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Kahurangi National Park

Kahurangi National Park in the northwest of the South Island of New Zealand is the second largest of the thirteen national parks of New Zealand. It was gazetted in 1996 and covers 5193 km2, ranging from the Buller River near Murchison in the south, to the base of Farewell Spit in Golden Bay in the north. The park has no single dominant landform, but includes an unusually wide variety of landscapes, including mountain ranges, rivers, gorges, raised peneplains and karst features such as caves and arches. Many of the landforms within the park are considered to be nationally or internationally significant.

The park includes the Heaphy Track, a popular tramping and mountain biking track that is classified as one of New Zealand's Great Walks. Another multi-day tramping track in the park is the Wangapeka Track. In addition to tramping, rafting and caving are popular activities.

The park is managed by the Department of Conservation. Much of what was the North-west Nelson Forest Park formed the basis of the new park. Kahurangi Point, regarded as the boundary between the West Coast and Tasman Regions, is located in the park, as is Mount Owen.

Use by Māori
There is archaeological evidence that Māori had settled the Kahurangi coastline from around 1380 CE, with pā sites on coastal ridges and evidence of more substantial habitation found around several of the river mouths and estuaries in the area.

The Anaweka waka found near the park's western boundary was built as early as 1226 CE, and was sailed as late as 1400 CE. It is one of only two-long distance voyaging canoes known to have survived to modern times, and was probably used for return journeys from New Zealand back to the Pacific. The mouth of the Anaweka River, where the waka was discovered, supported many settlements.

The area had an abundance of food resources, with middens from a site near the mouth of the Whakapoāi (Heaphy River) showing evidence of local Māori hunting bush moa, kekeno, and kurī. Excavation of the same site also demonstrated connections to trade routes running throughout New Zealand, with pounamu from the Arahura region and obsidian from Mayor Island / Tūhua in the Bay of Plenty both being used in the area. Māori interaction with the inland areas of the region was generally less common. Outside of frequently used trade routes connecting the top of the South Island to the West Coast, this was typically limited to seasonal hunting expeditions rather than the more permanent habitation along the coast.

For much of the region's history, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri were mana whenua (held authority in) the region, having arrived in the early 1600s from the western North Island by way of the Marlborough Sounds and successfully displaced local Māori. This dominance of the region lasted for roughly 200 years, until other iwi began to encroach on the area in the early 1800s. Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri eventually succumbed to invasions by Ngāti Apa from the Kāpiti Coast to the northeast, Ngāti Kuia from the east, and Ngāi Tahu from the south, losing a decisive battle to the latter near Whanganui Inlet. Mana whenua status in the area was contested for much of the early 19th century, eventually settling with Te Atiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui, Ngāti Rārua and Ngāti Tama having authority in the Tasman region and Ngāi Tahu controlling from Kahurangi Point south.

Early Pākehā history
Early Europeans to visit the area were sealers. The seal colonies along the Kahurangi coast were almost exterminated within two decades. The establishment of the New Zealand Company’s settlement at Nelson in 1841 led to exploitation of timber, flax and coal resources in the region.

One of the early European settlers to discover the tablelands in the Mount Arthur area was Thomas Salisbury. He wrote to The Colonist in 1863, claiming to have discovered gold in stream beds in the tableland, and this led to a gold rush to the area. His brother John grazed sheep in the area in 1875.

The special character of flora and fauna in the region was recognised prior to 1920. One particular example is the Gouland Downs, an area with unusual geology and vegetation, situated at around 600 m elevation to the west of Mt Perry. The Gouland Downs was one of eleven sanctuaries designated by the Department of Internal Affairs in the year ending 31 March 1916. In 1918, the Department of Lands and Survey reported that 16000 acre of Crown land, including the Gouland Downs, had been reserved under the Scenery Preservation Act 1903. The protected area was reported to be rare and valuable, and included the habitat of kākāpō, kiwi, weka, and other native birds.

In 1970, approximately 360000 ha of land were gazetted as the North West Nelson Forest Park as part of the amalgamation of eight forest parks in the region, under the management of the New Zealand Forest Service. At the time, many of the tracks in the park were overgrown. The Forest Service started on a programme of work to promote recreation in the park, including cutting new tracks and building huts.

Park establishment
An environmental lobby group, the Maruia Society, advocated for the establishment of a new national park in the area from the 1980s. In 1987, the management of the North West Nelson Forest Park was transferred to the newly formed Department of Conservation. The following year, an area of 86946 ha within the Forest Park was designated as the Tasman Wilderness Area under the National Parks Act 1980 section 14, as an important step towards the formation of a new national park.

Although the area does not have the iconic geographic features of previously established New Zealand national parks, at the time of its creation there was increasing interest in protecting biodiversity and geodiversity. Creation of a new national park was recommended by the Conservation Authority in 1993, but the Kahurangi National Park was not established until 1996. The new park was based largely on the area that had previously been the North West Nelson Forest Park, along with the Tasman Wilderness Area. At the time of approval, the new national park was the 13th national park to be established in New Zealand, and protected 452000 ha of land. In his announcement about the establishment of the park, the Minister of Conservation, Denis Marshall said: "It consists of extensive areas of native forest and limestone and marble landscape which has international significance".

For the official opening, a ministerial party led by the prime minister, Jim Bolger, Denis Marshall, and Nick Smith (MP for the Tasman electorate) was flown by helicopter to Balloon Hut, south of the Cobb Reservoir. From there, they walked out via Flora Hut.

Five small parcels consisting of unmodified coastal areas and forest with high conservation values totalling 900 ha were added to the park in 2016.

Proposed World Heritage Site
In 2007, Kahurangi National Park was added to the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, along with Farewell Spit and the Canaan karst system.

Addition of Mōkihinui River catchment
The Mōkihinui River is a river on the West Coast about 40 kilometres north of Westport. The river catchment area is a largely unmodified landscape of open tussock, podocarp-beech forests, and the pristine river itself. The area was highly rated for its biodiversity values, but prior to 2019, it was classified as stewardship land − the lowest level of protection for publicly-owned conservation land. In 2007, Meridian Energy had proposed to build the Mokihinui Hydro project on the river. The project was controversial and in May 2012 it was cancelled.

In 2019, 64,400 ha of land in the Mōkihinui River catchment, including 15 km of river bed, were added to Kahurangi National Park. The addition increased the size of the park by 14%. The area added to the park includes part of the route of the Old Ghost Road, a 85 km mountain biking and hiking trail that follows a historic gold miners' route.

The significance of the Mokihinui region to the Ngāi Tahu iwi and Ngāti Waewae, the rūnanga for the area, was marked with the placement of a pouwhenua in July 2019.

Geography
Kahurangi is New Zealand's second-largest national park, with an area of 5193 km2. It covers most of the north-west corner of the South Island, and extends from the Buller River near Murchison in the south, to the base of Farewell Spit in Golden Bay in the north.

The park has no single dominant landform, but includes an unusually wide variety of landscapes, including mountain ranges, rivers, gorges, raised peneplains and karst features such as caves and arches. Many of the landforms within the park are considered to be nationally or internationally significant.

Coastline
The western boundary of the park follows the route of the Heaphy Track along the coast from just south of the Kōhaihai River past Scotts Beach and north to the mouth of the Heaphy River. The route of the Heaphy Track then moves inland, but the park boundary carries on along the coastline to just past Kahurangi Point. This northern section of coastline is known for its steep cliffs.

The boundary of the park extends to mean high water springs, so does not include beaches below the high tide mark. The entire coastline from Kōhaihai to Kahurangi Point is considered nationally significant because it is almost totally unmodified, and includes a narrow strip of highly diverse coastal forest, including nīkau palms. The nīkau palms are New Zealand's only native species in the palm family, and the section of coastline north of Kōhaihai is one of the easiest places to see large groves. The grove close to the Kohaihai end of the Heaphy Track is claimed to be the largest in the South Island.

The Kahurangi Marine Reserve is not part of the national park but is immediately adjacent to its western coastline. It extends along 16 km between Wekakura Point and Crayfish Point, and 5 km out to sea. It is one of the largest marine reserves around the North or South Islands. The northern end of the coast is a habitat for fur seals (Kekeno) and Hector's dolphins, and driftwood along the coast is a habitat for animals like earwigs, sandhoppers and spiders. Rocky reefs and seastacks provide a habitat for encrusting animals, invertebrates and inshore fish that thrive in murky waters.

Gouland Downs
The Gouland Downs is a tussock-covered basin at around 600 m elevation, surrounded by forest. It occupies an area of around 6500 ha. The area has unusual flora and fauna and was first declared as a sanctuary in 1915.

This area is a peneplain, a low-relief plain formed from prolonged erosion. Beneath the tussock in the Gouland Downs are sandstone and mudstone sedimentary rocks that were formed in the Lower Palaeozoic era around 400 to 500 million years ago. They are some of the oldest rocks in New Zealand. These rocks were worn down by erosion to form the peneplain around 100 million years ago. They were then submerged beneath a shallow sea, and limestone was deposited on top of the older sedimentary rocks. The land was subsequently uplifted, and erosion removed most of the limestone, leaving isolated outcrops that now appear like tree-covered islands in the tussock landscape. The remaining areas of the Gouland Downs have shallow and infertile soil where the only plants that thrive are tussocks and rushes.

Cobb Valley
The Cobb region is a montane catchment on argillite, ancient volcanics, and ultramafics. It supports beech and conifer-beech forests, valley floor scrub and tussock-grasslands, and sub-alpine grasslands. The region includes several alpine lakes and the Cobb Reservoir – a hydro-electric storage lake that is entirely surrounded by the national park.

Mount Arthur tablelands
The tablelands to the west of Mount Arthur are a rolling landscape of tussock and karst features at an elevation of around 1200 m. The area is surrounded by the peaks of Mount Lodestone (1,462 m), Mount Arthur (1,795 m) and Mount Peel (1,654 m).

Ōpārara Basin
The Ōpārara Basin is a basin at around 200 m elevation that is covered in dense forest and drained by the Ōpārara River. It is located 20 km north of Karamea. The basin is notable for a network of caves rich in fossils, and its large natural rock arches. Ōpārara Arch is New Zealand’s largest natural arch, at 200 m in length and 37 m in height. The area is considered as one of the most outstanding examples of limestone karst landscapes in New Zealand. There are multiple short walks in the area that are popular with visitors.

