text:
Talk:Ibrox Stadium

Owner Status ?
Taking on board that fans of Rangers are claiming thatbthe club wasnt infact liquidated but the club and assets sold to Sevco5088, Sevco Scotland and then Rangers international, wouldnt then Rangers International be the owners and not Rangers as Rangers where part of the asset purchase just as the stadium was ? Or are you just gonna continue to pretend as you go alongblike yourve done for the past 18 months ? In denial RFC2012.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.180.156.161 (talk) 07:10, 14 January 2014 (UTC) But it clearly states Rangers FC are the erm "owners" in the headline status, now for a moment Ill go along with the so called assertion that Rangers somehow escaped liquidation because of this club and company bs yous made up last year when yous couldnt handle to truth, but even so,given that the club where bought with the stadium how can they own the ground ? Its impossible.as a person who disliked Rangers and dislikes pheonix Rangers aswell, I find it funny, give em enough rope or give them a spade as the cliches go, but Rangers even under your own guise cannot be the rightful owners of the ground.Im sure youll make up some more balony butI know you know and anyone who can read even at the most basic of levels will grasp that (your idea of)angers FC cannot possibly own the stadium. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.183.236.230 (talk) 08:47, 15 January 2014 (UTC)
 * What happened to the ownership of Ibrox (and other Rangers oldco assets) is detailed and referenced in the history section of the article. Jmorrison230582 (talk) 09:11, 14 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure who you are specifying by "yous". I'm not a Rangers fan, if that's what you mean. Jmorrison230582 (talk) 09:29, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Recent overhaul of the Ibrox page and what's needed
I've tried to do a fairly extensive tidy of the page, restructuring it, making various additions and adding citations. Looking at some of the other pages on UK football grounds, I think three things could usefully be added:

1. There needs to be more detailed info on the current capacity of the stands. The figures I've included are estimates. For example, the capacity of the Copland was increased from the original 7,500 when the blue seats were added and seating and passageways realigned.

2. A plan of the stadium would be a valuable addition.

3. Ideally, there would be more on attendances . This could include a season-by-season outline of averages (see Goodison Park, for example). It could also include something about large crowds, and in particular the significant number of 100,000+ attendances. Stockton 12:20, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Modelled after Dortmund stadium?
During my stay in Glasgow I was told that the "new" Ibrox Stadium was architecturally modelled after Dortmund's Westfalenstadion because the planners so liked the layout without the athletics track, which put the supporters very close to the action. (The obvious differences being that Ibrox is built of much nicer looking red bricks instead of dull prefab concrete, and besides has a lower capacaity due to the later expansions of the Dortmund statium.)

Can anybody confirm this? --Cancun771 16:42, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It was originaly modelled on that stadium due to it being the most modern at the time, (i believe)(Monkeymanman (talk) 20:50, 26 November 2009 (UTC))

Need another photo
Although I have an exterior shot of the Copland Road stand (dull), I think it would be better to have an inside view, ideally of gameplay. If anyone has (or can find) a usable one, whether old or new, that would make a great addition. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 20:32, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

How many five star stadia?
"one of only 12 other" - does this mean that there are 13 including Ibrox (in which case "one of only 13 stadiums..." would be better, I think) or one of 12 (in which case "one of only 12 stadiums..." would be better). -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 18:04, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

stadium capacity and records
Reference is needed to the changing physical shape of the stadium, and to its capacity. There needs to be mention of the 118,000+ attendance, and that it is a British (and European?) record for a club league game. From about 1981 (with the completion of the Govan) until circa. 1990, it would have had more seats than any other UK club ground.

Need also to contextualise the 70s/80s redevelopment, and Waddell's response to the Disaster. -- Stockton | Talk 23:00, 04 Jul 2005 (UTC)

Scotland v England matches
According to www.englandstats.com the Scotland v England match on 2 April 1892 was played at Ibrox Park. As the article states that the stadium was opened in 1899, can anyone explain this apparent discrepancy. Was there an earlier stadium, or was Ibrox Park a different place?

As far as I can see, the only other Scotland v England game played here was the ill-fated game on 5 April 1902. Daemonic Kangaroo 06:11, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There was an Ibrox Park, on a site adjacent to the present one, between 1887 and 1899. Opened 5 August 1887 (Rangers 1v8 Preston NE), closed 9 December 1899. Jmorrison230582 (talk) 21:24, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Relaying the pitch
I've removed the reference to re-turfing the pitch in 2007. This isn't really of significance in relation to the stadium's historical development. The pitch has been (and will conttinue to be) relaid countless times. Stockton 12:43, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

UK or not UK
Should the location be left as "Glasgow, Scotland" or "Glasgow, Scotland, UK"

 * I think it's already being left as no UK. Would you like "Europe" tagged on the end as well? - Dudesleeper · Talk 22:13, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Add "The World" as well then...

ARE THE PEO
I saw this pic (http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44337000/jpg/_44337440_ibrox203.jpg) and wondered what the full sentence written in the seats was. Perhaps it may be useful to include the answer in the article. slυмgυм [ ←→ ] 13:44, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * "WE ARE THE PEOPLE", which WATP is only too happy to see. - Dudesleeper · Talk 15:03, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Recent changes
Should this article not mention the new LED perimeter advertising, LED scoreboards and digital clock? Bencey (talk) 02:33, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

UEFA five star status, atmosphere
This set of changes isn't productive. The current UEFA status of Ibrox isn't sourced - it was five-star, but nobody's come up with a definitive list of the grounds covered by the new Elite status and Ibrox doesn't have the 70,000 capacity given at UEFA Elite stadium to host a current Champions League final. Furthermore, the stuff about having the atmosphere of the ground is unsourced personal opinion. This should be reverted. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 20:22, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

I guess a Celtic fan doesnt like this page
I was looking at this page, after the transfer from the Ranger's page, and noticed that it was scheduled to be deleted in 7 days.....Having been to Ibrox on a vacation from the US, i can say that the comments that were used to ask for the deletion, were purely vindictive, and were in no way, actually talking about the article itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.93.2.57 (talk) 08:29, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, I've removed it. It was just pure vandalism rather than a serious attempt have this page deleted. Lord Cornwallis (talk) 14:50, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Home Changing room
Is it true that in the home changing room, they have a picture of The Queen on the wall? The C of E (talk) 19:43, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

 * not anymore, there was a small picture originally i think but not now.(Monkeymanman (talk) 20:45, 26 November 2009 (UTC))
 * If you were ever up in glasgow you could always go on the stadium tour, a very well read rangers historian takes you on it so he would know exactly the circumstances.(Monkeymanman (talk) 00:44, 27 November 2009 (UTC))

ownership of Ibrox
A few facts: Rangers FC is in the process of being liquidated. As part of this, Ibrox was sold to a different and completely independent company called sevco 5088. This company then transferred ownership to Sevco Scotland Ltd, a company that has applied to take the place of Rangers FC as a member of the SFA.

I therefore attempted to update this article by pointing out that "It was the home ground of Rangers F.C. until sold to Sevco 5088 on 14 June 2012" and provided a suitable reference to support the statement.

Yet my change has been reverted, firstly on the basis that it was 'original research', and now, by the same editor, on the basis that "Sevco are applying to SFA to continue Rangers FC membership of the SFA".

Can we be clear that my edit was not original research. Indeed the only original research is the claim made to justify the second revert of my edit!

Whatever club plays football at Ibrox next season, it will not be Rangers FC - that club is being liquidated. I suggest that this aricle needs to be updated to reflect that reality. Regards Fishiehelper2 (talk) 14:14, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
 * You're confusing two different issues: ownership and tenancy. Ownership is strictly concerned with who owns the freehold of Ibrox Stadium - that is current Sevco Scotland Ltd, which is stated in the article and infobox and is referenced. The tenancy is open to question. Until now Rangers FC (the football club, as opposed to a legal personality) has played there. Indeed, Rangers FC played at the original Ibrox Park for some years before the club was incorporated in 1899 (incidentally, the share capital raised by incorporation financed the first reconstruction of Ibrox). We do not yet know who (if anyone) will be tenants of Ibrox next season. We do know that Sevco Scotland is applying to transfer the Rangers FC membership of the SFA to their corporate identity. If that application is successful and the reformed entity gains access to a league, then there is no break in tenancy as far as the football club is concerned. For example, we do not show the change of Leeds United's corporate structure (forced by insolvency) in the Elland Road article. James Morrison (talk) 14:31, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I think you will find that Leeds United were saved from liquidation and not actually liquidated in the end - therefore a different situation from Rangers FC which is being liquidated and now has no hope of salvation as its assets have been sold to a different company. Your point about 'the football club, as opposed to a legal personality' is also spurious - Rangers FC became a limited company in 1899. They were not two separate entities - the club and the company were one! The club was now a company! It is only with liquidation on the horizon that some are arguing that 'the club' is somehow a separate entity. Please note - Sevco 5088 did not buy Rangers FC. Sevco 5088 did not buy 'the club'. Sevco 5088 bought the assets and the business. Ibrox was sold and Rangers FC does not have a tenancy agreement to play there next season (for the obvious reason that Rangers FC is being liquidated). Therefore the article is out of date in suggesting that Ibrox remains the home of Rangers FC. Regards Fishiehelper2 (talk) 14:51, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Protection
Due to the ongoing edit war, I have protected this article for a week, without regard for which version is better. Please use the time to agree a compromise version here. --John (talk) 19:11, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There is no need for compromise. They are wrong and are guilty of WP:NOR, WP:SYNTH and WP:NPOV. James Morrison (talk) 19:36, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi Jmorrison230582, I could have reverted your recent revert but chose not to as I was aware you had already reverted that same change twice. I would much prefer this could be discussed. I have been an editor for a number of years but fail to understand how the change I made on 6th July and has since been reverted back and forth between you and another editor could possibly go against WP:NOR, WP:SYNTH and WP:NPOV. To be clear, I wanted to change the introduction where it said "It is the home ground of Rangers" to "It is now the home ground of the team referred to as Newco Rangers, the stadium having been bought along with the assets of Rangers FC on 14th June 2012 after the club entered liquidation. "

 * Which part of the proposed change is wrong? The stadium was sold on 14th June to another company? - that clearly happened. The sale of the stadium occured after Rangers FC went into liquidation - that is clearly sourced. The club that is based in Ibrox is now referred to as newco Rangers? - again clearly sourced.

