text:
Halford Mackinder

Sir Halford John Mackinder (15 February 1861 – 6 March 1947) was a British geographer, academic and politician, who is regarded as one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy. He was the first Principal of University Extension College, Reading (which became the University of Reading) from 1892 to 1903, and Director of the London School of Economics from 1903 to 1908. While continuing his academic career part-time, he was also the Conservative and Unionist Member of Parliament for Glasgow Camlachie from 1910 to 1922. From 1923, he was Professor of Geography at the London School of Economics.

Early life and education
Mackinder was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England, the son of a doctor, and educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Gainsborough, Epsom College, and Christ Church, Oxford. At Oxford he started studying natural sciences, specializing in zoology under Henry Nottidge Moseley, who had been the naturalist on the Challenger expedition. When he turned to the study of history, he remarked that he was returning "to an old interest and took up modern history with the idea of seeing how the theory of evolution would appear in human development". He was a strong proponent of treating both physical geography and human geography as a single discipline. Mackinder served as President of the Oxford Union in 1883.

He received a degree in biology in 1883 and one in modern history the next year.

Career
In 1887, he published "On the Scope and Methods of Geography", a manifesto for the New Geography. A few months later, he was appointed reader in geography at the University of Oxford, where he introduced the teaching of the subject. As Mackinder himself put it, "a platform has been given to a geographer". This was arguably at the time the most prestigious academic position for a British geographer. In 1892, he was the first principal of University Extension College, Reading, a role he retained until he was succeeded, in 1903, by William Macbride Childs. The college became the University of Reading in 1926, a progression that owed no small debt to his early stewardship of the institution. In 1893, he was one of the founders of the Geographical Association, which promotes the teaching of geography in schools. He later became chairman of the GA from 1913 to 1946 and served as its President from 1916 to 1917.

In 1895, he was one of the founders of the London School of Economics. At Oxford, Mackinder was the driving force behind the creation of a School of Geography in 1899. In the same year, he led an expedition of the first Europeans to climb Mount Kenya. It was during this expedition that eight of his African porters were killed; it is disputed as to who killed them, as both Mackinder and another man, Edward Saunders were recorded issuing death threats. In 1902, he published Britain and the British Seas, which included the first comprehensive geomorphology of the British Isles and which became a classic in regional geography. He was a member of the Coefficients dining club, set up in 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb, which brought together social reformers and advocates of national efficiency.

In 1904, Mackinder gave a paper on "The Geographical Pivot of History" at the Royal Geographical Society, in which he formulated the Heartland Theory. This is often considered as a, if not the, founding moment of geopolitics as a field of study, although Mackinder did not use the term. Whilst the Heartland Theory initially received little attention outside geography, this theory would later exercise some influence on the foreign policies of world powers. Possibly disappointed at not getting a full chair, Mackinder left Oxford and became director of the London School of Economics in the same year. After 1908, he concentrated on advocating the cause of imperial unity and lectured only part-time. He stood unsuccessfully as a Liberal Unionist in a by-election for Hawick Burghs in 1909. He was elected to Parliament in January 1910 as Liberal Unionist member for the Glasgow Camlachie constituency and was defeated in 1922 as a Unionist. He was knighted in the 1920 New Year Honours for his services as an MP.

His next major work, Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction, appeared in 1919. It followed the 1904 book titled The Geographic Pivot of the History, and presented his theory of the Heartland and made a case for fully taking into account geopolitical factors at the Paris Peace conference and contrasted (geographical) reality with Woodrow Wilson's idealism. The book's most famous quote was: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island; Who rules the World Island commands the World." This message was composed to convince the world statesmen at the Paris Peace conference of the crucial importance of Eastern Europe as the strategic route to the Heartland was interpreted as requiring a strip of buffer states to separate Germany and Russia. These were created by the peace negotiators but proved to be ineffective bulwarks in 1939 (although this may be seen as a failure of other, later statesmen during the interbellum). The principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes).

Mackinder was anti-Bolshevik, and as British High Commissioner in Southern Russia in late 1919 and early 1920, during the Russian Civil War, he stressed the need for Britain to continue her support to the White Russian forces, which he attempted to unite. Mackinder's last major work was the 1943 article, "The Round World and the Winning of the Peace", in which he envisioned a post-war world. He reiterated and expanded his Heartland view of the world, suggesting that the Atlantic Ocean would be jumped, with North America's influence pulled into the region by its use of Britain as a "moated aerodrome". Elsewhere in the world, beyond the "girdle of deserts and wilderness", and the "Great Ocean" region of the Indo-Pacific Rim, was the "Monsoon lands" area of India and China that would grow in power.

Mackinder was contemporary of the Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellén, born three years later, who like Mackinder was a conservative member of the national parliament from 1910 until 1922 (year of his death). The two fathers of geopolitics both believed that the development of international transportation on land was growing to such a high rate "that the advantage of the sea powers was more of historical importance. Hence, they argued that the pivot of the global political power was the land control of Eurasia while a naval power – such as the Great Britain – was playing a secondary role. They disagreed about Mackinder's emphasis on serving the British Empire.

Significance
Mackinder's work paved the way for the establishment of geography as a distinct discipline in the United Kingdom. His role in fostering the teaching of geography is probably greater than that of any other single British geographer.

Whilst Oxford did not appoint a statutory Professor of Geography until 1932, both the University of Liverpool and University of Wales, Aberystwyth established professorial chairs in Geography in 1917. Mackinder himself became Professor of Geography at the University of London (London School of Economics) in 1923.

Mackinder is often credited with introducing two new terms into the English language: "manpower" and "heartland". In 1944, he received the Charles P. Daley medal from the American Geographical Society, and in 1945 was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal for his service in the advancement of the science of Geography.

