text:
Iejima

Iejima (伊江島), previously romanized in English as Ie Shima, is an island in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, lying a few kilometers off the Motobu Peninsula on Okinawa Island. The island measures 20 km in circumference and covers 23 km2. As of December 2012 the island had a population of 4,610. Ie Village, which covers the entire island, has a ferry connection with the town of Motobu on Okinawa Island.

Iejima is generally flat. The most notable geographic feature is a peak called Mount Gusuku (or "Tatchuu" in Kunigami) at a height of 172 meters. The mountain resembles a volcano but is actually an erosion artifact. Alternately called "Peanut Island," for its general shape and peanut crop, or "Flower Island," for its abundant flora and more sizeable crop, Iejima draws tourists by ferry, especially during late April when the Ie Lily Festival begins.

World War II
American troops from the 77th Infantry Division landed on Iejima in April 1945 as part of the Battle of Okinawa and there was heavy fighting from April 16 until the island was secured on April 21. U.S. journalist Ernie Pyle was killed during the battle. There is a monument dedicated to his memory on the southern part of the island. Every year on the weekend closest to his April 18 death there is a memorial service.

Iejima, which was developed in conjunction with US bases on Okinawa, became a naval advance base. Its three airstrips were under Army control, but were used by Naval Air Transport Service. The naval base included 16,700 square feet of general storage and space, 7,475 cubic feet of cold storage space and 4,500 square feet of open storage. In addition to 700 lineal feet of wharfage, there were repair shops covering 5,500 square feet; hospital, 2,400 square feet; and quarters, 67,692 square feet.

Iejima, then called Ie Shima by US military and media, was the major starting point for the Surrender of Japan. It was the home of the 413th Fighter Group which comprised the 1st, 21st and 34th Fighter Squadrons, the 345th Bombardment Group, consisting of the 498th, 499th, 500th and 501st Squadrons, along with the 548th and 549th Night Fighter Squadrons of the 7th Fighter Command. All three groups were stationed there toward the end of the war.

The surrender preparations started on August 17, 1945, with the flight of two Japanese Betty bombers to Iejima where the Japanese emissaries transferred to U.S. Army Air Force C-54s to complete their journey to Corregidor to meet with General Douglas MacArthur's staff. B-25 Mitchells of the 345th were assigned to escort the Japanese bombers from the Japanese mainland to Iejima, and P-38s were assigned the duty of top-cover. Japanese officials ordered the remaining Japanese Air Force to shoot down their own bombers, because they believed that honor required that Japan should fight to the very last person. Instead of flying directly to Iejima, the two Japanese planes flew northeast, toward the open ocean, to avoid their own fighters. One of the Japanese delegates aboard remarked, after looking through a bullet hole in the side of the plane, that a squadron of fighters was approaching and he thought that their surrender mission had failed. However, the squadron of fighters were U.S. P-38 Lightnings assigned as top-cover. The 345th had been directed to send two B-25s as escorts. However, fully aware of the difficulty in communication with the Japanese and correctly anticipating the possibility of necessary deviation from plans, the 345th had dispatched three flights of B-25s so as to bracket the enemy's proposed flight path. This proved to be excellent planning, as only the second of the three flights intercepted the Japanese and the top-cover, off-course and headed on a route that would not have brought them to Iejima. Operating under orders to come no nearer than 1000 ft to the Japanese planes, Major J.C. McClure found it impossible to keep the Japanese on the proper course flying abreast of them, so he pulled out well ahead of them to lead their formation. Seconds later he was surprised to find the Japanese tucked in tightly under his wings. To them it was the safest way to approach the island which had only days before been their target. The four planes arrived over Iejima in perfect show formation.

The Japanese emissaries continued on to the Philippines as planned, concluded the arrangements for the formal surrender scheduled to take place on September 2 in Tokyo Bay, and returned to Iejima on August 18. As the Bettys were taxiing into place to receive their passengers for the return trip to Tokyo, one of them ran off of the runway and broke its landing gear, leaving it unable to continue the trip that day. The Japanese delegation split, with the less important delegates staying on Iejima overnight as the damaged plane was repaired, while the operable aircraft proceeded that evening. For some unexplained reason, that plane ran out of fuel some 130 mi from their destination and was ditched in shallow water. The emissaries waded ashore and arrived in Tokyo the next day.

Farmers' Movement
In 1955, the United States military embarked upon a wide-scale campaign to seize land from the farmers of Iejima. The campaign began in 1954 with a so-called survey project. After the island's farmers signed the papers, they realized that in fact they had agreed to their voluntary evacuation. In 1955, the American military landed on Iejima's southern beaches and seized the farmers' lands by force. Following this seizure, the residents of Iejima began a five decade campaign to oppose the American military. Led by Shoko Ahagon, they traveled throughout the Okinawan islands garnering support for their campaign. This Beggars' March took the islanders all over the prefecture where they were treated hospitably by their fellow Okinawans, but when they returned to Iejima and started to farm their land once more, the American military razed their crops and arrested the islanders.

In the late 1950s, many residents of Iejima resorted to collecting scrap metal from the military bombing range. This was dangerous work resulting in the deaths or disfigurement of local men.

Today
The United States military maintains a small "auxiliary landing strip" on Ie; this airstrip is now a military training facility run by the U.S. Marine Corps. There is a detachment of 12 US Marines which operates the range. The jobs include Operation Scheduler, Range Warden, Crash/Fire/Rescue, and Motor Transportation. The north-west corner of the island that contains a 5000 ft coral runway, a simulated LHD deck, and a drop zone for parachute training.

The three runways that were in use when World War II ended still exist. The center one is now abandoned and is used as a thoroughfare for the locals to get from the north to the south side of the island. The eastern one is now used by a small civilian air carrier, and the western one is still unimproved and is part of the training range.

Cultural references
The island is the setting of a traditional Okinawan drama where a sad girl by the name of Hando-gwaa fell in love with a man named Kanahi, Iejima's headman. When Hando-gwaa learned that Kanahi had already wed she climbed up to Tacchu Mountain and hanged herself with her long, black hair. One can find a statue of this woman in a garden that sits below Gusukuyama.

title: Iejima


text: Category:Computability

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Computability


text:
Talk:Intaglio (burial mound)

2004 & 2005 comments
"The United States sold the Shah of Iran the only intaglio press outside of the United States similar to the ones used by the Treasury department to print US notes. It has since fallen into the wrong hands (at least from the point of view of the treasury department) and has led to the necessity to redesign modern US notes."

This doesn't seem terribly relevant to the intaglio article. I'll remove it until someone disagrees.
 * Andy M. 11:09, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

I think it should be put back in

--Diaz 03:31, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Intaglio (burial mound)


text:
Category:Mathematical logic

Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic such as their expressive or deductive power.

Mathematical logic is divided into four parts: The divisions between these areas, along with the divisions between mathematical logic and the rest of mathematics, are not completely sharp, with many areas of research and methods overlapping and reinforcing each other.
 * Model theory
 * Proof theory
 * Recursion theory, also known as computability theory
 * Set theory

title: Category:Mathematical logic


text:
Talk:Economy of the Faroe Islands

I've updated all the numbers I could find on hagstova.fo to 2008 numbers.

--212.242.233.106 (talk) 11:17, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Where is all this data from? Seems to be very old. If someone is good in English, this is the right source:

http://www.hagstova.fo (Statistics of the Faroe Islands) Arne List 11:12, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 3 external links on Economy of the Faroe Islands. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Economy of the Faroe Islands


text:
Bent Pyramid

The Bent Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian pyramid located at the royal necropolis of Dahshur, approximately 40 km south of Cairo, built under the Old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu (c. 2600 BC). A unique example of early pyramid development in Egypt, this was the second pyramid built by Sneferu.

The Bent Pyramid rises from the desert at a 54-degree inclination, but the top section (above 47 m) is built at the shallower angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid a visibly "bent" appearance.

Overview
Archaeologists now believe that the Bent Pyramid represents a transitional form between step-sided and smooth-sided pyramids. It has been suggested that due to the steepness of the original angle of inclination the structure may have begun to show signs of instability during construction, forcing the builders to adopt a shallower angle to avert the structure's collapse. This theory appears to be borne out by the fact that the adjacent Red Pyramid, built immediately afterwards by the same pharaoh, was constructed at an angle of 43 degrees from its base. This fact also contradicts the theory that at the initial angle the construction would take too long because Sneferu's death was nearing, so the builders changed the angle to complete the construction in time. In 1974, Kurt Mendelssohn suggested the change of the angle to have been made as a stability precaution in reaction to a catastrophic collapse of the Meidum Pyramid while it was still under construction.