The Honeycomb Hill Cave area in the basin was discovered in 1976, and in 1982 was given the status of a site of global significance in paleozoology due to discoveries of bones of several species that had become extinct. In 1984, the first systematic discovery campaign led to finds of the bones of fifty birds, most of which were extinct species. In 2008, an area of 38 ha was designated as the Honeycomb Hill Caves Specially Protected Area. Access to this area is restricted and by permit only.

Tasman Wilderness Area
The Tasman Wilderness Area is protected as a wilderness area under the National Parks Act 1980 section 14. The Tasman Wilderness covers 86946 ha within Kahurangi National Park. It is located in the central and western areas of the park, inland of the Ōpārara Basin and to the south of the route of the Heaphy Track. The centre of the wilderness area is Lake Aorere adjacent to Mount Domett (elevation 1645 m. The wilderness area includes the catchments of the Roaring Lion, Spey, Burgoo, Beautiful, and Ugly rivers, among others. It takes around a week to traverse the wilderness area in any direction. Tracks, facilities and the use of vehicles are prohibited, in accordance with its status as a wilderness.

Climate
The weather in Kahurangi National Park is very changeable, especially at high altitudes. After heavy rainfall many rivers and streams become impassable. In winter, heavy snowfalls may occur at higher altitudes. For the Heaphy Track, in January and February, the average daily high temperature is between 21 C and 23 C with lows between 10 C and 11 C. July is the coldest month, with average daily high of 13 C and lows of 1 C.

The average annual rainfall at Karamea, at the western boundary of the park is around 2400 mm but at sites with western exposure and at higher elevations, the annual rainfall can reach 6,000 mm. However, on the eastern side of the park, the climate is typically drier. In prevailing westerly conditions, moisture-laden air from the Tasman Sea is forced to rise over the high elevations of the western ranges. As the air rises, it cools and the stored water vapour condenses to form rain. This is known as orographic precipitation. As the airstream continues to the east beyond the mountains, it holds much less moisture, leading to reduced annual rainfall in the east. The effect can be seen in the west to east progression of average annual rainfall in towns to the north of the park boundary, with Collingwood having 3371 mm, Tākaka having 2,012 mm, and Motueka 1341 mm.

Rivers
The park receives high annual rainfall, with the average annual rainfall in many areas exceeding 4800 mm. Rainfall intensity can exceed 240 mm in 24 hours, over much of the park. The high annual rainfall and high intensity, combined with the complex landforms and mountainous terrain creates a large number of steep rivers with the potential to cause significant flooding of low-lying land in the flood plains surrounding the park.

The Karamea River drains to the Tasman Sea through the Ōtūmahana Estuary at Karamea, and is the largest river in the park. It has a catchment area of 1210 km2 including its tributaries that represents around 23% of the entire area of Kahurangi National Park. Another major river draining the western areas of the park is the Mōkihinui, with a total catchment area of approximately 750 km2 of which 685 km2 is in the park, upstream of Seddonville.

The Aorere River and its tributaries have a catchment area of 573 km2 draining the Haupiri and Wakamarama ranges in the north of the park. The river flows northwards for 40 km into Golden Bay at the town of Collingwood. The Wangapeka River drains eastern regions of the park, and has a catchment area of 479 km2.

Fossil records
The oldest fossils ever found in New Zealand were identified during an expedition in 1948 in the Cobb Valley at a site that is now within Kahurangi National Park. The fossils were identified as trilobites from the Cambrian (542–490 Ma), the first period of the paleozoic era. A tramping hut near to the location of the find is known as Trilobite Hut.

Fossils of takahē have been found at Mt Arthur and in the Euphrates Cave on the Garibaldi Plateau. The Euphrates Cave skull supports "the hypothesis that takahē were widespread across the South Island's subalpine habitats and lowland areas at the time of human arrival in New Zealand".

Geology
The geology of Kahurangi National Park is complex, and is the most diverse of any of New Zealand's protected areas. It includes the best sequence of palaezoic rocks in the country. The complexity of these rock formations suggest that they result from the collision of three former continents.

Limestone landforms
The park has extensive limestone and marble formations, natural arches, sinkholes and bluffs. It also includes three of New Zealand's largest cave systems. The Ellis Basin cave system is the deepest known cave in New Zealand. It has been explored to a depth of 1,024 metres, and its 33.4 kilometres of cave passages make it New Zealand's second longest.

Ecology
Kahurangi National Park is known for its biodiversity. A metaphor used in describing the park is that it is a "tectonic ark" that separated from Gondwana around 80 million years ago. There is a particularly high rate of endemism for both flora and fauna, with many notable species that are not found elsewhere. The high level of endemism has arisen as a result of complex biogeographic processes, and indicates that during the Pleistocene ice ages, the area was an important refuge.

Flora
The complex geology and landforms have allowed unique plant communities to develop in localised environments, leading to a high rate of endemism. The park has exceptional botanical diversity. New Zealand has around 2,400 species of native plants, and over half of these are found in the park, including 67 that are endemic – found nowhere else. The range of species present in the park far exceeds the diversity of native plants in any other New Zealand National Park. Further, Kahurangi National Park has 80% of all New Zealand's alpine species.

Notable plants that are endemic to Kahurangi National Park or the immediately adjacent region include:

 * Aciphylla anomala
 * Aciphylla trifoliolata
 * Brachyglottis hectorii
 * Bulbinella talbotii
 * Carex calcis
 * Carex cremnicola
 * Carex dolomitica
 * Carex impexa
 * Celmisia dallii
 * Celmisia dubia
 * Celmisia gibbsii
 * Celmisia parva
 * Celmisia rupestris
 * Celmisia similis
 * Clematis marmoraria
 * Colobanthus squarrosus
 * Coprosma talbrockiei
 * Dracophyllum marmoricola
 * Dracophyllum ophioliticum
 * Epilobium margaretiae
 * Forstera cristis
 * Gentianella angustifolia
 * Gentianella vernicosa
 * Gentianella decumbens
 * Gentianella filipes
 * Leptinella calcarea
 * Montia drucei
 * Myosotis angustata
 * Myosotis brockiei subsp. brockiei
 * Myosotis chaffeyorum (Chaffey’s Forget-me-not)
 * Myosotis concinna
 * Myosotis mooreana
 * Pittosporum dallii (or Kahurangi pittosporum).
 * Poranthera alpina
 * Pseudowintera traversii
 * Ranunculus mirus
 * Senecio glaucophyllus
 * Veronica albicans
 * Veronica calcicola
 * Veronica ochracea
 * Veronica masoniae
 * Veronica townsonii

Fauna
The fauna of the park includes around 18 endemic bird species including some classified as endangered such as the rock wren, kea, blue duck (whio), and species such as the great spotted kiwi and kākā (both classified as vulnerable). Other native birds that can be found in the park include pipit, kererū, the New Zealand falcon, weka, robin, fantail, bellbird, grey warbler, tūī, tomtit, rifleman, fernbird and brown creeper. In addition to the whio, freshwater birds that are found in wetlands and waterways in the park include the Australasian bittern (classified as vulnerable), and the New Zealand scaup.

The park is also a key habitat for powelliphanta, a group of carnivorous native land snails. Of the 64 known species of powelliphanta, 29 are endemic − found only in Kahurangi National Park.

Both of New Zealand's only native land mammals, the short-tailed bat (pekapeka) and the long-tailed bat (pekapeka tou-roa) have been identified in the park.

A new species of skink, Oligosoma kahurangi was identified in 2021. It was found in slate scree in montane tussock grassland. It has been classified as Threatened − Nationally Critical.

There is a wide diversity of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates in the park, and many of these are endemic, such as the Mt Arthur giant wētā.

The extensive areas of karst and multiple cave systems within the park provided habitat for cave dwelling species. One notable example is the Nelson cave spider Spelungula, a monotypic genus of large-clawed spiders that has only been found in caves in the northwestern part of the South Island.

A new species of flightless cricket was discovered in the park in 2023.

Opacuincola gretathunbergae, a species of freshwater snail that was discovered in the park in 2016 was named after the activist Greta Thunberg.

Ecosystem Management Units
The Department of Conservation has defined a large number of Ecosystem Management Units (EMU) across New Zealand. These are areas that have been selected for priority attention, based on the ecosystems and species they contain. The EMU areas within Kahurangi National Park are:

 * Aorere River
 * Big River − MacKay − Gouland Downs
 * Break Creek pakihi
 * Cobb
 * Devil − Anatoki Ranges
 * Grange − Morgan − Grindley tops
 * Heaphy
 * Hope Range
 * Leslie
 * Matiri Plateau
 * Mokihinui
 * Mokihinui Gorge
 * Mount Owen
 * Ōpārara
 * Wharepapa / Arthur Range

Pest control
As part of the Department of Conservation's national pest control programme, aerial drops of 1080 poison are used to control rats in the park as a means of protecting native species. The use of 1080 has been controversial.

Flora Stream catchment recovery
The Friends of Flora is a conservation volunteer group established in 2001 to help "bring about the protection and/or return of endangered and threatened flora and fauna to the Flora Stream catchment area". As of 2024, the society has approximately 68 km of trap lines to control stoats, protecting around 5000 ha of beech forest and tussockland habitat. The society is focussed on the recovery of whio (blue duck) in the Flora Stream catchment, and the re-introduction of Great spotted kiwi. A wasp eradication programme is in place, and bird monitoring is also part of the society's programme.

Ōpārara catchment recovery
The Ōpārara Source to Sea project was created in 2014 by a group of Karamea locals. In 2023, the project received funding from Lottery Environment and Heritage fund and the Department of Conservation’s Community Conservation Fund to support their work in weed control, predator monitoring, and planting throughout the Ōpārara estuary and catchment over the next three years.

Takahē recovery
Endangered takahē were reintroduced to the park in 2018, with the release of 18 birds into the Gouland Downs. This was 100 years after takahē became extinct there. The following year, the population had grown to 31, and further releases were planned. There was a set-back in 2020 when 11 birds died. Some may have been poisoned during an aerial drop of 1080 to control predators. In 2021, another 15 young takahē were translocated into the Gouland Downs area.

