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Shuar

The Shuar, also known as Jivaro, are an indigenous ethnic group that inhabits the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazonia. They are famous for their hunting skills and their tradition of head shrinking, known as Tzantsa.

The Shuar language belongs to the Jivaroan linguistic family and is spoken by over 50,000 people in the region. The Shuar are known for their skill in warfare, both in defending their territories and in offensive actions against external enemies. Currently, many Shuar live in communities organized around agriculture and hunting, although there are also some who work in mining and the timber industry.

Name
Shuar, in the Shuar language, means "people". The people who speak the Shuar language live in tropical rainforest between the upper mountains of the Andes, and in the tropical rainforests and savannas of the Amazonian lowlands, in Ecuador. Shuar live in various places — thus, the muraiya (hill) Shuar are people who live in the foothills of the Andes; the achu (swamp-palm) Shuar (or Achuar) are people who live in the wetter lowlands east of the Andes (Ecuador).

Shuar refer to Spanish-speakers as apach, and to non-Spanish and non-Shuar speakers as inkis. Europeans and European Americans used to refer to Shuar as "jívaros" or "jíbaros"; this word probably derives from the 16th century Spanish spelling of shuar (see Gnerre 1973), but has taken other meanings including "savage"; outside of Ecuador, jibaro has come to mean "rustic", and in Puerto Rico to describe a self-sufficient farmer. The Shuar are popularly depicted in a wide variety of travelogue and adventure literature because of Western fascination with their former practice of shrinking human heads (tsantsa).

Social organization and contacts with Europeans
From the time of first contact with Europeans in the 16th century, to the formation of the Shuar Federation in the 1950s and 1960s, Shuar were semi-nomadic and lived in separate households dispersed in the rainforest, linked by the loosest of kin and political ties, and lacking corporate kin-groups or centralized or institutionalized political leadership.

The center of Shuar life was a relatively autonomous household consisting of a husband, his wives (usually two), unmarried sons, and daughters. Upon marriage sons would leave their natal household, and sons-in-law would move in (see matrilocal residence). Men hunted and wove clothes; women gardened. In 1527, the Shuar defeated an incursion by the Inca armies of Huayna Capac.

When Shuar first made contact with Spaniards in the 16th century, they entered into peaceful trade relations. They violently resisted taxation, and drove Spaniards away in 1599.

Colonization and missionization in the 20th century have led Shuar to reorganize themselves into nucleated settlements called centros. Centros initially facilitated evangelization by Catholic missionaries but also became a means to defend Shuar land claims against those of non-indigenous settlers. In 1964 representatives of Shuar centros formed a political Federation to represent their interests to the Ecuadorian state, non-governmental organizations, and transnational corporations.

Tsantsa, the shrunken heads
In the 19th century muraiya Shuar became famous among Europeans and Euro-Americans for their elaborate process of shrinking the heads of slain Achuar. Although non-Shuar characterized these shrunken heads (tsantsa) as trophies of warfare, Shuar insisted that they were not interested in the heads themselves and did not value them as trophies. Instead, they sought the muisak, or soul of the victim, which was contained in and by the shrunken head. Shuar men believed that control of the muisak would enable them to control their wives' and daughters' labor.

Since women cultivated manioc and made chicha (manioc beer), which together provided the bulk of calories and carbohydrates in the Shuar diet, women's labor was crucial to Shuar biological and social life. In the late 19th century and early 20th century Europeans and Euro-Americans began trading manufactured goods, including shotguns, asking in return for shrunken heads. The result was an increase in local warfare, including head hunting, that has contributed to the perception of the Shuar as violent. In 1961 Edmundo Bielawski made the only footage showing what appears to be their head-shrinking process.

Adulthood rituals
Prior to missionization in the 1940s and 1950s Shuar culture functioned to organize and promote a warrior society. Boys of about eight years would be taken by their fathers or uncles on a three- to five-day journey to a nearby waterfall, during which time the boy would drink only tobacco water. At some point the child would be given maikua (Datura arborea, Solanaceae), in the hope that he would then see momentary visions, or arútam. These visions were believed to be produced by a wakaní or ancestral spirit.

If the boy was brave enough he could touch the arútam, and acquire the arútam wakaní. This would make the boy very strong, and possession of several arútam wakaní would make the boy invincible. Shuar, however, believed that they could easily lose their arútam wakaní, and thus repeated this ritual several times.

A Shuar warrior who had lived to kill many people was called a kakáram. Shuar believed that if a person in possession of an arútam wakaní died a peaceful death, they would give birth to a new wakaní; if someone in possession of an arútam wakaní were killed, they would give birth to a muísak.

Illness and shamanism
Shuar generally do not believe in natural death, although they recognize that certain epidemics such as measles and scarlet fever are diseases introduced through contact with Europeans or Euro-Americans. They fought primarily with spears and blowguns, but—like many other groups in the region—also believed that they could be killed by tsentsak, invisible darts.

Any unexplained death was attributed to such tsentsak. Although tsentsak are animate, they do not act on their own. Shamans (in Shuar, uwishin) are people who possess and control tsentsak. To possess tsentsak they must purchase them from other shamans; Shuar believe that the most powerful shamans are Quichua-speakers, who live to the north and east.

To control tsentsak, Shuar must ingest natem (Ayahuasca). Many Shuar believe that illness is caused when someone hires a shaman to shoot tsentsak into the body of an enemy. This attack occurs in secret and few if any shamans admit to doing this. If someone takes ill they may go to a shaman for diagnosis and treatment.

They have many plants that they use for common everyday illnesses. Most people know these plants and how to prepare and use them. Occasionally, an older woman will be asked for advice or help especially with fertility control, childbirth and new infants. Piripiri (Cyperus species) are used for a variety of ailments.

Shuar and the Ecuadorian state
The discovery of oil in the upper Amazon has motivated Ecuadorian and Peruvian interest in the region. In the 20th century Ecuadorian Shuar and Peruvian groups like the Achuar have had significantly different histories.

There are at least 40,000 Shuar, 5,000 Achuars and 700 Shiwiars in Ecuador.

At the end of the 19th century Catholic Jesuits re-established missions among the Shuar, and poor and landless Euro-Ecuadorians from the highlands (colonos) began to settle among Shuar. Shuar entered into peaceful trade relations, exchanged land for manufactured goods, and began sending their children to mission boarding schools to learn Spanish. In 1935 the Ecuadorian government created a Shuar reserve, in part to regulate Euro-Ecuadorian access to land, and gave Salesian (Catholic) missionaries charge over the reserve.

Missionaries were largely successful in the acculturation process, teaching Shuar Spanish, converting Shuar to Christianity, encouraging the Shuar to abandon warfare and the production of shrunken heads, encouraging Shuar to abandon the puberty rites through which Shuar acquired an arútam wakaní, and encouraging Shuar to participate in the market economy. They were largely but not completely successful in encouraging Shuar to abandon polygyny for monogamy. They were relatively unsuccessful in discouraging the practice of shamanism.

By the 1950s Shuar had lost a considerable amount of land to settlers. At this time they abandoned their semi-nomadic and dispersed settlement pattern and began to form nucleated settlements of five to thirty families, called centros (Spanish for "centers"). These centros facilitated missionary access to Shuar. They also provided a basis for Shuar petitions to the Ecuadorian government for land; in return Shuar promised to clear rainforest to convert to pasture, and the government provided loans for Shuar to purchase cattle which they would raise for market.

In the 1960s Salesian missionaries encouraged leaders of the centros to meet and form a new organization. In 1964 they formed the Federación Interprovincial de Centros Shuar-Achuar ("Interprovincial Federation of Shuar and Achuar Centros"; many Achuar live in Ecuador, although most live in Peru). The Federation is democratic and hierarchically organized, most of its leaders are salaried by the Ecuadorian state. In 1969 the Federation signed an accord with the Ecuadorian government in which the Federation assumed administrative jurisdiction over the Shuar reserve. The Federation assumed the duties of educating children, administering civil registration and land-tenure, and promoting cattle-production and other programs meant to further incorporate Shuar into the market economy. Since that time the Federation has splintered into several groups, including a separate Achuar Federation, although the various groups maintain cordial relations.

Thanks to the work of the Federation, Shuar identity is very strong. Most Shuar also identify strongly to the Ecuadorian nation-state and have entered Ecuadorian electoral politics.

In the last few years, conflict emerged as result of mining projects in the provinces of Morona Santiago and Zamora Chinchipe

On 20 November 2018, Diana Atamaint, a Shuar woman, became the president of the National Electoral Council.

Jungle Commands Group (Iwias)
Many Shuar also serve in the Ecuadorian Army, and the Army has appropriated the perception of Shuar as "fierce warriors", forming elite "Iwia" units of Shuar soldiers (although all commissioned officers are non-Shuar). These units distinguished themselves in the 1995 Cenepa War between Ecuador and Peru. The name Iwia means "Jungle Demon"; it comes from the Shuar mythology: the Iwia is a feared demon that devours people.

According to its culture, young men become soldiers when they shrink the head of their enemies. The motto of IWIAS is "Never defeated"; this marks his warrior history defeating intruders e.g. Incas led by Huayna Capac. in 1527.

EWIAS (Escuela de Iwias Crnl. Gonzalo Barragán) is the entity in charge of training indigenous people from the Amazon region. Located in Shell, Pastaza Province, around 35 Iwia soldiers graduate from this school annually.

In popular culture

 * In James Rollins' novel Amazonia, Dr. Favre's Shuar mistress, Tshui, is described as a "witch" who concocts poisons, brews psychoactive tea, and maintains a large collection of shrunken heads. Her process of shrinking one such trophy, which she wears around her neck, is described in great detail.
 * Luis Sepúlveda's 1989 novel The Old Man Who Read Love Stories explores the Shuar people and their culture/traditions/beliefs as the main character is adopted/befriended by their people. The author was close friends with a Shuar union leader and built aspects of the story around the stories he told him about his way of life.
 * In the film Back from Eternity (1956) the Shuar (called Jivaros in film) attack the stranded crew in an unnamed South American country.

title: Shuar


text:
Edmonton International Fringe Festival

The Edmonton International Fringe Theatre Festival is an annual arts festival held every August in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Produced by the Fringe Theatre (Fringe Theatre Adventures or FTA), it is the oldest and largest fringe theatre festival in North America (based on ticket sales). The Edmonton Fringe is a founding member of the Canadian Association of Fringe Festivals.