The Heartland Theory and more generally classical geopolitics and geostrategy were extremely influential in the making of US strategic policy during the period of the Cold War. Arguably it continued afterwards. The theory has seen a revival in application to China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Evidence of Mackinder's Heartland Theory can be found in the works of geopolitician Dimitri Kitsikis, particularly in his geopolitical model "Intermediate Region". In the book Sri Lanka at Crossroads, Asanga Abeyagoonasekera revisits Mackinder's 1904 Map while highlighting the geostrategic importance of Sri Lanka. Reviewing the work, Swaran Singh writes, "Asanga talks of Mackinder's 'outer crescent' that makes him see two other nations, Britain and Japan, being similarly ordained. However, as world drifts from continents to Oceans following Mahanian axioms, it leaves only Sri Lanka that sits in the midst of global east-west super expressway of sea lanes of communications connecting the two ends of the Indo-Pacific geopolitical paradigm.". His ideas experienced a revival of interest in post-Cold War former-Soviet Central Asia, in particular the republics of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

Works

 * Mackinder, H.J. "On the Scope and Methods of Geography", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Mar. 1887), pp. 141–174.
 * Mackinder, H.J. Sadler, M.E. University extension: has it a future?, London, Frowde, 1890.
 * Mackinder, H.J. "The Physical Basis of Political Geography", Scottish Geographical Magazine Vol 6, No 2, 1890, pp. 78–84.
 * Mackinder, H.J. "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5 (May 1900), pp. 453–476.
 * Mackinder, H.J. Britain and the British Seas. New York: D. Appleton and company, 1902.
 * Mackinder, H.J. "An Expedition to Possil, an Outpost on the Frontiers of the Civilised World", The Times. 12 October 1903.
 * Mackinder, H.J. "The geographical pivot of history". The Geographical Journal, 1904, 23, pp. 421–37. Available online as Mackinder, H.J. "The Geographical Pivot of History", in Democratic Ideals and Reality, Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996, pp. 175–194.
 * Mackinder, H.J. "Man-Power as a Measure of National and Imperial Strength", National and English Review, XLV, 1905.
 * Mackinder, H.J. "Geography and History", The Times. 9 February 1905.
 * Mackinder, H.J. as editor of The Regions of the World series which includes the 1902 Britain and the British Seas mentioned above—which included The Nearer East by D.G. Hogarth London, Henry Frowde, 1902 and 1905
 * Mackinder, H.J. Our Own Islands: An Elementary Study in Geography, London: G. Philips, 1907
 * Mackinder, H.J. The Rhine: Its Valley & History. New York: Dodd, Mead. 1908.
 * Mackinder, H.J. Eight Lectures on India. London : Waterlow, 1910.
 * Mackinder, H.J. The Modern British State: An Introduction to the Study of Civics. London: G. Philip, 1914.
 * Mackinder, H.J. Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction. New York: Holt, 1919. Available online as Democratic ideals and reality; a study in the politics of reconstruction Democratic Ideals and Reality, Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996.
 * Mackinder, H.J. 1943. "The round world and the winning of the peace", Foreign Affairs, 21 (1943) 595–605. Available online as Mackinder, H.J. "The round world and the winning of the peace", in Democratic Ideals and Reality, Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996, pp. 195–205.

title: Halford Mackinder


text:
World Asthma Day

World Asthma Day is an annual event organized by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) to improve asthma awareness and care around the world. World Asthma Day is held on the first Tuesday in May. The theme of 2021's event was "Uncovering Asthma Misconceptions," and for 2022, "Closing Gaps in Asthma Care."

The inaugural World Asthma Day was held in 1998.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: World Asthma Day


text:
Talk:1895

Layout
As suggested on my talk page I don't think we should have both the table "see also" and the year in topic paragraph. I think we should standaredise to only the former BozMo(talk)

Steghen F. Austin
Dundela FC, it was claimed, were formed in Belfast, Northern Ireland in 1895. Northern Ireland did not exist until 1921, so corrected to Belfast, Ireland. RedsIndependent.com 13:42, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:08, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Ezhov.PNG

title: Talk:1895


text:
User talk:Auximines/snooker

Nice work on the snooker stuff. One request: could you change your template such that the table header includes style = "left-margin: 0.5em;"? This ensures a small margin between the text and the table. (I've fixed all existing articles of the snooker players to include style attribute). Abigail 12:50, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll make sure I do this for any players I add in future. Lots more additions to snooker in the pipeline - let me know if there's anything in particular you think needs doing. --Auximines 13:42, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Auximines/snooker


text:
Lyrestad

Lyrestad is a locality situated in Mariestad Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 479 inhabitants in 2010. In Lyrestad the Kinnekullebanan railway crosses the Göta Canal.

title: Lyrestad


text:
Rich Kids on LSD

Rich Kids on LSD (RKL) is a Californian hardcore punk band formed in 1982 in Montecito, California, a suburb of Santa Barbara. They were associated with the "Nardcore" scene that evolved out of nearby Oxnard. Their music expanded over the years from West Coast hardcore to a mix of hardcore with rock and metal elements. This style, along with touring, made them very popular on the European scene, especially among skaters in the 1980s and 1990s. Guitarist Chris Rest was the band's only consistent member.

Formative years
The initial members of RKL got together at an early age. Chris Rest and Bomer Manzullo (sometimes credited as 'Bomber') were playing together and had asked Joey Cape to join as a second guitarist. Cape told them he would only join if Jason Sears could be the singer. Rest knew Sears from elementary school and youth soccer. Cape was frequently unavailable due to being grounded much of the time, so he was eventually left out of the band. RKL began playing shows around the area with myriad changes at second guitar and bass positions. In the end, Allen 'Alpo' Duncan joined as second guitarist and Vincent Peppars joined as bassist. Rest has said, "Bomer soon started writing the majority of the music."

Band name and logo origin
The group's name came about as a mere fluke from some light hearted criticism. According to vocalist Jason Sears in a 2002 interview with Thrasher magazine: “it happened that some guy said, 'ha, those kids will never be anything, they're just a bunch of rich kids on LSD, man.' The first party we played we didn't have a name for the band, so we put that one on the flier and it just stuck.”  The beanie boy logo was born one night while Bomer and Jason were being tattooed. Bomer was attempting to draw a dragon pattern. On seeing the drawing, Jason commented, "Yeah dude, it's Cecil! Where's Beanie?" Dan Sites was sitting alongside drawing a flyer for a show supporting Suicidal Tendencies in Oxnard and drew a beanie guy jumping from a building. Beanie boy was born.