Whio (Blue duck) recovery
Conservation initiatives for whio (blue duck) in the park have resulted in a large increase in their numbers since 1998–2000 when surveys of the population were first conducted. As of 2023, there are 846 adult birds, including 335 breeding pairs. This is a 340% increase on numbers found in 2000. Areas of focus for whio conservation within the park include "recovery sites" at the Gouland Downs, Pearse River and Flora Stream, and high priority "security" sites at Ōpārara River and the Wangapeka and Fyffe rivers.

Access
The main gateway towns for access to Kahurangi National Park are Tākaka, Motueka, Karamea, Tapawera and Murchison. The main Department of Conservation visitor centre for the region is located in Nelson, but the towns adjacent to Kahurangi National Park also have local information centres.

The access road to the Cobb Reservoir is the only road into the interior of the national park.

Activities
Popular activities in Kahurangi National Park include tramping, mountain biking, rafting and caving.

Heaphy Track
The Heaphy Track is a popular tramping and mountain biking track in Kahurangi National Park, classified as one of New Zealand's ten Great Walks. Named after Charles Heaphy, the track is 78.4 km long and is usually walked in four or five days. The track is open for shared use with mountain bikers in the winter season from 1 May to 30 September each year. The southern end of the track is at Kōhaihai, north of Karamea on the northern West Coast, and the northern end is in the upper valley of the Aorere River southwest of Collingwood.

Wangapeka Track
The Wangapeka Track is another of the main tramping tracks in the Kahurangi National Park. The route traverses the southern end of the park, from the historic Wangapeka goldfields area west of Tapawera, to the coastal plains of the West Coast at Little Wanganui. The route is 59 km long, and crosses the Wangapeka and Little Wanganui saddles, each over 1,000 m in elevation. The track passes through the valleys of the Wangapeka River, Karamea River, Taipō River and Little Wanganui River. The majority of the track is in river valleys and under forest cover, with small sections in tussock land at Stag Flat and the Little Wanganui Saddle. It typically takes walkers 4–6 days to complete the route.

Old Ghost Road
The Old Ghost Road is an 85 km long mountain bike and tramping trail that was part-funded as one of the projects of the New Zealand Cycle Trail initiative. The trailheads are the Lyell Historic Reserve on State Highway 6 in the Upper Buller Gorge, and the Rough and Tumble Bush Lodge, located 4 km from Seddonville, northwest of Westport on the West Coast. In 2019, 64,400 ha of conservation stewardship land in the Mōkihinui River catchment was added to Kahurangi National Park, including much of the route of the Old Ghost Road trail.

Caving
Kahurangi National Park is one of the top three locations for caving in New Zealand, and as of 2024, it has the longest and deepest known cave systems in the country. Bulmer Cavern is New Zealand's longest cave system, running for 74.3 km in the Mount Owen region. In 2014, a link was found between the Nettlebed and Stormy Pot caves in the Mount Arthur region of the park, creating a system that was around 10 km long and 1200 m deep, and the deepest in New Zealand. At the time of discovery, it was claimed to be the deepest cave in the Southern Hemisphere.

River rafting
The Karamea River is a highly rated wilderness river for rafting expeditions. A 30 km rafting journey is possible over three days, passing through Grade 3 rapids in the upper reaches to Grade 5 rapids in the Karamea Gorge.

In popular culture
Several locations in Kahurangi National Park were used during the making of the Lord of the Rings film series, including Mount Owen and Mount Olympus. Tolkien tourism has created a demand for helicopter access for visiting these locations. Restrictions on helicopter access are in place to help preserve natural and recreation values.

Kahurangi National Park is the setting for a young adult novel Night Tribe, written by Peter Butler, a Nelson-based entrepreneur and author.

title: Kahurangi National Park


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AppleShare

AppleShare is a discontinued product from Apple Computer which implements various network services. Its main purpose is to act as a file server, using the AFP protocol. Other network services implemented in later versions of AppleShare included a print server using the Printer Access Protocol (PAP), web server, electronic mail server, and SMB / CIFS server to support file sharing to Microsoft Windows clients.

Earlier versions of AppleShare supported only the AppleTalk network transport protocol but later versions, sold under the name AppleShare IP, allowed use of the TCP/IP protocol stack, as used on most modern networks. AppleShare provided three different protocols for application-layer services: AppleShare File Server, AppleShare Print Server and AppleShare PC.

AppleShare would operate with any physical network medium. Early installations used mainly LocalTalk (and more recently Ethernet), but any physical medium could be used which could be directly or indirectly connected to an AppleShare server system.

Equivalent third-party server products include the open-source Netatalk suite on Unix-like systems, and Services for Macintosh on Microsoft Windows NT and 2000. Versions of Mac OS from System 7 onwards included Personal File Sharing, which is a more limited AFP implementation. The most obvious difference between Personal File Sharing and AppleShare is that the former supports only a small number of concurrent remote users.

All versions of Mac OS were capable of acting as a client to an AppleShare server (via AFP and later SMB) over AppleTalk and TCP/IP protocols, although more recent versions of macOS have gradually removed support for AppleTalk in favor of standard TCP/IP. Third-party vendors created client software such as PC MACLAN (discontinued) and DAVE to implement client functionality on Windows systems. Other developers offered server software that provided similar functionality on Windows Servers such as GroupLogic ExtremeZ-IP and Cyan Software MacServerIP and NetATalk on Linux. Later versions of AppleShare also implemented the SMB and CIFS protocols which are the native file sharing protocols on Windows machines.

Apple discontinued the AppleShare product line following the release of macOS Server, which provides equivalent functionality.

System requirements
AppleShare (IP) support from 3.0.1 for Macintosh.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AppleShare


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National Park, New Zealand

National Park is a small town on the North Island Central Plateau in New Zealand. Also known as National Park Village, it is the highest urban township in New Zealand, at 825 metres. The village has great views of Mount Tongariro, Mount Ngauruhoe (Mount Doom in the Lord of the Rings film trilogy), and Mount Ruapehu.

Toponymy
Originally the town was known as Waimarino (calm waters). In 1926, the New Zealand Railways renamed the railway station as National Park. This was to avoid confusion with other Waimarino entities, and also the name had come into common usage from its location close to Tongariro National Park. This change has since been confusing, as there are many National Parks in New Zealand.

National Park is the village on the western edge of Tongariro National Park in the central North Island.

In 2023 the Uenuku iwi and Te Korowai o Wainuiārua proposed renaming National Park to its original name, Waimarino. The proposal also included changing the name of National Park railway station to Waimarino railway station. The New Zealand Geographic Board supported this move, and started a consultation period on 7 November. By 8 December, they had received over 180 submissions for the two changes. The consultation period ended in February 2024 with the proposal to change the unofficial recorded place name National Park to the official place name Waimarino received 2088 submissions. 489 submissions were received pertaining to the name of Waimarino National Park Railway Station.

In August 2023, KiwiRail erected new signage at the railway station recognising the original name of Waimarino.

History
The opening of the Main Trunk line in 1908 created a vast opportunity to log and mill the large trees in the native forests, with 30 saw mills and associated bush tramways established in the National Park area alone. With the arrival of caterpillar tractors in the 1930s the extraction process was accelerated with National Park station having one of the greatest throughputs of timber in New Zealand. Today Tongariro Timber is the last surviving mill operating at National Park.

In the 1960s, National Park became the railhead for all the heavy equipment and machinery for the Tongariro Power Scheme development with local pumice roads substantially upgraded to take the heavy traffic.

Setting
The town is located just outside the boundary of Tongariro National Park, New Zealand's first national park. It is sited next to the North Island Main Trunk railway line and close to the junction of State Highways 4 and 47, halfway between Ohakune and Taumarunui and 45 kilometres southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupō. It is 20 minutes drive to the country's biggest skifields, Whakapapa and 50 minutes drive to Turoa on the slopes of the active volcano, Mount Ruapehu. To the west is Whanganui National Park.

Climate
Under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, National Park has an oceanic climate (Cfb). February is the warmest month, with an average temperature of 14.8 °C, while July is the coldest month with an average temperature of 4.5 °C. Due to an altitude of 822 metres, winters are cold, and generally winter afternoons stay below 10 °C. Frosts are common from May to September, although they can occur during the warmer months. Snow is also a common occurrence in the colder months, sometimes accumulating for several days on end. The summer temperatures are moderate due to the altitude of the village, resulting in cool nights and mild to warm days. The mountains around the village are popular for hiking and mountain biking during the summer. The summer afternoon temperatures often exceed 20 °C, and sometimes reaching 25 °C. The wettest month is July, with 225 mm of precipitation, while February is the driest, with an average of 115 mm, making the climate of National Park lean towards a cool-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). Overall, the year-round average temperature is 9.6 °C.

Governance
The town is administered by the Ruapehu District Council. The Ōwhango-National Park Community Board (ONPCB) comprises five elected community representatives and one appointed councillor from the Ruapehu District Council. On a national level, National Park is part of the general electorate and the  Māori electorate.

Demographics
National Park is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 0.81 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the larger National Park statistical area.

Before the 2023 census, the settlement had a larger boundary, covering 0.89 km2. Using that boundary, National Park had a population of 213 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 39 people (22.4%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 27 people (−11.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 84 households, comprising 111 males and 99 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.12 males per female. The median age was 36.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 39 people (18.3%) aged under 15 years, 36 (16.9%) aged 15 to 29, 117 (54.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 21 (9.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 77.5% European/Pākehā, 25.4% Māori, 1.4% Pacific peoples, 7.0% Asian, and 2.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.3% had no religion, 28.2% were Christian, 5.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.8% were Hindu, 1.4% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 36 (20.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 27 (15.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $29,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 15 people (8.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 108 (62.1%) people were employed full-time, 24 (13.8%) were part-time, and 6 (3.4%) were unemployed.

