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Crypteia

The Crypteia, also referred to as Krypteia or Krupteia (Greek: κρυπτεία krupteía from κρυπτός kruptós, "hidden, secret"; members were known as κρύπται kryptai), was an ancient Spartan rural armed group. The kryptai either principally sought out and killed helot Laconians, part of a policy of terrorising and intimidating the enslaved population; or they principally did a form of military training, or they principally endured hardships as an initiation ordeal, or the Crypteia served a combination of these purposes, possibly varying over time. The Krypteia was an element of Sparta's state child-rearing system for upper-class males.

Modern historians often translate "Krypteia" as "secret police" or "secret service", but its precise structure is debated.

Overview
Much of the debate surrounding the Crypteia comes from the differing accounts provided by the few surviving Classical texts that mention the Crypteia, and the fact that Xenophon's Constitution of the Lacedaemonians makes no mention of it.

Plutarch and Heraclides Lembus (both of whom may be using a lost work by Aristotle as a source), and some scholars, (such as Henri-Alexandre Wallon (1812-1904)), saw the Crypteia as a kind of secret police — a state security force organised by the ruling class of Sparta to patrol the Laconian countryside and terrorise the helots, by carrying out secret killings. Others, including Hermann Köchly (1815-1876) and Wilhelm Wachsmuth (1784-1866), saw it as a form of military training similar to the Athenian ephebia.

The ranks of the Crypteia comprised young upper-class Spartan men, probably between the ages of 21 and 30, possibly selected as "those judged to have the most intelligence." The men were known as hêbôntes, one of the many social categories that preceded full Spartiate citizenship, and had completed their rearing at the agoge with such success that Spartan officials marked them out as potential future leaders.

According to Plato, the kryptai did not use footwear during the winter and slept without shelter. Plato describes them as being unsupervised and as depending on themselves alone for survival. Plato's description might seem to imply that the kryptai were forced to be independent, but some scholars think that they may have had attendants at certain times to watch over them.

The duration of service in the Crypteia is also largely unknown, but it has been suggested that one year of service may have been all that was required of the men, based on a scholion of Plato's Laws (see below).

History and function
According to Aristotle, the Crypteia were established by the legendary Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus. There is no known date associated with its establishment, however. Every autumn, Spartan ephors would declare war on the helot population which would allow them to headhunt helots without fear of punishment. The chosen kryptai were then sent out into the countryside armed with daggers with the instructions to kill any helot they encountered travelling the roads and tending to fields they deemed too plentiful. They were specifically told to kill the strongest and to take any food they needed.

The reason for adopting that practice may have been to reduce the repressed aggression of the hêbôntes. However, it is most commonly thought to have been adopted to prevent the threat of a helot rebellion and to keep their population in check. According to some sources, kryptai would stalk the helot villages and surrounding countryside, spying on the servile population. Their mission was to prevent and to suppress unrest and rebellion.

Another point of contestation is the time of day at which the Crypteia operated. Plato described their movement as travelling in both day and night. On the contrary, Plutarch states that they would hide during the day and would travel by night, then aiming to kill any helots who they came across. That suggests that helots may have had to comply with curfew laws put into place by the Spartans.

Troublesome helots could be summarily executed. Such brutal repression of the helots permitted the Spartan elite to successfully control the servile agrarian population and devote themselves to military practice. It may also have contributed to the Spartans' reputation for stealth since a kryptēs (κρύπτης) who got caught was punished by whipping.

Aristotle's lost account was partly disbelieved by Plutarch, several centuries later. Plutarch, who provides much of what is known of Aristotle's account, was not convinced that Lykourgos would have included such harsh customs within the Spartan constitution and instead thought that the Crypteia had been introduced, if at all, only after the helot revolt, brought on by an earthquake in Sparta in the mid-460s BCE. In events preceding the ten-year conflict between the Spartans and the Messenians that resulted from the helot revolt, the Spartan leadership covertly killed two thousand helots who had participated in the war. It is thought that the Crypteia were the primary perpetrators of the massacre or were at least somehow involved in carrying it out.

Military affiliation
In Cleomenes, Plutarch describes the Crypteia as being a unit of the Spartan army. The Crypteia did not act in a similar fashion to hoplite soldiers, however. Hoplite soldiers were armored and acted as a part of a phalanx while members of the Crypteia acted on their own, often rested during the day, and were most likely naked and armed with only a dagger. During the Battle of Sellasia, the Spartan king Cleomenes III "called Damoteles, the commander of the Crypteia, and ordered him to observe and find out how matters stood in the rear and on the flanks of his army."

Various scholars have speculated function of the Crypteia as a part of the army because Plutarch's account provides a completely different understanding of their role when compared to the accounts provided by Aristotle and Plato. Plutarch's account has led to the Cryptiea being described as a reconnaissance, special operations or even military police force. However, Jean Ducat argues that source should no longer be associated with the understanding of the Crypteia as known from Aristotle and Plato. He proposes that the understanding of the Crypteia as part of the army is just that, a separate understanding that defines the Crypteia as a corps in the Spartan army.

Plutarch's account of the Crypteia describes the organisation as a military unit that has a commander, which differs from Aristotle and Plato's interpretation since the Crypteia is described as being independent and without overseers. Ducat also takes up query with the task of observation that the Crypteia are given in Plutarch's account. Again, that differs from Aristotle and Plato's interpretation in the fact that the Crypteia's mandate was not to observe or provide intelligence but to seek out purposely and kill helots. Unlike its unknown origins, the Battle of Sellasia is considered to provide a potential date for the disbandment of the Crypteia. With the Spartan revolution in jeopardy, Cleomenes III began to emancipate helots in exchange for money and then military service. With the emancipation of many helots and Spartan's subsequent defeat at Sellasia, helotage ceased to exist, and without a helot population, by mandate, the Crypteia should have ceased to exist as well. The Crypteia's disbanding after that battle, however, is only speculation.

Ritualistic activity
The French historian Henri Jeanmaire points out that the unstructured and covert activities of the Crypteia are unlike the disciplined and well-ordered communal life of the Spartan hoplites (see Homonoia). Jeanmaire suggests that the Crypteia was a rite of passage, possibly predating the classical military organization, and may have been preserved through Sparta's legendary religious conservatism. He draws comparison with the initiation rituals of some African secret societies (wolf-men and leopard men). Members of the Crypteia may have not shared the commonality with Spartan hoplites that Jeanmaire describes during their service as a part of the institution, but they eventually returned to their communities and were integrated back into the complex Spartan social system.

Classical sources
Several surviving classical sources, from several different centuries, describe, or mention, or at least are thought by some Classicists to reference the Crypteia.

5th century BC
Herodotus is thought by some to have been referring to the Crypteia when he writes "Now the Lacedemonians put to death by night all those whom they put to death, but no man by day."

Thucydides is also thought by some to be referring to the Crypteia when he writes, in his account of the eighth year of the Peloponnesian War, "The Lacedaemonians were also glad to have an excuse for sending some of the Helots out of the country, for fear that the present aspect of affairs and the occupation of Pylos might encourage them to move. Indeed fear of their numbers and obstinacy even persuaded the Lacedaemonians to the action which I shall now relate, their policy at all times having been governed by the necessity of taking precautions against them. The Helots were invited by a proclamation to pick out those of their number who claimed to have most distinguished themselves against the enemy, in order that they might receive their freedom; the object being to test them, as it was thought that the first to claim their freedom would be the most high-spirited and the most apt to rebel. As many as two thousand were selected accordingly, who crowned themselves and went round the temples, rejoicing in their new freedom. The Spartans, however, soon afterwards did away with them, and no one ever knew how each of them perished."

Centuries later, Plutarch mentions Thucydides's account, immediately after speaking explicitly of the Crypteia (see below).

4th century BC
There is a single-sentence passing reference to the Crypteia, made by an imaginary Spartan in a fictional dialogue, in Plato's Laws

"moreover, the 'Crypteia',1 as it is called, affords a wonderfully severe training in hardihood, as the men go bare-foot in winter and sleep without coverlets and have no attendants, but wait on themselves and rove through the whole countryside both by night and by day. [citation in translation reads:] 1 Or “Secret Service.” Young Spartans policed the country to suppress risings among the Helots."

There is also a scholion on this text.

2nd century
A fragment by the Alexandrian Heraclides Lembus (Heraclides fr. 10 Dilts) mentions the Krypteia, probably describing it as instituted by Lycurgus:

"It is said that he … also set up the [k]rypteia, whereby, even to this day, men go out of the city to hide by day, and by night in arms [...] and slaughter helots as they think necessary."