Fringe Theatre is a charitable arts organization, Fringe Theatre brings community together through the power of storytelling. What makes Fringe special is that Fringe Artists receive 100% of their Festival ticket sales. Beyond this, Fringe supports Artists by giving them the tools and platform they need to put on their productions and reach audiences.

In 2014, 118,280 tickets were sold, up from 117,000 in 2013. The 2014 event had over 210 shows and 1,600 performances, with an estimated outdoor site attendance of 665,750. In 2016, the attendance rate reached a record-breaking high of 850,000+ attendees. In 2017 there was a record-breaking 130,000 tickets sold and $1.2 million in box office sales during the festival, which held performances from over 1,500 artists in 220 shows.

In 2023, 114,632 tickets were sold. The 2023 event had 161 indoor theatre shows and over 1,400 performances with an estimated outdoor site attendance of ~550,000 and $1.2 million in ticket sales directly into the pockets of Fringe Artists.

History
In 1982, Chinook Theatre's artistic director Brian Paisley received $50,000 from Edmonton's Summerfest to put together "A Fringe Theatre Event" in Edmonton's Old Strathcona District. Inspired by the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Scotland, the Edmonton Fringe (the first in North America) offered 200 live performances in five theatre venues. The 2020 Edmonton International Fringe Festival (scheduled for August 13 to 23, 2020) was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the only time the festival has been cancelled since its inception.

2021 marked the 40th anniversary of the Edmonton International Fringe Theatre Festival and also the return of the Festival in a scaled-down capacity in order to meet the arts community where they were at amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Venues
The festival itself takes place in Old Strathcona which has a number of permanent theatres (including the Westbury Theatre, the Backstage Theatre, and Studio Theatre in the Fringe Theatre Arts Barns, the Walterdale Playhouse, the Varscona Theatre, the Roxy on 124th, and the Princess Theatre) and a number of other venues which are converted by FTA or independent artists into temporary theatre venues. During the festival, the streets and alleys of the neighbourhood are also filled with street performers and masked or costumed actors promoting their plays.

Unlike the Edinburgh Festivals, where artists are responsible for finding and running their own venues, the Edmonton Fringe implements a system in which for a relatively low application fee, the festival provides artists with a venue, a set number of performances, two technicians, and front-of-house and ticketing services and general festival marketing. Artists may also arrange for their own performance space independently as a "Bring Your Own Venue" or BYOV, similar to the Edinburgh Fringe model.

Performers
Admittance for performers to the festival is determined by application to a lottery held each November. The emphasis is on theatre, but performances can and do feature almost every form of art and entertainment. In addition to the hundreds of national and international artists who travel from around the world to bring their shows to the Edmonton Fringe, there are also hundreds of local performers who participate each year. Many of the local performers have been with the festival since the early years. Performers such as Ken Brown, local magician Ron Pearson, Rapid Fire Theatre, Die-Nasty, Jan Randall Teatro la Quindicina, Darrin Hagen and Kevin Hendricks of Guys in Disguise, Panties Productions, Mump and Smoot, The Wombats, Ribbit Productions, The Dan Show, Nikolai, Ryan Stock of Insane Entertainment, Three Dead Trolls in a Baggie and Tim Waterson have appeared at the festival regularly.

Support for Queer Artists
For Edmonton queer theatre artists, Fringe is a chance to tell stories they want to tell and to share them with audiences that are willing and interested to listen. It is a place where queer people can feel comfortable and free to be themselves.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edmonton International Fringe Festival


text: Talk:Wall Street (1987 film)

title: Talk:Wall Street (1987 film)


text:
Háifoss

Háifoss is a waterfall situated near the volcano Hekla in southern Iceland. The waterfall Granni is next to it. The river Fossá, a tributary of Þjórsá, drops here from a height of 122 m. This is the fourth highest waterfall of the island, after Morsárfoss, Glymur and Hengifoss.

From the historical farm Þjóðveldisbærinn Stöng, which was destroyed by a volcanic eruption of Hekla in the Middle Ages and reconstructed, it is possible to hike to the waterfall along the Fossá (5 to 6 hours both directions). Above the waterfall, there is also a parking lot, to allow hiking to be done in the other direction.

title: Háifoss


text:
East Branch Delaware River

The East Branch Delaware River is one of two branches that form the Delaware River. It is approximately 75 mi (121 km) long, and flows through the U.S. state of New York. It winds through a mountainous area on the southwestern edge of Catskill Park in the Catskill Mountains for most of its course, before joining the West Branch along the northeast border of Pennsylvania with New York. Much of it is paralleled by State Route 30.

The river was impounded just north of Downsville in the mid-20th century to create Pepacton Reservoir, part of the New York City water supply system supplying drinking water to the City. It is a popular destination for fly fishing for brown trout.

In 1881 John Burroughs, a native of the area, published "A Summer Voyage", recounting a solo boat trip down the East Branch from Arkville to Hancock.

There are many variant names for the river that include: Papaconck, Papakonk River, Papotunk River, Pepachton River, Pepacton Branch, Popacton River, Popaxtunk Branch.

Course
The East Branch Delaware River rises in eastern Delaware County, from a small pond next to a gas station on Route 30 just below the divide with the Hudson River watershed southwest of the hamlet of Grand Gorge and flows initially SSW, through the town of Roxbury. Its upper course winds through a narrow valley containing the river and Route 30. Just past the Middletown town line, the river flows through Wawaka Lake and then receives Dry Brook, whose tributaries drain the town of Halcott, the only part of Greene County in the Delaware's watershed, from the east just outside Arkville. This confluence also puts the Catskill Park Blue Line in the middle of the channel.

Route 30 remains parallel as the East Branch returns to the southwest, flowing through the small village of Margaretville, the first significant settlement along the river, where NY 28 joins Route 30. The two roads remain alongside for the next few miles as the East Branch widens into Pepacton Reservoir. A short distance from the north end of the reservoir, Route 28 leaves Route 30 at the hamlet of Dunraven cleared to make room for the reservoir.

Pepacton Reservoir continues, with the Blue Line along its north shore, carrying the river through the towns of Andes and Colchester as its course moves more to the west. Route 30 crosses it midway along its length. The Downsville Dam just north of the village of that name marks the reservoir's southern end. Below the dam and its spillway the river narrows again, to where routes 30 and 206 cross just outside the village.

It continues winding through a wider valley alongside Route 30 to East Branch, where the East Branch's most significant tributary, the Beaver Kill, a world-renowned trout stream that rises in western Ulster County, flows in from the east. Here Route 30 ends at the Route 17 expressway, slowly being converted into Interstate 86, parallels the river, crossing back and forth. At the Hancock town line, the Blue Line turns to follow it south, taking the East Branch out of the Catskill Park. A few miles below that, at the village of Hancock, it turns south and joins the West Branch to create the Delaware's main stem.

Tributaries
Not including tributaries of Pepacton Reservoir

Right
 * Pleasant Valley Brook
 * Platte Kill
 * Downs Brook
 * Trout Brook
 * Clauson Brook
 * Baxter Brook
 * Morrison Brook
 * Bolton Brook
 * Read Creek
 * City Brook
 * Cadosia Creek

Left
 * Batavia Kill
 * Dry Brook
 * Huckleberry Brook
 * Campbell Brook
 * Beaver Kill
 * Fish Creek
 * Peas Eddy Brook
 * Gee Brook

title: East Branch Delaware River


text:
Gjáin

Gjáin is a small valley with small waterfalls, ponds, and volcanic structures situated in Þjórsárdalur in the south of Iceland. It is to be found at about half an hour walking distance from the historical farm Þjóðveldisbærinn Stöng. Through the valley runs the river Rauðá with the waterfall Gjárfoss.

title: Gjáin


text:
Joel Benjamin

Joel Lawrence Benjamin (born March 11, 1964) is an American chess player who holds the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM). In 1998, he was voted "Grandmaster of the Year" by the U.S. Chess Federation.

Life and career
Benjamin is a native of Brooklyn, New York City, and grew up in the Marine Park neighborhood, where he attended PS 222. He was in the class for "intellectually gifted children". He is now a New Jersey resident, married to Deborah, and they have two children, Aidan and Amy.

He graduated from Yale University with a major in history in 1985. He became the youngest-ever U.S. chess master at age 13, a record previously held by Bobby Fischer. This record was broken by Stuart Rachels and is now held by Samuel Sevian. As a junior, he won the National Elementary championship (1976), the National Junior High championship (1978), and the National High School championship (1980–81).

Other successes included the U.S. Junior Championship in 1980. In the same year he earned the International Master title. He won the U.S. Junior Championship again in 1982, and the U.S. Open Chess Championship in 1985. He earned the Grandmaster title in 1986. Benjamin was the U.S. Chess Champion in 1987 (sharing the title with Nick de Firmian), in 1997, and in 2000. He won the Saint John Open I in 1988, and the 2000 Canadian Open Chess Championship. In 1999, he placed first at the QVB Chess Festival in Sydney. He was inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame in Miami on May 2, 2008. He is the youngest inductee.

Benjamin is known for playing offbeat openings such as the Black Knights' Tango, and for converting very small advantages into a win.

He co-authored Unorthodox Openings along with Eric Schiller, for Batsford publishers in 1987, is a frequent contributor to Chess Life magazine and other chess periodicals, and is a regular commentator on the Internet Chess Club, usually presenting its Game of the Week webcast. He was also the editor-in-chief and founder of the now defunct magazine Chess Chow from 1991 to 1994. His book American Grandmaster: Four Decades of Chess Adventures was a biographical work about his chess career. His latest book is Chessboard Combat: The Give and Take of Chess Tactics. He is also a frequent contributor to Chess Life Online articles on the USCF website.