National Park statistical area
National Park statistical area, which also includes Ōwhango and Raurimu, covers 1375.29 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

National Park had a population of 1,050 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 15 people (−1.4%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 81 people (−7.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 411 households, comprising 534 males and 516 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.03 males per female. The median age was 41.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 225 people (21.4%) aged under 15 years, 159 (15.1%) aged 15 to 29, 519 (49.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 147 (14.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 86.0% European/Pākehā, 20.0% Māori, 1.4% Pacific peoples, 2.9% Asian, and 2.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 15.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.9% had no religion, 30.6% were Christian, 3.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% were Hindu, 0.3% were Buddhist and 1.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 132 (16.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 162 (19.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 108 people (13.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 480 (58.2%) people were employed full-time, 129 (15.6%) were part-time, and 18 (2.2%) were unemployed.

Economy
Tourism is its main industry, with 1,500 visitor beds in commercial accommodation and private chalets. In the summer the village is a popular base for Tongariro and Whanganui National Park for hiking, biking and kayaking. Transport leaves National Park Village daily (weather permitting) for the Tongariro Alpine Crossing, known as the best one day alpine trek in New Zealand.

Transport
KiwiRail's Northern Explorer scheduled passenger service stops at the National Park Railway Station on its journey between Auckland and Wellington. There is a licensed cafe on the platform. To the northwest of the town, the railway track performs the convoluted dance that is the Raurimu Spiral, one of New Zealand's most impressive feats of engineering.

Education
National Park School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of as of. The school opened in 1925 as Waimarino School and became National Park School in 1954. Its fortunes have fluctuated with the cycles of activity in the area. Today, it is thriving with a more stable population and the establishment of its Ski Elite programme whereby pupils take can up residence in the village for the winter combining studies with skiing and snowboarding development programmes.

title: National Park, New Zealand


text:
Talk:Anarchism/Archive 7

why is this article still disputed?
Is anyone interested in discussing things politely and coherantly? I am, and I'll start by saying I do not dispute the article as it stands, and am removing the header. Sam Spade 05:47, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

egalitarianism
I have been researching the subject, and have finialy realized what the common thread betwixt anarchism, socialism, and communism is... theoretical (I'd say its always theoretical of course, but then I'm not a commie ;) egalitarianism. How to create egalitarianism w/o a state is in all likelyhood something unlikely to be explained anytime very soon, but I for one would not so modestly suggest Syndicalism as a good foundation on which to rest any workable theory. It is not only capable of integrating w real (as opposed to the type of stuff discussed around the hookah ;) society and economics, but has also had more success than any other form of anarchism, best as I can tell. Sam Spade 05:29, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I for one would not so modestly suggest Syndicalism... I would modestly suggest doing enough research to find that it has already been suggested (Anarcho-syndicalism). millerc 02:59, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * The successes I was refering to primarilly occured in the spanish civil war, buck-o. Intruigingly the nationalists also favored syndicalism, displaying the opportunity for real world compatability. Don't be so grumpy, its unbecomming. Sam Spade 04:18, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

an anon reverted the edit, and I put it back. does anybody have an objection they'd care to discuss? Sam Spade 22:54, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The egalitarianism bit doesn't seem very appropriate to me, either. Anarchy is not fundamentally about egalitarianism, although some may like it for some such motivation, and some adherents may seek it.  But liberty (as conceived) would appear to be primary. -- VV

 * Equality of what? Equality is very important in anarchist thought, and in many ways is considered synonymous with liberty. I don't think that equality of wealth is important to most, but economic equality is important to many, in the sense that no person is the boss of another. Legal equality is important to all, as an anarchist society cannot grant one person greater legal rights than another; being "the President" or a "police officer" in an anarchist society does not confer rights that others lack (such as the right to have particular weapons, the right to demand tribute, or the right to enter another person's residence without permission)

 * Anyway, I think that the reference to egalitarianism is redundant, as the abolition of hierarchy implies the establishment of egalitarianism. I'm not sure which term is the better one tho: "hierarchy" is parallel to "anarchy", but "egalitarian" probably means more to most readers than "hierarchy" does. AdamRetchless 01:55, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

OK... the more I learn about anarchism, the less sense it makes ;). So me having the biggest stick and the most stuff is ok then, by anarchist standards? Whats to stop people who have more (stuff, ability, courage, violent tendancies, organizational skills, etc...) from quickly taking charge, as has always happened after the temporary anarchies thruout history? The stuff I have been reading suggests imaginary anarchy is synonymous w theoretical communism. If so egalitarianism is key. If no, is warlordism an acceptable variation of anarchy? ;) Sam Spade 23:29, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, this is naturally one of the most recurring counters to anarchism, that it is unstable. Various anarchists have answers, IMHO generally lacking, but of course we are here to report not to record our own conclusions.  The dreamed-for anarchy would probably have more economic equality (since rich people would be annihilated), but that is not per se the goal, which is freedom.  More to the point, anarchists are likely to have varying opinions on the connection between liberty and equality, so I don't think the intro should report outright that the latter is the intent. -- VV 23:38, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * One of the defenses of anarchism (Typically coming from people who reject the utilitarian/consequentialist model of ethics) is that its instability/collapse is not a meaningful flaw of anarchism - that anarchism is an ethical necessity. One could argue, similarly, that the fundamental problem with peace is that someone eventually starts a war, as has happened after all the temporary peaces throughout history. Snowspinner 05:10, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

clearly both the questionable viability, and the extreme diversity of proposed methods (or lack thereof) of equality needs signifigantly more focus in the body of the article. Also rich people would be annihilated??? Whats that about? Do you have any documentation that this is intrinsic to anarchist thought? I want to be rich, and I don't want to annihilated, so maybe I should become an antidisestablishmentarianist instead? ;) Sam Spade 23:44, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, the criticisms section could be bulked up. The rich people would be annihilated comment was (mostly) facetious. -- VV 00:06, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oops... I didn't mean to be anon when I deleted that statement, so you may blame me! So me having the biggest stick and the most stuff is ok then...  That depends on the anarchist. VV from what I can tell comes from the anarcho-capitalist side.  But I agree to an extent with VV.  This article is about anarchism in general, which by some definitions includes anarcho-capitalism, so it shouldn't be excluded.  Anarcho-capitalism is very different from libertarian socialism (just look at the talk pages of those two philosophies, their adhearents diagree with each other more than they disagree with other political philosophies).  I think your statement about egalitarianism was directed at the libertarian socialists, but I also think it was inappropriate.  What do you mean by egalitarianism?  The word is contentious, and many times used as a slurr against socialists of any flavor.  I heavly disagree with the wiki article that you had linked to above.  Wikipedia is not the place for original research, and this article, as discussed in the past is about what anarchists believe.  Egalitarianism is not a word commonly used by anarchists (even the socialist libertarian types) to describe themselves, so it has no place in the introduction of the article. millerc 01:45, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * How anarchists describe themselves is of only modest import in the article, as this is ment to be informative, rather than propaganda, since it is an encyclopedia. That being said, I now understand why that sentence isn't appropriate for the introduction, and I'll remove it if somebody else doesn't. I don't know what you’re referring to about links, so I would ask you to be a bit clear in that regard. Perhaps we can all work together to give a better description of how egalitarianism is contrasted with warlordism, and outright mayhem in applied anarchism (this theoretical stuff is making my head swim, I think I'd prefer to focus on some reality ;) Sam Spade 04:10, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that how anarchists describe themselves is of central importance here. Of central concern to being NPOV is presenting other views. If anarchists do not describe themselves as egalitarian, then the sentence should note that. When applying political adjectives to a group, it's pretty tough to be absolutely correct. (For instance, many would apply the adjective "fascist" to the current US government, although they do not identify themselves as such.) It's probably best, in these cases, to at least initially present the argument from the anarchist side, and then to introduce opposing view - it both makes it more intelligible, and allows the anarchist argument to appear in its best possible light. Which is part of the duty of NPOV (See Neutral Point of View, specifically the "Writing for the enemy" concept). That is, the anarchist argument should be presented discretely and well - as should the counter arguments. If anarchists do not believe themselves to be egalitarian, the claim ought not be ascribed to them absolutely. Snowspinner 05:10, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You articulate my point well, and I agree w the above entirely. Sam Spade 19:54, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You can present other views all you want, but it is important to describe them as such. The line that Sam Spade added made it sound like it was something that an anarchist herself would say, and my point is that it wasn't.  It's also not good to present all others' views in  the introduction (it would be quite a large introductory paragraph).  There are litterally too many political views to represent them all on every wiki page of a political nature — and it would just be a poor article style.  If the article is about anarchism let it be about what anarchists believe.  This doesn't mean that it is propaganda!  If we make it clear that the veiw points given are those of anarchists, then it has a NPOV.  If someone else's view point is pertinent to a specific section of the article then it may be cited in that section.  The whole egalitarian bit is something which Sam Spade seems to give himself credit for, and wikipedia has a no original research rule. millerc 20:50, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * See what I highlighted above. P.S. I removed it, BTW ;) Sam Spade 23:07, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this has been settled now, hasn't it? It's out, no one seems to be trying to add it. Yay? Snowspinner 20:54, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

word origin
A mention of the origin of the word may be useful. "Anarchos" (anarkhos), Greek for "Without a ruler". M4-10

are you an anarchist yourself?
If so, perhaps you could tell me if there is enough agreement amongst anarchists to allow much of any opinions from anarchists in the body of the article (as references), and whether perhaps it might do best to generally focus on the opinions of outsiders looking in. While this would open up an entirely other form of bias, it might well allow us at minimum a bit of consistancy of definition, and perhaps some objectivity as well. I am very concerned about getting bogged down in rhetoric and deceit and the other ugly trappings of politics in this article. I'd like to focus on what anarchists are, and what most people think of them, as well as what they might call themselves, or claim. I am still concerned that for many, it is simply a prettier name for "communism", and has little to do with anarchy itself. Sam Spade 04:19, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The term anarchism has been laid claim to by so many different groups that this becomes a tough question. There isn't a consistancy of definition, and that's one of the central problems of writing an encyclopedia article on the subject. I mean, I can tell you right off the bat that the article doesn't pay nearly enough attention to anarcho-capitalsim and "right wing" anarchism. I think the article would benefit most substantially from clear and separate sections on types of anarchism, honestly. Unfortunately, I'm not quite qualified to do an overview - though I can do a great section on anarcho-capitalism. :) Snowspinner 05:15, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * In the Communist Manifesto, it is claimed that the state would wither away in a communist society. So the communist ideal is a form of anarchy, tho there are many other ideals that could be called anarchist. AdamRetchless 13:20, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

anarchy
'(quoted from anarchy) we find the common application of the term to states of political disorder. According to the 2003 CIA World factbook, there is one nation in the world today, namely Somalia, in a state of anarchy, in that civil government has collapsed and rule in parts of the country is by mob and warlords, who often clash with bloody results. There are a few others (Afghanistan, Albania, Burundi, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda) in which government is described as "emerging" or "transitional", and which were in anomie in the near past. The Solomon Islands is described as tending towards anomie because "violence, corruption and crime have undermined stability and civil society". Another example would be The Anarchy, the name most often given to the period of civil war and unsettled government which occurred in England during the reign of King Stephen of England. '