Heraclides may, like Plutarch, below, be using a lost work of Aristotle as a source.

1st century AD
Plutarch, in his Life of Lycurgus, gives a long description of the Crypteia.

"The Cryptia, perhaps (if it were one of Lycurgus's ordinances, as Aristotle says it was), gave both him and Plato, too, this [negative] opinion alike of the lawgiver and his government. By this ordinance, the magistrates despatched privately some of the ablest of the young men [ νέων, néon ] into the country, from time to time, armed only with their daggers, and taking a little necessary provision with them; in the daytime, they hid themselves in out-of-the-way places, and there lay close, but, in the night, issued out into the highways, and killed all the Helots they could light upon; sometimes they set upon them by day, as they were at work in the fields, and murdered them. As, also, Thucydides, in his history of the Peloponnesian war, tells us, that a good number of them, after being singled out for their bravery by the Spartans, garlanded, as enfranchised persons, and led about to all the temple in token of honors, shortly after disappeared all of a sudden, being about the number of two thousand; and no man either then or since could give an account how they came by their deaths. And Aristotle, in particular, adds, that the ephori, so soon as they were entered into their office, used to declare war against them, that they might be massacred without a breach of religion. It is confessed, on all hands, that the Spartans dealt with them very hardly"

There is another possible reference to the Crypteia, or at least to a man who was commander of it at the time of the Battle of Sellasia, in Plutarch's Lives:

"He [the Spartan king Cleomenes III] therefore called Damoteles, the commander of the secret service contingent,1[καλέσας δὲ Δαμοτέλη τὸνἐπὶ τῆς κρυπτείας τεταγμένον] and ordered him to observe and find out how matters stood in the rear and on the flanks of his array. But Damoteles (who had previously been bribed, as we are told, by Antigonus) told him to have no concern about flanks and rear, for all was well there, but to give his attention to those who assailed him in front, and repulse them. [footnote in translation:] 1 A rural police with the special duty of watching the Helots, or slave population."

In popular culture
The Crypteia (as The Krypteia) are key to the indie horror film Pledge, which brings the Greek secret society to the modern world fronting as a fraternity preying on new freshman pledges.

The Crypteia are briefly mentioned in the comic book series Three by Kieron Gillen. They make their first appearance in issue one of Three and are depicted naked, armed with only daggers, attacking a group of unsuspecting helots as they tend to their crops. Gillien used the Crypteia to highlight the harshness of the Spartan system and describes their function as "a rite of passage to life where all vocations are barred, bar one. Once a year, the masters declare war on the helots. If they bloody their hands, they are not polluted. So they are free to do whatever is required to keep the helots on their knees. And so they do." One of Sparta's leading historians, Stephen Hodkinson, is noted as being the historical consultant employed by Gillen throughout the series. Hodkinson describes Gillien's depiction of the Crypteia as a "perfect amalgam" of the information available in the two source traditions; those being Plato's Laws and Plutarch's Life of Lycurgus. The reason for this, according to Hokinson, is that these two sources portray the Crypteia in different, almost contradictory, ways. Aristotle's account, which is taken from Plutarch, depicts kryptai hunting helots, while Plato's account does not mention the killing of helots and views the Crypteia as a mode of endurance training. Hodkinson claims that the differing accounts have led modern scholars to adopt a "composite" understanding of the Crypteia.

The Krypteia are also mentioned in the book Gates of Fire. They are described as being a "secret society among the peers (full citizens)." They also are described as being assassins and being "pitiless as iron." The author also mentions that they are the youngest and the strongest of the Spartan military.

Spartan Race
Spartan Race, the obstacle course racing series, calls their event leaders the "Krypteia".

Golden Dawn
Maniot leaders of the far-right Greek political party, Golden Dawn, reinstituted the Crypteia as a part of their adoption of Spartan ideologies.

title: Crypteia


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Datamation

Datamation is a computer magazine that was published in print form in the United States between 1957 and 1998, and has since continued publication on the web. Datamation was previously owned by QuinStreet and acquired by TechnologyAdvice in 2020. Datamation is published as an online magazine at Datamation.com.

History and profile
Its predecessor started as a trade/engineering magazine called Research & Engineering (1955–1957). In 1957 it was rebranded to The Magazine of Datamation (from the issue no. 7), and in 1959 the name was finally changed to Datamation (from the issue no. 3).

When Datamation as such was first launched in 1957, it was not clear there would be a significant market for a computer magazine given how few computers there were. The idea for the magazine came from Donald Prell who was Vice President of Application Engineering at Benson-Lehner Corporation, a Los Angeles computer input-output company. In 1957, the only place his company could advertise their products was in either Scientific American or Business Week. Prell had discussed the idea with John Diebold who started "Automation Data Processing Newsletter", and that was the inspiration for the name DATAMATION. F.D. Thompson Publishing, Inc., agreed to publish the magazine with its owner, Frank D. Thompson, as the New York City-based publisher, but with its editorial operations in Los Angeles.

After leaving Benson-Lehner, Prell served as the magazine's technical consultant and later, while based in London, its European editor. Sandy Lanzarotta served as the magazine's first editor, then Harold Bergstein moved from managing editor to editor when Lanzarotta joined IBM's marketing department. Robert B. Forest succeeded Bergstein as editor in 1963 and remained in that role for over a decade. The magazine was later acquired by Technical Publications, and subsequently that entity was acquired by Dun and Bradstreet.

In 1970, The New York Times referred to "12-year-old Datamation, the acknowledged leader in the field."

In 1995, after rival CMP Media Inc.'s 1994 launch of its TechWeb network of publications, Datamation worked in partnership with Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) and launched one of the first online publications, Datamation.com. In 1996, Datamation editors Bill Semich, Michael Lasell and April Blumenstiel, received the first-ever Jesse H. Neal Editorial Achievement Award for an online publication. The Neal Award is the highest award for business journalism in the U.S.

In 1998, when its publisher, Reed Business Information (who had earlier acquired Technical Publications in 1986 ), terminated print publication of Datamation 41 years after its first issue went to press, the online version, Datamation.com, became one of the first online-only magazines. In 2001, Internet.com (WebMediaBrands) acquired the still-profitable Datamation.com online publication. In 2009, Internet.com (and Datamation.com) were acquired by Quinstreet, Inc.

Computer humor
Traditionally, an April issue of Datamation contained a number of spoof articles and humorous stories related to computers.

However, humor was not limited to April. For example, in a spoof Datamation article (December 1973), R. Lawrence Clark suggested that the GOTO statement could be replaced by the COMEFROM statement and provided some entertaining examples. This was actually implemented in the INTERCAL programming language, a language designed to make programs as obscure as possible.

Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal was a letter to the editor of Datamation, volume 29 number 7, July 1983, written by Ed Post, Tektronix, Wilsonville, Oregon, USA.

Some of the BOFH stories were reprinted in Datamation.

The humor section was resurrected in 1996 by editor in chief Bill Semich with a two-page spread titled "Over the Edge" with material contributed by Annals of Improbable Research editor Marc Abrahams and MISinformation editor Chris Miksanek. Semich also commissioned BOFH author Simon Travaglia to write humor columns for the magazine. Later that year, Miksanek became the sole humor contributor (though in 1998 "Over the Edge" was augmented with an online weblinks companion by Miksanek's alter-ego "The Duke of URL"). The column was dropped from the magazine in 2001 when it was acquired by Internet.com.

A collection of "Over the Edge" columns was published in 2008 under the title "Esc: 400 Years of Computer Humor" (ISBN 1434892484).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Datamation


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And Then She Came

And Then She Came is a rock band from Aachen, Germany. The band was formed as Krypteria, a gothic metal band. Originating from a 2001 "pop musical theatre studio project" of the same name, the idea was to use different vocalists, though German-Korean singer Ji-In Cho assumed the role of lead vocalist in 2004. One self-titled studio album was released under this moniker (later edited and re-released as Liberatio). The group went on hiatus in 2012 and later reformed as And Then She Came in 2016.

History
In 2001, Chris Siemons and S.C. Kuschnerus worked together to record a fantasy-musical CD. There was no vocalist at that time, because they wanted to record the CD with many different voices. In 2003, the album Krypteria was released. Approximately one year later, in 2004 a tsunami occurred in the Indian Ocean and the German TV station RTL asked them to re-record the song "Liberatio" as a benefit single. Ji-In Cho, was chosen as the lead vocalist for the song and Sony/BMG, decided to re-release an edited version of their first album under the same name.