The reason why Sneferu abandoned the Meidum Pyramid and its Step Pyramid may have been a change in ideology. The royal tomb was no longer considered as a staircase to the stars; instead, it was served as a symbol of the solar cult and of the primeval mound from which all life sprang.

It is also unique among the approximately ninety pyramids to be found in Egypt, in that its original polished limestone outer casing remains largely intact. British structural engineer Peter James attributes this to larger clearances between the parts of the casing than used in later pyramids; these imperfections would work as expansion joints and prevent the successive destruction of the outer casing by thermal expansion. Another obvious reason is that the steep slope made stone robbery too risky and difficult.

The ancient formal name of the Bent Pyramid is generally translated as (The)-Southern-Shining-Pyramid, or Sneferu-(is)-Shining-in-the-South. In July 2019, Egypt decided to open the Bent Pyramid for tourism for the first time since 1965. Tourists are able to reach two 4600-year-old chambers through a 79 m narrow tunnel built from the northern entrance of the pyramid. The 18 m "side pyramid", which is assumed to have been built for Sneferu's wife Hetepheres will also be accessible. It is the first time this adjacent pyramid has been opened to the public since its excavation in 1956.

Construction phases
The Pyramid underwent three construction phases. In the first construction phase, a steep pyramid with a base length of 157 m and an inclination angle of approximately 58° (possibly even 60°) was planned. If the pyramid had been completed in this form, it would have reached a height of around 125 m, but given the knowledge of ancient techniques and the comparison with completed pyramids, such a steep pyramid was probably not a realistic option and did not exceed only few stone layers. Due to the good overall degree of preservation of the pyramid, this phase can only be proven indirectly through offset points around 12.70 m from the entrance in the lower descending corridor and at around 11.60 m in the upper descending corridor. In the second phase, the builders reduced the angle of inclination to 54°. This increased the base length to 188 m. Here, too, inclined wall layers were used as in the step pyramids, because masons were not able to produce trapezoid stones at this phase. While step pyramids were built in ring-shaped shells of slant layers, the turn to undivided masonry made horizontal layers more practicable. If the inclination of 54° had been maintained, it would have reached a height of 129.4 m and a volume of around 1,524,000 cubic meters. The Bent Pyramid would therefore be the third highest pyramid in the world. However, this inclination was not continued beyond a height of 49 m. The masonry of this phase is faced with fine Tura limestone. In the third construction phase, the angle was reduced to 43° and, like in the Red Pyramid and all successive pyramids, the masonry was laid in horizontal layers. The slope reduction created the unique kink that is not found in any other pyramid. Due to the lower inclination angle of the upper part, the total height was reduced to 105 m. The total volume was 1,440,808 cubic meters. The upper area also has a cladding of fine Tura limestone.

Recent conclusions rather speak against a connection between the change in slope and structural defects. It is rather doubtful that a reduction in weight was a relevant criterion for a structure of almost closed mass. The early decision against the 60° inclination initially envisaged rather suggests that geometric aspects were the decisive factor in the gradient change. Following the assumption of tangential construction ramps inclined up to 10° as the simplest form of ramp, the fact edge lengths became smaller as the height increased made it increasingly difficult to keep the gradient low. This could be compensated for by reducing the ramp width to around 3 m, which was sufficient for pairs of train crews, but even for such narrow ramps the geometric volume could not provide enough space when the gradient was too steep. Models and abstract calculations were not possible in that time. It must therefore have become clear to the construction managers halfway up that ramp structures would not be feasible when maintaining this gradient. In fact, all completed pyramids (first the Red, then the Great Pyramid) never exceeded the maximum gradient of 53°.

Interior passages
The Bent Pyramid has two entrances, one fairly low down on the north side, to which a substantial wooden stairway has been built for the convenience of tourists. The second entrance is high on the west face of the pyramid. Each entrance leads to a chamber with a high, corbelled roof; the northern entrance leads to a chamber that is below ground level, the western to a chamber built in the body of the pyramid itself. A hole in the roof of the northern chamber (accessed today by a high and rickety ladder 15 m long) leads via a rough connecting passage to the passage from the western entrance.

The western entrance passage is blocked by two stone blocks which were not lowered vertically, as in other pyramids, but slid down 45° ramps to block the passage. One of these was lowered in antiquity and a hole has been cut through it, the other remains propped up by a piece of ancient cedar wood. The connecting passage referenced above enters the passage between the two portcullises.

A particular feature in the chambers are a row of original cedar beams that were interpreted by many as a reaction on structural problems. In contradiction to that, Edwards argues the cedar beams rather had been part of the funerary support structure and, some of them bedded in mortar, could not have any structural function.

Causeway
A causeway leads from the Bent Pyramids' northeast toward the pyramid with the valley temple. The causeway was paved with limestone blocks and had a low limestone wall on each side. In fact, there may have been a second causeway that lead down to a dock or landing stage, but there is no excavation that can prove this assumption yet.

Pyramid temple
On the east side of the pyramid there are the fragmentary remains of the pyramid temple. Like the pyramid temple of the Meidum pyramid, there are two stelae behind the temple, though of these only stumps remain. There is no trace of inscription to be seen. The temple remains are fragmentary but it is presumed to be similar to that of the Meidum temple.

Satellite pyramid
A satellite pyramid, suggested by some Egyptologists to have been built to house the pharaoh's ka, is located 55 m south of the Bent Pyramid. The satellite pyramid originally measured 26 m in height and 52.80 m in length, with faces inclining 44°30'. The structure is made of limestone blocks, relatively thick, arranged in horizontal rows and covered with a layer of fine limestone from Tura. The burial chamber is accessible from a descending corridor with its entrance located 1.10 m above the ground in the middle of the north face. The corridor, inclined at 34°, originally measured 11.60 m in length. A short horizontal passage connects the corridor with an ascending corridor, inclined at 32° 30', leading up to the chamber.

The design of the corridors is similar to the one found in the Great Pyramid of Giza, where the Grand Gallery takes up the place of the ascending corridor. The corridor leads up to the burial chamber (called this despite that it most probably never contained any sarcophagus). The chamber, located in the center of the pyramid, has a corbel vault ceiling and contains a four metres deep shaft, probably dug by treasure hunters, in the southeast part of the chamber.

Like the main pyramid, the satellite had its own altar with two stelae located at the eastern side.

Man-made landscape
As the first geometrically "true" pyramid in the world, the Bent Pyramid is also connected to the surrounding landscape. Nicole Alexanian and Felix Arnold, two distinguished German archeologists, provided a new insight toward the meaning and function for the Bent Pyramid in their book named The complex of the Bent Pyramid as a landscape design project. They noticed that the sites of the Bent Pyramid sits aside in the middle of a pristine desert area instead of fertile area near the Nile River like all the other pyramids, and concluded the landscape surrounding the Bent Pyramid is man-made. When the archaeologists observed the landscape closely, the plateau of the pyramid seemed leveled artificially and nearby escarpment and trenches were all made by human beings. Moreover, there were a few traces left indicating a build-up of garden enclosure. The impact of humans on the landscape is also represented by the presence of a wadi channel connecting the Bent Pyramid to a harbor, which shows a distinct difference between the southern and northern side of the channel. It shows a substantial difference in level with regards to the finding. The slope of southern wadi channel seemed to have been rectified when the archaeologists compared it to the natural and twisted northern side. Arne Ramisch supported this idea by providing evidence that displays a low correlation of fraternal patterns of channel and natural topography in the environs, which is southern side of wadi, of the Bent Pyramid.

The purpose of this man-made construction might hold mythical meaning and ritual function. Based on available evidence, garden enclosure and water basins both are the counterparts of funeral rites which indicates a regular practice of rituals at Dahshur. However, there is also the implication that the garden closure helped to create a satisfactory living environment in the desert. Other than that, the leveled plateau, the quarrying trenches on the western and southern sides of the pyramid, and the nearby smaller tombs cooperate together to emphasize the monumentality of the Bent Pyramid, aiding by its long distance from the surrounding structures. These features represent the imprinting social hierarchy in the creation of this landscape, which furthermore represents the power of Egyptian King at that time. Alexanian and Arnold describes this construction in a concise phrase: an artificial mountain erected within an artificial landscape.

title: Bent Pyramid


text:
Save Manapouri campaign

The Save Manapouri campaign was an environmental campaign waged between 1969 and 1972 in New Zealand to prevent the raising of the levels of lakes Manapouri and Te Anau as part of the construction of the Manapouri Power Project.