I doubt many among us would argue for a political situation such as this, anarchist or no. What then is anarchism, and how would it (or has it, or does it) function? This fascinates me to no end, and is something I am hoping this article will be able to describe in greater detail. Sam Spade 04:27, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There are a lot of views on this. I think many argue that government is simply illegitimate and should be torn down, regardless of the consequences.  Others have specific proposals for alternative forms of social organization, the sort absent in Somalia, which nevertheless would not be called government.  These are discussed somewhat well in the article, no?  Plus there are links to all manner of FAQs. -- VV 04:51, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There are a couple of views on this. First, there's the view that it can't practically be worse than what we have now. Second, there's the point that the CIA World Factbook is using anarchy in a differents ense than most people who are arguing for anarchy would use it - no anarchist that I know of advocates a warlord system. (And most would argue that this is not, functionally speaking, an anarchy.) Third, there's the argument that ethics and value are not based on consequences - this type of thought tends to reference Kant, the Categorical Imperative, and the notion that sometimes the right thing to do has a very harsh and negative cost. Snowspinner 05:18, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Deontology. -- VV 05:22, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Pretty much. Snowspinner 05:29, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I tried to work in a deontological approach with a paragraph about how a person can arrive at anarchism from the principle of non-violence. However, that's a very limited example. The heading of this article describes anarchism as a political philosophy, but it could also be seen as an attitude or moral code (with political consequences). In that sense, anarchism could be the lack of belief in the legitimacy of any authority, similar to how an athiest doesn't believe in god. It could also be stated as the attitude that a person must always judge the morality of his own actions and cannot abdicate that responsibility to someone else (freethinker). Finally, it could be the belief that the morality of an act is not affected by any claim of authority. However, I think that these attitudes need to be extrapolated to political conclusions before they are full-fledged anarchism. Is this what you were getting at with comments about deontology? AdamRetchless 03:32, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that the common definition of "anarchy" is sloppy and near worthless. Also, if this article is about the political philosophy of anarchism, then the common definition should basically be ignored. I view situations like Somolia as being a form of war, and I don't think there is much use in calling them anything but "war". They may be a form of war that does not tend towards any stable resolution, but in the end it is based upon multiple hierarchies attempting to crush each other and impose themselves on the people. I don't know how political scientists describe this situation, but I wouldn't use the CIA's terminology by default because they clearly have a political agenda. AdamRetchless 13:34, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I just read up on the history of Somalia, and I think this illustrates how worthless it is to say that Somalia is "in anarchy". The articles that I read described the situation in the 1990s by three terms: civil war, clan violence, intertribal conflict. Part of "Somalia" seceded in 1991 and has been stable since then, even if the UN doesn't recognize it. Other sections seceded in the late 1990s and apparently have been stable. It seems that when the CIA says that Somalia is in anarchy, they are describing its diplomatic condition rather than any real condition of the society itself. AdamRetchless 14:28, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I would say the opposite, that the most simple and yet accurate definition is anarchy=war. The only way things could be otherwise is if people stopped possessing traits inherent in humanity, such as greed, aggression, lust for power, etc... Ignoring that obvious fact for the sake of anarchist theory would do a disservice to the reader. Perhaps it is as snowspinner says, a form of ethics where consequences are to be ignored, and where the current state is seen as a worse case scenario. If that is so, that should be articulated at length within the article, and the obvious outcome must likewise be made clear. The obvious outcome is that when you remove the laws and hierarchies that restrict us currently, MANY people (myself included) are going to use every means necessary to seize power and resources. and we are already preparing for this WTSHTF contingency. Sam Spade 20:04, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * What is WTSHTF? If it is derived from WTF, you don't have to spell out that part of the term. AdamRetchless

 * WTSHTF=when the "stuff" hits the fan ;) Common term in some (particularly paramilitary/militia) circles for the inevitable breakdown of society into anarchy/despotism. Sam Spade 22:08, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think there are two definitions of anarchy in play here. The first is a lack of recognized government - this is the definition of anarchy employed by the UN and the CIA World Factbook. However, all of these situations have functional governments - a warlord system of despots. This is not anarchy in the sense of political theory, then, and it is not what any anarchist strives for. The second sense of anarchy is more elusive and debated - much like the concept of an "anarchist." Broadly, though, it refers to an idealistic state - one in which there is no controlling authority - internationally recognized or otherwise. That this state does not exist and has never existed is largely immaterial - after all, a communist state as spelled out by Marx has never existed either, nor have a number of other types of states that people advocate. Snowspinner 20:10, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There are a number of persons (i.e. anarchists) who do not believe that "anarchy = war", so it clearly is not an obvious conclusion. In fact, many anarchists would make the claim that "anarchy is peace". As for the "lust for power", we can't ignore the present incarnation of this drive just for the sake of statist theory. Some anarchists believe that human flaws are largly the result of the current system, but I think that most anarchists recognize that these are things that would need to be dealt with in anarchist societies and they propose ways of dealing with them. This could be included as a section of the article... "dealing with anti-social behavior" AdamRetchless 20:33, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I think that it would be fairly silly to believe that anarchy != war, or at least that war != anarchy, since it's a definition in common use, and denying common usages of words is fairly silly. Better, I think, to note that this isn't what we mean when we say anarchy. In any case, I think here we run once again into the basic problem here - anarchism as a whole is about as well organized as one would expect. Snowspinner 20:39, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I ment to illustrate how any state of anarchy necessarilly leads to conflict as various entities struggle to fill the power vacuum. Sam Spade 22:16, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

I would say that of the two definitions of anarchy, one (that used by the CIA factbook) is the one most often used, and is seen by many as the likely end result of anarchist sucesses. The other, idealistic concept seems to me as pretty identical to communism, and I have heard a number of anarchists likewise suggest that this is the case. This would sem to show that my theory is corect, that a number of "anarchists" and anarchist philosophers might more accurately be labled as revoloutionary communists. Sam Spade 22:14, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes. A number may well be labelable as such. The number, however, is not all. Conservative anarchists/anarcho-capitalists, for instance, are pretty far from communist.
 * As for the CIA definition, while it may be more often used, it's not the term used in political philosophy, which is the area in which anarchism exists. Words have different meanings in different contexts. In this context, anarchy is decidedly not a warlord system, as is clear from the fact that no anarchist would ever say that's what they support. Some anarchists might say they support communism in its idealized form. Many, however, would not. Snowspinner 22:21, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure, what I want is for this to be made more clear, definitely not less. Spending aprox 1 paragraph clarifying each would seem appropriate. Sam Spade 23:09, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Larger picture
Also, if the non-communist anarchist ideas copuld be given a bit more attention/space, I would appreciate it. I'm particularly unclear as to what sort of system they are in favor of. Sam Spade 23:11, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * As you've probably noticed, I'm currently merging a bunch of articles into this one. When I get through that, we'll have a clearer sense of what's actually not covered, and what's simply covered in an offshoot article. Then I'll work on the schools of anarchist thought section, which will hopefully be illuminating. Snowspinner 23:18, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Great, and since nobody seems to have mentioned yet, I approve of what your doing, just so you know. Be bold! :D Sam Spade 23:21, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

presenting political ideologies
As i said before, i think it would be good for this article to focus on anarchism as a political philosophy, clearly indicating that it is presenting anarchist POV. We have also discussed anarchy as a diplomatic status, or as a breakdown of civil society, but I don't think that those are appropriate topics for an encyclopedia article. To make it clear that we are presenting anarchism as a political philosophy, we could make one of those topic footers (see the bottom of biochemistry) for political ideologies. I've seen instructions for making these, but I forget how to do it right now. If you guys think that it would be helpful, I'll figure out how to make one. -adam

The anarchism and x articles
I don't think we need a huge number of articles in the form of "anarchism and X" - especially not repeatedly referred to in terms of being a main article on a topic. These should probably all be folded into the main text of the article. For now, I've moved them to the see also section. Over time, I'll work on incorporating them into the article. Snowspinner 21:44, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Jewish anarchism
The section on modern anarchism reports that many anarchists of the early 20th century were Jews. Is this really relevant? Were the anarchist-jewish communities, or were these isolated individual Jews? Were their anarchist attitudes specifically related to the experience of being a Jew in Russia? AdamRetchless 02:24, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Surrealism
The section on surrealism seems out of place. Maybe it is just too vague and grandiose. Anyway, is it POV to use the word "erroneously" in the following sentence?
 * many anarchists erroneously consider that it finds one of its closest allies in the work of the surrealists

AdamRetchless 02:24, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes it's POV. How about changing it to something like this:
 * although contentious, many anarchists consider that anarchism finds one of its closest allies in the work of the surrealists millerc 22:20, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * How about the less awkward "many anarchists believe that anarchism finds one of its closest allies in the work of the surrealists, though many surrealists would disagree." Snowspinner 22:24, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Less awkward? Maybe. But too long winded. In the article its only a portion of the entire sentance, and the above may sound like it has too many clauses when attached to the rest of the sentance. Also, the current way the idea is stated makes it sound like it's more than just some surrealists that disagree. millerc 04:29, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Who are these dissenting surrealists, might I ask? Sam Spade 22:32, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The large number that backed Trotsky would be one important segment, I'd imagine.... To say nothing of Dali... Snowspinner 22:38, 5 May 2004 (UTC)~

 * Apparently the Surrealists had an "official" organization and Dali was kicked out for refusing to take a political stance. His response was something like "I'm more surrealist than them" -adam

title: Talk:Anarchism/Archive 7


text:
Lone Star College–North Harris

Lone Star College–North Harris (formerly North Harris College, NHC) is a public community college, located in unincorporated Harris County, Texas. Part of the Lone Star College System, LSC North Harris offers Associate's degrees and program certifications in over 110 fields of study.