Signing with Mystic Records
Though not actually from the Oxnard area, RKL was still considered part of the Nardcore punk movement from Oxnard, California due to their close proximity to Oxnard and hardcore style. RKL recorded It's a Beautiful Feeling EP on Mystic Records, released in 1984. It is a 7-song release that included concert mainstays "Why", "Tell Me The Truth", and "Beautiful Feeling". Outside the studio while waiting for the rest of his bandmates to arrive, Bomer had a skateboarding accident that looked to be a broken wrist. Doug Moody, owner and operator of Mystic Records, duct taped his wrist then taped the drumstick to his hand so he could complete the session. All the artwork for the EP was done by Dan Sites marking the first official appearance of the popular "beanie boy" character, which would remain an icon for RKL for their entire career. RKL would play around California, and particularly enjoyed the scene in San Francisco, driving 6 hours to play shows and drive back. Eventually they decided to move there, minus Alpo. He did not wish to leave Santa Barbara. His position would remain empty for some time. After about five months Vince Peppars wanted to move back to Santa Barbara. Sears said:"...so we hooked up with Barry to cover for him. Then Vince came back and Barry went to guitar". This marked the entrance of Barry 'D'live' Ward to the fold. During this time RKL contributed various songs to a number of Mystic compilations. In 1985 the band soon recorded and released their first full-length LP, Keep Laughing on Mystic Records with Dan Sites once again providing artwork. This release included classic RKL tracks "Think Positive"(often played live as "Drink Positive"), "Ded Teds", and "Pothead" and has been named as one of the best skate punk records of all time. Ward, however, was not part of this recording. Ward said: "[RKL] moved back to Santa Barbara and I stayed in San Francisco until they came back after Keep Laughing was recorded." Following the release RKL toured and polished their live act. Things were not good between the band and Mystic Records. The deal the band signed was that they would be a paid a percentage of sales in merchandise. There is contention whether Mystic came through on that agreement. Doug Moody has stated Mystic fulfilled their end of the agreement while Ward has stated not only did they not receive much of anything in merchandise, the band had to eventually resort to bootlegging their own tapes and screening their own shirts to sell at shows. Ward was quoted as saying, "We were fucking broke, starving, dumpster diving for food, barely making gas money, and we kept going because that’s what we did. Doug Moody can say he financed the tours and paid us in merch but that’s completely untrue." Rest has also stated the band never received any money from Mystic.

Rock 'n Roll Nightmare
Due to the increasingly acrimonious situation between the band and Mystic Records and a luckless 1986 tour (dubbed the Disastour by the band ), RKL was looking for a new home and found one with the independent Alchemy Records. They were also gearing up to take their sound to the next level. Bomer was the driving force and creative head of the band. Rest said: "He played so fast and tight that we were all forced to do the same. He was a perfectionist and expected the same from us." Vince Peppars would depart around this time. According to Bomer, he didn't like the direction of the new material and preferred the earlier rawer sound. Their next album, Rock 'n Roll Nightmare (also known as Lifestyles of the Rich Kids on LSD - A Rock N Roll Nightmare) stayed true to the fast tempo and hardcore sound the band was known for, but introduced elements of progressive rock and thrash metal to their sound as well as a technical musicianship that was very uncommon for the punk genre at the time. Maximumrocknroll called it "Very strong" in their review of the album. About their sound, Bomer said: "People say that we have a metal influence, but really, all our licks are pretty much rhythm and blues based, but it's super fast! So instead of saying it's metal, I'd say it's just super fast rock and roll." They still did not have a bass player for the sessions. Previously, Ricky Bowersock had succeeded Peppars, but the band had soured on him and the spot was vacated. Bowersock appeared as 'Rikkity Borrow A Sock' under a "Special No Thanks" part of the liner notes of the next album, along with Doug Moody. Subsequently, Bomer ended up playing both drums and bass on the recording. Mark Deutrom, producer of the album, says "Bomer tracking all the drum parts in a row without a scratch track is one of the more impressive things I’ve seen in a studio." Regarding the album Fat Mike of NOFX and owner/founder of Fat Wreck Chords, is quoted as saying this in 2007:

[After Keep Laughing, RKL] was the band that we wanted to be, but couldn’t pull it off. A year goes by. Rock 'n Roll Nightmare comes out. Now we're totally fucked. Suddenly, the best hardcore band of our time just got one hundred times better. This record is a landmark. No band has ever written anything like it...we listened to it at least twice a day, everyday... Twenty years later, I pull out Rock 'n Roll Nightmare and put it on. I realize that after all these years of touring and recording my band still can’t pull off any of this. I can’t play these bass riffs, Melvin can’t touch the guitar, and Smelly—who is a great drummer—can’t even come close to what Bomer can do.

Andrew Kiraly, writing for the Las Vegas Mercury, comedically gave this album the award "Best Album of 1987 I Found While Digging in My Desk Which I'm Surprised Hasn't Been 'Rediscovered' By Critics and Hailed Anew As a Masterpiece, or Maybe I'm Just Feeling Stupid and Nostalgic".

New bass player
After auditioning at least a dozen potential bass players, they finally found Joe Raposo through an advertisement in Maximumrocknroll. An audition was set up for Raposo by a friend. Raposo became the bass player for RKL in time for touring support of RocK 'n Roll Nightmare. In 1988, RKL toured Europe in support of the new album where it was particularly well received. A live album was recorded in West Berlin at Quartier Latin (now Wintergarten Varieté) on July 9, 1988. It was entitled Greatest Hits Double Live and released on Destiny Records. It was the first RKL album on CD in addition to the common vinyl and cassette formats. The artwork of the album is a collection of blotter acid paper of varying size, image, and age contributed by Mark McCloud, famous for his extensive collection which he calls the Institute of Illegal Images. Due to Raposo's status as a minor (he was only seventeen), his parents, though less than enthusiastic, gave permission for him to leave the country. Ward was named temporary guardian for the European tour. The signed guardianship papers are included in the Greatest Hits Double Live artwork.

RKL also sold their Mystic-era material to Destiny without Mystic Records' permission. Destiny proceeded to release a compilation album of Mystic recordings and called it Revenge is a Beautiful Feeling in reference to their perceived mistreatment by Mystic Records. The cover also featured a caricature of Doug Moody with his neck being twisted up by the same monster character that appeared on the cover of RKL's previous release, It's a Beautiful Feeling.

Through it all, RKL mainly played in Europe and California. There was no official US tour to back the Rock 'n Roll Nightmare album. Victor Hayden was in charge of the business side of Alchemy records. About Alchemy's promotion of Rock 'n Roll Nightmare, Sears said: "[Advertisements in] Maximumrocknroll and Flipside was about as far as it got. And we didn't have our own ad, it was sort of a Mystic deal where you had every band on the label listed as new albums... And in our payment they took out some for promotion, saying that [Victor Hayden] sent posters to all the stores, and put ads in all kinds of magazines. There was those two ads, and no one's ever seen a poster."

First break-up
In 1989 RKL called it quits for the first time. Commenting about this break-up, Fat Mike said, "the wheels started falling off the RKL train. The drug abuse and constant partying was taking its toll." Regarding the break, Ward had this to say: "Ultimately, it was the frustration with deals like [the Mystic records situation] and Alchemy later that broke up the band the first time. Had our business sense been there in the beginning and things gone right, I think Bomer wouldn’t have wanted to bag it. He broke up the band ... 'cause he thought punk rock was going nowhere". Raposo said: "If I could change one thing, I would have never let RKL break up the first time in 1989. I would have fought that to the death and would have never let it happen." Rest agreed, stating: "We broke up at the worst time we could have."