Benjamin was hired as the official grandmaster consultant by IBM to help with the Deep Blue chess computer that defeated World Champion Garry Kasparov in 1997.

Benjamin appeared in the movies Searching for Bobby Fischer and Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine.

Notable games
Benjamin beat grandmaster Eduard Gufeld in the U.S. Open, Hawaii 1998: Benjamin vs. Gufeld 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Qxd4 a6 5.c4 Nf6 6.Nc3 Nc6 7.Qd2 e6 8.Be2 Be7 9.0-0 0-0 10.b3 Qa5 11.Bb2 Rd8 12.Rfd1 b5 13.cxb5 axb5 14.a3 Bb7 15.b4 Qb6 16.Qe1 Ba6 17.Qf1 Rab8 18.Rac1 d5 19.exd5 exd5 20.Na4 bxa4 21.Bxa6 Ne4 22.Bd3 Bd6 23.Rc2 Bf4 24.g3 Bh6 25.Re2 f5 26.Qh3 Rf8 27.Bb1 Rbe8 28.Ba2 Ne7 29.Ne5 Qb5 30.Rxe4 fxe4 31.Qe6+ Kh8 32.Qxh6 Nf5 33.Ng6+ Kg8 34.Rxd5

title: Joel Benjamin


text: Wikipedia:Shortpages/Ships

title: Wikipedia:Shortpages/Ships


text: Wikipedia:Shortpages/Lists of people by name


text:
Letwell

Letwell is a rural village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham in South Yorkshire, England, on the border with Nottinghamshire. It lies between Dinnington and Langold, off the B6463 road. It sits at an elevation of around 75 metres above sea level. It had a population of 111. At the 2011 Census the population had fallen to less than 100. Population details are now included in the civil parish of Gildingwells.

The first reference to Letwell was in the 12th century when it was part of the lands of Tickhill Castle.

Listed buildings include St Peter's church with its 15th-century tower, an octagonal red-brick 18th century dovecote, and another late 18th century dovecote. A number of Georgian buildings in Letwell are also listed, including farm cottages,  the rectory, and the village hall.

The village of Firbeck lies to the north of Letwell, while Gildingwells lies to the south.

title: Letwell


text:
Wortley, Leeds

Wortley is an inner city area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It begins one mile to the west of the city centre. The appropriate City of Leeds ward is called Farnley and Wortley.

It was known as Wirkelay until about 1700. Wortley was a weaving township within the parish of Leeds before it became industrial with coal pits, brickworks, railway yards and engine sheds—including a roundhouse, on Wellington Road. This listed building, originally constructed to house a dozen or so steam locomotives, is now the premises of a major commercial vehicle hire company. In the 1880s, Wortley became incorporated into the expanding (then) town of Leeds.

Wortley is divided into three areas: New Wortley, Upper Wortley and Lower Wortley.

New Wortley
New Wortley is the area closest to Leeds city centre, Armley and Holbeck and close to HM Prison Leeds. It is largely made up of 1960s high-rise flats and maisonettes.

Upper Wortley
Upper Wortley is situated between Armley and Lower Wortley; specifically between the boundaries of Tong Road to the north and Oldfield Lane/ Green Hill Lane to the south. It consists of a variety of Victorian terraces, 1950s semi-detached houses and modern low-rise flats and houses.

Lower Wortley
Lower Wortley is furthest from the city centre, closer to Gildersome, Farnley and the Greenbelt. The area sits between the boundaries of Oldfield Lane to the north and Gelderd Road to the South. Housing in Lower Wortley is predominantly 1950s semi-detached with some modern low-rise flats and newly built houses.

Lower Wortley is home to Booker (formerly Makro) and Matalan as well as many car dealerships. These are popular in this area of the city due to Lower Wortley's convenient location close to the Leeds Outer Ring Road and the M621 motorway.

History
Wortley grew, much like surrounding areas during the industrial revolution. While Wortley was home to some smaller industrial works, its proximity to the industrial centres of Armley and Holbeck encouraged gradual growth. Perhaps Wortley's most notable features at this time were the vast array of railway junctions and its two gasworks, a smaller one in Lower Wortley and Leeds' largest gasworks in New Wortley which, until early 2022, was marked by the presence of a large spiral guided gasholder.

The landscape of Wortley changed considerably following World War II, when both the Leeds Corporation and private developers redeveloped the Victorian slum areas which had characterised Wortley since it developed. New Wortley was largely developed through the building of social housing, mainly in the form of high rise flats and prefabricated houses. Despite being built opposite what was then a gas works and is now a storage facility, the prefabricated houses were built with 'all-electric' heating, as was common at the time. In 2009, as part of a fuel poverty scheme the homes were connected to gas.

Lower Wortley and Upper Wortley saw less development than New Wortley with many of their larger Victorian through terracing still remaining and the redevelopment largely being undertaken by private developers who favoured low rise developments using more traditional methods of construction.

Between 1851 and 1852 the bones of the Armley Hippo, a great northern hippopotamus now extinct in the United Kingdom, was found in the ancient former southern channel of the River Aire, in an area previously part of Wortley, where the Armley Gyratory now stands.

Amenities
Wortley is largely a residential area, with a fairly high population density. Although it is close to Leeds City Centre and Armley Town Street, there are still many parades of smaller local shops and there is an ASDA supermarket in Upper Wortley. There are about 12 pubs, and although there are no restaurants there are numerous take-away establishments.

There are three main parks: Wortley Recreation Ground, Cliffe Park and Western Flatts Park

Wortley Recreation Ground is closest to the City Centre, and offers surprisingly good views of surrounding areas, including the City Centre. Often also referred to as New Worley Recreation Ground, it includes a children's playground, a skateboard park, three bowling greens and a number of pitches are marked out for football and rugby. The bowling greens and club building were a major filming location for the four-part Yorkshire Television comedy drama the Beiderbecke Connection, broadcast in 1988. Other brief scenes were filmed in the locality, including on Colmore Grove and Highfield Avenue.

Cliffe Park and Western Flatts Park form one large park, though they were once the grounds of separate mansions – Cliffe House and Western Flatts House. The latter was demolished a long time ago, but in the 1930s the former was handed over to the then Leeds Education Committee and turned into a residential school for 'difficult' boys, though now it has been lying derelict for many years.

Lower Wortley Methodist Church on Branch Road was built in 1884 as a United Methodist Free Church. It acts as a distribution centre for the Leeds North and West Foodbank.

Education
Wortley has one high school, Dixons Unity Academy, based at the former West Leeds High School site. Close by, in Old Farnley, is The Farnley Academy, and further west, in Pudsey, is Crawshaw Academy. The former Wortley High School (which merged with West Leeds High) is awaiting redevelopment, while the listed former West Leeds Boys' High School building was converted into apartments. There are three primary schools: Five Lanes, Lower Wortley, and Whingate primary schools.

Landmarks
Since the demolition of the New Wortley gas holder, perhaps the most prominent structures in Wortley are the Clyde Grange and Clyde Court multistorey flats, situated off Tong Road, which are the tallest buildings in the Wortley area.

Notable people
Brighton & Hove Albion footballer James Milner was born in Wortley.

England and Manchester City footballer, Kalvin Phillips was born in Wortley

The area has associations with three first world war Victoria Cross recipients. George Sanders was born in New Wortley in 1894, while the grave of Arthur Poulter is located in New Wortley cemetery and the grave of Wilfred Edwards is in Oldfield Lane cemetery.

title: Wortley, Leeds


text:
Michael J. Moynihan

Michael Jenkins Moynihan (born 17 January 1969) is an American writer, editor, translator, journalist, artist, and musician. He is best known for co-writing Lords of Chaos, a book about black metal. Moynihan is founder of the music group Blood Axis, the music label Storm Records and publishing company Dominion Press. Moynihan has interviewed numerous musical figures and has published several books, translations, and essays. He also supported and promoted the creation of the neo-Nazi book Siege by James Mason by writing the book's introduction and helping the author promote the work. His politics shifted during through the decades, but remained controversial throughout his career.

Biography
Moynihan was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1969, the only son of upper-middle-class parents. He became active in underground tape-trading and fanzine culture as a teenager. He began making experimental music from 1984 with the multi-media project Coup de Grâce, forming Blood Axis in 1989 and releasing his first album under that name in 1995.

Moynihan collaborated with noise musician Boyd Rice from 1989, and in 1990 the two moved into an apartment in Denver.

During the summer of 1991, Moynihan was visited at his apartment by agents of the United States Secret Service about an alleged plot to assassinate then-President of the United States George H. W. Bush. Moynihan agreed to a polygraph test, and no charges were filed. Moynihan stated that it was a simple case of intimidation stemming from his correspondence with Charles Manson, whom he was interviewing for a national magazine.

In 1995, Moynihan released the first full-length album by Blood Axis, The Gospel of Inhumanity, and moved from Denver to Portland, Oregon, where he became an editor at Feral House, a publishing company owned by Adam Parfrey. After studying language and history at the University of Colorado and Portland State University, Moynihan received his B.A. in German language in 2000. He received his Ph.D. in 2017 from the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Books and articles
Moynihan's first publication was an art fanzine called The Final Incision, which he published under the name Coup de Grâce in 1984. It featured contributions from various artists associated with the underground Industrial music scene, including "MB" (Maurizio Bianchi) and Trevor Brown. Coup de Grâce also issued various art posters and newsletters between 1985 and 1989. As a graphic artist, Moynihan designed posters for live performances by Coup de Grâce, Sleep Chamber, and Hunting Lodge in the mid-1980s.

Between 1990 and 1995, Moynihan contributed articles, photography, and editorial work to various magazines and journals including the "extreme culture" magazineThe Fifth Path, an underground music and culture magazine edited by Robert Ward; the Colorado Music Magazine, a Denver-based music monthly; and the internationally distributed newsstand music and art interview magazine Seconds, edited by Steven Blush and George Petros. During this time, Moynihan also published journalistic work in High Society.

