text:
Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)

Jim Henson's Muppet Babies, commonly known by the shortened title Muppet Babies, is an American animated television series produced by Marvel Productions and Henson Associates. The show portrays toddler versions of the Muppets living together in a nursery under the care of a woman known as Nanny, involving the concepts of the power of imagination and creative problem-solving. The show's main target group is for children aged 2–5. The idea of presenting the Muppets as children appeared in a dream sequence in The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984), released two months before Muppet Babies debuted. The idea was a success, and it transformed into a spin-off.

The show aired from September 15, 1984, to November 2, 1991, as part of the Saturday-morning cartoons lineup on CBS. The show received universal acclaim for its animation, visuals, writing, humor, educational values, and appeal to younger and older audiences. It spawned a successful merchandise and won seven Daytime Emmy Awards (including four consecutive awards for Outstanding Animated Program), as well as a Humanitas Prize. Due to its popularity, the show remained on television in the United States for a decade.

The rights are now held by The Walt Disney Company following the company's acquisition of The Muppets franchise. Outside the United States, the show was distributed by Walt Disney Television. A reboot of the series premiered on Disney Junior on March 23, 2018.

Premise
The series stars Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, Scooter, Skeeter, Rowlf the Dog, and Gonzo as the main characters in their baby counterparts. Supporting characters include Bunsen Honeydew, Beaker, and Camilla in the form of Gonzo's stuffed baby chick. In the final two seasons, Bean Bunny and Statler and Waldorf began making regular appearances. Several Muppets made guest appearances, including Janice as an older preteen and Kermit's nephew Robin as a tadpole.

The Muppet Babies live in a large nursery watched over by Nanny, who is seen from the shoulders down. The babies' imaginary games transition from the nursery into scenes that become "real" to the babies, such as outer space and the past. The fantasies have the babies interact with live-action backgrounds, old films and photos, engravings, and hand-drawn backgrounds. The babies used their imaginations to have their own adventures based on everyday things and toys around them. They also use their imaginations to solve a problem.

In post-credits scenes, the babies are doing something related to the episode's plot. Their activities (mostly Gonzo's) are interrupted by Animal who crashes the scene in a comedic way and calls "Go bye-bye!"

Cast

 * Frank Welker as Baby Kermit, Adult Kermit (looped dialogue, episode 45), Baby Beaker, Baby Skeeter (1986–1991), Camilla, Irma/Charlie (episode 12), The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard (episode 31), Polly the Parrot (episode 38), Bosko the Snowman (episode 100)
 * Laurie O'Brien as Baby Piggy, Captain Black Wig (episode 36)
 * Greg Berg as Baby Fozzie, Adult Fozzie (looped dialogue, episode 45), Baby Scooter
 * Russi Taylor as Baby Gonzo, Baby Robin, Aunt Fanny, and Camilla (occasionally)
 * Katie Leigh as Baby Rowlf, Mrs. Mitchell
 * Howie Mandel (1984–1986) as Baby Skeeter, Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen
 * Dave Coulier (1986–1991) as Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen, Baby Bean Bunny, Baby Janice, Uncle Statler and Waldorf, Camilla (occasionally), Himself (episode 91)
 * Barbara Billingsley as Nanny

Additional

 * Peter Cullen as Smoggy the Bear (episode 33), Football-Playing Bear (episode 33), Sor-Elbow (episode 33)
 * Pat Fraley as Announcer
 * Tress MacNeille as Skater Ka

Origin
The idea was created by Jim Henson and his staff. It was originated in Jim Henson's art department. During the creation of Sue Venning's Muppet Show Bill, Jim Henson suggested to include the Muppets as "tiny little selves and afterwards, as babies." The book was not changed, but the idea was described as "charming". Afterwards, the staff, including Michael K. Frith, created sketches and drawings of the Muppet Babies. After Frith showed a sketch of Baby Piggy to Jim Henson, Henson decided to turn it into a merchandise. Throughout 1983, several marketers promoted prototype versions of the Muppet Babies with playsuits, underwear, dresses, and overalls while Jim Henson was developing baby versions of the Muppets. On January 1, 1984, the Muppet Babies were included in the comic strip adaptation of the Muppets.

During production of The Muppets Take Manhattan, Miss Piggy's original fantasy sequence was written on the screenplay. Because Henson was enthused about the Muppet Babies, he convinced Frank Oz to include them in the film, replacing the original fantasy sequence. Despite Oz's dislike on the idea, he thought that the idea was brilliant. Shortly, the art department asked the workshop to create models of the puppets of the Muppet Babies. The staff of the workshop favored the idea and decided to include them in the film. The scene was shot on August 28, 1983. It is considered to be one of the most difficult scenes to shoot during production of the film, as the puppeteers had to perform the baby versions of the characters by using their "stubby little limbs." The film was released on July 13, 1984. The idea was a success, and it received very favorable reviews from fans. At the same time, Baby Kermit and Piggy plush toys were promoted by Pampers.

A music video of Henson's self-directed "I'm Gonna Always Love You", combined with scenes of the film and new footage, was created for MTV. The song was remixed by John Benitez for the project. It was shot on April 10 and 11, 1984. The set used for the music video was larger than the set used in the film. The video became an airplay hit and received a nomination for Best Achievement in Music Video in the VPA Monitor Awards in 1985. Additionally, Jim Henson received a nomination for Best Director for the video.

Development
Network executives and several others suggested Henson Associates to transform the Muppet Babies into a Saturday-morning cartoon. The concept of the show was created on March 10, 1984. On April 13, 1984, CBS colleague, Judy Price, granted permission to Jim Henson and his staff for its proposal. Jim Henson was initially skeptical, as he originally stepped away from Saturday-morning cartoons. However, he liked the idea a lot that he decided to create the show for something better. He visited every major studio in California, choosing to work with Marvel Productions after a meeting with Hank Saroyan. For the core theme of the show, Henson and Marvel Productions agreed to implement the theme of the power of creativity and encouragement of imagination. Bob Richardson transferred from producing and directing the first season of Dungeons & Dragons, to produce and direct the show, which needed help getting started. Scooter's twin sister, Skeeter, was exclusively created for the show to provide more feminine empowerment. Nanny was only seen from the neck down to represent the kids' view of an adult.

Writing
The team of writers consisted of Jeffrey Scott, Barry O'Brien, Bob Smith, Chuck Lorre, Sindy McKay, Larry Swerdlove, Star Kaplan, Maia Mattise, Barbara Beck, Stephen Robertson, Kathy Selbert, Rich Fogel, Mark Seidenberg, Ken Koonce, David Wiemers, Hank Saroyan, Lois Becker, Mark Stratton, J.R. Young, and Tony Marino. All of the writing scripts for the show were done in Marvel Productions. Jeffrey Scott wrote all 13 episodes of the first season.

Voice actors
The show had several cast members: Frank Welker, Laurie O'Brien, Greg Berg, Russi Taylor, Katie Leigh, Howie Mandel, Dave Coulier, and Barbara Billingsley. By the third season, Howie Mandel left the show, and his roles were given to Frank Welker as Baby Skeeter and Dave Coulier as Baby Animal and Baby Bunsen. All of the voices were recorded in various recording studios in Los Angeles.

Henson and other puppeteers, such as Frank Oz and Richard Hunt, decided not to reprise their roles due to scheduling conflicts with their work on Sesame Street, Fraggle Rock, and any Muppet special. The team decided to set up auditions for an amount of voice cast that would voice the characters for the series. According to Laurie O'Brien, the audition had gathered 750 people. Katie Leigh was a Muppets fan and did the audition process by renting one of the Muppet movies at a Blockbuster location and watching it. As Leigh was also a fan of Rowlf, she realized that she could do his voice. Although Leigh accidentally forgot to transform her impression into a baby, she was cast, as Hank Saroyan described her as "one of the only people who really knew who Rowlf was." Laurie O'Brien did the audition process by imitating Baby Piggy with a mix between Miss Piggy and her "million dollar voice", as well as Baby Gonzo, while watching a videocassette rental of The Great Muppet Caper in her friend's house. After auditioning with the videocassette player, O'Brien was cast as Baby Piggy due to her potential and physical strength with her character. Greg Breg, who was also a Muppets fan, did the audition process a few years after he moved to Hollywood. Some of the voice actors had no singing experience prior to the show's production. Katie Leigh started taking singing lessons, while Howie Mandel needed a professional singer to help keep him on key.

Animation
Henson's idea for its animation was to mix genres and ignore "hard-and-fast rules." Characters and backgrounds were created by artists of Marvel Productions. Due to budget constraints, an idea was made by making Jeffrey Scott incorporate live-action footage and photographic backgrounds into the show to showcase reality of the imaginations. Film clips were also incorporated to encourage imagination and fantasy. The idea was well-liked, and it became one of the main concepts of the show, as it helped save money for animation. It was considered easy for Henson to secure the rights to films such as Star Wars and Raiders of the Lost Ark since he was friends with George Lucas and Steven Spielberg.

From the first season to the fifth episode of the fourth season, the series' overseas production was from Toei Animation, which it costed $30,000 per episode. In February 1985, Japanese yen started to rise against US dollars, and as a result, Toei Animation risen the cost to $50,000. AKOM was selected as an alternate, cheaper animation studio, animating the rest of the series.

Music
The show had approximately 100 of the songs co-written by Alan O'Day and Janis Liebhart. The theme song and "Rocket to the Stars" were written by Hank Saroyan and Rob Walsh, and "Merry-Go-Round", "Dreams for Your Inspiration", "Camilla", and "Best Friends" were written by Scott Brownlee. The seventh season episode "Sing a Song of Superheroes" had nine minutes of songs that required extra recording studio work. Due to an limited amount of the cast having singing talents, all of the songs were recorded with separate voice sessions in a recording studio. Some songs were extended for the albums Rocket to the Stars and Music is Everywhere.

The songs mainly compose kiddie lyrics and familiar music genres. Themes of the songs include individuality, friendship, and art. During the first season, the show incorporated a "doo-wop feel" of the theme song to carry over the music. As the show evolved, more musical genres were involved, including a more contemporary sound, which often parodies and references popular songs at its time.

"Amadogus" (parody of "Rock Me Amadeus" by Falco) was released as a single in 1987 to promote the album Music is Everywhere. The song, "Amadogus", was chosen as a Featured Pick by Cashbox, stating that the "playful tune could garner notoriety as a novelty hit." Bill Wedo of The Morning Call called the song "particularly funny", but stated that "kids will enjoy it [while] adults will find it a riot." Dee Ann Rexroat of The Gazette called the song as the "best-of-show honors" of the live show Muppet Babies' Live!.