Slang, Reactivate
Bomer formed a new band called Slang after the dissolution of RKL. Slang eventually included his old RKL bandmates with the notable exception of Jason Sears. Their sound was much different than the previous incarnation, dropping the fast hardcore style for a distinct rock/funk fusion. Slang had Bomer on lead vocals while newcomer Dave Raun played drums, Joe Raposo played bass, with Chris Rest and Joel Monte Mahan on guitars. Though Fat Mike had stated during an interview in Maximumrocknroll that he was going to put out a Slang record on his then new record label Fat Wreck Chords, Slang ended up signing with Epitaph Records in 1992 and an album was recorded soon after. At some point during this time Ward replaced Mahan. Just prior to its release in 1993, it was decided by Bomer and Epitaph owner/operator Brett Gurewitz it would be released as an RKL album under the title Reactivate to capitalize on the RKL name and built-in fanbase. Dan Sites again provided artwork. Before the album's release Slang, now RKL, headed on tour to Europe. The fans in Europe were not aware of the drastic sound change as the album had not yet been released. Many were disillusioned. Bomer wanted to quit early in the tour due to fan reaction. During the tour long-time friend and band roadie Will Knutilla died of a drug overdose in Zürich. Following this tragedy, Bomer quit in Italy. Jason Sears was flown into Barcelona to re-join RKL and to attempt to complete the tour playing their pre-Reactivate songs. Regarding this period, Ward said, "That Reactivate record hurt RKL more than anything, more than Mystic Records." Epitaph also re-released RKL's previous full-length album RocK 'n Roll Nightmare in 1993.

Riches to Rags and break-up
RKL pressed on without original member Bomer. They recorded a new album at the Music Annex in 1994 with completely new material. The resultant album Riches to Rags would be released in early 1995 and dedicated to Will Knutilla. The name was a sarcastic self-deprecating spoof on their previous 'Lifestyles' persona. For perhaps the first time in their history, RKL finally had a large amount of support from an experienced and highly successful independent label, Epitaph Records. The band had the song "We're Back We're Pissed" appear on Epitaph's first of a long running compilation series called Punk-O-Rama. The song "Betrayed" also appeared on the February 1995 sample CD of the magazine CMJ New Music Monthly. RKL's first music video was created featuring the song "Betrayed" and directed by Isaac Camner. Around this time they were also featured on the national tabloid news television show Hard Copy in a piece about LSD. RKL toured the world supporting Riches to Rags, including most parts of Europe and Japan. However, tensions within the band caused RKL to once again go their separate ways. Ward put together the entire "Still Flailing After All These Beers RKL" video which released on VHS through Epitaph Records. The video contained rare live footage and home videos from RKL's time on the road, an exclusive Take Me Home music video directed by Ward, and a cover of Devo's "Timing X".

First Reunion
In 1999 RKL reformed briefly to play a single show at a mutual friends funeral but nothing further came of it. In 2000, RKL were invited by the city of Santa Barbara, California to play at the opening of the Skaters Point Skateboard Park. Original members Jason Sears and Chris Rest reunited, along with three mutual friends (including Derrick Plourde on drums) to fill out the remaining positions. They played to approximately 2,000 people. Sears said, "...after the first note the place went haywire, me and Chris looked at each other and were all 'YES', and ever since that day we knew we had to get this back together." Along with Plourde on drums, they eventually added Chris Flippin on guitar and a returning Bomer Manzullo on bass. This line-up played sporadic shows around the West Coast for the next few years, including the San Francisco Warped Tour in 2002. Around 2002 Bomer left again and Joe Raposo returned on bass. The same year Boz Rivera replaced Derrick Plourde. RKL was starting to write and record new songs during this time. However, by November 2005 it was decided to stop the band. Flippen has said "it was because the singer was self-destructive. It kind of sucked Derrick [Plourde] in too. I think that band is cursed." The new songs were eventually included as bonus tracks on the re-issued Greatest Hits - Live In West Berlin 1988 released in 2011 on Destiny Records. An unreleased track from more recent demo recordings entitled "Twisting and Turning" was included on a 2 CD compilation album Sick Slabs of Sonic Sound from the Slaboratory released December 17, 2013.

Second Reunion
In January 2024, RKL announced a return with four of the members from the Riches to Rags (Chris Rest, Barry Ward, Joe Raposo, Dave Raun) recording and touring with Tony Foresta from Municipal Waste on vocals. So far they have released a newly recorded version of “Lies” with the new lineup on Ward's YouTube channel.

Band members' deaths
On March 30, 2005, Derrick Plourde, former drummer of RKL, who also played in Lagwagon, Bad Astronaut, Jaws, and The Ataris, committed suicide. Lagwagon paid tribute to Derrick with their 2005 release of the album Resolve. Bad Astronaut also paid tribute to Plourde, as well as Manzullo and Sears, with the song Stillwater, California, off of their album Twelve Small Steps, One Giant Disappointment.

On December 12, 2005, original member Richard Anthony Manzullo (aka "Bomer") died due to heart failure at his home in Summerland, California. The cause of death was the result of a long time battle with drug addictions.

On January 31, 2006, Jason Sears died due to complications while undergoing a detox treatment involving ibogaine in Tijuana, Mexico. The cause of death was the result of a pulmonary embolism caused by thrombosis.

After RKL
In 1996 Bomer Manzullo and Chris Rest formed a band called The Other with former Mad Caddies drummer Boz Rivera. Bomer performed vocals and played bass. This group produced one self-titled album in 1997 on Honest Don's Records, a subsidiary label set up by Fat Wreck Chords to release material by bands that didn't fit within the roster at Fat. Rivera would later go on to join a reunited RKL.

Barry 'D'live' Ward released a solo album in 1990 on RRRecords titled Homely All American Songs & Stories For Mutant Space Dweebs From Planet Hell. He performed briefly in Gwar as Balsac the Jaws of Death, filling in for Mike Derks during Gwar's 1991 European tour. He was the guitarist for the death metal parody band Embryo Killers, releasing one self-titled album in 1993. He also played guitar for Me First and the Gimme Gimmes on their 1996 tour. Ward is the lead vocalist and guitarist for San Francisco Bay Area's Crosstops, who have released three full-length albums. Both Ward and Chris Rest played guitar on the album Lickety Split by the band Hotbox. Along with being a musician, he has also directed music videos for bands, including NOFX, Terrorgruppe, and Don Cikuta and works with Grumblefish Movies. Ward put together the entire Still Flailing After All These Beers RKL video. In 2018, Ward toured with MDC. In 2019, Ward toured with Scheisse Minnelli.