In 2004, from that project, Krypteria the band was officially born. Although Siemons and Kuschnerus played a leading role in the recording of the album Liberatio, the band does not consider it an official release. A year later their "true" first album, In Medias Res, was released. Krypteria's second recording was the EP entitled Evolution Principle, released in 2006. A review by the German edition of Metal Hammer marked it as an important release of contemporary gothic metal in Germany.

In January 2007, Krypteria released their second full-length studio album, Bloodangel's Cry. The title comes from the track "The Night All Angels Cry"' lyrics.

In early 2008, the band announced that they were working on their third studio album My Fatal Kiss. The album was released first in Germany on August 28, 2009, then in the rest of Europe on January 29.

The band's fourth studio album All Beauty Must Die was released on April 22, 2011 on the band's own label Liberatio Music. Peaking on position 24 in the German Media Control Charts it is Krypteria's most successful release so far.

It was announced in 2012 that the band would be going on hiatus due to Ji-In's pregnancy.

In 2016, the band was reformed and renamed as And Then She Came, with Olli Singer replacing Chris Siemons as guitarist.

Studio albums
denotes an unofficial release

EP

 * Evolution Principle (2006), Synergy Records

Singles
denotes an unofficial release

Studio albums

 * And Then She Came (2016), Napalm Records / Universal Music Group, studio album
 * KAOSYSTEMATIQ (2018), DME Music, studio album

Live albums

 * Live – Bonsoir at the Abattoir (2016), live album, recorded at a concert on September 30, 2016 at the Abattoir in Aachen, Germany
 * LIVE MMXVI (2016), videoalbum, recorded at a concert on September 30, 2016 at the Abattoir in Aachen, Germany

As Krypteria

 * Liberatio (2005)
 * Victoriam Speramus (2005)
 * Somebody Save Me (2007)
 * Live to Fight Another Day (2011)
 * Die BVB-Meisterhymne (2011)
 * Canon Rock (2011)

As And Then She Came

 * Hellfire Halo (2016)
 * Public Enemy #1 (2016)
 * Spit It Out (Rockharz, 2016)
 * Why So Serious? (2016)
 * Hellfire Halo (live, 2016)
 * Who's Gonna Save You? (2017)
 * Five Billion Lies (featuring Alissa White-Gluz) (2017)
 * Sick of You (2018)
 * As the Battle Rages On (2018)
 * Perfect as You Are (2018)
 * Come On, Come On (2018)

title: And Then She Came


text:
Men of letters

Men of Letters may refer to:
 * Man of letters, certain types of intellectual people
 * Men of Letters, a 2014 history book about the Post Office Rifles by Duncan Barrett
 * Men of Letters, a group of characters in the TV series Supernatural
 * English Men of Letters, a series of literary biographies published by Macmillan

title: Men of letters


text:
Talk:Defender (1981 video game)

Moved
I've moved the page to Defender (game) because various versions of Defender have been released for home systems, cell phones, etc. User:Luigi30 (Ταλκ) 22:51, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"highest grossing arcade game"
Does anyone know what this means? Reference? Mirror Vax 1 July 2005 20:15 (UTC)

 * It means Defender is the favorite game of the person who wrote that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.166.22.234 (talk • contribs) 22:07, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Turning
How do I turn around in that game?! --Abdull 19:50, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It depends what keys are being used to control the 'turn around' function. In MAME, it's probably the Ctrl, Shift or Alt key, but I often reassign them for convenience. Spottedowl 23:14, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio?
I removed the following from the article:

 * ==Development History==

It says who the source is at the beginning, but does that mean it was copied word for word from the material, or was it reworded, just using information from it? If it was copied word-for-word, it is too long to be justified under fair use. If it just uses information from it, just cite it as a source with footnotes. In addition, the word "History" in the title should lowercase, not uppercase. — Frecklefoot | Talk 20:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Videotopia
In the second paragraph of the opening, an editor cited Videotopia for some information. What is it? There's no article on it to give it any context. Since it's being cited, it needs to have some explanatory information given about it so the user has some idea as to why it is some sort of authority. — Frecklefoot | Talk 20:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Did Not Violate Copyrights.
Okay, first of all, I did not copy it word for word. Second, I can't cite any footnotes because I got the information from the game itself. You would have to actually play it to see where the information comes from. I didn't get the information from any online source (read: webpage). What was I supposed to do? I'm sorry if my submission wasn't good enough, but what else could I do?

(sigh) I'm sorry if the above sounded upset, but I just assumed that if I posted where I got the infomation from, it would be universally understood that I was citing my sources. Again, I couldn't cite any webpage because I didn't get the information from any webpage, I got it from the game product itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.245.254.83 (talk • contribs) 16:32, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

International Date Line
The Atari port also included an international date line where if you were close to it and the landers etc. were on the other side they would move away from you. I'm not sure if the arcade version itself included this feature or not. Jon 15:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it did not. Centrepull (talk) 00:11, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

 * In fact there's two datelines, one for the swarmers where the player starts, and one for the mutants 180 degrees around from that.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 22:29, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Image suggestions for the Infobox

 * http://www.flickr.com/photos/racketboy/2355959736/sizes/o/
 * http://www.arcadeflyers.com/?page=flyer&db=videodb&id=4405&image=1
 * http://www.arcadeflyers.com/?page=flyer&db=videodb&id=1721&image=2

How about the first one? Jappalang (talk) 12:53, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

 * This whole issue about using arcade game flyers has been discussed on the project several times ad nauseam, with no real concensus ever being reached. Some people are completely in favor of using them, some are lukewarm, some are sternly opposed (for very good reasons).  I'm in the latter camp.  So, if you're taking a vote, I am very much against using any of them. A screenshot from the original arcade version is the best option. — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 13:34, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I favor the second link because it shows the different arcade cabinets. But I'm also fine with leaving the infobox blank too. (Guyinblack25 talk 17:39, 8 December 2009 (UTC))

 * I think the second image would be a good addition to the body of the article for the reason you state, just not for the infobox. Now if we can only legally use it... — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 18:50, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I think the only consideration that's in disagreement with flyers is WP:NFCC number 8: "Contextual significance". But I think the argument for significance is strong enough.
 * Regardless, I'm fine with nothing in the infobox until the arcade image issue reaches some kind of consensus. (Guyinblack25 talk 20:17, 8 December 2009 (UTC))

 * Not really sure about what the whole flyer discussion is; I was going with what I saw in other arcade articles. Regardless, I have no solid opinion on this.  The lead image should be about the "whole" game, not just an aspect of it.  Thus an image that illustrates the entire subject (physically) could do.  However, one can argue that it should show the most recognizable feature of the subject (the root argument for screenshots).  The first flyer shows two cabinets and two screenshots (albeit too small as thumbnails), along with fanciful graphics of the game's concept.  The second and third flyers are austere; the second shows three cabinets while the third shows one.  None of these two show any gameplay on the cabinets' screens (i.e. no screenshots).  Although the Defender standard cabinet is fairly generic, the artwork on it is distinctive.  Jappalang (talk) 21:18, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

If we are going for screenshots, I think this (from http://martoon.org/defender/) seems better than the one currently in the article (have to reduce its size though)...  Aspect ratio may also need adjustments. Jappalang (talk) 21:33, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that the image you link to is better, but keep in mind we just can't lift images from the Internet willy-nilly. We have to get permission and a whole host of other issues.  It may be just easier to take a screenshot with something like MAME. — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 12:42, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Added an image being totally unaware of this discussion. Using a flyer or poster is a no brainer, it easily passes our fair use test. Just pick one of those three or the one I uploaded and have done with it. We can lift images from the internet "willy nilly", simply because the people who've uploaded them onto their websites don't own the copyright, they can't give permission for us to reproduce them and we don't need to ask. Exxolon (talk) 21:32, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't object to the flyers on fair use grounds, I object to them because of several reasons that have been brought up on the project. I don't want to re-hash arguments that have already been brought up there.   See the discussion and try to come up with a consensus there.  I still favor a screenshot of gameplay, but many others object.