 * That said, in the spirit of compromise, how about we make a very small change? - just change the link from 'Rangers FC' to 'Newco Rangers' and drop all mention of the fact that that Ibrox was sold to a different company on June 14th when Rangers FC entered administration. Therefore, the statement would now read "It is the home ground of Rangers"
 * Regards Fishiehelper2 (talk) 19:54, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No, because it's misleading and inaccurate. You are POV pushing that "Newco Rangers" is a new CLUB. That has not been determined and indeed the SFA is currently considering an application to transfer the Rangers FC membership to the new company structure. The change in ownership is already reflected in the infobox and article. James Morrison (talk) 20:06, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, that comment is itself misleading: "the SFA is currently considering an application to transfer the Rangers FC membership to the new company structure" - eh, not a new company structure, but a new company entirely! This is not a re-organisation within a holding company seeking to move things about so as to have a new 'corporate structure'.
 * Can I say that you are at least equally POV pushing by insisting that the team now being widely referred to as 'newco Rangers' is the same club. The fact that the ownership of Ibrox is mentioned in the infobox is not the point - the version you prefer still states that Ibrox is the home ground of Rangers FC, a club that is being liquidated. Regards Fishiehelper2 (talk) 20:23, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * A liquidator has not been appointed. James Morrison (talk) 20:38, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * What about | this then? Names the liquidators as 'Malcolm Cohen and James Stephen from financial company BDO'. Regards Fishiehelper2 (talk) 20:42, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The report is inaccurate. They have been provisionally appointed but have not been legally appointed by court order. Check Companies House if you want. James Morrison (talk) 20:57, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'll take your word for that. In that case my point above should read 'the version you prefer still states that Ibrox is the home ground of Rangers FC, a club that is entering the liquidation process.' Regards Fishiehelper2 (talk) 21:05, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

The situation is clear. The ground is owned by newco rangers, backed up by well-respected cited sources Rangers newco: Ibrox chairman Malcolm Murray apologises to Scottish football, and saying that 'The report is inaccurate' is WP:NOR. The mainstream media are referring to the club as "Newco Rangers" e.g. just today, and running against this claim is WP:NOR. In order to demonstrate that the stadium is the homeground of "Rangers" rather than "Newco Rangers" will need a single cited source (to avoid WP:SYNTH and WP:NOR), more recent, respectable and authoritative than e.g. Rangers newco: Ibrox chairman Malcolm Murray apologises to Scottish football and related. If such sources are forthcoming I would have no trouble saying the ground is of the club "Rangers", and owned by "newco rangers".--131.111.138.89 (talk) 20:15, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * In fact the SPL refer to "Rangers Newco" and not "Rangers", see . It is difficult to find a source more authoritative than the official body overseeing the league to guide us on how to refer to the club. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.138.89 (talk) 20:23, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't see what your point is, given that the article states clearly that the ownership of Ibrox has changed (twice, to be pernickety) since the CVA failure. The dispute is over tenancy, ie what is the name of the team that plays there. I think we should continue to state Rangers FC until we have clear evidence to the contrary. Journalists may refer to personnel of the new company as being officials of "newco Rangers" as shorthand, but we do not have clear guidance yet from the relevant authorities as to the future status of Rangers FC. Therefore any change now would be in violation of WP:CRYSTAL, WP:SYNTH and WP:NOR. For all we know, there may not be any football played at Ibrox in the 2012–13 season (if, say, the SFL clubs reject the application for membership). James Morrison (talk) 20:32, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi James Morrison, even if we continue to describe the club that plays at Ibrox as Rangers FC, the article presently links to Rangers FC rather than Newco Rangers. Of course it is possible that the dispute resolution may lead to a single article for Rangers FC rather than one for the old Rangers and one for the new Rangers, but until that happens, I think we should at least link Rangers FC to Newco Rangers. Otherwise, we are contradicting those two articles. Regards Fishiehelper2 (talk) 22:02, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * That's another silly and irrelevant argument. Those articles are wrong and should be corrected, not this one. James Morrison (talk) 05:48, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * We have a reliable and impartial sources including Rangers newco: Ibrox chairman Malcolm Murray apologises to Scottish football,, for the tenants of Ibrox and the name of the club to be "Newco Rangers". If we are to refer to the tenants and "Rangers FC" we will need even more reliable and recent sources than these else we will suffer from WP:NOR. It would be helpful if you would kindly suggest some suitable sources that refer to the club as "Rangers FC"?--Dingowasher (talk) 18:37, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * None of which refer to the status of Ibrox Stadium or clarify the status of any future club. To state that "newco Rangers" play at Ibrox is a synthesis of sources talking about different issues and using the phrase as a shorthand to avoid confusion. What I am suggesting on this article and the others is to WAIT AND SEE what the outcome is before acting. Instead some editors are jumping the gun and are attempting to establish that this outcome has already been ascertained, when it patently has not. The start of the season will come soon enough and the articles can be updated accordingly then. To do so now is a classic example of crystal-balling. James Morrison (talk) 19:13, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * This is WP:NOR. The references I presented before referred to Newco Rangers as being the tenants of Ibrox. If we want to refer to Rangers FC as being the tenants we need good honest references. Are there any?--Dingowasher (talk) 17:23, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

''Ibrox Stadium is a football stadium located on the south side of the River Clyde, on Edmiston Drive in the Ibrox district of Glasgow. Ibrox is presently the third largest football stadium in Scotland and tenth largest stadium in the United Kingdom, having an all-seated capacity of 51,082.''
 * Suggested compromise

''Ibrox is best known for being the home ground of Rangers FC from 1899. Rangers entered administration in 2012 and were forced to transfer Ibrox and other assets to a new company to continue trading. Ibrox has also hosted the Scotland national football team, particularly when the national stadium Hampden Park was redeveloped in the 1990s. Ibrox also hosted three Scottish domestic cup finals in the same period. It has also been the venue for concerts by major performers, including Frank Sinatra.''

''It was opened as Ibrox Park in 1899, but suffered a major disaster in 1902 when a wooden terrace collapsed. Vast earthen terraces were built in its place, while a main stand, which is now a listed building, was built in 1928. A British record crowd of 118,567 gathered in January 1939 for a league match with Celtic. After the second Ibrox disaster of 1971, Ibrox was largely rebuilt. The vast bowl-shaped terracing was removed and replaced by three rectangular, all-seated stands by 1981. After renovations were completed in 1997, the ground was renamed Ibrox Stadium.''

Comments? James Morrison (talk) 17:59, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for preparing this, seems a fair summary to me. On a unrelated note the original intro and therefore this one don't have any references. If I have the time I'll try to put some in?--Dingowasher (talk) 22:43, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Very clever suggestion. The only bit I suppose could be argued about is whether the use of 'transfer' is appropriate when the assets and business interests were bought by/sold to the new company. Apart from that, can't see anyone really disagreeing. Regards Fishiehelper2 (talk) 23:53, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Refering to the opening paragraph's line: "Rangers entered administration in 2012 and were forced to transfer Ibrox and other assets to a new company to continue trading." This is an article about Ibrox Stadium. There is no need to include the administration of Rangers FC, as it essentially has nothing to do with the stadium as such. If people feel need to do so, why not - with all due respect - do it appropriately? The problems of the club have been documented on the respective wikipedia page. "Rangers" were not "forced" to transfer Ibrox. First, if anything it was the "old company" who did anything (or rather the administrators after the failed CVA), second, they were not "forced" and surely not to continue "trading". What did continue "trading" anyway, Ibrox, Rangers? The facts are pretty simple and can be found in the administrator's reports - the legally bound documents on the whole affair. The assetts of the "club" were sold from the old corporate entity (then "The Rangers Football Club plc", now "RFC2012 plc") to the new corporate entity (now The Rangers Football Club Limited). The "club" never left Ibrox Stadium. Suggested replacement (there are enough references to Rangers already, so anyone interested in the administration or newco debate can look it up there):

"When Rangers FC's parent company entered administration in 2012, ownership of Ibrox Stadium and other assets of the club were transferred to the club's new parent company."Ynnis (talk) 09:17, 4 October 2012 (UTC) --
 * The use of the term "parent company" is grossly misleading. The company was Rangers FC. That company is now hopelessly insolvent. A new investor came along and bought the "Rangers" business and assets (including Ibrox), using a new company to hold their ownership rights. Jmorrison230582 (talk) 10:11, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * There is no company called Rangers FC. No old nor new company. One may switch "parent company" to "company running Rangers FC", but the way it is written now gives the misleading notion that there are two clubs, and one selling or transferring the stadium to another, which is not the case. The trading bit is not explicit enough either, as written above. I see where the sentiment is coming from, but as has been said, "Rangers FC" did not transfer anything, nor was it forced to. Ynnis (talk) 15:01, 4 October 2012 (UTC)--
 * I don't agree, although I also think that the liquidation event doesn't need to be in the lead of this article any more, given that the situation has stabilised. When that text was first written it was not clear whether the new Rangers company was going to be granted an SFA licence, or admitted to a league. Jmorrison230582 (talk) 15:46, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Having thought about it, I actually think that there is no need to actually make a note of the administration of the club or any transfer of assets. Rangers FC have been owners as well as tenants of Ibrox Stadium all along, whether under the oldco, or under the newco. If you look at other football grounds - not least in Scotland - the owner is more often than not given as e.g. Motherwell FC, Celtic FC, or Dundee United FC. When in fact Celtic Park is owned by one of the two parent companies of the club. I don't see any reason to make a difference here. Ynnis (talk) 23:02, 4 October 2012 (UTC)--
 * I agree that given the way things look now it is not such an important issue, as the insolvency and change of legal ownership has had no physical effect on the stadium. But it is still worth noting in the body of the article what happened to Ibrox as a result of such a major event in Rangers FC history. Jmorrison230582 (talk) 07:44, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

