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Women's college

Women's colleges in higher education are undergraduate, bachelor's degree-granting institutions, often liberal arts colleges, whose student populations are composed exclusively or almost exclusively of women. Some women's colleges admit male students to their graduate schools or in smaller numbers to undergraduate programs, but all serve a primarily female student body.

Distinction from finishing school
A women's college offers an academic curriculum exclusively or primarily, while a girls' or women's finishing school (sometimes called a charm school) focuses on social graces such as deportment, etiquette, and entertaining; academics if offered are secondary.

The term finishing school has sometimes been used or misused to describe certain women's colleges. Some of these colleges may have started as finishing schools but transformed themselves into rigorous liberal arts academic institutions, as for instance the now defunct Finch College. Likewise the secondary school Miss Porter's School was founded as Miss Porter's Finishing School for Young Ladies in 1843; now it emphasizes an academic curriculum.

A women's college that had never described itself as a finishing school can acquire the misnomer. Throughout the 114-year history of the women's college Sweet Briar, students and alumnae have objected to calling it a finishing school. Nonetheless the finishing school characterization persisted, and may have contributed to declining enrollment, financial straits, and the school's near closure in 2015. Characterization of Sweet Briar as finishing school
 * (noting daughter of Dr. Hay was a junior attending the "Sweet Briar, Va. Finishing School" in 1922.)
 * "[Hugo Black was] a traditional southern sexist male who believed...that women should not go out of their way to read the classics. Instead they should go to finishing school and prepare themselves for the rewarding, nurturing role of wife and mother...[H]e wanted [his daughter Jo Jo] to go to Sweet Briar College because, according to him, scholarship should never play too big a role in a woman's life”.

Declining number
The continuing relevance of women's colleges has been questioned. While fifty years ago there were 240 women's colleges in the U.S., only about 40 now remain. In the words of a teacher at Radcliffe (a women's college that merged with Harvard): "[i]f women’s colleges become unnecessary, if women’s colleges become irrelevant, then that’s a sign of our [women's] success."

Africa

 * Somaliland
 * Barwaaqo University, Baliga Cas (estd. 2017)

 * Sudan
 * Ahfad University for Women

Asia

 * Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh (estd. 2008)
 * Bethune College, the first women's college in South Asia (estd. 1879)
 * Indraprastha College for Women, Delhi (estd. 1924)
 * Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan (estd. 1998)
 * Keisen University in Japan (estd. 1988)
 * Lady Irwin College, New Delhi (estd. 1932)
 * Lahore College for Women University in Pakistan (estd. 1922)
 * Miranda House, New Delhi (estd. 1948)
 * Women's College, Aligarh, India (estd. 1906)

Philippines

 * Assumption College San Lorenzo, Makati City (estd. 1959)
 * Miriam College in Quezon City (estd. 1926)
 * Philippine Women's University, the first women's university in the Philippines and Asia (estd. 1919)
 * St. Paul University Manila (estd. 1912)
 * St. Scholastica's College Manila (estd. 1906)

South Korea

 * Duksung Women's University in Seoul, South Korea. (estd. 1920)
 * Dongduk Women's University in Seoul, South Korea. (estd. 1950)
 * Ewha Womans University in Seoul, South Korea. (estd. 1886)
 * Seoul Women's University in Seoul, South Korea (estd. 1961)
 * Sookmyung Women's University in Seoul, South Korea (estd. 1906)
 * Sungshin Women's University in Seoul, South Korea. (estd. 1936)

Canada
Brescia University College is Canada's only extant university-level women's educational institution. Brescia is affiliated with and located on the campus of the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario.

Mount Saint Vincent University in Halifax, Nova Scotia was originally founded as a women's college in 1875, but became co-educational in 1967.

Middle East

 * Kingdom of Bahrain
 * Royal University for Women

 * United Arab Emirates
 * Dubai Women's College

 * Kuwait
 * Box Hill College Kuwait
 * College for Women, a separate faculty at Kuwait University

Most major universities in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are composed of two branches: a women-only branch and a similar male-only branch. This includes the following universities: The following are female-only institutions:
 * Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
 * King Saud University
 * Al-Imam University
 * King Abdulaziz University
 * King Faisal University
 * Prince Sultan University
 * Effat University
 * Princess Noura University

 * Iran
 * Alzahra University, Tehran

United Kingdom
Mary Astell advocated the idea that women were just as rational as men, and just as deserving of education. First published in 1694, her Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interest presents a plan for an all-female college where women could pursue a life of the mind. The first college to partially realise Astell's plan was Whitelands College, a women's teacher training college opened in 1841 by the Church of England's National Society and since 2004 part of the University of Roehampton. Whitelands was followed by two colleges in London, Queen's College in 1848 and Bedford College in 1849. Queen's College developed into a girls' public school and Bedford College became part of the University of London before merging with another women's college. The first of the Cambridge women's colleges, Girton, which opened in 1869 initially in Hitchin, claims to be the first residential college in Britain to offer degree level education to women. Somerville and Lady Margaret Hall in Oxford opened in 1879.

Existing women's colleges:

 * Murray Edwards College, Cambridge (established 1954, formerly New Hall)
 * Newnham College, Cambridge (established 1871)

Former women's colleges:

 * Bedford College, London (established 1849, became co-educational 1965)
 * Bishop Otter College, now University of Chichester (established 1873, became co-educational 1957)
 * Digby Stuart College, Roehampton University (established 1874, became co-educational 1971)
 * Froebel College, Roehampton University (established 1892, became co-educational 1965)
 * Girton College, Cambridge (established 1869, became co-educational 1976)
 * Hughes Hall, Cambridge (established 1885, became co-educational 1973)
 * Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford (established 1878, became co-educational 1979)
 * Royal Holloway, University of London (established 1879, became co-educational 1965)
 * St Aidan's College, Durham (established 1947, became co-educational 1981)
 * St Anne's College, Oxford (established 1879, became co-educational 1979)
 * St Hild's College, Durham (established 1858, merged to form co-educational college 1975)
 * St Hilda's College, Oxford (established 1893, became co-educational 2008)
 * St Hugh's College, Oxford (established 1886, became co-educational 1986)
 * St Mary's College, Durham (established 1899, became co-educational 2005)
 * Somerville College, Oxford (established 1879, became co-educational 1994)
 * Southlands College, Roehampton University (established 1872, became co-educational 1965)
 * Trevelyan College, Durham (established 1966, became co-educational 1992)
 * Westfield College, London (established 1882, became co-educational 1964)
 * Whitelands College, Roehampton University (established 1841, became co-educational 1965)
 * Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge (established 1965, became co-educational in 2020)

Early history
Women's colleges in the United States were a product of the increasingly popular private girls' secondary schools of the early- to mid-19th century, called "academies" or "seminaries." According to Irene Harwarth, et al., "women's colleges were founded during the mid- and late-19th century in response to a need for advanced education for women at a time when they were not admitted to most institutions of higher education." While there were a few coeducational colleges (such as Oberlin College founded in 1833, Lawrence University in 1847, Antioch College in 1853, and Bates College in 1855), most colleges and universities of high standing at that time were exclusively for men.

Critics of the girls’ seminaries were roughly divided into two groups. The reform group, including Emma Willard, felt seminaries required reform through “strengthening teaching of the core academic subjects.” Others felt seminaries were insufficient, suggesting “a more durable institution--a women’s college--be founded, among them, Catharine E. Beecher. In her True Remedy for the Wrongs of Women (1851), Beecher points out how “seminaries could not offer sufficient, permanent endowments, buildings, and libraries; a corporation whose duty it is to perpetuate the institution on a given plan.”

Another notable figure was Mary Lyon (1797-1849), founder of Mount Holyoke College, whose contemporaries included Sarah Pierce (Litchfield Female Academy, 1792); Catharine Beecher (Hartford Female Seminary, 1823); Zilpah P. Grant Banister (Ipswich Female Seminary, 1828); George Washington Doane (St. Mary's Hall, 1837 now called Doane Academy). Prior to founding Mount Holyoke, Lyon contributed to the development of both Hartford Female Seminary and Ipswich Female Seminary. She was also involved in the creation of Wheaton Female Seminary (now Wheaton College, Massachusetts) in 1834.

Women's College Coalition
The Women's College Coalition is an association of women's colleges and universities (with some observers/participants from the single-sex secondary/high schools) that are either two- and four-year, both public and private, religiously-affiliated and secular. It was founded in 1972, at a time in which the "Civil Rights Movement", the "Women's Rights Movement", and Title IX, as well as demographic and technological changes in the 1960s brought about rapid and complex social and economic change in the United States. These societal changes put increasing pressure of perceived "unpopularity" and "old fashioned" perceptions and opinions placing the concept of "single-sex education" for both women and men on the most drastic downward spiral in its history. Additionally, the landscape of education dramatically changed as many previously all-male high schools (both private/independent and public) along with the colleges, many of which were either forced by official actions or declining attendance figures to become coeducational, thereby offering women many more educational options. At the same time with the similar changes forced on women's institutions, both private and public secondary schools along with the colleges/universities, forced a number of the larger number of girls schools to also coeducate. By the late 1970s, women's enrollment in college exceeded the men's and, today, women make up the majority of undergraduates (57% nationally) on college/university campuses. Women earn better college grades than men do, and are more likely than men to complete college.

During the past several years, the Women's College Coalition engaged in research about the benefits of a women's high school and/or college education in the 21st century. Drawing upon the findings of research conducted by the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) and Hardwick-Day on levels of satisfaction among students and alumnae at women's colleges and coeducational institutions, as well as the Association of American Colleges and Universities, NAICU and others, the Coalition makes the case for women's education and women's high schools and colleges to prospective students, families, policy and opinion makers, the media, employers and the general public.

Women's colleges and universities in North America

 * Agnes Scott College
 * Alverno College
 * Barnard College
 * Bay Path University
 * Bennett College for Women
 * Brenau University
 * Brescia University College
 * Bryn Mawr College
 * Cedar Crest College
 * College of Saint Benedict
 * Cottey College
 * Douglass Residential College of Rutgers University, (the State University of New Jersey)
 * Hollins University
 * Mary Baldwin University
 * Meredith College
 * Moore College of Art and Design
 * Mount Holyoke College
 * Mount Mary College
 * Mount St. Mary's College
 * Notre Dame of Maryland University, (formerly College of Notre Dame of Maryland)
 * St. Catherine University
 * Saint Mary's College (Indiana)
 * Salem College
 * Scripps College
 * Simmons College
 * Smith College
 * Spelman College
 * Stephens College
 * Sweet Briar College
 * Trinity Washington University
 * Ursuline College
 * Wellesley College
 * Wesleyan College
 * Wheaton College (Massachusetts)
 * The Women's College of the University of Denver

title: Women's college


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Petrarch (crater)

Petrarch is a crater on Mercury. This crater is located within the distorted terrain on the opposite side of the planet from the Caloris Basin. It was named after Petrarch, the medieval Italian poet, by the IAU in 1976.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Petrarch (crater)


text:
The Law of Success

The Law of Success is a book written by Napoleon Hill in 1925.