Dave Raun went on the replace future RKL member Derrick Plourde as the drummer in Lagwagon. He is also the drummer for Me First and the Gimme Gimmes and had stints as drummer in Good Riddance in 1999, Pulley in 2002, and Hot Water Music in 2009. He recorded drums for Japanese band Mr. Orange on their album Radiostaticactivity released in 2000. He also has a side project contributing lead vocals and drums in a band called District of Columbias which released an EP on Japanese label Inyaface Records in 2009 entitled We Barely Just Got Here. Chris Rest was also part of this project.

Chris Rest, Joe Raposo, and Boz Rivera are members of the San Francisco-based group King City.

Chris Rest contributed his guitar on Mad Caddies 2001 release Rock the Plank, as well as The Real McKenzies 2008 release Off the Leash. He has also been a member Lagwagon since 1997 having replaced Ken Stringfellow. Additionally, he joined No Use For A Name in 2009 replacing Dave Nassie and remained a member until their final show following the death of lead singer Tony Sly in 2012.

Joe Raposo played bass guitar on two album releases by The Real McKenzies; their 2005 album 10,000 Shots, and their 2008 album Off the Leash. He has also played with the Dwarves. In an interview with fasterlouder.com.au Joey Cape, lead singer of Lagwagon, stated that Joe Raposo is Lagwagon's new bassist. In a June 2011 interview with ExploreMusic however, Joey Cape said that things didn't work out with Raposo, and the band is testing a new bassist. After first announcing Patrick Solem as the new bass player in August 2011, Lagwagon decided that Raposo will remain a member after all in October 2011. , Raposo also works for Zynga as the quality assurance lead for their casual social city-building simulation game CityVille.

Vocalist Jason Sears contributed lyrics and vocals for a song called "Until Next Time" on Snot's album entitled Strait Up in tribute to their late lead singer Lynn Strait. It was released on November 7, 2000. The album also features appearances by the lead vocalists of a number of major rock groups. Lynn Strait was a long-time friend of the band and his name can be viewed in the liner notes "Special Thanks" section of RKL's 1987 album Rock N Roll Nightmare. Jason Sears recorded an album with the San Diego-based band Mercury Legion originally released with the title Jason Sears and Mercury Legion: It Happened on a Friday Night - The Original Soundtrack Album on Dolphin Records. It was then repackaged and re-released as a self-titled effort; simply Jason Sears & Mercury Legion on Malt Soda Recordings.

Legacy
RKL was influential on the punk rock scene. Regarding RKL's impact on punk music, Fat Mike had this to say: "When we first started, we wanted to sound like RKL." "Without RKL, there wouldn’t be a NOFX. Well, there might be a totally shitty NOFX... RKL was the band that we would always be in the shadow of. When they broke up, we kinda took their spot." Erik Sandin described them as "[NOFX's] musical heroes, we worked hard to imitate their sound". Lagwagon's Joey Cape has said "In many ways, I don’t think there would be a NOFX or a Lagwagon or many bands that sound like us if there hadn’t been an RKL. They had this style of music that would just rip the whole time." Dwarves vocalist Blag Dahlia said, "RKL carved out a niche in the 1980s as a band that could actually play in a sea of those who could not.", and called them the "standard bearers of ‘Prog-Punk’". Many people credit Bomer Manzullo as the first person to play the standard, or modern, punk beat. RKL has been credited with creating the prototype that brought success to punk rock bands that followed in the early 1990s, including The Offspring and NOFX and has been described as "your favorite band's favorite band, and in a just world, they would've been way bigger."

In The New York Times: "TimesTalks" television interview discussing musicianship in punk rock, Green Day's Billie Joe Armstrong mentioned RKL's Bomer Manzullo as an example of the high level of talent in punk rock, calling Bomer an "insane drummer", while in an interview with Communities Digital News, NOFX's Erik Sandin said: "Bomber was just out of control, he was so fucking good."

RKL, known for their live shows, once had a Goleta, California crowd in such a fervor that a club owner deployed tear gas in an attempt to stop the large mosh pit.

The three deceased members were directly referenced by NOFX in "Doornails", a song from their 2006 album Wolves in Wolves' Clothing.

Foo Fighters guitarist Chris Shiflett called RKL his "hometown pride punk band."

A Rich Kids on LSD tribute album was released on Malt Soda Recordings entitled For Those About To Trip which contains 23 covers of classic RKL tracks by various artists.

Strung Out's Jake Kiley cites RKL as an personally influential band while growing up.

Actor Josh Brolin claimed in a New York Times interview to have been a member of RKL. He later gave more detail about this in a radio interview, stating "Things have gotten confused in interviews and all that. And I said that I was a part of RKL, which is Rich Kids on LSD, which was a big punk band back then. And it was - I was part of the garage band that first started playing. And then they went to be known with other drummers and other musicians as RKL. And they actually became a fairly well-known punk rock band.". On the WTF with Marc Maron he said Jason Sears was his best friend and has also stated "Rich Kids on LSD was the band that I helped start."

The band is referenced by Janez Detd. in "My Life My Way", a song from their 2008 album For Better For Worse.

The band is referenced by The High Speed Scene in "For the Kids", a song from their 2005 album The High Speed Scene.

RKL's song "Tell Me the Truth" is referenced by Snot in "Mr. Brett", a song from their 1997 album Get Some.

The beanie boy character appears on the cover of Annihilation Time's 2005 album Annihilation Time II.

Italian band Overdrive Bonzai dedicated a song called "Jason Sears" to the late vocalist.

Brazilian crossover/hardcore band Ratos de Porão was also influenced by RKL's attitude on stage. "Another thing that really opened our minds was seeing the RKL show, Rich Kids on LSD," said Ratos de Porão vocalist João Gordo. "We have to be like those guys."

OC Weekly published an article entitled 10 Classic Punk Bands We'd Love to See Reunite, RKL being named as one of the bands.

There were rumors of an "RKLAOKE" show sometime in the Summer of 2006 as a benefit concert to raise money for Sears' children Anthony, Sierra, and Cisco. The show would have featured the remaining members of the band playing all the past favorites with different members of the audience.

