bowman secured the town, a detachment was sent to begin firing at Fort Sackville after their wet black powder was replaced by local resident François Busseron. Despite the commotion, Hamilton did not realize the fort was under attack until one of his men was wounded by a bullet coming through a window.

Clark had his men build an entrenchment 200 yd in front of the fort's gate. While men fired at the fort throughout the night, small squads crept up to within 30 yd of the walls to get a closer shot. The British fired their cannon, destroying a few houses in the city but doing little damage to the besiegers. Clark's men silenced the cannon by firing through the fort's portholes, killing and wounding some of the gunners. Meanwhile, Clark received local help: villagers gave him powder and ammunition they had hidden from the British, and Young Tobacco, a Piankeshaw chief, offered to have his 100 men assist in the attack. Clark declined the chief's offer, fearing that in the darkness his men might mistake the friendly Piankeshaws and Kickapoos for one of the enemy tribes that were in the area.

At about 9:00 a.m. on February 24, Clark sent a message to the fort demanding Hamilton's surrender. Hamilton declined, and the firing continued for another two hours until Hamilton sent out his prisoner, Captain Helm, to offer terms. Clark sent Helm back with a demand of unconditional surrender within 30 minutes, or else he would storm the fort. Helm returned before the time had expired and presented Hamilton's proposal for a three-day truce. This too was rejected, but Clark agreed to meet Hamilton at the village church.

Before the meeting at the church, the most controversial incident in Clark's career occurred. During these negotiations, a British-allied war party of between 15 and 20 Odawa and Lenape warriors, led by two Canadiens, neared Clark's encampments after leaving the Vincennes Trace. The party, which escorted two captive Canadien deserters in tow, had been ordered by Hamilton to patrol the nearby area. Having been informed by his Kickapoo allies of the party's movements, Clark ordered a detachment of soldiers under the command of Captain John Williams to capture them. The war party mistakenly assumed Williams and his men were there to escort them into Fort Sackville, and greeted them by discharging their firearms. Williams responded by firing his weapon before seizing one of the Canadien leaders, which led the rest of the party to flee in panic; Williams' men opened fire, killing two, wounding three and capturing eight. The two deserters were released after being captured, and the remaining six captives consisted of a Canadien and five Indians. Clark ordered the five Indians to be murdered before the fort to terrify the British and sow dissension between them and their Indian allies.

At the church, Clark and Bowman met with Hamilton and signed terms of surrender. At 10:00 a.m. on February 25, Hamilton's garrison of 79 men marched out of the fort. Clark's men raised the American flag over the fort and renamed it Fort Patrick Henry. A team of Clark's soldiers and local militia was sent upriver on the Wabash, where a supply convoy was captured, along with British reinforcements and Philippe DeJean, Hamilton's judge in Detroit. Clark sent Hamilton, seven of his officers, and 18 other prisoners to Williamsburg. Canadiens who had accompanied Hamilton were paroled after taking an oath of neutrality.

Aftermath

Clark had high hopes after his recapture of Vincennes. "This stroke", he said, "will nearly put an end to the Indian War." In the coming years of the war, Clark attempted to organize a campaign against Detroit, but each time the expedition was called off because of insufficient men and supplies. Meanwhile, settlers began to pour into Kentucky after hearing news of Clark's victory. In 1779, Virginia opened a land office to register claims in Kentucky, and settlements such as Louisville were established.

After learning of Clark's initial occupation of the Illinois Country, Virginia had claimed the region, establishing Illinois County, Virginia in December 1778. In early 1781, Virginia resolved to hand the region over to the central government, paving the way for the final ratification of the Articles of Confederation. These lands became the Northwest Territory of the United States.

The Illinois campaign was funded in large part by local residents and merchants of the Illinois country. Although Clark submitted his receipts to Virginia, many of these men were never reimbursed. Some of the major contributors, such as Father Gibault, François Riday Busseron, Charles Gratiot, and Francis Vigo, would never receive payment during their lifetime, and would be reduced to poverty. However, Clark and his soldiers were given land across from Louisville. This Clark's Grant was based from what is now Clarksville, Indiana and formed much of what would become Clark and eastern Floyd County, Indiana.