So let's change the line to something more appropriate and not misleading, no double-club, nor any enforced selling et al: "When Rangers FC entered administration in 2012, ownership of Ibrox Stadium and other assets of the club were transferred to the club's new parent company, so that Rangers FC remained owners of ground."Ynnis (talk) 17:10, 5 October 2012 (UTC)--
 * That's not accurate. Here's what Charles Green said at the time he purchased the business and assets of Rangers: "Following the formal decision of the creditors' meeting at Ibrox Stadium today, the consortium I represent has fulfilled its agreement with the administrators and has completed the acquisition of the business and assets of The Rangers Football Club plc. The transfer of the business and assets to a new company structure has taken effect immediately and the new company is The Rangers Football Club." Jmorrison230582 (talk) 17:46, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I think you need to read up on what a parent company actually is. For either Rangers company to be a "parent" company, there would need to be a subsidiary company called Rangers FC. There isn't. To illustrate, the parent company of Rangers when David Murray owned the club was Murray International Holdings. Murray (through MIH) sold Rangers (its subsidiary) to Craig Whyte, who set up a new parent company to acquire it. As per Charles Green's statement above, after Rangers became insolvent he bought the business and assets and formed a new company to own the assets (including Ibrox) and operate the business. It's a fairly simple distinction which I think you may be misinformed about. Jmorrison230582 (talk) 17:58, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Still, if you have problems with "parent company", the current article line mentioned above contains equally wrong statements about Rangers FC "selling" or rather "being forced to" sell Ibrox to the newco to "continue trading". This needs to be changed, as it is factually wrong. I try this one then:

"When Rangers Football Club plc entered administration in 2012, ownership of Ibrox Stadium and other assets of the club were transferred to the club's new owners, The Rangers Football Club Limited (previously: Sevco Scotland Limited)." Thus you get the old onwers in, the new owners and no misleading notions about Rangers FC "being forced" to do something "to continue trading". After all, the newco started trading when buying the football club, while the club itself never stopped to be there. How about you make a suggestion for that line if this ain't satisfactory? Ynnis (talk) 13:24, 9 October 2012 (UTC)--
 * suggestion to both of you, read teh sources and use cite with quote and put wha thte sources says, i have breifly reviewed both your arguments and some of the statements and you are both worng and right, this comes back down to the problem of when rangers where describe asa new club and the same club, the sources are conrdicitng each othera bit. the club was not transfer from one company to the other it was bought by the other one the sources are in pretty much argeement on that so i suggest you both put forward yoru propoused changes with using cite and quite to verify what your are saying Andrewcrawford ( talk  -  contrib ) 14:53, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I would still use my last replacement suggestion as it gives old and new "owners" in a correct fashion. One may add a link to a Rangers statement referring to a judges' note clearly saying that the club is a different entity than the company owning it: "Lord Nimmo Smith has said that Rangers FC is a recognisable entity which continued in existence notwithstanding the change in ownership. ... He also stated that Rangers FC, the club, includes its owner and operator. The Commission has in effect ruled that Rangers and its history did not die on 14 June despite numerous reports to the contrary. You got it from two official sources, what more can be asked for? In any case, the current statement about someone being forced to sell something to continue operating is acausal in various ways. Ynnis (talk) 10:34, 5 November 2012 (UTC)--

I just noted that the spot of "bother" has already been removed and replaced by a more appropriate paragraph. Ynnis (talk) 09:53, 6 November 2012 (UTC)--

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ibrox Stadium. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120630105131/http://local.stv.tv/glasgow/108240-rangers-crisis-ibrox-and-murray-park-hived-off-to-separate-newco/ to http://local.stv.tv/glasgow/108240-rangers-crisis-ibrox-and-murray-park-hived-off-to-separate-newco/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:26, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ibrox Stadium


text:
West Wycombe Park

West Wycombe Park is a country house built between 1740 and 1800 near the village of West Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, England. It was conceived as a pleasure palace for the 18th-century libertine and dilettante Sir Francis Dashwood, 2nd Baronet. The house is a long rectangle with four façades that are columned and pedimented, three theatrically so. The house encapsulates the entire progression of British 18th-century architecture from early idiosyncratic Palladian to the Neoclassical, although anomalies in its design make it architecturally unique. The mansion is set within an 18th-century landscaped park containing many small temples and follies, which act as satellites to the greater temple, the house.

The house, a Grade I listed building, was given to the National Trust in 1943 by Sir John Dashwood, 10th Baronet (1896–1966), an action strongly resented by his heir. Dashwood retained ownership of the surrounding estate and the contents of the house, most of which he sold; after his death, the house was restored at the expense of his son, the 11th Baronet. Today, while the structure is owned by the National Trust, the house is still the home of the Dashwood family. The house is open to the public during the summer months and is a venue for civil weddings and corporate entertainment, which help to fund its maintenance and upkeep.

Ethos

West Wycombe Park, architecturally inspired by the villas of the Veneto constructed during the late-Renaissance period, is not one of the largest, grandest or best-known of England's many country houses. Compared to its Palladian contemporaries, such as Holkham Hall, Woburn Abbey and Ragley Hall, it is quite small, yet it is architecturally important as it encapsulates a period of 18th-century English social history, when young men, known as dilettanti, returning from the Grand Tour with newly purchased acquisitions of art, often built a country house to accommodate their collections and display in stone the learning and culture they had acquired on their travels.

The West Wycombe estate was acquired by Sir Francis Dashwood, 1st Baronet, and his brother Samuel in 1698. Dashwood demolished the existing manor house and built a modern mansion on higher ground nearby. This mansion forms the core of the present house. Images of the house on early estate plans show a red-brick house with stone dressings and a hipped roof in the contemporary Queen Anne style. In 1724, Dashwood bequeathed this square conventional house to his 16-year-old son, the 2nd Baronet, also Francis, who later inherited the title Baron le Despencer through his mother and is perhaps best known for establishing the Hellfire Club close to the mansion, in the West Wycombe Caves. Between 1726 and 1741, Dashwood embarked on a series of Grand Tours: the ideas and manners he learned during this period influenced him throughout his life and were pivotal in the rebuilding of his father's simple house, transforming it into the classical edifice that exists today.

West Wycombe has been described as "one of the most theatrical and Italianate mid-18th century buildings in England". Of all the 18th-century country houses, its façades replicate in undiluted form not only the classical villas of Italy on which Palladianism was founded, but also the temples of antiquity on which Neoclassicism was based. The Greek Doric of the house's west portico is the earliest example of the Greek revival in Britain.

The late 18th century was a period of change in the interior design of English country houses. The Baroque concept of the principal floor, or piano nobile, with a large bedroom suite known as the state apartments, was gradually abandoned in favour of smaller, more private bedrooms on the upper floors. The principal floor became a series of reception rooms, each with a designated purpose, creating separate withdrawing, dining, music, and ballrooms. In the late-18th century, it became common to arrange reception and public rooms on a lower floor, with bedrooms and more private rooms above.

Exterior

The builder of West Wycombe, Sir Francis Dashwood, 2nd Baronet, employed at least three architects and two landscape architects in the design of the house and its grounds. He had an input himself: having made the Grand Tour and seen the villas of the Italian Renaissance first hand, he wished to emulate them.

Work began in about 1735 and continued until Dashwood's death in 1781, when the older house had been transformed inside and out. The long building time partly explains the flaws and variations in design: when building commenced, Palladianism was the height of fashion, but by the time of its completion, Palladianism had been succeeded by Neoclassicism; thus, the house is a marriage of both styles. While the marriage is not completely unhappy, the Palladian features are marred by the lack of Palladio's proportions: the east portico is asymmetrical with the axis of the house, and trees were planted either side to draw the eye away from the flaw.

The finest architects of the day submitted plans to transform the older family house into a modern architectural extravaganza. Among them Robert Adam, who submitted a plan for the west portico, but his idea was dropped. The architect Nicholas Revett was consulted and created the west portico. Today, the first sight of the house as approached from the drive is this west end of the house, which appears as a Grecian temple. The eight-columned portico, inspired by the Temple of Bacchus in Teos was completed by 1770, and is considered to be the earliest example of Greek revival architecture in Britain. The opposite (east) end of the house, designed by Roger Morris and completed c. 1755, appears equally temple-like, but this time the muse was the Villa Rotunda in Vicenza. Thus the two opposing porticos, east and west, illustrate two architectural styles of the late-18th century: the earlier Roman inspired Palladian architecture and the more Greek inspired Neoclassicism.

The principal façade is the great south front, a two-storey colonnade of Corinthian columns superimposed on Tuscan, the whole surmounted by a central pediment. The columns are not stone, but wood coated in stucco. It is possible this facade was inspired by work done in Paris on the church of S. Sulpice by Giovanni Niccolo Servandoni who was working in England from 1747 to 1751; some drawings made for Sir Francis Dashwood in emulation of his uncle's patronage of Palladian style, survive by him in the collection at West Wycombe. The executant architect for this elevation and for much of the work on the house appears to have been the minor architectural view painter John Donowell, who worked between 1761 and 1763 (although he had to wait until 1775 for payment ).

The façade, which has similarities to the main façade of Palladio's Palazzo Chiericati of 1550, was originally the entrance front. The front door is still in the centre of the ground floor leading into the main entry hall. This is a substantial deviation from the classical form of English Palladianism in which the main entrance and principal rooms would be on the first floor reached by an outer staircase, giving the main reception rooms elevated views, with the ground floor given over to service rooms. Such a radical re-arrangement was not possible here since the house was a partial rebuild rather than a wholly new structure.