 * Just because someone who uploaded a screenshot to the Internet didn't have the copyright to the image doesn't mean we can just nab it. I know, getting and using images on the 'pedia is a pain.  I don't like it any better than anyone else.  But it's fruitless to try to skirt whole process. — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 23:51, 14 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, we can. If I boot MAME, boot Defender, take a screenshot and upload it somewhere, you can grab that image and use it under fair use doctrine and NO objection I make is relevant. I cannot make any case against the use of the image here as I don't own the copyright to the game or any derivative work. Likewise for a flyer or poster - if I had a Defender flyer, scanned it, uploaded it again you could take that image and use it here and I would not have any grounds to stop that. Now let's stop messing around. I uploaded a perfectly relevant image that follows fair use guidelines and is appropiate to show and it was reverted for no good reason - I'm restoring it. If you don't like the image - replace it with another flyer, a poster or a screenshot but it's pointless to leave the space blank when we have perfectly acceptable content to show. Exxolon (talk) 03:16, 15 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I did scan through that thread - bottom line a project doesn't have any special authority to decide what is and isn't fair use - we've got sitewide policies to cover that. Flyers/posters are covered under the fair use doctrine as promotional material and screenshots work under fair use to illustrate a subject where no free alternative can be created. Precedent for other media is already there - we use posters for films, musicals and plays, screenshots (typically of intertitles) for TV shows, and cover art for books, computer/console games and board games etc - this doesn't need a load of discussion, we can just follow established consensus and apply the same principles to arcade games. Exxolon (talk) 03:35, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

All this business about the monitor.
The section about the monitor in the development part seems to be confusing the board's video capabilities with the monitors capability. It used a standard resolution color arcade monitor, which was capable of the same range of colors as a television set. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.217.37.212 (talk) 02:13, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I switched out the word "monitor" for "hardware". Thanks for the heads up. (Guyinblack25 talk 14:10, 23 January 2012 (UTC))

External links modified
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Release date
Following a discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Video games, I've added a citation to Cashbox for the release date. The game was initially shown at the AMOA show in 1980, but Cashbox seems to indicate that the first non-sample units were manufactured in March 1981. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 19:43, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

 * While the was March 1981, the US Copyright Office lists the publication date as November 11, 1980 (registration number PA0000097373), presumably the date when it began location testing. What do other editors think about changing the release date to November 1980 and the article title to just Defender (video game)? Maestro2016 (talk) 19:15, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't think the copyright office is useful for determining when the game was released. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 03:48, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Defender (1981 video game)


text: Template:Ocean Colour Scene

title: Template:Ocean Colour Scene


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Japanese studies

Japanese studies or Japan studies, sometimes known as Japanology in Europe, is a sub-field of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on Japan. It incorporates fields such as the study of Japanese language, history, culture, literature, philosophy, art, music, cinema, and science.

The historical roots of Western Japanese studies may be traced back to the Dutch traders based at Dejima, Nagasaki during the Edo period (1603–1867). The foundation of the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama in 1872 by Western scholars such as Ernest Satow and Frederick Victor Dickins was an important event in the development of Japanese studies as an academic discipline.

Japanese studies organizations and publications
In the United States, the Society for Japanese Studies has published the Journal of Japanese Studies (JJS) since 1974. This is a biannual academic journal dealing with research on Japan in the United States. JJS is supported by grants from the Japan Foundation, Georgetown University, and the University of Washington in addition to endowments from the Kyocera Corporation and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

The British Association for Japanese Studies (BAJS), founded in 1974, is an association primarily sponsored by Toshiba and the Japan Foundation. The BAJS publishes an academic journal called Japan Forum.

In Europe, the European Association for Japanese Studies (EAJS) is also funded by Toshiba and the Japan Foundation. It has held triennial conferences around Europe since 1973. Other academic journals dealing with Japanese studies include Monumenta Nipponica, a biannual English-language journal affiliated with Sophia University in Tokyo, and Social Science Japan Journal, published by Oxford University Press.

Scholarship on Japan is also within the purview of many organizations and publications dealing with the more general field of East Asian studies, such as the Association for Asian Studies or the Duke University publication Positions: Asia Critique.

The International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken) maintains an online database of institutions involved in Japanese studies research worldwide, including information on 1,640 institutions of Japanese studies. The database indicates that the country with the most institutions of Japanese studies outside the United States and Japan is China (121), while other countries containing a significant number of institutions include South Korea (85), England (69), Germany (64), Canada (61), Australia (54), and France (54).

Since the declaration of 2010 as the "Japan Year" in Turkey, a yearly Japan Studies Conference has been held in Turkey.

Scholarly journals

 * Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History, In Japanese
 * East Asian History
 * Japan Forum
 * Japanese Studies
 * Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
 * Journal of Japanese Studies
 * Monumenta Nipponica, Japanese studies, in English
 * Sino-Japanese Studies
 * Social Science Japan Journal

title: Japanese studies


text:
Pledge

Pledge may refer to:

Promises

 * a solemn promise
 * Abstinence pledge, a commitment to practice abstinence, usually teetotalism or chastity
 * The Pledge (New Hampshire), a promise about taxes by New Hampshire politicians
 * Pledge of Allegiance (disambiguation), several uses

Music

 * Pledge (album), by Killer Mike, 2011
 * Pledge: A Tribute to Kerbdog, a 2010 album by Kerbdog
 * "Pledge" (song), by The Gazette, 2010
 * "Pledge", a prelude to Janet Jackson's 1989 song "Rhythm Nation"
 * "The Pledge (Remix)", a song on the 2002 album The Last Temptation by Ja Rule
 * Die Bürgschaft ('The Pledge'), a 1799 ballad by Friedrich Schiller
 * Die Bürgschaft (opera), by Kurt Weill, 1932

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * The Pledge (play), an 1831 play by James Kenney
 * The Pledge: Requiem for the Detective Novel, a 1958 novella by Friedrich Dürrenmatt
 * The Pledge (film), a 2001 American mystery directed by Sean Penn
 * The Pledge, the title of the DVD release of A Gunfighter's Pledge, a 2008 TV Western
 * The Pledge (British TV programme), 2016-2020
 * Pledge (film), a 2018 American horror film

Ships

 * USS Pledge (AM-277), a minesweeper commissioned in 1944
 * USS Pledge (MSO-492), a minesweeper commissioned in 1956

Other uses

 * Pledge (brand), a cleaning product by S. C. Johnson & Son
 * Pledge (law), a type of legal relationship
 * a prospective member of a fraternity or sorority
 * H.S. Pledge & Sons Ltd, a milling business
 * Thomas Frederick de Pledge (1867–1954), Australian pioneer and pastoralist
 * Pledge, a maze-solving algorithm

title: Pledge


text:
ASMP

ASMP may refer to:
 * Air-Sol Moyenne Portée (French for medium-range air to surface), an air-launched nuclear weapon delivery system
 * American Society of Media Photographers or before 1992 American Society of Magazine Photographers
 * Asymmetric multiprocessing, a computing term

title: ASMP


text:
User:Alanyst

I've been editing Wikipedia since December 2003. I'm not a prolific editor because I read more than I write and I tend to self-revise heavily before posting anything. My user page tends to get horribly out of date; for this I apologize to anyone who might be interested in me. Fortunately, I think the affected population is probably of negligible size.

I have one Featured Article to my credit, Calvin and Hobbes, which became a Featured Article in August 2004. It's still a decent article although it might not meet the higher standards of the present day.

I have credit for a Did You Know? article expansion of Lazarus syndrome in November 2008.

My real-world obligations have prevented me from devoting more time to content improvement. With one of them approaching the end in a few months, I hope to give some attention to slide rule, which has a lot of potential to be a Featured Article someday.

I appreciate the characteristics of moderation, fair play, selflessness, humility, wit, empathy, civil candor, transparency, and proficient writing in editors whom I encounter here at Wikipedia. If there were a way to express appreciation for actions that demonstrate these characteristics without appearing to be fawning over the editor, I'd do it more often.

Aggression, name-calling, bearing grudges, and choosing conflict over collaboration are things that dismay me. I have a tendency to want to intervene and resolve disputes when I see this happening. Sometimes I do (for good or ill), but I try to speak up more when the bad behavior is coming from someone whose views are more in alignment with mine. I hope any editor would feel comfortable giving me civil criticism for any behavior I might show that goes against the ideals I express here.

alanyst /talk/ 16:51, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

title: User:Alanyst


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User:Sftrail

After frequently linking to Wikipedia articles for my Bible commentary blog, I found a link to Whitefeather Spring that had no data in it. So I took the editing plunge 16 May 2004 with a picture I once took of the sign at Whitefeather Spring in Wyandotte County, Kansas.

Mini Profile

title: User:Sftrail


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Anselm Franz

Anselm Franz (January 20, 1900—November 18, 1994) was a pioneering Austrian jet engine engineer known for the development of the Jumo 004, the world's first mass-produced turbojet engine by Nazi Germany during World War II, and his work on turboshaft designs in the United States after the war as part of Operation Paperclip, including the Lycoming T53, the Honeywell T55, the AGT-1500, and the PLF1A-2, the world's first high-bypass turbofan engine.

