text:
Slade Gorton

Thomas Slade Gorton III (January 8, 1928 – August 19, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician from Washington. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a member of the United States Senate from 1981 to 1987, and again from 1989 to 2001. He held both of the state's U.S. Senate seats in his career and was narrowly defeated for reelection twice, first in 1986 by Brock Adams and again in 2000 by Maria Cantwell following a recount, becoming the last Republican senator to date for each seat.

Early life and education
Gorton was born in Chicago, on January 8, 1928, and raised in the suburb of Evanston, Illinois, the son of Ruth (Israel) and Thomas Slade Gorton, Jr., descendant of one of the founders of the companies that would become Gorton's of Gloucester, and himself the founder that year of Slade Gorton & Co., another fish supplier. His younger brother is Judge Nathaniel M. Gorton of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. He attended and graduated from Dartmouth College and subsequently from Columbia Law School. Gorton served in the United States Army from 1945 to 1946 and the United States Air Force from 1953 until 1956. He continued to serve in the Air Force Reserve Command until 1980 when he retired as a colonel.

Early career
Gorton practiced law and entered politics in 1958, being elected to the Washington House of Representatives, in which he served from 1959 until 1969, becoming one of its highest-ranking members. He then served as Attorney General of Washington from 1969 until he entered the United States Senate in 1981. During his three terms as attorney general, Gorton was recognized for taking the unusual step of appearing personally to argue the state's positions before the Supreme Court of the United States, and for prevailing in those efforts.

In 1970, Attorney General Gorton sued Major League Baseball for a violation of anti-trust laws after the loss of the Seattle Pilots, who were moved to Milwaukee after the league declined a bid from local ownership group. He hired trial lawyer William Lee Dwyer to oversee the case and eventually withdrew following the league's approval of a second expansion team—the Seattle Mariners, who began play in 1977.

Years later, he approached Nintendo President Minoru Arakawa and Chairman Howard Lincoln in his search to find a buyer for the Mariners. Arakawa's father-in-law, Nintendo President Hiroshi Yamauchi, agreed to buy a majority stake in the team, preventing a potential move to Tampa. Gorton later helped broker a deal between King County officials and Mariners ownership on what is now called T-Mobile Park.

1980
In 1980, Gorton defeated longtime incumbent U.S. Senator and state legend Warren Magnuson by a 54% to 46% margin.

1986
Gorton was narrowly defeated by former U.S. Representative and United States Secretary of Transportation Secretary of the Presidency of Jimmy Carter Brock Adams.

1988
Gorton ran for the state's other Senate seat, which was being vacated by political ally Daniel J. Evans, in 1988 and won, defeating liberal Congressman Mike Lowry by a narrow margin.

In the Senate, Gorton had a moderate-to-conservative voting record, and was derided for what some perceived as strong hostility towards Native tribes. His reelection strategy centered on running up high vote totals in areas outside of left-leaning King County (home to Seattle).

1994
In 1994, Gorton repeated the process, defeating then-King County Councilman Ron Sims by 56% to 44%. He was an influential member of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services as he was the only member of the committee during his tenure to have reached a senior command rank in the uniformed services (USAF).

Gorton campaigned in Oregon for Gordon H. Smith and his successful 1996 Senate run.

In 1999, Gorton was among ten Republican senators who voted against the charge of perjury during the Impeachment of Bill Clinton, although he voted for Clinton's conviction on the charge of obstruction of justice.

2000
In 2000, Democrat Maria Cantwell turned his "it's time for a change" strategy against him and won by 2,229 votes out of nearly 2.5 million cast.

Furthermore, Washington's Native tribes strongly opposed Gorton in 2000 because he consistently tried to weaken Native sovereignty while in the Senate.

Twice during his tenure in the Senate, Gorton sat at the Candy Desk.

Later career
In 2002, Gorton became a member of the 9/11 Commission, which issued its final report, the 9/11 Commission Report, in 2004.

In 2005, Gorton became the chairman of the center-right Constitutional Law PAC, a political action committee formed to help elect candidates to the Washington State Supreme Court and Court of Appeals.

Gorton was an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. Gorton also served as a Senior Fellow at the Bipartisan Policy Center.

Gorton served on the board of trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, which is a museum dedicated to the Constitution of the United States.

Gorton represented Seattle in a lawsuit against Clay Bennett to prevent the Seattle SuperSonics relocation basketball franchise, in accordance to a contract that would keep the team in Climate Pledge Arena until 2010. The city settled with Bennett, allowing him to move the team to Oklahoma City for $45 million with the possibility for another $30 million.

In 2010, the National Bureau of Asian Research founded the Slade Gorton International Policy Center. The Gorton Center is a policy research center, with three focus areas: policy research, fellowship and internship programs, and the Gorton History Program (archives). In 2013 the Gorton Center was the secretariat for the ‘Commission on The Theft of American Intellectual Property’, in which Gorton was a commissioner. Gorton was also a counselor at the National Bureau of Asian Research.

In 2012, Gorton was appointed to the board of directors of Clearwire, a wireless data services provider.

Gorton was a member of the board of the Discovery Institute, notable for its advocacy of the pseudoscience of intelligent design.

Gorton was also of counsel at K&L Gates LLP.

Gorton opposed the candidacy of Donald Trump for President of the United States in 2016, instead writing in Independent candidate Evan McMullin. He later supported the First impeachment of Donald Trump and urged other Republicans to join him.

Personal life and death
He married Sally Clark on June 28, 1958. They had three children, Sarah Nortz, Thomas Gorton, and Rebecca Dannaker.

Gorton died after a brief illness with complications of Parkinson's disease on August 19, 2020 at the home of his daughter, Sarah Nortz in Clyde Hill, Washington, age 92.

title: Slade Gorton


text:
User:Tietew

de:Benutzer:Tietew & fr:Utilisateur:Tietew nl:Gebruiker:Tietew simple:User:Tietew zh:User:Tietew  wp | wt | wb | wq | source | commons | species | meta

 * /monobook.css
 * /monobook.js

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tietew


text:
User talk:Tietew

Stop deleting my user Page in the Japanese Wikipedia... I tired of it! So stop!! (207.200.34.177 14:47, 28 February 2006 (UTC))

xml2sql
Hi Tietew,

There is a windows EXE of your Xml2sql tool available here: ftp://ftp.tietew.jp/pub/wikipedia/xml2sql-0.5-win32.zip

Does this EXE contain the patch for new versions of mediawiki? ( http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Xml2sql#patch_for_recent_versions_of_mw_.28.3E.3D1.10.29 )

And by the way, thanks for creating this tool. :)

Ventolin (talk) 01:56, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tietew


text:
User:Ruzulo

I am a dedicated Project Gutenberg volunteer and have come to wikipedia with an interest in links between the two projects (where appropriate), and articles about old books and authors. Other interests include Character encoding, writing systems, Canadiana and Classical Music.

title: User:Ruzulo


text:
User:BoJKO

For now all about me and my stuuf can be found on next page:

http://www.fg.uni-mb.si/studenti/93504343/PROBA.PHP

for any other things and questions mail me on:

bojkohb@email.si

have a nice day

title: User:BoJKO


text:
Fredro Starr

Fred Lee Scruggs Jr. (born April 18, 1971), better known by his stage name Fredro Starr, is an American rapper and actor best known as a member of the hardcore rap group Onyx. Fredro Starr was discovered by the late hip hop star Jam Master Jay of Run-D.M.C. who signed Onyx on his label JMJ Records. Onyx went on to release three top selling albums before Fredro began his solo career. As a part of Onyx, Fredro Starr was nominated as "Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop New Artist" on American Music Awards of 1994 and won "Best Rap Album" on 1994 Soul Train Music Awards.

Fredro Starr has starred in more than 55 films and television shows. He made his acting debut in the HBO drama Strapped. His film credits include Spike Lee's Clockers, Sunset Park, Ride, Light It Up, Save the Last Dance and Torque. He also performed the Save the Last Dance's theme song, "Shining Through", with Jill Scott on the multi-platinum soundtrack.

Starr made his television debut in Law & Order and New York Undercover, but he is known for his role of Quentin 'Q' Brooks on UPN's Moesha starring R&B singer Brandy. He also appeared in HBO's The Wire, NYPD Blue, Blade, and CSI: Miami. Fredro also co-hosted Dance 360, a daily, half-hour urban dance competition show on Paramount Television.

Early life
Fred Lee Scruggs Jr. was born in Kings County Hospital Center on April 18, 1971. He grew up in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In 1984, at the age of 13, he moved with his brother David Scruggs (also known as Who$ane) to South Jamaica, Queens. Between 1984 and 1988, Fredro Starr studied at John Adams High School (Queens). Other students at John Adams High School included Marlon Fledtcher (also known as Big DS), Tyrone Taylor (also known as Suave and Sonny Seeza), Mr. Cheeks and Freaky Tah. Fredro first met Suave at the battle in Ajax Park (Jamaica, New York) (now called "Dr. Charles R. Drew Park").

1984–1988: Career beginnings
Fred started out doing breakdancing after watching the movie "Beat Street" (1984), he was known by the name Magic.

In late 1985 Fredro Starr decided to become a street poet after watching the movie "Krush Groove" (1985). He was inspired by the style of LL Cool J.

For the first time, Fredro picked up a microphone in 1986 on the basketball court in the Baisley Park in Queens where he rhymed with his friends Cocheeks (also known as Mr. Cheeks), Freaky Tah, Dot-a-Rock, Spank G and Panama P.I. (also known as Big Prince) under live mixes of GrandMasta Vic and CutMasta JT. In this place were usually held jams, and often there were shoot-outs, but this did not stop anyone. Fredro was then known as Kool Fredro. In an interview with Brian Coleman, Fredro Starr remembers:

In 1986, Fred started working at "Nu Tribe Barbershop" on Jamaica Avenue in Queens. His younger cousin Kirk Jones (also known as Sticky Fingaz) joined him as a barber three years later after moving from Brooklyn to Queens. At "Nu Tribe Barbershop" Fred had to cut local drug dealers from Supreme Team (gang), as well as celebrities such as Kool G Rap, Rakim, Big Daddy Kane and others. In this barbershop Fred and Kirk made money until they heard on the radio their song "Throw Ya Gunz" in November 1992.