History
It was established in 1972 by voters in the Aldine, Humble and Spring Independent School Districts, located in the northern parts of Houston and Harris County. Lone Star College–North Harris, opened 1973, serves more than 11,000 students and is the district's only source for automotive technology, health information technology, child development and family studies, paralegal studies, medical assisting and pharmacy technology programs. To provide neighborhood centers that serve residents in the greater Greenspoint and South Aldine areas, Lone Star College–North Harris has two full-service satellite centers.

2013 shooting
On January 22, 2013, three people were injured in a shooting in the campus courtyard near the library. The gunman was heard arguing with a student named Jody Neal, and initially walked away but returned and pulled out a handgun from his backpack. The gunman shot Neal three times. A maintenance man was hit in the leg by a bullet. The shooter accidentally shot himself in the buttocks area. Witnesses said up to six shots were fired.

Immediately after the shooting, the campus was evacuated and put on "lockdown." Two individuals with multiple gunshot wounds were in serious condition at Ben Taub Hospital. A fourth person suffered a stroke and was also taken to the hospital. The shooter fled into nearby woods and was followed by officers who later apprehended him.

There were two people detained for further questioning and later that day, Carlton Berry, age 22, who is believed to be the gunman, was charged with aggravated assault in the shootings. These charges were later dropped. Recent Developments

Expansion and New Facilities
In recent years, Lone Star College–North Harris has undertaken significant expansion projects to accommodate its growing student population and to enhance its educational offerings. In 2022, the college completed the construction of a new state-of-the-art Health Professions Building, which houses advanced simulation labs, classrooms, and collaborative spaces designed for health science programs. This facility aims to provide students with hands-on training and experience using the latest medical technologies.

Academic Achievements
Lone Star College–North Harris has been recognized for its excellence in various academic programs. In 2023, the college's Nursing program received accreditation from the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN), highlighting its commitment to high standards in nursing education. Additionally, the college's Paralegal Studies program was ranked among the top community college programs in the nation by Paralegal Today magazine.

Community Engagement
The college has strengthened its ties with the local community through various outreach initiatives. The Lone Star College–North Harris Community Engagement Center, opened in 2021, serves as a hub for community services, offering free workshops, job training programs, and educational resources to residents of the surrounding areas. The center's goal is to enhance the economic and social well-being of the community by providing accessible educational opportunities and support services.

Location
The LSC-North Harris campus is situated on 254 acres (1 km²) of land originally owned by Aldine ISD, located just several hundred feet from Aldine's Nimitz High School. It is about 20 mi north of Downtown Houston.

The Houston Weekend College of Our Lady of the Lake University previously operated at North Harris.

Degree and certificate programs
• Automotive Technology

• Aviation Management

• Integrated Technologies

• Cosmetology

• Criminal Justice

• Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Professions

• Engineering Technology

• Health Information Technology

• Heating, Ventilation, AC & Refrigeration Technology

• Hospitality Management

• Interpreter Training Technology

• Machining Technology

• Management

• Medical Assisting

• Medical transcription

• Nursing

• Paralegal Studies

• Pharmacy Technology

• Teacher Education

• Welding and Inspection Technology

title: Lone Star College–North Harris


text:
Er (biblical person)

 * This article discusses close relatives of Judah. Er is also a name listed by the Gospel of Luke's version of the genealogy of Jesus.

In the biblical Book of Genesis, Er ( "watcher"; Ἤρ) was the eldest son of Judah and his Canaanite wife, the daughter of Shuah. He is described as marrying Tamar. According to the text, "the slew" Er because he was wicked, although it does not give any further details. This Er had two brothers, Onan and Shelah.

The Book of Chronicles verse 4:21 lists another Er as being one of Shelah's sons.

Some modern bible critics interpret the story of Er as an eponymous aetiological myth to explain fluctuations in the constituency of the tribe of Judah, with the abrupt death of Er reflecting the death of a clan; the presence of an Er as a descendant of Shelah, in the Book of Chronicles, suggests that Er was in reality the name of a clan that was originally equal in status to the Shelah clan, but was later subsumed by it. The brother — Onan — may represent an Edomite clan named Onam, who are mentioned in an Edomite genealogy in Genesis.

These critics have also argued that the Tamar narrative, of which the description of Er is a part, secondarily aims to either assert the institution of levirate marriage, or present an aetiological myth for its origin; Er's role in the narrative would thus be as the background to the main plot, his death being the reason for levirate marriage to become an issue. John Emerton, Regius Professor of Hebrew at the University of Cambridge, regards the evidence for this as inconclusive, though classical rabbinical writers argued that this narrative does concern the origin of levirate marriage.

title: Er (biblical person)


text:
Frederick Adam

General Sir Frederick Adam (17 June 1781 – 17 August 1853) was a Scottish major-general at the Battle of Waterloo, in command of the 3rd (Light) Brigade. He was the fourth son of William Adam of Blair Adam and his wife Eleanora, the daughter of Charles Elphinstone, 10th Lord Elphinstone. He was later a Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, who built Mon Repos, Corfu and other important landmarks in that Protectorate.

Military career
He was born at the family home of Blairadam House, just north of Kelty in Fife.

At the age of fourteen in 1795, Frederick Adam entered the British Army. He trained at the artillery school at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. In the same year, he was commissioned as a first lieutenant and in 1796 he was promoted to second lieutenant.

He took part in the campaigns in the Netherlands and Egypt under Sir Ralph Abercromby, he was promoted to the rank of major in 1803 and a lieutenant colonel in 1804. From 1806 to 1811 he was stationed on Sicily. Between 1812 and 1813 he was in Spain fighting in the Peninsular War, where he was severely wounded at Alicante. On 12 April 1813, while commanding the Light Brigade in John Murray's expeditionary force, Adam led a brilliant rearguard action against the corps of Marshal Louis-Gabriel Suchet at Biar. The following day, his 2/27th Foot battalion inflicted 350 casualties on Suchet's 121st Line Regiment during the Battle of Castalla. He was wounded again in an action at Ordal on 13 September 1813.

Waterloo
On 18 June 1815, Adam commanded the 3rd British Brigade in Henry Clinton's 2nd Division at the Battle of Waterloo. At the crisis of the battle, Adam's 1/52nd (Light) Foot performed a left-wheel to enfilade the flank of the French Imperial Guard's main attack while the British Guards engaged the head of the column. Under fire from two directions, the French guardsmen put up a brief resistance then fled. After their unsuccessful attack on the British centre, the Guard rallied to their reserves of three (some sources say four) regiments, just south of La Haye Sainte for a last stand against the British. But a charge from Adam's brigade threw them into a state of confusion and those which were left retreated towards La Belle Alliance. It was during this stand that Colonel Hugh Halkett took the surrender of General Cambronne.

The French Imperial Guard made a last stand in squares on either side of the La Belle Alliance. General Adam's Brigade charged the square which was formed on rising ground to the (British) right of La Belle Alliance and again threw them into a state of confusion. The other square was attacked by the Prussians. The French retreated away from the battlefield towards France. The French artillery, and everything else belonging to them, fell into the hands of the British and Prussians.

Later life

From 1817 to 1824, Adam continued his career in the army. Between 1824 and 1832 he was a popular Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands. His commissioning of the construction of public buildings on Corfu was appreciated by the local population.

From 25 October 1832, to 4 March 1837, he was Governor of Madras and, in 1846, he was promoted to general.

Military commands
Incomplete list of military commands:
 * 1813 – commanded Anglo-Allied Light Brigade at Biar and Castalla.
 * 1813 – commanded Anglo-Allied Advanced Guard at Ordal.
 * 1815 – commanded 3rd (Light) British Brigade at Waterloo.
 * 1829 – 1835 Colonel of 73rd Perthshire Regiment of Foot.
 * 1835 – Colonel of 57th Foot who were stationed in India.
 * 1843 – Colonel 21st Fusiliers.

title: Frederick Adam


text:
Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill

General Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill, (11 August 1772 – 10 December 1842) was a British Army officer, politician and peer who served in the Napoleonic Wars as a brigade, division and corps commander. Hill became Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in 1828. Well-liked by the soldiers under his command, he was nicknamed "Daddy Hill".

Background and early career
Hill was born on 11August 1772 at Prees Hall in Prees, Shropshire. He was the second son and fourth child of Sir John Hill, 3rd Baronet, a landowner, and Mary, co-heir and daughter of John Chambré of Petton, Shropshire.

Educated at The King's School in Chester, Hill was commissioned into the 38th Foot in 1790. He was promoted to lieutenant on 27 January 1791. On 16 March 1791, after a period of leave, he was appointed to the 53rd Regiment of Foot. He was asked to raise an independent company and given the rank of captain on 30 March 1793.

He served at the Siege of Toulon in Autumn 1793 as aide-de-camp to General O'Hara from where he carried the dispatches to London. He then transferred to one of Major-General Cornelius Cuyler's independent companies on 16 November 1793. In 1794 he assisted Thomas Graham in raising the 90th Foot for which he was promoted to major on 27 May 1794 and to lieutenant-colonel on 26 July 1794. He was promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800.

In 1801 he commanded the 90th Foot when they landed at Abukir Bay in Egypt as part of a force under Sir Ralph Abercromby; Hill was seriously wounded in the action when a musket ball hit his head. In the ensuing weeks Hill helped drive the French forces out of Egypt. Hill became a brigadier in 1803 and a major-general on 2 November 1805.

Peninsular War
During the Peninsular War, Hill commanded a brigade at the Battle of Roliça and also at the Battle of Vimeiro in 1808. He participated in Sir John Moore's 1808–1809 campaign in Spain, commanding a brigade at the Battle of Corunna. While serving under Wellington at the Second Battle of Porto, units of Hill's brigade launched an impromptu assault across the Douro River that ultimately routed Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult's French corps from Oporto.