Early life
Born in Schladming, Austria, in 1900, Franz studied mechanical engineering at the Graz University of Technology and earned a doctoral degree from the University of Berlin. Franz worked as a design engineer at a company in Berlin, where he developed hydraulic torque converters. In 1933 Franz joined the Sturmabteilung.

Junkers Aircraft
In 1936, he joined Junkers, and during much of the 1930s he was in charge of supercharger and turbocharger development.

Meanwhile Hans von Ohain's first engines were being run at Heinkel, although there was little official interest. Helmut Schelp and Hans Mauch, at the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM), tried to keep development moving through the "back door", attempting to interest existing engine companies in jet development. On one such visit in early 1939 Otto Mader at Junkers said that even if the idea was worth looking at, he had no one to run such an effort. Schelp suggested that Franz would be perfect for the job, given his experience in turbocompressor work.

The program was set up later in 1939, initially consisting of a very small team drawn from the supercharger division. Unlike the Heinkel designs, the Jumo would use an axial compressor, as opposed to the centrifugal compressor, in order to have a smaller frontal area. With that exception the design was otherwise very conservative, a series of six flame cans were used for combustion instead of a single annular burner, and the compression ratio was kept low at 3.14:1. Franz decided to focus on development time-to-market instead of performance in order to avoid having the program killed off if it didn't produce a working engine quickly.

The first testbed run of the experimental 004A took place in the spring of 1940, and had full speed runs in January 1941. The engine flew on an Messerschmitt Bf 110 on March 15, 1942, and after a number of these A models were delivered, the Messerschmitt Me 262 first took to the air with the 004A on July 18. The RLM was finally interested in the design, and ordered 80 production quality versions. The new 004B version included a number of changes, but ran into difficulty with vibration and fatigue problems that greatly delayed its service entry. It was not until the spring of 1944 that the engine was routinely lasting 50 hours and could enter full production. It nevertheless went on to power the majority of the Luftwaffe's jet designs.

Operation Paperclip
After the war Franz moved to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip, and worked for a time with the USAF on engine-related issues at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. He was known to still wear his long leather, military coat from Nazi Germany in the United States, with the Nazi insignia removed.

In 1951 he was hired to set up a new turbine division at Lycoming's otherwise unused plant in Stratford, Connecticut. Here he decided to focus on engine areas not currently served by the larger companies (General Electric and Pratt & Whitney), eventually settling on helicopter engines. His first design, the T53, would go on to be one of the most popular turboshaft engines in history, powering the Bell Aircraft UH-1 Huey and AH-1 Cobra helicopters, and the OV-1 Mohawk ground attack aircraft. He followed this success with the larger T55, later converting it into a small turbofan engine as well. In the 1960s he led development of a new design for tank use, which developed into the AGT-1500, used on the M1 Abrams.

Retirement
Franz retired from Lycoming in 1968, having risen to vice president and assistant general manager. He died in 1994, holder of the U.S. Army Outstanding Civilian Service Medal, the R. Tom Sawyer Award from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Austrian Decoration of Honour for Science and Art, and the Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria.

title: Anselm Franz


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Agoge

The agoge (ἀγωγή in Attic Greek, or ἀγωγά, ágōgá in Doric Greek) was the rigorous education and training program mandated for all male Spartan citizens, except for the firstborn son in the ruling houses, Eurypontid and Agiad. The word agōgē had various meanings in Ancient Greek and comes from the verb ἄγω (to lead). There is no evidence that it was used to refer to the Spartan education system until the 3rd century BC, but it was often used before then to mean training, guidance, or discipline.

The education featured in the agōgē involved cultivating loyalty to Sparta through military training (e.g., pain tolerance), hunting, dancing, singing, and social (communicating) preparation. The agōgē was divided into three age groups, roughly corresponding to young children, adolescents, and young adults. Spartan girls did not participate in the agōgē, although they may have received a similar state-sponsored education.

Sources are unclear about the exact origins of the agōgē. According to Xenophon, it was introduced by the semi-mythical Spartan law-giver Lycurgus, and modern scholars have dated its inception to the 7th or 6th century BC Regardless, the structure and content of the agōgē changed over time as the practice fell in and out of favour throughout the Hellenistic period.

Structure
The agōgē was divided into three age categories: the paides (about ages 7–14), paidiskoi (ages 15–19), and the hēbōntes (ages 20–29). The boys were further subdivided into groups called agelai (singular agelē, meaning "pack"), with whom they would sleep, and were led by an older boy (eirēn) who Plutarch claims was chosen by the boys themselves. They answered to the paidonomos or "boy-herder," an upper-class official who was tasked with overseeing the entire Spartan education system.

Paides
The paides were taught the basics of reading and writing, but even the early stages of education focused on the development of skills that would encourage military prowess. Boys would compete in athletic events such as running and wrestling, as well as choral dance performances. Notably, paides were expected to steal food for themselves and their eirēn, and were probably underfed as a means of encouraging this. Stealing did not go unpunished, however, as Xenophon reports that those who were caught would be beaten, a lesson which he claims taught the boys stealth and resourcefulness. There were other hardships too: the boys were made to participate in the agōgē in bare feet, supposedly to toughen their feet and improve agility, and beginning at the age of 12, boys would be given only one item of clothing, a cloak, per year. Plutarch reports that the boys slept together with the other members of their agelē, constructing beds out of reeds pulled by hand from the Eurotas River.

Additionally, paides were educated in Laconism, the art of speaking in brief, witty phrases. According to French historian Jean Ducat, Aristotle believed that it was important that a Spartan learn how to poke fun at his peers, and that he be able to accept the teasing himself.

At around age 12, a boy would often enter into an institutionalized relationship with a young adult male Spartan, which continued as he became a paidiskos. Plutarch described this form of Spartan pederasty (erotic relationship) as one where older warriors (as the erastes) would engage promising youths (the eromenos) in a long-lasting relationship with an instructive motive. Xenophon, on the other hand, claims that the laws of Lycurgus strictly prohibited sexual relationships with the boys, although he acknowledges that this is unusual compared to other Greek city-states.

Paidiskoi
Ducat considers the stage of paidiskoi as a transitional phase between a child and an adult, where Spartan boys were encouraged to integrate themselves into adult society. At this point, loyalty shifted from the agelē to the syssition, a common mess where adult Spartans of all ages were expected to eat together and socialize. Scholars have suggested that one role of the erastes was to act as a "sponsor" through which the eromenos could gain entry to the same syssition. Physical training and athletic competitions continued with an increased intensity.

Hēbōntes
At the age of 20, a young Spartan graduated from the ranks of the paidiskoi into the hēbōntes and was known as an eirēn. If he had demonstrated sufficient leadership qualities throughout his training, he might have been selected to lead an agelē.

The term hēbōntes means: "those who have reached physical adulthood". It was at this age when Spartan men became eligible for military service and could vote in the assembly, although they were not yet considered full adult citizens and were still under the authority of the paidonomos. Those hēbōntes who had impressed their elders the most during their training could be selected for the Crypteia, a type of 'Secret Police' tasked with maintaining control over the Helot population through violence. While scholars such as Pierre Vidal-Naquet have suggested that the Crypteia functioned as an initiatory ritual in the transition into adulthood, others, such as David Dodd, believe it was used primarily as a tool of terror. Plutarch and Plato also differ in their accounts of the Crypteia, with Plutarch mentioning brutal killings done by the Crypteia in Life of Lycurgus and Plato not mentioning the killings at all in Laws.

Additionally, 300 hēbōntes were chosen to join the hippeis, a highly-esteemed infantry cohort (despite the name implying cavalry). Xenophon describes the selection process as a public event where each of the three hippagretai (commanders) chooses 100 men, supposedly to instil a rivalry between each group, seeing as each man would be loyal to the hippagrete who chose him and resentful of the other two. He claims that this encouraged the groups to report instances of their rivals' wrongdoing, effectively keeping the entire cohort in check.

A Spartan man was considered to have graduated from the agōgē at age 30, at which time he was expected to have been accepted into a syssition and was permitted to have a family. He would also receive a kleros, an allotment of land farmed by helots.