At the same time Fredro along with his cousin Kirk Jones, then known as Trop, visited the nightclubs of New York. The guys wore green dreadlocks and dressed in Dr. Martens boots. In an interview with Unkut, hip hop artist B-1 described his friendship with Fredro and Sticky:

Onyx
In 1988, after graduating from school at the age of 17, Fredro Starr created the rap group Onyx along with his schoolmates Big DS and Suavé (also known as Sonny Seeza). Big DS came up with the name for the group, he named it after the black stone Onyx. They began to make the first demos in the basement of B-Wiz with drum machine beats from an SP-12.

In 1989, Onyx signed Jeffrey Harris as their manager, who helped them secure a contract with the label Profile Records. In 1990, at York Studio in Brooklyn, they recorded their first single, "Ah, And We Do It Like This", which was released to low sales on April 25, 1990, on Profile.

Fredro Starr, Big DS and Suave (also known as Sonny Seeza) met Jam Master Jay in a traffic jam at The Jones Beach GreekFest Festival on July 13, 1991. Jay give them about two months to get a demo, but Suave and Big DS they didn't make it to the studio because they were stranded in Connecticut. So Jeff Harris, the manager of Onyx, asked Fredro to come to the studio with his cousin, Kirk Jones, who at the time was doing a solo career under the name Trop and working in the barbershop making a thousand dollars a week cutting high school. Fredro and Sticky Fingaz made two records, "Stik 'N' Muve" and "Exercise". Jam Master Jay liked these songs and that's how Sticky joined the group, because Jay said, "If Sticky ain't in the group, it ain't no group!". Jay signed the group to his label, JMJ Records, for a single deal, then for an EP deal followed by an album deal because they did 10 songs on a budget of 6 songs.

In 1991, despite the reproaches from Fredro, the Onyx's music producer, B-Wiz, sold his drum machine SP-12 and went to Baltimore to sell crack, and eventually he was killed in Baltimore. Thus, all Onyx records were lost.

In 1993, Onyx released their debut album entitled "Bacdafucup". It proved to be a commercial success and eventually went multi-platinum, largely due to the well known single "Slam". Then Onyx released on JMJ Records another two albums: All We Got Iz Us and Shut 'Em Down.

Solo career
In 2000, Fredro Starr signed a deal with Koch Records and released a mixtape "Firestarr" (Hosted & Mixed by DJ Clue) in the same year. In the following year he released his debut album "Firestarr". From this moment, another nickname is established behind him: Firestarr. Alongside Jill Scott, he contributed to the soundtrack of Save the Last Dance for the lead single of the movie "Shining Through". Starr's next album, Don't Get Mad Get Money, arrived in 2003.

In 2003, Fredro Starr started a new movement "100 Mad". Sticky Fingaz came up with the term "100 Mad". It means the following: "No matter where in the world Onyx, there are always 100 crazy niggas with it". In 2019, "100 Mad" released an album, the title referring to Onyx's artist collective. Production on the album included Snowgoons and The Alchemist, and guest vocalists included Conway The Machine, Tha God Fahim, Jay Nice, Planet Asia, Termanology and more.

In 2011, Fredro Starr founded his own label "Mad Money Movement" in Los Angeles. The first release of the label was his solo album "Made In The Streets", a collaboration album with producer Audible Doctor, which was dropped on December 25, 2013. Other releases include Onyx "#WAKEDAFUCUP" (2014), Onyx "Against All Authorities" (2015), ONYX "#WAKEDAFUCUP Reloaded" (2016), Onyx "#WAKEDAFUCUP Reloaded (Picture Disc Vinyl Import)" (2017), Onyx & Dope D.O.D. "Shotgunz In Hell" (2017), Onyx "Black Rock (Onyx album)" (2018)

On May 13, 2013, Starr released his mixtape and first solo project in 10 years entitled "Live 4Ever, Die 2Day". On November 26, 2013, Starr released his first single from his upcoming third album The Firestarr 2 entitled "What If 2". On January 8, 2014, he released the official video for the single.

On October 4, 2015, at the Milk River restaurant in Brooklyn was held a rap-battle between Fredro Starr and Keith Murray. On the results of 3 rounds, Fredro Starr won with a score of 3–0.

On March 9, 2018, Fredro Starr released his 4th solo album "Firestarr 2" on Mad Money Movement. In 2011, Fredro Starr announced via Twitter that he was working on the follow-up of his debut work. The album was due out in the summer of 2012, but later the release was postponed to the first half of 2013. In the end, the project was abandoned, as Fredro met producer Audible Doctor.

In 2020, Fredro Starr released a video "Fuck Corona" dedicated to the situation with the coronavirus in the United States. The single "Corona Freestyle" was released on April 17.

Yung Onyx
In 2006, Starr formed a new group called Yung Onyx, but the group later disbanded.

Acting career
Encouraged by his manager, Jeff Harris, to try his hand at acting, Fredro Starr began reading for roles and was immediately selected to co-star in a television pilot called B Boys (1992). Unfortunately, the project was soon abandoned. Less than a year later, he landed his first role as Bamboo in Forest Whitaker's critically acclaimed HBO film Strapped, which earned him a CableACE Award nomination for "Best Supporting Actor". Fredro Starr also starred in the critically acclaimed drama Clockers, and in Abel Ferrara's The Addiction. Starr moves into his first leading role as Shorty in Sunset Park. In addition to starring in Sunset Park, Fredro co-wrote and performs the title track "Thangz Changed"

Other film credits include Ride, Light It Up, and Save the Last Dance.

On television, Starr had a regular role on Moesha as the title character's boyfriend and fiancé. He appeared in three episodes of HBO's The Wire as Marquis "Bird" Hilton. Starr co-hosted Paramount Domestic Television's daily half-hour urban dance competition, Dance 360, with actor Kel Mitchell. The program aired for one season in 2004 before being canceled due to poor ratings.

Starr also filmed guest appearances on NYPD Blue, Law & Order, Blade: The Series (in which Sticky Fingaz starred in the title role), and Promised Land. He played Ricky Gannon on a CSI: Miami episode that aired February 2, 2009, and appeared on New York Undercover in the episode entitled "Student Affairs."

Fredro produced a documentary about his mentor, Jam Master Jay, entitled Two Turntables and a Microphone: The Life and Death of Jam Master Jay and served as Executive Consultant on the Sticky Fingaz-directed Lionsgate hip hop musical feature film, A Day In The Life, which he also stars in.

Between 2009 and 2010, Starr starred in 12 episodes for the web series Tales Of The Industry. Director: Sanz Pareil TV (Sanz Pareil & Brian "BK" Kim).

In 2012, Starr starred in 20 episodes for the web series 16 Bars with Fredro Starr. Director: Myster DL.

Starr plays the lead in the independent feature-length film Diamond Ruff, which had its premiere in Hartford, Connecticut on November 1, 2013.

In 2018, was filmed the movie Firestarr 2, consisting of video clips for songs from the album Firestarr 2.

Other career
In 2011, Fredro Starr released two children's books: "Lil Freddy: The Red Sock" and "Lil Freddy: The Bully Kid".

50 Cent
The beef between Onyx and 50 Cent started on Def Jam's "Survival Of The Illest" concert at the legendary world-famous Apollo Theater. The concert was held on July 18, 1998. During performing the song "React" rapper Scarred 4 Life (also known as Clay Da Raider) performed 50 Cent's verse. A few years later according to the Rap News Network, 50 Cent started a confrontation with Starr at the 2003 Vibe Awards. In a 2003 interview Fredro Starr explained, "50 Cent basically started shit with me, started a scuffle, and a bodyguard broke us up. He's a punk. He's disrespectful to Jam Master Jay ever since he passed." In an interview with The Source, Fredro Starr said that 50 Cent had been disrespectful towards the Onyx rap group even though Onyx had given him his first breakthrough on a song called "React" from the 1998 album, Shut 'Em Down. In a 2008 interview for AllHipHop Fredro made a comment about 50 Cent.

Brandy
In an 2008 interview for C.O.D DVD (now called Forbez DVD) Fredro talked about relations with R&B singer Brandy, but later said "I never meant to put her on blast and say she gave me head. It was a joke and the media ran with it. That's what it was."

DMX
On September 18, 2012, Fredro Starr dropped a freestyle that was aimed at fellow pioneer New York City rapper DMX. On September 26, 2012, during a radio interview DMX responded to the diss.

Personal life
His cousin and fellow Onyx group member is Sticky Fingaz. Fredro Starr has 3 children, with his wife, Croatian model Korina Longin, whom he married in 2007.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Firestarr (2001)
 * Don't Get Mad Get Money (2003)
 * Made In The Streets (2013)
 * Firestarr 2 (2018)

 * Compilation albums
 * Soul On Fire (2021)

 * Mixtapes
 * Firestarr (Mix-Tape) (Hosted & Mixed by DJ Clue) (2000)
 * Live 4ever Die 2day (2013)

title: Fredro Starr


text:
User talk:SamClayton

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Cheers, Sam Spade 06:09, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:SamClayton


text:
User talk:199.67.138.20

Good article reassessment for Sai Baba of Shirdi
Sai Baba of Shirdi has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Z1720 (talk) 02:49, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:199.67.138.20


text:
User talk:.derf

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Cheers, Sam Spade 06:10, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Hello .derf remember me I'm Comrade Nick, NPOV that article is a good idea, because terrorist is a charged word. --Comrade Nick 04:14, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Are you the same derf from the sonic.net days? Ioerror 20:03, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:.derf


text:
User talk:Manchineel

Welcome to the Wikipedia

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title: User talk:Manchineel


text:
HMS Poictiers

Two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Poictiers. Poictiers is an alternative spelling for Poitiers, and in this instance commemorates the English victory there.