Themes
The show focuses on the central ideas of the power of imagination and creative problem-solving to promote an educational concept of creativity. Hank Saroyan considered the idea as Jim Henson's vision for children to "believe that anything is possible." The techniques of imaginations contributed to the show, such as live-action footage and photographic backgrounds, was stated to interconnect ideas, stories, and characters in a dramatic play. Winnicott, a psychoanalytic theorist, described the show as "the intermediate area... allowed to the infant between primary creativity and objective perception based on reality-testing." Author Marsha Kindle described the show's techniques as the "kind of transgressive identification across other borders" and a "specialty."

Other frequent themes involve books and reading, facing fears, new ways to play with old toys, imagining adulthood, and facing common childhood firsts. Diane LaBlanc of The Defender analyzed that the moral of the first-season episode "Scooter's Hidden Talent" is finding and developing "inspiration and talent". In the book Playing with Power in Movies, Television, and Games, the sixth-season episode "The Green Ranger" was analyzed for its transmedia intersexuality, commodified masquerade, obsolescence, and death to address readers who are concerned about children's interactions on Saturday-morning shows. The seventh-season episode "Sing a Song of Superheroes" included popular opera arias to interest younger viewers in opera. The episode was served as an unofficial tribute to Jim Henson.

Broadcast
Muppet Babies premiered on September 15, 1984, at 9:00 am (EST) as part of the Saturday-morning lineup on CBS. During the 1984–1985 television season, the show competed with NBC's The Smurfs. The first-season episode "Gonzo's Video Show" was shown as a primetime special on December 18, 1984. For a brief run in the second season, the program became Muppets, Babies, and Monsters,  and a second half-hour was dedicated to a new show called Jim Henson's Little Muppet Monsters. This show featured live-action puppets and cartoons starring the adult Muppet characters. The program lasted from September 14 to September 28, 1985. At the time, the program faced competition with ABC's Ewoks & Star Wars Droids Adventure Hour. After three episodes, Jim Henson pulled the plug, despite 18 episodes having been made. This was reportedly due to the animation suffering from being produced quickly and the characters being lost in translation from live-action to animation, making the animation production harder for Marvel Productions to deliver the full season's animated segments in time for airing. As a result, Henson and CBS was unhappy about the product. The show then reverted to two episodes of ''Muppet Babies.  In the 1987–1988 television season, Muppet Babies was expanded to three episodes after CBS pulled Garbage Pail Kids'' before it aired due to controversy.

On July 11, 1988, Broadcasting Magazine announced that the series would be syndicated on Claster Television for the 1989–1990 television season. The show officially debuted on the network on September 18, 1989. On January 3, 1989, Fox's former vice-president, Steve Leblang, announced that the series would be acquired by Fox's Children Network. On July 15, 1991, it was announced to rerun throughout the 1991–1992 television season on Fox after losing negotiations to continue syndicating on Claster Television, which was implied to have reran on the network throughout the 1990–1991 television season. As of August 4, 1991, the show's debut date on the network was scheduled to be in September 1991. On October 5, 1992, the show started reruns on Nickelodeon. The show continued reruns on the network until December 31, 1998. On April 1, 1999, it was announced the series would air as part of Odyssey Network's rebrand. The show reran on Odyssey Network from April 4, 1999, to March 2000.

Home media
Although not every Muppet Babies episode was released on VHS, a number of them were released between 1988 and 1999 in the United States. Kraft Foods offered two Muppet Babies tapes sponsored by Kraft Marshmallows in 1989. Jim Henson Video and Buena Vista Home Video released Explore with Us, Let's Build, and Time to Play on January 29, 1993, pricing at $12.99 per tape. The home video series, Yes, I Can, was released with Yes, I Can Learn and Yes, I Can Help on June 16, 1995 and Yes, I Can Be a Friend on August 11, 1995 as part of Jim Henson's Preschool Collection, pricing at $12.99 per tape. The series focused on Robin the Frog, who asks his uncle Kermit for assistance in different chores he was struggling with. Each tape included two Muppet Babies episodes. In 1999, Interactive Learning Group released three Muppet Babies tapes for the Video Buddy interactive video play system, pricing at $15.95 per tape.

In 2003, four episodes were made available, in uncut form, as bonus DVDs with 10-inch Muppet Babies plush toys distributed by Toy Play: "The Daily Muppet", "Eight Take Away One Equals Panic", "Piggy's Hyper-Activity Book", and "Gonzo's Video Show". There have been no plans announced of other DVD releases of Muppet Babies. In 2023, animator Guy Gilchrist confirmed that Muppet Babies would least likely be available for streaming due to copyright and trademark difficulties.

Critical response
Throughout the show's run, it received universal acclaim from critics. After its debut, David Bianculli of Knight-Ridder Newspapers commented that it is one of the two Saturday-morning cartoons that "sound promising [compared to the other two programs]" and praised the show as a "wonderful addition to the Saturday-morning roster." Mike Hughes of Garnett News Service ranked the show as one of the two best Saturday-morning shows of 1984, describing the Muppet Babies as "cute" and the script as "fresh and funny". He praised the script as "much better than [other Saturday-morning shows]." In his "On TV" review on The Reporter Dispatch issue from October 21, 1984, he also commented that the writing "ranks up" with The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends and Danger Mouse. Steve McKerrow of The Evening Sun stated that the show is a "standout" to "cheaply-executed" Saturday-morning cartoons and described it as a "cartoon outgrowth [...] that makes [the audience] wish all children's programs could be this good." He also stated that it is the "kind of show that puts the bulk of the Saturday line-up to shame". He praised the show as "clever" and "honestly funny", commenting that the show takes a "floor-level, child's-eye view of the world". He also praised the Muppet Babies as "well and colorfully animated". Later, on his article from September 28, 1985, he commented that the program Muppets, Babies & Monsters is a "welcome addition to the [Saturday-morning] lineup."

Television critic Rick Forchuk reviewed that the show is "vastly better than [any primetime shows] in [the 1984–1985 television season]." He described the show as "different" and a "throwback to a different time". He also praised the animation as "superb, three dimensional, and vivid" and the plot and stories as "unpredictable" and "exciting as anything". He concluded that it is a "great show for adults [and] kids." Walt Belcher of The Tampa Tribune commented that the show is "[one of the] few bright spots [of Saturday-mornings]" and described it as "pleasant". In her initial review, Ellen Klein of Kids 'N' TV criticized its visuals as "not startling", but commented that the show has "enough originality to make it stand out to other Saturday-morning cartoons". In her revised review from 1985, she gave it a perfect 4 out of 4 stars, welcoming Muppets, Babies & Monsters as an exception to the Saturday-morning trend "full of robots, monsters, wrestlers, ghosts, and super-powered Galactic Guardians [that appealed] to older children." She described the series as "fun", "inventive", and "exciting without being threatening or scary." She concluded that the series is "one of the best [on Saturday-mornings]." Howard Rosenberg of The Los Angeles Times stated that Muppets, Babies & Monsters was the "best Saturday-morning kid [program]", describing it as "wonderful". Ron Weiskind of Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called the show the "most imaginative cartoon on the tube these days." Bill Wedo of The Morning Call commented that the songs "manage [Henson's magic to entertain children and adults]." Susan Stewart of Detroit Free Press rated the series a perfect four stars, reviewing that it is a "vast improvement over [the] first-generation Muppets."

The show was also well-received by fans and audiences. In a Critics-at-Large review from May 5, 1985, Maria E. Allman from Hamburg, New York, called the show a "clever offering" and praised Baby Kermit, Baby Piggy, and Baby Gonzo for providing "humor and antics". She concluded that it is a "treat" and a "relief" for "parents and grandparents who have grown tired of the unappetizing fare and superhero junk[...]" In 1986, a survey in Woodrow Wilson School and Nellie F. Bennett School stated that their children's top-ranked show was Muppets, Babies & Monsters.

Ratings
Muppet Babies proved highly popular with audiences. In the 1984–1985 television season, the show was ranked as the most popular Saturday-morning cartoon on CBS and in the top five of 42 network shows. It was also ranked fifth on the most popular Saturday-morning show of the season. On December 18, 1984, the primetime broadcast of "Gonzo's Video Show" received a 9.9 Nielsen rating with a share of 15%. In 1985, the program Muppets, Babies & Monsters was rated No. 1 on CBS. After the program was replaced by two episodes of Muppet Babies, the ratings increased from the previous season. The series remained as CBS's number-one Saturday-morning show. As of 1986, it was the second most popular children's programming among the top 30, and it attracted more than four million audiences on each week. It was also very popular with licensees at the time.

Despite the success, ratings has decreased over time. In the 1989–1990 television season, the show only garnered a 2.4 Nielsen household rating with a 14% share due to competition with Garfield and Friends and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the time. Despite the decrease in ratings, the show still had success with the 2-11 and 6-11 age groups, garnering a 4.6 Nielsen rating with a 55% share in the 2-11 age group and a 4.9 Nielsen rating with a 63% share in the 6-11 age group.

Accolades
Between 1985 and 1991, Muppet Babies gained twelve awards from 27 nominations, including four consecutive Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program. On August 1, 1985, the show became the first recipient to receive an award for Outstanding Animated Program at the Daytime Emmy Awards. It continued to win the category until 1989, holding a record for the most wins in the category (tied with Arthur). In 1985, Jeffrey Scott received a Humanitas Prize for the first season episode "Eight Take Away One Equals Panic", which earned him a $10,000 prize.

Honors
Muppet Babies was voted "Top Cartoon of the Childhood Days" by the Irvin Hall newspaper's weekly review of the Pennsylvania State University in 2007.

In January 2009, IGN named Jim Henson's Muppet Babies as the 31st-best in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows.

Impact and legacy
Muppet Babies was known to start a trend of relaunching popular cartoon characters as younger versions of themselves. This trend can be seen in numerous TV series such as A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, The Flintstone Kids, Tiny Toon Adventures (the main characters actually are the "successors" of the Looney Tunes, the latter themselves as their instructors), and Tom & Jerry Kids.

As of 2000, approximately 300,000 animation cels of the show were stored by the Jim Henson Company Archives off-site.

In 2007, a specific case dedicated to the show was added in The Jim Henson Exhibit in Leland, Mississippi.

Albums
The first album, Rocket to the Stars, was released in July 1985 by Parker Brothers Music on LP and cassette. It featured an outer space adventure with eleven original songs starring the Muppet Babies characters. The songs and dialogue were mixed by Hank Saroyan, Rob Walsh, and Geni Jackson at Wilder Brothers Studio. It was reissued on July 20, 1987, by Columbia Records. The album, renamed Rock It to the Stars, was re-released in September 1993 by Jim Henson Records on CD and cassette. Sandra Tompkins of The Fresno Bee called the album an "exciting Oz-like journey", praising the songs as "catchy sing-alongs". Peter Fawthrop of AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars, praising the songs and voices, but criticized the storybook format of the album, including the "dramatic lengths" and "loaded dialogue". The second album, Music is Everywhere, was released on July 20, 1987, by Columbia Records on LP and cassette. Doug Hoagland of The Fresno Bee praised the music as "catchy".