Purpose
According to Plutarch, the main purpose of the agōgē was for Spartan boys to undergo intense physical trials to prepare their bodies for the harshness of war. The competitive nature of athletic events encouraged hard work and merit. However, the agōgē likely had a second purpose: to instil in young children a collective Spartan identity. The agōgē kept Spartan boys away from their families for much of their childhood, which Stephen Hodkinson believes taught them to favour the needs of the entire populace over that of an individual. Since a Spartan man's formative years were spent entirely in a perpetual competition of merit (both physical and social) they were encouraged to conform to the Spartan laws and social norms. Completion of the agōgē also served to define what it meant to be a Spartan citizen: one who had proven his mastery of both physical strength and social conventions.

There may have been an initiatory component to the agōgē, especially in its early history. Training overlapped with ritual activity at the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, where paidiskoi were made to steal from the altar under threat of being beaten if they were caught, possibly as part of an initiation rite in the transition to a hēbōnte. As well, the Gymnopaedia festival featured choral and athletic competitions between groups of naked youths, and boys may have been expected to participate as part of the agōgē.

After the Classical period
The popularity of the agōgē was diminished by the first half of the 3rd century BCE, possibly as a result of the declining Spartan population, but was successfully reinvigorated by Cleomenes III in 226 BCE. It was abolished less than forty years later by Philopoemen when Sparta was forced into the Achaean League in 188/9 BCE but was restored after Sparta came into Roman possession in 146 BCE.

Roman Sparta was characterized by a desire to emulate the traditional institutions of the archaic past, and this was mainly expressed through the agōgē. Ironically, the agōgē in this period was almost certainly different from that of the Classical period. For example, there may have been a change in the way boys were divided by age; Plutarch (writing in the 2nd century CE) mentions only two groups: the younger paides and the older neoi. As well, the term boua appears to replace the Classical agelē as the name for the groups of boys.

However, the cult of Artemis Orthia continued to play a role. Cicero describes an initiation ritual where naked boys were brutally whipped at the altar of that goddess, and numerous stelai mention contests of choral singing and dancing which may celebrate Artemis and the hunt. It is likely around this time that a game called Platanistas was developed (although it may have existed in the Classical period), which took place on a small island, and featured a violent, physical contest to force the opposing side into the water. This contest was likely ritual in nature, as two sacrifices were performed before the event could begin. The characterization of the Roman-era agōgē as especially brutal reinforced the opinion of the Roman public that Spartans were traditionally a harsh, warlike people.

Paidonomos
The paidonomos was the magistrate in charge of overseeing the agōgē as a whole. According to Xenophon, the position is as old as the agōgē itself, having been created by Lycurgus at the same time. As the ultimate position of authority within the Spartan education system, the paidonomos was responsible for doling out punishment, but was probably not directly responsible for inflicting it; this would have been delegated to the mastigophoroi, a squadron of hēbōntes armed with whips. Plutarch notes that the paidonomos would observe an eirēn's punishment of younger boys in his agelē, to assess whether or not it was acceptable.

Xenophon stresses the difference between the paidonomos, a free, high-ranking magistrate, and the paidagōgoi (tutors) found in other poleis, who were slaves.

In Antiquity
The exact nature of an education in the agōgē was not hidden from the rest of the Greek world. This is evidenced by the number of non-Spartan sources who wrote about the agōgē: Thucydides indicates that the agōgē was well-known throughout Greece in the Classical period, and both Plato and Aristotle praised it as part of an ideal city-state.

Further evidence for this comes from the word trophimoi, which is used to describe foreigners who were educated in the agōgē. The historian Xenophon is a notable example of this, as his sons reportedly took part in the agōgē despite being Athenian. Such trophimoi were likely sponsored and hosted by a Spartan family; Xenophon himself was a friend of King Agesilaus II. This practice likely continued into the Hellenistic Period. Supposedly, Pyrrhus of Epirus hid his intention to overthrow Sparta by claiming that part of his reason for marching on the Peloponnese was to have his sons trained in the agōgē.

Plutarch, writing after Xenophon and during the Roman era when the Agoge was restored, was critical of this education. He wrote that reading and writing were studied only for practical reasons and that every other form of education was banned in the city-state. Plutarch also emphasized the brutality and indoctrination of the Spartan education system.

19th – 21st centuries
In the early 20th century, comparisons were drawn between the Spartan education system and the Royal Prussian Cadets in Germany, praising the harsh education as the driving force behind the cadets' military prowess. In 1900, Paul von Szczepanski published his novel Spartanerjünglinge (Spartan Youths) about his education at one such cadet school during the late 19th century. Aside from the name, the book features other references to Spartan training, which Helen Roche believes are indicators that boys at these schools were taught to associate themselves with young Spartans.

In Weimar Germany, after the loss of the First World War, many scholars drew connections with the sacrifice of the Spartan king Leonidas at Thermopylae to justify the deaths of those who died in the war. The mental strength of Leonidas and the 300 was attributed in part to their upbringing in the agōgē. In the 1930s, the Nazi-aligned professor Helmut Berve praised the Spartan style of education in particular for its ability to weed out those considered "unfit" for society and to create a community of unified warriors. He argued that Nazi leaders should use Sparta as an example of their ideal society, ideas which Hitler himself supposedly agreed with. At the Adolf Hitler Schule in Weimar, Germany, schoolchildren were taught that Sparta maintained its power by producing tough, agōgē-educated warriors.

In the 21st century, the agōgē is known primarily in the context of intense physical trials. Spartan Race Inc., an American company, hosts a variety of endurance competitions across the world, the most challenging of which is called "Agoge". It stands as a physical trial rather than a state-sponsored education. In science fiction, Red Rising contains a training program based on Greek institutions like the agōgē in the form of a state-sponsored military education system which utilizes Greek names and symbols; the program emphasizes Spartan discipline against Athenian Democracy.

In the American action film 300 (2007), Leonidas is depicted attending the Agoge as a child and fulfilling various physical and mental trials from fighting other children to being whipped as a form of discipline.

Historian Bret Devereaux has compared the Spartan agōgē to the indoctrination of child soldiers in modern societies as part of his blog "A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry".

In the Sony Santa Monica Studio Playstation game God of War Ragnarok, the protagonist Kratos talks about his upbringing alongside his brother in the agōgē, noting the cruel and violent methods used to train children and how he looked to avoid doing so with his second child, Atreus.

title: Agoge


text:
The Desert Sessions

The Desert Sessions are a musical collective series, founded by Josh Homme in 1997. Artists such as Brant Bjork, PJ Harvey, Twiggy Ramirez, Dave Catching, Nick Oliveri, Mark Lanegan, John McBain, Ben Shepherd, Josh Freese, Chris Goss, Alain Johannes, Troy Van Leeuwen, Dean Ween, Les Claypool and many others from the Palm Desert Scene have contributed as songwriters and musicians.

Background
The Desert Sessions began in August 1997 at the Rancho De La Luna in Joshua Tree when Josh Homme brought together musicians from the bands Monster Magnet, Goatsnake, earthlings?, and Kyuss. The ranch, located in the Mojave Desert, has an old house filled with rare and unique recording equipment and instruments, and was owned by Dave Catching and the late Fred Drake. With the large numbers of musicians arriving to the ranch over time, and with many albums having been produced there, the setting has been described as creating a unique "desert sound" comparable to the grunge rock of Seattle in the early 1990s and the acid rock of San Francisco in the 1960s.

The first Desert Session was not actually a "session" per se, but Homme and his band at the time (The Acquitted Felons) playing for three days straight on psychedelic mushrooms. Since then, the Desert Sessions have become legendary, growing in intensity and artistic merit. Homme said:

At Desert Sessions, you play for the sake of music. That's why it's good for musicians. If someday that's not enough anymore, or that's not the reason behind you doing it—that's not your raison d'être—then a quick reminder like Desert Sessions can do so much for you, it's amazing. It's easy to forget that this all starts from playing in your garage and loving it.

Improvisational atmosphere
Desert Sessions songs are written "on the spot," often in a matter of hours. Many stories have sprung from the improvisational atmosphere of the ranch. For example, the song "Creosote" from Volumes 9 & 10 was written by Dean Ween and Alain Johannes on the ranch's front porch within four minutes of meeting each other. Similarly, Chris Goss and PJ Harvey wrote the song "There Will Never Be A Better Time" for I See You Hearin' Me after going out onto the porch of the ranch for four minutes with an acoustic guitar; they re-entered the house and recorded the song in one take, the only time the song was ever played by the collective.