In 1789, Clark began to write an account of the Illinois campaign at the request of John Brown and other members of the United States Congress, who were then deliberating how to administer the Northwest Territory. The Memoir, as it usually known, was not published in Clark's lifetime; although used by historians in the 19th century, it was not published in its entirety until 1896, in William Hayden English's Conquest of the Northwest. The Memoir formed the basis of two popular novels, Alice of Old Vincennes (1900) by Maurice Thompson, and The Crossing (1904) by American novelist Winston Churchill. The Illinois campaign was also depicted in Long Knife, a 1979 historical novel by James Alexander Thom. The United States Navy has named four ships USS Vincennes in honor of that battle.

The debate about whether George Rogers Clark "conquered" the Northwest Territory for the United States began soon after the Revolutionary War ended, when the government worked to sort out land claims and war debts. In July 1783, Governor Benjamin Harrison thanked Clark for "wresting so great and valuable a territory out of the hands of the British Enemy...." Clark himself never made such a claim, despairingly writing that he had never captured Detroit. "I have lost the object,” he said. In the 19th century and into the mid-20th century, Clark was frequently referred to as the "Conqueror of the Northwest" in history books. In the 20th century, however, some historians began to doubt that interpretation, arguing that because resource shortages compelled Clark to recall his troops from the Illinois Country before the end of the war, and because most American Indians remained undefeated, there was no "conquest" of the Northwest. It was further argued that Clark's activities had no effect on the boundary negotiations in Europe. In 1940, historian Randolph Downes wrote, "It is misleading to say that Clark 'conquered' the Old Northwest, or that he 'captured' Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. It would be more accurate to say that he assisted the French and Indian inhabitants of that region to remove themselves from the very shadowy political rule of the British."

title: Illinois campaign


text:
Masao Adachi

Masao Adachi (足立正生 Adachi Masao, born May 13, 1939) is a Japanese screenwriter, director, actor and former Japanese Red Army member who was most active in the 1960s and 1970s. He was born in Fukuoka Prefecture.

Career
Best known for his writing collaborations with directors Kōji Wakamatsu and Nagisa Oshima, often under the pseudonyms "Izuru Deguchi" or "De Deguchi" (出口出), he also directed a number of his own films, usually dealing with left-wing political themes. Adachi was a prominent director in the Japanese New Wave film movement, producing pink films alongside documentaries. He stopped making films in the early 1970s and joined the Japanese Red Army.

He resided in Lebanon for 28 years, lending assistance to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine until he was arrested and extradited back to Japan in 2000 due to his connections to the JRA. After being held for a year and a half he was convicted and released based on the time he had already served. Since his release, he has resumed making films.

Adachi directed Revolution+1, a film based on the assassination of former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2022, focusing on a fictionalized version of the suspect Tetsuya Yamagami. On 27 September, the day of Abe's state funeral, a special 50-minute version of the film was shown in small theatres across Japan. The film was to be screened at a total of 13 theatres, but one theatre cancelled its screening after receiving a series of threatening phone calls and emails. The full-length 75-minute cut was released on December 24, 2022.

title: Masao Adachi


text:
Les Basques Regional County Municipality

Les Basques (the Basques) is a regional county municipality in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region in eastern Quebec, Canada. It is located on the south bank of the Saint Lawrence River halfway between Rimouski and Rivière-du-Loup.

The county seat is in Trois-Pistoles.

Subdivisions
There are 12 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Trois-Pistoles

 * Municipalities (8)
 * Notre-Dame-des-Neiges
 * Saint-Clément
 * Sainte-Rita
 * Saint-Guy
 * Saint-Jean-de-Dieu
 * Saint-Mathieu-de-Rioux
 * Saint-Médard
 * Saint-Simon-de-Rimouski

 * Parishes (2)
 * Sainte-Françoise
 * Saint-Éloi

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Lac-Boisbouscache

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None


text:
Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière Regional County Municipality

Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière was a regional county municipality and census division in Quebec. It and Desjardins Regional County Municipality were formed from the division of Lévis County in the 1980s. It ceased to exist when most of it, along with most of Desjardins RCM, amalgamated into the expanded city of Lévis on January 1, 2002.