Current Lineup

 * Tony Foresta - vocals (2024–present)
 * Chris Rest – guitar (1982-1989, 1992-1996, 2002–2006, 2024–present)
 * Joe Raposo – bass (1987-1989, 1992-1996, 2003–2006, 2024–present)
 * Dave Raun – drums (1992-1996, 2024–present)
 * Barry Ward – guitar (1985-1989, 1992-1996, 2024-present)

Former Members

 * Jason Sears — vocals (1982-1989, 1993-1996, 2002–2006, his death)
 * Chris Flippin – guitar (2002-2006)
 * Boz Rivera – drums (2003-2006)
 * Richard "Bomer" Manzullo – drums (1982-1989), bass (1986-1987, 2002), vocals (1992-1993) (died 2005)
 * Vince Peppars – bass (1982-1985)
 * Alan Duncan — guitar (1982-1983)
 * Derrick Plourde – drums (2002) (died 2005)

Studio Albums

 * Keep Laughing (Mystic Records, 1985)
 * Rock 'n Roll Nightmare (Alchemy Records, 1987; re-released on CD by Epitaph Records)
 * Reactivate (Epitaph Records, 1993)
 * Riches to Rags (Epitaph Records, 1994)

EPs

 * It's a Beautiful Feeling (Mystic Records, 1984)

Live Albums

 * Double Live in Berlin (Destiny Records, 1989; recorded live in Germany on 1988 tour)
 * Live in a Dive (Fat Wreck Chords, 2022)

Compilations

 * Nardcore (Mystic Records, 1984)
 * Covers (Mystic Records, 1984)
 * Mystic Super Seven Sampler No. 1 (Mystic Records, 1984)
 * Return to Slimey Valley (Mystic Records, 1985)
 * Revenge is a Beautiful Feeling (Destiny, 1989)

Videos

 * Still Flailing After All These Beers, Epitaph, VHS (1997)
 * Still Flailing After All These Beers: The DVD Director's Cut, Malt Soda Recordings, DVD (2002)

title: Rich Kids on LSD


text:
Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery

Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery (née de Rothschild; 27 July 1851 – 19 November 1890) was the daughter of Baron Mayer de Rothschild and his wife Juliana (née Cohen). After inheriting her father's fortune in 1874, she became the richest woman in Britain. In 1878, Hannah de Rothschild married Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, and was thereafter known as the Countess of Rosebery.

During the final quarter of the 19th century, her husband, the Earl of Rosebery, was one of the most celebrated figures in Britain, an influential millionaire and politician, whose charm, wit, charisma and public popularity gave him such standing that he "almost eclipsed that of Royalty". The Countess remains an enigmatic figure, and is often regarded as notable only for financing her husband's three ambitions: to marry an heiress, win The Derby, and become Prime Minister (the second and third of these possibly apocryphal ambitions were achieved after her death). In truth, she was her husband's driving force and motivation.

Her marriage into the aristocracy, while controversial at the time, gave her the social cachet in an antisemitic society that her vast fortune could not. She subsequently became a political hostess and philanthropist. Her charitable work was principally in the sphere of public health and causes associated with the welfare of working-class Jewish women living in the poorer districts of London.

Having firmly assisted and supported her husband on his path, she suddenly died in 1890, aged 39.

Early years
Hannah de Rothschild was born in 1851 into a world of great wealth and luxury. She was the granddaughter of Baron Nathan Mayer Rothschild, who had founded N M Rothschild & Sons, the English branch of the Rothschilds' banking empire. Niall Ferguson states in his History of the House of Rothschild that by the mid-19th century the Rothschilds regarded themselves as the nearest thing the Jews of Europe had to a royal family, and the equals of royalty. Whether or not this was strictly true, the many Rothschild homes and their art collections, in England, Austria, France and Germany, certainly rivalled those of the crowned heads of Europe, Mentmore in particular being one of the most outstanding art collections of its kind anywhere in the world.

Hannah de Rothschild's father Baron Meyer Amschel de Rothschild married his cousin Juliana Cohen in 1850. The marriage provided the impetus for Meyer to create what he described as "an enduring monument", a country house of monumental proportions. His daughter Hannah, aged just five months, helped lay the foundation stone on 31 December 1851.

Within a few years of the mansion's completion, attracted by the good hunting and proximity to London, Hannah's relatives began to build estates nearby, all within a carriage drive of each other; thus, Hannah grew up in an almost private world of unimaginable splendour and security. Pevsner has described this enclave of Rothschild properties as "the most conspicuous and significant aspect of Victorian architecture in Buckinghamshire". In addition to Mentmore, Baron and Baroness Meyer de Rothschild had a large house in London, 107 Piccadilly, and The Zenaide, a luxurious yacht, upon which Hanna's mother died in 1877, the year before her marriage.

As an only child growing up in what were, in all but name, palaces, her childhood appears to have been lonely. She was a companion to her hypochondriac mother and, in later life, a hostess with her father during her mother's long periods of indisposition. She was indulged by both parents and her formal education was neglected in favour of music and singing lessons, subjects in which she was 'skilled' and had a 'decided gift'. Her parents were very protective of her, attempting to ensure that she was never exposed to the risk of sickness or even the sight of poverty. As a result, she was never allowed to enter the cottages on the Rothschilds' estates. Lady Battersea claimed that Hannah was so sheltered that the phrase "'the poor'" was "merely a phraseology for her". Whatever the faults of her education, she possessed great confidence, impressing her Rothschild relations, who noted her poise and competence when she hosted a large house party at Mentmore for the Prince of Wales while only 17 years of age. A year later, in 1869, Hannah made her formal entrance into society as a debutante, when she was presented to Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace by her mother.

Mayer Amschel de Rothschild died in 1874, leaving his daughter not only Mentmore (with its priceless art collection), his London mansion, and innumerable investments, but also the sum of two million pounds sterling in cash (equivalent to £ in present-day terms). Thus, Hannah de Rothschild became the wealthiest woman in England.

Betrothal
Hannah de Rothschild was first introduced to her future husband, the 28-year-old Earl of Rosebery, by Lady Beaconsfield, the wife of Benjamin Disraeli, at Newmarket Racecourse. The Disraelis were close friends and neighbours of the Rothschilds in Buckinghamshire. In 1901 Rosebery, in an interview with the Daily Mail, claimed to have met Hannah when their carriages crashed and he 'sprang out and saved her'; however, this version of their meeting is believed to be a romanticised fabrication of Rosebery's.

Archibald, 5th Earl of Rosebery, born in 1847, had inherited his title from his grandfather in 1868, aged 21, together with an income of £30,000 a year. He owned 40,000 acres (160 km2) in Scotland, and land in Norfolk, Hertfordshire, and Kent. His father had died when he was eight and he had been brought up by his mother, who had subsequently married Harry Powlett, 4th Duke of Cleveland. His mother was a distant figure, and their relationship was always strained. The Earls of Rosebery, whose family name was Primrose, were old, if undistinguished, members of the Scottish aristocracy. Rosebery was considered to be strikingly handsome and immensely cultivated. He was highly intelligent, and a brilliant future was forecast for him by his tutors at both Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.