 * The first HMS Poictiers (1809) was a 74-gun third rate launched in 1809. She participated in an action where she rescued HMS Frolic (1806) by capturing USS Wasp (1807) in 1812. Poictiers was broken up in 1857.
 * The second Poictiers was a 2,380-ton Battle-class destroyer launched in April 1946, but broken up soon after.

title: HMS Poictiers


text:
User talk:Boojum

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Cheers, Sam Spade 06:14, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Howdy. Just a quick thank you for helping out with the list of possibly mis-spelled links. Good job, much appreciated. - TB 12:41, Jun 4, 2004 (UTC)

Feedback Request
I noticed you participated in the laptop article discussion and was wondering if you wouldn't mind checking out my article Qosmio and letting me know what you think. I'm trying to make the article as complete as possible so any relevant information you think I should have or just comments about formatting the article in general would be greatly appreciated! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Coolzero20 (talk • contribs) 15:22, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

stub is deprecated
Greetings! I noticed you placed a stub marker on the Kuçovë article, which I just changed to a redirect to Kuçovë District. The stub tag is deprecated; you should use other stub tags to place articles into stub categories. This particular article, if it were not changed into a redirect, should have had a Albania-geo-stub placed on it instead. For a list of stub types, have a look at WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask. Thank you! --Durin 16:32, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Reverted edits template
That message is automatically generated when an admin clicks on the "revert" link. I personally don't know what template that is. You might bring it up on WP:AN or the village pump. Zoe 20:29, September 4, 2005 (UTC)

Hi there! I've never spoken to you before, but I saw you question on Zoe's page just now when I was there myself and came over. That message ("Reverted changes by XYZ to previous version by Werner Heisenberg") is generated automatically in the edit summaries of Adminstrators (Sysops) when they use a special tool (the "rollback button," I think it's called, or link, that Zoe alludes to). Only Admins have this tool in their account, and they almost always use it to revert vandalism or some other form of inappropriate edit (the rest of us mortals have to revert vandalism the unstylish way). Having that Contribs link however can be useful to other readers who want a quick way of checking to see what the said user has been doing, from the history page. If you want to make that link, you'll have to manually type it into the edit summary. I've often done it when I'm feeling especially pompous.:) You have to use 123.45.6.789 . If you want the link to go to their userpage (which, however, is usually worthless with an IP account), type 123.45.6.789 ; to their talk page, 123.45.6.789 Cheers— encephalon |  ζ   06:55:26, 2005-09-05 (UTC)

It is graceful to be authentic, data based, tolerant to others and using tasteful words.

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Boojum! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:28, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Jean Rolin -

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boojum


text:
User talk:Crag

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Cheers, Sam Spade 06:14, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!
Happy Birthday from the Birthday Committee!! JaredW! 12:20, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

ColdMUD deletion
That particular article was deleted because another user put a proposed deletion tag on it and nobody objected to its deletion after 7 days. If you'd like I can restore the article, though it might be deleted again later since there's only one reference; I can also restore it in your userspace if you're interested in improving it. Otherwise, I can email you a copy of what was in the article. Let me know what you'd rather have me do. TheCatalyst31 Reaction•Creation 22:48, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crag


text:
User talk:BoJKO

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

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Cheers, Sam Spade 06:15, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:BoJKO


text: File:Avalon album cover.jpg

title: File:Avalon album cover.jpg


text:
User talk:Efraz18

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Cheers, Sam Spade 06:16, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Efraz18


text:
Cathedral of St. George (Saskatoon)

The Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of St. George was designed by architect the Very Reverend Philip Ruh, O.M.I. in 1923. It is located in Pleasant Hill, Core Neighbourhoods SDA, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada and is the Episcopal See of the Bishop of the Saskatoon Eparchy.

History
The organizational meeting of the Ukrainian Catholic Parish of St. George took place on September 29, 1912 at which the first Executive was elected. In the same year 40 persons enrolled as members.

Construction of the present church, the second church of the parish, begun in 1939 and was completed in 1943. The church is a massive mason structure which stands on a high concrete basement measures 104 x 90 ft; the intersecting arms are 30 ft wide. Its architectural plan is a four column cruciform Byzantine domed basilica with north, south and east apses, and seven domes. The central area of the church is dominated by a large octagonal dome which is reinforced by the arcades of the vaulted ceilings and is supported by four massive octagonal columns. Each side of the octagonal drum supporting the dome has two arched windows which collectively illuminate the dome.

In 1950 to 1955 the icons and artistic decoration of the church were done by Theodore Baran, member of St. George's parish. The Iconostasis was added in 1991.

On various occasions, the cathedral has also been visited by eminent clergy of the Ukrainian and Roman Catholic Churches and other Christian Churches.

Clergy
Between 1992 and 2010 the parish priest was Rt. Rev. Vladimir Mudri, STL, JCOD. Currently The Parish Priest is Rev. Ivan Nahachewski.

title: Cathedral of St. George (Saskatoon)


text:
Data General Business Basic

Data General Business Basic was a BASIC interpreter (based on a version from MAI Basic Four) marketed by Data General for their Nova minicomputer in the 1970s, and later ported to the Data General Eclipse MV and AViiON computers. Most business applications for the Nova were developed in Business Basic.

Business Basic was an integer-only language inspired by COBOL, and contained powerful string-handling functions and the ability to manipulate indexed files very quickly. It also provided full control over the display screen, with cursor positioning, attribute setting, and region-blanking commands. Business Basic could interface to Data General's INFOS II database, and make calls directly to the operating system. A lock server gave multiple concurrent users efficient access to database records.

Small business programs could be developed and debugged rapidly with Business Basic because of the interactive nature of the interpreter, but the language did not provide many structured programming features, and as programs grew larger, maintenance became a problem. There was limited memory space for Business Basic programs on the Nova, and programmers often resorted to tricks such as self-modifying programs, which was easy to program in Business Basic, but complicated to debug.

The original version of the language was "double precision", i.e. 32-bit (and so each integer used two 16-bit Nova words). When Data General ported the language to the MV line, they included two copies of the language, one "double precision", and one "triple precision". The two were incompatible with each other in subtle ways. Although Data General improved the language in some ways, such as adding multiple-line IF THEN ELSE END IF statements, they failed to lift many of the constraints of the language on the MV machines, such as a 9,999 line maximum, 384 variable limit, and maximum of 16 open files.

Competing BASICs
An early competitor to Data General's Business Basic was Bluebird Business Basic, a compiled language running on its proprietary SuperDOS (Bluebird) platform. Bluebird's Basic was not fully compatible with Data General's.

B32 Business Basic was a highly compatible interpreter which ran on the Eclipse MV line. It lifted many of the Data General Business Basic constraints, and ran significantly faster by using the full power of the 32-bit processor. B32 stored all variables internally as 64-bit, and emulated double and triple precision as required. It also provided new language features. B32 was ported to Unix and later to DOS, allowing Data General's customers to readily move to other hardware vendors. B32 also had substantial compatibility with Bluebird Business Basic.

Transoft produced another competitor to Data General's Business Basic, Universal Business Basic. UBB ran on Unix and DOS, and was substantially compatible with Data General's Business Basic. Transoft purchased B32 in 1992.

Data General ported Business Basic to the AViiON, but B32 and UBB were already available on that platform. Data General's programmers did have one major success on the AViiON when they unveiled a new version of Business Basic at a "shootout" between themselves, B32 and UBB. Data General had added a caching mechanism to speed up their Business Basic's disk access, and it outperformed the other companies' products. Within a month, B32 and UBB had added their own caching mechanisms, and drawn ahead of Data General again.

Transoft's UBB is now sold as the Universal Business Language.

title: Data General Business Basic


text:
Master of Divinity

For graduate-level theological institutions, the Master of Divinity (MDiv, magister divinitatis in Latin) is the first professional degree of the pastoral profession in North America. It is the most common academic degree in seminaries and divinity schools (e.g. in 2014 nearly 44 percent of all US students in schools accredited by the Association of Theological Schools were enrolled in an MDiv program).

In many Christian denominations and in some other religions, the degree is the standard prerequisite for ordination or licensing to professional ministry. At accredited seminaries in the United States, this degree requires between 72 and 106 credit hours of study (72 being the minimum determined by academic accrediting agencies, and 106 being on the upper end of certain schools that wish to ensure a broader study of the related disciplines.) After the completion of the Master of Divinity degree, students can continue further and get their professional Doctor of Ministry degree, which, by ATS standards, is an earned research-based degree. This is why the Master of Divinity is considered a terminal degree to become a pastor or minister, with the Ph.D. only being used for academic purposes and the Doctor of Ministry degree related more to the practical theology of ministry. A Doctor of Divinity in the United States is an honorary degree.

Overview
Christian MDiv programs generally include studies in Christian ministry and theology. In 1996, the Association of Theological Schools established the standard that all accredited MDiv programs should include the following four content areas: Religious Heritage, Cultural Context, Personal and Spiritual Formation, and Capacity for Ministerial and Public Leadership. Coursework usually includes studies in New Testament Greek, theology, philosophy, church history, pastoral theology, Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), and New Testament studies. The requirements for an MDiv take between three and four years, and include practical experience like most professional terminal degrees.

Many programs also contain courses in church growth, ecclesiology, evangelism, systematic theology, Christian education, liturgical studies, Latin, Hebrew, canon law, and patristics. The degree may or may not include a thesis.

The MDiv is a requirement for ordination in many denominations. For example, the United Methodist Church, one of the largest Protestant Christian denominations in the US, whose students in 2014 made up nine percent of all MDiv students enrolled in schools accredited by the Association of Theological Schools, requires candidates for ordination as elder to earn an MDiv and requires candidates for ordination as deacon to earn either an MDiv or a master's degree in another field with additional theological studies.