It was originally released as a set of 15 separate booklets before being consolidated into a single-tome book. There were 118 limited edition copies, which were given to many of America's most successful individuals, all of whom had contributed to the content of the book. Orne Publishing used one of these original copies to create a reprinted version of The Law of Success in 2010.

The Law of Success in 16 Lessons is an edited version of Napoleon Hill’s first manuscript, which was reworked under the advisement of several contributors. This version was initially published in 1928 as a multi-volume correspondence course. Later editions consolidated the material into a single hardcover book.

History
According to Hill, the work was commissioned at the request of Andrew Carnegie, at the conclusion of a multi-day interview with Hill. It was allegedly based upon interviews with over 100 American millionaires, including self-made industrial giants such as Henry Ford, J. P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison, across nearly 20 years. The Law of Success was first presented as a lecture, and was delivered by its author in many major cities and in many smaller localities throughout the United States over a period of more than seven years.

Inc. magazine included this among the "14 Great Books for Anyone Who Wants Get Ahead in Life"

The "Master Mind" concept introduced in the first chapter of this first book is regarded to be the key behind Hill's system by some authors. A Mastermind group is specified as a peer-to-peer mentoring group to help members solve their problems with input from the other group members.

Themes
Hill frequently refers to 'The Temple of Success,' and cites the laws and their collective understanding to be the door to the Temple of Success. It is the author's stance that thinking is the most organized form of energy. The 16 lessons include The Law of the Mastermind, A Definite Chief Aim, Self-Confidence, Habit of Saving, Initiative and Leadership, Imagination, Enthusiasm, Self-Control, Doing More than Paid For, A Pleasing Personality, Accurate Thinking, Concentration, Cooperation, Profiting by Failure, Tolerance, and The Golden Rule.

title: The Law of Success


text:
Music Bank (album)

Music Bank is a box set of a large variety of songs by the American rock band Alice in Chains. It was released on October 26, 1999, on Columbia Records. The box set includes previously unreleased demos, hit singles, remixes, alternative versions and four new songs, "Fear the Voices", "Get Born Again", "Lying Season", and "Died". The track "Fear the Voices" was released as a single to promote the box set. Music Bank peaked at No. 123 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Overview
The box set consists of three music discs, 48 songs, including rarities, previously unreleased demos and mixes by the band, and previously released and remastered material from their albums Facelift, Sap, Dirt, Jar of Flies, Alice in Chains and Unplugged and a CD-ROM disc containing various multimedia.

In 1998, vocalist Layne Staley reunited with Alice in Chains to record two new songs, "Get Born Again" and "Died". Originally written for Jerry Cantrell's solo album Degradation Trip, the songs were released on Music Bank.

Personnel

 * Mark Arm – vocals on "Right Turn"
 * Jeff Beck – graphic design
 * Jerry Cantrell – guitar, vocals, liner notes pages 48–53, compilation title, cover concept
 * Chris Cornell – vocals on "Right Turn"
 * Peter Cronin – photography
 * Paul Hernandez – photography
 * Mike Inez – bass (disc 1: track 1, disc 2: tracks 16 & 17, disc 3: tracks 3–11, 13–14), guitar (disc 3: track 12)
 * Dennis Keeley – photography
 * Sean Kinney – drums, liner notes (inner box), concept, cover concept, supervisor, direction, production concept
 * Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 * Scott Olson – guitar (disc 3: tracks 11 & 13), bass (disc 3: track 12)
 * Layne Staley – vocals, guitar ("Angry Chair", "Hate to Feel", "Head Creeps", "Died")
 * Mike Starr – bass (disc 1: tracks 2–17, disc 2: tracks 1–15, disc 3: tracks 1–2)
 * Ann Wilson – vocals on "Am I Inside"
 * Jonathan Meyer – graphic assistant
 * Peter Fletcher – compilation producer, foreword
 * Neil Zlozower – photography
 * Jeffrey Mayer – photography
 * Catherine Wessel – photography
 * Karen Moskowitz – photography
 * Michael Simpson – package supervision
 * Mary Maurer – art direction, design
 * Chris Cuffaro – photography
 * Doug Erb – design
 * Danny Clinch – photography
 * Steffan Chirazi – liner notes
 * Marty Temme – photography
 * Brandy Flower – design
 * Christopher Wray-McCann – photography

title: Music Bank (album)


text:
2600

2600 may refer to:

 * 2600 hertz, the audio tone used in phreaking to gain control of telephone networks
 * 2600: The Hacker Quarterly, a magazine named after the aforementioned 2,600 Hz tone
 * Atari 2600 video game console
 * ATI's Radeon R600 Radeon HD 2xxx series graphics card
 * ARP 2600 analog synthesizer
 * Alfa Romeo 2600, an executive car
 * Nokia 2600, a mobile phone released in 2004
 * Nokia 2600 classic, a mobile phone released in 2008
 * The last year of the 26th century
 * The number 2600

title: 2600


text:
Talk:2600

Simplified stub, added stub msg, and ital. disambig. msg. blankfaze | &#9835 04:13, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Requested move 6 September 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Lennart97 (talk) 12:51, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

2600 → 2600 (disambiguation) – The page "2600" should redirect to 3rd millennium. 176.88.28.90 (talk) 12:33, 6 September 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per the other RMs, no evidence is provided by the nomination that readers want a completely empty section above all else. Years that are hundreds of years away are not usually the primary topic because we are not Nostradamus. Nohomersryan (talk) 16:29, 6 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. There is nothing specific to be said about the year, so it cannot be primary. -- Tavix ( talk ) 22:01, 6 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No primary topic for this term, and especially not a topic comprising 1% of an empty section.  Certes (talk) 00:14, 9 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:2600


text:
Leftöver Crack

Leftöver Crack is an American punk rock band formed in 1998, following the breakup of Choking Victim. The band is currently signed to Tankcrimes for CD releases, and Alternative Tentacles for vinyl releases. Leftöver Crack spans several different music genres including hardcore punk, ska, and crust punk. They write mostly political lyrics of a radical leftist nature, opposing religion, capitalism, and authority. Members of Leftöver Crack reside in the C-Squat on 155 Avenue C in the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Natives of New York City, band members have a well-documented history of back-and-forth conflict with the NYPD which precedes the band's formation. The name "Leftöver Crack" is explained by Stza as being "an oxymoron", based on the idea that crack cocaine addicts are known for vigorous use and are unlikely to have any "leftover" crack.

1998-2000: Beginnings
Formed around the same time as the breakup of Choking Victim, Leftöver Crack was initially an outlet for Choking Victim frontman Scott Sturgeon a.k.a. Stza to release songs that, for one reason or another, were never recorded by Choking Victim and which he claims are the "Leftover songs"—hence the name. For almost two years following the band's formation, the band consisted almost solely of Stza, who recorded many of the songs that would feature on later releases onto a four-track recorder whilst searching for band members. The band eventually solidified (albeit temporarily) around a lineup of Scott "Stza" Sturgeon (vocals, additional guitars), Brad Logan of F-Minus (guitar), Alec Baillie (bass, previously of Choking Victim), Mike Trujillo of Blindsided (guitar) and Amery "AWOL" Smith (drums, previously of Suicidal Tendencies and the Beastie Boys).

Now a complete band, Leftöver Crack proceeded to record several songs with the full lineup, including "Rock the 40 Oz.", "Crack City Rockers" and "The Good, the Bad & the Leftöver Crack"—effectively the band's "theme song". Five of these songs were later included on the band's first release, Rock the 40 Oz. 7-inch EP, which was released by Bankshot! Records on March 8, 2000.

2001: Signing to Hellcat Records
After contributing the song "Crack City Rockers" to the second installment of Hellcat Records' Give 'em the Boot compilation series, the band was signed to the label, initially being contracted to produce three albums for Hellcat. The band agreed, and promptly began recording songs for their first full-length album, tentatively titled Shoot the Kids at School.

Hellcat Records refused to release the album, due to concerns over the album's controversial title, artwork, and subject matter (especially regarding the recent Columbine shootings). The band eventually relented and changed the album's title, art, and track listing, under the promise that they would be released from their contract afterward as a result. The album was eventually released under the title of Mediocre Generica, a sly attack at Hellcat Records, who Stza claimed wanted a "mediocre, generic" album compared the original. The album was released on September 11, 2001.

At this point, the band now consisted of Stza (vocals, additional guitars), Alec (bass), Ezra, and Ara Babajian from NYC ska band Agent 99, and later The Slackers, on drums.

2002-2003: Split from Hellcat Records and new music
As a result of legal disputes with Hellcat Records, the band was effectively left in limbo for approximately two years, unable to leave their current label, yet also unable to sign to another—as well as being unable to release any new material under the name of Leftöver Crack. However, the band did manage to bend the rules of their contract slightly, releasing a split EP with F-Minus as the Crack Rock Steady Seven—effectively Leftöver Crack working under aliases with additional musicians. The EP was titled Baby Jesus, Sliced up in the Manger and was released on November 27, 2003.

In February 2003, the band began to record the songs that they had written and developed over the last three years with esteemed engineer Steve Albini, a majority of which would see a release on their second album. After recording two final songs that winter, and having finally been dropped from Hellcat Records' roster, the band opted to release the song the following the year as the Fuck World Trade demo for the consideration of independent punk record labels. Around the same time, the band were approached by renowned underground punk rock figure and ex-Dead Kennedys frontman Jello Biafra, and consequently signed to his Alternative Tentacles record label.

2004-2006: Fuck World Trade and hiatus
On August 30, 2004, Leftöver Crack released their second album, Fuck World Trade, on Alternative Tentacles (Household Name Records in the UK).

The album was banned in multiple chain stores such as Wal-Mart, Best Buy and Music Land due to the album's controversial name and subject matter—as well as the front cover, which features George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Rudy Giuliani (Tony Blair on the UK release) causing the World Trade Center attacks.

The album also displayed a greater degree of artistic freedom from the band, featuring longer songs, a wider range of instrumentation (such as strings, synthesizers and double-bass drumming) and a larger amount of genre experimentation—featuring elements of death metal, classical music and folk music along with the band's trademark combination of anarcho-punk and ska. The album also included several guest appearances, including Chris Head, Justin Sane, and Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, as well as a collaboration with The World/Inferno Friendship Society.