As early as 1876, there were rumours of an engagement. However, several hurdles had to be overcome before a marriage could take place. While the Jewish Rothschilds were accepted into society, and indeed were close friends of some members of the royal family including the Prince of Wales, as elsewhere in Europe, antisemitic feelings were prevalent in the upper echelons of society; particularly so among those closest to the Queen at court, where following the death of the Prince Consort in 1861 the Rothschilds became pointedly excluded. The Queen's equerry Arthur Edward Hardinge referred to the Rothschilds' dining tables as "resplendent with the Hebrew gold" going so far as to say a visiting Russian royal needed a "corrective" visit to Westminster Abbey following acceptance of Rothschild hospitality. Queen Victoria herself expressed antisemitic views in 1873 when it was proposed that Lionel de Rothschild be elevated to the peerage; the Queen refused, and expressed a reluctance to make a Jew a peer, saying that "to make a Jew a peer is a step she could not consent to" and furthermore stating that to give "a title and mark of her approbation to a Jew" was something she would not do. Lord Spencer advised the Prince and Princess of Wales against attending a Rothschild ball with the words "The Prince ought only to visit those of undoubted position in Society." However, this did not prevent the Prince from accepting Rothschild's invitations and gifts privately. While one could be friends with Jews and accept their hospitality, their social status was still not sufficiently elevated to include marriage into the peerage without unfavourable comment.

Rosebery's own mother was horrified at the thought of a Jewish woman, even a Rothschild, in the family. Rosebery too felt there was an impassable barrier of faith; at this time, it was inconceivable that any children could be reared as Jews.

This factor also worked in reverse; while Hannah de Rothschild was keen to marry Rosebery, she was also aware of many obstacles, the foremost being that she was devoted to her faith, and to leave it would be a severe moral wrench. Another obstacle was the Rothschild family itself: it was their custom to marry cousins to keep their fortune within the family. Ironically, Hannah herself had opposed the marriage of her cousin Annie de Rothschild to the Christian Eliot Constantine Yorke, the son of the Earl of Hardwicke, in 1866. In fact, she was to be the third daughter of the family's English branch to marry outside of the Jewish faith, but such was the fame of the bridegroom and the resultant publicity that the Jewish elders and press felt an example needed to be made. The Jewish Chronicle announced its "most poignant grief" at the prospect, and cryptically added, "If the flame seize on the cedars, how will fare the hyssop on the wall: if the leviathan is brought up with a hook, how will the minnows escape," demonstrating what a threat to the social fabric of the Jewish faith the Jewish elders saw in the prospect of such a marriage. The quotation, originally from the Babylonian Talmud, can be taken to mean that the elders, respected, and more notable Jews should set a good example by strictly following the teachings of the Jewish articles of faith, which forbid marriage to members of other religions.

The formal engagement of marriage was announced on 3 January 1878, a day Rosebery forever afterwards regarded as sacred. Writing to a friend in January 1878, Rosebery described his wife as "very simple, very unspoilt, very clever, very warm-hearted and very shy... I never knew such a beautiful character." The marriage was celebrated in London on 20 March 1878 at the Board Room of Guardians in Mount Street, and also in a Christian ceremony at Christ Church in Down Street, Piccadilly. To show "official" disapproval, no male member of the Rothschild family attended the ceremonies. However, any shortcomings in the guest list were compensated for by the guest of honour—the Prince of Wales—and Disraeli, who gave the bride away.

Marriage
For the first few years following their marriage, the Roseberys resided in London in the Piccadilly house Lady Rosebery had inherited from her father. As the couple's social and political interests increased from 1882, they leased the larger Lansdowne House. Lansdowne House was one of the finest of the aristocratic palaces in London, well suited to be the home of the political salon which Hannah Rosebery was to establish. Here political and social leaders of the day mixed with royalty, authors such as Henry James and Oscar Wilde, and other prominent social and intellectual figures of the time. Henry James, an occasional guest in the Roseberys' homes, delivered one of the most unflattering condemnations of Lady Rosebery describing her as "... large, coarse, Hebrew-looking with hair of no particular colour and personally unattractive".

The Roseberys divided their year among their various homes: London for the social season and parliament, Mentmore at weekends to entertain both political and shooting house-parties. In August the household would move north to Dalmeny for the grouse shooting. In between, occasional days and the weeklong Derby meeting would be spent at their home "The Durdans" in Epsom. Though small by comparison to their other homes, this mansion was described by Henry James as the most homely and comfortable of the Roseberys' many homes and as a delightful house full of books and sporting pictures, with just a few Gainsboroughs and Watteaux. Together the Earl and Countess of Rosebery added greatly to not only the Mentmore collection but also to that housed at Dalmeny House, Rosebery's Scottish seat, amassing a great library of rare and continental volumes and a collection of artefacts formerly belonging to the Emperor Napoleon I.

Relationship with Rosebery
Published commentators on the Roseberys claim their marriage was happy, and there is no known evidence that Hannah was anything other than happy in her marriage, and quite a lot to suggest she was indeed blissfully happy. However, much evidence suggests that Rosebery, while professing to be happy, was at times irritated and bored by Hannah, who was always keen to accommodate his every whim. There were times when Lady Rosebery's devotion to her husband was tested. Rosebery may have not been antisemitic before his marriage; however, the acerbic wit for which he was famous led him to make remarks that could have been taken in such a way, once his marriage had secured the Rothschild fortune. Rosebery seems to have disliked his first son, who he claimed looked "Jewish." On seeing his son for the first time he remarked "Le Jew est fait, rien ne vas plus," which must have been disconcerting for the child's Jewish mother. Rosebery, who has been described as febrile and supercilious, replied in a letter of congratulations on the birth of his heir from Mary Gladstone: "I cannot pretend to be much excited by an event which occurs to almost every human being and which may cause me a great deal of annoyance." Rosebery then left his newborn child and wife (who was again pregnant) for a year-long tour of Australia. On another occasion, when the Roseberys were travelling in India, Rosebery is reported to have announced "I will travel ahead, Hannah and the rest of the heavy baggage will follow the next day."

While the marriage was based on warmth and esteem on Rosebery's side and adoration on Hannah's, it seems that Rosebery often found his wife's devotion irritating, and this sometimes caused him to be impatient with her. He was often abrupt with her in public. She, by contrast, was completely enraptured by him, and would frequently ignore her neighbours at a dinner party to listen to her husband's conversation further down the table, a faux pas almost considered a crime in Victorian society. Those who saw the couple alone at home "could not doubt the affection as well as the comprehension that united them".

Rosebery's behaviour could be eccentric. Gladstone remarked that Rosebery was, perhaps, rather too concerned with his health. Early in the marriage Rosebery decided to renovate the small ruined Barnbougle Castle (the original Rosebery family seat), close to, and within sight of, Dalmeny House. Once renovation was complete in 1882, Rosebery used it as a private retreat from his family, and began to spend his nights there alone. Always an insomniac, he claimed that the "stillness of the waters" [the nearby Firth of Forth] "were conducive to sleep".