History
"'The formal preparation of clergy began in the 16th century when the Roman Catholic Church created a new environment for the formation of priests called the seminary, which literally means “seedbed.” At the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the Roman Catholic Church officially adopted the term for a place where spiritual leaders would be developed. As education grew in Roman Catholic seminaries, they were later developed by Protestant denominations through universities. When Harvard College was founded in 1636, it was the first seminary prototype in North America. The goal of Puritan theological education at Harvard was to produce a pastor-theologian, or “learned clergy.” This has remained the goal of seminaries to this day. Most of these universities offered a bachelor of divinity degree as the primary degree for clergy preparation. In 1808, the first seminary to prepare Congregationalist clergy was the Andover Theological Seminary. Andover’s founders fashioned the essential seminary experience for the next two centuries, which included a professional specialized faculty and a sizeable library. The 3-year curriculum focused on three areas of study: (1) the Bible, (2) church history, and (3) theology. In 1809, the Presbyterians in New Jersey established Princeton Seminary.'"In 2022, The Association of Theological Schools reported that the Master of Divinity degree has seen a steady decline in enrollment. In comparison to 2021, the percentage dropped by 4% and declined 9% since 2018. While the percentage of enrollment in Theological Seminaries have Master of Divinity degrees as the majority enrollment, the decline from 43% to 35% in a decade indicate a concern for professionals in the field.

Contemporary usage
The Master of Divinity has replaced the Bachelor of Divinity in most United States seminaries as the first professional degree, since the former title implied in the American academic system that it was on a par with a Bachelor of Arts or other basic undergraduate education even though a bachelor's degree previously was and remains a prerequisite for entrance into graduate divinity programs. The Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada accredits most Christian schools in North America and approves the degree programs they offer, including the MDiv.

The MDiv is a significantly more extensive program than most taught (as opposed to research-based) master's degrees. In the United States, the degree typically consists of approximately 90 semester hours, as opposed to the 30 to 48 semester hours typical of most master's degrees, or the approximately 60 semester hours typical of mental health counseling or entry-level social work master's degrees. Ordination in most mainline Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church thus requires seven or eight years of education past high school: the first four in undergraduate studies leading to a bachelor's degree (which may or may not be in a related field) and then three or four years of seminary or divinity school education leading to the MDiv.

The MDiv stands in contrast to the Master of Arts (MA) in theology and Master of Theological Studies (MTS), the usual academic degrees in the subject (which tend not to include "pastoral" or "practical" courses), and the Bachelor of Sacred Theology (STB), Licentiate in Sacred Theology (STL), Master of Theology (MTh/ThM), Master of Sacred Theology (STM), and Master of Religion (MRel), which are also academic degrees. Schools with Pontifical faculties in North America often award both the MDiv and STB at the same time after a three-year period of graduate studies.

Enrollment differences between genders
Although in 2014 women made up approximately 53 percent of all students enrolled in ministerial non-MDiv degree programs at US schools accredited by the Association of Theological Schools, they constituted only approximately 29 percent of all MDiv students in the same schools in that year. The group with the most parity in MDiv enrollment numbers between men and women at those schools in that time period were African American students, among whom enrollment numbers were almost equal between genders.

Cost
For the 2022-2023 academic year the average cost per year for MDiv tuition and fees at a school accredited by the Association of Theological Schools was $16,488.67 in the US and $10.765.50 in Canada.

title: Master of Divinity


text:
Little Juniata River

The Little Juniata River, sometimes called the "Little J", is a 32.1 mi tributary of the Juniata River in the Susquehanna River watershed of Pennsylvania. It is formed at Altoona by the confluence of several short streams. It flows northeast in the Logan Valley at the foot of Brush Mountain.

At Tyrone, the river receives the southern Bald Eagle Creek, then turns abruptly southeast, passing through a water gap between the Brush and Bald Eagle Mountain ridges and enters Sinking Valley where it receives Sinking Run. Approximately 6 mi northwest of Huntingdon, near Petersburg, it joins the Frankstown Branch Juniata River, forming the Juniata River.

In colonial America, the river was used to float freight downriver on boats called "arcs". Shipments were placed on board in Birmingham, just east of Tyrone, to await water high enough to clear the rocky stream bed. Thus the Little Juniata was (and still is) listed as a commercially "navigable" river.

The Little Juniata River is a good spot for fly fishing; it holds a Class A population of wild brown trout and requires no stocking.

title: Little Juniata River


text:
Longmen

Longmen may refer to:

 * Longmen (mythology), The Dragon Gate in Chinese mythology, located at the top of a waterfall cascading from a legendary mountain
 * Longmen Grottoes, collection of Buddhist cave art in Luoyang
 * Longmen Mountains, mountain range in Sichuan
 * Dragon Gate Taoism, also known as the Longmen lineage
 * Longmen County, Guangdong

Township-level administrative divisions in China
Longmen Town :

 * Longmen, Anxi County, Fujian
 * Longmen, Chongqing, in Liangping County
 * Longmen, Guangdong, in Leizhou
 * Longmen, Hainan, in Ding'an County
 * Longmen, Henan, in Luolong District, Luoyang
 * Longmen, Pingjiang (龙门镇), a town in Pingjiang County, Hunan province.
 * Longmen, Jiangxi, in Yongxin County
 * Longmen, Lintao County, Gansu
 * Longmen, Mianyang, in Fucheng District, Mianyang, Sichuan
 * Longmen, Nanchong, in Gaoping District, Nanchong, Sichuan
 * Longmen, Pubei County, in Pubei County, Guangxi
 * Longmen, Shaanxi, in Hancheng
 * Longmen, Zhejiang, in Fuyang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang

Longmen Township :

 * Longmen Township, Anhui, in Huangshan District, Huangshan City
 * Longmen Township, Emeishan, Sichuan
 * Longmen Township, Gansu, in Lingtai County
 * Longmen Township, Guangxi, in Daxin County
 * Longmen Township, Hebei, in Laishui County
 * Longmen Township, Lezhi County, Sichuan
 * Longmen Township, Meigu County, Sichuan
 * Longmen Township, Qinghai, in Tian'e County
 * Longmen Township, Ya'an, in Lushan County, Sichuan
 * Longmen Township, Yunnan, in Yongping County

Longmen Subdistrict :

 * Longmen Subdistrict, Longjing, Jilin
 * Longmen Subdistrict, Longyan, in Xinluo District, Longyan, Fujian
 * Longmen Subdistrict, Pingyuan County, Shandong

title: Longmen


text:
HMS Frolic

Five vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Frolic.

 * The first HMS Frolic (1806) was an 18-gun 384 ton brig-sloop in service from 1806 to 1813. See also Capture of HMS Frolic.
 * The second HMS Frolic (1820) was a 10-gun 236 ton brig-sloop launched in 1820 and sold 1838.
 * The third HMS Frolic (1842) was a 16-gun 511 ton sloop launched in 1842 and sold 1864.
 * The fourth HMS Frolic (1872) was a composite screw gunboat launched in 1872. Converted to a drillship in 1888. Renamed WV.30 on conversion to a Coastguard watchvessel in 1893 and renamed WV.41 in 1897. Sold in April 1908.
 * The fifth HMS Frolic (1943) was a Lend-Lease Auk-class minesweeper launched in 1943, returned to the United States Navy in 1947, and in turn sold to the Turkish Navy as a survey ship, serving as TCG Çandarlı (AGS-2, later A-593) until 1986.

title: HMS Frolic


text:
Talk:Data General Business Basic

Although I know the B32 story well, I'm relying on memory for many details of the DG Business Basic. There was an article written for the magazine Focus in the late 1980s by George Henne on the history of Business Basic; I'll try to find it, but if anyone from Data General, Transoft or Bluebird sees this, please add material.--Gadfium 06:21, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

The origin of DG Business Basic is a bit more detailed than described above. I do not know the full history, I can give a bit more information. The language was developed by a company called TAC in Atlanta, Georgia. Data General bought TAC for the language. The owner of the company I worked for was an employee of TAC. I have contacted him for more information regarding this language. Until there is more detailed information, I am reluctant to update the main page. User aafej on 08 Sep 2006.

More on TAC and Business Basic. TAC developed a Business Fortran for Data General Computers about 1973. It has a small following. I was their Data General salesman at the time and suggested they do the same for DG's multi-user Basic. Pulling a few strings inside the plant I got TAC a papertape copy of the Source of multiuser basic. The end result became quite popular. It worked well, no bugs, hardly any support needed. It took a while for DG to acquire rights as DG has developed a competing product, ICobol, for their machines. This was a multiuser Cobol environment. However, ICobol was relatively clunky and never achieved the success of Business Basic.

DG never acquired TAC. TAC had substantial business producing inks with special isotope mixtures used to print lottery tickets. . impossible to counterfeit.

Paul Charbonnet Paul@fasttrack.net —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.248.67.198 (talk) 03:59, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Even more on TAC and Business BASIC -- The company I used to work for (Management Systems, Inc. in Atlanta) was the second customer of TAC Business BASIC in 1974 (the first was Tractor & Equipment company in Birmingham). We worked with TAC to help us design and develop an interactive mini-computer based billing system for doctor's offices. I remember going over to the TAC offices on West Wieuca Road in Atlanta, watching Jim Evans (TAC Business BASIC's dad) and Ed Camp (midwife) slip a 2.5 megabyte disk cartridge into their Nova 2, boot up the RDOS system and show me how it could run 4 users on dumb terminals at 300 baud. We signed the contract and were off and running with TAC, and we even became Data General resellers ourselves. Paul Charbonnet will remember the name Marlin Nelson, who was our DG sales rep. When TAC sold BBASIC non-exclusively to Data General, we stayed with the TAC version which was enhanced way better than what DG did to the language. Because of ICOBOL, DG always considered BBASIC to be a red-headed stepchild.

Anyway, I went to work at TAC in 1980 and served as senior programmer and eventual project manager for several of the custom software development projects. I remember I was working late at TAC the night Andy Miyakawa and his engineers wheeled TAC's first IBM PC down the hall on a hand truck. When they got it assembled, they showed us the analog clock program (still in green screen only) and we all went wow! That's when the engineers started developing "Irma", a PC add-in board that would make the PC emulate an IBM 3270 mainframe terminal. The catch was that the PC + Irma would be a fraction of the cost of a 3270. TAC hired clever marketing guys and Irma sales went crazy. TAC then sold BBASIC to Data General for the second time, and began to exit the commercial software market which was by now only 1% of their revenue. They asked me to form a company to take over support of their BBASIC customers and pre-written accounting packages, which I gladly did. About the same time in 1983, TAC was acquired by Digital Communications Associates (DCA) for a pretty massive sum. The executives retired and went on to other ventures, and the technical guys worked with DCA for some time and then I lost contact with them.