Origins
The original plans for Manapouri Power Station development involved raising Lake Manapouri by up to 30 metres, and merging Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau. The Save Manapouri Campaign was launched at a public meeting at Invercargill in October 1969. It later came to manifest the international awareness of the environment that came with the prosperity of the 1960s.

 * "At its simplest, the issue was about whether Lake Manapouri should be raised by as much as 30 metres. But there was much more at stake than that. There were strong economic and engineering arguments opposing lake raising, and there were also legal and democratic issues underlying the whole debate. What captured the public's imagination across the country was the prospect that a lake as beautiful as Manapouri could be interfered with, despoiled and debased", wrote Neville Peat.

In 1970, 264,907 New Zealanders, almost 10% of the population, signed the Save Manapouri petition. Nevertheless, the Cabinet Committee on Manapouri and the Manapouri Commission of Inquiry both concluded that the New Zealand Government was obligated under the terms of the Manapouri-Te Anau Development Act 1963 to raise the levels of Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau in order to guarantee the supply to Comalco (now Rio Tinto Aluminium) of electricity for the aluminium smelter based at Tiwai Point.

Impacts
In the 1972 general election, Manapouri was a significant issue, and the Labour Government of Norman Kirk was elected on a platform that included a strong endorsement of the Save Manapouri ideals.

In 1973, Kirk honoured his party's election pledge. He created an independent body, the Guardians of Lake Manapouri, Monowai, and Te Anau to oversee management of the lake levels, which they do to this day. The original six Guardians were Alan Mark, Ronald McLean, Wilson Campbell, Les Hutchins, John Moore, and Jim McFarlane, and they were all prominent leaders of the Save Manapouri Campaign.

The single Damn the Dam recorded and released in 1973 by John Hanlon has retrospectively become associated with the Save Manapouri Campaign. Hanlon's song was originally an energy conservation jingle to advertise home insulation, with the proceeds from its release going to charities. However, since the release of this song followed on from the successful conclusion of the Save Manapouri Campaign, 'Damn the Dam' is now popularly recognised as an anthem in tribute to one of New Zealand's longest and hardest-fought environmental campaigns.

In 1991, the Save Manapouri Campaign was revived with many of the same leaders and renamed Power For Our Future. The campaign opposed selling off the power station, to ensure that Comalco did not revive its plans to raise Lake Manapouri's waters. The campaign was successful: the government announced that Manapouri would not be sold to Comalco.

title: Save Manapouri campaign


text: Category:Paradoxes

title: Category:Paradoxes


text:
Category:Proof theory

In mathematics, Proof theory is the study of formalized arguments.

title: Category:Proof theory


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Clinical medicine/categorizations

The new Categorization system will probably be quite powerful, but requires some thought before starting to institute it, as there is no way yet to have synonyms for categories (the "Doctor" category would be a different category from the "Doctors" category).

So I thought I'd put up a (so far partial) system and have everyone edit it mercilessly to see if we can come up with a logical (and probably necessarily multi-hierarchical) way to organize the medical articles.

Categories
health care

branches basic sciences anatomy head and neck thorax abdomen pelvis upper limb lower limb biochemistry biostatistics embryology epidemiology genetics immunology investigative pathology medical statistics medical informatics microbiology (includes bacteriology) parasitology virology neuroscience cytology toxicology histology histopathology pathophysiology pharmacology physiology bioethics medicine emergency medicine general practitioner internal medicine cardiology critical care medicine endocrinology gastroenterology hepatology geriatric medicine hematology infectious diseases AIDS medicine genito-urinary medicine nephrology oncology primary care pulmonology rheumatology medical genetics neurology occupational medicine anesthesiology pain medicine dentistry dental public health endodontics oral and maxillofacial pathology oral and maxillofacial surgery oral medicine oral radiology orthodontics pediatric dentistry periodontics prosthodontics fixed prosthodontics removable prosthodontics dermatology obstetrics & gynecology gynecology gynecologic surgery gynecologic oncology maternal/fetal medicine obstetrics reproductive endocrinology and fertility ophthalmology cataract surgery oculoplastic surgery refractive surgery vitreo-retinal surgery pathology anatomic pathology autopsy cytopathology forensic pathology molecular pathology surgical pathology clinical pathology clinical chemistry cytology hematopathology medical microbiology transfusion medicine pediatrics adolescent medicine child abuse medicine developmental pediatrics neonatology pediatric cardiology pediatric critical care pediatric endocrinology pediatric gastroenterology pediatric hematology pediatric infectious disease pediatric nephrology pediatric neurology pediatric oncology pediatric pulmonology pediatric rheumatology pediatric surgery psychiatry child psychiatry public health radiology diagnostic radiology interventional radiology nuclear medicine radiation oncology surgery gastrointestinal surgery endocrine surgery cardiothoracic surgery cardiac surgery thoracic surgery oral and maxillofacial surgery neurosurgery orthopedic surgery hand surgery reconstructive surgery paediatric orthopaedics orthopaedic sports medicine orthopaedic traumatology spinal surgery organ transplantation otolaryngology (ENT) plastic surgery cosmetic surgery reconstructive surgery surgical oncology urology vascular surgery pediatric surgery trauma surgery surgical critical care

personnel physicians physician assistants nurses nurse practitioners nurse specialists nurse anaesthetists nurse midwives dietitians midwives therapists physical therapists respiratory therapists occupational therapists speech therapists allied health care professionals independent practitioners dentists podiatrists audiologists optometrists dependent practitioners physical therapists occupational therapists

diagnosis diagnostic procedures EMG doppler cardiology diagnostic procedures cardiac catheterization echocardiogram pericardiocentesis EKG 12-lead 24 hour Stress tests stress echo stress EKG pulmonary diagnostic procedures lung function studies thoracocentesis pleural biopsy bronchoscopy other joint aspiration peritoneal lavage bone marrow aspiration gastroenterological diagnostic procedures colonoscopy +/- biopsy sigmoidoscopy +/- biopsy proctosigmoidoscopy anoscopy ERCP MRCP esophagogastroduodenoscopy ("upper endoscopy") Endoscopic ultrasound Capsule enteroscopy Liver biopsy Esophageal manometry 24 hour pH monitoring Gastric analysis pancreatic function tests radiologic diagnostic procedures ultrasound x-ray CT scan spiral CT     contrast CT   MRI scan nuclear medicine laboratory procedures blood tests blood chemistry serum sodium serum potassium serum chloride serum bicarbonate blood urea nitrogen blood glucose serum creatinine sorry to insert a comment, but this list is sooooo long if we actually get them all (Ca 19-9, Serum CEA, Serum PSA, INR, AST, ALT, BUN, total bilirubin, WBC, blood cases, hemoglobin A1C, blood alcohol, blood sugar, drug levels (that itself is a remarkably long list), etc.) If the consensus is that we should get them, I'll do my best to provide a longer list. But maybe this is too much? Preczewski 03:55, 11 August 2005 (UTC) Yeah, too much. Pkoetters 07:00, 10 August 2006 (UTC) cerebrospinal fluid tests cultures viral culture bacterial culture fungal culture serology brain tests PET EEG

diseases (by etiology) congenital disorders morphogenic problems malformations malformation sequences deformations deformation sequences disruptions disruption sequences embryologic dysplasias embryolgic dysplasia sequences genetic disorders metabolic diseases chromosomal anomalies single gene defects acquired disorders infectious diseases infectious diseases (by etiology) infectious diseases caused by prions infectious diseases caused by viruses infectious diseases caused by bacteria infectious diseases caused by fungi infectious diseases caused by parasites infectious diseases of uncertain etiology autoimmune diseases developmental disorders psychiatric disorders neoplastic diseases benign tumours malignant tumours toxicology conditions caused by trauma idiopathic diseases

diseases (by affected body part)

therapeutics vaccination smallpox hepatitis A hepatitis B  measles mumps rubella pertussis varicella/zoster meningococcus typhus yellow fever medication (each classed according to mechanism of action, chemical class, use) α-blockers β-blockers diuretics antiinfectives antibiotics Β-Lactam antibiotics penicillin and penicillin analogues Β-Lactamase susceptible narrow spectrum penicillin G, Penicillin V        enteric active ampicillin, amoxicillin enteric active antipseudomonal activity carbenicilin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin, piperacillin Β-Lactamase resistant antistaphylococcal methacillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin combined with Β-Lactamase inhibitors ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid, ampicillin plus sulbactam, piperacillin plus tazobactam, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid cephalosporins first generation cephalosporins cefazolin, cephalothin, cephapirin,cephalexin,cephradrine, cefadroxil second generation cephalosporins second generation cephalosporins active vs. Haemophilus spp cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefonicid, ceforanide, cefaclor, cefuroxime axetil, cefixim, cefpozil, cefpodoxime, loracarbef second generation cephalosporinsactive vs. Haemophilus cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefmetazole third generation cephalosporins third generation cephalosporins with extended spectrum ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime third generation cephalosporins with extended spectrum and antipseudomonal action ceftazidime, cefoperazone monobactams aztreonam macrolides erythromycin azithromycin clarithromycin vancomycin bacitracin lincosamides clindamycin chloramphenicol tetracyclines aminoglycosides gentamicin tobramycin amikacin mupirocin sulfa-based sulfamethoxizole +/- trimethoprim rifampin metronidazole fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin novobiocin polymyxins gramcidin antivirals polymerase inhibitors antiretrovirals nucleotide analogues nucleoside analogues protease inibitors antimetabolites membrane active agents receptor binding agents antifungals antituberculars antiprotozoal medication antihelminthics surgical interventions