Homme on project delays
In a 2007 interview with Rockline, Homme stated that he was going to be working on a new Desert Sessions album in December 2007, and the first ten will be re-released as a box set. Homme also stated:

"There's nothing going on [now]. I wish, but I've run out of time. I'm talking to this one guy about adding four more hours to each day, but he's not real positive about it. Those are never going to end, because there's no reason for them to end. But I'd like to make them more regular. – Josh Homme interview with Billboard.com, April 13, 2007"

"The Desert Sessions are gonna go on forever. There's no reason to stop them. No, it wasn't me that said there would be only 12 volumes—I'm gonna do 112! It's just a mix tape—the longest-running mix tape in existence. It's awesome: doing them is just a matter of making the time frame come together. I was really wanting to do one before the new album "Era Vulgaris" came out, but we didn't put a time frame on it and it consumed what would have been that time. I didn't want it to take away from what we were doing. – Josh Homme in May 2007 as recorded by Blabbermouth.net."

After 11 years of inactivity, Homme revealed in October 2014 that he would start working on more Desert Sessions material the following year. Homme added:

""Because Desert Sessions works best at a certain time of the year, when everything slows and everyone takes a deep breath out. At the end of the year, in that December-January timeframe, everyone has exhaled. And post-exhale is the time to do something like that. So if I miss that window… I miss that window"."

Desert Sessions Volumes 11 & 12
Homme remained silent about the project until May 2019, when he posted an image on Instagram with the hashtags "#Desert, #Sessions, #11, #12".

In September 2019, Desert Sessions Volumes 11 & 12 were officially announced, along with a comedic promo video featuring Homme and Liam Lynch. The promo includes Homme running through some of the featured artists such as Billy Gibbons, Les Claypool, and Jake Shears.

In October 2019, recordings of the Desert Sessions were released for the first time in sixteen years.

Live performances
The Desert Sessions have only performed live twice. The live performances, which included Joey Castillo, Troy Van Leeuwen, Brian O'Connor, and Homme, as well as a variety of musicians performing different songs, were performed on an episode of the British music television show Later... with Jools Holland, as well as the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2004.

Awards
The art directors for Desert Sessions Volumes 11 & 12, Doug Cunningham and Jason Noto, won in the category for "Best Recording Package" at the 2021 Grammy Awards.

Original EPs

 * Volume 1: Instrumental Driving Music for Felons (1997)
 * Volume 2: Status: Ships Commander Butchered (1998)
 * Volume 3: Set Coordinates for the White Dwarf!!! (1998)
 * Volume 4: Hard Walls and Little Trips (1998)
 * Volume 5: Poetry for the Masses (SeaShedShitheadByTheSheSore) (1999)
 * Volume 6: Black Anvil Ego (1999)
 * Volume 7: Gypsy Marches (2001)
 * Volume 8: Can You See Under My Thumb? There You Are.(2001)
 * Volume 9: I See You Hearin' Me (2003)
 * Volume 10: I Heart Disco (2003)
 * Volume 11: Arrivederci Despair (2019)
 * Volume 12: Tightwads & Nitwits & Critics & Heels (2019)

Compilation albums

 * Volumes 1 & 2 (1998)
 * Volumes 3 & 4 (1998)
 * Volumes 5 & 6 (1999)
 * Volumes 7 & 8 (2001)
 * Volumes 9 & 10 (2003)
 * Volumes 11 & 12 (2019)

Singles

 * Crawl Home (2003)

Note
 * Desert Sessions 7 & 8, 9 & 10, and 11 & 12 were never released independently of each other. The first two were originally released as two double EPs, and the latter as a single LP.

title: The Desert Sessions


text:
CSRA

CSRA may refer to:

 * The Central Savannah River Area, a trading and marketing region in the U.S. states of Georgia and South Carolina.

 * The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, a reorganization of the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, following the Watergate scandal.

 * The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, an 1883 law establishing a merit system for U.S. federal employees.
 * Consejo de Salud Rural Andino, an American non-profit organization

 * CSRA Inc., an information technology company that performs contract work for the U.S. federal government.

title: CSRA


text:
Leith Hill

Leith Hill in southern England is the highest summit of the Greensand Ridge, approximately 6.7 km southwest of Dorking, Surrey and 40.5 km southwest of central London. It reaches 294 m above sea level, and is the second highest point in southeast England, after Walbury Hill in southwest Berkshire, (which is 297 m high). Leith Hill is the highest ground for 49 mi.

Four areas of woodland surrounding the hill comprise the 337.9 ha Leith Hill Site of Special Scientific Interest, although the summit is excluded from this designation.

The nearest railway station is Holmwood station, 3.6 km to the east, served by Southern trains to London Victoria.

Leith Hill Tower
On the summit of Leith Hill is an 18th-century Gothic tower. In 1764–65 Richard Hull of nearby Leith Hill Place built "Prospect House", later to become known as Leith Hill Tower, with the intention of raising the hill above 1000 ft above sea level. A tower built contemporaneously at the summit of Bredon Hill achieves a similar purpose.

Leith Hill Tower is 19.5 m high and consisted of two rooms "neatly furnished", with a Latin inscription above the door announcing that it had been built not only for his own pleasure, but also for the enjoyment of others. Hull provided visitors with prospect glasses, similar to a small telescope, through which to survey the extensive views towards London and the English Channel, each some 25 mi away.

When Hull died in 1772, at his request he was buried under the tower. Following his death, the building was stripped of its contents, doors and windows, and fell into ruin. As a result, the tower was filled with rubble and concrete, and the entrance bricked up.

In 1864, William John Evelyn of nearby Wotton House decided to reopen it, but the concrete made this difficult, and so the additional turreted side-tower was added to allow access to the top of the tower.

At the top of the tower there is a viewpoint indicator to commemorate Walker Miles, whose work in the early days of the Rambler's movement contributed to the formation of The Ramblers of Great Britain. It has been claimed that on a clear day, 13 counties can be seen from the top of Leith Hill Tower.

The tower was fully restored by the National Trust in 1984. This restoration included the removal of rubble and concrete, fitting safety features such as a handrail in the narrow staircase, and converting the lower portion of the tower into a servery. Following restoration, the mobile phone operator Cellnet installed a first-generation transmitter station (Base site) into one of the tower rooms, feeding single vertical antennas on the tower roof dressed to look like flag poles. Leith Hill Tower is open to the public every day from 10:00 am until 3:00 pm on weekdays and 9:00 am to 5:00 pm on weekends, every day of the year except Christmas Day, with a comprehensive display explaining the history of the tower.

History
Leith Hill was owned by the Evelyn family of Wotton House from the 17th to the early 20th centuries. On the death of Lt. John Evelyn in 1922, the executors of his will were required to raise money to pay death duties and they therefore offered the Tower and the surrounding five acres of Leith Hill for sale. After a campaign, organised in part by the Commons and Footpath Preservation Society, the land was bought by Wilfred James MacAndrew (a resident of Reigate and former co-owner of the shipping company MacAndrew & Co) and donated to the National Trust.

Leith Hill Place
Originally a gabled house dating from about 1600, Leith Hill Place (51.1693°N, -0.37985°W) was completely refaced in a Palladian style about 1760 by Richard Hull. It was bought in 1847 by Josiah Wedgwood III and remained in the family until his grandson, the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams, who had been brought up there and eventually inherited it from his brother, immediately gave it to the National Trust on his brother's death in 1944. Subsequently, it was leased from the Trust by his cousins Sir Ralph Wedgwood and then Sir John Wedgwood, later becoming a boarding house for a nearby sixth form college, Hurtwood House.

The house was opened to the public by the National Trust in 2013 and now serves as a memorial to Ralph Vaughan Williams. Josiah Wedgwood's widow, born Caroline Darwin, created a rhododendron wood there, now open to the public.

Geology
Like the other summits of the Greensand Ridge in the south of Surrey, the rock of which Leith Hill is composed, is primarily the Lower Greensand, overlaid with a harder layer of chert. The greensand was deposited in the early Cretaceous, most likely in a shallow sea with low oxygen levels. Over the subsequent 50 million years, other strata were deposited on top of the Lower Greensand, including Gault clay and the chalk of the North and South Downs.

Following the Cretaceous, the sea covering the south of England began to retreat and the land was pushed higher. The Weald (the area covering modern-day south Surrey, south Kent, north Sussex and east Hampshire) was lifted by the same geological processes that created the Alps, resulting in an anticline which stretched across the English Channel to the Artois region of northern France. Initially an island, this dome-like structure was drained by the ancestors of the rivers which today cut through the North and South Downs (including the Mole, Wey and Arun). The dome was eroded away over the course of the Cenozoic, exposing the strata beneath and resulting in the escarpments of the Downs and the Greensand Ridge.