The company I formed was Walker Technology, Inc., and carried on the TAC legend through DG BBASIC, B32 and Transoft UBL all the way into 2002. We were Data General resellers all the way into the time of Aviion, then switched over to SCO OpenServer and then Windows Server and Linux. Since then, I still service BBASIC customers as an independent contractor out of my home. One would never have thought that software from the 1970's would still be in service. What a testament to the guys that devised the language originally and to those that have been its caretakers through the decades.

TomWalker1949 (talk) 02:18, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

"Most applications for the Nova were developed in Business Basic"... is that true?
It might be true, but I do wonder if "most" is backed up by any data. I think many Fortran applications would have been run on Novas, but possibly ported from other systems rather than developed on Novas. Assembly Language and Algol programs on Novas would have been unique to Novas and so presumably a high percentage of them would have been developed on Novas, but that would probably be a high percentage of a small number. I certainly would believe most business apps on Novas would have been in BBASIC. And I wrote a h-u-g-e number of apps in BBASIC (that ran on a Nova and microNovas, and eventually an MV).

I was very impressed with Business Basic, and it was very easy to write code that worked first time; we comfortably ran 9 terminals of various brands (DG, TVI, ADM, Qume, even a Compucolor) off a Nova 3/D. We hired university students during break time, and they all picked it up and could do good things with it very quickly, and when coupled with the concept of "program skeletons" (thanks Ron!), which BBasic programs encouraged, it was easy for me to read and understand all their programs long afterwards because they all conformed to the same pattern (most programming languages before and since do not encourage program skeletons; having too much flexibility is often a bad thing IMHO). The only real inelegance was the quirkiness of the STMA/B/C subroutines (obviously produced by mucking around with the DG Multiuser BASIC "ucall" source code). I have an early BBASICD manual and some older ones, but don't know the full story of how it developed - it would be nice to see a table or something like that showing how it developed over time (e.g. when was optimisation to RPN internally added?) Maitchy (talk) 03:48, 3 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I've looked through my file of clippings about BB and cannot find a source for the statement "Most applications...". I remember this claim being made, but my memory is hazy after so long, and quite likely the claim was in the context of business programs. I've amended the article to "Most business applications...". Thanks for your input.- gadfium 08:39, 3 July 2018 (UTC)

Dg business basic
I wrote a very successful retail pharmacy package 100s of programs in it All tac bbasic Then sold AT&T pkg for 3b series We wrote a C translator for their Unix Also sold to ICL in England and wrote another Translator for BB to COBOL. the translators were written C I’ve written every business app for 100s of companies.all in BB on DG Eclipse and Nova Great stuff in those days David rogers Electronic Towne crier 104.190.193.239 (talk) 03:21, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Data General Business Basic


text:
Ambiguous grammar

In computer science, an ambiguous grammar is a context-free grammar for which there exists a string that can have more than one leftmost derivation or parse tree. Every non-empty context-free language admits an ambiguous grammar by introducing e.g. a duplicate rule. A language that only admits ambiguous grammars is called an inherently ambiguous language. Deterministic context-free grammars are always unambiguous, and are an important subclass of unambiguous grammars; there are non-deterministic unambiguous grammars, however.

For computer programming languages, the reference grammar is often ambiguous, due to issues such as the dangling else problem. If present, these ambiguities are generally resolved by adding precedence rules or other context-sensitive parsing rules, so the overall phrase grammar is unambiguous. Some parsing algorithms (such as Earley or GLR parsers) can generate sets of parse trees (or "parse forests") from strings that are syntactically ambiguous.

Trivial language
The simplest example is the following ambiguous grammar (with start symbol A) for the trivial language that consists of only the empty string:
 * A → A | ε

…meaning that the nonterminal A can be derived to either itself again, or to the empty string. Thus the empty string has leftmost derivations of length 1, 2, 3, and indeed of any length, depending on how many times the rule A → A is used.

This language also has an unambiguous grammar, consisting of a single production rule:
 * A → ε

…meaning that the unique production can produce only the empty string, which is the unique string in the language.

In the same way, any grammar for a non-empty language can be made ambiguous by adding duplicates.

Unary string
The regular language of unary strings of a given character, say  (the regular expression  ), has the unambiguous grammar:
 * A → aA | ε

…but also has the ambiguous grammar:
 * A → aA | Aa | ε

These correspond to producing a right-associative tree (for the unambiguous grammar) or allowing both left- and right- association. This is elaborated below.

Addition and subtraction
The context free grammar
 * A → A + A | A − A | a

is ambiguous since there are two leftmost derivations for the string a + a + a:

As another example, the grammar is ambiguous since there are two parse trees for the string a + a − a:
 * [[Image:Leftmostderivations jaredwf.svg|Leftmostderivations jaredwf.svg|400px]]

The language that it generates, however, is not inherently ambiguous; the following is a non-ambiguous grammar generating the same language:
 * A → A + a | A − a | a

Dangling else
A common example of ambiguity in computer programming languages is the dangling else problem. In many languages, the  in an If–then(–else) statement is optional, which results in nested conditionals having multiple ways of being recognized in terms of the context-free grammar.

Concretely, in many languages one may write conditionals in two valid forms: the if-then form, and the if-then-else form – in effect, making the else clause optional:

In a grammar containing the rules

Statement → if Condition then Statement | if Condition then Statement else Statement | ... Condition → ...

some ambiguous phrase structures can appear. The expression if a then if b then s else s2 can be parsed as either if a then begin if b then s end else s2 or as if a then begin if b then s else s2 end depending on whether the  is associated with the first   or second.

This is resolved in various ways in different languages. Sometimes the grammar is modified so that it is unambiguous, such as by requiring an  statement or making   mandatory. In other cases the grammar is left ambiguous, but the ambiguity is resolved by making the overall phrase grammar context-sensitive, such as by associating an  with the nearest. In this latter case the grammar is unambiguous, but the context-free grammar is ambiguous.

An unambiguous grammar with multiple derivations
The existence of multiple derivations of the same string does not suffice to indicate that the grammar is ambiguous; only multiple leftmost derivations (or, equivalently, multiple parse trees) indicate ambiguity.

For example, the simple grammar S → A + A A → 0 | 1 is an unambiguous grammar for the language { 0+0, 0+1, 1+0, 1+1 }. While each of these four strings has only one leftmost derivation, it has two different derivations, for example S ⇒ A + A ⇒ 0 + A ⇒ 0 + 0 and S ⇒ A + A ⇒ A + 0 ⇒ 0 + 0 Only the former derivation is a leftmost one.

Recognizing ambiguous grammars
The decision problem of whether an arbitrary grammar is ambiguous is undecidable because it can be shown that it is equivalent to the Post correspondence problem. At least, there are tools implementing some semi-decision procedure for detecting ambiguity of context-free grammars.

The efficiency of parsing a context-free grammar is determined by the automaton that accepts it. Deterministic context-free grammars are accepted by deterministic pushdown automata and can be parsed in linear time, for example by an LR parser. They are a strict subset of the context-free grammars, which are accepted by pushdown automata and can be parsed in polynomial time, for example by the CYK algorithm.

Unambiguous context-free grammars can be nondeterministic. For example, the language of even-length palindromes on the alphabet of 0 and 1 has the unambiguous context-free grammar S → 0S0 | 1S1 | ε. An arbitrary string of this language cannot be parsed without reading all its symbols first, which means that a pushdown automaton has to try alternative state transitions to accommodate for the different possible lengths of a semi-parsed string.

Nevertheless, removing grammar ambiguity may produce a deterministic context-free grammar and thus allow for more efficient parsing. Compiler generators such as YACC include features for resolving some kinds of ambiguity, such as by using the precedence and associativity constraints.

Inherently ambiguous languages
While some context-free languages (the set of strings that can be generated by a grammar) have both ambiguous and unambiguous grammars, there exist context-free languages for which no unambiguous context-free grammar can exist. Such languages are called inherently ambiguous.

There are no inherently ambiguous regular languages.

The existence of inherently ambiguous context-free languages was proven with Parikh's theorem in 1961 by Rohit Parikh in an MIT research report.

The language $$\{x | x=a^n b^m a^{n^{\prime}} b^m \text { or } x=a^n b^m a^n b^{m^{\prime}}, \text { where } n, n', m, m' \geq 1\}$$ is inherently ambiguous.

Ogden's lemma can be used to prove that certain context-free languages, such as $$\{a^nb^mc^m | m, n \geq 1\} \cup \{a^mb^mc^n | m, n \geq 1\}$$, are inherently ambiguous. See this page for a proof.

The union of $$\{a^n b^n c^m d^m \mid n, m > 0\}$$ with $$\{a^n b^m c^m d^n \mid n, m > 0\}$$ is inherently ambiguous. This set is context-free, since the union of two context-free languages is always context-free. But give a proof that any context-free grammar for this union language cannot unambiguously parse strings of form $$a^n b^n c^n d^n, (n > 0)$$.