(antibiotic should also be classified by mechanisms of action as well as chemical class: cell wall cross-link inhibition, cell wall component synthesis, 50S ribosomal subunit, 30S ribosomanl subunit, DNA gyrase, antimetabolite, etc)

human pathogens normal human flora

body systems circulatory heart respiratory lungs integumentary skin endocrine pitutary anterior pituitary posterior pituitary thyroid gland parathyroid gland adrenal gland adrenal cortex reproductive testes ovary endocrine pancreas digestive alimentary tract oropharynx mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine duodenum jejunum ileum large intestine rectum anus liver and biliary tract liver biliary tract gallbladder common bile duct pancreas urinary kidney ureters bladder urethra vascular arteries aorta pulmonary artery femoral artery veins vena cava superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary vein capillaries skeletal system bones joints immune system blood muscular system nervous system central nervous system brain spinal cord peripheral nervous system sensory pathways motor pathways somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system metabolic disorders diabetes mellitus psychiatric disorders trauma poisoning, envenomation

disease risk factors age diet gender physical activity level race

etc.

another approach to medication
Each medication should be labelled with several categories. These include:
 * diseases in which it is useful
 * purpose (or effect, or desired effect)
 * drug class
 * route of administration

classes to be used in "diseases in which it is useful
(disease classes as above)

classes to be used in "purpose"
analgesic antacid antiarrhythmics anticoagulant antidepressant antidote antiepileptic antiinfectives antibacterial antitubercular antiviral antiretroviral antifungal antihelminthic antiinflammatory antineoplastic antipsychotic antipyretic antiseptic antispasmodic antitussive antivenom anxiolytic bronchodilator chelation agent clotting factor diuretic expectorant gastrointestinal motility agent hormonal agent hypoglycemic agent hypnotics immunosuppressive mood stabilizer narcotic procoagulant sedatives vitamin

classes to be used in "drug class"
hormones steroids corticosteroid glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids sex steroid androgen anabolic steroids estrogen progestin steroid antagonists and agonists aromatase inhibitors estrogen analogs estrogen blockers finisteride spironolactone RU486 mifepristone? danazol proteins growth hormone chorionic gonadotropins insulin insulin analogs amylin glucagon somatostatin analogs chorionic gonadotropin parathormone analogs IGF1 ACTH peptides desmopressin GHRH GnRh CRH cortrosyn peptide agonists and antagonists leuprolide nafarelin buserelin thyroid hormones L thyroxine triiodothyronine D thyroxine thyroid inhibitors potassium iodide methimazole propylthiouracil catecholamines and sympathomimetics epinephrine dopamine ephedrine all the β-agonist bronchodilators α-blockers β-blockers thiazides Β-Lactam antibiotics Β-Lactamase susceptible Β-Lactamase susceptible, narrow spectrum Β-Lactamase susceptible, enteric active Β-Lactamase susceptible, enteric active with antipseudomonal activity Β-Lactamase resistant Β-Lactamase resistant, antistaphylococcal Β-Lactamase resistant, combined with Β-Lactamase inhibitors cephalosporins first generation cephalosporins second generation cephalosporins third generation cephalosporins third generation cephalosporins with extended spectrum third generation cephalosporins with extended spectrum and antipseudomonal action monobactams macrolides lincosamides tetracyclines aminoglycosides DNA gyrase inhibitors nucleotide analogues nucleoside analogues protease inibitors vitamin

classes to be used in "route of administration"
oral administration parenteral administration intravenous administration intramuscular injection topical application eyedrops eardrops administration by enema/rectal administration vaginal administration inhalant implant

classes to be used in "mechanism of action"
interference with bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit interference with bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit antimetabolite interference with bacterial cell wall synthesis excitation of parasitic nervous system

psychiatric "tree"
The below is copy and pasted from Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Psychopathology so the formatting is different.

 * Medicine
 * Military medicine (these two given as examples)
 * Military psychiatry (also a subcategory of psychiatry)
 * Aviation medicine (these two given as examples)
 * Aviation psychiatry (also a subcategory of psychiatry)
 * Psychiatry (and the others, most of which I will omit)
 * Military psychiatry (also a subcategory of Military medicine)
 * Aviation psychiatry (also a subcategory of Aviation medicine)
 * Symptom
 * Sign (medicine)
 * Disease
 * Child and adolescent disorder
 * Organic disorder
 * Mental disorder due to a general medical condition
 * Substance-related disorder
 * Psychotic disorder
 * Mood disorder
 * Anxiety disorder
 * Somatoform disorder
 * Factitious disorder
 * Dissociative disorder
 * Sexual and gender identity disorder
 * Eating disorder
 * Sleep disorder
 * Impulse-control disorder
 * Adjustment disorder
 * Uncommon disorder (an additional category for all the rare disorders e.g Capgras syndrome would be in this category and under psychotic disorders)
 * Personality disorder
 * Cluster A PD
 * Cluster B PD
 * Cluster C PD
 * Other condition for focus
 * Investigation (medicine)
 * Brain imaging
 * Psychological testing
 * Therapy
 * Preventative health
 * Hospital
 * Community treatment
 * Nursing
 * Physical treatment
 * Pharmacology
 * Antipsychotic
 * Antidepressant
 * Mood stabiliser
 * Anxiolytic
 * Miscellaneous psychiatric medication
 * Psychotherapy
 * Social work
 * Occupational therapy
 * Transcultural psychiatry
 * Liaison psychiatry
 * Forensic psychiatry


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Clinical medicine/categorizations

Hepatology
I was so shocked to see that this category did not yet exist that I created it, but maybe I went to fast and did something wrong? --Steven Fruitsmaak 00:29, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

comments on your categories
Obviously a lot of work and somebody needed to do it. Lots of good topics. 1. delete witch doctor, chiropractors, etc. Don't put alt med stuff here unless you make an entire separate category. 2. I am aware that I am perseverating like a curmugeon on this issue, but I think your categories are unnecessarily mixing field of knowledge with profesional categories. Professional categories have several dimensions: defined by organ system, defined by whether you operate, defined by age of patient, defined by where in the hospital you work. On the other hand, we should use a separate set of categories for diseases and conditions--- probaby by organ system, but the organ systems are NOT subsets of internal medicine. My articles on puberty, growth hormone, CAH, AIS, etc do not belong in internal medicine. No one wanted to acknowledge pediatric subspecialities when we were talking about professional categories but no one presented any reasons why internist cardiologists but not pediatric cardiologists should be referenced. I got outvoted and stopped arguing about it. Just make the organ systems and their diseases independent of medical specialty, OK? Alteripse 18:00, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I had in mind that everyone should feel free to just jump in and change stuff, it's very preliminany. I think [1] is a very good idea though I shudder to hink at how some of the categories we're talking about will be abused. On [2], I've added pediatric specialties as subclasses of pediatrics (you may want to change them or add to them), and I agree that diseases should go under diseases, not specialties. I just haven't worked on that section yet; I will now. (I've also been more complete in infectious diseases, figuring everyone would just add on to their fields.) Keep in mind that categories can have more than one parent category, so that, say, "tetralogy of Fallot" could fall into pediatrics, cardiology, congential malformation, vascular system, etc. Or pancreas can be a child category of both "digestive system" and "endocrine system". Or Meningitis can be a "child" of "neurology", "bacterial diseases" and "viral diseases" (it may be someone can think of a better way of representing this)- 19:44, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see why we would want to exclude alternative medicine. This is Wikipedia not the AMA - if you don't find it place for it in your structure someone will just come along and make it for you. --LeeHunter 03:00, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