The more severe north front is of eleven bays, with the end bays given significance by rustication at ground floor level. The centre of the façade has Ionic columns supporting a pediment and originally had the Dashwood coat of arms. This façade is thought to date from around 1750–51, although its segmented windows suggest it was one of the first of the 2nd Baronet's improvements to the original house to be completed, as the curved or segmented window heads are symbolic of the earlier part of the 18th century; the design has been given to Isaac Ware.

Interior

The principal reception rooms are on the ground floor with large sash windows opening immediately into the porticos and the colonnades, and therefore onto the gardens, a situation unheard of in the grand villas and palaces of Renaissance Italy. The mansion contains a series of 18th century salons decorated and furnished in the style of that period, with polychrome marble floors, and painted ceilings depicting classical scenes of Greek and Roman mythology. Of particular note is the entrance hall, which resembles a Roman atrium with marbled columns and a painted ceiling copied from Robert Wood's Ruins of Palmyra.

Many of the reception rooms have painted ceilings copied from Italian palazzi, most notably from the Palazzo Farnese in Rome. The largest room in the house is the Music Room, which opens onto the east portico. The ceiling fresco in this room depicts the "Banquet of the Gods" and was copied from the Villa Farnesina. The Saloon, which occupies the centre of the north front, contains many marbles, including statuettes of the four seasons. The ceiling depicting "The Council of the Gods and the Admission of Psyche" is also a copy from Villa Farnesina.

The Dining Room walls are painted faux jasper and hold paintings of the house's patron—Sir Francis Dashwood—and his fellow members of the Divan Club (a society for those who had visited the Ottoman Empire). The room also has a painted ceiling from Wood's Palmyra.

The Blue Drawing Room is dominated by the elaborate painted ceiling depicting "The Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne" (illustrated left). This room houses a plaster statuette of the Venus de' Medici and marks the 2nd Baronet's risqué devotion to that goddess of love. The room has walls of blue flock, applied in the 1850s and later renewed, bearing paintings from various Italian schools of the 17th century. The Red Drawing Room is lined in crimson silk and is furnished with marquetry commodes.

The relatively small study contains plans for the house and potential impressions for various elevations. One is reputed to have been drawn by Sir Francis Dashwood himself, while the Tapestry Room, once ante-room to the adjoining former principal bedroom, is hung with Brussels tapestries depicting peasant scenes by Teniers. Dashwood inherited them in 1763 from his uncle Lord Westmorland, who is said to have been given them by the 1st Duke of Marlborough to celebrate their victories in the Low Countries.

Gardens and park
The gardens at West Wycombe Park are among the finest and most idiosyncratic 18th century gardens surviving in England. The park is unique in its consistent use of Classical architecture from both Greece and Italy. The principal architect of the gardens was Nicholas Revett, who designed many of the ornamental buildings in the park. The landscape architect Thomas Cook began to execute the plans for the park, with a nine-acre man-made lake created from the nearby River Wye in the form of a swan. The lake originally had a snow (a sailing vessel) for the amusement of Dashwood's guests, complete with a resident captain on board. Water leaves the lake down a cascade and into a canal pond.

Georgian English landscape gardens, such as West Wycombe and Stowe, are arranged as a walk or series of walks that take the visitor through a range of locations, each with its own specific character and separate from the last. Planting and the shape of the landscape is used, alongside follies and man-made water features, to create pleasant vistas and set pieces centred on a building, straight avenue, serpentine walk, or viewpoint. In the later years of the 18th century, the 5,000 acres (20 km2) of grounds were extended to the east, towards the nearby town of High Wycombe, and Humphrey Repton completed the creation of the gardens, until they appeared much as they do today.

The park still contains many follies and temples. The "Temple of Music" is on an island in the lake, inspired by the Temple of Vesta in Rome. It was designed for Dashwood's fêtes champêtres, with the temple used as a theatre; the remains of the stage survive. Opposite the temple is the garden's main cascade which has statues of two water nymphs. The present cascade has been remade, as the original was demolished in the 1830s. An octagonal tower known as the "Temple of the Winds" is based in design on the Tower of the Winds in Athens.

Classical architecture continues along the path around the lake, with the "Temple of Flora", a hidden summerhouse, and the "Temple of Daphne", both reminiscent of a small temple on the Acropolis. Another hidden temple, the "Round Temple", has a curved loggia. Nearer the house, screening the service wing from view, is a Roman triumphal arch, the "Temple of Apollo", also known (because of its former use a venue for cock fighting) as "Cockpit Arch", which holds a copy of the famed Apollo Belvedere. Close by is the "Temple of Diana", with a small niche containing a statue of the goddess. Another goddess is celebrated in the "Temple of Venus". Below this is an Exedra, a grotto (known as Venus's Parlour) and a statue of Mercury. This once held a copy of the Venus de' Medici; it was demolished in the 1820s but was reconstructed in the 1980s and now holds a replica of the Venus de Milo.

Later structures that break the classical theme include the Gothic style boathouse, a Gothic Alcove – now a romantic ruin hidden amongst undergrowth – and a Gothic Chapel, once home of the village cobbler (and facetiously named St Crispin's) but later used as the estate kennels. A monument dedicated to Queen Elizabeth II was erected on her 60th birthday in 1986.

The gardens are listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Dashwoods of West Wycombe

Sir Francis Dashwood built West Wycombe to entertain, and there has been much speculation on the kind of entertainment he provided for his guests. Judged against the sexual morals of the late 18th century, Dashwood and his clique were regarded as promiscuous; while it is likely that the contemporary reports of the bacchanalian orgies over which Dashwood presided in the Hellfire caves above West Wycombe were exaggerated, free love and heavy drinking did take place there. Dashwood often had himself depicted in portraits in fancy dress (in one, dressed as St Francis of Assisi toasting a statue of Venus ), and it is his love of fancy dress which seems to have pervaded through to his parties at West Wycombe Park. Following the dedication of the West portico as the temple of Bacchus in 1771, Dashwood and his friends dressed in skins adorned with vine leaves and went to party by the lake for "Paeans and libations". On another occasion, during a mock sea battle on the canal, the captain of the snow, "attacking" a battery constructed on the bank, was struck by the wadding of a gun and suffered an internal injury. Dashwood later devoted more of his time to political reform and to charitable works; he had an active political career all of his adult life; a serious occupation belied by his reputation for revelry. He died in 1781, bequeathing West Wycombe to his half-brother Sir John Dashwood-King, 3rd Baronet.

Dashwood-King spent little time at West Wycombe. On his death in 1793, the estate was inherited by his son Sir John Dashwood, 4th Baronet, Member of Parliament for Wycombe and a friend of the Prince of Wales, although their friendship was tested when Sir John accused his wife of an affair with the prince. Like his father, Sir John cared little for West Wycombe and held a five-day sale of West Wycombe's furniture in 1800. In 1806, he was prevented from selling West Wycombe by the trustees of his son, to whom the estate was entailed. He became religious in the last years of his life, holding ostentatiously teetotal parties in West Wycombe's gardens in aid of the "Friends of Order and Sobriety" – these would have been vastly different from the bacchanalian fêtes given by his uncle in the grounds. In 1847, Sir John was bankrupt and bailiffs possessed the furniture from his home at Halton. He died estranged from his wife and surviving son in 1849.

Sir John was succeeded by his estranged son Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet. For the first time since the death of the 2nd Baronet in 1781, West Wycombe became again a favoured residence. However, the estate was heavily in debt and Sir George was forced to sell the unentailed estates, including Halton, which was sold in 1851 to Lionel de Rothschild for the then huge sum of £54,000 (£ in 2024). The change in the Dashwoods' fortunes allowed for the refurbishment and restoration of West Wycombe. Sir George died childless in 1862, and left his wife, Elizabeth, a life tenancy of the house while the title and ownership passed briefly to his brother and then a nephew. Lady Dashwood's continuing occupation of the house prevented the nephew, Sir Edwin Hare Dashwood, 7th Baronet, an alcoholic sheep farmer in the South Island of New Zealand, from living in the mansion until she died in 1889, leaving a neglected and crumbling estate.

The 7th Baronet's son, Sir Edwin Dashwood, 8th Baronet, arrived from New Zealand to claim the house, only to find Lady Dashwood's heirs claiming the house's contents and family jewellery, which they subsequently sold. As a consequence, Sir Edwin was forced to mortgage the house and estate in 1892. He died suddenly the following year, and the heavily indebted estate passed to his brother, Sir Robert Dashwood, 9th Baronet. Sir Robert embarked on a costly legal case against the executors of Lady Dashwood, which he lost, and raised money by denuding the estate's woodlands and leasing the family town house in London for 99 years. On his death in 1908, the house passed to his 13-year-old son Sir John Dashwood, 10th Baronet, who in his adulthood sold much of the remaining original furnishings (including the state bed, for £58 – this important item of the house's history complete with its gilded pineapples is now lost). In 1922, he attempted to sell the house itself. He received only one offer, of £10,000 (£0 in 2024), so the house was withdrawn from sale. Forced to live in a house he disliked, the village of West Wycombe was sold in its entirety to pay for renovations. Not all these renovations were beneficial: painted 18th century ceilings were overpainted white, and the dining room was divided into service rooms, allowing the large service wing to be abandoned to rot.

A form of salvation for West Wycombe was Sir John's wife: Lady Dashwood, the former Helen Eaton, a Canadian and sister of American novelist Evelyn Eaton, was a socialite who loved entertaining, and did so in some style at West Wycombe throughout the 1930s. Living a semi-estranged life from her husband, occupying opposite ends of the mansion, she frequently gave "large and stylish" house parties.

During World War II, the house saw service from 1941 onwards as a depository for the evacuated Wallace Collection The collection's decorative arts and paintings were housed in the Brown Room, the ballroom and two rooms in the Old Wing. Two wardens slept overnight in the ballroom to protect the artworks, while a four-bedroom cottage on the property was used to house the Wallace's staff members. The house also served as a convalescent home, while a troop of gunners occupied the decaying service wing, and the park was used for the inflation of barrage balloons. During this turmoil, the Dashwoods retreated to the upper floor and took in lodgers to pay the bills, albeit very superior lodgers, who included Nancy Mitford and James Lees-Milne, who was secretary of the Country House Committee of the National Trust and instrumental in the Trust's acquisition of many such houses. In 1943, Sir John gave the house and grounds to the National Trust, on condition that he and his descendants could continue living in the house.