More examples, and a general review of techniques for proving inherent ambiguity of context-free languages, are found given by Bassino and Nicaud (2011).

title: Ambiguous grammar


text:
Talk:Karnavati (disambiguation)

Untitled
hey Mkweise

i think Ahmedabad is still know as Ahmedabad not Karnavati. Karnavati is a popular name though. can you confirm?

at least till february 2004 it still is Ahmedabad. see

--kunjan1029 06:26, 11 May 2004 (UTC)--

title: Talk:Karnavati (disambiguation)


text:
Flesh and Blood

Flesh and Blood (alternately Flesh & Blood) may refer to:

 * Flesh and Blood (card game), a collectible card game released in 2019

Religion

 * the Christian sacrament of the Eucharist
 * flesh and blood, an expression of the church father Justin Martyr

Books

 * Flesh and Blood, a 1920 work by François Mauriac
 * Flesh and Blood (Kellerman novel), a 2001 novel by American author Jonathan Kellerman
 * Flesh and Blood, a 2004 novel by Australian author Jackie French. It is also known as Blood Will Tell.
 * Flesh & Blood, a 1994 novel by Graham Masterton
 * Flesh and Blood, a novel by American author Pete Hamill
 * Flesh and Blood, a novel by British author John Harvey
 * Flesh and Blood, a historical survey by Scottish author Reay Tannahill
 * Flesh and Blood, a novel by Michael Cunningham

Film

 * Flesh and Blood (1922 film), a film starring Lon Chaney, Sr.
 * Flesh and Blood (1951 film), a 1951 British film with George Cole
 * Flesh and Blood (1968 film), a 1968 television film directed by Arthur Penn
 * Flesh and Blood (1985 film), a 1985 action/adventure film directed by Paul Verhoeven
 * Flesh & Blood, a 1996 gay pornographic film directed by Jerry Douglas
 * Flesh and Blood (2017 film), a 2017 American drama film directed by Mark Webber

TV

 * Flesh and Blood (TV series), a 2020 British drama in four episodes that was broadcast on ITV
 * Flesh 'n' Blood (TV series), a 1991 American sitcom that aired on NBC
 * "Flesh and Blood" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of the TV series Stargate SG-1
 * "Flesh and Blood" (Star Trek: Voyager), an episode of the TV series Star Trek: Voyager
 * "Flesh & Blood" (The Unit), an episode of the television series The Unit
 * "Flesh & Blood" (Into the Dark), an episode of the first season of Into the Dark
 * "Flesh and Blood" (Person of Interest), an episode of the American television drama series Person of Interest
 * Flesh and Blood, a 2020 episode of Masterpiece Mystery!
 * My Flesh and Blood, a 2003 documentary about the Tom Family, directed by Jonathan Karsh

Music

 * Flesh and Blood, a Portland, Oregon based band fronted by Billy Rancher

Albums

 * Flesh and Blood (Jimmy Barnes album), or the title track, 2021
 * Flesh and Blood (Mike Peters album)
 * Flesh and Blood (No Innocent Victim album), 1999
 * Flesh and Blood (Roxy Music album)
 * Flesh & Blood (John Butler Trio album)
 * Flesh & Blood (Poison album), 1990
 * Flesh & Blood (Whitesnake album), 2019

Songs

 * "Flesh and Blood" (song), by Johnny Cash, 1970
 * "Flesh & Blood" (song), by the Invictus Games Choir and Gareth Malone
 * "Flesh and Blood", by Wilson Phillips from Shadows and Light
 * "Flesh and Blood", by Solomon Burke from Don't Give Up on Me
 * "Flesh and Blood", by Imelda May from Life Love Flesh Blood
 * "Flesh and Blood", by Reveille from Laced
 * "Flesh 'n Blood", by Oingo Boingo written for the film Ghostbusters II

title: Flesh and Blood


text:
Henri Cole

Henri Cole (born 1956) is an American poet, who has published many collections of poetry and a memoir. His books have been translated into French, Spanish, Italian, German, and Arabic.

Biography
Henri Cole was born in Fukuoka, Japan, to an American father and French-Armenian mother, and raised in Virginia, United States. His father, a North Carolinian, enlisted in the service after graduating from high school and, while stationed in Marseilles, met Cole's mother, who worked at the PX. Together they lived in Japan, Germany, Illinois, California, Nevada, Missouri and Virginia, where Cole attended public schools and the College of William and Mary. He has published eleven collections of poetry in English.

From 1982 until 1988 he was executive director of The Academy of American Poets. Since that time he has held many teaching positions and been artist-in-residence at various institutions, including Brandeis University, Columbia University, Davidson College, Harvard University, Ohio State University, Reed College, Smith College, The College of William and Mary, and Yale University. He has collaborated with the visual artists Jenny Holzer and Kiki Smith. And from 2010 to 2014, he was poetry editor of The New Republic. Cole currently teaches at Claremont McKenna College.

Books of poetry

 * 2023: Gravity and Center (Selected Sonnets, 1994-2022), New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
 * 2023: Blizzard (German translation by Henning Ahrens), Munich: Hanser Verlag, Edition Lyrik Kabinett
 * 2021: Der sichtbare Mensch, Ausgewählte Gedicht (German translation by Hans Raimund), Vienna: Löcker
 * 2020: Blizzard, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
 * 2015: Nothing to Declare, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
 * 2015: Le Merle, Le Loup suivi de Toucher (French translation by Claire Malroux), Paris: Le bruit du temps
 * 2011: Touch, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
 * 2011: Terre Médiane (French translation by Claire Malroux), Paris: Le bruit du temps
 * 2010: Mirlo y Lobo (Spanish translation by Eduardo López Truco), Cantabria: Quálea Editorial
 * 2010: Autoritratto con Gatti (Italian translation by Massimo Bacigalupo), Parma: Guanda Editore
 * 2010: Pierce the Skin (Selected Poems, 1982-2007), New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
 * 2008: La Apariencia de la Cosas (Spanish translation by Eduardo López Truco), Cantabria: Quálea Editorial
 * 2007: Blackbird and Wolf, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
 * 2005: Vingt-Deux Poèmes (French translation by Claire Malroux), Paris: Yvon Lambert
 * 2003: Middle Earth, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
 * 1998: The Visible Man, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
 * 1995: The Look of Things
 * 1989: The Zoo Wheel of Knowledge
 * 1986: The Marble Queen

Books of prose

 * 2020: باريس الأورفيّة: السّياحة الأدبية في باريس (Orphic Paris, Arabic translation by Amani Lazar), United Arab Emirates: Rewayat Books
 * 2018: Orphic Paris, New York, New York Review Books
 * 2018: Paris-Orphée (French translation by Claire Malroux), Paris: Le bruit du temps

Awards and honors

 * 2017 — American Academy of Arts and Letters, Elected Member
 * 2016 — American Academy of Arts and Letters, Award of Merit Medal in Poetry
 * 2014 — Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard, Fellow
 * 2012 — The Thom Gunn Award for Poetry for Touch, Publishing Triangle
 * 2012 — The Jackson Poetry Prize for Touch, Poets & Writers
 * 2011 — Harvard University Phi Beta Kappa poet
 * 2011 — Finalist, Los Angeles Times Book Award in Poetry for Pierce the Skin (Selected Poems 1982-2007)
 * 2010 — American Academy of Arts & Sciences, elected member
 * 2009 — Sara Teasdale Award in Poetry, Wellesley College
 * 2009 — National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowship
 * 2008 — Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize for Blackbird and Wolf, Academy of American Poets
 * 2008 — Ambassador Book Award in Poetry for Blackbird and Wolf, English-Speaking Union of the United States
 * 2008 — Massachusetts Book Award in Poetry for Blackbird and Wolf
 * 2008 — Lambda Literary Award in Poetry for Blackbird and Wolf
 * 2007 — United States Artists USA Hildreth/Williams Fellow, Literature
 * 2004 — Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award for Middle Earth
 * 2004 — John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship
 * 2004 — Award in Literature, American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * 2004 — Finalist, Pulitzer Prize in Poetry for Middle Earth
 * 2004 — Finalist, Los Angeles Times Book Award in Poetry for  Middle Earth
 * 2004 — Massachusetts Book Award in Poetry for Middle Earth
 * 2001 — Japan-United States Friendship Commission, Creative Artist Fellowship
 * 2000 — Berlin Prize, American Academy in Berlin
 * 1995 — Rome Prize in Literature, American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * 1993 — National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowship
 * 1989 — Amy Lowell Poetry Travelling Scholarship
 * 1985 — Ingram Merrill Foundation Award (also 1990)

Personal life
Cole is openly gay, though in his early work he turned to "nature as a mask for writing about private feelings." He came out as he "felt a need to speak as a gay man, since until recently we were not encouraged by society to love one another, marry, and have children. So if I have an ethics, it is simply to be true, but never at the expense of original language."

title: Henri Cole


text:
Irving Stone

Irving Stone (born Tennenbaum, July 14, 1903 – August 26, 1989) was an American writer, chiefly known for his biographical novels of noted artists, politicians, and intellectuals. Among the best known are Lust for Life (1934), about the life of Vincent van Gogh, and The Agony and the Ecstasy (1961), about Michelangelo.

Biography
Born Irving Tennenbaum in San Francisco, he was seven when his parents divorced. By the time he was a senior in high school, his mother had remarried. He legally changed his last name to "Stone", his stepfather's surname. Stone said his mother instilled a passion for reading in him. From then on, he believed that education was the only way to succeed in life.

In 1923, Stone received his bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley. After receiving his M.A. there, he worked as a teaching assistant in English. He met his first wife, Lona Mosk (1905–1965), who was a student at the university. On money provided by her father, Los Angeles businessman Ernest Mosk, the young couple went to Paris.

Irving and Lona Stone returned to the United States in the 1930s from Europe, where he had been researching Van Gogh for six months. In 1930 he received a letter from Dr. Felix Rey, who had treated Van Gogh after the artist cut off his own ear in December 1888. Rey, who was the subject of a portrait painting by Van Gogh, became Stone's friend; he confirmed that Van Gogh's whole ear was removed and not only the earlobe. As reported in the NY Times obituary of Stone on August 28, 1989, the Stones resided in New York's Greenwich Village where Irving finished Lust for Life, the biographical novel about Van Gogh that set his career in motion. According to the Times, Lust for Life (the title suggested by his first wife) was rejected by seventeen publishers over three years before being published in 1934.

Stone began a relationship with his secretary, Jean Factor, and after he and Lona were divorced, he and Jean married. This later marriage lasted until Stone's death in Los Angeles in 1989. Jean Stone died in 2004, aged 93.