Among the artists and figures Moynihan has interviewed are power electronics founder Whitehouse; Unleashed; Bathory; In the Nursery; Church of Satan founder Anton LaVey; convicted murderer Charles Manson; Peter Steele of Type O Negative; Burzum; George Eric Hawthorne of RAHOWA; Misfits founder Glenn Danzig; Throbbing Gristle and Psychic TV founder Genesis P-Orridge; and Swans founder Michael Gira.

Moynihan started a publishing house called Storm Books. In 1992, Moynihan edited a collection of writings by the neo-Nazi and Charles Manson idolater James Mason into a book entitled Siege: The Collected Writings of James Mason. Together with Stephen Flowers, Moynihan co-authored The Secret King (2001, rev. ed. 2007). In 2001, Moynihan edited a reprint of Julius Evola and the UR Group's book Introduction to Magic, originally published in 1929, and in 2002, he edited the first English language translation of Evola's 1953 book Men Among the Ruins (both published by Inner Traditions). In 2004, Moynihan edited with Annabel Lee the first English publication of a treatise by erotic and surrealist artist Hans Bellmer titled Little Anatomy of the Physical Unconscious, or The Anatomy of the Image. The book, which was issued in a limited edition of 1,100 numbered copies, is translated by Jon Graham and includes a preface by the artist Joe Coleman. In 2005, Moynihan edited and published a collection of essays by British writer John Michell (selected from Michell's contributions to The Oldie) entitled Confessions of a Radical Traditionalist.

Moynihan was the co-editor of the journal TYR: Myth – Culture – Tradition.

Lords of Chaos
Moynihan co-authored with Norwegian journalist Didrik Søderlind the book Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground (Feral House, 1998), an account of the early Norwegian black metal scene. It won a 1998 Firecracker Alternative Book Award. In 2018 a full-length dramatic film based on the book and bearing the same title, Lords of Chaos, directed by Jonas Åkerlund and starring Rory Culkin, Emory Cohen, and Sky Ferreira, was released.

Reviews of Lords of Chaos were mixed. The publication was sometimes criticized for a perceived lack of distance towards its subject matter. This was considered especially alarming to groups and figures that had accused Moynihan of right-wing sympathies, charges which Moynihan has dismissed as inapplicable due to the "intricacies of such subjects". However, several critics praised the book for offering an informative or at least interesting view on a relatively obscure subculture.

Tyr
Tyr: Myth—Culture—Tradition is a journal edited by Moynihan together with Joshua Buckley. The publication is named after Tyr, the Germanic god. The editors state that it "celebrates the traditional myths, culture, and social institutions of pre-Christian, pre-modern Europe." The first issue was published in 2002 under the ULTRA imprint in Atlanta, Georgia.

The editorial preface of Tyr, vol. 1 defines an anti-modern, anti-capitalist ideal of "Radical Traditionalism" encompassing:
 * 1) Resacralization of the world versus materialism.
 * 2) Natural social hierarchy versus an artificial hierarchy based on wealth.
 * 3) The tribal community versus the nation-state.
 * 4) Stewardship of the earth versus the "maximization of resources."
 * 5) A harmonious relationship between men and women versus the "war between the sexes."
 * 6) Handicraft and artisanship versus industrial mass-production.

His involvement with Siege by James Mason
In 1992, Moynihan promoted the creation of Siege, an anthology of Neo-Nazi writings produced by James Mason. Moynihan wrote the introduction to the book, in which he stated that: "The SIEGE volume you hold in your hands is intended both as a guide and a tool. For the observer, or the curious, it serves as a guide through the netherworld of extremist political thought.... this book offers a unique and direct access-point to understanding the philosophy, tactics, and propaganda of an increasingly militant and uncompromising brand of National Socialism. ... Secondly, and more importantly, this book is meant to serve as a practical tool. A majority of readers will hopefully not be mere sociologists or researchers, but rather that small faction of people who may be already predisposed towards these ideas. This certainly does not only refer to National Socialists, but revolutionaries and fanatics of all stripes."His involvement in the book's success continued into its promotion. During this promotion, Moynihan participated in an interview in No Longer a Fanzine #5, conducted by Joseph A. Gervasi. In this interview, Moynihan spoke to his perspective on The Holocaust. In this interview, he states that he has "mix feelings" on the number of Jews killed in the genocide, positing that the claim that 6 million Jews died is "just arbitrary" and "probably a gross exaggeration." Moynihan would later shift away from National Socialist and fascist politics while still maintaining a distrust for the ruling class.

Music
Influenced by first-wave industrial music artists such as SPK and Throbbing Gristle, Moynihan started his first electronic music project in 1984, which he called "Coup de Grâce". Along with audio cassette releases and live performances, Coup de Grâce also produced art booklets, posters, postcards, and texts. In 1988, at the age of 18, Moynihan published an edition of Friedrich Nietzsche's The Antichrist featuring artwork by Trevor Brown.

According to Moynihan, a cassette from his project Coup de Grâce was received by an art group called Club Moral in Belgium, resulting in a positive review in the cultural magazine they produced called Force Mental. Club Moral invited Moynihan to come to perform at In Vitro, an art and music festival in Antwerp. He accepted, which resulted in a small European tour of Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands, while he was based in Antwerp, Belgium. In Germany, he came in contact with Cthulhu Records, the German underground label which would later release the first Blood Axis compilation tracks and album. Upon returning to Boston in the United States, he was invited to join the experimental music group Sleep Chamber.

While Moynihan was a member of Sleep Chamber, a friend of his who was active in the underground electronic music scene, Thomas Thorn, moved from Wisconsin to Boston and joined the band. According to Moynihan, a falling out occurred between Thorn and John Zewizz, founder of Sleep Chamber, resulting in Moynihan leaving Sleep Chamber and moving to Belgium, where he lived in the same warehouse where Club Moral had their home and offices.

Thorn, who had formed an electronic music project called Slave State in Wisconsin, visited Moynihan in Belgium in 1988 and the two collaborate for a live concert of Thorn's project. The show was produced by Club Moral and took place in a cellar underneath their headquarters in Antwerp. After relocating back to the US in 1989, Moynihan formed the musical group Blood Axis and no longer produced music under the name Coup de Grâce.

Experimental musician Boyd Rice invited Moynihan to go to Japan and collaborate with him on three NON performances there in 1989. Moynihan performed in concert with the various musical groups rotating around Tony Wakeford, Douglas P., and Rose McDowall who were also performing. His performance in Japan with NON was later released as the "Live in Osaka" DVD. That year, an album entitled Music, Martinis, and Misanthropy grew out of these collaborations. Moynihan also took the cover photo and did the graphic design work for the album, which was loosely based on the 1954 easy listening release by Jackie Gleason, Music, Martinis and Memories.

In 1995, Cthulhu Records released the first full-length album by Blood Axis, The Gospel of Inhumanity, and has seen several subsequent re-issues on various labels. It was followed by a second Blood Axis album in 1997 entitled Blót: Sacrifice in Sweden for the Swedish post-industrial music label Cold Meat Industry. In 2010, Blood Axis released a second studio album titled Born Again. Blood Axis was noted for using a speech by the British fascist Oswald Mosley and lyrics by the Nazi occultist Karl Maria Wiligut in music.

In 2001, Moynihan released a musical collaboration with French artist Les Joyaux de la Princesse entitled Absinthe: La Folie Verte themed around absinthe, a beverage Moynihan has expressed fondness for, and collaborated with Portland natives B'eirth of In Gowan Ring, his partner Annabel Lee and Markus Wolff of Waldteufel for a project dubbed Witch-Hunt. Largely playing traditional acoustic Irish folk music, the group played various local shows in Portland and also, in 2001, performed in Portugal, where the album Witch-Hunt: The Rites of Samhain was released. In 2008, Moynihan appeared on the album "Hoodwinked" by The Lindbergh Baby and an Italian language book entitled Day of Blood was published focusing on the musical group.

Political views
In the 1990s, Moynihan was frequently characterized as a fascist or neo-fascist by some critics and fans. Moynihan accepted these descriptions with reservations, but in the 2000s dismissed them as inapplicable buzzwords used by "anti-this and anti-that activist types" and denounced the far-right.

Matthias Gardell writes in his 2003 book Gods of the Blood: "Featured in different contexts, Moynihan projects many different faces and has been classified as an 'extreme rightist', an 'extreme leftist', a Nazi, a fascist, and an anarchist". Gardell wrote that Moynihan was a priest in the Church of Satan but "rarely flashes his membership card" and instead "has long found the heathen path more rewarding".

Investigative journalist Kevin Coogan has linked Moynihan more explicitly with the extreme right but states that Moynihan does not fit into a "conventional definitions of fascism". Coogan has classified Moynihan as an "extreme rightist". Coogan states that Lords of Chaos "itself, however, is not a 'fascist' tract in the strict sense" and that "Moynihan [does not] himself fit easily into the more conventional definitions of fascism".

The album The Gospel of Inhumanity (1995) was favorably reviewed by far-right and neo-Nazi publications: the US Nazi skin journal Resistance (no. 6, 38) praised it as a "fascist symphony". The album also brought Moynihan to the attention of the German neo-Nazi scene, a favorable review appearing in ''Einheit und Kampf. Das revolutionäre Magazin für Nationalisten'' (no. 18, p. 29, Aufruhr-Verlag, Bremen). As a consequence, Moynihan was identified by anti-fascist activists in the late 1990s. Blood Axis performances attracted protesters, on one occasion in 1998, "about 75" San Francisco protesters mobilized by a flyer denouncing Moynihan as "a fascist and a hatemonger" succeeded in preventing his appearance. Moynihan dismissed activists labeling him a Nazi or a fascist as misinformed hysterical alarmism.