West Wycombe after 1943
In the latter half of the 20th century, Sir Francis Dashwood, 11th Baronet, embarked on a program of restoration and improvement. His efforts included the installation of a huge equestrian sculpture as the focal point of a long tree lined vista from the house. On close inspection, it proves to be a fibre glass prop found at Pinewood Studios by the 11th Baronet who paid for it with 12 bottles of champagne. The local planning authority was furious but lost their lawsuit to have it removed. Today, from a distance, it has been "known to fool experts".

The present head of the Dashwood family is Sir Edward Dashwood (born 1964), who is married and has three children. The contents of the house are owned by the family, who also own and run the estate. The house can be hired as a filming location, and, in addition to agricultural and equestrian enterprises, there is a large pheasant shoot with paying guns. The park, a natural amphitheatre, is often the setting for large public concerts and firework displays, and the mansion is available for weddings and corporate entertainment.

While the estate remains in private hands, the National Trust owns the house and gardens, the park, the village of West Wycombe, and the hill on which the Dashwood mausoleum sits. The hill was the first part of the property given to the Trust by Sir John Dashwood in 1925. The village was bought by the Royal Society of Arts from Sir John in 1929 and given to the Trust five years later. The grounds are open to the public in the afternoon only from April to August annually, and the house is open from June to August.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: West Wycombe Park


text:
Outhouse

An outhouse is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers a toilet. This is typically either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be encountered. The term may also be used to denote the toilet itself, not just the structure.

Outhouses were in use in cities of developed countries (e.g. Australia) well into the second half of the twentieth century. They are still common in rural areas and also in cities of developing countries. Outhouses that are covering pit latrines in densely populated areas can cause groundwater pollution.

Common features

Outhouses vary in design and construction. They are by definition outside the dwelling, and are not connected to plumbing, sewer, or septic system. The World Health Organization recommends they be built a reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that of smell.

The superstructure exists to shelter the user, and also to protect the toilet itself. The primary purpose of the building is for privacy and human comfort, and the walls and roof provide a visual screen and some protection from the elements. The outhouse also has the secondary role of protecting the toilet hole from sudden influxes of rainwater, which would flood the hole and flush untreated wastes into the underlying soils before they can decompose.

Outhouses are commonly humble and utilitarian, made of lumber or plywood. This is especially so they can easily be moved when the earthen pit fills up. Depending on the size of the pit and the amount of use, this can be fairly frequent, sometimes yearly. As pundit "Jackpine" Bob Cary wrote: "Anyone can build an outhouse, but not everyone can build a good outhouse." Floor plans typically are rectangular or square, but hexagonal outhouses have been built.

The arrangements inside the outhouse vary by culture. In Western societies, many, though not all, have at least one seat with a hole in it, above a small pit. Others, often in more rural, older areas in European countries, simply have a hole with two indents on either side for the user's feet. In Eastern societies, there is a hole in the floor, over which the user crouches. A roll of toilet paper is usually available. Old corn cob, leaves, or other types of paper may instead be used.

The decoration on the outhouse door has no standard. The well-known crescent moon on American outhouses was popularized by cartoonists and had a questionable basis in fact. There are authors who claim the practice began during the colonial period as an early "mens"/"ladies" designation for an illiterate populace (the sun and moon being popular symbols for the sexes during those times). Others dismiss the claim as an urban legend. What is certain is that the purpose of the hole is for venting and light and there were a wide variety of shapes and placements employed.

Toilet types covered by outhouse shelters
The shelter may cover very different sorts of toilets.

Pit latrines

An outhouse often provides the shelter for a pit latrine, which collects human feces in a hole in the ground. When properly built and maintained they can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from open defecation. When the pit fills to the top, it should be either emptied or a new pit constructed and the shelter moved or re-built at the new location. The management of the fecal sludge removed from the pit is complicated. There are both environment and health risks if not done properly. As of 2013 pit latrines are used by an estimated 1.77 billion people. This is mostly in the developing world as well as in rural and wilderness areas.

Bucket toilet
Another system is the bucket toilet, consisting of a seat and a portable receptacle (bucket or pail). These may be emptied by their owners into composting piles in the garden (a low-tech composting toilet), or collected by contractors for larger-scale disposal. Historically, this was known as the pail closet; the municipality employed workers, often known as "nightmen" (from night soil), to empty and replace the buckets. This system was associated in particular with the English town of Rochdale, to the extent that it was described as the "Rochdale System" of sanitation. 20th century books report that similar systems were in operation in parts of France and elsewhere in continental Europe.

The system of municipal collection was widespread in Australia; "dunny cans" persisted well into the second half of the twentieth century, see below. In Scandinavia and some other countries, outhouses are built over removable containers that enable easy removal of the waste and enable much more rapid composting in separate piles. A similar system operates in India, where hundreds of thousands of workers engage in manual scavenging, i.e. emptying pit latrines and bucket toilets without any personal protective equipment.

Drums and barrels in national parks

A variety of systems are used in some national parks and popular wilderness areas, to cope with the increased volume of people engaged in activities such as mountaineering and kayaking. The growing popularity of paddling, hiking, and climbing has created special waste disposal issues throughout the world. It is a dominant topic for outdoor organizations and their members. For example, in some places the human waste is collected in drums which need to be helicoptered in and out at considerable expense.

Alternatively, some parks mandate a "pack it in, pack it out" rule. Many reports document the use of containers for the removal of excrement, which must be packed in and packed out on Mount Everest. Also known as "expedition barrels" or "bog barrels", the cans are weighed to make sure that groups do not dump them along the way. "Toilet tents" are erected. There has been an increasing awareness that the mountain needs to be kept clean, for the health of the climbers at least.

Composting toilets
Worm hold privies, another variant of the composting toilet, are being used by Vermont's Green Mountain Club. These simple outhouses are stocked with red worms (a staple used by home composters). Composting toilets are also subject to regulations.

The "Clivus Multrum" is another type of composting toilet which can be inside of an outhouse.

Others
There are other types of toilet that may be covered by an outhouse superstructure, or a toilet tent (e.g. in humanitarian relief operations), or even be installed inside a house that is beyond the reach of sewers. The Swedish Pacto toilet uses a continuous roll of plastic to collect and dispose of waste. Incinerating toilets are installed in several thousand cabins in Norway. These toilets incinerate waste into ashes, using only propane and 12 volt battery electricity.

Public health issues
Outhouse design, placement, and maintenance has long been recognized as being important to the public health. See posters created by the Works Progress Administration during the 1930s and early 1940s.

Insect control
Some types of flying insects such as the housefly are attracted to the odor of decaying material, and will use it for food for their offspring, laying eggs in the decaying material. Other insects such as mosquitoes seek out standing water that may be present in the pit for the breeding of their offspring.

Both of these are undesirable pests to humans, but can be easily controlled without chemicals by enclosing the top of the pit with tight-fitting boards or concrete, using a sufficiently sealed toilet hole cover that is closed after every use, and by using fine-grid insect screen to cover the inlet and outlet vent holes. This prevents flying insect entry by all potential routes.

It is common (at least in the United States) for outhouses to have a bucket or a bag of powdered lime with a scoop of some kind in it. Either before or after using the outhouse (usually after but sometimes both) a scoop or two of lime is sprinkled into the lid holes to cover the waste as to suppress the odor which also can help with the insect issues. This method of using powdered lime is also used (and for the same reasons) in common/mass graves.

Parasites
One of the purposes of outhouses is to avoid spreading parasites such as intestinal worms, notably hookworms, which might otherwise be spread via open defecation.

Outhouses on mountain peaks

 * On August 29, 2007, the highest outhouse (actually, not a building at all, but a pit toilet surrounded by a low rock wall) in the continental United States, which sat atop Mount Whitney at about 14494 ft above sea level, offering a magnificent panorama to the user, was removed. Two other outhouses, in the Inyo National Forest, were closed due to the expense and danger involved in transporting out large sewage drums via helicopter. The annual 19,000 or so hikers of the Mount Whitney Trail, who must pick up National Forest Service permits, are now given Wagbags (a double-sealed sanitation kit) to facilitate the practice of “pack it in; pack it out.” Solar-powered toilets did not sufficiently compact the excrement, and the systems were judged failures at that location. Additionally, by relieving park rangers of latrine duty, they were better able to concentrate on primary ranger duties such as talking to hikers. The use of Wagbags and the removal of outhouses is part of a larger trend in US parks. The US National Park Service once built an outhouse that cost above $333,000.
 * In 2007, France's two highest outhouses were helicoptered to the top of Mont Blanc at a height of 4260 m. The containers from these outhouses are emptied by helicopter. The facilities will serve 30,000 skiers and hikers annually, thus helping to alleviate the deposit of urine and feces that spread down the mountain face with the spring thaw, and turned it into 'Mont Noir'. More technically, the 2002 book Le versant noir du mont Blanc ("The black hillside of Mont Blanc") exposes problems in conserving the site.
 * Upon the 5642 m Mount Elbrus—Russia's highest peak, the highest mountain in all of Europe and topographically dividing Europe from Asia—sits the world's "nastiest outhouse" at 4206 m. It is in the Caucasus Mountains, near the frontier between Georgia and Russia. As one writer opined, "...it does not much feel like Europe when you're there. It feels more like Central Asia or the Middle East." The outhouse is surrounded by and covered in ice, perched off the end of a rock, and with a pipe pouring effluvia onto the mountain. It consistently receives low marks for sanitation and convenience, but is considered to be a unique experience.
 * Australia's highest outhouse — located at Rawson's Pass in the Main Range in Kosciuszko National Park, which each year receives more than 100,000 walkers outside of winter and has a serious human waste management issue, was completed in 2008.
 * A stone outhouse in Colca Canyon, Peru, has been claimed to be "the world's highest".