During their years together, Jean Stone edited many of his books. The Stones lived primarily in Los Angeles. They funded a foundation to support a number of charitable causes.

When at home, Stone relied upon the research facilities and expertise made available to him by Esther Euler, chief research librarian at the University of California at Los Angeles. He dedicated books to her and thanked her in several of his works.

According to his afterword in Lust for Life, Stone relied on Van Gogh's letters to his brother, art dealer Theo. Stone additionally did much of his research "in the field." For example, he spent many years living in Italy while working on The Agony and the Ecstasy, a novel about Michelangelo Buonarroti. In his introduction to The Origin, Stone documents that he and his wife lived for a while at Down House (Darwin's home for the final forty years of his life) during the research and writing of that book. The Italian government lauded Stone with several honorary awards during this period for his cultural achievements highlighting Italian history.

Non-fiction books
Although he was best known for his novels, Stone also wrote a number of non-fiction books. His biography of Clarence Darrow, Clarence Darrow For the Defense, about the attorney known both for his defense of thrill killers Leopold and Loeb and his defense of John T. Scopes in the 1925 Scopes "Monkey" Trial (the trial of a biology teacher who taught about evolution in Tennessee), was published in 1941. His biography Earl Warren, about the California governor and later Chief Justice of the United States, was published in 1948.

Film adaptations
The 1941 film, Arkansas Judge, starring Roy Rogers, was based on Stone's 1940 novel False Witness.

In 1953, a popular film version was made of The President's Lady, based on Stone's 1951 novel of the same name, starring Charlton Heston as Andrew Jackson and Susan Hayward as Rachel Donelson Jackson.

In 1956, a film version was made of Lust for Life, based on his 1934 novel, starring Kirk Douglas as Van Gogh.

In 1965, a film was made of The Agony and the Ecstasy, starring Charlton Heston as Michelangelo and Rex Harrison as Pope Julius II.

Stone's 1975 book, The Greek Treasure, was the basis for the German television production Der geheimnisvolle Schatz von Troja (Hunt for Troy, 2007).

Legacy and honors

 * 1956 Spur Award (Nonfiction) for Men to Match My Mountains
 * 1960 Honorary Doctorate of Letters from Berkeley, his alma mater.
 * 1961 Commonwealth Club of California Book Awards (Fiction, Silver) for The Agony and the Ecstasy
 * 1971 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement

Fiction

 * Pageant of Youth (1933) - Irving Stone's first novel, focussing on student Ray Sharpe at the fictional Stockley University in California, but which, in essence, is a semi-autobiographical account of the author's own undergraduate experience at Berkeley
 * Lust for Life (1934) – Historical novel based on the life of Vincent van Gogh
 * Sailor on Horseback (1938) - Historical novel based on the life of Jack London
 * False Witness (1940) - A novel set in a small farming community of Mission Valley, which inspired the 1941 movie Arkansas Judge starring Roy Rogers
 * Immortal Wife (1944) – Historical novel based on the life of Jessie Benton Frémont
 * Adversary in the House (1947) – Historical novel based on the life of Eugene V. Debs and his wife Kate, who opposed socialism
 * The Passionate Journey (1949) – Historical novel based on the life of American artist John Noble
 * The President's Lady (1951) – Historical novel based on the life of American president Andrew Jackson and his marriage to Rachel Donelson Jackson
 * Love is Eternal (1954) – Historical novel based on the marriage of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd
 * The Agony and the Ecstasy – (1961) – Historical novel based on the life of Michelangelo
 * Those Who Love (1965) – Historical novel based on the life of John Adams and Abigail Adams
 * The Passions of the Mind (1971) – Historical novel based on the life of Sigmund Freud
 * The Greek Treasure (1975) – Historical novel based on the discovery of Troy by Heinrich Schliemann and his wife Sophia
 * The Origin (1980) – Historical novel based on the life of Charles Darwin
 * Depths of Glory (1985) – Historical novel based on the life of Camille Pissarro

Lust for Life and Immortal Wife were published as Armed Services Editions during WWII.

Non-fiction

 * Clarence Darrow For the Defense (1941) – biography of Clarence Darrow
 * They Also Ran (1943, updated 1966) – analysis of candidates for U.S. president who were defeated
 * Earl Warren (1948) – biography of Earl Warren
 * Men to Match My Mountains (1956) – account of the opening of the American Old West, 1840–1900

title: Irving Stone


text:
Talk:Ahmedabad

Galleries

 * Gallery 1

The article has two galleries. Gallery 1 and 2 use different formatting. I think it would be better if they were either merged, or (as a minimum) used the same formatting. I prefer a merge.

There are currently two identical photographs of a window of the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque (one in each gallery). If we are going to have two photographs, please could they be different photographs, and in the same gallery. I propose that the second photograph should be File:Sidi-Saiyyed-Jaali-Ahmedabad.jpg, which shows the building, not just the screen. The 11 April 2023 version of the article had two different windows of the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque. I do not mind whether a gallery has one or two photographs of windows, but I think there should be a photograph of the building next to them.

There is already a photograph of the Atal Pedestrian Bridge in the infobox. The photograph of it in the 12 April version of Gallery 2 does not show anything that is not shown in the photograph in the infobox. -- Toddy1 (talk) 07:14, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Makes sense. Did not see Atal bridge pic in the info box.  SpunkyGeek  (talk)  02:34, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

Karnavati is WP:FRINGE
other than Karnavati being on the banks of Sabarmati, there is little evidence to suggest that it was at the same location as Ahmedabad. the present location provides no archaeological evidence to suggest it was once called Karnavati. ChandlerMinh (talk) 06:08, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

 * @ChandlerMinh, it is not fringe. It is used in government also. You can check sister city of new jersy official gov site where "karnavati" is used instead of Ahmedabad. In Ahmedabad municipal boards also have sometimes karnavati used. 103.241.226.129 (talk) 14:47, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

GDP figure in the infobox and the article
An editor has repeatedly changed the number in the infobox from $110 billion to $80 billion.14:54, 01 August 2023, 20:26, 01 August 2023, 22:41, 05 August 2023 So let us check what sources say.

 * At 08:10 11 August 2022, an IP editor changed the GDP figure in the infobox from $68 billion to $80 billion. The IP editor did not change the citation, which supported $68 billion, so the IP editor introduced a verification error.
 * At 10:54, 11 August 2022, Abhijit.shah1 changed the GDP figure in the infobox back to $68 billion and also changed the citation. The new citation supported the $68 billion figure.
 * At 14:54, 1 August 2023, Abhijit.shah1 changed the GDP figure in the infobox from $110 billion to $80 billion with no changes to the citations, the first of which supported $110 billion, the second of which supported $68 billion.  i.e. neither citation supported $80 billion!
 * At 20:26, 1 August 2023 Abhijit.shah1 made the same change from $110 billion to $80 billion giving the edit summary (GDP figures were misleading. Actual GDP of Ahmedabad is around 69 Billion USD)
 * At 22:41, 5 August 2023 Abhijit.shah1 made the same change from $110 billion to $80 billion giving the edit summary (Corrected the GDP figure.)

The body of the article says:
 * The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at US$80 billion in 2014.

Clearly that $80 billion is not supported by either citation for it, which both say $64 billion. -- Toddy1 (talk) 12:02, 6 August 2023 (UTC) Note that I have added quotations from each source to each citation.

 * @Toddy1 I think we should stick with the first source as its the 2020 figure the other sources mention the GDP figures for 2017 or 2014 or even even earlier i think we should comply with the most recent source for the figures Joy goel (talk) 12:24, 6 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The India Times figure was from an article dated October 2021. -- Toddy1 (talk) 12:32, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

The lead of the article says:
 * The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad metro was estimated at $80 billion in 2020.

The The Indian Express article does not mention Ahmedabad. The India Times article says $68 billion.

I have added quotations to each of the citation templates for each of the sources cited for GDP, and modified text so that figures are supported by the citations given for them. I have deleted the citation for GDP that did not mention Ahmedabad. -- Toddy1 (talk) 12:29, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

I have found another source: If you assumed compound annual growth of 13.5% continued after 2019, you would get a GDP of $77.2 billion for 2020, $87.6 billion for 2021, $99.4 billion for 2022 and $112.8 billion for 2023. But that is a big assumption not supported by the source. But it does indicate that the $110 billion figure is possible for 2023, but implausible for 2020. Remember that $110 billion figure was stated by the source as a 2020 projection. -- Toddy1 (talk) 12:48, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

A 2023 source: -- Toddy1 (talk) 13:02, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

Do you have any sources that support the claim the the GDP was $80 billion? If so, please can we discuss them here. -- Toddy1 (talk) 16:21, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

Don't Make falls claims, don't add misleading information
from Notable People section i have removed some names that are fallsly claimed, they are not born in ahemdabad or worked in ahemdabad.

Ali Sher Bengali

Kishore Chauhan

Prakash K. Desai

Drashti Dhami

Mahatma Gandhi

Sanjeev Kumar

Jhaverchand Meghani

Ketan Mehta

Sudhir Mehta

Rohinton Mistry

Smita Patil

Falguni Pathak

Amrita Pritam

Naseeruddin Shah

Ravi Shankar

Hemant Shesh

Manhar Udhas Annki777 (talk) 15:51, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

NPOV and fluff
Hey @SpunkyGeek - Thanks for collaborating on the Ahmedabad article. With respect to your edits, I wanted to point out two things.

 * 1) The first sentence is both unsourced and comes across as a little biased with fluff. I removed it pursuant to the WP:NOR, WP:NPOV, and MOS:PUFFERY. The content itself is likely best covered in the “Early history” section when the city became a trade centre during the Mughal period.
 * 2) The second sentence is best covered under the “Population” and “Culture” sections. I’ve cleaned up the former noting the population of the city relative to the other cities in India and the latter already includes references to monuments, museums, and festivals.

Following your review, let me know if you agree to remove the content from the “Post-Independence” section.