The band took an indefinite hiatus after the death of drummer Brandon Possible at the end of 2004. Stza spent the interim playing Leftöver Crack and Choking Victims songs by himself at a few solo acoustic shows. Ezra spent time writing songs for his band Morning Glory. Leftöver Crack began touring again in the summer of 2005, including some dates with Citizen Fish and The World/Inferno Friendship Society, as well as playing dates in October 2005 in California after the Wasted Fest was canceled. The so-called Crack Rock Steady Seven also embarked on a small European tour in November; however, this incarnation consisted of only Stza and The Infested, in some cases billed as the "Crack Steady Rockers".

2006-2007: Return and split with Citizen Fish
Blacknoise Records released a four-way split entitled The Kids Are Gonna Pay... in March 2006 with Leftöver Crack contributing 1 new song, "Look Who's Talking Now". Other bands on the split included Morning Glory, F-Minus, and Bent Outta Shape. The 7-inch was limited to 1000 copies on white vinyl and is now sold out. The first 100 included limited-edition patches designed by Brad Logan's wife Kristen, and some included an insert.

On October 31, 2006, Fat Wreck Chords released a 7-inch split single with UK ska punk band Citizen Fish, to which Leftöver Crack contributed the new song "Baby Punchers". To support the release, the two bands joined with other Fat Wreck bands, The Sainte Catherines and Dead to Me, and went on a U.S. tour. The full-length split with Citizen Fish, entitled Deadline, was released on March 6, 2007, with Fat Wreck Chords releasing the CD version and Alternative Tentacles releasing the vinyl version. The album featured seven songs from each band (plus an intro for Leftöver Crack's side), as well as featuring three songs originally intended to be released by Stza's newer band, Star Fucking Hipsters. 1103 copies were released on white vinyl.

2007-2011: Departure of Ezra and tour of Australia
Following the release and subsequent touring in support of Deadline, Leftöver Crack gradually became less prominent as members (namely Stza and Ezra) focused on other musical projects—such as Star Fucking Hipsters and Morning Glory, respectively. Although still regularly playing shows, the band effectively took a backseat, especially as Star Fucking Hipsters released their first two albums, Until We're Dead and Never Rest in Peace.

Towards the end of 2009, it was announced that longtime guitarist and backing vocalist Ezra had left the band. Although initially appearing to be an amicable departure, this later escalated when Stza effectively began an online "feud" with Ezra, accusing him of being a liar and drug addict.

In November 2009, Leftöver Crack toured Australia and New Zealand for the first time in their career. However, the lineup for all of the shows consisted of Stza, guitarist Frank Piegaro (of Star Fucking Hipsters/Degenerics) and two Australians filling in: Alex Flamsteed (Hereafter) and Chris Cox (Phalanx).

Following the Australian tour, Stza stated at a house show in West Auckland that Leftöver Crack would most probably be inactive in the future, much like Choking Victim before them. This coincided with the increased rate of activity from Star Fucking Hipsters, which has become his main creative outlet as of late.

In December 2010, Leftöver Crack announced that they were playing three shows. Returning to the lineup was Ezra, implying that the feud between him and Stza may have been resolved.

In January 2011, it was announced through their Facebook page that Leftöver Crack would do a West Coast tour in February and an East Coast tour in March of that year. They would also play a small UK tour in August 2011, including the Reading and Leeds festivals.

2015-2016: Constructs of the State
On July 20, 2015, Scott Sturgeon confirmed Leftöver Crack had finished their third album, Constructs of the State. It was released on November 27, 2015, through Fat Wreck Chords, and featured guest appearances from Days N' Daze, Mischief Brew, The Bouncing Souls, Intro5pect, Blackbird Raum, Penny Rimbaud and Jesse Michaels.

On May 25, 2016, the band released a music video for the song "Bedbugs & Beyond" courtesy of Shibby Pictures.

2021: Change of record label, move to Tankcrimes
It was announced in September 2021 that all Star Fucking Hipsters and Leftöver Crack discography would move from Fat Wreck to Oakland-based record label Tankcrimes. Tankcrimes is a small independent label with bands such as Spazz, Ghoul, Necrot, and punk supergroup Kicker. It is unclear if Never Rest in Peace from Star Fucking Hipsters (which was originally released via Alternative Tentacles) or Mediocre Generica (originally released on Hellcat) would also shift to the Oakland-based record label

2024: Abandon The Precincts
On March 6, 2024, the band released "Shootacide" and announced the release of a new album titled Abandon The Precincts, as well as an upcoming tour.

Venue bans, criminal records and visa restriction
Leftöver Crack has been banned from performing in many venues in New York City, such as ABC No Rio and the Knitting Factory. However, they still play at banned venues under a different name, Crack Rock Steady Seven or individually as solo acts. They repeatedly have trouble touring in certain countries, especially Canada, due to members having prior criminal records. They were denied entry into Canada for a tour scheduled at the end of 2007.

During a show in Boston, in August 2008, Stza angrily stated Leftöver Crack would never return to Boston; however, they played just outside of Boston on June 18, 2016. In 2006, after their show in Boise, Stza announced to a group of fans that they would never return, and Boise was subsequently skipped in '07 and Star Fucking Hipsters' 2010 Boise date was canceled a week or so after being posted, though they returned to Boise in March 2011. In June 2016, Leftöver Crack was allowed entry into Canada and played Amnesia Rockfest in Montebello, Quebec, but many members were denied again in 2018.

Members
Current
 * Stza – lead vocals, keys, guitar (1998–present)
 * Donny Morris – drums (2015–present)
 * Al Rosenberg – guitar (2019–present)
 * Kate Coysh – vocals (2017–present)
 * Tibbie X – vocals (2024–present)

Past
 * Brad Logan – guitar (1998–2000; 2004–2021)
 * Sandra Malak – bass guitar (2021)
 * Alec Baillie – bass (1998–2020; died 2020)
 * Chris Mann – guitar (2015–2019)
 * Amery Smith – drums (1998–2000)
 * Mike Trujillo – guitar (1998–2000)
 * Brandon Chevalier-Kolling (Brandon Possible) – drums (1998, 2004; died 2004)
 * Ezra Kire – guitar (2000–2012)
 * Ara Babajian – drums (2000–2002, 2005–2007)
 * JP Otto – drums (2002–2005)
 * Tom 'Jangles' Knox
 * Joey "Gunner" Hunt
 * Austin Hotchkiss
 * Harrison Rolfe
 * Lance Michael

Studio albums

 * Mediocre Generica (2001, Hellcat)
 * Fuck World Trade (2004, Alternative Tentacles)
 * Constructs of the State (2015, Fat Wreck)

EPs

 * Rock the 40 Oz. (2000, Bankshot!)
 * Shoot the Kids at School (2000)

Compilation albums

 * Rock the 40 Oz: Reloaded (2004, Bankshot!)
 * Leftöver Leftöver Crack: The E-Sides and F-sides (2018, Fat Wreck Chords)

Split albums

 * Baby Jesus Sliced Up in the Manger (as the Crack Rock Steady 7) (2004, Hell Bent)
 * Deadline (split with Citizen Fish) (2006, Fat Wreck Chords)

Music videos

 * "Rock the 40 Oz." (2002)
 * "System Fucked" (2015)
 * "Bedbugs and Beyond" (2016)
 * "Shootacide" (2024)

Compilation album contributions

 * "Crack City Rockers" on Give 'Em the Boot II (1999, Hellcat Records)
 * "Nazi White Trash" on Punk Rawk Explosion #6 (2001, Punk Rawk)
 * "Nazi White Trash" on Eat This! (2001, Eat Me! Records)
 * "Atheist Anthem" on Give 'Em the Boot III (2002, Hellcat Records)
 * "Rock The 40oz" on Go Kart vs. the Corporate Giant Vol. 3, Go Kart Records, 2002
 * "So Ya Wanna Be A Cop?" on A-F Records Sampler (2003, A-F Records)
 * "One Dead Cop" on Fueling the Flames of Revolution Vol. 3 (2003, A-F Records)
 * "Operation: MOVE" and "Super Tuesday" on Against Police Injustice (2003, Non Commercial)
 * "Muppet N.A.M.B.L.A" on Mass Destruction (2003, Bankshot Records)
 * "Burn Them Prisons" on News (S) Hit'S September 04 (2004, Funtomias Records)
 * "Drug Song" and "Nobody Is Free" on Riot Ska (2004, Beer Records)
 * "Operation: M.O.V.E" on Breeding Disloyalty (2004, Household Name Records)
 * "Life Is Pain" on Punk Rawk Explosion #18 (2005, Punk Rawk)
 * "Via Sin Dios" on Rock Sound Speciale Punk Rock 21 (2005, Rock Sound)
 * "World War 4" on X-Mas Bonus (2006, Fat Wreck)
 * "Look Who's Talking Now" on The Kids Are Gonna Pay (2006, Blacknoise Records)
 * "Burn Them Prisons" on Antifascist Action Worldwide Benefit Compilation I (2006, Siempre Contra)
 * "Gang Control" on Stay Sick In '06 (2006, Alternative Tentacles)
 * "And Out Comes The N Bomb" on Sonic Terror Surge 2007 (2007, Alternative Tentacles)
 * "And Out Comes The N-Bomb" on Punk Rawk #36 (2007, Punk Rawk)
 * "World War 4" on Fat Wreck Chords Presents: Land Of The Rising Floyd (2007, Fat Wreck Chords)
 * "Gay Rude Boys Unite" on Rotten Schwuchtel Sampler – A Queer / Pro-Gay Punk & HC-Compilation (2008)
 * "Gang Control" on Alternative Tentacles (2010, Pasazer)
 * "Heroin or Suicide" on And You Call This Civilization? (2010, Pumpkin Records/Anarchistic Undertones)
 * "Super Tuesday" on Compilation Ben Salad Prod 10 Ans Retrospective (2012, Ben Salad Prod)
 * "Burn Them Prisons" on A Benefit Compilation In Love & Solidarity With Kostas Sakkas Volume 2 (2013, Pumpkin Records/Riot Ska Records)
 * "Via Sin Dios" on Fat Gets Heavier (2015, Fat Wreck Chords)
 * "The Lie of Luck" on Fat Music Vol. 8: Going Nowhere Fat (2015, Fat Wreck Chords)
 * "The Lie of Luck" on Fat Music For Fest People Vol. V (2015, Fat Wreck Chords)
 * "System Fucked" on Fat Music For Wrecked People - Groez Cruise 2016 (2016, Fat Wreck Chords)
 * "Gay Rude Boys Unite (Live On The BBC)" on The Punknews.org Banned From The P.C. Mixtape (2017, Narmer Records)
 * "Infested (The Lindane Conspiracy Part I" on Coaster (2018, Fat Wreck Chords, 2018.
 * "Muppet Namblin'" on Fat Music for Fest People 8 (2018, Fat Wreck)

Live

 * Live C-Squat 3/31/01 (2001)
 * Straight Outta' Naples (2002)
 * live at the stage @ Arnhem, Holland (2008)

Bootlegs

 * Live in Reading (2001)
 * Fuck World Trade Demo (2004)

Film

 * Loren Cass (2007)

title: Leftöver Crack


text:
Edward Poynter

Sir Edward John Poynter, 1st Baronet (20 March 1836 – 26 July 1919) was an English painter, designer, and draughtsman, who served as President of the Royal Academy.