History
Old outhouse pits are seen as excellent places for archeological and anthropological excavations, offering up a trove of common objects from the past—a veritable inadvertent time capsule—which yields historical insight into the lives of the bygone occupants. This is also called privy digging. It is especially common to find old bottles, which seemingly were secretly stashed or trashed, so their content could be privately imbibed. Fossilised feces (coprolites) yield much information about diet and health.

Australia
"Dunny" or "dunny can" are Australian words for a toilet, particularly an outhouse. For other uses of the word, see Dunny (disambiguation).

In suburban areas not connected to the sewerage, outhouses were not always built over pits. Instead, these areas utilized a pail closet, where waste was collected into large cans positioned under the toilet seat, to be collected by contractors (or night soil collectors) hired by property owners or the local council. The used cans were replaced with empty, cleaned cans. Brisbane relied on "dunny carts" until the 1950s; because the population was so dispersed, it was difficult to install sewerage. Tar, creosote, and disinfectant kept the smell down. Academic George Seddon claimed that "the typical Australian back yard in the cities and country towns" had, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, "a dunny against the back fence, so that the pan could be collected from the dunny lane through a trap-door". The person who appeared weekly to empty the buckets beneath the seats was known as the "dunnyman", see gong farmer.

The "dunny lanes" provided access to collectors. These access lanes can now be worth considerable sums see Ransom strip.

The Great Australian Dunny Race has become an icon during the Weerama Festival at Werribee.

Denmark
The remains of a thousand year old Viking outhouse were discovered in 2017. This is the oldest known outhouse in the country, even though evidence cannot establish it to be "the first". This discovery was considered to be culturally significant.

United States

Outhouses are typically built on one level, but two-story models are to be found in unusual circumstances. One double-decker was built to serve a two-story building in Cedar Lake, Michigan. The outhouse was connected by walkways. It still stands (but not the building). The waste from "upstairs" is directed down a chute separate from the "downstairs" facility in these instances, so contrary to various jokes about two-story outhouses, the user of the lower level has nothing to fear if the upper level is in use at the same time. The Boston Exchange Coffee House (1809–1818) was equipped with a four-story outhouse with windows on each floor.

Some outhouses were built surprisingly ornately, considering the time and the place. For example, an opulent 19th century antebellum example (a three-holer) is at the plantation area at the state park in Stone Mountain, Georgia. The outhouses of Colonial Williamsburg varied widely, from simple expendable temporary wood structures to high-style brick. Thomas Jefferson designed and had built two brick octagons at his vacation home. Such outhouses are sometimes considered to be overbuilt, impractical and ostentatious, giving rise to the simile "built like a brick shithouse." That phrase's meaning and application is subject to some debate; but (depending upon the country) it has been applied to men, women, or inanimate objects.

With regards to anal cleansing, old newspapers and mail order catalogs, such as those from Montgomery Ward or Sears Roebuck, were common before toilet paper was widely available. The Old Farmer's Almanac, manufactured with a hole drilled through it to allow easy hanging on a nail, was popular. Paper was often kept in a can or other container to protect it from mice, etc. The catalogs served a dual purpose, also giving one something to read.

Names
Outdoor toilets are referred to by many terms throughout the English-speaking world. The term "outhouse" is used in North American English for the structure over a toilet, usually a pit latrine ("long drop"). However, in British English "outhouse" means any outbuilding, such as a shed or barn.

In Australia and parts of Canada an outdoor toilet is known as a "dunny". "Privy", an archaic variant of "private", is used in North America, Scotland, and northern England. "Bog" is common throughout Britain (used to coin the neologism "tree bog") and is also used informally in Britain, as well as Canada and Australia to refer to any toilet. The name "little house" (as tŷ bach) continues as a euphemism for any toilet in both the Welsh language and the Welsh English dialect. Other terms include "back house", "house of ease", and "house of office". The last was common in 17th-century England and appeared in Samuel Pepys's Diary on numerous occasions.

A regional name for an outhouse in North America used especially in Virginia is "johnnyhouse" or "johnny house". In the Scouting Movement in North America, a widespread term for outhouse is "kybo". This appears to have originated from camps which used Kybo brand coffee cans to hold lye or lime which was sprinkled down the hole to reduce odor. "Keep Your Bowels Open" may be a backronym. Temporary encampments may use a tent or tarpaulin over a shallow pit; one name for this is a "hudo", acronym of "Houd uw darmen open" (Dutch for "Keep Your Bowels Open").

IIn Poland the outdoor toilets are commonly called "Sławojka", a name that refers to the former Prime Minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski who used to monitor scrupulously the implementation of the provisions the construction law of 1928, which imposed i.a. the obligation outdoor toilet pits to have walls.

It is not easy to determine whether a given term was restricted to an outdoor toilet, or whether the meaning had extended, over time and with the development of indoor plumbing, to any toilet.

Mythology
Tsi-Ku, also known as Tsi Ku Niang, is described as the Chinese goddess of the outhouse and divination. It is said that a woman could uncover the future by going to the outhouse to ask Tsi-Ku. See toilet god.

United States
Construction and maintenance of outhouses in the US is subject to state and local governmental restriction, regulation and prohibition. It is potentially both a public health issue, which has been addressed both by law and by education of the public as to good methods and practices (e.g., separation from drinking water sources). This also becomes a more prevalent issue as urban and suburban development encroaches on rural areas, and is an external manifestation of a deeper cultural conflict. See also urban sprawl, urban planning, regional planning, suburbanization, urbanization and counterurbanization.

Songs, poems and stories

 * The double-decker outhouse has been used as an unflattering metaphor for the "Trickle-down theory" of politics, economics, command, management, labor relations, responsibility, etc. Depending on who is depicted on top and below, it is an easy and familiar cartoon.
 * On November 10, 2003, a drawing of an outhouse was used by B.C. cartoonist Johnny Hart as a motif in a controversial and allegedly religiously themed piece. The cartoonist denied the allegations and the convoluted analysis of the alleged iconography of the cartoon.
 * In 1929 comedian Charles "Chic" Sale published a small book, The Specialist, which was a large "underground" success. Its entire premise centered on sales of outhouses, touting the advantages of one kind or another, and labeling them in "technical" terms such as "one-holers", "two-holers", etc. Over a million copies were sold. In 1931 his monologue "I'm a Specialist" was made into a hit record (Victor 22859) by recording artist Frank Crumit (music by Nels Bitterman). As memorialized in the "Outhouse Wall of Fame", the term "Chic Sale" became a rural slang synonym for privies, an appropriation of Mr. Sale's name that he personally considered unfortunate.
 * Folk singer Billy Edd Wheeler wrote and performed a song titled "The Little Brown Shack Out Back", a sentimental look at the outhouse.
 * In Newfoundland, a well-known song entitled "Good Old Newfie Outhouse" sings the praises of using the outhouse when it is -25 degrees out, mentioning pleasures like pants being frozen in position at the knees. A version by singer Bobby Evans is available on an album called Silly Songs on iTunes.
 * A humorous and nostalgic poem entitled "Passing of the Backhouse", about the disappearance of outhouses in America. It has been attributed to authors including James Whitcomb Riley, an American poet who denied authorship when he became aware of an attribution in 1910.
 * The first chapter of John Fitzgerald's autobiographical children's book, The Great Brain, talked of how Utah of the 1890s saw such structures as not only necessary, but as a mark of social status, with the poorest families in town having a two-holed structure to the town mayor owning one with ornate woodwork and heating, and the entire town's befuddlement about the Fitzgeralds being the first family to install a flush toilet in their home. Also, the vernacular of such terms was "backhouse", as the word "outhouse" was used to describe a tool shed or other small building not connected to the main house.

Races and pranks

 * In Michigan, the Upper Peninsula's Trenary has the largest outhouse race, but Mackinaw City is home to an annual and largest "outhouse race south of the Mackinac Bridge". Other famous outhouse races are during the Yale Bologna Festival and in Dawson City, Yukon.
 * As a college student, Richard Nixon achieved renown by providing a three-hole outhouse to be tossed onto the traditional campus bonfire.
 * Outhouse tipping, i.e., turning over outhouses, allegedly on Halloween. There is a popular quote from Loretta Lynn's memoirs: "We used to go around tipping outhouses over..."

title: Outhouse


text:
Combined hyperlipidemia

Combined hyperlipidemia (or -aemia) is a commonly occurring form of hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) characterised by increased LDL and triglyceride concentrations, often accompanied by decreased HDL. On lipoprotein electrophoresis (a test now rarely performed) it shows as a hyperlipoproteinemia type IIB. It is the most commonly inherited lipid disorder, occurring in around one in 200 persons. In fact, almost one in five individuals who develop coronary heart disease before the age of 60 have this disorder.

The elevated triglyceride levels (>5 mmol/L) are generally due to an increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), a class of lipoproteins prone to cause atherosclerosis.

Cause
Hereditary factors are the most common cause. A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol increases blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Other disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, and hypothyroidism, may promote hypertriglyceridemia. Certain drugs, such as estrogen, corticosteroids, retinoids, protease inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, and beta-blockers, may cause hypertriglyceridemia. Obesity increases the risk of hyperlipidemia. Chronic, excessive alcohol use increases the risk of hypertriglyceridemia. Smoking and not exercising may lead to hyperlipidemia. Steroid uses, alcoholism, hypothyroidism, oral contraceptives, chronic kidney failure, hypopituitarism, and nephritic syndrome are other contributors to hyperlipidemia.

Types
The two forms of this lipid disorder are:
 * Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is the familial occurrence of this disorder, probably caused by decreased LDL receptor and increased ApoB.
 * Acquired combined hyperlipidemia is extremely common in patients who have other diseases from the metabolic syndrome ("syndrome X", incorporating diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, central obesity and CH). Excessive free fatty acid production by various tissues leads to increased VLDL synthesis by the liver. Initially, most VLDL is converted into LDL until this mechanism is saturated, after which VLDL levels elevate.