This is an old discussion but your bias misleads you. There was at the time an enormous and ambitious alternative medicine project with its own categories and organization. No one here was arguing for deletion or exclusion from wikipedia, just for allowing it to co-exist with distinction apparent rather than to try to integrate it in our categories here. For lots of generally good reasons, its not a bad idea to make clear (when applicable, obviously not always) whether a concept or treatment is "alternative" or not. A major reason was simply to avoid fights over nonsense since nearly every article seemed to be a source of contention. OK? alteripse 03:24, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * the good news on the above is Category:cardiology can be a sub-category of Category:pediatrics and a sub-category of Category:internal medicine if that's the way you want it! - Nunh-huh 02:17, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Nothing about meds for depression, is this intentional? Will add if requested (at some point when I find some free time from under couch cushions or something). --inks 06:26, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Add away. It's an incomplete system: make it less so! -- Nunh-huh 06:34, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Took a stab at adding categories to diseases based on causes thereof. Please feel free to edit ... Alex.tan 07:21, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Why is neurology not a subset of internal medicine ?
 * because it isn't. Neurology is a different specialty, not a subspecialty of internal medicine.- Nunh-huh 2 July 2005 11:52 (UTC)
 * But neurology IS a subspecialty of internal medicine! It certainly is in the UK and every other country in the Commonwealth! --Gak 19:21, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
 * That's a globalization issue. In the US, neurology is trained apart from internal medicine, and the certifying Board is not part of the umbrella Board of Internal Medicine. Obviously, that has to be reflected in the articles... but in the categories? -- DrGaellon (talk | contribs) 16:36, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Aside from Biochemistry, correctly under basic medical sciences, there is also Clinical Biochmistry which covers metabolic disorders. Also missing are psychology & psychiatry and maxilofacial surgery which is not the same as ENT - not forgetting denistry. Paediatrics duplicates on many entries, but the subtle differences probably warrants a separate section. Finally I've moved all medical areas under medicine, in alphabetical order and placed radiology, intensive care and emergency medicine inbetween medicine & surgery. So, I welcome thoughts on reforming the structure as: (do tell me if I'm filing up screenfulls of nonsense and I'll delete this)

medicine

..general medicine

..internal medicine

...cardiology

...clinical Biochemistry

...dermatology

...endocrinology

...gastroenterology

...geriatric medicine

...hematology

...infectious diseases

.....microbiology

.....virology

...nephrology

...neurology

...oncology

...preventive medicine

...psychology : not part of medicine, but rather it's own discipline. certainly not a subspecialty of internal medicine - Nunh-huh 2 July 2005 11:55 (UTC)

...psychiatry

...pulmonology

...rheumatology

...stroke medicine

..anesthesiology

..emergency medicine

..intensive care medicine

..occupational medicine

..public health

..radiology

surgery

..general surgery

..ear nose and throat surgery

..cardiothoracic surgery

..maxillofacial surgery

..neurosurgery

..ophthalmology

..orthopedic surgery

..otolaryngology (ENT)

..plastic surgery

..urology

..vascular surgery

dentistry

obstetrics

gynecology

pediatrics

...pediatric adolescent medicine

...pediatric cardiology

...pediatric endocrinology

...pediatric gastroenterology

...pediatric hematology

...pediatric infectious diseases

...pediatric nephrology

...pediatric oncology

...pediatric pulmonology

...pediatric rheumatology

...pediatric surgery

David Ruben 02:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Would this help your outline, or am I sticking my nose into someplace where it isn't welcome?

dentistry

..endodontics

..oral medicine

..oral radiology

..oral surgery

..orthodontics

..periodontics

..prosthodontics

Edwardian 2 July 2005 09:47 (UTC)

Thank you Edwardian, no one commented within a month on my suggestions, so I've updated the page with both of our contributions. David Ruben 2 July 2005 10:43 (UTC)

Welcome to both of you if we didn't already do that at the main Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Clinical medicine page (sort of the doctors' lounge). Dental stuff is certainly welcome and belongs here. There are not a lot of us-- these days mainly User:Jfdwolff and me. Either of us would be happy to help if you have questions. I have not engaged in a lot of category making because I think we have need of more articles first, and everyone has a slightly different idea of how to arrange categories, especially those based on medical specialties: should pediatric neurology be a subcategory of pediatrics or neurology or nervous system-- probably all three but certainly not a subcategory of internal medicine. My opinion but I don't feel strongly enough to argue about it...   Please feel free to write some articles. People appreciate them. alteripse 2 July 2005 11:52 (UTC)

I think that there is a USA/UK thing happening with regard to neurology. It's not a subspecialty of internal medicine here in the USA; is it considered to be so in the UK? -Ikkyu2 10:43, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

How deep do you want this categorization to go? With respect to orthopaedic reconstructive surgery -

reconstructive surgery osteotomy osteotomy of different bones arthroplasty excisional arthroplasty hemiarthroplasty unicompartmental arthroplasty total arthroplasty hip knee shoulder elbow ankle etc. Are we aiming for a complete contents list here (on this page) or should we be quite coarse and supply a new subcategorisation at each level? --Mylesclough 17:32, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Psychiatry is also not a subspeciality of internal medicine in the USA, either -- it's a specialty of its own, more akin to neurology. The neurologists and psychiatrists share the same board certification group -- The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. Scot →Talk 20:16, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Re-inventing the wheel?
Has using the National Library of Medicine classification system been considered? It is very extensive, used across the world, and it seems to be available for public with some conditions. BjarteSorensen 12:55, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * My two cents is that the conditions imposed are not compatible with the GFDL so it's not suitable for use here. Alex.tan 15:02, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I am very surprised that this discussion did not continue. I absolutely recognize the necessity of having a classification of medical subjects for the purposes of Wikipedia. Inventing yet another classification of medical subjects in competition with MeSH (US National Library of Medicine (NLM)), ICD10 (Center for Disease Control) and SNOMED (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine) from the American Society of Pathologists is strange when what we really want is for those systems to be collapsed into one and the ambiguities eliminated. Is it really the case that the GFDL prevents us from using the MeSH classification? All major medical libraries do. Would it be possible/sensible to discuss this directly with NLM? MeSH Tree structure MeSH tree download site

I already have a copy of the file (1.5mb).

This is the relevant portion of the conditions

2. Terms and conditions of use

No license is required to obtain the data via FTP. Use of this data is subject to the following restrictions and by obtaining a copy of the data, the user is understood to abide by these conditions:

a). If the use is not personal, (1) the U.S. National Library of Medicine must be identified as the creator, maintainer, and provider of the data; (2) the version of the data must be clearly stated by MeSH year, e.g., 1997 MeSH; and (3) if any modification is made in the content of the file, this must be stated, along with a description of the modifications. b). Neither the United States Government, nor any of its agencies, contractors, subcontractors or employees makes any warranties, expressed or implied, with respect to data contained in the database, and, furthermore, assumes no legal liability for any party's use, or the results of such use, of any part of the database.

c). You will not assert any proprietary rights to any portion of the database, or represent the database or any part thereof to anyone as other than a United States Government database.

d). The MeSH data carry an international copyright outside the United States, its Territories or Possessions. These terms and conditions are in effect as long as the user retains any of the MeSH data obtained from this site.

3. Availability

The data are available to all requesters, both within and outside the United States. There is no charge for obtaining the file. Users are required to complete an online registration form before receiving the data.

--Mylesclough 17:32, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

I would agree that a comprehensive classification system is needed & MeSH seems almost universal but it doesn't always work outside the US (eg doesn't have entries for UK terms such as learning disabilities and health visitor). Having been project manager for NMAP and consulted on the UK National electronic Library for Health we used MeSH, NLM & the UK Royal College of Nursing classification and thesaurus systems.I understand that work at the NLM to develop UMLS is supposed to provide mapping between the different systems - but I don't know how far this work has progressed yet. Rod 08:49, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Symptoms and Signs
In going through the psychiatric categories it occurred to me that one thing we could do is to make a category for each of the signs and symptoms. Thus we could have categories for “weight loss”, “cough”, “crepitations” and “formal thought disorder” for example. If we then include these category for each disease where they are found anyone could then look up the category “cough” and get a list of all articles where this was a symptom and where it had been added as a category in the article. This would be a much better method than a Google search. This would be helpful for professionals and non-professionals alike. This would mean a lot of extra categories but at least this is a guaranteed way of the symptoms ending up on the list as long as they are included in the article as categories. As long as each new symptom category had “Category:Symptom” at the bottom and each new sign category had “Category:sign (medicine)” you could then look up those categories to get a full list of the current subcategories.