Comics
In 1985, Marvel Comics produced a monthly comic book of the Muppet Babies with their Star Comics imprint, drawn by Marie Severin. The idea was created by Guy Gilchrist, who submitted approximately twenty samples to Jim Jenson, along with a multi-panel strip. The series lasted for 26 issues. The last two issues, #25 (May 1989) and #26 (July 1989), were drawn by Nate Butler. In 1992, Harvey Comics acquired the rights to produce Muppet Babies comics and produced a further three issues (restarting at issue #1).

The Muppet Babies also appeared in Star Comics Digest (also known as Star Comics Magazine). This comic was printed in digest-size format, and features a number of reprinted short stories in each issue. The series itself lasted for thirteen issues from 1986 until 1988. The Muppet Babies appeared in some, but not all, of the issues.

Live performances
Muppet Babies had three live performances produced between 1986 and 1990. They are produced by Bob Shipstad and VEE Corporation. Each tour involved 16 cast members, eight crew members, concession staff, and support office staff. All of the voices and music were pre-recorded, and the costumes were designed and produced in Henson Associates, to retain authenticity. Muppet Babies Live! premiered on August 28, 1986, at Ohio Center in Columbus, Ohio. The same premise followed with Muppet Babies' Magic Box in 1987 and Muppet Babies' Where's Animal? in 1988, which ended in May 1990 after 40 cities. The production values built in Minneapolis, including the sets, properties, costumes, and lightings, cost $1 million.

Professional dancers auditioned in New York City, Los Angeles, and Minneapolis to fill in roles. Approximately 600 people auditioned for the live performances per year. The cast would rehearse in Minneapolis for up to 10 hours per day in three weeks. Andrew Carl Wilk, director of the live performances, stated that directing them from prerecorded voices to costumes and movements was difficult. The production stage would be constructed with sets, properties, and lighting for four to seven hours for each destination. The dancers were transported by a chartered bus on each Monday and had a day off on each Tuesday. When the tours ended, they traveled back to their homes across the United States six times.

The live performances received critical acclaim. In her review of Muppet Babies' Live!, Sara Ann Conkling of Special to the Free Press praised Hank Saroyan's sketches as "full of color, sound, and activity." She also described the dancers as "remarkably agile" and added that the "special lighting effects added to the sense of wonderment." Dee Ann Rexroat of The Gazette commented that Muppet Babies' Live! is not "something parents have to suffer through", calling the live show "well produced" and "cute" and the sets and costumes as "quite imaginative". Dave Tianen of Green Bay Press-Gazette commented that Muppet Babies' Live! is "colorful, fast-paced, gentle, bright, tuneful, and mercifully short." In his review of Muppet Babies' Magic Box, Bill Wedo of The Morning Call reviewed that the show was "true to the original", praising the scene changes as "quick and clever". He also praised the Star Trek skit as the "beauty of the show", stating that "grown-ups can find kid stuff entertaining, too." In her review of Muppet Babies' Where's Animal?, Esther Benenson of Richmond Times-Dispatch commented that parents "[will] have trouble getting excited about the plot" and have a "hard time adjusting to the piercingly high voice of Baby Piggy", describing the plot as "sparse" and praising some of the medleys as "entertaining".

2018 reboot
On October 26, 2016, it was announced that a reboot of the series began production. As opposed to the traditional animation of the original show, the reboot used CGI and is targeted to children ages 4–7 with each episode consisting of two 11-minute stories. Mr. Warburton, creator of Cartoon Network's Codename: Kids Next Door, served as the executive producer while former SpongeBob SquarePants writer Eric Shaw served as the story editor. A reboot of the series premiered on Disney Junior on March 23, 2018.

Other appearances
In 1987, the live-action version of the lead characters appeared, in the form of an old home movie, during A Muppet Family Christmas. The segment itself was cut from American and Canadian home video releases due to copyright licensing issues with "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town".

In 1990, Baby Kermit, Piggy, and Gonzo made small appearances in the drug prevention television special Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue.

title: Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)


text:
Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art

The Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art (RLAHA) is a laboratory at the University of Oxford, England which develops and applies scientific methods to the study of the past. It was established in 1955 and its first director was Teddy Hall. The first deputy director was Dr Stuart Young, who was followed by Martin Aitken in 1957. After many years of de facto association with the Institute of Archaeology, in 2000 it was jointly brought under the single departmental umbrella of School of Archaeology.

The laboratory includes the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), which carries out radiocarbon dating using an accelerator mass spectrometer. The Laboratory publishes the journal Archaeometry, and hosts a chair named for its first director, Edward Hall Professorship in Archaeological Science, and a seminar series named for Martin Aitkin.

The Laboratory is currently directed by Professor Mark Pollard.

Areas of Research, Past and Present

 * Radiocarbon dating
 * Luminescence dating
 * Materials analysis
 * Palaeodiet
 * Archaeological geophysics
 * Uranium-series dating
 * Diagenesis
 * Tephrachronology

History of Directorship

 * Teddy Hall, 1955–1989.
 * Mike Tite, 1989–2004.
 * Mark Pollard, 2004–2014.
 * Christopher Bronk Ramsey 2014–2019.
 * Mark Pollard, 2019–Present.

Edward Hall Professorship in Archaeological Science
In 1989, when Teddy Hall retired, the laboratory was placed in jeopardy. In order for the university to agree to the funding of the Deputy Directorship in 1955, Hall, who was independently wealthy, forfeited his own salary. Knowing that his replacement would require funding, he launched an appeal and raised a million pound endowment for a chair, the now eponymous Edward Hall Professorship in Archaeological Science.

The first to take this chair was a previous student of Martin Aikten's, Mike Tite, who also worked with the pair on dating the Turin Shroud. Tite was Edward Hall Professor from 1989, until his retirement in 2004. He was replaced by Mark Pollard, who remains in post.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Iraq prison abuse scandals

About six months after the United States invasion of Iraq of 2003, rumors of Iraq prison abuse scandals started to emerge.

The best known abuse incidents occurred at the large Abu Ghraib prison. Graphic pictures of some of those abuse incidents were made public. Less well-known abuse incidents have been documented at American prisons throughout Iraq.

Timeline of events
According to The Washington Post, the coalition forces regularly use "torture-like" methods during the interrogation of suspects. Such methods were reportedly applied to people to find the hiding place of Saddam Hussein in Operation Red Dawn. British troops have also on occasion been accused of abusing Iraqi detainees. Such treatment violates article 17 of the Third Geneva Convention and the USA and Britain's official policies on combat and occupation. Despite numerous complaints by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, it took a year before the first US soldier was court-martialed for their actions concerning abuse of Iraqis.

Unknown date
Eight marine reservists were investigated for abuse and the death of a prisoner, outside Nasiriyah.

A photograph leaked after the initial set shows Spc. Sabrina Harman smiling and giving a thumbs up next to the body of Manadel al-Jamadi. Jamadi was reportedly beaten to death during interrogations in the prison's showers. Death certificates repeatedly stated that prisoners had died "while sleeping", and of "natural reasons". Iraqi doctors are not allowed to investigate the deaths of prisoners, even if death certificates are allegedly forged. No investigations against US military doctors who are alleged to have forged death certificates have been reported.

Spring 2003
A US veteran sergeant reports witnessing torture of journalists and writers all over Iraq. Kurdistan region was not an exception. Writers without Borders embarrassed the Iraqi government quite frequently in reports covering minority, women and marginalised Iraqis from all over the country but with much focus on Baghdad, Karkuk, Salahedin and Mosul.

Honorably discharged US veteran, Sergeant Frank "Greg" Ford reports that he witnessed war crimes in Samarra, Iraq. According to Ford, several members of his own unit, the 205th Military Intelligence Brigade participated in the torture of Iraqi detainees as young as 14.

Ather Karen al-Mowafakia died in Basra, while in British custody. Details about the investigation are not known.

Gary Bartlam, a British soldier of the 7th Armoured Brigade, was arrested after submitting film to a photo developers shop in Tamworth, England while on leave. The photographs depict a gagged Iraqi POW suspended hanging by rope from a fork lift, and other pictures seem to show prisoners being forced to perform sexual acts. Bartlam and two other soldiers were convicted at court martial of abuse - a fourth soldier was cleared.

British Lieutenant Colonel Tim Collins was alleged by US Army Major Re Biastre to have been responsible for mistreatment of Iraqi civilians and prisoners of war. Lieutenant Colonel Collins was later cleared of any wrongdoing by an MOD investigation.

May 2003
In separate incidents, the Royal Military Police declared that Radhi Natna died of a heart attack while in British custody, yet his family reports that he had no heart trouble; and the Black Watch regiment arrested the 17-year-old Ahmad Jabber Kareem Ali in Basra, who then drowned after being ordered to swim across a river despite not being able to swim, according to his friend Ayad Salim Hanoon.

Army Reservists abused Prisoners at Camp Bucca, and were later court-martialed.

Brigadier General Ennis Whitehead III reported that Master Sergeant Lisa Marie Girman, a state trooper, "repeatedly kick[ed a prisoner] in the groin, abdomen and head, and encouraging her subordinate soldiers to do the same,"

Lieutenant Colonel Vic Harris reported that Staff Sergeant Scott A. McKenzie who worked at a Pennsylvania Department of Corrections boot-camp-style prison, and Specialist Timothy F. Canjar: held prisoners' legs, encouraged others to then kick them in the groin, stepped on their previously injured arms, and made false sworn statements to the Army Criminal Investigation Division.

They received "general under honorable conditions" discharges, were ordered to forfeit two months' salary, and returned to the United States.

Sergeant Shawna Edmondson, also involved in the case, received an "other-than-honorable" discharge, after she requested it instead of being court-martialed.

Hossam Shaltout said the abuse at Camp Bucca was similar to that at Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, and that his torture included scorpions placed on his body.

Said Shabram died in custody, but no information of the investigation were made public.

July to December 2003
American forces detained the family of an unidentified lieutenant general to induce him to turn himself in.

The abuses at Abu Ghraib prison were reportedly committed by MPs. There are allegations that private contractors contributed to them as well and that intelligence agencies such as the CIA ordered them to do so in order to break prisoners for interrogations. It is said to be a usual practice in other US prisons as well, such as in Afghanistan and Guantanamo Bay.