In 1999, Moynihan was one of several musicians listed by Southern Poverty Law Center's Intelligence Report magazine as examples of black metal music being used to recruit white supremacists. The magazine also excerpted an interview with No Longer a Fanzine, where Moynihan denied the Holocaust but said that he would "prefer it if it were true". The SPLC article was criticized by Decibel Magazine in 2006 which described it as being misleading and being poorly researched. In the Decibel article, Moynihan responded to the SPLC report, saying it was "packed with misinformation and outright errors" and focused "on a few provocative statements selectively culled from interviews done nearly 15 years ago". Gardell wrote in 2003 that "Though he certainly does not care about the overwhelming majority of mankind, my impression is that Moynihan cares even less about building gas chambers" and "What he presumably does care about is publicity, a craving that has resulted in quite a few oddities that will follow him for some time."

German social scientist Christian Dornbusch remarks that Moynihan's work "evokes a mindset which wants to design a future based on völkisch and fascist respectively national socialist thinkers. It's the same goal that the British fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley rants about for minutes in the sample at the beginning of the live album Blot – Sacrifice in Sweden: '... we are fighting for nothing less than the revolution of the spirit of our people ...'".

Moynihan has repeatedly denied political ties. In response to the various political accusations leveled against him, Moynihan calls the far-right "a bunch of isolated losers" who are "all deluded". In response to accusations concerning the influence of his political views on the writing of Lords of Chaos, Moynihan made statements denouncing the far-right and white supremacism. The Southern Poverty Law Center later listed Moynihan as an intellectual leader of the far right for statements such as "The number of six million [Jews killed in the Holocaust] is just arbitrary and inaccurate [...] If I were given the opportunity to start up the next Holocaust, I would definitely have more lenient entry requirements than the Nazis."

Personal life
Moynihan has a child with his partner Annabel.

title: Michael J. Moynihan


text:
Rolla

Rolla is an Italian surname and also a diminutive for the Toyota Corolla.

Rolla may refer to:

Surname

 * Alessandro Rolla (1757–1841), Italian composer, violin and viola virtuoso
 * Antonio Rolla (1798–1837), Italian composer, violin and viola virtuoso

Given name

 * Rolla Anderson (1920–2018), American former football and basketball player and coach
 * Rolla Daringer (1888–1974), American baseball shortstop
 * Rolla Dyer (1886–1971), American physician
 * Rolla Mapel (1890–1966), American baseball pitcher
 * Rolla C. McMillen (1880–1961), American politician from Illinois
 * Rolla Norman (1889–1971), French actor
 * Rolla Wells (1856–1944), American politician from Missouri

Places

 * United States
 * Rolla, Kansas
 * Rolla, Missouri
 * Missouri University of Science and Technology, formerly the University of Missouri–Rolla
 * Rolla, North Dakota

 * Canada
 * Rolla, British Columbia

 * Norway
 * Rolla (Troms), an island in Troms county, in the municipality of Ibestad

 * United Arab Emirates
 * Rolla, an area within Sharjah (emirate)

 * India
 * Rolla, Anantapur, a village and mandal in Andhra Pradesh

Other uses

 * Rolla (ship), name of multiple ships
 * "Rolla", a poem by Alfred de Musset
 * Rolla, a painting by Henri Gervex

title: Rolla


text:
Selfoss

Selfoss may refer to:
 * Selfoss (town), Iceland
 * UMF Selfoss, a football club based in Selfoss
 * Selfoss men's football
 * Selfoss women's football
 * Selfoss (waterfall), Iceland
 * Selfoss Airport
 * Selfoss earthquake

title: Selfoss


text:
Wikipedia:Shortpages/How to update

After downloading a current-pages database dump for the English Wikipedia, I use the following commands:
 * mkdir data; mkdir todo
 * gunzip -c dl/20050909_pages_current.xml.gz | perl ../scripts/parse-entries2.pl >! data/entries.txt
 * perl ../scripts/shortpages.pl

The two Perl scripts are shown below, respectively.

-- Beland 06:54, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) parse-entries2.pl

use strict;

main;

sub main {   my ($text, $title);

$/ = " ";

while (<>) {	$_ =~ m%^(.*?) (.*?) .*$%s; $title = $1; $text = $2;

$title =~ s%^.*? (.*?) .*?$%$1%s; $title =~ s/ /_/g; $title =~ s/\&/\&/g; $title =~ s/\>/>/g; $title =~ s/\</%) {	   $text = ""; }	else {	   $text =~ s%^.*(.*?) .*$%$1%s; }	$text =~ s/\t/\\t/g; $text =~ s/\n/\\n/g; $text =~ s/\&/\&/g; $text =~ s/\>/>/g; $text =~ s/\</todo/shortpages.txt"); open (SHORTSTUB, ">todo/shortstubs.txt"); while () {	$_ =~ m/^(.*?)\t(.*)$/; $title = $1; $text = $2;

# Protect! $text =~ s% %%g;

# Remove leading and trailing whitespace $title =~ s/^\s*//; $title =~ s/\s*$//; # Uppercase title $title = ucfirst($title); # Underscores, please $title =~ s/ /_/g; # Exclude all namespaces except Article, # Portal, Wikipedia, and Help if (($title =~ m/^\w+_talk:/)           or ($title =~ m/^Media:/)            or ($title =~ m/^Special:/)            or ($title =~ m/^Talk:/)            or ($title =~ m/^User:/)            or ($title =~ m/^Image:/)            or ($title =~ m/^MediaWiki:/)            or ($title =~ m/^Template:/)            or ($title =~ m/^Category:/)	    ) {           next; }

if (length ($text) < 100) {

if (($text =~ m/\{\{copyvio/)		or ($text =~ m/^\s*\#\s*redirect.*?\s*\[\[.*?\]\]/i)		or ($text =~ m/\{\{deletedpage\}\}/)		or ($text =~ m/\{\{Deletedpage\}\}/)		or ($text =~ m/\{\{deletedPage\}\}/)		or ($text =~ m/\{\{DeletedPage\}\}/)		or ($text =~ m/\{\{deletedarticle\}\}/)		or ($text =~ m/\{\{disambig\}\}/)		or ($text =~ m/\{\{rfd\}\}/)		) {		next; }	   if ($text =~ m/\-*stub\}\}/) {		print SHORTSTUB " ".sprintf("%02d", length ($text))."  $title   $text   \n"; #print "SHORTSTUB ".length ($text)." $title $text\n";

}	   else {		print SHORT " ".sprintf("%02d", length ($text))."  $title   $text   \n"; #print "SHORT ".length ($text)." $title $text\n";

}	}

if ($i++ % 10000 == 0) {	   print STDERR $i - 1 ."\r"; }   }    close (ENTRIES); close (SHORT); close (SHORTSTUB); }

print `cat ./todo/shortpages.txt | sort -n > ./todo/shortpages-sorted.txt`; print `cat ./todo/shortstubs.txt | sort -n > ./todo/shortstubs-sorted.txt`;

unlink ("./todo/shortpages.txt"); unlink ("./todo/shortstubs.txt");

The old method is to run the following SQL commands on a database dump. This does not remove stubs.

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS temp_sizesmall;

CREATE TABLE temp_sizesmall (UNIQUE KEY `s_id` (`s_id`)) SELECT cur_title AS s_title, cur_id AS s_id, cur_text AS s_text, length(cur_text) AS s_size, cur_namespace AS s_namespace, cur_is_redirect AS s_is_redirect FROM cur WHERE LENGTH(cur_text)<251 LIMIT 1000000;

DELETE FROM temp_sizesmall WHERE s_is_redirect=1;

DELETE FROM temp_sizesmall WHERE s_namespace<>0;

ALTER TABLE temp_sizesmall DROP COLUMN s_namespace; ALTER TABLE temp_sizesmall DROP COLUMN s_is_redirect;

SELECT CONCAT(       '|-\n|',         s_size,         '||',         REPLACE(s_title,'_',' '),         '|| ',         LEFT((REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(s_text,'\n',' '),'\r',' '),'   ',' '),'&','&amp;')),100),         ' ') AS List INTO OUTFILE 'wp_smallpages.txt'     #change it to the drive/path you need FROM temp_sizesmall WHERE s_text NOT LIKE '%%' AND s_text NOT LIKE '%%' AND s_text NOT LIKE '%%' AND s_text NOT LIKE '%{{copyvio%' AND s_size>0 AND s_text NOT LIKE '%{{List_of_people%' ORDER BY s_size, Lower(s_title) LIMIT 170

title: Wikipedia:Shortpages/How to update


text:
Giovanni Paolo Panini

Giovanni Paolo, also known as Gian Paolo Panini or Pannini (17 June 1691 – 21 October 1765), was an Italian painter and architect who worked in Rome and is primarily known as one of the vedutisti ("view painters"). As a painter, Panini is best known for his vistas of Rome, in which he took a particular interest in the city's antiquities. Among his most famous works are his view of the interior of the Pantheon (on behalf of Francesco Algarotti), and his vedute—paintings of picture galleries containing views of Rome. Most of his works, especially those of ruins, have a fanciful and unreal embellishment characteristic of capriccio themes. In this they resemble the capricci of Marco Ricci. Panini also painted portraits, including one of Pope Benedict XIV.

Biography
As a young man, Panini trained in his native town of Piacenza, under Giuseppe Natali and Andrea Galluzzi, and with stage designer Francesco Galli-Bibiena. In 1711, he moved to Rome, where he studied drawing with Benedetto Luti.

In 1724 he married Miss Gossert, sister-in-law of Wengkels, director of the French Academy in Rome, with whom he had two sons: Giuseppe Pannini (Rome, 1720-1812), the architect, and Francesco Panini (Rome, 1745 - 1812), the painter, who followed in his father's footsteps and manners.

In Rome, Panini earned a name for himself as a decorator of palaces. Some of his works included the Villa Patrizi (1719–1725), the Palazzo de Carolis (1720), and the Seminario Romano (1721–1722). In 1719, Panini was admitted to the Congregazione dei Virtuosi al Pantheon. He taught in Rome at the Accademia di San Luca and the Académie de France, where he is said to have influenced Jean-Honoré Fragonard. In 1754, he served as the prince (director) of the Accademia di San Luca.