The alternative would be to create lists but these need to be done manually and would be more likely to have errors. What does everyone think of this idea? --CloudSurfer 04:49, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I agree, except for "Category:sign (medicine)". category:symptom does fine, and it's identical so it's the ONLY category that should be used. I also don't agree with labelling just about every short article as a stub. 'ALL wiki articles are stubs! Books hav been written on most articles in these machines. Brewhaha@edmc.net 07:56, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Categorization table
Please see mental illness for an example of how a classification table can ease a reader into the Wikipedia category system as a method of browsing a subject. I would appreciate any comments on this approach as to its worth (or otherwise) and how it could be improved. --CloudSurfer 00:15, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I hate NeuroPsychoPharmacology
I hate categories that are concatenations, only because it makes so much work to do by hand. Even two words, like Neuroanatomy ("Neurology & Anatomy") are a pain to mechanize in a search. That's a real book, BTW, and it's identical to Pharmacology. It makes more sense, mechanically, to redirect Neuroanatomy to ("Neurology & Anatomy") than to put the single word into an article's list of categories, because a computer wouldn't know where to break "NeuroAnatomy" if someone were to do the boolean search. Brewhaha@edmc.net 07:48, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Proposed subdivision of Category:Medicine stubs
I have made a proposal to add the subdivision Category:Medical treatment stubs to the Category:Medicine stubs in order to enhance the manageability of medical stubbing in general. Please see WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Criteria. Your input and agreement would be very helpful and much appreciated. Courtland 16:22, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Health Sciences basic topics
The above article appears to have a very useful outline that was abandoned in favor of the Health sciences article for some reason. Does anyone know if this outline was expanded in some other page, or think that it might come in handy for some of the subjects tackled by this Project? Edwardian 05:10, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * See Outline of health sciences (and Outline of health). In the beginning, the page was created by Larry Sanger along with about 50 other pages, one per major subject, as wish lists of articles needed for those subjects. Thus, they were lists of red links. As Wikipedia's coverage grew, the links all turned blue and the lists were forgotten. In late 2005, independent of the above message, someone came across them and decided to rename them to Lists of basic topics (such as List of basic health sciences topics), and moved them to the main namespace. As the lists grew to be more comprehensive, they were renamed to "Outline of". There are now about 650 of them. The Transhumanist 18:55, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

Categories in Medicine (health care)
I find it odd that thoracic surgery (lung?) would be seperate from cardiac surgery, is that its name in English? Wouldn't it have to be pulmonary surgery? Furthermore what seems to be missing is Tropical medicine, diving medicine and hyperbaric medicine. Can I insert that?--Nomen Nescio 22:39, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, with reservations, I recommend:

category:diving category:hyperbaric category:medicine Hmmm. Maybe you've told me how subcategories come to be listed. Brewhaha@edmc.net 08:19, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Various articles labeled as "medicine"
Does anyone have any use for this list or recommendations for where it might be placed? I'm happy to delete it if anyone thinks it's taking up too much room here. Edwardian 07:54, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Allopathic medicine
 * Alternative medicine
 * Ayurvedic medicine redirects to Ayurveda
 * Botanical medicine redirects to Herbalism
 * Chemical medicine not yet formed
 * Chiropractic medicine redirects to Chiropractic
 * Chinese herbal medicine redirects to Traditional Chinese medicine
 * Chinese medicine redirects to Traditional Chinese medicine
 * Complementary medicine redirects to Alternative medicine
 * Complementary and alternative medicine redirects to Alternative medicine
 * Conventional medicine redirects to Medicine
 * Eastern medicine not yet formed
 * Eclectic medicine
 * Evidence-based medicine
 * Folk medicine
 * Functional medicine not yet formed
 * Herbal medicine redirects to Herbalism
 * Heroic medicine
 * Hindu medicine redirects to Ayurveda
 * Holistic medicine redirects to Holistic health
 * Homeopathic medicine redirects to Homeopathy
 * Integrative medicine not yet formed
 * Maharishi Vedic Medicine
 * Mainstream medicine not yet formed
 * Medieval medicine
 * Modern medicine redirects to Medicine
 * Natural medicine
 * Naturopathic medicine
 * Osteopathic medicine redirects to Osteopathy
 * Oriental medicine redirects to Traditional Chinese medicine
 * Orthodox medicine not yet formed
 * Orthomolecular medicine
 * Patent medicine
 * Preventive medicine
 * Publicly funded medicine
 * Socialized medicine redirects to Publicly funded medicine
 * Traditional Chinese medicine
 * Traditional Japanese medicine redirects to Kampo
 * Traditional Korean medicine
 * Traditional Tibetan medicine not yet formed
 * Traditional medicine
 * Vedic Medicine redirects to Ayurveda
 * Veterinary medicine
 * Western medicine redirects to Medicine

General surgery
I stumbled upon the category "general surgery"; I would like to rename it to "abdominal surgery".

Moreover, I think in the scheme of this project, "gastroinstestinal surgery" cannot coexist with "thoracic surgery": I think there are only 2 options, 1. "abdominal surgery" and "thoracic surgery". I prefer this one because it is the most common division, I think. 2. "gastrointestinal surgery" and some other category designating surgery of the lungs (and other elements of the thorax (?), like the phrenic nerve, upper plexus brachialis,...).

--Steven Fruitsmaak 13:43, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Category:Therapy and Category:Medical treatments
Hi everybody,

while editing oral rehydration therapy, I noticed it was in both categories therapy and medical treatments. However, cat:therapy is mostly populated by non-medical therapies, like Tai Chi, tantramassage, etc.

Would it be an idea to remove all strictly medical therapies from cat:therapy to cat:medical treatments?

grtz, --Steven Fruitsmaak 19:27, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Cat:human diseases and Cat:diseases
Shouldn't many articles in category:diseases be in category:human diseases? --Steven Fruitsmaak 15:34, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No - I think the usual default should be for reference to us humans - wikipedia is afterall a human endeveour about us and our knowledge. Hence social interaction, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, vaccination all largely apply to us humans without any need to qualify, e.g. pneumonia (human). David Ruben Talk 13:24, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * What about Pneumonia? --apers0n 17:24, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * For me, the connotation is that articles in Cat:Diseases could also occur in animals, however most articles are only about the human disease.--Steven Fruitsmaak | Talk 00:01, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

How about avian influenza? Or articles about animal studies? Bacteria? Or human-animal interactions? I second (or third) the aforementioned suggestions that you make use of systems that already exist (e.g. MeSH). No system is perfect, but reading through the complementary medicine section (why is it called alternative medicine here?), I can see some problems. Why would Chinese Herbal Medicine redirect only to Traditional Chinese Medicine and not to Herbalism? Why doesn't Traditional Chinese Medicine redirect to Eastern Medicine? Isn't that a subset of Eastern Medicine? What does Conventional Medicine mean? Leeches are used in "western medicine," are they considered complementary or conventional? Also, where are the pharmaceuticals listed, and how? By name? Generic or trade? By pharmacologic action? How about substances that occur naturally in the body that are synthesized and used in medicine (insulin)? Lots of things to consider here. Good luck!

A couple of modifications
-- DrGaellon (talk | contribs) 16:41, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) I would pull AIDS medicine back from being a subclass of virology - treating AIDS is about a lot more than just treating HIV!
 * 2) Stroke medicine is a subset of neurology; if neurology is not a subset of internal medicine (see previous discussions above), it should be moved there.
 * 3) "Intensive care medicine" is generally called "Critical care" in the US, and is considered a subclass of pulmonology. Another subclass of pulmonology is sleep medicine, which is missing altogether.