Life
Poynter was the son of architect Ambrose Poynter. He was born in Paris, France, though his parents returned to Britain soon after his birth. He was educated at Brighton College and Ipswich School, but left school early for reasons of ill health, spending winters in Madeira and Rome. In 1853, he met Frederick Leighton in Rome, who made a great impression on the 17-year-old Poynter. On his return to London he studied at Leigh's Academy in Newman Street and the Royal Academy Schools, before going to Paris to study in the studio of the classicist painter Charles Gleyre where James McNeill Whistler and George du Maurier were fellow-students.

In 1866 Poynter married the famous beauty Agnes MacDonald, daughter of the Rev. G. B. MacDonald of Wolverhampton, and they had three children. Her sister Georgiana married the artist Edward Burne-Jones; her sister Alice was the mother of writer Rudyard Kipling; and her sister Louisa was the mother of three-times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Stanley Baldwin.

Poynter's sister Clara Bell became a noted translator of literary and scientific works.

Career
He became best known for his large historical paintings such as Israel in Egypt (1867; Guildhall Art Gallery, London), followed by St George for England (1869), a mosaic for the Central Lobby of the Palace of Westminster, depicting St George and the Dragon and perhaps culminating with The visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon (1884–90; Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney). He was admitted as an associate of the Royal Academy in 1869.

Poynter held a number of official posts: he was the first Slade Professor at University College London from 1871 to 1875, principal of the National Art Training School from 1875 to 1881 and director of the National Gallery from 1894 to 1904 (overseeing the opening of the Tate Gallery). He became a full Royal Academician in 1876. In 1896, on the death of Sir John Millais, Poynter was elected President of the Academy. He received a knighthood in the same year and an honorary degree from Cambridge University in 1898. It was announced that he would receive a baronetcy in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 for the (subsequently postponed) coronation of King Edward VII, and on 24 July 1902 he was created a Baronet, of Albert Gate, in the city of Westminster, in the county of London.

Poynter's old school, Brighton College, held an exhibition of Poynter's paintings and drawings entitled Life at Arms Length in its Burstow Gallery in November–December 1995.

Stained glass
Early in his career, Poynter designed some works in stained glass. Parts of the original designs were sometimes re-used in later windows.

Written works

 * with Buxton, H. J. Wilmot (co-author)
 * with Percy Head (co-author)
 * with Percy Head (co-author)

title: Edward Poynter


text:
Frankee

Nicole Francine Aiello (born June 9, 1983), known by her stage name Frankee, is an American model and R&B singer mainly known for her 2004 single "F.U.R.B. (Fuck You Right Back)".

Career
"F.U.R.B. (Fuck You Right Back)" topped the charts in the United Kingdom in May 2004, and Australia in June 2004. While Eamon initially said that he selected Frankee to record the song at an audition, he later stated that his only involvement was in clearing the use of the music with the following statement:

"'I was not involved with 'F.U.R.B.' I have never met Frankee and she is definitely not my girlfriend or ex-girlfriend. The only way I was associated with it was when I was asked for licensing permission by Frankee's representatives, which makes me a writer on her song by copyright law. But I really didn't expect all this to come out of it, they are having fun with it, it's cool but in the end they are paying me for their 15 minutes of fame and I welcome her to my world of Ho-Wop!'"

After leaving Marro Records in 2006, she signed with Big Management immediately afterwards to record a new album. A single, "Watch Me", was released as a digital download in 2006. This song failed to chart, and Frankee was dropped from Big Entertainment.

Later, she worked as a model.

Albums

 * 2004: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly
 * 2006: Watch Me (shelved)

title: Frankee


text:
Hudson Valley Community College

Hudson Valley Community College is a public community college in Troy, New York. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY). Although about eighty percent of the students are from the Capital District, the remainder are from other parts of New York, other states and from some 30 countries around the world. The college is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and is overseen by a 10-member Board of Trustees.

The school has an enrollment of 9,300 students.

History
The roots of HVCC are in the Veteran's Vocational School in downtown Troy, set up in 1946 to provide high school level instruction to returning veterans of World War II. In order to provide college-level instruction to veterans among others, the college was founded in 1953 as the Hudson Valley Technical Institute, providing five vocational training programs. Dwight Marvin, editor of the Troy Record, was one of several community leaders who pressed to create a broader mission for the college, which in 1959 changed its name to Hudson Valley Community College. Marvin served as the first chairman of the college's Board of Trustees.

By 1955, the board of trustees was already looking for a larger location to site a campus. The trustees surveyed likely sites for a new campus.

The new campus was initially opposed by a group of Rensselaer County taxpayers, who argued that the county should not have to pay for half the cost of the campus construction if fewer than half the students were county residents. What would become a landmark case for community colleges in New York State eventually was heard by the state's Court of Appeals. On June 25, 1958, the court upheld the county's right to fund half of the cost of construction and paved the way for capital construction at community colleges around the state. The new campus, with five Indiana limestone buildings, was completed in 1961 and the former factory building was abandoned and eventually torn down.

Growth in the 21st century
A $47.4 million, 100,000-square-foot science center on campus was completed in the fall of 2013. The building houses laboratory and classroom space for the college's science programs and support degree offerings in biological sciences, biotechnology, physical science and environmental science. Equipment and processes available to students include high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy; confocal microscopes; flow cytometers and sorters, advanced digital microscopy; DNA sequencers; real-time PCR detection systems; and automated protein/RNA electrophoresis.

In fall 2019, the college opened the $14.5 million, 37,000 square foot Gene F. Haas Center for Advanced Manufacturing Skills. The center will allow the college to grow enrollment in its Advanced Manufacturing Technology degree program and meet an urgent workforce demand for skilled employees in the region.

College presidents
The college has had eight presidents:
 * Otto V. Guenther, 1953–1965: Otto Guenther was selected in 1953 to be the first president of the newly established Hudson Valley Technical Institute. In 1957, Guenther received approval from the Rensselaer County Board of Supervisors to begin construction of a new campus on the border of Troy and the town of North Greenbush. That transition to a newly created suburban campus and the growth of the student body were Guenther's legacy as president.
 * James J. Fitzgibbons, 1965–1979: James Fitzgibbons presided over growth in the college's student body and in the number of academic programs offered. During his tenure, Hudson Valley's curricula grew from 18 to 38 academic programs. Five new buildings on campus also were completed during the Fitzgibbons presidency. The Fitzgibbons Health Technologies Center was dedicated to the president in 1982.
 * Joseph J. Bulmer, 1979–1996: The longest-tenured president of the college, Joseph J. Bulmer served Hudson Valley for 17 years. A nuclear engineer with a distinguished career at General Electric, Bulmer was responsible for increasing the college's image in the Capital Region. The establishment of distance learning, a Center for Effective Teaching, expanded services for disabled students and the addition of the McDonough Sports Complex, Cogan Hall, Fitzgibbons Health Technologies Center, the Hy Rosenblum Administration Center and the Bulmer Telecommunications Center were accomplished during Bulmer's presidency.
 * Stephen M. Curtis, 1996–1998: Stephen Curtis came to Hudson Valley Community College after serving as interim president of Borough of Manhattan Community College. While at Hudson Valley, he led improvements to the college's distance learning program and helped link the college to several high schools around the region through interactive television.
 * John L. Buono, 1998–2003: The only alumnus to serve as president of Hudson Valley Community College, John Buono had a lengthy career in public service before accepting the offer to serve as interim president of his alma mater. Buono served as Rensselaer County Executive from 1986 to 1995 and was then tapped by Governor George Pataki to head the New York State Dormitory Authority, where he served as director for three years. Buono's tenure as president of the college saw the creation of the Viking Child Care Center, Guenther Enrollment Services Center and the Joseph L. Bruno Stadium. He also established the college's Workforce Development Institute, which provides non-credit, customized training for business and industry.
 * Marco J. Silvestri, Interim President, 2004–2005: Before serving as interim president, Silvestri served as the college's vice president for administration since 1984. During his tenure, the college received reaffirmation of its accreditation by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Universities.
 * Andrew J. Matonak, 2005–2018: "Drew" Matonak assumed the presidency on April 18, 2005. Before arriving at Hudson Valley, he served as president of Northwest Iowa Community College in Sheldon, Iowa, for three years. During his 13-year tenure, Matonak led the college through successive years of enrollment growth as well as numerous improvements to the college infrastructure, including the Administration Building, the TEC-SMART facility in Malta, the Science Center, the Gene F. Haas Center for Advanced Manufacturing Skills, and the Outdoor Athletic Complex.
 * Roger A. Ramsammy, 2018–June 25, 2024: Ramsammy assumed the presidency in July 2018 after previously serving as president of Miami Dade's West Campus and Northern Virginia Community College. Dr. Ramsammy previously served as a faculty member, department chair and dean at Palm Beach Community College. In August 2022, Ramsammy came under fire for his announcement that HVCC would not comply with a SUNY system-wide mandate that incoming students be vaccinated for COVID-19. The system has demanded an explanation for this announcement and the HVCC Faculty Association has filed a formal grievance against the college. Ramsammy was terminated on June 25, 2024 for sexual harassment. Louis Coplin, who recently retired as vice president of student affairs, was named by the board as interim president.

Academics

The college offers more than 80 academic degree and certificate programs (more than 20 online) in three academic schools:

 * School of Business and Liberal Arts
 * School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math
 * School of Health Sciences

Some of the college's most popular academic programs include Criminal Justice, Business, Liberal Arts, Electrical Construction and Maintenance, Nursing, Computer Information Systems, Human Services and Engineering Science. Hudson Valley also offers dozens of college-level courses for the region's secondary students each year through its College in the High School program.

Transfer agreements with more than 100 four-year colleges and universities have been created and maintained so that students have a variety of opportunities once they complete their associate degree at the college. The most popular transfer destinations for graduates are University at Albany, Siena College, The College of Saint Rose and the Sage Colleges.