The Spanish monarchs appreciated his work in such a way that, commissioned by Filippo Juvarra, he sent paintings to decorate the Lacquer Room of the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso. In addition, King Carlos IV, when he was Prince, bought several of his works that are still preserved in the Prado Museum and in the royal palaces.

Panini died in Rome on 21 October 1765.

Legacy
Panini's studio included Hubert Robert and his son Francesco Panini. His style influenced other vedutisti, such as his pupils Antonio Joli and Charles-Louis Clérisseau, as well as Canaletto and Bernardo Bellotto, who sought to meet the need of visitors for painted "postcards" depicting the Italian environs. Some British landscape painters, such as Marlow, Skelton and Wright of Derby, also imitated his capricci.

In addition to being a painter and architect, Panini was a professor of perspective and optics at the French Academy of Rome. His masterful use of perspective was later the inspiration for the creation of the "Panini Projection", which is instrumental in rendering panoramic views.

Panini's works are held in the permanent collections of many museums worldwide, including the Prado Museum, the Louvre, the Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, the Hermitage, the Pushkin Museum, the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, the Staatliche Museen, the Palazzo del Quirinale, the Toledo Museum of Art, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Saint Louis Art Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, the Getty Center, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the Walters Art Museum, the Harvard Art Museums, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

title: Giovanni Paolo Panini


text:
West Branch Delaware River

The West Branch Delaware River is one of two branches that form the Delaware River. It is approximately 90 mi (144 km) long, and flows through the U.S. states of New York and Pennsylvania. It winds through a mountainous area of New York in the western Catskill Mountains for most of its course, before joining the East Branch along the northeast border of Pennsylvania with New York. Midway or so it is empounded by the Cannonsville Dam to form the Cannonsville Reservoir, both part of the New York City water supply system for delivering drinking water to the City.

Course
It rises in Schoharie County, New York and flows generally southwest, entering Delaware County and flowing past Stamford and Delhi. In southwestern Delaware County it flows in an increasingly winding course through the mountains, generally southwest. At Stilesville it is impounded to form the Cannonsville Reservoir. At Deposit, on the border between Broome and Delaware counties, it turns sharply to the southeast and is paralleled by New York State Route 17. It joins the East Branch at Hancock to form the Delaware. For the lower 6 mi (10 km) it forms part of the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania.

Hydrology
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) maintains many stream gauges along the West Branch Delaware River.

The station by the Village of Delhi, in operation since 1937, but making daily measurements since November 1996, is located .6 mi upstream from the bridge on Route 28, and 1.9 mi upstream from the confluence of the Little Delaware River. This station had a maximum discharge of about 13000 cuft/s and a gauge height of 9.8 ft from floodmark on January 19, 1996 and a maximum gage height of 12.53 ft on August 28, 2011 as Hurricane Irene passed through the area. It had minimum discharge of 2.6 cuft/s on September 25, 1964 and a minimum gauge height of 1.72 ft on September 16–17, 2016.

The Hobart station, in service since 2000, located 300 ft upstream from Maple Street in the Hamlet of Hobart. This station had a maximum discharge of about 995 cuft/s and a gauge height of 3.22 ft on August 28, 2011 caused by Hurricane Irene. It had minimum discharge of .05 cuft/s on November 13, 2001 and November 19, 2001.

The Walton station, in service since 1950, located 100 ft downstream from West Brook in the Village of Walton. This station had a maximum discharge of about 28600 cuft/s and a gauge height of 16.85 ft on June 28, 2006 during the 2006 Mid-Atlantic United States flood. It had minimum discharge of 12 cuft/s on September 15 and November 22, 1964.

The Hale Eddy station, in service since 1912, located 9 mi upstream from the confluence of East and West Branches. Since the construction of the Cannonsville Reseevoir this station had a maximum discharge of 43400 cuft/s and a gauge height of 19.1 ft on June 28, 2006 during the 2006 Mid-Atlantic United States flood. It had minimum discharge of 17 cuft/s on October 20, 1963. The maximum discharge, prior to construction of Cannonsville Reservoir in 1963, was 28900 cuft/s on March 22, 1948. Outside the period of record: In the flood of October 10, 1903 this station reached a discharge of roughly 46000 cuft/s

Fishing
The West Branch is tailwater fishery. This means the same cold water releases that keep it cooler in the summer, keep the river a little warmer in the winter and early spring. The upper section can be cleaner than other rivers during periods of heavy runoff. During high water on the Cannonsville Reservoir, many bait fish spill over the dam. These factors all provide and excellent environment for trout to thrive in.

The trout population in this river is naturally reproducing, during the warm months stocked trout from smaller and warmer tributaries will seek sanctuary in its cool water. The West Branch Delaware River was divided into two sections when the Cannonsville Reservoir was formed. Downstream of the Cannonsville Reservoir, there are large numbered wild populations of brown trout and rainbow trout and an occasional brook trout can be caught although none are stocked. Seasonal anadromous runs of american shad with reports of occasional striped bass. This section is considered one of the best fly fishing trout streams in the United States, due to the cold water released from the reservoir.

Tributaries
Not including tributaries of Cannonsville Reservoir

Right
 * Basset Brook
 * Lake Brook
 * McMurdy Brook
 * Betty Brook
 * Kiff Brook
 * Wright Brook
 * Kidd Brook
 * Elk Creek
 * Falls Creek
 * Steele Brook
 * Peaks Brook
 * Platner Brook
 * East Brook
 * West Brook
 * Pines Brook
 * Bobs Brook
 * Wakeman Brook
 * Cold Spring Creek
 * Butler Brook
 * Oquaga Creek
 * Sherman Creek
 * Faulkner Brook
 * Balls Creek

Left
 * Town Brook
 * Rose Brook
 * Little Delaware River
 * Bagley Brook
 * Mallory Brook
 * Weeds Brook
 * Beers Brook
 * Chase Brook
 * Whitaker Brook
 * Roods Creek
 * Travis Brook
 * Sands Creek

title: West Branch Delaware River


text:
Talk:Coulomb

Untitled
Does coulomb imply positive or negative charge? Since the ampere per second is conventional current, would it technically be 6.24×1018 times the charge on a proton? - Omegatron 16:36, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you're probably right. However, I think it probably also makes sense to say "1 coulomb of electrons", knowing that this is the same as -1 coulomb of conventional charge. -- Anon

 * Er ... I think "does coulomb imply positive or negative charge?" is as meaningful a question as is "does meter imply positive or negative distance?" (or rather, displacement, so that we can actually allow negative values). A unit in itself has no sense of direction, positive or otherwise; it's just a measure of the magnitude.

 * The charge of the electron is defined to be negative and the Coulomb is the SI derived unit for electrical charge, therefore a charge of 1 C cannot be from an excess of electrons. (See the definition of elementary charge.) Treating electrons as positively charged is a definitional error which could lead students consulting this article seriously astray. I have changed the references to electrons to protons where appropriate in the article to correct this, and added a reference supporting the correct view. Enon (talk) 23:12, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

put number of electrons / coulomb on top
thats what people look for when they get to this page, now they first have to skim through not so important numbers (Explanation, Faraday...) before they get to number of eletrons —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.221.240.47 (talk) 18:52, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes! I have to agree: all the physics niceties are very nice, but ISTM that for most people the most helpful definition of a C is as a number of electrons. That number per second gives an Amp and so on, and the whole of basic electrics becomes as easy to comprehend as water in a pipe.
 * Maybe my electronics background is biasing me, but the idea of 'a number of fundamental electric charges' can easily be derived from that definition. And what, after all, is the "fundamental unit of charge"? The one-third electron charges found in quarks? Planck Charge? --Cdavis999 (talk) 09:59, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

no need for a list of binary prefixes. avogadro's number is a common misconception
thank you but i don't understand!

Discussion moved to Talk:Units of measurement

Kilogram
<-n00b says :. . . . Kilogram ?!? Please clarify how the kilogram applies.

 * I don't see how the kilogram note is relevant to this article. Being that it lacks an explanation, it's just an odd little statement.

 * I see how one can make that statement, but I'm not sure how to fit it into an encyclopedic article, not a physics homework. Anyways, this is how: the definition of ampere states, 1 A is the current such that if 2 parallel wires (at distance 1 m) have 1 A through it, there will be 2e-7 N/m of force on wires. Defining C on its own gives an alternate definition of ampere as 1 C/s, and once ampere is defined that way, we can define newton in terms of ampere, and since newton = m*kg*m/s^2, now we can define kg in terms of newton .... which is defined in terms of ampere and meter, which is defined in terms of coulomb and meter and second.

 * Interesting, but why mention the kg here at all? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.189.230.42 (talk) 08:50, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Presently, the kilogram is an artifact, there is a platinum iridium cylinder in France somewheres, and the kilogram is defined as the amount of mass equal to the mass of that cylinder. obviously, that's kind of untidy, physicists would much rather have the kilogram based on a universal constant. personally, I can't see why they don't just count out one thousand moles of protons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.216.24.138 (talk) 08:00, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, but the article is supposed to be about the coulomb. 207.189.230.42 (talk) 09:09, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, the kilogram paragraph is confusing.
 * It is given top-level "explanation status", but it is really an esoteric proposal that has apparently not been adopted by the physics community and doesn't make anything clearer to the novice. Could this be put at the end?

 * I came to this page looking for an explanation and was hoping to find something about the idea that a charge can be accumulated in a space or device (e.g. capacitor), and just how large 1 coulomb of charge is (e.g. a 10,000 uF capacitor charged to 100V stores 1 Coulomb). And intuitively, why are Coulombs of charge, which can be stored in a capacitor, different from Joules of energy, which can also be stored in a capacitor (or battery)? -Paul  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.122.32.141 (talk) 15:53, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Historical Note re derived unit
"The Ampere is in fact a derived unit..." but not according to the Wikipedia entry for Ampere, where it says, "Because it is a base unit, the definition of the ampere is not tied to any other electrical unit."