My changes
OK, I made a few changes - hope they were't too bold. First, pretty much all of pathology was missing from the existing scheme, so I fixed that. I moved basic science like "virology" and "parasitology" out of Med>IM>Infectious disease, since to my knowlege there are not many clinical ID poeple who "only" treat viruses or parasites etc - they are more appropriate for the basic science catagory. Medical microbiology is a potentially full-time, board-certified subspecialty of clinical pathology in the US though. I moved the "intensive care" entries to medicine and peds. I removed derm from IM (the way it is in the US anyway). I added subcatagories of radiology and also radiation oncology. The relationship between medicine, IM, medical subspecialties, and verious forms of primary care medicine is a bit confusing - I put in the version that made sense to me. I'm not sure how we resolve the neurology dilemma - perhaps make it a subcategory of medicine but not IM?-Rustavo 20:49, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Dentistry
I combined "oral pathology" and "dental pathology" to "oral and maxillofacial pathology" as that is what is actually studied. - Dozenist talk  00:24, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh, and I realized prosthdontics should probably have subdivisions for fixed vs. removable, so I added that. Lastly, I did not know where dental hygienists and dental assistants would go on the list. - Dozenist  talk  00:28, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Teknikal ishuuz
http://tools.wikimedia.de/~daniel/WikiSense/CategoryTree.php?&wikilang=en&wikifam=.wikipedia.org&cat=neurology

Why doesn't the category tree under the category of neurology make as much sense as that? It looks to me like someone introduced a bug when they spread that deprecated tool around, and while I'm at it, when I go to edit the last section of a page, the wiki consistently tells me it doesn't exist. Brewhaha@edmc.net 04:18, 17 July 2007 (UTC)


text: Category:World War I

title: Category:World War I


text:
Woodblock

Woodblock or wood block may refer to:
 * Woodblock (instrument), a percussion musical instrument
 * Woodblock printing, a method of printing in which an image is carved into the surface of a piece of wood
 * Woodblock graffiti
 * Toy block, a type of construction toy often made out of wood

title: Woodblock


text:
Category:Theorems

The concepts described in articles in this category may be also expressed in terms of arguments, or rules of inference. Very often the same concept is in more than one of these categories, expressed a different way and sometimes with a different name. Please also observe that a theorem is distinct from a theory. A lemma is conceptually the same as a theorem. However a theorem is called a lemma when its proof is only considered to be a step in the proof of some other, more important theorem.

title: Category:Theorems


text: Category:Functional programming

title: Category:Functional programming


text:
Leeds railway station

Leeds railway station (also known as Leeds City railway station) is the mainline railway station serving the city centre of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It is located on New Station Street to the south of City Square, at the foot of Park Row, behind the landmark Queens Hotel. It is one of 20 stations managed by Network Rail. As of December 2023, it was the busiest station in West Yorkshire, as well as in Yorkshire & the Humber, and the entirety of Northern England. It is the second busiest station in the UK outside of London, after Birmingham New Street.

Leeds is an important hub on the British rail network. The station is the terminus of the Leeds branch of the East Coast Main Line (on which London North Eastern Railway provides high speed inter-city services to London King's Cross every half hour from the station) and is an important stop on the Cross Country Route between Scotland, the Midlands and South West England connecting to major towns and cities such as Glasgow, Edinburgh, Derby, Birmingham, Bristol, Exeter, Plymouth and Penzance. There are also regular inter-city services to major destinations throughout Northern England including Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle and Sheffield. It is also the terminus for trains running on the scenic Settle & Carlisle line. Future expansion might link the station to the proposed High Speed 2 network. Leeds is a major hub for local and regional destinations across Yorkshire such as to Harrogate, York, Scarborough, Hull, Doncaster and Sheffield. The station lies at the heart of the West Yorkshire Metro commuter network for West Yorkshire providing services to Bradford, Wakefield, Dewsbury, Huddersfield and Halifax.

With 24 million passenger entries and exits between April 2022 and March 2023, Leeds is the busiest railway station in the North of England, overtaking Manchester Piccadilly, and the second-busiest railway station in the United Kingdom outside London, after Birmingham New Street.

Description

The railway station is situated on a hill falling from the south of the city to the River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal basin. Much of it is supported on Victorian brick-vaulted arches situated just off Neville Street which contain a centre consisting of cafés, restaurants, shops and exhibition spaces called Granary Wharf, known locally as the Dark Arches.

The railway station has 18 platforms, making it the largest by number of platforms in England outside London. There are 12 terminus and six through platforms. Most platforms are subdivided into up to four sections, i.e. 1a, 1b, 1c etc. Altogether, including the numbers, there are 47 platforms. Retail facilities in the station include coffee shops, fast food outlets, a bar, newsagents, chemists and supermarkets. A British Transport Police station on New Station Street houses officers who police the West Yorkshire railway stations.

Leeds railway station retained staffed ticket barriers through the 1990s until 2008, when they were replaced by automatic barriers by Northern Rail to reduce congestion around the barriers at peak times.

Platforms
Platform usage varies depending on operational circumstances but is generally:
 * 0–5 – bay platforms mostly used by West Yorkshire Metro services operated by Northern, towards Harrogate, Ilkley, Bradford Forster Square and Skipton.
 * 6 is a bay platform used for terminating London North Eastern Railway services from London and London North Eastern Railway services towards Harrogate.
 * 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16 – through platforms. 8 is a through platform that London North Eastern Railway uses for services which both terminate and continue onward to Bradford, Harrogate and Skipton as well as the early morning LNER departure to Aberdeen. CrossCountry services heading north to York and beyond depart from platforms 8, 9 or 11; services heading south use platform 12. Platforms 15 and 16 are used by north/east and south/westbound TransPennine Express services to Hull, Newcastle, York, Scarborough, Middlesbrough, Huddersfield, Manchester Airport and Liverpool Lime Street.
 * 7, 14 – bay platforms used for local Northern services running north/east from Leeds.
 * 10, 13, 17 – bay platforms used for local and regional services running south/west to Manchester Victoria and Huddersfield, alongside southbound services towards Wakefield, Barnsley, Meadowhall, Sheffield and Nottingham.

Transport links
Leeds Interchange, located at the New Station Street exit, provides onward transport connections from the station. There are five bus stands serving Arriva Yorkshire, First West Yorkshire and Flyer routes 1, 4, 4F, 5, 14, 16, 16A, 19, 19A, 40, 444, 446, 870, A1 and DalesBus services 874 and 875. A 24-hour taxi rank also operates at the interchange.

Further bus stops are located on Neville Street below the railway station, as well as around City Square outside the railway station. Infirmary Street and Boar Lane bus points are a short walk for more bus connections.

Cycle hub
Leeds Interchange hosts one of the UK's first cycle hubs that allows a number of cycling services including repair, storage and rental. The facility opened in summer 2010 and is designed to encourage visitors and commuters into Leeds to continue their journey from the railway station by bike. Its design is based on the Dutch cyclepoint concept.

Past railway stations

The railways arrived in Leeds in 1834, when the Leeds and Selby Railway (which became part of the North Eastern Railway) opened its line. It had a terminus at Marsh Lane east of the city centre. In 1840, the North Midland Railway (a constituent of the Midland Railway) constructed its line from Derby via Rotherham to a terminus at Hunslet Lane to the south. It was extended to a more centrally located terminus at Wellington Street in 1846, known as Wellington Station.

Another railway station, Leeds Central on Wellington Street, was opened in 1854 by the Manchester and Leeds Railway and the London and North Western Railway (LNWR). The railway station became owned jointly by the LNWR and the North Eastern Railway, but other companies had powers to run trains there, including the Great Northern Railway and the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.

In 1869, New Station opened as a joint enterprise by the LNWR and the North Eastern Railway. It connected the former Leeds and Selby Railway Line to the east with the LNWR lines to the west. A mile-long connection was built, carried entirely on viaducts and bridges. New Station was built partially on a bridge over the River Aire, adjacent to Wellington railway station. The arches created under the station are known as 'The Dark Arches'.

The map to the right shows the variety of different railway lines in Leeds in 1913. Following the 1921 Railways Act, when railways in Great Britain were grouped into four companies, New Station was jointly operated by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).

1938 rebuilding
The first rationalisation occurred in 1938, when two railway stations (New and Wellington) were combined to form Leeds City Station, opening on 2 May that year. This was designed by LMS architect William Henry Hamlyn. The third railway station, Leeds Central, was unaffected by the change. Part of Wellington railway station later became a parcels depot. The north concourse and the Queens Hotel were built at this time.

Leeds Blitz
In March 1941, the Luftwaffe launched attacks on Leeds, Armley, Beeston and Bramley. Leeds New Station was one of the primary targets, along with the Town Hall, Kirkgate Markets, the Central Post office, the Quarry Hill flats, Hotel Metropole and part of the Inner Ring Road. The station was bombed, causing an unknown number of casualties, and was later rebuilt.