Hill commanded the 2nd Division at the Battle of Talavera. The night before the battle, Marshal Claude-Victor Perrin mounted a surprise attack, swept aside two battalions of the King's German Legion and seized a key elevation. As Hill later recounted, "I was sure it was the old Buffs, as usual, making some blunder." Nevertheless, he led a reserve brigade forward in the dark. In the short clash that followed, Hill was briefly grabbed and nearly captured by a Frenchman, but his troops recovered the summit. This is the first occasion on which Hill supposedly swore.

Still leading the 2nd Division during Marshal André Masséna's 1810 invasion of Portugal, Hill fought at the Battle of Bussaco. In autumn 1811, Wellington placed Hill in independent command of 16,000 men watching Badajoz. On 28 October he led a successful raid on the French at the Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos. On 21 January 1812 he was appointed to the honorary position of Governor of Blackness Castle and on 22 February 1812 he was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword on 4 May 1812.

In May 1812, after the capture of Badajoz, Hill led a second raid that destroyed a key bridge in the Battle of Almaraz. While Wellington won the Battle of Salamanca, Hill protected Badajoz with an independent 18,000-man corps, including the British 2nd Division, John Hamilton's Portuguese division and William Erskine's 2nd Cavalry Division. He was promoted to lieutenant-general on 30 December 1811.

After the British capture of Madrid, Hill had responsibility for an army of 30,000 men. Hill commanded the Right Column during the campaign and decisive British victory at the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813. Still in corps command, he fought in the Battle of the Pyrenees. At Vitoria and in Wellington's invasion of southern France, Hill's corps usually consisted of William Stewart's 2nd Division, the Portuguese Division (under John Hamilton, Francisco Silveira or Carlos Le Cor) and Pablo Morillo's Spanish Division. For his leadership in these battles he was awarded a medal and two clasps on 7 October 1813. He led the Right Corps at the Battle of Nivelle on 10 November 1813.

On 13 December 1813, during the Battle of the Nive, Hill performed what may have been his finest work in his defence of St-Pierre d'Irube. With his 14,000 men and 10 guns isolated on the east bank of the Nive by a broken bridge, Hill held off the attacks of Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult's 30,000 soldiers and 22 guns. He fought the battle with great skill and "was seen at every point of danger, and repeatedly led up rallied regiments in person to save what seemed like a lost battle ... He was even heard to swear." Later, he fought at the Orthez and Toulouse. Wellington said, "The best of Hill is that I always know where to find him." He was appointed Governor of Hull on 13 July 1814.

Nicknamed "Daddy Hill", he looked after his troops and was adored by his men. On one occasion, he provided a wounded officer who arrived at his headquarters with a lunch basket. Another time, a sergeant delivered a letter to Hill. Expecting nothing but a nod of thanks, the man was astonished when the general arranged for his supper and a place for him to stay for the night. The next day, Hill gave him food and a pound for the rest of his journey.

He was also Tory Member of Parliament (MP) for Shrewsbury from 1812 to 1814, when he was raised to his peerage as Baron Hill of Almaraz and of Hawkestone in the county of Salop, although military duties made him unable to attend the House of Commons prior to his elevation to the Lords. The peerage brought with it a £2,000 pension.

Hill was also colonel of the 3rd Garrison Battalion from 14 January 1809, colonel of the 94th Regiment of Foot from 23 September 1809, colonel of the 72nd Regiment of Foot from 29 April 1815 and colonel of the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards from 19 November 1830.

Waterloo and later career

At the Battle of Waterloo Hill commanded the II Corps. He led the charge of Sir Frederick Adam's brigade against the Imperial Guard towards the end of the battle. For some time it was thought that he had fallen in the melee. He escaped unwounded, and after the battle wrote to his sister, "I verily believe there never was so tremendous a battle fought as that at Waterloo." Thereafter he continued with the army in France until its withdrawal in 1818.

He received several awards from allied nations after the battle. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815 and on 21 August 1815 he was made Knight Commander of the Order of Maria Theresa of Austria and Knight of the Order of St. George of Russia. On 27 August 1815 the Dutch King William I made him a Commander of the exclusive Military Order of William. At the coronation of George IV in 1821, Lord Hill bore the Standard of England in the procession from Westminster Hall to Westminster Abbey. From 1828 to 1842, he succeeded the Duke of Wellington as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. He was also appointed Governor of Plymouth on 18 June 1830 and became Viscount Hill of Almaraz on 22 September 1842.

A keen foxhunter, Hill was master of the North Shropshire Foxhounds until 1823. The pack exists to this day and hunts the north of the county, including the grounds of his childhood home, Hawkstone Hall. He later shared the Mastership with Sir Bellingham Graham and Sir Edward Smythe, the hounds at this time being kennelled two miles south-east of Hawkstone Hall. Hill also formed the Hawkstone Otter Hunt around 1800, which was maintained and hunted by successive viscounts. He served as treasurer of the Salop Infirmary at Shrewsbury in 1825, laying the foundation stone of a major rebuild of the hospital in 1827.

He died at Hardwicke Grange, Hadnall, Shropshire on 10 December 1842. He is buried in the churchyard at Hadnall.

Family
Hill never married and on his death the baronetcy passed in remainder to Rowland Hill, 2nd Viscount Hill, the son of his deceased brother, John. His brothers Robert, Clement and Thomas, also followed military careers and were present at the Battle of Waterloo.

title: Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill


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Arthur's Pass National Park

Arthur's Pass National Park is located in the South Island of New Zealand and covers 1,185 km2 of mostly mountainous terrain. Adjacent to it lies Craigieburn Forest Park. The park is administered by the Department of Conservation.

Park establishment
Arthur′s Pass National Park was established in 1929, becoming the first national park in the South Island and the third in New Zealand. Land in Arthur's Pass and the Otira Gorge was originally set aside under the Lands Act 1885 and the Scenery Preservation Act of 1903. This land became the foundation for the national park.

After the Midland railway line was built, train trips from Christchurch to the Otira Gorge began with day trippers visiting Arthur′s Pass in 1926. Unfortunately native flowers were popular souvenirs. Some individuals chose to cut down trees to obtain rātā blooms. As a result, there was a large push to establish national park status for the area. This led to the establishment of Arthur's Pass National Park in 1929. Underfunding meant that this was initially in name only and it took a number of years for the flora and fauna to be fully protected. The first full time park ranger, Ray Cleland, was appointed to Arthur's Pass National Park in 1950. Initially he did not have a work vehicle having to use a packhorse instead. Duties were wide and varied including hut and track building, promotion of the national park, search and rescue, protection of the park environment and enforcing rules and regulations.

Expansion
In 1901, the Riversdale Flats were gazetted for inclusion in Arthur's Pass National Park, However, when the park was created in 1929, the 1,000 hectares of the Riversdale Flats were excluded. These were then incorporated into the Mount White Station lease. In 2007, the Arthur's Pass National Park plan recommended the inclusion of the Riversdale Flats. In late 2021, the status of whether the Riversdale Flats should remain within the Mount White lease or be incorporated into Arthur's Pass National Park was before the courts.

Geography
Arthur′s Pass National Park is bisected by. The road passes through Arthur's Pass village and the mountain pass with the same name over the Southern Alps at a height of 920 metres above sea level. The National Park is located within a few hours of driving from Christchurch, the largest city on the South Island of New Zealand.

The park is split by the main divide of the South Island. The eastern side is typically drier and consists of mountain beech forest and wide riverbeds, while the western side contains dense rainforest (which includes mixed podocarp and rata). Much of the geography was formed by ancient glacial action, forming flat bottomed U-shaped valleys. In the middle is a high range, consisting of large, snow-covered peaks and scree slopes.

The park contains the following geographical features:
 * A portion of the main divide of the South Island, including the following passes - Harman, Waimakariri Col, Arthur's itself, Goat (on the Mingha-Deception route), Tarahuna, Worsley, Minchin and Harper.
 * The source of the Waimakariri River, very close the Waimakariri Falls Hut.
 * Numerous tributaries to the Waimakariri River, including the Bealey, Poulter, Hawdon, White, Crow and Anti Crow Rivers.
 * Numerous tributaries to the Taramakau River, including the Ōtira, Deception and Ōtehake Rivers.
 * Mt Murchison at 2400 m is the highest peak within the park.

Whio
Seventeen Whio (blue ducks) were released into the park in March 2021. There are less than 3,000 whio left in New Zealand.

Kākāriki karaka
The rarest of New Zealand's six kākāriki species, the orange-fronted parakeet is only found in Arthur's Pass National Park. They are most commonly seen in the Hawdon and Poulter valleys.

Kea
Kea are regularly seen in both the park and the township. Scotts Track which leads up to Avalanche Peak is often a spot where kea spend time especially close to the tree line. Young kea can often be spotted from the carpark at the viaduct lookout (which is also known as Deaths Corner). This is about 8 km west of Arthur's Pass Village. Kea are also common visitors to the local ski fields (Porters, Cheeseman, Broken River, Craigieburn and Temple Basin).

Great spotted kiwi (roroa)
These can be heard around Arthur's Pass Village, but being nocturnal kiwi are often difficult to see. There are up to 40 kiwi living in the Bealey Valley.

Weka
Weka are becoming more common in the western side of the park and occasionally in the Edwards Valley. They have not been sited between the 1920s until a population was re-established near the Taramakau river in the early 1970s. They have slowly expanded their territory and predator control has allowed the population to expand towards Arthurs Pass Village.

Visitor centre
The first national park visitor centre was built in Arthur′s Pass in 1959, with the help of the Christchurch Wanderers Tramping Club. It was designed by Christchurch architect Paul Pascoe and used local stone to reflect the geology of the national park. As well as Department of Conservation offices, the building housed museum displays on the history of Arthur's Pass (including Richard Seddon's stagecoach) and archives detailing the history of the National Park. In 2019 the building was declared earthquake prone, and the visitor centre was moved to a portacabin across the road. The cost to upgrade the building to the required standard was estimated at NZ$3 million.