Given the definition for the Ampere as given in the Ampere entry, I'm inclined to believe that the Ampere is in fact the base unit and the Coulomb is the derived unit, despite the relationship 1 A = 1 C/s.

 * Correct. The current SI standard defines the ampere as a base unit, for practical reasons.  (It is more intuitive to think of the charge on one electron as fundamental unit on which to base the definition of the Coulomb and then base the Ampere upon the Coulomb, but that's not how things are defined in current SI.)

 * I am suspicious of the article section: "The ampere was historically a derived unit - being defined as 1 coulomb per second. Therefore the coulomb, rather than the ampere was the SI base electrical unit," because what I have read of the history of electrical units did not say that the ampere was figured from coulombs. Here are pages about the history of electrical units:
 * http://alpha.montclair.edu/~kowalskiL/SI/SI_PAGE.HTML

 * http://www.sizes.com/units/ampHist.htm

If no one has any good reference that contradicts those references, I shall in time remove or replace the sentences. Nicknicknickandnick 08:54, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

I removed the reference in the article. I wasn't logged in, so the edit is under an IP address. I thought I'd document my findings, and why I removed it.

The first definition of the coulomb was by the 1st international Congress of Electrical Engineers in 1881, and clearly indicates that the coulomb is derived from the ampere. Resolution 6 of that Congress states: "A quantity of electricity given by ampere in a second is to be called a coulomb." - source IEC The ampere was derived from the volt and ohm, but it was NOT derived from the coulomb.

"The international ampere adopted at a meeting of the British Association in Edinburgh (1892) was the current that would deposit silver from a silver nitrate solution at a rate of 0.001118 g/s under specified conditions, using a silver “voltameter”" - source NIST This is the first reference I could find where the ampere first becomes a base electrical unit (i.e. defined in terms of mass and time, but not in terms of other electrical units).

The 9th CGPM (1948) adopted the ampere for the unit of electric current, following a definition proposed by the CIPM (1946, Resolution 2), the equivalent definition which is used in the modern SI: "The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10–7 newton per metre of length."source BIPM

I can find no authoritative reference for the coulomb ever having been considered a base unit. (the reference in the article was to a $$ journal article, written by someone from Montclair State College).

Msauve (talk) 23:10, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

The coulomb is not an SI unit! There are only 7 SI units, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units) and the Ampere is one of them, not coulomb. Someone please change the first sentance of this article which describes the coulomb as the SI unit for electric charge.

 * I believe the coulomb USED to be the SI unit, but it has been changed to the Ampere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.28.52.64 (talk) 07:01, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

 * No, the Coulomb *is* the SI unit for charge. The NIST literature specifically states that SI units include both the base units and the derived units.  (And anyhow, if Coulomb isn't an SI, unit, then what is the SI unit for charge?  Faradays?  Abcoulombs?  Nooo.)   Coulomb is an SI unit.  But it's not measured directly as in the day when charge was standardized to a certain gram-ionic weight of monovalent ions (where one Faraday of charge passed through a molten-salt NaCl cell will deposit one mole or 23 grams of Sodium on an electrode.128.95.172.173 (talk) 01:56, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Constant vandalism
Oh grow up! N^O^el (talk) 06:45, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Real-world example
It would be nice to have a real-world explanation of how much energy 1 Coulomb is.N^O^el (talk) 06:47, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Charge is not energy. However, inside copper metal, one coulomb of mobile charge occupies a cubic volume 0.42mm on a side.  When coulombs are flowing through wires, each Coulomb is a little blob about 1/64" across.  This immediately makes you suspect that one Ampere, or a Coulomb per second, is a very slow flow.  After all, most wires are lots wider than 1/64" in diameter.  128.95.172.173 (talk) 02:11, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Cool. I never thought of it that way. This is my "What I learned on Wikipedia this week" item for the week. If you had a reference for this, I'd love to have it in the article; this sort of vivid physical example helps a lot. (Running the arithmetic myself shows that it's correct, asssuming one conductin band electron per copper atom...but I daren't post my calculations because the OR bigots will be on me.) --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:57, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Yes indeed it would be an awesome idea --can some expert educated us. --69.235.4.174 (talk) 08:47, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Zero. A coulomb is a measurement of charge, not energy. But it would be useful to know how much charge it is (e.g. how much charge your common or garden AA cell holds; that sort of thing). 212.137.63.86 (talk) 12:14, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Isn't charge a measure of stored (potential) energy? The stored energy in a battery is converted to kinetic energy (amperage) which does actual work (turns on a light) Tocksin (talk) 12:30, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

 * No, charge has nothing to do with energy, and if you know the amount of charge, you cannot calculate the amount of energy. Analogy: charge is like water.  Water can be stored behind a dam, or water can flow in a hydraulic system.  But water isn't a kind of energy; water isn't measured in KWH or Joules!  Neither is charge.  But if you know the water pressure and flow rate, you can measure the amount of work being done or the amount of hydraulic energy stored or transferred.  Same with charge: if you know the PD in volts and the total amount of Coulombs of charge transferred, then you can calculate the amount of work that was done or the amount of electrical energy stored or transferred.   But if the charge was transferred at zero volts, then no energy was transferred, only charge.128.95.172.173 (talk) 02:11, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

I added an "everyday charges" section. --Steve (talk) 21:31, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Better Definition?
According to Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics Third Ed 1 coulomb = ~6.24 x 1018 electrons or holes. A current of 1 coulomb/1 sec = 1 amp. I find this definition a lot easier than the current one though it seems less precise. Could someone with more knowledge edit this page to include the definition that I've included, or explain why this definition was not included?. --69.235.4.174 (talk) 08:47, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not included because it's not the definition. J IM ptalk·cont 08:33, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

I was always taught that one coulomb (6.24 x 10 to the 18th) is the approximate number of electrons that pass a specific point per second at one volt and one amp. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.45.149.17 (talk) 00:46, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Unit Symbol
I would like to propose adding the Q=It equation found on the Ampere page on this page, as Q also represents Coulombs. I feel that this would help clear some confusion I personally experienced initially, which was why there where two different symbols (C and Q) for the coulomb. Or is there some reason why its not there? 209.129.16.5 (talk) 04:17, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The symbol for coulomb is C. Q is used in that equation as a symbol for charge - which is measured in coulombs. A variable in an equation is (hardly ever) symbolized by the abbreviation for the SI unit for measuring that variable.  Anyway, Q=It is a special case where the current is constant. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:30, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

zeptocoulomb and yoctocoulomb?
Why are zeptocoulomb (10^-21) and yoctocoulomb (10^-24) listed when a single electron has a charge of about 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs and the smallest quark charge is 1/3 of this? Is there something I'm missing here? -- B.D.Mills  (T, C) 10:37, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Because some editors think that every SI prefix *must* be attached to every SI unit, disregarding actual usage, common sense or physical realizability to anyone other than astronomers or string theorists. I burnt on on this one about 2 years ago, but you're definitely on the right side on this one, in my opinion. --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:27, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

I agree with both of you - I'm deleting zeptocoulomb and yoctocoulomb. If somebody has a reference for those actually being used, feel free to put them back in. Enon (talk) 21:25, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

The table is automatically generated by a template, Template:SI multiples which made it difficult to edit. The best I could do was to note zeptocoulomb and yoctocoulomb as "not used". A note on when fractions of a esu are meaningful (fractional quantum hall effect, quarks etc. might be helpful or it might be off-topic. Enon (talk) 22:10, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

Zeptocoulomb is used in the article on Zepto- []. Xakepxakep (talk) 20:13, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Yeah I saw that too, that yoctocoulomb etc. are way below the physically smallest possible charge, so I got a smile out of it. But I think it's ok since we often describe charge states by differential equations, i.e. we talk about charge in terms of the continuum limit. It's like the smallest amount of US money is 1 cent, but it's still perfectly fine to do a financial calculation in nanodollars, or (in practice) in floating point arithmetic on a computer. The real silliness is that those far-out prefixes exist at all, and I doubt they're used much in practice. We similarly might deal with numbers on the scale of a vigintillion, but we'd usually describe them with scientific notation instead of by that name. There don't even seem to be names for number sizes between the vigintillion and the centillion. 173.228.123.121 (talk) 23:05, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

units
In principle, the coulomb could be defined in terms of the charge of an electron or elementary charge. ... . A coulomb is then equal to exactly 6.241 509 629 152 65 × 1018 elementary charges.

Elementary_charge It has a measured value of approximately 1.602176487(40)×10−19 coulombs.[2]

???????????// —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.24.118.155 (talk) 03:07, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I rewrote this part, I hope it's clearer now. The quote before was inaccurate, no one to my knowledge has proposed "6.241 509 629 152 65 × 1018 elementary charges" as a redefinition (unlike a different numerical expression which has been proposed, it's a ratio of two exact numbers). I also tried to clarify that the discussion concerns different unit systems. --Steve (talk) 21:30, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Negative number of electrons?
"-6.24151×1018 electrons"

Since it makes no sense to have a negative number of electrons, and units are typically treated as magnitudes, not vectors, shouldn't this be positive? 71.55.0.14 (talk) 05:34, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Hope it's OK now (thanks Wtshymanski). --Steve (talk) 21:30, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

It does actually make sense to have a negative number of electrons. In semi-conductor talk, these are holes. If you have a material, and you remove 10 electrons, you get charge on that material. That'd be a value of -10 electrons, or 10 holes. -John —Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.88.51.181 (talk) 21:31, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

"Not the way the coulomb is defined"?
Hi Wtshymanski,

I made this edit, which you undid here. The explanation was "not the way the coulomb is defined". Can you say more specifically what it is that I wrote that is wrong? Are you disagreeing with my "Definition" section, or my "Relation to elementary charge and "conventional Coulomb"" section, or both? Whichever it is I will be happy to supply references, I don't believe I wrote anything that isn't standard and universally accepted.