The International Committee of the Red Cross submitted a detailed report to the U.S. Army in October 2003 about abuses in prisons, and the president of the Red Cross stated he had informed high-ranking members of the Bush administration about the abuses during a meeting in the White House in January 2004. A soldier came forward that month with photos of abuse that he found disturbing, some showed the stacking of prisoners into a human pyramid, with one prisoner's skin visibly bearing a slur written in English. Another showed a prisoner being forced to stand on a box with wires attached to his head and hands, who had reportedly been told that if he fell off the box, he would be electrocuted. Photos released to the public later included a person being attacked by a guard dog, which the soldier involved described as being useful for intimidation of prisoners. It was also reported that an Iraqi hired as a translator raped a juvenile male prisoner while a female soldier took pictures. No charges have been brought against the contractor because he does not fall under military jurisdiction; it is questionable whether any charges will or even can be brought against him.

Donald Rumsfeld had said that army and government had only been informed in January and not in detail. On January 16, 2004, a press release was issued by the United States Central Command (CENTCOM) stating that an investigation had been initiated in response to allegations of detainee abuse at an unspecified detention facility (now known to be Abu Ghraib prison).

In March 2004, 6 soldiers in Abu Ghraib were charged with dereliction of duty, cruelty and maltreatment, and sexual abuse. 17 others were suspended from duty, including the seven U.S. officers who ran the prison. Also recommended for discipline was Brig. Gen Janis Karpinski, the commander of the 800th brigade. The Red Cross, which had access to these prisons, has stated that the instances of torture were not aberrations but were systemic. Some officers have attempted to defend themselves by saying that they were only doing their duty.

In response to ongoing complaints, the US military initiated a program to reform the internment and treatment systems. The reforms are expected to increase safeguards for prisoners' rights, to ensure each prisoner receives a copy of their internment order, and has their charges explained to them within 72 hours. They additionally plan to publicly post information about detainees so that family members can know what happened to their loved ones. Reforms were made in March 2004.

Theft of prisoner's possessions by soldiers, dirty, cramped quarters and bad food, prisoners forced into uncomfortable positions for prolonged periods of time, extreme exposure to the elements, and excessive jailings of people based on the paid testimony of individual informants were reported. 55-year-old cafe owner Mahmoud Khodair, who was arrested and held for six months before being released in early March without ever knowing what he was charged with, stated, "It was just like hell", and "Nothing has changed since Saddam. Before, the Mukhabarat [secret police] would take us away, and at least they wouldn't blow down the door. Now, some informant fingers you and gets $100 even if you're innocent."

During April 2004 the media started to report on the abuse. The journalist Seymour Hersh (who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his disclosure of the Vietnam War tragedy at the hamlet of My Lai) published a series of articles in The New Yorker with photo coverage of U.S. soldiers abusing prisoners in the Abu Ghraib prison on 2004-04-30.

In an interview with Dan Rather, the deputy director of operations for the US-led coalition, Brig. Gen. Mark Kimmitt, stated "We're appalled. These are our fellow soldiers. These are the people we work with every day. They represent us. They wear the same uniform as us, and they let their fellow soldiers down. If we can't hold ourselves up as an example of how to treat people with dignity and respect, we can't ask that other nations do that to our soldiers."

On May 1, 2004, photos of prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq being abused and humiliated by United States soldiers provoke an international outrage.

Furthering the charges, excerpts from the Abu Ghraib Taguba report were published on May 3, 2004. The report documented: the sodomizing of a prisoner with a chemical light, pouring phosphoric liquid on detainees, rape of a female prisoner, forced masturbation, "ghost detainees" moved around to avoid the Red Cross, and many other abuses.

The release of the photographs and reports had led to renewed calls for investigations into the abuses reported in other US military prisons, such as Camp X-Ray and Camp Delta.

On May 14, 2004, reporters for the Guardian documented a coercive technique which soldiers called "bitch in a box". The prisoner was shoved into the trunk of a car on a hot day, and driven around until the prisoner was near ready to pass out. Another technique documented was "waterboarding", which involves water being poured over a cloth covering the face and breathing passages of an immobilized captive, causing the individual to experience the sensation of drowning. They also interviewed many soldiers not involved in the current scandal, who claimed that they were taught to use sleep deprivation, to stage mock executions, and to use other procedures. One platoon leader who objected to these practices was reportedly told that his stand could end his military career.

USA Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld told an armed services committee of the Senate on 2004-05-07 that "There are a lot more photographs and videos that exist [...] I looked at them last night and they're hard to believe [...] The pictures I've seen depict conduct, behaviour that is so brutal and so cruel and so inhumane that anyone engaged in it or involved in it would have to be brought to justice." He also said that the abused detainees may be offered compensation.

In a scene described as "surreal" by AFP, it was found in mid May, 2004 that US troops were handing out cash to freed prisoners along with a note stating "You have not been mistreated.". A reporter visiting the prison Camp War Horse described the tour:

 * "Have you been mistreated?" the governor asks the detainees, dressed in orange boilersuits.

 * "No. We have never been tortured," chorused those behind bars as some 50 soldiers stood nearby.

August 2003
It was claimed that eleven Iraqis had been severely beaten by members of the SAS in Majar al-Kabir; they were released and paid compensation for their injuries.

Sadiq Zoman, 57, is delivered in a vegetative state, to a hospital in Tikrit. His body bearing telltale signs of torture: burn marks on his skin, bludgeon marks on the back of his head, a badly broken thumb, electrical burns on the soles of his feet. Additionally, family members say they found whipmarks across his back and more electrical burns on his genitalia. He had entered US custody healthy barely 1 month earlier.

Hassan Abbad Said died in custody, but no information of the investigation were made public.

September 2003
Corporal Donald Payne of the Queen's Lancashire Regiment now the 1st Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border), became Britain's first convicted war criminal after pleading guilty to abusing Iraqi detainees, which resulted in the death of one detainee Baha Mousa.

November 2003
An al Jazeera cameraman, Salah Hassan, reported various abuses in the infamous Abu Ghraib prison complex, such as being forced to strip naked, standing up for 11 hours and being kicked when he collapsed, being forced to wear a vomit-covered jumpsuit, and many other abuses. He later also witnessed a 12- or 13-year-old girl who was stripped naked and beaten. Her brother was held in another cell and heard her screams.

January 2004
January 3: Marwan Hassoun and his cousin Zaydun Al-Samarrai are taken from their broken-down truck at about curfew time and forced to jump from the Tharthar dam into the Tigris River; the latter drowns. First Lt. Jack M. Saville and Sgt. 1st Class Tracy E. Perkins were charged on 2004 June 7 with manslaughter, assault, conspiracy, making false statements, and obstruction of justice. Sgt. Reggie Martinez was charged three weeks later with manslaughter and for making false statements, and Spec. Terry Bowman with assault and making false statements. Martinez' and Bowman's charges were dropped; Perkins got six months in jail. Saville was jailed (45 days) and fined $12,000 for assault but he remained on active duty until his military obligation was fulfilled.

Daily Mirror false allegations
Alleged photographs of prisoner abuses by UK troops were published by the Daily Mirror within 48 hours of the breaking of the story of abuses by US troops in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.

General Sir Mike Jackson, Chief of the General Staff, said "if proven, the perpetrators are not fit to wear the Queen's uniform and they have besmirched the Army's good name and conduct".

The authenticity of the photographs was called into question a day later. In particular, a number of specifics in the images, such as the type of rifles the soldiers in the pictures are carrying and the type of truck pictured did not match the equipment used by UK troops in Iraq. The Mirror responded to these criticisms of the photographs on May 3, 2004.

On May 14, 2004, the Daily Mirror reported that the pictures it had published, allegedly showing UK troops abusing an Iraqi prisoner, were fake and that "the Daily Mirror has been the subject of a calculated and malicious hoax." The Daily Mirror editor, Piers Morgan, was sacked due to the controversy.

Rape Accusations
On May 11, 2004, The Boston Globe covered a press conference by Boston City Councilor Chuck Turner and local civil rights activist Sadiki Kambon during which they distributed photographs they alleged showed American soldiers raping Iraqi woman. In its early editions on May 12, photographs from the event clearly showed some of the pictures presented, the Globe later apologized for the error. Other news agencies quickly responded to the story by linking the photographs to American and Hungarian pornography sites. Several sources stated that Iraqi females, including teenage girls, were sexually assaulted while being detained at Abu Ghraib and other US military detention facilities across Iraq. American journalist Tara McKelvey, writing for the magazine The American Prospect, interviewed an Iraqi sheik in the fall of 2004 about this issue and he told her that "he had seen a young girl, 15 years old, with internal bleeding. She had been raped over and over again by the soldiers, and she could no longer talk. He is a deeply religious man. But that night, he shouted at Allah. ‘How is it possible that you are there and these things are happening?!' he said.”

Amnesty International report
Amnesty International has alleged that the MOD has refused to properly investigate allegations of war crimes committed by their troops.

February 2004
Death in U.S. custody of chemistry professor Mohammed Munim al-Izmerly. An autopsy concluded death was caused by a sudden hit to the back of his head and that the cause of death was blunt trauma.

June 2004
The Pentagon confirms a report in The New York Times that CIA chief George Tenet was allowed by U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to have an Iraqi prisoner secretly detained at Camp Cropper in November, preventing the International Committee of the Red Cross from monitoring their treatment, a possible violation of the Geneva Conventions.

June 29: Oregon national guardsmen intervene in the beating of bound prisoners on the grounds of the Iraqi Interior Ministry; are told to back off and let the newly "sovereign" Iraqis run their own affairs.

July 2004
The International Red Cross reports that more than 100 children were kept in six different prisons of the coalition. Witnesses say US forces also abused children and youths. Soldier Samuel Provance from Abu Ghraib reported the harassment of a 15- to 16-year-old girl in her cell as well as a 16-year-old boy who was driven through the cold after he had been showered and who was then covered with mud. Allegations have been made that children have been subjected to torture and rape. This has been used to make detained parents talk in cases where other interrogation methods have failed. Seymour Hersh told a San Francisco audience: "what happened is that those women who were arrested with young boys, children, in cases that have been [video] recorded, the boys were sodomized, with the cameras rolling... the worst above all of them is the soundtrack of the boys shrieking." An unpublished UNICEF report is said to include statements about children that were arrested in Basra and Kerbela and routinely detained in Umm Kasr. The children are said to be without contact to their families and cannot expect a trial.

August 2004
Death penalty "reluctantly" reinstated in Iraq "until stability [is] restored."

December 2004
Reports of mock executions by the US Marines in Iraq have surfaced in December 2004, as the ACLU published internal documents of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. The documents were written seven weeks after the publication of the photographs which triggered the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal.

Several torture cases were also reported, notably torture by electricity, beatings, and sprayings of prisoners with fire extinguishers.