Subdivisions
Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière RCM consisted of:
 * Charny
 * Saint-Étienne-de-Lauzon
 * Saint-Jean-Chrysostome
 * Saint-Nicolas
 * Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon
 * Saint-Rédempteur
 * Saint-Romuald
 * Sainte-Hélène-de-Breakeyville

Dissolution
When Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière RCM was dissolved, nearly all of its components amalgamated into the newly expanded Lévis:

 * Saint-Étienne-de-Lauzon, Saint-Nicolas, Saint-Redempteur composed the borough of Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière-Ouest.
 * Charny, Saint-Jean-Chrysostome, Saint-Romuald, and Sainte-Hélène-de-Breakeyville composed the borough of Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière-Est.
 * Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon remained independent and joined La Nouvelle-Beauce Regional County Municipality.


text:
Skidoo, California

Skidoo (formerly, Hoveck) was an unincorporated community in Inyo County, California. The geographical location of the old town site lies at an elevation of 5,689 feet (1734 m). Skidoo is a ghost town located in Death Valley National Park. It is on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
Skidoo is representative of the boom towns that flourished in Death Valley during the early 20th century. The town's livelihood depended primarily on the output of the Skidoo Mine, a venture operating between 1906 and 1917. During those years the mine produced about 75,000 ounces of gold, worth at the time more than $1.5 million. Two unique items are associated with Skidoo's mining heyday. First the town possessed the only milling plant in the desert operated almost completely by water power. Second, the construction of the water pipeline was a phenomenal engineering feat; its scar can still be seen between its origin near Telescope Peak and the mill site.

The fifteen-stamp amalgamation and cyanide mill built by the Skidoo Mines Company is a rare surviving example of an early 20th-century gravity-feed system for separating gold from its ore.

Names
The name Skidoo comes from the expression 23 skidoo, a slang expression of the time, for which various origins have been suggested.

The Hoveck post office opened in 1906, changed its name to Skidoo in 1907, and closed in 1917. The name Hoveck honored Matt Hoveck, manager of the Skidoo Mine.

title: Skidoo, California


text:
Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais Regional County Municipality

Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais (French for "The hills of the Outaouais") is a regional county municipality in the Outaouais region of western Quebec, Canada. The region nearly encircles the City of Gatineau, which is to the south. Its administrative seat is in Chelsea, Quebec.

It was created in January 1991 when the Communauté régionale de l'Outaouais (Outaouais Regional Community) was split into Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais RCM and the Communauté urbaine de l'Outaouais (Outaouais Urban Community, now City of Gatineau). The region is home to the majority of Gatineau Park. It is bisected by the Gatineau River which flows from north to south. The Ottawa River forms the southwestern boundary.

Subdivisions
There are six subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Municipalities (6)
 * Cantley
 * Chelsea
 * L'Ange-Gardien
 * La Pêche
 * Pontiac
 * Val-des-Monts

Ethnicity
Source: 2021 Census
 * 92.0% White
 * 4.9% Indigenous
 * 3.1% Visible Minority

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal highways

 * Secondary highways

 * External routes
 * None


text:
Emperor Duanzong

Emperor Duanzong of Song (10 July 1269 – 8 May 1278), personal name Zhao Shi, was the 17th emperor of the Song dynasty of China, and the eighth and penultimate emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He was the fifth son of Emperor Duzong and an elder brother of his predecessor, Emperor Gong and successor Zhao Bing.

Emperor Gong along with Grand Dowager Xie surrendered to the Yuan dynasty in 1276 after the fall of the Southern Song capital, Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou). Zhao Shi and his seventh brother, Zhao Bing, managed to escape southward to Fujian, where the new Song capital was established. On June 14, 1276, Zhao Shi was enthroned as the new Emperor Duanzong who ruled under the era name "Jingyan" (景炎; literally: "bright flame"). However, in early 1278, Yuan forces broke through the Song dynasty's last lines of defence, forcing Zhao Shi to flee again. Accompanied by loyal ministers such as Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie, Zhao Shi boarded a ship and fled further south to Guangdong Province. In March 1278, while fleeing from Yuan forces led by Liu Shen, in a hurricane, Zhao Shi fell from a boat and almost drowned. Thereafter, he stayed temporarily in Hong Kong which at that time was a small fishing village. He died a few months later in Gangzhou (碙州; present-day Jiangmen) due to Illness. He was succeeded by his seventh brother, Zhao Bing, who was enthroned in Mui Wo, the same village where Zhao Shi nearly drowned and died. The body of Zhao Shi is buried in Yongfu Mausoleum (永福陵). The actual area of the tomb is still unknown and undiscovered.

The historical relic Sung Wong Toi in present-day Hong Kong's Kowloon City commemorates Zhao Shi's escape to Hong Kong.

title: Emperor Duanzong