The Transport Act 1947 nationalised nearly all forms of mass transport in Great Britain and came into effect on 1 January 1948. British Railways came into existence as the business name of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission (BTC) on 1 January 1948.

1962 British Railways House
In 1962, British Railways House, now City House, was added to the railway station. It was designed by architect John Poulson providing British Railways with administrative buildings. The building became dated and hard to let before refurbishment in 2009. The building was lambasted in 1967 by poet John Betjeman who said it blocked all the light out of City Square, and was a testament to money with no architectural merit. In 2010 the building was bought by property company Bruntwood which is (as of 2017) redeveloping it to provide serviced offices, with a new look to the façade.

1967 rebuilding
In 1967, further remodelling of the site took place and trains using Central Railway Station were diverted into the City Railway Station which became the main railway station serving the city. Central Railway Station was closed and has been demolished. The viaduct leading to Central Railway Station is one of many disused viaducts near Leeds Railway Station. Engineering work included replacing 100-year-old bridges over the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, the construction of the south concourse and an overall roof, along with major platform and track layout alterations and the commissioning of a new power signal box to control the railway station area.

At the time of this rebuilding, the railway station was served by 500 trains on a typical day, with 2.75 million passenger journeys a year. Wellington (or City North) became entirely devoted to parcels traffic at this time with the track layout extensively changed. The remaining Midland line trains which previously used City North station were diverted into the City South station, the former LNWR/NER 'New' station, and called simply Leeds from this time.

Electrification
The station had overhead electrification installed under the ownership of British Rail in 1988, to facilitate usage of the new Class 91 services on the East Coast main line.

2002 rebuilding
By the 1990s, the railway station's capacity was exceeded on a daily basis, and the 1967 design was deemed inadequate. Between 1999 and 2002, a major rebuilding project took place, branded as Leeds 1st. This project saw the construction of additional approach tracks at the western end of the railway station, improving efficiency by separating trains travelling to or from different destinations and preventing them from having to cross each other's routes. The railway station was expanded from 12 to 17 platforms, with the construction of new platforms on the south side, and reopening of the disused parcels depot to passengers on the north side.

The majority of the track, points and signals were also replaced and the 1967 power box closed – control being handed over to the signalling centre at York. The most visible change to passengers, however, was the replacement of the 1967 metal canopy with a new glass roof, considerably increasing the amount of daylight on the platforms. A new footbridge was also provided, replacing the previous underpass. Ancillary improvements included a new multi-storey car park and railway station entrance, refurbishing the North Concourse and expanding retail facilities.

A small temporary railway station called Leeds Whitehall was provided to handle some services while the railway station was being remodelled. This was used between September 1999 and February 2002.

2008 work
In 2008, automated ticket gates were installed in place of the human-controlled ticket checking, to speed up the passage of passengers. When the gates came into operation at the end of October 2008, they suffered from several faults including accepting expired tickets. An oversight on the part of Northern also meant that the gates were not compatible with West Yorkshire Metro Cards.

Southern entrance
A £17.3 million southern entrance to allow for easier access from the south completed on 3 January 2016. It widens the railway station's western footbridge and provides escalators, stairs and lifts to a partial deck over the River Aire in an iconic structure. The deck provides access to either side of the river for passengers to access Granary Wharf and Little Neville Street or Holbeck. It contains extra ticket vending machines and cycle storage. Around 20% of passengers are expected to use the new entrance.

South concourse and platform zero
Work on a new terminal platform alongside platform 1 (labelled platform 0) began in late 2018 and was completed in January 2021.

In November 2018 Network Rail began work to improve the south concourse. The first phase of works aimed to reduce congestion by moving and expanding ticket barriers. A new transparent roof was installed, matching the design at the Southern entrance, with works completed in October 2019.

Accidents and incidents

 * 13 January 1892, a fire broke out in the arches underneath the station carrying the River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The fire burnt for two days, with the heat buckling the rails and causing significant damage to the permanent way. One person died when a platform collapsed underneath him.
 * On 23 July 1993, a passenger train ran into the rear of another occupying a platform. Twenty-one people were injured.
 * On 17 April 1997 a small bomb planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army exploded at a relay cabinet near the station, causing the city centre's closure for six hours.

Future
Leeds railway station is the second-busiest railway station outside London in the United Kingdom, being a very busy railway station, expansion is needed. Passenger numbers at Leeds are expected to surge by 63% by 2029, meaning further expansion is necessary.

Future remodelling
In October 2017, it was proposed that the station could be remodelled for the proposed HS2 scheme. The proposal includes new platforms on the northside of Leeds as well as HS2 services running into the existing east–west platforms as well as the proposed terminal platforms allowing links to proposed 'Northern Powerhouse Rail'. In November 2017, details were released about how the station might look.

Expansion
Plans are being drawn up to expand the railway station's capacity with new lines and platforms alongside platform one in the Riverside Car Park on the site of the original Leeds Wellington railway station to cater for predicted growth. Also Metro announced plans to replace platform 1 with three separate platforms using the car park next to it. This would increase platform numbers from 17 to 20.

HS2 platforms
The original plans for High Speed 2 proposed a separate new station in Leeds to the south of the River Aire at New Lane. However, a later review in November 2015 instead recommends that HS2 platforms be added to the existing station. These would attach to the southern part of the existing station building, and span the river in a north–south alignment to create a 'T' shape.

Whilst not directly linking the rail lines, it will allow a common concourse for easy interchange between high speed and classic rail services. These plans were approved by the Government in November 2016.

However, on 18 November 2021, Grant Shapps (Transport Secretary) announced that the eastern leg of HS2 would be cancelled, terminating at East Midlands Parkway instead of going all the way to Leeds. Eventually, the leg reaching East Midlands Parkway was scrapped too, with no new track north of Birmingham Curzon Street.

Services
The railway station is served by long-distance services operated by CrossCountry, London North Eastern Railway and TransPennine Express, as well as local and regional services operated by Northern. It is the hub of the Metro network in West Yorkshire. The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) and trains per day (tpd) is

London North Eastern Railway
 * 2 tph to London King's Cross
 * 1 tp2h to Harrogate
 * 2 tpd to Bradford Forster Square
 * 1 tpd to Skipton
 * 1 tpd to Aberdeen

CrossCountry
 * 1 tph to Edinburgh, with 1 tpd continuing to Glasgow Central and 1 tpd continuing to Aberdeen
 * 1 tph to Plymouth, with 2 tpd continuing to Penzance

TransPennine Express
 * 1 tph to Newcastle
 * 8 tpd to Scarborough
 * 1 tph to Saltburn via Middlesbrough
 * 1 tph to Hull
 * 1 tph to Liverpool Lime Street via Manchester Victoria
 * 1 tph to Manchester Piccadilly
 * 1 tph to Manchester Airport

Northern Trains
 * 2 tph to Skipton (the Airedale line)
 * 2 tph to Ilkley (the Wharfedale line)
 * 2 tph to Bradford Forster Square
 * 1 tp2h to Morecambe
 * 1 tp2h to Carlisle, via the Settle–Carlisle line
 * 1 tph to Blackpool North, via Bradford Interchange, Blackburn and Preston
 * 3 tph to Manchester via the Calder Valley line:
 * 1 tph terminating at Manchester Victoria, via Bradford Interchange (semi-fast)
 * 1 tph to Chester, via Bradford Interchange
 * 1 tph to Wigan Wallgate, via Brighouse
 * 1 tph to Halifax
 * 1 tph to Nottingham (semi-fast)
 * 3 tph to Sheffield via the Hallam line:
 * 1 tph terminating at Sheffield, via Castleford (stopping)
 * 1 tph continuing to Nottingham (semi-fast)
 * 1 tph continuing to Lincoln (semi-fast)
 * 1 tph to Sheffield via Wakefield Westgate
 * 1 tph to Doncaster
 * 2 tph to Knottingley:
 * 1 tph via Castleford, with 1 tpd continuing to Goole
 * 1 tph via Wakefield Westgate
 * 1 tph to Hull
 * 2 tph to York via Garforth (one fast, one stopping)
 * 2 tph to York via Harrogate

Former services
East Midlands Railway (EMR) and its predecessors operated a number of services to and from London St Pancras via the Midland Main Line until May 2022. Two evening northbound and two morning southbound services operated primarily to cycle InterCity 125 sets through Neville Hill TMD. After EMR withdrew its last InterCity 125 sets in May 2021, the service was reduced to a single northbound service operated by a Class 222. It was withdrawn in May 2022.

title: Leeds railway station


text: Category:Japanese architects

title: Category:Japanese architects