The college also collaborates with four-year institutions of higher education to host bachelor's degree programs directly on the Troy campus. These include a B.B.A. Business Administration degree from the State University of New York at Cobleskill.

The college oversees the Capital District Educational Opportunity Center, which provides college preparation and career training for those who are income-eligible.

The Marvin Library Learning Commons supports the college's academic programs through its collections and services. The library provides over 100,000 volumes in print, microform, and electronic format. It provides access to over 30,000 journal titles through a range of print and electronic journals. Research databases are available to all registered students and faculty and staff from the library and from off-campus. Faculty librarians are available to provide reference services and individual research consultation by appointment. The library sponsors the Voices lecture series with over a dozen speakers on topics from the arts, politics and contemporary issues in the community. The college's archives are stored in and maintained by the library.

Student Senate
The Student Senate, elected from within the student body, is the elected student government on the campus. The Student Senate at Hudson Valley Community College, with administration and faculty guidance, assumes the responsibility of promoting and coordinating student affairs and student life, authorizing the establishment of new clubs and activities, promoting student welfare and assisting with the annual budget which supports the extracurricular program of over forty-five different activities.

Athletics
The college currently offers intercollegiate sports for men and women. Teams compete in Region III of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and in the Mountain Valley Athletic Conference. The school was one of the inaugural members of the NJCAAE, the only national esports association exclusively for two-year colleges.

The Outdoor Athletic Complex, which includes a turf field for soccer, lacrosse and football as well as an eight-lane track, was completed in 2016. The facility hosted track and field and tennis competitions for the New York State Special Olympics in 2017 and 2018.

The college's teams have won national championships in ice hockey (2001), men's cross country (1996), women's bowling (1995, 2010), women's basketball (1993) and women's alpine skiing (1977).

Culture at Hudson Valley Community College
Maureen Stapleton Theatre – The Maureen Stapleton Theatre, dedicated in 1981, seats 350 people and is located at the north end of the Siek Campus Center. The space was named after the Academy Award-winning actress who was a native of Troy, New York.

Sculpture on campus – Two pieces by noted American sculptor Antoni Milkowski are sited on the campus. The college obtained Runner, which consists of a series of seven shiny stainless steel cubes, in 2009, as a gift from the Milkowski family. It is located in a new quad near the entrance to Administration/Classroom Building. 1971 AD, has been on view in front of the Siek Campus Center since the college's 25th anniversary. The large, cor-ten steel sphere was a gift from the artist who lived and maintained a studio for many years in New Lebanon, New York.

Teaching Gallery – The college's teaching gallery is located in the Administration/Classroom Building. The gallery displays exhibits by regional and national artists each year as well as student exhibitions.

Off-campus sites
Troy Educational Opportunity Center – Hudson Valley Community College operates an extension center at 431 River Street in Troy. The extension center, now named the Troy Educational Opportunity Center, has served as the Troy location of the Capital District Educational Opportunity Center (EOC) while the Albany location is closed. Hudson Valley, which administers the EOC, also now offers credit-bearing college courses, along with credit-free career training through its Office of Workforce Development at the site.

TEC-SMART (Training and Education Center for Semiconductor Manufacturing and Alternative and Renewable Technologies) – Opened in January 2010, the TEC-SMART facility is a joint initiative between the college and NYSERDA (New York State Energy Research and Development Authority). Located in Malta, New York’s Saratoga Technology and Energy Park, the building houses the college's training classrooms in semiconductor manufacturing technology, as well as labs and classrooms for training in renewable energy technologies such as solar and wind power. TEC-SMART is also home to the Clean Technologies Early College High School program, a collaboration prepares high school students from around the region for college and careers in the fields of clean energy, mechatronics, computer information systems, cybersecurity or entrepreneurship.

Notable alumni

 * John L. Buono, politician
 * Paul Price, college football coach
 * Suzanne Elise Walsh, academic administrator

title: Hudson Valley Community College


text:
User:Gwalla/WWE World Heavyweight Title

1960s

 * April, 1963 - awarded to Buddy Rogers when the WWWF breaks away from the NWA

title: User:Gwalla/WWE World Heavyweight Title


text:
Spirit Lake (Washington)

Spirit Lake is a lake in Skamania County, Washington, United States, located north of Mount St. Helens. It was a popular tourist destination for many years until Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980. Previously there had been six camps on the shore of Spirit Lake: Boy Scout (Camp Spirit Lake), the Girl Scout Camp at Spirit Lake, two YMCA camps (Camp Loowit, and Portland YMCA camp), Harmony Fall Lodge, and another for the general public. There were also several lodges accessible to visitors, including Spirit Lake Lodge and Mt. St. Helens Lodge. The latter was owned and operated by Harry R. Truman, a noted victim of the volcano's 1980 eruption.

Human history
The body of water was named "Spirit" by settlers after histories from Native American people in the area spoke of haunting spirits at the lake. The spirits, telling a story of life and death, formed out of the mists into various shapes of trees and animals, foretelling impending doom but good fortune in the afterlife. Any person who saw the apparitions were dead within a week.

A post office named Spirit Lake existed for a brief time, renamed to "Lange" in 1910 after the postmaster. Early mining around the lake began at the turn of the 20th century and necessitated the first road to the area in 1901, replacing a treacherous trail considered unfit for wagons.

Geoglogic history
Prior to 1980, Spirit Lake consisted of two arms that occupied what had been the valleys of the North Fork Toutle River and a tributary. About 4,000 years ago, these valleys were blocked by lahars and pyroclastic flow deposits from Mount St. Helens to form the pre-1980 Spirit Lake. The longest branch of Spirit Lake was about 2.1 mi long. A stable outlet channel flowed from the lake to the North Fork Toutle River across a natural dam composed of volcanic material. The level of Spirit Lake remained basically stable, at an altitude of about 3198 ft.

1980 Mount St. Helens eruption
During the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Spirit Lake received the full impact of the lateral blast from the volcano. The blast and the debris avalanche associated with this eruption temporarily displaced much of the lake from its bed and forced lake waters as a wave as much as 850 ft above lake level on the mountain slopes along the north shoreline of the lake. The debris avalanche deposited about 430000000 m3 of pyrolized trees, other plant material, volcanic ash, and volcanic debris of various origins into Spirit Lake. The deposition of this volcanic material decreased the lake volume by approximately 56000000 m3. Lahar and pyroclastic-flow deposits from the eruption blocked its natural pre-eruption outlet to the North Fork Toutle River valley at its outlet, raising the surface elevation of the lake by between 197 ft and 206 ft. The surface area of the lake was increased from 1,300 acres to about 2,200 acres and its maximum depth decreased from 190 ft to 110 ft. The eruption tore thousands of trees from the surrounding hillsides and swept them into Spirit Lake. These thousands of shattered trees formed a floating log raft on the lake surface that covered about 40% of the lake's surface after the eruption.

After the eruption, Spirit Lake contained highly toxic water with volcanic gases seeping up from the lake bed. A month after the eruption, the bacteria-carrying water was devoid of oxygen. Scientists predicted that the lake would not recover quickly, but the reemergence of phytoplankton starting in 1983 began to restore oxygen levels. Amphibians such as frogs and salamanders recolonized the lake, and fish (reintroduced by fishermen) thrived.

Water levels
The water level of Spirit Lake is maintained at about 3406 ft by draining water through Spirit Lake Outlet Tunnel, a gravity-feed tunnel completed in 1985. The 8465 ft tunnel was cut through Harrys Ridge to South Coldwater Creek, which flows to Coldwater Lake and into the North Fork of the Toutle River. Had the lake level not been stabilized, the dam, which was composed of volcanic avalanche debris created by the 1980 eruption, would have been breached and caused catastrophic flooding within the Toutle River Valley.

An attempt to upgrades and repair the 1985 tunnel began in 2021 but was halted due to concerns over damages to the pumice plain. The project restarted in 2024 and a temporary road, following the prior access path to the lake, will be rebuilt with future work to involve the installation of gates to the tunnel and dredging to prevent the buildup of logs. During the efforts planned through 2027, several trails surrounding the area will no longer be accessible during weekdays.

Climate
Pre-eruption weather data from the Spirit Lake Ranger Station indicates the area either had the rare dry-summer variant of the subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsc), or the rare cold-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csc), both of which are found only in small areas across the world. Recent climate data for the area is not available to confirm whether the post-eruption site still has either one of these rare climate types.

title: Spirit Lake (Washington)


text:
Matilda (1996 film)

Matilda is a 1996 American fantasy comedy film co-produced and directed by Danny DeVito from a screenplay by Nicholas Kazan and Robin Swicord, based on the 1988 novel of the same name by Roald Dahl. The film stars Mara Wilson as the title character, with DeVito himself (who also served a dual role as the narrator), Rhea Perlman, Embeth Davidtz, and Pam Ferris in supporting roles. The plot centers on the titular child prodigy who develops psychokinetic abilities and uses them to deal with her disreputable family and the tyrannical principal of her school.

Matilda was released in the United States on August 2, 1996 by Sony Pictures Releasing under their TriStar Pictures label. The film received positive reviews from critics, with praise being directed towards its faithfulness to the novel and DeVito's direction. The film was a box office disappointment, grossing $47 million on a $36 million budget, but Matilda subsequently attained greater popularity after being released on home video.

Plot
Six-year-old genius Matilda Wormwood is neglected and mistreated by her car dealer father Harry and mother Zinnia, and her older brother, Michael. Smart and independent, she finds solace in books at the public library. When Matilda's parents refuse to enroll her into school, she puts bleach in her father's hair tonic and glues his hat to his head. Harry catches Matilda reading Moby-Dick, rips it up, and forces her to watch game shows on television. Matilda becomes increasingly enraged until the television explodes.

Harry sells a car to Miss Agatha Trunchbull, the tyrannical principal of Crunchem Hall Elementary School, in exchange for admitting Matilda as a student. The other students warn Matilda about Trunchbull's abusive disciplinary methods, which include throwing students out the window and locking them in the iron maiden-like "chokey". Matilda's teacher, Miss Jennifer Honey, notices the ease with which Matilda answers middle school multiplication questions and requests Matilda be moved to a higher class, but Trunchbull refuses. The Wormwoods are not interested either. Trunchbull has the whole school watch her force pupil Bruce Bogtrotter to eat an entire enormous chocolate cake as punishment for stealing a slice. Matilda leads the students in cheering Bruce to success, and Trunchbull gives them all five hours detention. Matilda discovers her father is under surveillance by the FBI over his illegal dealings. Her parents refuse to believe her warning, as Zinnia flirts with the two agents who pose as speedboat salesmen.