Treatment
Both conditions are treated with fibrate drugs, which act on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), specifically PPARα, to decrease free fatty acid production. Statin drugs, especially the synthetic statins (atorvastatin and rosuvastatin), can decrease LDL levels by increasing hepatic reuptake of LDL due to increased LDL-receptor expression.

title: Combined hyperlipidemia


text:
Oscar Azócar

Oscar Gregorio Azócar (February 21, 1965 – June 14, 2010) was a Venezuelan left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees (1990) and San Diego Padres (1991-'92). Listed at 6' 1", 170 lb., Azócar batted and threw left-handed. In 202 career games, Azócar recorded a batting average of .226 and accumulated 10 stolen bases, and 36 runs batted in (RBI).

Career
Azócar was born in Soro, Sucre, Venezuela. After attending high school in Venezuela, he was signed by the New York Yankees as an amateur free agent on November 22, 1983.

Until 1987 Azócar posted a record of 14–5 with a 2.30 earned run average as a professional pitcher, but then switched to the outfield. Azócar was a classic example of the impatient hitter who would swing at almost anything and usually put it in play. It took him 100 Major League at-bats to draw his first walk. He normally obliged the pitchers by hitting whatever they threw, and his batting average dropped accordingly.

In a three-season career, Azócar was a .226 hitter (99-for-439) with five home runs and 36 runs batted in in 202 games, including 38 runs scored, 16 doubles, 10 stolen bases and 12 base on balls. Despite his free-swinging style, he had only 36 strikeouts in 439 at-bats (one every 12 at-bats). Azócar also used his speed selectively and never was caught stealing.

Azócar died in 2010 in Valencia, Carabobo, at the age of 45 of a heart attack. The same year, he was inducted in the Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame for his notable contributions in the Caribbean Series.

title: Oscar Azócar


text:
Jason Connery

Jason Joseph Connery (born 11 January 1963) is an Italian-born British actor and director. He is the son of Sean Connery and Diane Cilento. On screen, he is best known for appearing in the third series of the ITV drama series Robin of Sherwood in 1986. He took over the main role after Michael Praed's character was killed off at the end of the second series.

Early life
Connery was born 11 January 1963 in Rome and raised in London. He is the son of Australian actress Diane Cilento and Scottish actor Sean Connery. He attended Millfield School, a co-educational private school in the town of Street, in Somerset, England, and later the independent Gordonstoun School in Moray, Scotland. He was later accepted into the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.

Career
Connery performed many roles in theatre and subsequently had parts in several B-films. His film début was in The Lords of Discipline (1983). He appeared in the Doctor Who serial Vengeance on Varos in 1985. He also portrayed Robin Hood in the final series of the television series Robin of Sherwood in 1986.

He later portrayed James Bond creator Ian Fleming in the 1990 television drama Spymaker: The Secret Life of Ian Fleming. In 1997, he appeared in a fantasy film (originally intended as a pilot episode for a longer series) playing the title role of Merlin in Merlin: The Quest Begins, directed by David Winning. He appeared in Faithful Dealing (2001) in London, an English Restoration Whodunit, produced by Dominic Madden. In 2003, he toured with a stage production of The Blue Room. In 2004 he was a main character in the children's show Shoebox Zoo and returned in the second series in September 2005.

Connery had starring roles in several horror films, including Lightspeed (2006), Night Skies (2007) and Brotherhood of Blood (2007).

In 2014 he took part in BBC One's Celebrity MasterChef and featured in the sitcom George Lopez (2002).

Directing
In 2008 he made his directorial début with the film Pandemic  and in 2009 directed The Devil's Tomb. Connery directed the 2011 "After Dark Originals" film 51, and The Philly Kid (2012) for the "After Dark Action" series.

In 2016, Connery directed Tommy's Honour, a film celebrating the lives of golf pioneers Old Tom Morris and Young Tom Morris. The film opened the 2016 Edinburgh International Film Festival on 15 June 2016,  and won Best Feature Film at the 2016 British Academy Scotland Awards.

Personal life
Connery met American actress Mia Sara during the making of Bullet to Beijing in Russia. They married in 1996, and their son, Dashiell Quinn Connery, was born in June 1997 who is also an actor. The couple divorced in 2002.

In April 2021, he married Fiona Ufton, his girlfriend of five years.

title: Jason Connery


text:
CIP

CIP may refer to:

Business and finance

 * Commercially Important Person
 * Construction in progress, a balance sheet assets item
 * Continual improvement process
 * "Carriage and Insurance Paid to" Incoterms
 * Customer Identification Program, in US anti-money laundering

Government and military

 * Capital improvement plan, in urban planning
 * Citizen Information Project in the UK
 * Classification of Instructional Programs, US Department of Education
 * Commercial Import Program, US-South Vietnam
 * Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme of the EU
 * Combat Identification Panel, a US identify-friend-or-foe device
 * Continuation in Part in US Patent law
 * Corps of Intelligence Police of US Army 1917-1941
 * Critical Infrastructure Protection, US
 * Customer Identification Program, in US anti-money laundering

Organizations and businesses

 * Canadian Institute of Planners
 * California Innocence Project, for innocent prisoners
 * Center for Industrial Progress think tank, San Diego, California, US
 * Center for Islamic Pluralism, Washington D.C., US
 * Centro Internacional de la Papa, the International Potato Center in Peru
 * Center for Intellectual Property Studies, Gothenburg, Sweden
 * Centre for Integrated Photonics
 * Center for International Policy, Washington D.C, US
 * Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives (Permanent International Commission for the Proof of Small Arms)
 * Comitato Italiano Paralimpico, Italian Paralympic Committee
 * Crown International Pictures, US film studio
 * Crippled Intellect Publications, a record label

Biology and medicine

 * Calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme
 * Congenital insensitivity to pain
 * Critical illness polyneuropathy
 * CIP/KIP family of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins

Chemistry

 * Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, or CIP system, for naming organic molecules
 * Carbon in pulp, method of gold extraction
 * Clean-in-place, without disassembly

Computing

 * CIP-Tool, for modelling event-driven processes
 * Common Indexing Protocol, for exchanging index information
 * Common Industrial Protocol, automation protocol
 * Core Independent Peripherals, an implementation of autonomous peripheral operations in microcontrollers

Other uses in science and technology

 * Cataloging in Publication, data for a work, in library science
 * Certified IRB Professional, a scientific research certification
 * Cold isostatic pressing

title: CIP


text:
Bougainvillea

Bougainvillea is a genus of thorny ornamental vines, bushes, and trees belonging to the four o' clock family, Nyctaginaceae. They are native to Brazil, Peru, and Argentina. There are between 4 and 22 species in the genus. The inflorescence consists of large colourful sepal-like bracts which surround three simple waxy flowers, gaining popularity for the plant as an ornamental. The plant is named after explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729-1811), after it was documented on one of his expeditions.

Description
The species grow 1 to 12 m tall, scrambling over other plants with their spiky thorns. They are evergreen where rainfall occurs all year, or deciduous if there is a dry season. The leaves are alternate, simple ovate-acuminate, 4–13 cm long and 2–6 cm broad. The actual flower of the plant is small and generally white, but each cluster of three flowers is surrounded by three or six bracts with the bright colours associated with the plant, including pink, magenta, purple, red, orange, white, or yellow. Bougainvillea glabra is sometimes called "paper flower" because its bracts are thin and papery. The fruit is a narrow five-lobed achene.

History
The first European to describe these plants was Philibert Commerçon, a botanist accompanying French Navy admiral Louis Antoine de Bougainville during his voyage of circumnavigation of the Earth, and first published by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789. It is possible that the first European to observe these plants was Jeanne Baret, Commerçon's lover and assistant, who was an expert in botany. Because she was not allowed on the ship as a woman, she disguised herself as a man in order to make the journey (and thus became the first woman to circumnavigate the globe). Twenty years after Commerçon's description, it was first published as 'Buginvillæa' in Genera Plantarum by A. L. de Jussieu in 1789. The genus was subsequently spelled in several ways until it was finally established as "Bougainvillea" in the Index Kewensis in the 1930s. Originally, B. spectabilis and B. glabra were undifferentiated until the mid-1980s when botanists classified them as distinct species. In the early 19th century, these two species were the first to be introduced into Europe, and soon nurseries in France and Britain sold these varieties in Australia and throughout their former colonies. Meanwhile, Kew Gardens distributed plants it had propagated to British colonies throughout the world. Soon thereafter, a crimson specimen in Cartagena, Colombia was added to the genus descriptions. Originally thought to be a distinct species, it was named B. buttiana in honour of the European who first encountered it. However, later studies classified it as a natural hybrid of a variety of B. glabra and possibly B. peruviana - a "local pink bougainvillea" from Peru. Natural hybrids were soon found to be common occurrences all over the world. For instance, around the 1930s, when the three species were grown together, many hybrid crosses were produced almost spontaneously in East Africa, India, the Canary Islands, Australia, North America, and the Philippines.

Cultivation and uses
Bougainvillea are popular ornamental plants in most areas with warm climates, including Florida, South Carolina, South India, California, across the Mediterranean Basin.

Although it is frost-sensitive and hardy in USDA Hardiness Zones 9b and 10, bougainvillea can be used as a houseplant or hanging basket in cooler climates. In the landscape, it makes an excellent hot season plant, and its drought tolerance makes it ideal for warm climates year-round. Its high salt tolerance makes it a natural choice for colour in coastal regions. It can be pruned into a standard, but is also grown along fence lines, on walls, in containers and hanging baskets, and as a hedge or an accent plant. Its long arching thorny branches bear heart-shaped leaves and masses of papery bracts in white, pink, orange, purple, and burgundy. Many cultivars, including double-flowered and variegated, are available.