The 2010 FAR cited the article as having content issues including verifiability issues, low citation standards, and a biased POV as well as style issues including MOS:WEASEL and MOS:PUFFERY. To the extent you’re interested, I’d greatly appreciate it if you could help address these issues. Thanks!

The Shadow Hokage (talk) 17:27, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Hello @The Shadow Hokage
 * Thanks for discussing this.
 * About Ahmedabad's historical significance (focus is throughout its history not just Early History), the info comes from a legit source. If needed, I can back it up with another source. The part about it growing into a prosperous trade hub is pretty much straight facts. There’s no POV in it. Can back my claim here.
 * As for moving stuff around, I'm cool with shifting that statement to the Culture section. It makes sense. I can back that up too with more sources if you want.
 * But I don’t think any puffery is involved here based on the sources.
 * SpunkyGeek (talk)  20:59, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey @SpunkyGeek - Thanks for engaging on this topic / issue!
 * On the #2 item, I'm glad we agree on moving that sentence and I'd certainly appreciate your help with the article.
 * On the #1 item, firstly, there is no citation directly identifying that sentence as currently drafted. Secondly, and more importantly, I still believe we should stay away from words like "prosperous." If the adverb is based on any industry or trade, we should include that specific industry or trade instead of words such as "prosperous," which could seemingly come across as a "peacock term." Looking at the source you have linked, I believe it would be appropriate to either speak about the textile industry in the "Modern history section" or perhaps include a quote about how in the 1990s, Ahmedabad "emerged as the financial capital of the state."
 * I reckon being mindful of the tone / words will go a long way towards resolving the issues brought up in the FAR and improve the overall quality of the article. Let me know your thoughts and thanks again!
 * The Shadow Hokage (talk) 04:31, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey @TheShadowHokage,
 * I want to explain the rationale behind using the term “prosperous” …
 * The timeline (“Over the years”) we want to focus on regarding 1st statement is modern history 19th and 20th  centuries (because almost every place has developed since the medieval ages) Here,  the author writes: -  “The establishment of the first cotton textile mill in 1861, without any special climatic advantage and before the advent of railways, and how this industry expanded over the years speaks for the high level of business acumen.” This statement signifies the industrialization in Ahmedabad (It’s called Manchester of India), also the author confirms migration to the city which is another signal of “prosperity” or development…
 * For the 21st century,
 * This article also emphasizes Ahmedabad being one of the successful cities in terms of growth and infra. Yes, I agree that economy and growth numbers are not the only indicators of absolute prosperity, but it does indicate improvement in the common lifestyle, and here we are talking about development over the years.... which seems pretty factual.
 * I understand the term “prosperous” may bring some POV, but we can rephrase it to something like :
 * "Post-independence Ahmedabad has seen development in manufacturing and infrastructure" SpunkyGeek  (talk)  17:05, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey @SpunkyGeek - Apologies but I got sidetracked with work over the last few days. I have no issues with your proposed edit at the end and believe that it helps address the POV issues. Thanks again for your engagement on this article.
 * The Shadow Hokage (talk) 01:25, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ahmedabad


text:
Talk:The Observer

Rachel Beer
I have corrected the reference to Rachel Beer, who edited the paper in the 1890's. She also edited The Sunday Times, not The Times. The two papers were not related at that time. The Sunday Times took that name in an effort to gain respectability. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.9.52.174 (talk) 10:51, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

ARCO
Was the paper actually sold to ARCO for US$1, or is this a typo? --SamClayton 06:35, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I removed the reference until someone can clarify. The Observer's own online history makes no mention of this.--130.74.170.147 07:23, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Google finds this: http://www.ketupa.net/gmg2.htm ; it's the only non-Wikipedia source I could find. --rbrwr± 08:31, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ARCO "took over the Observer in 1976 for L1 plus the newspaper's liabilities" (L1=£1) - Economist February 28, 1981, "Tiny buys the Observer and takes on the Sunday Times". And ARCO sold the paper in 1981 to Lonrho for Lonrho stock "estimated to be worth about $13.4 million." - The New York Times March 2, 1981, "Directors rail at sale of Observer". ARCO spent an estimated $20m subsidising the paper 1976-81 (Economist ref). Rd232 talk 13:49, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Does The Ukrainian Observer have any relation to it? <-- someone posted that on the main article page, i deleted it and moved it here for him or her (cant be bothed to look in the history) --GregLoutsenko 15:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Apparently not. --rbrwr± 08:31, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

O'Brien
I do not know, nor do I care, but Conor Cruise O'Brien's page lists him as editor of the paper from 1978. This isn't listed, and I'm pretty sure it is correct, so someone should correct it. I am not about to, since I dislike Wikipedians in general :-) . 194.97.160.44 21:43, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * According to this, O'Brien was "editor in chief" 1979-81, while Trelford was "editor" 1975-1993. I've corrected Conor Cruise O'Brien. Rd232 talk 14:59, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

A question
As there is a fixed policy on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject The Beatles/Policy saying that the Beatles has to be written with a lowercase 't', I wonder what your thoughts are about using that policy for this page, and if you would agree or disagree. I thank you. andreasegde 16:35, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

editorial line
The Observer in recent years seemed to me to take a more liberal line than the Guardian, which is more left (social democratic). – Kaihsu 09:21, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
 * 'liberal' in most countries - including the UK but not the US - means to the left. So in British terms it is less 'liberal'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.25.109.195 (talk) 11:49, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

‘Left’, especially in the European context, can mean either socialist (social democratic), classical liberal (civil libertarian), or both. Terry Eagleton, in his recent essay ‘The liberal supremacists’ in The Guardian, explained the oft-subtle distinction between liberal and socialist. ‘The left objects to the liberal case not because it believes in crushing those who differ, or dislikes the idea of a partisan state, but because this case rules out the kind of partisan state that socialism requires. It rules out, for example, a state that would not be neutral on whether cooperation or individualism should reign supreme in social and economic life.’ This article (from a socialist point of view) would sit comfortably in the (more socialist/social democratic) Guardian but no so much in the (more liberal) Observer. – Kaihsu (talk) 22:32, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

History
As of 2007-12-04, the first two sentences of the History read: "The first issue, published on 1791-12-04 by W. S. Bourne, was the world's first Sunday newspaper. Faced with debts of nearly £1,600 Bourne attempted to sell The Observer to anti-government based groups in London."

The first sentence is fine. The second sentence is a bolt from the blue. Is it saying he published the observer because he had debts? Is it saying that he made a loss of £1600 on the first issue and couldn't sustain it? Is it saying he made a loss of £1600 after some period of time and had to give up then?

Was the first issue a success (what criteria) - for example how many did he print/sell - 1000, 10000, 100000 issues?

Could someone who knows these things sort this out please. -- SGBailey 15:59, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
This article used to be great, but it's not now because Death has been round and nicked all the pictures. The ones showing it before and after the size change were good, as would be a front cover example. I don't have anything myself, but anyone who does, please go ahead and correct the problem! Tom walker (talk) 15:28, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Mid week one off?
I seem to dimly recall when Tiny Rowland owned the paper he had a special mid-week edition published to publicise his fight with Al-Fayad to buy Harrods. Can anyone confirm this or is my memory playing tricks?! trash80 (talk) 12:51, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I recall that too. It was a big scandal at the time, because he was republishing a government report into Al Fayed that wasn't supposed to be public. The midweek edition was withdrawn virtually as soon as it hit the shelves. "Phony Pharaoh" was in the headline IIRC.

 * The editor at the time took a massive credibility hit, even though he insisted it was a big story regardless of Rowland's interests in it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.149.58.8 (talk) 11:25, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * And here's a cite: http://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/01/us/saturday-news-quiz.html?pagewanted=1?pagewanted=1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.149.58.8 (talk) 11:29, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * ...and another: http://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/31/business/british-battle-over-harrods-tiny-vs-phoney-pharaoh.html?pagewanted=1 66.149.58.8 (talk) 11:31, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Closure
What happened to the stuff about the rumours they might be closing the paper? 213.106.248.201 (talk) 10:25, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Nothing about the Rowland/Fayed dispute?
They hated each other enough that The Observer brought out an infamous midweek edition solely devoted to Fayed! Grover cleveland (talk) 09:17, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

Graeme McDowell arti le
Perhaps Mr. Donegan should be a little bit more careful of who he calss a one-hit wonder. I happen to be the mother of one of those men mentioned in his article and I don't take that name -calling lightly. I don't suppose you have a Claret Jug  sitting anywhere in your house now do ya? Your futile attempt to be a wannabe journalist is just that-futile. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.26.182.9 (talk) 03:13, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

Madsen Controversy
The need and, in fact, the advisability for this section in "The Observer" article is obscure, since it is purely an ad hominem attack that obscures the broader and far, far deeper relevancy of the Edward Snowden information concerning broad government access to private data. I do not see why this entire section should not be deleted. It is not a unique case at all. It is not relevant to the article on The Observer except, perhaps, very tangentially. It is inappropriate in its current context. The accuracy of the original Madsen content is not challenged. It adds nothing to the article except an attack on Madsen, ie. it is a straw man argument that is perfectly feckless in and of itself -- inserted into the article about the world's first Sunday newspaper. If this material is acceptable to Wikipedia, it ought to appear in an article about Madsen -- not The Observer. The practice of ad hominem attacks via the abuse of the term "conspiracy theorist" should not be permitted on Wikipedia.Alchemistoxford (talk) 14:02, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I've just turned up here as a mere reader of Wikipedia, curious about the history of the Observer and what its current relationship to the Guardian is. I agree with the comment posted above: I don't see the importance and relevance of this to this article.  I'm removing it now and encourage further discussion before re-inserting.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 19:13, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

Photographers
Added in a list of Observer photographers, the most famous of which being Jane Bown, who was the resident photographer from 1949 until her death in 2014. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.24.223.209 (talk) 23:30, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

Observer.com
Is there any relationship between this publication and https://observer.com/ and if so, what is it? Andrewa (talk) 18:56, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

As a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley.
Why?

Website
When did The Guardian website start hosting The Observer? Martinevans123 (talk) 11:45, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Observer