Discovering the car from Harry to be faulty, Trunchbull locks Matilda in the chokey as punishment. Miss Honey rescues Matilda, and Matilda's friend Lavender puts a newt in Trunchbull's water jug. Trunchbull accuses Matilda, who, in anger at the injustice, telekinetically tips the glass over, splashing the newt onto Trunchbull. Matilda is unable to reproduce her powers to Honey during a test. Honey invites Matilda to tea and reveals her past: her mother died when she was two, and her father Magnus invited his wife's stepsister, Trunchbull, to live with them and look after her, but Trunchbull abused her. Magnus died, apparently by suicide, when Honey was five and left everything to Trunchbull in his will. Matilda and Honey sneak into Trunchbull's house to retrieve some of Honey's belongings. They narrowly escape when Trunchbull unexpectedly returns.

Matilda practices her telekinetic powers and thwarts the FBI agents to buy Harry time to come to his senses. She returns to Trunchbull's house to retrieve a doll from Miss Honey's childhood, and attempts to force Trunchbull out of the house by using her powers to pose as the vengeful spirit of Magnus. Trunchbull finds a hair ribbon Matilda accidentally left behind. The next day, Matilda returns the doll to Miss Honey and reveals her powers to her. Trunchbull visits the class to make Matilda confess. Miss Honey reveals her secret to the class and Matilda, again posing as Magnus' vengeful soul, telekinetically writes a message on the blackboard. The message accuses Trunchbull of murdering him and demands Trunchbull return Miss Honey's house and money, and leave town. Trunchbull attacks the students in a rage, but Matilda protects them and they force Trunchbull out.

Miss Honey moves back into her house. Harry, Zinnia, and Michael come to take Matilda and flee to Guam to avoid the FBI. Matilda refuses to go, saying she would rather be adopted by Honey. Her parents sign the adoption papers and Matilda lives happily with Honey, who becomes principal of Crunchem Hall.

Cast

 * Mara Wilson as Matilda Wormwood: a 6-year-old girl with special powers
 * Katelyn and Zoey Rosen as Baby Matilda (uncredited)
 * Kayla and Kelsey Fredericks as 9-month-old Matilda
 * Amanda and Caitlin Fein as 2-year-old Matilda
 * Sara Magdalin as 4-year-old Matilda
 * Pam Ferris as Agatha Trunchbull: the abusive principal of Crunchem Hall school
 * Embeth Davidtz as Miss Jennifer Honey: the kind teacher who inspires Matilda
 * Amanda and Kristyn Summers as 2-year-old Jennifer
 * Phoebe Garcia-Pearl as 5-year-old Jennifer
 * Danny DeVito as Harry Wormwood: Matilda's car salesman father
 * DeVito also narrates
 * Rhea Perlman as Zinnia Wormwood: Matilda's bingo-obsessed mother
 * Paul Reubens and Tracey Walter as Bob and Bill: two FBI agents investigating Harry's illegal car business.
 * Kiami Davael as Lavender, Matilda's best friend
 * Jacqueline Steiger as Amanda Thripp: Matilda's timid classmate
 * Jimmy Karz as Bruce Bogtrotter: Matilda's gluttonous classmate
 * Kira Spencer-Hesser as Hortensia: a schoolmate
 * Jean Speegle Howard as Mrs. Phelps: the librarian
 * Marion Dugan as Cookie: the school cook
 * Jon Lovitz as Mickey, a game show host

Production
In November 1993, Universal Pictures won a screen adaptation of Matilda by Roald Dahl, written by writers Nicholas Kazan and Robin Swicord, following a heated bidding war between Universal and Columbia Pictures. Following disagreements between Danny DeVito and Bregman-Baer Productions over budgetary concerns, Universal put Matilda into turnaround, with Columbia's sister company TriStar Pictures picking up the project.

Miriam Margolyes confirmed that she auditioned for the role of Agatha Trunchbull during a filmed interview with Jo Brand for the UK television special Roald Dahl's Revolting Rule Book, which was hosted by Richard E. Grant and aired on September 22, 2007. This documentary commemorated Dahl's 90th birthday and also celebrated his impact as a children's author in popular culture. Margolyes went on to play Aunt Sponge (another Dahl villainess) as well as the voice of the Glowworm in James and the Giant Peach, also released in 1996.

DeVito and cinematographer Stefan Czapsky made heavy use of wide-angle lenses and exaggerated perspective, in a manner similar to the films of Terry Gilliam.

Pam Ferris (Miss Trunchbull) incurred several injuries during the production of the film. The climactic scene where she is whacked by blackboard erasers required her to keep her eyes open, causing chalk dust to get caught in her eyes and necessitating several trips to the hospital to get her eyes washed out. The scene where Trunchbull whirls Amanda Thripp (Jacqueline Steiger) by her pigtails required a harness to support the little girl, the wires of which were threaded through the pigtails and then looped around Ferris's fingertips to give her grip. As she swung her around, the centrifugal force grew too great and tore the top part of Ferris' finger, requiring seven or eight stitches.

The Crank House, in Altadena, stood in for Miss Trunchbull's house. The exterior of Matilda's house is located on Youngwood Drive in Whittier, while the library she visits is the Pasadena Public Library on East Walnut Street in Pasadena.

Suzie Wilson, Mara Wilson's mother, was diagnosed with breast cancer in March 1995 during filming, and later died on April 27, 1996, four months before the film's release. The film was dedicated to her memory. DeVito revealed that, prior to her death, he had shown her the final edit of the film so that she was able to see Mara's performance.

Music
Two songs are featured in the film. One of them, "Send Me on My Way" by Rusted Root, is played twice: when four-year-old Matilda is left alone at her house, making pancakes, and at the end of the film, set to a montage of Matilda and Miss Honey playing at Miss Trunchbull's former house. The other song is Thurston Harris' "Little Bitty Pretty One", played when Matilda is learning to control her telekinetic powers. The film's original score was composed by David Newman, a frequent collaborator of DeVito.

Box office
Matilda was released on August 2, 1996. It made $8.5 million at the US box office in its opening weekend, ranking in third place behind A Time to Kill and Independence Day. The film grossed $33.5 million in the United States and Canada and $47 million worldwide against a production budget of $36 million.

Home media
The film was released on VHS in pan and scan and LaserDisc in widescreen on December 17, 1996, from Columbia TriStar Home Video. In 1997, it was released on a bare-bones dual sided DVD containing fullscreen and widescreen. Another DVD rendition with more special features was released in 2005. In 2013, Wilson and most of her costars from the film had a reunion to celebrate its 17th anniversary and it being released on Blu-ray. The reunion was featured on the Blu-ray release. In September 2023 a 4K Blu-Ray version of the film was released with Dolby Vision and HDR10 grades and an Atmos audio mix.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Matilda has an approval rating of 92% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Danny DeVito-directed version of Matilda is odd, charming, and while the movie diverges from Roald Dahl, it nonetheless captures the book's spirit." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 72 out of 100 based on reviews from 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B+" on scale of A to F. Writing for Empire, Caroline Westbrook gave the film a rating of three stars and praised DeVito's clever direction.

Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times praised the film's oddity, gave it three stars out of four, and wrote: Trunchbull is the kind of villainess children can enjoy, because she is too ridiculous to be taken seriously and yet really is mean and evil, like the witch in Snow White. And since most children have at one time or another felt that their parents are not nice enough to them, they may also enjoy the portrait of Matilda's parents.

Future
In November 2019, DeVito said that he "always wanted to" develop a sequel to Matilda, adding that a potential sequel could star Matilda's child, due to Wilson having grown up following the film's release.

In 2022, it was remade as Matilda the Musical, which was the second adaptation of the novel of the same name. It received positive reviews.

title: Matilda (1996 film)


text: Talk:Music Bank (album)

title: Talk:Music Bank (album)


text:
Dhofar Governorate

The Dhofar Governorate (مُحَافَظَة ظُفَّار) is the largest of the 11 governorates in the Sultanate of Oman in terms of area. It lies in southern Oman, on the eastern border with Yemen's Al Mahrah Governorate and the southern border with Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province. It is a rather mountainous area that covers 99300 km2 and had a population of 416,458 at the 2020 census. Salalah is the largest city and capital of the governorate. Historically, the region was a source of frankincense. The local dialect of Arabic is Dhofari Arabic, which is distinct from that used in the rest of Oman and in Yemen.

Archaeology

At Aybut Al-Auwal ("First Aybut") in Wadi Aybut (west-central Nejd), a site was discovered in 2011 containing more than 100 surface scatters of stone tools belonging to a regionally specific lithic industry, the late Nubian Complex, known previously only from Northeast Africa. Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 106,000 years old. This provides evidence for a distinct Middle Stone Age technocomplex in southern Arabia around the earlier part of the Marine Isotope Stage 5. Bronze Age sites of the Dhofar Survey include tomb complexes found at Hodor (al-Hudfir).

Ancient times
Venetian merchant Marco Polo wrote of Dhofar in The Travels of Marco Polo (c. 1300), stating: "Dufar is a great and noble and fine city. The people are Saracens [Muslims] and have a Count for their chief who is subject to the Soldan [Sultan] of Aden. Much white incense is produced here, and I will tell you how it grows. The trees are like small fir trees; these are notched with a knife in several places, and from these notches the incense is exuded. Sometimes it flows from the tree without any notch; this is by reason of the great heat of the sun there. This Dhafar is supposed to be the Sephar of Genesis, x. 30."

Dhofar was a major exporter of frankincense in ancient times, with some of it being traded as far as China.

Al-Baleed (also spelled Al Blaid), an area near Salalah which contains numerous archeological finds, used to serve as the home of the Manjawi Civilization from the 12th to 16th centuries.

Prior to Omani rule, a portion of Dhofar was partially part of the sultanate of Kathiri, and was later mostly controlled by the tribes of Al-Hakli (Qara), thus given the name "Qara Mountain Range". Al-Shahri were believed to be the original inhabitants of Dhofar.

19th century
A historical political précis on Dhofar produced by the British Government indicate that in 1876, a man named Sayyid Fadhl bin Alawi, who had arrived in Dhofar from Mecca in August 1875, had established himself as the de facto ruler of Dhofar. He claimed allegiance to the Ottomans, however, it was unknown if he was acting under their directive. With the help of Dhofari tribes he carried out warfare against the Bedouins of the interior. He was expelled by local sheikhs in January 1879.