On 21 December, the ACLU released further documents documenting tortures. Notably, in a case of shooting of suspects without warning, Army commanders are reported to have interfered with the investigation. Procedures of autopsy of detainees who died in unclear circumstances have been canceled by battalion and group commands. Other cases include
 * An apparent attempt by a soldier in Baghdad to force a detainee to hold a gun to create the appearance of a justifiable homicide.
 * Two mock executions of Iraqi juveniles by Army personnel (documents obtained by the ACLU two weeks ago showed that U.S. Marines had also conducted a mock execution of juvenile detainees).
 * Allegations of a competition among Army dog handlers at Abu Ghraib prison to see who could make Iraqi detainees urinate themselves the fastest.
 * The use of death threats during interrogations. Command failures in providing appropriate training to military interrogators in Baghdad detention facilities.

January 2005
On 24 January 2005, the ACLU accused the Pentagon of deliberately closing investigations over Human Rights violations and torture cases before they were over.

Human Rights Watch accused Iraqi security forces of using torture and improper treatments on prisoners. Arbitrary arrests and long periods of isolation are now common. Human Right Watch interviewed 90 prisoners, among which 72 said they had been tortured during interrogation. Sarah Leah Whitson, HRW director, said that the Iraqi provisional government was not holding to its promise to stand by Human Rights: "A new Iraqi government requires more than a change of leadership - it requires a change of attitude about basic human dignity". "During the first three days there was continuous torture. I was beaten with an aluminum rod and with cables. ? Then I was told to sign a statement with my hands tied behind my back, so I didn't even see the paper and I don't know what I signed." Among bad treatments were such elements as beatings with cables, electric shocks, including on genitals, being tied and blindfolded for days, cells so crowded that it is only possible to stand, arbitrary detention, refusal of trials, access to lawyers or contacts with families. These treatments were inflicted to insurgents and criminals alike.

May 2005
A Pentagon order is mentioned in a military report filed on May 16, 2005 ordering U.S. personnel to turn a blind eye to Iraqi torture by refraining from investigating instances of apparent detainee abuse by Iraqi personnel, unless the investigation is first approved by U.S. headquarters: "Provided the initial report confirms US forces were not involved in the detainee abuse, no further investigation will be conducted unless directed by HHQ." Such approval was rarely granted.

September 2005
In a report published by Human Rights Watch in September 2005, U.S. Troops are accused to routinely torture prisoners in Iraq. Two sergeants and a captain describe e.g. the breaking of a detainee’s leg, and applying chemical substances to detainees’ skin and eyes. Capt. Ian Fishback of the 82nd Airborne who made persistent efforts over 17 months to raise concerns about detainee abuse with his chain of command was consistently told to ignore abuses and to “consider your career.” When he made an appointment with Senate staff members of Senators John McCain and John Warner, he says his commanding officer denied him a pass to leave his base.

November 2005
-173 detainees found in an Iraqi government bunker in Baghdad were found starved, beaten and tortured.

-Colin Powell's former Chief of Staff, Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson, stated in an interview with Amy Goodman on November 22 that:

 * "the difficulties [our troops face] come from the two decisions that I had the most insight into that were made in this more or less alternative decision-making process. And those two decisions were the inept and incompetent planning for post-invasion Iraq, and [...] the decision... from that alternative decision-making process to depart from the Geneva Conventions and from international law, in general.

 * "[The President's memorandum said] the spirit of Geneva would be adhered to... consistent with military necessity. [...] It did not say 'consistent with national security demands.' It did not say 'consistent with the demands of the war on terror.' It said 'consistent with military needs.' Now, military needs are very simple and clear to a man like me who spent 31 years in the military. It means that if one of my buddy's life is threatened or my life is threatened, I can take drastic action. I can even shoot a detainee. And I can expect not to be punished under Geneva, or at least if I am court-martialed, I have a defense. It doesn't mean that I can take a detainee in a cold, dark cell in Bagram, Afghanistan, for example, in December 2002, shackled to the wall, and pour cold water on him at intervals when the outside temperature is 50 degrees anyway, and eventually kill him, which is what happened."''

The Haditha killings occurred on November 19 in the town of Haditha, Iraq. A convoy of United States Marines was attacked with an improvised explosive device which killed Lance Corporal Miguel Terrazas. Up to twenty-four Iraqis were subsequently killed; it is alleged that they were non-combatant local residents who were massacred by Marines in the aftermath of the insurgent attack.

December 2005
John Pace, human rights chief for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI), told Reuters that there were an estimated 14,000 people being held in prison in Iraq contrary to UN Resolution 1546, according to which the US government claims legal permission to occupy Iraq. In a December 5, 2005, interview, Pace said,

 * "All [prisoners in Iraq] except those held by the Ministry of Justice are, technically speaking, held against the law because the Ministry of Justice is the only authority that is empowered by law to detain, to hold anybody in prison.

 * "Essentially none of these people have any real recourse to protection and therefore we speak ... of a total breakdown in the protection of the individual in this country.

 * "It's very rare to get judges ordering you to be released and effectively the police respecting that order.

 * "We have cases also where the judge who has ordered a group of people to be released, about 50-60 people, and the police, the Interior Ministry simply refuses.

 * "We have another case in another part of the country where the judge was actually the subject of reprisal for having found people not getting, as ordered, their release.

 * "The judge is now in jail.

 * "The judiciary has a lot to answer for in this country. It is really not carrying out its duties," he said, adding that bribes were sometimes paid for jobs in the judiciary and police.

 * "This is not denied," Pace said. "This is symptomatic of the corruption problems in this country and stands in the way of any kind of rule of law."

June 2006
According to the Iraqi Defense Ministry, Private First Class Thomas Tucker and Private First Class Kristian Menchaca were reportedly "killed in a barbaric way," "slaughtered," and tortured to death, and their bodies were so mutilated that DNA tests are being performed to help identify their remains. The alleged group has said it was a revenge for the rape and murder of an Iraqi girl who was dishonoured by soldiers of the same brigade.

Video of the killing of four Russian diplomats kidnapped in Iraq appear on the Internet. A group called the Mujahideen Shura Council released the hostage video.

October 2009
In 2009, an additional 21 color photographs surfaced, showing prisoners in Afghanistan and Iraq being abused by their U.S. captors. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) said, "[T]he government had long argued that the abuse at Abu Ghraib was isolated and was an aberration. The new photos would show that the abuse was more widespread." President Barack Obama initially indicated he would not fight the release of the photographs, but "reversed course in May and authorized an appeal to the high court." "The Obama administration believe[d] giving the imminent grant of authority over the release of such pictures to the defense secretary would short-circuit a lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union under the Freedom of Information Act." On Oct 10, 2009 the US "Congress [was] set to allow the Pentagon to keep new pictures ... from the public"

2010
On February 3, 2010, David A. Larson, an elected official in California who has a relationship with government contract personnel, made disclosures to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), Office of the Inspector General (OIG) alleging that under the Bush Administration, prisoners detained at Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay, and undisclosed "black sites" were being used as involuntary research subjects for human biomedical experimentation, behavior modification research, and drug-testosterone delivery in a manner similar to past CIA Project MKULTRA activities investigated in 1977 by Senators Kennedy and Inuoye. The allegation supports information contained in an International Red Cross report relative to the expanded role of CIA medical personnel in torture and interrogation.

In 2010, the last of the prisons were turned over to the Iraqi government to run. An Associated Press article said "Despite Abu Ghriab- or perhaps because of reforms in its wake- prisoners have more recently said they receive far better treatment in American custody than in Iraqi jails." In September 2010 Amnesty International warned in a report titled New Order, Same Abuses; Unlawful Detentions and Torture in Iraq that up to 30,000 prisoners, including many veterans of the US detention system, remain detained without rights in Iraq and are frequently tortured or abused. Furthermore, it describes a detention system that has not evolved since Saddam Hussein's regime, in which human rights abuses were endemic with arbitrary arrests and secret detention common and a lack of accountability throughout the security forces. Amnesty's Middle East and North Africa director, Malcolm Smart went on to say that "Iraq's security forces have been responsible for systematically violating detainees' rights and they have been permitted. US authorities, whose own record on detainees' rights has been so poor, have now handed over thousands of people detained by US forces to face this catalogue of illegality, violence and abuse, abdicating any responsibility for their human rights."

On October 22, 2010 nearly 400,000 secret United States army field reports and war logs, detailing torture, summary executions and war crimes, were passed on to the British paper, the Guardian and several other international media organisations through the whistleblowing website WikiLeaks. Among others, the logs detail how US authorities failed to investigate hundreds of reports of abuse, torture, rape and even murder by Iraqi police and soldiers, whose conduct appears to be systematic and normally unpunished and that US troops abused prisoners for years even after the Abu Ghraib scandal. Both the UK and the US have condemned the unauthorised release of classified material, but did not question its accuracy.

In July 2019, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor and the Iraqi Centre for the Documentation of War Crimes released a joint statement in which they revealed testimonies from the Taji Prison in the north of Bagdad. The testimonies documented the Iraqi security forces' policies of humiliation and persecution against detainees in Iraqi prisons, where they are kept in a large camp, suffering harsh conditions, beaten, exploited, and deprived of their basic human rights.

Investigations
Several sets of investigations, both congressional via the Senate Armed Services Committee, military via courts-martial, and criminal for non-military contractors, were launched in response to the scandal.

Seymour Hersh, who exposed the Abu Ghraib scandal, and reports in Newsweek, has taken the case even further. In 2003, Donald Rumsfeld instituted a policy that "encouraged physical coercion and sexual humiliation of Iraqi prisoners in an effort to generate more intelligence about the growing insurgency in Iraq.". This policy stemmed from an earlier policy taken toward al-Qaeda prisoners. A memo to the Bush White House from counsel Alberto Gonzales claimed that the new sort of war renders the Geneva Conventions' limitations on interrogating enemy prisoners "obsolete". The program was approved by the CIA, NSA, and the National Security Council. President George W. Bush was informed of it. The Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Steven Cambone administered the operation. His deputy, William Boykin, instructed the head of operations at Camp X-ray Maj. Gen. Geoffrey Miller to do the same at Abu Ghraib. Miller told Brig. Gen. Janis Karpinski that the prison would now be dedicated to gathering intelligence. Douglas Feith and William Haynes were also involved in the operation.

On May 18, 2004, a military intelligence analyst named Samuel Provance came out to the press, stating "There's definitely a cover-up". Provance, who ran a computer network used by military intelligence in the prison and who had been ordered not to speak to the press, told ABC News "Anything [the MPs] were to do legally or otherwise, they were to take those commands from the interrogators," and that the sexual humiliation began as a technique ordered by the investigators. He described several of the goings-on in the prison that he witnessed, such as the punching people in the neck hard enough to knock them unconscious after assuring them they weren't going to be hit, in order to catch them off guard. He also stated that Maj. Gen. George Fay, the Army's deputy chief of staff for intelligence, has shown little interest in investigating the interrogators and has gone only after the MPs, and that there is a culture of silence right now among those involved, who fear that if they say anything, the investigations will turn to them.