Management
The Department of Conservation operates a depot, administration and information centre in Arthur's Pass village. It has been proposed that facilities should be developed to encourage more visitors to stay the night. Achieving this would require more high end accommodation and amenities to be built. The report notes that visitors peak over summer. There is a lack of longer day walk options in the park and all–weather amenities. The report also suggested that a cable car would be popular to access the tops of the mountains as would hot pools in the village and an upgraded visitor centre. The Department of Conservation had yet to make a decision on the development of Arthur's Pass National Park by June 2021.

Activities
The park is popular for tramping, skiing, hunting and mountaineering. The Mingha-Deception tramping route is used each February for the running section of the Coast to Coast race.

There are a number of harder routes within the park that require a high level of mountaineering skill.

Avalanche Peak
Avalanche Peak is the only peak in Arthur's Pass National Park that is marked by a poled route to the summit. The route is steep and climbs 1,100 metres vertical from the Arthur's Pass village. On a clear day, there are good views of the Southern Alps.

Devils Punchbowl waterfall
The Devils Punchbowl waterfall is located close to the northern end of Arthur′s Pass Village. The short walk to the waterfall and back can be completed in under two hours. The start of the walk is at the footbridge that crosses the Bealey River. The walk takes in beech forest resplendent with birdlife. The track climbs a well maintained track to the base of the 131 metre waterfall, where there is a viewing platform.

Mount Rolleston
Mount Rolleston is one of the highest peaks in the National Park. it is 2271 meters tall. It is a popular mountain to climb and there are multiple ways to climb it The Rolleston Glacier has melted significantly and the degree of the melt in 2011 would be a 1-in-100-year event under natural conditions, but due to climate change this has become a 1-in-8-year event.

Bealey Spur track
This is a popular day trip within Arthur's Pass National Park. It is an easy 2.5 hour walk up to the Bealey Spur Hut. The views over the Wamaikariri Basin and surrounding mountains on a fine day are worth the climb.

Waimakariri Basin
O'Malleys track starts at State Highway 73 and follows the Waimakariri River, crossing Turkey Flat to Anti Crow Hut (6 bunks) then on to Carrington Hut (36 bunks). This takes the average fit walker five hours. From Carrington Hut, it is possible to climb Harman Pass (1315m) and cross the Southern Alps. Another trip from Carrington Hut is to continue following the Waimakariri River to Waimakariri Falls Hut, at 1,290 metres above sea level. This hut contains six bunks and various mountaineering trips can be taken from here into the higher mountains of the National Park.

From Anti Crow Hut it is also possible to cross the Wamakariri River and walk up the Crow river towards Crow Hut which sits at 1020 metres above sea level and has 10 bunks.

Edwards-Hawdon track
This challenging tramping trip travels up the Edwards River, crosses two alpine Passes and then travels down the Hawdon River. The Department of Conservation describes it as "...best of Arthur's Pass National Park's stunning alpine landscapes. The hanging valley at Walker Pass is reached via Taruahuna Pass and the steep climb up to Tarn Col". This is typically a two night and three day tramp with stops at Edwards Hut (16 bunks) and Hawdon Hut (20 Huts). It is suitable for very experienced tramping groups only.

Andrews-Poulter track
The Andrews-Poulter is a popular non technical trip on the eastern side of Arthur′s Pass National Park. It crosses two passes, the first being the Casey saddle which is surrounded by beech forest. From there, the track leads to Casey Hut. The second day travels along the river flats of the Poulter before climbing through the beech forest to the Binser saddle and then descending to the carpark near the Andrews shelter in the Mt White road.

The Casey Hut was burnt down in October 2015. Fire investigators found that the fire most likely started at the woodstove or close to the hut entrance. Fortunately, the fire did not spread to the surrounding forest. The hut was originally built in the 1969 and had 16 bunks in it.

In 2019, two anonymous donors provided $250,000 for the hut to be rebuilt. DOC plan to build an 8-metre by 5m hut that will contain 12 bunks.

In August 2020, the replacement Casey Hut was opened. It has some upgrades on the original hut including a more efficient fireplace, double glazing, insulation and solar lighting.

Mingha-Deception track
This is a well known tramping trip that travels up the Mingha river to Goat Pass. Goat Pass hut is located at the pass and has 20 bunk beds. The second day involves travel down the Deception river and multiple river crossings. It is possible to complete a side trip to Lake Mavis from Goat Pass. This trip is used as the mountain run for the Coast to Coast race in the reverse direction. Pest control (trapping stoats, weasels, rats and feral cats) occurs along this route as part of the Blue Duck Recovery Programme.

Carroll Hut track
The Carroll Hut Track is on the West Coast side of Arthur′s Pass National Park, 3 kilometres north of Otira on State Highway 73 at Kellys Creek. The tramp to the hut takes around three hours. It is a step climb through podocarp and broadleaf forest. It provides good views of the Taramakau River on a clear day. The hut itself, has 10 bunk beds and does not have any form of heating. Expect the trip back from the hut to the road to take 90 minutes.

Park safety
Arthur's Pass National Park has a reputation as one of the most dangerous national parks in New Zealand. In the first three months of 2006 alone two people died whilst walking in the park.

The mountains around Arthur's Pass contain very challenging terrain. The marked day walks in the park, all easily accessible from the Arthur's Pass village carparks, involve vertical ascents of around 1000 m and include several hours well above the tree line. The peaks are highly exposed to the weather, the tracks are often very steep, and are often marked only by poles strung across a rocky landscape. Below the tree line the bush is dense and thick. In common with many alpine areas the weather is subject to frequent and sudden change. There are numerous reports in the media of unfortunate incidents where trampers have been unprepared for the harsh and variable conditions and suffered from hypothermia or a fatal fall, or have become lost.

title: Arthur's Pass National Park


text:
Moringa (genus)

Moringa is the sole genus in the plant family Moringaceae. It contains 13 species, which occur in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia and that range in size from tiny herbs to massive trees. Moringa species grow quickly in many types of environments.

The most widely cultivated species is Moringa oleifera, native to the foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India, a multipurpose tree cultivated throughout the tropics and marketed as a dietary supplement, health food or source for herbalism practices. The fruit pods of Moringa oleifera ("drumsticks") are increasingly consumed as food in many parts of the world, but particularly in South Asia. The leaves are commonly used to make tea. Oils are made from the seeds, while powders can be made from the leaves and roots.

M. stenopetala, an African species, is also widely grown, but to a much lesser extent than M. oleifera.

The genus name is derived from murungai, the Tamil word for drumstick, and in India the plant is commonly referred to as the drumstick tree.

Description
Moringa is considered one of the most widely diverse genera for its size ranging from small shrubs (M. pygmaea) to large pachycaul trees (M. ovalifolia).

Growth habit
Moringa contains a wide range of growth habits that may be subdivided into the following categories:

 * Bottle (pachycaul) trees: M. drouhardii, M. hildebrandtii, M. ovalifolia, M. stenopetala
 * Slender trees: M. concanensis, M. oleifera, M. peregrina
 * Sarcorhizal trees: M. arborea, M. ruspoliana
 * Tuberous shrubs: M. borziana, M. longituba, M. pygmaea, M. rivae

Leaves
Leaves are typically pinnately compound with entire margins.

Flowers
Flowers may be either bilaterally or radially symmetric. Bottle trees typically produce small, radially symmetric flowers, while other members of the genus produce radially symmetric flowers. Most flowers range in color from white to cream to brown with the notable exception of M. longituba which produces bright red flowers.

Fruit
Fruits are typically elongated, slender, 3-valved "pods" resembling an indehiscent silique (in contrast with a true dehiscent silique). Fruits of M. oleifera (drumstick), are a major agricultural product of India, eaten as a vegetable and used for traditional medicine.

Phytochemistry
Moringa contain a number of sulfurous biochemical compounds called "mustard-oil glycosides" or glucosinolates commonly found in cruciferous vegetables of Brassicaceae. Benzyl glucosinolate along with family-specific glucomoringin and glucosoonjnain have been detected from various Moringa species and are thought to be the cause of the bitter taste in some Moringa leaves.

Higher-level classification
The monotypic family, Moringaceae, containing genus Moringa has been placed in the order Brassicales according to most modern taxonomic systems, including the APG IV system. Molecular data has suggested a close relationship between Moringaceae and Caricaceae with many identifying a "Caricaceae-Moringaceae" clade within Brassicales. Prior to the availability of molecular data, morphological classification of Moringaceae placed the family in either Brassicales or Sapindales due to the unusual morphological diversity of the family.

Classification within the genus
Moringa contains three widely recognized clades—Donaldsonia, Moringa, and Dysmoringa. Donaldsonia, once thought to be a subgenus of Moringa, is a non-monophyletic clade identifiable by radially symmetric flowers and containing the bottle trees M. drouhardii, M. hildebrandtii, M. ovalifolia, and M. stenopetala. The Moringa clade contains all other members of genus Moringa (except M. longituba) characterized by irregular floral symmetry, perigynous flowers, and short receptacles. The Dysmoringa clade contains the species M. longituba which diverges from common Moringa clade characteristics due to its long receptacle and red flowers. The exact phylogenetic relationship between members of Moringa continues to evolve with growing molecular data, though the Donaldsonia clade is consistently identified as the basalmost clade within the family.

List of species

 * Moringa arborea Verdc. (indigenous to Kenya)
 * Moringa borziana Mattei (indigenous to Somalia)
 * Moringa concanensis Nimmo (indigenous to northern India)
 * Moringa drouhardii Jum. – bottle tree (indigenous to southwestern Madagascar)
 * Moringa hildebrandtii Engl. – Hildebrandt's moringa (indigenous to southwestern Madagascar)
 * Moringa longituba Engl. (indigenous to Ethiopia and Somalia)
 * Moringa oleifera Lam. (syn. M. pterygosperma) – horseradish tree (indigenous to northwestern India)
 * Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & Berger (indigenous to Namibia and Angola)
 * Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori indigenous to Arabian Peninsula Horn of Africa and in the Southern Sinai, Egypt
 * Moringa pygmaea Verdc. (indigenous to Somalia)
 * Moringa rivae Chiov. (indigenous to Kenya and Ethiopia)
 * Moringa ruspoliana Engl. (indigenous to Ethiopia)
 * Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. (indigenous to Kenya and Ethiopia)

title: Moringa (genus)