Many bougainvillea today are the result of interbreeding among only three out of the eighteen South American species recognised by botanists. There are over 300 varieties of bougainvillea. Because many of the hybrids have been crossed over several generations, it is difficult to identify their respective origins. Natural mutations seem to occur spontaneously throughout the world; wherever large numbers of plants are being produced, bud-sports will occur. This had led to multiple names for the same cultivar (or variety) and has added to the confusion over the names of bougainvillea cultivars.

The growth rate of bougainvillea varies from slow to rapid, depending on the variety. They tend to flower all year round in equatorial regions. Elsewhere, they are seasonal, with bloom cycles typically four to six weeks. Bougainvillea grow best in dry soil, in very bright full sun and with frequent fertilisation; but they require little water once established, and in fact will not flourish if over-watered. They can be easily propagated via tip cuttings.

Bougainvillea is also a very attractive genus for Bonsai enthusiasts, due to their ease of training and their radiant flowering during the spring. They can be kept as indoor houseplants in temperate regions and kept small by bonsai techniques.

B. × buttiana is a garden hybrid of B. glabra and B. peruviana. It has produced numerous garden-worthy cultivars.

The cultivars 'San Diego Red' and 'Mary Palmer's Enchantment' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Bougainvillea are relatively pest-free plants, but they may be susceptible to worms, snails and aphids. The larvae of some Lepidoptera species also use them as food plants, for example the giant leopard moth (Hypercompe scribonia).

Symbolism and nomenclature
Various species of Bougainvillea are the official flowers of Guam (where it is known as the Puti Tai Nobiu); Lienchiang and Pingtung Counties in Taiwan; Ipoh, Malaysia; the cities of Tagbilaran, Philippines; Camarillo, California; Laguna Niguel, California; San Clemente, California; the cities of Shenzhen, Huizhou, Zhuhai, and Jiangmen in Guangdong Province, China; Xiamen, Fujian and Naha, Okinawa. Is also the national flower in Grenada.

Native to South America, bougainvillea carry several names in the different regions where they are present. Apart from Rioplatense Spanish santa-rita, Colombian Spanish veranera, Peruvian Spanish papelillo, it may be variously named primavera, três-marias, sempre-lustrosa, santa-rita, ceboleiro, roseiro, roseta, riso, pataguinha, pau-de-roseira and flor-de-papel in Brazilian Portuguese. Nevertheless, buganvília in Portuguese and buganvilia  in Spanish are the most common names accepted by people of the regions where these languages are spoken but it is an introduced plant.

Toxicity
The sap of bougainvillea can cause serious skin rashes, similar to Toxicodendron species.

Taxonomy and phylogeny
As of 2010, Bougainvillea is generally placed in the Bougainvilleeae subtribe (containing 3 genera) of the Nyctaginaceae tribe with Pisonieae being a sister subtribe (containing 4 genera):

Species
According to the Catalogue of Life, there are 16 species of Bougainvillea.

• Bougainvillea berberidifolia Heimerl

• Bougainvillea campanulata Heimerl

• Bougainvillea glabra Choisy

• Bougainvillea herzogiana Heimerl

• Bougainvillea infesta Griseb.

• Bougainvillea lehmanniana Heimerl

• Bougainvillea malmeana Heimerl

• Bougainvillea modesta Heimerl

• Bougainvillea pachyphylla Heimerl ex Standl.

• Bougainvillea peruviana Humb. & Bonpl.

• Bougainvillea praecox Griseb.

• Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.

• Bougainvillea spinosa (Cav.) Heimerl

• Bougainvillea stipitata Griseb.

• Bougainvillea trollii Heimerl

• Bougainvillea × buttiana Holttum & Standl. (B. glabra × B. peruviana)

title: Bougainvillea


text: User talk:68.174.79.150

title: User talk:68.174.79.150


text:
DEQ

DEQ can refer to
 * Delivered Ex Quay, an Incoterm
 * Department of Environmental Quality, any of various U.S. state agencies:
 * Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality
 * Idaho Department of Environmental Quality
 * Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality
 * Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
 * Montana Department of Environmental Quality
 * Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality
 * Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
 * Utah Department of Environmental Quality
 * J. Lynn Helms Sevier County Airport, De Queen, Arkansas, United States
 * Deqing Moganshan Airport, in Zhejiang, China
 * Double-ended queue
 * Deq (tattoo), traditional Kurdish tattoos

title: DEQ


text:
DDU

DDU, Ddu, DdU, D.D.U., or D.D.U may refer to:
 * Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, India
 * Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Hospital, Shimla, India
 * Dumont d'Urville Station, a French scientific station in Antarctica
 * Dymaxion Deployment Unit, a temporary housing unit designed by R. Buckminster Fuller for the United States Army in 1940
 * Delivered Duty Unpaid, an international commercial term; see Incoterm
 * DDU: District Detective Unit, an Irish police procedural drama from RTÉ
 * Drug Dependency Unit, a special centre in the UK where drug addicts are treated, see Brain Committee for first use
 * Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction, station code: DDU
 * Display Driver Uninstaller, a popular GPU driver removal tool for Nvidia, AMD, and Intel graphics cards

title: DDU


text:
Talk:A Time for Judas

Untitled
Why did someone take out the additional material? I'm reverting. . . please let me know if there is some reason it was removed. Quadell 20:43, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Time for Judas


text:
File:Www.pitchshifter.com album cover.jpg

Summary
Cover of the 'www.pitchshifter.com' album by the band 'Pitchshifter'.

Fair use rationale for Www.pitchshifter.com

 * 1) It illustrates a well-known title released by the band for informational purposes only
 * 2) It is a reduced quality image and does not affect the copyright holder financially
 * 3) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way
 * 4) Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD


text:
Talk:Hippocratic Corpus

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2019 and 6 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Snapperfly.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:22, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 20 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Lampagliacci, RRAY1798. Peer reviewers: RyGuy619.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:22, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 25 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): UnmarkedPillz, Fendi21. Peer reviewers: Nold0400.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:22, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 August 2018 and 7 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sprint23, Satislupis.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:28, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Content Development
This article has some very good information about the general ideas and general being of the works within the Hippocratic Corpus collection. It does not, however, discuss the amplitude of ideas that are conveyed within the works. Therefore, I believe it is a good idea to create a section with some of that relevant information in order to give readers a rough idea on different topics that can be found in these works.

I specifically plan to work on developing a section of Urology in the Hippocratic Corpus. I plan to use two articles for the bulk of this development. The two main sources for this development will be:
 * 1. "Hippocrates and urology: The first surgical subspecialty". Urology. 50 (1): 157–159. 1997-07-01. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00114-3. ISSN 0090-4295.
 * 2. Poulakou-Rebelakou, E.; Rempelakos, A.; Tsiamis, C.; Dimopoulos, C.; Poulakou-Rebelakou, E.; Rempelakos, A.; Tsiamis, C.; Dimopoulos, C. (2015-2). ""I will not cut, even for the stone": origins of urology in the hippocratic collection". International braz j urol. 41 (1): 26–29. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.01.05. ISSN 1677-5538. PMC 4752053. PMID 25928507.

--Sprint23 (talk) 18:32, 5 November 2018 (UTC)

Koan link
Why does the attribute "Koan" ("of the island of Kos") in the introduction refer to the Buddhist term "Koan"? They are only homonyms, nothing more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.77.234.11 (talk • contribs)
 * This should not be so... I shall fix it. -- Rmrfstar 22:43, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

WPMED assessment
I'm tagging this article as importance=Mid, class=Start. Start class mostly because there are two reference sections, in different formats, and because there is little explanation of the context, significance, etc. of this topic. Mid importance because it is an historical interest but does not concern diseases or treatments. --Una Smith 04:25, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * There are two reference sections, in different formats. But they are not independent or redundant; they are complementary: the "bibliography" section contains the complete citations for works mentioned above it. This is quite standard formating I believe. It is also the same scheme that was used in the FA Hippocrates, on which I also worked. -- Rmrfstar 16:37, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

hot poker
At least 2 very different medical techniques have been described as modern-day descendants of a procedure that Hippocrates performed with a hot poker. See Hippocrates"hot+poker". Could someone add a mention of that procedure to this article? (I would, but all I know about it is the brief mentions I read in articles about those modern techniques). --68.0.124.33 (talk) 14:53, 28 July 2009 (UTC)
 * There are a *lot* of modern medical procedures that derive from practices described in the Hippocratic Corpus. Note that cauterization is already mentioned in Hippocrates. The other technique, prolotherapy, is not mentioned. If you can find a source and write a good sentence-long summary, I might support including it in that (more appropriate) article. -- Rmrfstar (talk) 12:57, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * One of the results of that Google search, the article "The Patients of Jobe", seems to talk about a procedure Hippocrates performed with a hot poker that has something to do with an arm dislocated from its shoulder. The modern dislocated-arm repair techniques -- techniques that that article claims are descended from that procedure -- seem to be entirely unrelated to cauterization or prolotherapy. Do all 3 of these modern techniques derive from that same ancient procedure? Is that procedure something that we know Hippocrates himself performed, or is it merely a procedure mentioned in the Hippocratic Corpus? --68.0.124.33 (talk) 06:29, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The shoulder-poking is prolotherapy. It is possible, even likely, that the procedure was not performed by Hippocrates himself. However, the article Hippocrates largely treats the "Hippocratic School". -- Rmrfstar (talk) 08:09, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Importance of the Corpus to medicine
I was surprised the importance of this article was rated "Low". It is important for historical reasons, as the first Western systematic reference on medicine, & having decisively influenced Western medicine -- & still does as having established much of the current medical vocabulary. IIRC, it was used as an authoritative reference for centuries in the Greek, Roman, & Arabic worlds. One could even argue that this article deserves a higher rating due to its profound influence; considering that WPMED covers over 41,000 articles & less than 10,000 are ranked as "Mid" importance, there is no harm giving this the benefit of the doubt & rating its importance higher. -- llywrch (talk) 17:44, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: History of Science to Newton
— Assignment last updated by Patt0400 (talk) 18:04, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hippocratic Corpus