20th century
Dhofar is extensively detailed in the 1917 publication Gazetteer of Arabia, produced by the Government in British India and mostly based on information gathered by J.G. Lorimer's in his 1908 and 1915 handbook Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. In it, Dhofar's boundaries are given as between the Samhan hills (Jebel Samhan) and the sea, from Ra's Risut eastwards for 30 miles to Khor Rori. Colloquially, the term Dhofar was used to describe the villages of Al Haffah and Salalah, which housed about two-thirds of Dhofar's population at that time; however, on an official capacity, the term was understood to refer to the entire region of Dhofar, much like in the modern sense. Dhofar's physical geography was noted as consisting mainly of barren plains, a mountain range and several valleys, the most important of which was Wadi Raikut.

Communication outside of Dhofar was made difficult on account of the rugged landscape and the fact that no large harbors existed on the coast, though Mirbat and Risut were said to offer good anchorage for smaller vessels. The mountain paths were, for all intents and purposes, inaccessible during the rainy season. Aside from camels, no other transport animals were widely used. Frankincense was said to comprise the bulk of economic trade, with 9,000 cwt. being sent to Mumbai annually. Other exports were hides, sheep-skins, gums and beeswax. Among the chief imports were khat (which was mistaken for tobacco) from Mukalla and rice, sugar, dates and cloths from Mumbai.

Gordon Noel Jackson's 1943 essay on Dhofar provides a historical glimpse into the administration of the region: "The administration of the Dhufar Province is in the hands of the Sultan of Muscat himself. He appears to regard Dhufar more as a private estate than as a Province of his Sultanate and maintains a separate treasury. According to an article published some 65 years ago in the Nehla, a superior Arabic magazine of the last century, Sayyid Turki, the present Sultan's grandfather, established his rule there at the invitation of the Sayyids of Salalah to forestall the unwelcome interest of the Turks. He entrusted the task of establishing Muscat authority to one Sulaiman bin Suwailim, a former slave, and supplied him with a small body of soldiers to secure the towns from the tribesmen. Sulaiman bin Suwailim built a fort on the site of the present palace which was later seized and looted by the Kathiri, but it was not long before Muscat authority was re-established. His father took little interest in the Province but Sayyid Said bin Taimur, the present Sultan, has now been in residence there for over a year, has a trained agricultural adviser and an engineer with him and is making great strides in developing the agricultural resources."

During World War I it was fertile enough to produce food and grain to supply a large proportion of the requirement of the British Army fighting in Mesopotamia.

A counter-insurgency campaign—the Omani Civil War (1963-76)—was fought here by the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces against guerrilla fighters of the nationalist Dhofar Liberation Front and later the Marxist Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Persian Gulf (PFLOAG). This latter group was supported by Communist South Yemen and several other socialist states, including East Germany. It aimed to depose the Sultan's government, who was assisted by the United Kingdom, Iran, and officers and doctors from Pakistan and India. The rebellion failed, and once the campaign was declared over in December 1975, the active remainder of PFLOAG forces surrendered.

Population
J.G. Lorimer noted in his 1908 manuscript, the Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, that the two main tribes of Dhofar were the mountain-dwelling Al Qara tribe (for which the Qara Mountain Range was named) and the Al Kathiri tribes (Al-Shanfari, Al-Rawas, Al-Marhoon, Bait Fadhil, Al-Mardoof and Al-Hadhri) who lived in the hills and in villages alike; both were reported to speak dialects of Arabic unknown in other parts of the Arabian Peninsula. Other tribes of importance noted by Lorimer included the Ja'afar tribe, the Bait Al Qalam tribe, the Sayid (or Sadat) tribe, the Hasarit tribe and the Harasis tribe. The inhabitants of Dhofar were described primarily as agriculturalists and were well known for their affinity to 'tobacco', possibly referring to khat which is similar in appearance. At the time of Lorimer's survey, Dhofar had roughly 11,000 inhabitants, the majority of which were Bedouins.

In Gordon Noel Jackson's 1943 treatise on the Dhofar Governorate, he wrote that "the people of the province are as varied as the landscape". He goes on to state that the Arabs of the hills, 'mountain Arabs', were highly nomadic and were not proficient in Standard Arabic. Furthermore, it is asserted that they were not overtly observant of Islamic customs, were highly superstitious, and practiced pre-Islamic rites, much to the indignation of the Sultan of Oman. They engaged in little cultivation due to the arid landscape, instead preferring to trade incense and rear livestock.

In the past, the Hindu festival Diwali was celebrated by practicing Omani Muslims and non-Muslims alike. According to local tradition, the custom was introduced by a Brahmin who was shipwrecked off Dhofar's coast and found a ready acceptance of the festival among the lower classes of Dhofar. Jackson (1943) states that the ruler of Oman prohibited Muslims from participating in these festivities sometime in the early 20th century.

While Arabic speakers from the dominant culture of Oman have come to live in the province, especially the larger cities and towns, Dhofar has been the traditional homeland of many tribespeople speaking Modern South Arabian languages. One of the languages most commonly spoken by Al-Hakli (Qara), Al-Shahri, Al-Barami, Al-Mashaiki and Al-Bathari mountain tribes is the Shehri language (called Jibbali "Mountainous"). The Yemeni language Mehri is somewhat linked to Jeballi. Other indigenous groups speaking smaller languages such as Bat'hari living in the coastal towns of Shuwaymiya and Sharbithat. The Harasis, speaking Harsusi, number 1–2000 and live in Jiddat al-Harasis.

Topography
The Dhofar Governorate, situated in the western extremity of Oman's territories, is enclosed by the Indian Ocean on its southern side and by the Dhofar Mountains, a semi-circular formation of mountains running into the sea at Ras Hamar and Mirbat, which shut it off from the mountains and deserts to the north, east and west. South-west monsoon (locally referred to as Khareef) clouds driving up from the Indian Ocean are here met by winds from the north and east and buffeted and depressed until they are entrapped by the mountains over the Dhofar plain. Thus, Dhofar is unique on the Southern Arabian coast in that it enjoys monsoon rainfall for some three months of the year.

The Province contains three distinct physical tracts, a cultivated coastal belt, Al Haffah, divided from the mountains by a desert plain some 40 miles in length and up to 9 miles in depth. The mountains enclosing the western end of the plain are precipitous and inaccessible while those to the east rise steeply with many sheer cliffs and deep gorges but are capped by rolling grassy uplands and interspersed with wide park-like valleys well wooded with groves of wild figs, tamarinds, acacias, sycamores. Varieties of evergreens, privets, babuls, wild olives, jasmines, camel thorn, salt cedars and an abundance of wild flowers and grasses provide ample grazing during the summer for herds of dairy cattle, camels and goats numbering many hundreds.

The uplands rise gently to a height of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet at the top of the watershed and thence slope away to the north draining into Wadi Muqshin on the southern edge of the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter). Cloud formations are entrapped over the enclosed plain and on southern slopes of the mountains, the reverse slopes draining to the north being practically free of clouds and devoid of moisture. It is in these wadis that the frankincense, for which the mountains have been famous through the ages, grows wild. The dryness of the air determines the quality of the frankincense, the resin of similar trees growing on the southern slopes being spoilt by the rain.

Although the southern slopes enjoy a good rainfall the ground soil does not retain the water. Underground rivers drain the waters of Jabal Aram into Wadi Darbat, the mouth of which is sealed by a sheer limestone cliff 500 feet high. The accumulated waters fill a lake two miles long, situated at a height of 1,000 feet, and overflow during the rains to form a picturesque waterfall. Other underground rivers feed perennial springs at the foot of the hills. There are six of these springs; Jarziz, the best of them, producing an estimated flow of 40,000 gallons of water an hour. These waters, if unharnessed, again disappear underground in the foothills and reappear to feed extensive fresh water creeks in the coastal belt divided from the sea only by narrow sandbars. Fresh water is easily obtainable from shallow wells at a distance of a hundred yards from high water mark and up to a distance of one mile inland, beyond which the increased depth of the water discourages prospective cultivators.

Dhofar's forest cover was estimated to be 53,000 hectares in 1989. However, due to human actives and deforestation, it declined to 10,00 hectares in 2020. The forests are home to more than 750 flora species – including 50 native species, which counts for more than 75% of Oman's biodiversity.

Climate

Dhofar has a tropical climate. Dhofar and a small portion of the northern tip of Yemen are directly exposed to the South East monsoon from mid-June to mid-September; this is known as the Khareef. Monsoon clouds keep the summer cool and humid, while the winter months are warm except for periods when cold winds from the northern deserts cause heavy and prolonged dust storms and a sharp fall in temperature. Dhofar's heavy seasonal rainfall contrasts sharply with the neighboring barren Empty Quarter Desert. The Salalah plain was once a well cultivated area with a sophisticated irrigation system.

Culture and landmarks

Dhofar has a tribal community, including the tribes of Al-Kathiri are the largest number in Salalah and Dhofar in general Al-Hakli (Qara), Hashimi, Al-Yafei, Al-Mashaikhi, Al-Shahri, Al-Mahri, Al-Bat'hari, Al-Daroodi(Dhashisha, Siwaqron, Ali Saleban, Al-bahanta) and Al-Barami. It also is home to many expatriates.

Salalah, the region's capital, has an international airport, one of the largest seaports in the Middle East, several resorts including the Marriott and the Crowne Plaza, and a university. The Burj-al-Nadha clock tower is a local landmark and is featured in the Dhofar Municipality coat of arms.

The Dhofar region is also rich in meteorites.

According to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the coasts of Dhofar, perhaps Wadi Sayq, are considered the most likely location of the Book of Mormon land of Bountiful, from which the nomadic family of Lehi sailed, some time after 600 BC, in a ship constructed by his son Nephi, to the New World.

Provinces
Dhofar Governorate consists of ten wilayats also called provinces. Al-Mazyunah is the newest after is was declared separate from the Rakhyut wilayat. It was named in honor of Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said's mother, Mazoon bint Ahmad Al Mashani. Each wilayat comprises several villages and towns.

The following are the ten wilayats of Dhofar:
 * Al-Mazyūnah (ٱلْمَزْيُوْنَة), population (2017): 9,261
 * Ḍalkūt (ضَلْكُوْت), population (2017): 2,988
 * Mirbat (مرباط), population (2017): 16,307
 * Muqshin (مُقْشِن), population (2017): 857
 * Rakhyūt (رَخْيُوْت), population (2017): 5,049
 * Sadah (سدح), population (2017): 5,944
 * Salalah (capital of the Governorate) (صَلَالَة), population (2017): 374,582
 * Shalim and the Hallaniyat Islands (جزر خوريا موري), population (2017): 4,792
 * Taqah (طاقة), population (2017): 20,876
 * Thumrait (ثمريت), population (2017): 16,966

Villages
Dozens of villages are found in the governorate, particularly around the coast and near major towns. The 1917 Gazetteer of Arabia, produced by the Government in British India and based on J.G. Lorimer's earlier Gazeteer, makes note of the locations, geography and history of several of these villages.