Search for oil
A site on an ancient lane going up the hill was originally chosen by an oil company for exploratory drilling, however due to an active protest campaign and various legal objections raised by local groups and environmentalists, the lease on the land from the Forestry Commission expired before the drilling could start. The Minister for Environment subsequently decided not to renew the lease due to concerns of the effect it would have on nearby ancient woodland. The oil company has since stated it intends to find a new site from which to explore the same prospect. Locals have stated that they will continue to oppose this.

Geodesy
Leith Hill Tower was the origin (meridian) of the 6 inch and 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps of Surrey.

title: Leith Hill


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Wikipedia:Goings-on/May 9, 2004

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Goings-on in the week starting Sunday May 9 2004

 * Evolutionary Biology - a new WikiProject: "WikiProject Evolutionary biology" has been formed to help coordinate the writing of articles related to evolutionary biology.
 * Webby Honors - Wikipedia wins the Webby Award 2004 in the category "Community". (winner's list). Please help to write the Press release.
 * Nick Berg - A great deal of controversy and discussion ensues regarding the inclusion or exclusion of images on Nick Berg, prompting discussion on how to deal with potentially offensive images. See Talk:Nick Berg, penis, clitoris and Meta:Offensive content.
 * Administrators - AlainV, Andrew Yong, Cyrius, David.Monniaux, Everyking, Guanaco, Jfdwolff and Jmabel become administrators. Congratulations!
 * Pic of the day - to get a featured picture on your user page every day, add the text, which will dynamically load Template:Pic of the day.

Arbitration committee

 * Arbitration committee matters continuing this week: Wik2, Mav v. 168, JRR Trollkien, and ChrisO and Levzur.
 * In the cases of Wik2 and JRR Trollkien, discussion has reached the stage where the arbitrators are voting on proposed findings of fact and remedies.

Association of Members' Advocates

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Articles featured on the Main Page

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title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/May 9, 2004


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Tobata-ku, Kitakyūshū

Tobata-ku (戸畑区) is a ward of Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka, Japan. It is the smallest ward of Kitakyūshū city at 16.66 km2. The population was 64,330 as of the national census in 2000.

History and Geography
In 1899 Tobata-cho (Tobata town) was created, and in 1924 Tobata-shi (Tobata city). The city was merged into Kitakyushu in 1963. Officially Tobata became a ward of Kitakyushu on April 1, 1963.

Part of Tobata ward faces the sea inlet or firth (Scottish English) called Dokai wan, and the surrounding outer sea is called Hibiki nada. The red-painted bridge between Tobata and Wakamatsu wards is called the Waka-To Ohashi (Great Bridge of Waka-To) and was the first suspension bridge in Asia, completed in 1963. On September 30, 2005 it passed into the control of Kitakyushu city.

A new tunnel was constructed in 2005-8 between Tobata and Wakamatsu wards to link the Hibiki container terminal with Kokura.

Much of this ward, especially the part facing the open sea, is taken up by the Nippon Steel (Shin Nihon Seitetsu) foundries, blast furnaces, and coaling docks. However the numbers employed there are greatly reduced since the heyday of steelmaking in the 1960s, from about 25,000 to 8,000 employees.

The Congregation of Notre Dame has a community in Tobata.

Cultural Tobata
The West Japan Industrial Club (Matsumoto-tei, a house originally built for and owned by Mr. Matsumoto), a large house and garden adjoining Yomiya park, was designed by Tatsuno Kingo who also designed Tokyo Station as a monument to Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War. A scene from the 2003 movie "Spy Sorge" (director Masahiro Shinoda) about Richard Sorge was shot in the garden,

Nearby Kyushu Institute of Technology (founded by Mr. Matsumoto in 1907) has its oldest campus (the faculty of engineering) in Tobata.

The most important annual folk-cultural event is the Tobata Gion festival designated a national intangible cultural asset, and the Kitakyushu city art museum is also here. There are standing exhibits of Western and Japanese art and regularly changing art exhibitions.

Sayagatani field and athletic stadium was built by Yahata steel workers and is still used for ball sports (rugby, soccer etc.) and athletics.

Education

 * Kyushu Institute of Technology was founded in Tobata in 1907.

Economy
Zenrin, a mapping and navigation software company, has its headquarters in the ward.

Notable people
The notable rugby player Takuro Miuchi is from Tobata. There is a rugby ground at Astem no Mori, and another at Sayagatani. Miuchi first learned to play rugby at Sayagatani rugby school and later at Yahata High School.

Transport & Facilities
There are two JR Kyushu rail stations on the Kagoshima Main Line (Kagoshima honsen): Tobata Station and Kyushu Koudaimae Station, named after Kyushu Institute of Technology which is seven minutes walk from there. Buses are run by the Nishitetsu company.

A small shopping mall, Tobata Aeon, is located next to JR Tobata station. It is a kind of local and down-market department store, as compared with Isetan and Izutsuya in nearby Kokura Kita ward.

Wakato ferry is for passengers with bicycles. It is one of the shortest and cheapest ferries in Japan (three minutes, 100 yen one way).

title: Tobata-ku, Kitakyūshū


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Talk:Fisherman

Gender issues
True or false: unlike "fireman", "policeman", and "mailman", which are now replaced by "fire fighter", "police officer", and "mail carrier", "fisherman" is still commonly accepted generically. 66.32.66.181 14:12, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * In Britain mail is delivered by postmen. Anthony Appleyard 12:05, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * In real-world talk, a fisherman is still a fisherman. A fisher is a USA mustelid animal. Political correctness gets sillier and sillier and more and more dictatorial. Although I tend to restrict the word "fisherman" to men who have to do it every day in all weathers for a living; to me a sport angler is a sport angler. Anthony Appleyard 12:01, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The PC term for fisherman on the east coast of Canada is "Fish-Harvester", though this is seldom used throughout fishing communities. The DFO(Department of Fisheries and Oceans) uses this term whenever giving out official documents.
 * Fisherman is gender neutral IMO. My mate is one and she makes no issue with it. I hope this helps. Im in the UK — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C8:3D03:D300:6C1D:2EEA:A5F:B938 (talk) 14:01, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

Please Someone Add to this

 * This article should be a basic commodity, it desperately needs to be edited. User:66.32.66.181 14:12, 16 May 2004
 * There is FAR more about inshore and deep-water work fishermen that could be included here. Are there any work fishermen's email groups that could be asked to add to Wikipedia? (Please put sport angling stuff in angler or angling.) Anthony Appleyard 12:01, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

The second-oldest line of work that still exists?
In the introductory part, is says that "Fishing has existed as a means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period." I think that would make it the second-oldest line of work that exists and has done so continuously since it was first carried out by humans. The oldest would be gathering (not of fish, but of plants), which is still practiced for a living by some hunter-gatherers. I'm not a fisherman, but I think this is worth noting. --Tracerbullet11 (talk) 18:32, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Move
I propose a move to "Fisher people" 68.148.164.166 (talk) 10:47, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

 * 'Fisher people'? How would this work?
 * Suggested surely with a smirk!
 * While 'fisherman' is not quite PC
 * It's more oft used, I guarantee.
 * Rhyme & Reason (talk) 19:34, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Recreational Fisherman Picture

There should be a picture representing a recreational fisherman. This picture on the right is representative of a recreational fisherman tell me what you think. --Lord Clarence (talk) 15:30, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Please place your comments at the bottom of pages, and not at the top. The picture you are suggesting seems to be of a clown who wants to show off his muscles, and thinks fishing is something to do with American football. This is not a representative image of a recreational fisherman. At best, it is an attempt, of questionable taste, to be humorous. There are over 6,000 images available on fishing at commons, many of which include recreational fishermen. You need to establish why your image is more eppropriate than the others available. --Epipelagic (talk) 22:58, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Epipelagic, I see what you are trying to do here and I don't like it. I am not going to be feeding any trolls today.  The way you are talking in the forum is harassment.  I do not see how that picture has anything to do with football.  A recreational fisherman could have any type of physical appearance.  A fisherman could be muscular, skinny, or even over weight.  You cannot judge a fisherman on physical appearance.  This is not questionable taste, and I am not attempting to be funny.  This is a great photo of a recreational fisherman.  What does a recreational fisherman look like to you?  --Lord Clarence (talk) 02:17, 22 March 2010 (UTC)Lord Clarence

 * LC the picture you are refering to doesnt convey the message of a recreational fisherman, it could equally just be a man buying a fish from monger at a village market. Any picture should at least include some fishing equipment preferably in use, a veiwer should be able to tell the person is fishing for recreation not for sport or commercial reasons. Gnangarra 07:19, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Fisherman