Also, you put in a template, "This section does not cite any references or sources," in a section that cites two sources! In the future I suggest the template would be a better choice. Or do you think the current citations are invalid? I can see that the battery capacity claim should have a citation, but I don't think the Coulomb's law claim needs one, it's a straightforward calculation that anyone can check. (BTW right now that example is in the article twice! You restored it without re-deleting it from the other place.) --Steve (talk) 22:43, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

UPDATE: I restored my version, now with a footnote source for almost every sentence I added. If you think something is incorrect or unclear please let me know. --Steve (talk) 19:05, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

1C = 1A x 1s? (Confusing lead paragraph)
Something is amiss and entirely confusing. Comparing the Coulomb article: "1C = 1A x 1s" with the Ampere article: "one coulomb per second constituting one ampere" leads me to believe, substituting for 1A, that 1C = (1C x 1s) x 1s which leads to my confusion.

As I understand it by reviewing information in the Coulomb and Electric Current articles: a Coulomb is the charge of ~ 6 x 10^18 electrons or protons and an Ampere is the current of that charge flowing for one second.

From the point of view of someone trying to learn and understand this, I'm utterly confused and/or thinking an error could have been made. If none of the articles are technically wrong, having such seemingly contradictory information in the lead paragraph should either be briefly explained or deferred to the body of the article.

I'm not qualified to make or suggest what the changes should be. From my point of view, it's confusing and frustrating when you're learning and something is self-defined. I may be wrong if I arrived at 1C = (1C x 1s) x 1s but I wish it were clearer instead of seeming similar to reading "canine" defined as "something in the the canine family". --70.90.174.173 (talk) 22:47, 12 February 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.90.174.173 (talk) 22:37, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * You might want to review your algebra; it's not helping you at this point. One coulomb per second is one ampere. 1 C/s = 1A.  A steady current of one ampere transfers one coulomb of charge: 1 C/s * 1 s = 1 C.  The seconds cancel. Thus physics was saved. --Wtshymanski (talk) 00:59, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks, thanks a lot. I think in the heat of trying to learn I was reading "one coulomb per second constituting one ampere" as 1C * 1s = 1A.  So, 1. - it wasn't this article but the Ampere article which confused me, and 2. - there's nothing inherently wrong with that article.

 * I was confused nonetheless, so not to criticize but to show the UN-clarity that happens when one's learning: I missed the key word per in the spelled out equation after reading it over and over. I think I was thrown off by the equation being written in "reverse" and using the word "constituting". A symbolic(?) equation later in Ampere ($$\rm 1\ A=1\tfrac C s$$) uses a mix of longhand and shorthand forms by showing the implied 1s but reducing 1C/1s to $$1\tfrac C s$$ - which I know is mathematically correct, but I was thinking in terms of the simplest longhand.  I'm not suggesting any changes are (or aren't) warranted to the Ampere article, I just wanted to document the thought process of a lost reader in hopes it might somehow, some way, help out some future contributor: showing a reader at their thickest moment.  Someday I'll learn to state things with more brevity, but 'till then, thanks again for saving physics for all and getting my brain out of an infinite loop... and thanks to all the other contributors who spend so much of their time and effort on these articles.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.7.92.109 (talk) 09:20, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

I don't think Wtshymanski is correct. The s's only cancel out if the later s doesn't have a value > 1. Coulomb has 2 meanings. One is its basic unit value of number of electron charges. Its other use is accumulative. 3 Amps for 10 seconds doesnt equal 3 coulomb. It equals 30 coulomb. And that's the value you would need to use if you use it with joules say to find voltage. That is a large confusion with that stuff, and related to the fact that 1sec is often left off of these formulas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by bobpaul1 (talk) 00:56, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx64cq0HeXY = MIT course Lec 01: What holds our world together? | 8.02 Electricity and Magnetism, Spring 2002 (Walter Lewin) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:242:4000:6A2:D866:2B7F:117F:B60 (talk) 18:11, 5 December 2015 (UTC)

Lec 01: What holds our world together? | 8.02 Electricity and Magnetism, Spring 2002 (Walter Lewin)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx64cq0HeXY — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:242:4000:6A2:D866:2B7F:117F:B60 (talk) 18:13, 5 December 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:20, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Elementary charge exactly 1.602176634×10−19 coulombs?
In the referenced SI document, we have "la charge élémentaire e est égale à exactement 1,602 17X × 10−19 coulomb", which leads me to wonder (1) where all the other digits come from, and (2) does this imply that there will never be any more refined measurements of $$q_e$$? Can we at least find a better reference for $$q_e$$? Peter Chastain  [¡hablá!]  07:03, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

Maths incorrect...
1/1.602176634e-19 ≠ 10e19/1.602176634 98.195.237.62 (talk) 04:54, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coulomb


text:
Astronomical League

The Astronomical League is an umbrella organization of amateur astronomy societies. Currently their membership consists of over 330 organizations across the United States, along with a number of Members-at-Large, Patrons, and Supporting members.

The mission of the Astronomical League is to promote the science of astronomy by (1) fostering astronomical education; (2) providing incentives for astronomical observation and research; and (3) assisting communication among amateur astronomical societies.

The Astronomical League provides a number of observing awards to members locating and describing certain specified astronomical objects or events, and produces a periodical publication, The Reflector.

History
The beginning of the Astronomical League dates back to 1939 when members of eleven amateur astronomical societies met at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Similar meetings followed in Pittsburgh, 1940, Washington D.C., 1941, and Detroit, 1946. During this process of formation, the naming of the organization evolved from the Amateur Astronomers League of America to the short-lived Amateur Astronomer's League. World War II delayed much of this early progress, but at the 1946 meeting, final plans laid the foundation for a permanent organization constituting a nationwide federation of societies.

The next convention took place in Philadelphia, July 4, 1947, where the federation came into being with the adoption of bylaws was adopted, the election of officers, and the name "Astronomical League" was selected. Shortly thereafter, the organization was incorporated as a non-profit organization.

In 2003, The Astronomical League achieved the long-sought goal of a permanent, National Office. This provided a central location for communications, file storage, and general operations. At the same time, the Astronomical League hired its first employee, an office manager. The National Office is located at 9201 Ward Parkway, Suite 100, Kansas City, MO 64114.

Awards
Awards given by the league include the Leslie C. Peltier Award, the Jack Horkheimer Award, and the National Young Astronomer's Award.

Leslie C. Peltier Award
The Leslie C. Peltier Award is an annual award given by the Astronomical League to an amateur astronomer who has contributed observations of lasting significance. It was created in 1980 and was first awarded in 1981.

The award is named in honor of Leslie Peltier, an amateur astronomer from Delphos, Ohio, who was described by Harlow Shapley as "the world's greatest nonprofessional astronomer".

National Young Astronomer's Award
The National Young Astronomer Award is an award given by the Astronomical League to students of high-school age who have excelled in astronomical research.

Observing Programs
One of the most important programs of the Astronomical League is its Observing Programs, in which an individual follows a prescribed program and upon completion earns a certificate and often a lapel pin. The Astronomical League approved its first observing program called “Messier Club,” in 1966. The program challenged observers to locate and observe the deep sky objects listed in Charles Messier's catalog of objects. Observers of 70 Messier objects receive a certificate, while those observing the complete list of 110 receive a certificate and pin.

Fourteen years later, a second observing program was added for observing 400 of the objects in the Herschell list. By the year 2000, there were 15 observing programs, some of which had more than one level. In 2014, Mike Benson and Aaron Clevenson, were appointed as National Observing Program Directors supervising the work of each observing program's coordinators. In 2015 Cliff Mygatt was appointed as a Director. Mike Benson retired in 2016. By 2018, with 63 observing programs and almost as many program coordinators, others joined the team of National Observing Program Directors: iAl Lamperti and Maynard Pittendreigh. Marie Lott joined this team in 2020.

The Master Observer Progression Awards began in 2001, with the creation of the Master Observer Award, requiring the completion of five specific observing programs: Messier Observing Program, Binocular Messier Observing Program, Lunar Observing Program, Double Star Observing Program, and the Herschel 400 Observing Program, plus 5 observer-selected Observing Programs. Additional Master level programs were added in 2016. The Master Progression added an Observer Award, which was simpler than the original Master Observer Award, and added more complex and demanding levels of Advanced Observer, Silver, Gold, and Platinum Master Observer levels.

Past Presidents

 * 1) Harlow Shapley 	Interim (June-July 1947)
 * 2) Edward Halbach 	1947-48
 * 3) Helen Federer 	1948-49
 * 4) Charles H. LeRoy 	1949-51
 * 5) G. R. "Bob" Wright 	1951-52
 * 6) Rolland LaPelle 	1952-54
 * 7) James Karle 	1954-55
 * 8) Grace Scholz 	1955-57
 * 9) Russell C. Maag 	1957-58
 * 10) Chandler Holton 	1958-60
 * 11) Norm Dalke 	1960-62
 * 12) Ralph Dakin 	1962-64
 * 13) Arthur P. Smith, Jr. 	1964-66
 * 14) Gene Tandy 	1966-68
 * 15) William DuVall 	1968-70
 * 16) W. C. Shewmon 	1970-72
 * 17) G. R. "Bob" Wright 	1972-74
 * 18) Robert Fried 	1974-75
 * 19) Rollin P. VanZandt 	1975-77
 * 20) Robert Fried 	1977-78
 * 21) Robert Young 	1978-80
 * 22) Orville Brettman 	1980-82
 * 23) Jerry Sherlin 	1982-84
 * 24) George Ellis 	1984-86
 * 25) Jim Brown 	1986-88
 * 26) Ken Willcox 	1988-90
 * 27) James H. Fox 	1990-94
 * 28) Barry B. Beaman 	1994-98
 * 29) Charles E. Allen, III 1998-02
 * 30) Robert L Gent 	2002-06
 * 31) Terry Mann 	2006-10
 * 32) Carroll Iorg 	2010-14
 * 33) John J. Goss 	2014-2018
 * 34) William "Bill" Bogardus 2018 (died in office)
 * 35) Ron Kramer 2018-2020
 * 36) Carroll Iorg 	2020-

title: Astronomical League


text:
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