Mining

 * Shuwaymiya mine (Gypsum)

title: Dhofar Governorate


text:
Hamburger Hill

Hamburger Hill is a 1987 American war film set during the Battle of Hamburger Hill, a May 1969 assault during the Vietnam War by the U.S. Army's 3rd Battalion, 187th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division, on a ridge of Dong Ap Bia near the Laotian border in central Vietnam. The ridge was a well-fortified position, including trenchworks and bunkers, of the North Vietnamese Army. U.S. military records of the battle refer to the mountain as "Hill 937," its map designation having been derived from the high elevation of the hill at 937 m.

Written by James Carabatsos and directed by John Irvin, the film starred Michael Boatman, Don Cheadle, Dylan McDermott (his film debut), Courtney B. Vance, Steven Weber, and Tim Quill. It was produced by RKO Pictures and distributed by Paramount Pictures, and was shot in the Philippines. The novelization was written by William Pelfrey.

Plot
In 1969, a platoon of the 3rd Battalion, 187th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division, receives five new recruits as replacements: Beletsky; Languilli, soon called Alphabet; Washburn, the only African-American of the replacements; Bienstock; and Galvan. At the same time, platoon Sergeant First Class Worcester is breaking in a new commander, Lieutenant Eden.

The five privates are assigned to 3rd Squad, under battle-weary squad leader, Staff Sgt. Adam Frantz. Frantz gives them a crash-course in battlefield skills, punctuated by having a Viet Cong deserter silently penetrate a barbed wire barrier and aim a rocket launcher at them.

The platoon's specialists include the machine gun team of Duffy and Gaigin, along with African-American veterans Motown, Doc and Sgt. McDaniel (who has less than a month left on his tour). The latter three often talk of their first-hand knowledge of the racial discrimination still practiced in the army.

The new arrivals get their first, sudden taste of war when a quiet spell beside a river is interrupted by an enemy mortar bombardment, during which replacement Galvan is decapitated by a bomb splinter. The death of a soldier further riles up Frantz.

The platoon is air-lifted into the A Sầu Valley for a major operation. Shortly after disembarking at the landing zone, they find themselves in a firefight, during which McDaniel is killed. This loss provokes considerable bitterness and tension from Doc, who blames Frantz for not getting the short-timer McDaniel a less dangerous assignment.

The platoon is part of the battalion's assault on Hill 937, which soon grows into the Battle of Hamburger Hill when unexpectedly determined resistance is encountered. With the NVA defending well-entrenched positions, the platoon is forced to attack the hill repeatedly against stubborn opposition. Between assaults, US air-strikes steadily strip away all vegetation, leaving the hill a barren, scorched wasteland. In one assault, a battle-crazed and wounded Duffy, wielding an M60 machine gun, seems on the verge of carrying the day as enemy resistance begins to crumble. However, botched air support by helicopter gunships causes several friendly casualties, including Duffy.

In between attacks, the shrinking platoon tries to rest, chattering about social upheaval and unrest back home. Bienstock is devastated by a letter from his girlfriend, whose college friends have told her that it is immoral to remain with a soldier. Beletsky gets a cassette tape from his girlfriend, and Frantz is moved that she mentions his name. Worcester describes to his comrades the alienation and hostility from anti-war college students, and the breakdown of his marriage, on his return from a previous tour of duty. He tells of a good friend, whose son had been killed in Vietnam during the 1965 Battle of Ia Drang, who receives cruel phone calls gloating over his son's death.

On day seven, returning downhill from their ninth assault, Frantz has a confrontation with a TV reporter, telling him that he has more respect for the NVA on the hill than for the reporter.

The exhausted platoon continues the attempt to capture Hill 937. During the tenth assault, in torrential rain, Gaigin is killed while Beletsky and Doc are wounded. Doc tells Frantz and Motown to capture the hill so that they will at least have something to be proud of, then succumbs to his wounds moments before a medevac helicopter lands. Beletsky, despite having received a "million dollar wound," decides to return to his unit.

The eleventh and final assault is mounted by the remaining troops, whose bitterness and exhaustion is overcome by desperation and unit pride. The final enemy positions are overrun but the cost is heavy. Lieutenant Eden loses his right arm, while Murphy, Worcester, Motown, Bienstock and Languilli are killed. Frantz, stunned by the loss of so many friends, is dazed and wounded by an enemy bayonet. Beletsky, also wounded but enraged, leads the final push to the summit. At the summit, the bleeding and exhausted Frantz, Washburn and Beletsky sit together in the dirt, as the battlefield finally goes silent.

Epilogue
The movie epilogue is a poem by Major Michael Davis O'Donnell, January 1, 1970, Dak To, Vietnam which reads as follows: "If you are able, save for them a place inside of you and save one backward glance when you are leaving for the places they can no longer go. Be not ashamed to say you loved them, though you may not have always.  Take what they have left and what they have taught you with their dying and keep it with your own.  And in that time when men decide and feel safe to call the war insane, take one moment to embrace those gentle heroes you left behind."

Novelization
The novelized version of the film, written by William Pelfrey, based on the screenplay by James Carabatsos, featured several additional scenes not featured in the final cut of the film. These included prologue and epilogue scenes set years after the war where Frantz, now a civilian and happily married with children, visits the Vietnam Memorial Wall in Washington, D.C. and asks his young son to plant a small flag below Languilli's name. Another additional scene occurs one night between the assaults on Hill 937, where the North Vietnamese Army launch a surprise counterattack.

Cast
''NOTE: Listed in order of authority and rank. The green color coded boxes in the rows indicate that character survived the battle. The pink colored boxes indicate the character either died or was wounded. Actors and roles as credited onscreen.''

Production
Producer Marcia Nasatir had a son who fought as a soldier in Vietnam, which is one of the reasons why she came up with the idea for the film. Writer and co-producer James Carabatsos had served with the 1st Cavalry Division in 1968–69 and spent five years interviewing soldiers involved in the combat there and researching the Battle of Hamburger Hill. Irvin, an English-born filmmaker, worked on several documentaries in Vietnam in 1969.

The film was produced independently, with the money being raised through foreign sales. According to Irvin, Paramount passed on Hamburger Hill when they initially pitched it, but they picked it up when the film was finally shot in the Philippines.

Release
In a 2021 interview John Irvin said that Hamburger Hill could have been released before Platoon and Full Metal Jacket "if Paramount had been a bit braver". Because Vietnam was not considered a popular subject, Paramount wanted to see how Platoon performed at the box office. According to Irvin, Hamburger Hill was again pushed back when Stanley Kubrick pushed for Full Metal Jacket to be released before Hamburger Hill.

Critical response
Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Hamburger Hill a "well-made Vietnam War film that narrows its attention to the men of a single platoon in a specific operation". Differentiating the film from Platoon, released the year before, he noted the film "refuses to put its characters and events into any larger frame. It could have been made a week after the conclusion of the operation it recalls, which is both its strength and weakness, depending on how you look at it". Hal Hinson of The Washington Post credited the filmmakers for creating a "deeply affecting, highly accomplished film", but felt that " [Carabatsos] and his collaborators seem to feel compelled not only to show us their war, but tell us what we're to think about it", weakening the film's effect and keeping it from being a "great war movie".

Box office
In the United States and Canada, Hamburger Hill grossed $13.8million at the box office. It opened at No. 4 for its first weekend, spending its first three weeks in the Top 10 at the box office.

title: Hamburger Hill


text: User talk:69.142.13.171

title: User talk:69.142.13.171


text:
675 BC

The year 675 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 79 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 675 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Middle East

 * King Deioces dies after a 53-year reign that has established the kingdom of the Medes and its capital at Ecbatana (later Hamedan) in what will be northwest Persia. He is succeeded by his son Phraortes, who forms an anti-Assyrian alliance with the Cimmerians to subjugate the Persians and other Asian peoples.
 * King Esarhaddon begins to rebuild Babylon (approximate date).

title: 675 BC


text:
SUNY Orange

SUNY Orange (Orange County Community College) is a public community college with two campuses, one in Middletown, New York and one in Newburgh, New York. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system and offers almost 40 associate degrees and certificate programs. SUNY Orange is accredited by Middle States Commission on Higher Education. The college employs an open enrollment policy to all applicants who are graduates of an accredited high school or recipients of a state high school equivalency diploma.

History
In 1945, Orange County did not have a public college. Except for the military academy at West Point and what would become SUNY New Paltz, there was no college on the west side of the Hudson River from New York City to the state capital at Albany. The research for a permanent college began after World War II in 1948, and a site needed to be chosen for the college.

The Webb Horton House and property, now the 'mansion' at the Middletown campus, was chosen for founding the college. Built by Webb Horton, the mansion was left to his cousin, John H. Morrison, upon his death. His wife Mrs. Christine Morrison, lived there alone after the death of her husband in 1946. In 1950, she donated the mansion and property as the home of Orange County Community College.

The College was founded in 1950, opening its doors to 160 students as the first county-sponsored community college in the SUNY system. It was the first community college in the nation to offer a two-year nursing degree program.

When it opened, the College consisted of Morrison Hall and Horton Hall, on 14 acres. Today, it has 12 buildings at the Middletown campus, and two buildings at the Newburgh campus.

Campuses
SUNY Orange comprises two campuses: the main one in city of Middletown, New York and the Newburgh branch campus, situated on the banks of the Hudson River.

Academics
SUNY Orange offers a total of 39 associate degrees and certificate programs. The college currently enrolls approximately 7,000 students annually. The college has matriculation agreements with more than 30 four-year institutions, facilitating the transfer of SUNY Orange students graduating with an associate degree who want to complete 4-year degrees.

Student life
The college's center for student involvement arranges entertainment, sporting events and trips each semester at both campuses. The college also has an Alumni Relations office which holds events specifically for alumni throughout the year. The college also has a chapter of Phi Theta Kappa, the international honors society for two-year colleges.

The Middletown campus offers a dental clinic, fitness studios, a swimming pool, soccer and softball fields, computer and tutorial labs, child-care facilities, theatre, gymnasium, art gallery, gaming rooms and micro-markets on-campus. The Newburgh campus has its own child-care facilities, fitness room, micro-market, art gallery, and gaming room.

Community programs and events
SUNY Orange offers a wide variety of programs and events to the local community. The colleges Continuing and Professional Education department offers G.E.D. programs, industry certifications and personal enrichments programs. The ENCORE program offers classes for people over 50. The college allows free auditing of classes for community members 60 or above. The college's Cultural Affairs department has a variety of exhibits, lectures, master classes, theater performances and concerts each semester which are open to the public.

title: SUNY Orange