On May 19, 2004, a court martial hearing was held for Cpl. Charles A. Graner Jr., who has been accused of being the ringleader of the group employing torture at Abu Ghraib. In an unexpected move, all three key witnesses - Lt. Col. Steven L. Jordan, Capt. Donald J. Reese, and contractor Adel L. Nakhla - refused to testify. This is an almost unheard of action. Under court martial proceedings, one cannot refuse to testify unless they have a belief that they will be exposed to criminal charges for doing so. Consequently, it is likely that the investigative proceedings will be forced to move higher up the chain of command.

title: Iraq prison abuse scandals


text:
Talk:Frank A. Gerbode

Confusion
Sorry for the confusion. I offer four arguments in defense.

1. As Chairman of the Public Information Committee for TIRA (the governing board of Metapsychology), I have permission to post this article. See http://www.tir.org/metapsy/contactus.htm  Also, my wife is President of TIRA as you can also see there.

2. A WHOIS search will note that TIR.ORG is maintained by me and in fact has been in my house since 1996.

3. I also have verbal permission from the author, Frank A. Gerbode, M.D. with whom I have been friends for 20 years.

4. www.healing-arts.org is a mirror of TIR.ORG which is the "original" source of this document.

Please reply with the appeals process and a pointer on how to avoid problems in the future. Thank you

Victor R. Volkman

 * I replied here. Summary: Ok, works for me, sorry for the confusion. --Ben Brockert 23:52, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

Former scientologist
Is there some reason why the biography does not mention that Frank Gerbode was formerly a scientologist? https://tonyortega.org/2013/04/13/the-saga-of-david-mayo-scientologys-banished-tech-wizard/ JON: A small group of former high ranking Scientologists got together in Santa Barbara, in 1983, and set up their own alternative to the cult — the AAC. They included Mayo and his wife Julie, former Executive Director International John Nelson, and Harvey Haber, who had produced the tech films and paid St Martin’s Press to publish Battlefield Earth (the cult bought the first 40,000 copies and gave $250,000 for promotion). Bob Mithoff, brother of Mayo’s replacement, was also there from the start, but it turned out that he was there to spy on them for Scientology. It’s worth noting that even with a spy in their midst, the AAC failed to be shut down by Scientology, which says a lot for the AAC’s high standard of ethics. Eventually, it was the pressure of litigation that closed the place. Mayo had moved to the Institute for Research into Metapsychology, run by psychiatrist Frank Gerbode (the only psychiatrist in Scientology!). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kurt L (talk • contribs) 23:59, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

Duplicate citations: preferred book edition
I've given a moderately thorough read to the citing sources documentation and am unclear if there is a preference on using the first edition of a work or if all editions are of equal "value". In this case, Gerbode cites is own work as 1989 when he writes about it in Gerbode, Frank (May 2006). "Traumatic incident reduction: a person-centered, client-titrated exposure technique". Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 12 (1–2): 151–167. doi:10.1300/J146v12n01_08. Skilfullycurled (talk) 17:38, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Misleading redirect to TIR
I'm new to editing and the procedure for managing/changing/deleting redirects is pretty extensive so I'm not sure how to go about it.

The redirect for the definition of Traumatic incident reduction (TIR) leads to the section on the page Abreaction called Abreaction therapies.

1. It meets both qualifications (the second at the very least) for item 10, of the reasons for redirect deletions, "If the redirect could plausibly be expanded into an article, and the target article contains virtually no information on the subject.

2. I believe this could also be considered for deletion under item 3 regarding confusion. While there isn't a topic under the therapy types for Abreaction, there is a therapy example from Scientology. Gerbode used to be a Scientologist, and appears to have been informed by his time as one. However, TIR is not a therapy from scientology. It is listed as an evidence based theory, which has appeared in books and peer reviewed journals (see citations on this pate). Skilfullycurled (talk) 18:26, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frank A. Gerbode


text:
Thomas Clausen (musician)

Thomas Clausen (born 5 October 1949) is a Danish jazz pianist and composer.

Early life
Clausen was born on 5 October 1949 in Copenhagen. His brother was Bent Clausen. Thomas studied piano and composition.

Later life and career
Clausen was part of the band V8, led by Palle Mikkelborg and Alex Riel, from 1970 to 1975. He has recorded with Scandinavian jazz musicians and with Bob Brookmeyer, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Dexter Gordon, Jackie McLean, Ben Webster and others. He has also led groups throughout his career.

As leader

 * 1982 Rain (Matrix Music Marketing)
 * 1985 The Shadow of Bill Evans (BMG)
 * 1988 She Touched Me (M-A)
 * 1989 Piano Music (M-A)
 * 1991 Café Noir featuring Gary Burton (Intermusic)
 * 1992 Flowers and Trees featuring Gary Burton (M•A Music)
 * 1998 Festa (with Celso Mendes) (Olufsen Records)
 * 1998 Turn Out the Stars (Storyville)
 * 1999 Follow the Moon (Stunt)
 * 2001 Prelude to a Kiss (Stunt)
 * 2002 My Favourite Things (Stunt)
 * 2002 Danske Sange (Stunt)
 * 2003 Balacobaco (Stunt)
 * 2007 Back to Basics (Stunt)
 * 2009 After the Carnaval (Stunt)
 * 2014 Morning... Dreaming... (with Steve Swallow) (Stunt)

Source:

As sideman
With Tim Berne With Francisco Cali With Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis With Miles Davis With Dexter Gordon With Jackie McLean
 * Open, Coma (Screwgun, 2001)
 * The Voyage (Stunt, 2016)
 * Swingin' Till the Girls Come Home (SteepleChase, 1976)
 * Aura (Columbia, 1989)
 * More Than You Know (SteepleChase, 1975)
 * Ode to Super (SteepleChase, 1973) with Gary Bartz

title: Thomas Clausen (musician)


text:
Portuguese Water Dog

The Portuguese Water Dog originated from the Algarve region of Portugal. From there the breed expanded to all around Portugal's coast, where they were taught to herd fish into fishermen's nets, retrieve lost tackle or broken nets, and act as couriers from ship to ship, or ship to shore. Portuguese Water Dogs rode in fishing trawlers as they worked their way from the Atlantic waters of Portugal to the waters off the coast of Iceland fishing for cod.

In Portuguese, the breed is called cão de água (literally 'dog of water'). In Portugal, the dog is also known as the Algarvian Water Dog (cão de água algarvio), or Portuguese Fishing Dog (cão pescador português). Cão de água de pêlo ondulado is the name given to the wavy-haired variety, and cão de água de pêlo encaracolado is the name for the curly-coated variety.

The Portuguese Water Dog is a fairly rare breed; only 36 Portuguese Water Dogs were entered for Britain's Crufts competition in 2013. Though some breeders claim they are a hypoallergenic dog breed, there is no scientific evidence to support the claim that hypoallergenic dog breeds exist. Their non-shedding qualities have made them more popular in recent years. The Portuguese Water Dog was the chosen breed of US President Barack Obama, who had two of them, Bo and Sunny. The Obama family chose Sunny for the breed's comparatively hypoallergenic nature, while Bo was given to them by Senator Ted Kennedy.

Description
Portuguese and Spanish water dogs are clearly related and probably have a common ancestor. The closest relatives of the PWD and Spanish Water dog are widely thought to be the Standard Poodle. Like Poodles and several other water dog breeds, PWDs are intelligent, can have curly coats, have webbed toes for swimming, and do not shed. However, Portuguese Water Dogs are more robustly built, with stout legs, and can have a wavy coat instead of tightly curled. If comparing the structure to that of a Poodle, there are significant differences between the two breeds. The Portuguese Water Dog is built of strong substantial bone; well developed, neither refined nor coarse, and a solidly built, muscular body. The Portuguese Water Dog is off-square, slightly longer than tall when measured from prosternum to rearmost point of the buttocks, and from withers to ground. Portuguese Water Dog eyes are black or various tones of brown, and their coats can be black, brown, black and white or brown and white.

Male Portuguese Water Dogs usually grow to be about 20 to 23 in tall, and they weigh between 40 and 60 lb, while the females usually grow to be about 17 to 21 in tall, and they weigh between 35 and 50 lb.

Coat types
PWDs have a single-layered coat that does not shed (see Moult), and therefore their presence is tolerated well among many people who suffer from dog allergies.

Most PWDs, especially those shown in conformation shows, are entirely black, black and white, brown, or silver-tipped; it is common to see white chest spots and white paws or legs on black or brown coated dogs. "Parti" or "Irish-. "Parti" dogs are becoming more common in the United States. However, in Portugal, the breed standard does not allow more than 30% white markings. Overall, white is the least common Portuguese Water Dog color, while black with white markings on the chin ("milk chin") and the chest is the most common color.

From the Portuguese Water Dog Club of America Revised Standard for the Portuguese Water Dog come these descriptions of the two coat types:

 * Curly coat: "Compact, cylindrical curls, somewhat lusterless. The hair on the ears is sometimes wavy."
 * Wavy coat: "Falling gently in waves, not curls, and with a slight sheen."

Many dogs have mixed pattern hair: curly all over the body but wavy on the tail and ears.

Grooming styles
If left untended, the hair on a PWD will keep growing indefinitely. Problems associated with this include the hair around the eyes growing so long as to impede vision, and matting of the body hair, which can cause skin irritations. For these reasons, PWDs must be trimmed about every two months and the coat brushed every other day.

The coat is usually worn in a "retriever cut" or a "lion cut".

The lion cut
In the lion cut, the hindquarters, muzzle, and the base of the tail are shaved, with approximately 1/3 of the tail hair left long, also known as a flag, and the rest of the body is left full length. This traditional cut originated with the fishing dogs of Portugal. The lion cut diminished the initial shock of cold water when jumping from boats, as well as providing warmth to the vitals. The hindquarters were left shaved to allow easier movement of the back legs and the powerful, rudder-like tail.

The retriever cut
The retriever cut is one inch (2.5 cm) long, evenly over the body (although some owners prefer the muzzle or the base of the tail shorter, again, with approximately 1/3 of the tail hair left long, also known as a flag,). This cut is a more recent style and originated because breeders wanted to make the breed more appealing to buyers. Sometimes owners will clip the hair of their dogs very short, especially in the summer months, in modified retriever cut.

Vocalisation
Portuguese Water Dogs have a multi-octave voice. They tend to be quiet dogs although they will warn when the home is approached, and they will communicate their desires vocally and behaviorally to their owner. Their bark is loud and distinctive. They may engage in "expressive panting", by making a distinct "ha-ha-ha-ha" sound as an invitation to play or to indicate a desire for nearby food. They sometimes whine.

The PWD's biddability, high intelligence, and tendency to vocalise and then seek out its human master when specific alarms occur make it an ideal hearing-ear or deaf-assistance dog. PWDs can be readily trained to bark loudly when a telephone rings, and then to find and alert a hard-of-hearing or deaf master.

Temperament

Portuguese Water dogs are loving, independent, and intelligent and are easily trained in obedience and agility skills. They are generally friendly to strangers and enjoy being petted.

Because they are working dogs, PWDs are generally content in being at their master's side, awaiting directions, and, if they are trained, they are willing and able to follow complex commands. They learn very quickly, seem to enjoy the training, and have a long memory for the names of objects. These traits and their non-shedding coats mean they excel at the various service dog roles such as hearing dogs (assistance dogs for the deaf), mobility dogs, and seizure response dogs. They also make unusually good therapy dogs.

A PWD usually stays in proximity to its owners, both indoors and outdoors. Although very gregarious animals, these dogs will typically bond with one primary family member. Some speculate that this intense bonding arose in the breed because the dogs were selected to work in proximity to their masters on small fishing boats, unlike other working dogs such as herding dogs and water dogs that range out to perform tasks. In any case, the modern PWD, whether employed on a boat or kept as a pet or a working dog, loves water and attention and prefers to be engaged in activity within sight of a human partner. This is not a breed to be left alone for long periods of time, indoors or out.

As water dogs, the PWD's retrieving instinct is strong, which also gives some dogs tugging and chewing tendencies. A PWD will commonly jump as a greeting. Owners may choose to limit this behavior. Some PWDs may walk, hop, or "dance" on their hind legs when greeting or when excited. Some PWDs will stand upright at kitchen counters and tables, especially if they smell food above them. This habit is known as "counter surfing" and is characteristic of the breed.

Because of their intelligence and working drive, they require regular intensive exercise as well as mental challenges. They are gentle and patient—but not "couch potatoes", and boredom can cause them to become destructive.

In ancient times

The Portuguese Water Dog and the Poodle appear to have developed from the same ancient genetic pool: At one time the Poodle was a longer-coated dog, as is one variety of the Portuguese Water Dog. PWD breeders say that the current-day Poodle, Kerry Blue Terrier, and Irish Water Spaniel are possible ancestors of the "water dog".

Modern history
The PWD was a breed on the verge of extinction when, during the 1930s, Vasco Bensaude, a wealthy Portuguese shipping magnate, began to seek out fishermen's dogs for use in a breeding program to re-establish the breed. Bensaude's kennel was named Algarbiorum, and his most famous dog was Leão (1931–1942), a very "type-y" (that is, standard-conformant) fisherman's stud dog, who was bred to so many different females that about half of the pedigreed Portuguese Water Dogs in existence can trace their lineage back to him. Bensaude was aided by two Portuguese veterinarians, Frederico Pinto Soares and Manuel Fernandes Marques. His work was carried on by Conchita Cintron de Castelo Branco, to whom he gave his last 14 PWDs and all his archives.

António Cabral was the founder of the Alvalade kennels in Portugal. Ch. Charlie de Alvalade (Charlie), a brown-coated dog, and C. B. Baluarte de Alvalade (Balu) were two of his many famous PWDs. He registered his first PWD in 1954 after Bensaude had pioneered the re-establishment of the breed in Portugal. Cabral worked with Carla Molinari, Deyanne Miller, Sonja Santos and others to establish PWDs in the US. The "Mark of Cabral" is a triangular shape of different color/textured hair, usually 2 to 3 in from the base of the tail.

Deyanne Miller is the person most responsible for the rise of the PWD in America. In 1972, the Millers, along with 14 others, formed the Portuguese Water Dog Club of America, Inc. (PWDCA). She worked with dogs from both the Cintron and Cabral lineages to establish a stable genetic pool of PWDs in the US at her Farmion kennels. Another early US breeder of PWDs was the actor Raymond Burr.

Genetic diseases
As with all purebred dogs, PWDs are vulnerable to certain genetic defects. Owing to the limited gene pool for this breed, conscientious breeders carefully study pedigrees and select dogs to minimize the chance of genetic disease and improper coat. As with many other breeds, growing popularity has encouraged breeding by people not knowledgeable about the breed.

Hip dysplasia
Like poodles, PWDs are vulnerable to hip dysplasia, a congenital and developmental problem with the hip joints. However, the risk of a PWD developing hip dysplasia can be greatly reduced by thoroughly checking the pedigrees and health clearances in both the sire and dam of the dog.

Cataracts, progressive retinal atrophy, and distichiasis
Cataracts and progressive retinal atrophy are two eye diseases found in PWDs. Progressive retinal atrophy, which causes "night blindness", may lead to complete blindness. This is a simple recessive gene. DNA testing, known as "Optigen Testing", can identify dogs carrying the gene for progressive retinal atrophy. "Normal" or "A" dogs do not carry the gene. "Carriers" or "B" dogs carry one copy of the gene and will not express the disease, but pass the gene to 50% of their offspring. "Affected" or "C" dogs have two copies of the progressive retinal atrophy gene and will probably express the disease as late onset progressive retinal atrophy. "B" or "C" dogs should be bred only to "A" dogs to ensure that any offspring will not express the disease.

Ingrown eyelashes (distichiasis) occur in some curly-coated breeds, but they are not particularly common in PWDs. Ingrown eyelashes will rub the eye, causing extensive corneal ulcerations. The condition is minor so long as it is not ignored, and can be surgically treated if necessary.

GM1 storage disease
GM1 storage disease, one of a family of conditions called GM1 gangliosidoses, is a recessive, genetic disorder that is inevitably fatal. It is caused by a deficiency of beta-galactosidase, with resulting abnormal storage of acidic lipid materials in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems, but particularly in the nerve cells. Because PWDs are all rather closely related to one another and share a limited gene pool, PWDs who were GM1 storage disease carriers were able to be genetically identified, and the condition has now been almost entirely eliminated from the breed. All breeding stock should be tested for GM-1 storage disease or GM1 gangliosidoses, which is a fatal nerve disease that typically appears when a puppy is approximately six months of age. The affected puppy will show clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction including ataxia, tremors, paresis, and seizures. The pet may also exhibit a change in temperament. Lesions of the retina and clouding of the cornea may occur.

Juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy

Juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy is a fatal condition caused by an autosomal recessive gene. Affected puppies die suddenly or with very little warning usually between the ages of six weeks to seven months old. The signs and symptoms include a 12- to 48-hour onset of loss of appetite, decreased energy level, vomiting, and difficulty breathing. Some pups have no physical signs or symptoms at all, may just collapse and die, or are found dead by the breeder or new owner. At this time, there is no known cure or treatment but there is a way to prevent producing puppies affected by juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy.

Breeders now have a DNA gene-based test, based on a cheek swab or a blood sample, which will determine if a dog is a carrier of the gene for juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy. All breeding animals can be tested to determine their status, thus avoiding the breeding of two carriers. A puppy from a sire or dam without the gene will not be affected with this fatal disease.

title: Portuguese Water Dog


text:
Joseph Fischer

Joseph Fischer may refer to:

 * Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), German chemist
 * Joseph Anton Fischer (1814–1859), German artist
 * Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach (1693–1742), Austrian architect
 * Joseph Fischer (cartographer) (1858–1944), German cartographer
 * Joschka Fischer (Joseph Martin Fischer, born 1948), German politician
 * Joseph Fischer (Kentucky politician) (born 1954), American politician and state legislator in Kentucky
 * Josef E. Fischer (born 1937), American physician and professor
 * Josef Fischer (cyclist) (1865–1953), German road racer
 * Joseph Fischer (footballer) (1909–1986), Luxembourgian footballer
 * Josef Fischer (footballer), Austrian
 * Josef Fischer, Sr., Austrian cartwright and founder of the sporting-goods company Fischer
 * József Fischer (1887–1952), Romanian–Hungarian Jewish politician
 * Joey Fischer (1976–1993), murdered American student, see Murder of Joey Fischer

title: Joseph Fischer


text:
Talk:TIE Defender

The TIE Defender is not only in the games. I believe it also appears in several novels (see external link to official LucasArts entry on the TIE Defender for more information).

Under the list of vehicles it is listed as being part of the Expanded Universe. Oberiko 12:14, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification. It's still important to note that it's a fictional spaceship in Star Wars, and the reversion didn't take that into account.

 * More generally, when talking about a fictional universe like Star Wars, it's important to note who and where a particular character (or in this case artifact) was created and used, something that the commercial owners of such series sometimes blur --Robert Merkel 12:36, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Stats
The "Tech Room" in the TIE Fighter game gives these stats:

TIE Defender (T/D) 10 meters in length 155 MGLT top speed Four laser and two ion cannons Two warhead launchers 200 SBD shields and 20 RU hull

11:09, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It's got slightly different stats in Alliance; I think they bumped its speed down to 144(-ish) MGLT; about the same as the old TIE Avenger. I'm not sure which is canonical, or if it even matters. --68.41.122.213 04:58, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:TIE Defender


text:
Bob Cranshaw

Melbourne Robert Cranshaw (December 3, 1932 – November 2, 2016) was an American jazz bassist. His career spanned the heyday of Blue Note Records to his later involvement with the Musicians Union. He is perhaps best known for his long association with Sonny Rollins. Cranshaw performed in Rollins's working band on and off for over five decades, starting with a live appearance at the 1959 Playboy jazz festival in Chicago and on record with the 1962 album The Bridge.

Cranshaw died at the age of 83 on November 2, 2016, in Manhattan, New York, from Stage IV cancer.

As sideman
With Pepper Adams With Nat Adderley With Eric Alexander With Mose Allison With Gene Ammons With Carole Bayer Sager With Kenny Barron With George Benson With Walter Bishop Jr. With Paul Bley With Jonathan Butler With Jaki Byard With Donald Byrd With Betty Carter With Johnny Coles With Judy Collins With Hank Crawford With Sonny Criss With Frank Foster With George Freeman With Debbie Gibson With Dexter Gordon With Bunky Green With Grant Green With Friedrich Gulda With Slide Hampton With Barry Harris With Eddie Harris With Hampton Hawes With Coleman Hawkins With Jimmy Heath With Joe Henderson With Maurice Hines With Johnny Hodges With Bobby Hutcherson With Milt Jackson With Willis Jackson With Antônio Carlos Jobim With Howard Johnson and Gravity With J. J. Johnson With Quincy Jones With Clifford Jordan With Eddie Kendricks With Morgana King With Eric Kloss With Irene Kral With Yusef Lateef With Mike Longo With Johnny Lytle With Junior Mance With Barry Manilow With Jack McDuff With Jimmy McGriff With Jackie McLean With Carmen McRae With MJT + 3 With Hank Mobley With Grachan Moncur III With Wes Montgomery With James Moody With Lee Morgan With Oliver Nelson With Duke Pearson With Houston Person With Esther Phillips With Dave Pike With Sonny Red With Leon Redbone With Irene Reid With Max Roach With Sonny Rollins With Charlie Rouse With Lalo Schifrin With Shirley Scott With Wayne Shorter With Horace Silver With Paul Simon With Jimmy Smith With Rod Stewart With Billy Taylor With Clark Terry and Bob Brookmeyer With Bobby Timmons With Stanley Turrentine With McCoy Tyner With Harold Vick With Loudon Wainwright III With Cedar Walton With Cris Williamson With Joe Williams With Mary Lou Williams With Victoria Williams With Larry Willis With Gerald Wilson '''With Jack Wilson With Reuben Wilson With Kai Winding With The Young Lions With Joe Zawinul
 * Pepper Adams Plays the Compositions of Charlie Mingus (Workshop Jazz, 1964)
 * Little Big Horn! (Riverside, 1963)
 * Sayin' Somethin' (Atlantic, 1966)
 * Second Impression (HighNote, 2016)
 * Hello There, Universe (Atlantic, 1970)
 * Gene Ammons and Friends at Montreux (Prestige, 1973)
 * Carole Bayer Sager (Elektra Records, 1977)
 * Sunset to Dawn (Muse, 1973)
 * Goodies (Verve, 1968)
 * Giblet Gravy (Verve, 1968)
 * Cubicle (Muse, 1978)
 * BeBopBeBopBeBopBeBop (SteepleChase, 1990)
 * Introducing Jonathan Butler (Jive, 1985)
 * Out Front! (Prestige, 1964)
 * Up with Donald Byrd (Verve, 1964)
 * I'm Tryin' to Get Home (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Inside Betty Carter (United Artists, 1965)
 * Little Johnny C (Blue Note, 1963)
 * Running for My Life (Elektra, 1980)
 * Wildflower (Kudu, 1973)
 * Up, Up and Away (Prestige, 1967)
 * The Beat Goes On! (Prestige, 1968)
 * Rockin' in Rhythm (Prestige, 1969)
 * Manhattan Fever (Blue Note, 1968)
 * Man & Woman (Groove Merchant, 1974)
 * Think with Your Heart (EMI, 1995)
 * Gettin' Around (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Blues à la Suisse (Prestige, 1973)
 * Clubhouse (Rec. 1965; Blue Note, 1979)
 * Visions (Vanguard, 1978)
 * Idle Moments (Blue Note, 1963)
 * Matador (Blue Note, 1964)
 * Solid (Blue Note, 1964)
 * Ineffable (Columbia, 1965)
 * Explosion! The Sound of Slide Hampton (Atlantic, 1962)
 * Chasin' the Bird (Riverside, 1962)
 * Luminescence! (Prestige, 1967)
 * Cool Sax from Hollywood to Broadway (Columbia, 1964)
 * Playin' in the Yard (Prestige, 1973)
 * Sirius (Pablo, 1974)
 * The Gap Sealer (Cobblestone, 1972)
 * Love and Understanding (Muse, 1973)
 * Inner Urge (Blue Note, 1964)
 * To Nat "King" Cole with Love (Arbors, 2005)
 * Joe's Blues (Verve, 1965) with Wild Bill Davis
 * Blue Notes (Verve, 1966)
 * Happenings (Blue Note, 1966)
 * The Kicker (Rec. 1963; Blue Note, 1999)
 * Milt Jackson Quintet Live at the Village Gate (Riverside, 1963)
 * In a New Setting (Limelight, 1964)
 * Milt Jackson and the Hip String Quartet (Verve, 1968)
 * West Africa (Muse, 1973)
 * Headed and Gutted (Muse, 1974)
 * Terra Brasilis (RCA Victor, 1980)
 * Gravity!!! (Verve, 1996)
 * J.J.! (RCA Victor, 1964)
 * Golden Boy (Mercury, 1964)
 * I/We Had a Ball (Limelight, 1965)
 * Soul Fountain (Vortex, 1970)
 * Vintage '78 (Arista, 1978)
 * New Beginnings (Paramount Records, 1973)
 * We're Goin' Up (Prestige, 1967)
 * Sky Shadows (Prestige, 1968)
 * Better Than Anything (Äva, 1963)
 * The Blue Yusef Lateef (Atlantic, 1968)
 * Talk with the Spirits (Pablo, 1976)
 * The Village Caller! (Riverside, 1963)
 * The Loop (Tuba, 1965)
 * People & Love (Milestone, 1972)
 * Junior's Blues (Riverside, 1962)
 * That Lovin' Feelin' (Milestone, 1972)
 * Barry Manilow II (Bell, 1974)
 * Magnetic Feel (Cadet, 1975)
 * Stump Juice (Groove Merchant, 1975)
 * The Groover (JAM, 1982)
 * Right Now! (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Sings Lover Man and Other Billie Holiday Classics (Columbia Records, 1962)
 * Walter Perkins' MJT + 3 (Vee-Jay, 1959)
 * Make Everybody Happy (Vee-Jay, 1960)
 * MJT + 3 (Vee-Jay, 1960)
 * Message from Walton Street (Rec. 1960; Koch Jazz, 2000)
 * A Caddy for Daddy (Blue Note, 1966)
 * Hi Voltage (Blue Note, 1967)
 * Reach Out! (Blue Note, 1968)
 * Evolution (Blue Note, 1963)
 * Movin' Wes (Verve, 1964)
 * Bumpin' (Verve, 1965)
 * Moody and the Brass Figures (Milestone, 1966)
 * Don't Look Away Now! (Prestige, 1969)
 * Take Twelve (Jazzland, 1962)
 * The Sidewinder (Blue Note, 1964)
 * Delightfulee (Blue Note, 1966)
 * The Gigolo (Blue Note, 1966)
 * Oliver Nelson Plays Michelle (Impulse!, 1966)
 * Hush! (JazzLine, 1962)
 * Wahoo! (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Honeybuns (Atlantic, 1965)
 * Prairie Dog (Atlantic, 1966)
 * Introducing Duke Pearson's Big Band (Blue Note, 1967)
 * The Phantom (Blue Note, 1968)
 * Now Hear This (Blue Note, 1968)
 * How Insensitive (Blue Note, 1969)
 * It Could Only Happen with You (Blue Note, 1970)
 * Chocomotive (Prestige, 1967)
 * Blue Odyssey (Prestige, 1968)
 * Esther Phillips Sings (Atlantic, 1966)
 * Jazz for the Jet Set (Atlantic, 1966)
 * Breezing (Jazzland, 1960)
 * From Branch to Branch (Atco, 1981)
 * Room for One More (Verve, 1965)
 * Max Roach + 4 on the Chicago Scene (EmArcy, 1958)
 * The Bridge (RCA, 1962)
 * What's New? (RCA Victor, 1962)
 * Our Man in Jazz (RCA Victor, 1962)
 * Sonny Meets Hawk! (RCA Victor, 1963)
 * Now's the Time! (RCA Victor, 1964)
 * The Standard Sonny Rollins (RCA Victor, 1965)
 * Next Album (Milestone, 1972)
 * Horn Culture (Milestone, 1973)
 * Sonny Rollins in Japan (Victor, 1973)
 * The Cutting Edge (Milestone, 1974)
 * Nucleus (Milestone, 1975)
 * No Problem (Milestone, 1981)
 * Reel Life (Milestone, 1982)
 * G-Man (Milestone, 1986)
 * Falling in Love with Jazz (Milestone, 1989)
 * Here's to the People (Milestone, 1991)
 * Old Flames (Milestone, 1993)
 * Sonny Rollins + 3 (Milestone, 1995)
 * Global Warming (Milestone, 1998)
 * This Is What I Do (Milestone, 2000)
 * Without a Song: The 9/11 Concert (Rec. 2001; Milestone, 2005)
 * Sonny, Please (EmArcy, 2006)
 * Road Shows, Vol. 1 (Doxy, 2008)
 * Road Shows, Vol. 2 (Doxy, 2008)
 * Moment's Notice (Storyville/Jazzcraft, 1978)
 * Once a Thief and Other Themes (Verve, 1965)
 * Great Scott!! (Impulse!, 1959)
 * Blue Flames with Stanley Turrentine (Prestige, 1964)
 * Queen of the Organ (Impulse!, 1964)
 * Latin Shadows (Impulse!, 1965)
 * Soul Song (Atlantic, 1968)
 * Second Genesis (Vee-Jay, 1960)
 * The Cape Verdean Blues (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Serenade to a Soul Sister (Blue Note, 1968)
 * In Pursuit of the 27th Man (Blue Note, 1972)
 * Silver 'n Brass (Blue Note, 1975)
 * There Goes Rhymin' Simon (Columbia, 1973)
 * Hoochie Coochie Man (Verve, 1966)
 * Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III (J Records, 2004)
 * Impromptu (Mercury, 1962)
 * Gingerbread Men (Mainstream, 1966)
 * Do You Know the Way? (Milestone, 1968)
 * Hustlin' (Blue Note, 1964)
 * Joyride (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Rough 'n' Tumble (Blue Note, 1966)
 * Easy Walker (Blue Note, 1966)
 * The Spoiler (Blue Note, 1966)
 * Always Something There (Blue Note, 1968)
 * Live at Newport (Impulse!, 1963)
 * Watch What Happens (RCA Victor, 1968)
 * Loudon Wainwright III (Atlantic, 1970)
 * The Electric Boogaloo Song (Prestige, 1969)
 * Cris Williamson (Ampex Records, 1971)
 * Me and the Blues (RCA Victor, 1964)
 * That Holiday Feelin' (Verve, 1990)
 * Zoning (Mary, 1974)
 * Happy Come Home (Geffen, 1987)
 * Just in Time (SteepleChase, 1989)
 * New York, New Sound (Mack Avenue, 2003)
 * Easterly Winds (Blue Note, 1967)
 * The Cisco Kid (Groove Merchant, 1973)
 * The Incredible Kai Winding Trombones (Impulse!, 1960)
 * Dirty Dog (Verve, 1966)
 * The Young Lions (Vee-Jay, 1960)
 * Money in the Pocket (Atlantic, 1967)

title: Bob Cranshaw


text: User talk:203.252.193.19

title: User talk:203.252.193.19


text:
File:I Just Cant Stop It.jpg

Summary
Cover of The Beat album I Just Can't Stop It.

title: File:I Just Cant Stop It.jpg


text:
Talk:Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse reports

Note: to see older talk prior to the refactoring of this set of articles, please see Talk:Abu Ghraib prison

---

Great job splitting the page! This is turning into a professional-grade article. Congrats to all for working together so well on this. Quadell 12:24, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. -- The Anome 12:30, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Well, that is just my proposition. If you disagree, just revert. SweetLittleFluffyThing

title: Talk:Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse reports