During their marriage the Roseberys travelled extensively, usually without their children. In September 1883, the couple left their children in the care of the nannies and nursery maids, supervised by Rosebery's sister Lady Leconfield, for a long tour of America and Australia. Lady Rosebery owned large investments in North America, including ranches in Texas and mines in Montana. Their arrival in New York was widely reported, and a full and flattering description of Lady Rosebery was reported in The Herald. The newspaper went on to describe Rosebery as looking like a prosperous farmer. Lady Rosebery was very taken with California, from where she wrote: "The inhabitants are very entertaining ... the women are very handsome, think nothing of dresses costing £80, "fix up" their faces very frequently and are generally divorced." Having toured and been fêted in America, the party moved on to Australia via Honolulu. In Australia, Rosebery chose to indulge his habit of solitude, installing his wife in a hotel in Sydney, while he went off alone to tour the outback.

Rosebery's frequent absences from his wife fuelled gossip that he was a secret homosexual. It has been claimed that the inscrutable air that Rosebery wore was a mask to disguise his secret homosexual life. The worry of this illegal secret, it was claimed, and fear of exposure, caused his insomnia and bouts of depression. It was even whispered that his Barnbougle Castle retreat was really a venue for clandestine assignations with young men. Rosebery's possible homosexuality has been much discussed in recent times. Nothing conclusive has ever been found one way or the other, but it is possible that he had homosexual experiences while in the care of a paedophile housemaster at Eton in his youth. No evidence exists that his wife was aware of these rumours against her husband, or even that she would have understood them, bearing in mind her sheltered upbringing and limited education. Sex education was not part of a 19th-century upper-class girl's schooling. The more public and precise accusations of Rosebery's homosexuality by the Marquess of Queensberry, following the Cleveland Street scandal, did not occur until three years after Lady Rosebery's death.

The relationship between the couple appears at times to have been almost that of a mother and child. Rosebery, a self-centred, reserved man, prone to depression, pessimism and insecurity, had a difficult relationship with his mother, who had been distant and openly preferred his younger brother. Lady Rosebery, an orphan and only child, appears to have been desperate to lavish affection. Once upon entering a book shop she told her children they were entering a toy shop, and when the disappointed children pointed out the obvious she replied "to your father this is a toy shop." Lord Rosebery's friend Edward Hamilton recorded her "notable faculty of getting other people to work and quickening their energies". It seems she was the driving force of the relationship, with her feet firmly on the ground. She made herself the link between the world and her "thin skinned and neurotic" husband. While her husband sulked or withdrew with hurt pride from a situation, she came to the forefront to plead his case or cause. If she was aware of his faults she gave no indication of it.

Children

The marriage produced four children: Lady Sybil Primrose, born in 1879; Lady Margaret Primrose, born in 1881; the heir Harry Primrose, Lord Dalmeny (later 6th Earl of Rosebery), born in 1882; and finally the Honourable Neil Primrose, born the same year as his elder brother.

As a mother, Lady Rosebery was presented with a dilemma: she was in fact already practically a mother to her husband who had no great feeling for a proximity to small babies. This was particularly evident in June 1880 when shortly after the birth of their first child Sybil, Rosebery wished to visit Germany for three months, to take a cure at a German spa (he was recovering from what is now thought to have been a nervous breakdown). His wife dutifully accompanied him. However, Rosebery, clearly aware of his wife's frustrated maternal instincts, reported that Hannah savoured every detail of the daily letters from London concerning the baby, and that she never complained at the forced separation.

More revealing is a comment Lady Rosebery herself made to her husband, "I sometimes think it is wrong that I have thought less of the children in comparison to you" shortly before her death in 1890, suggesting that when a choice between her children and husband was forced on her, she always chose her husband. However, the same comment also hints that she was not unaware that her choice was at the cost of her children.

When assessing Lady Rosebery's behaviour to her children it should be remembered that she lived in an era of plentiful nannies, wet nurses, nursemaids and governesses which the upper classes employed as the norm. These people were employed regardless of the mother's affection towards her children; it was inconceivable that a countess would nurse her own children, and to do so would have been breaking social conventions. Hence her seeming lack of attention to her children was not unusual – she was following the upper class conventions and "stiff upper lip" philosophies of her era. However, in spite of their prolonged absences from their children, the Roseberys do not appear to have been very distant or remote figures in the earliest stages of their children's lives. Margot Asquith records how Rosebery loved to play and romp on the floor with the children.

Politics

It has been said of Hannah de Rothschild that she grew up with a good sense and presence of mind, enabling her to deputise for her mother on grand social occasions at Mentmore and in London. This gave her confidence and the experience to be the perfect political wife. Marriage to her altered Rosebery's status, too: while his wife acquired Christian respectability and a title, Rosebery moved from being one of many wealthy and capable young noblemen to being one with unfathomable riches. This, coupled with his good looks, appealed to the public's imagination and gave him glamour.

From the outset of the marriage, political members of the Rothschild family took an interest in Rosebery, and he was soon acclaimed as one of the rising hopes of the Liberal Party. As a hereditary peer, he already had a seat in the House of Lords and had made his maiden speech there on attaining his majority. But brilliant as he was, Rosebery tended to lethargy and boredom. Lord Granville in fact considered Rosebery's wife to be the more ambitious of the pair, and even advised her "If you keep him up to the mark, [he] is sure to have his page in history." The subtle driving of her often languid and lethargic husband to achieve his "page in history" was to become her raison d'être. Rosebery's secretary Thomas Gilmour noted: "She is thoroughly genuine and very tender and devoted to Lord Rosebery, it is easy to see that she is very proud of him, and she is a woman of considerable force of character and great energy, she may prove to be a powerful ally in his political career."

Rosebery was not a natural politician. He was an idealist who disliked the rancour of politics, in fact "his innate dislike of politics was something Lady Rosebery always fought against." However, he was a gifted orator, and this was an era when platform speaking was beginning to replace House of Commons debate.

Midlothian campaign

This first became evident in the great campaign to re-elect Gladstone, culminating in the 1880 general election. Known today as the Midlothian campaign, it was masterminded by the Roseberys. Rosebery used his influence to have Gladstone invited to stand as parliamentary candidate for Midlothian, near to Rosebery's Dalmeny estate. Gladstone had nominally retired from politics after losing his Greenwich seat in 1874, when Disraeli had been swept to power. The campaign was based at Dalmeny where Lady Rosebery hosted a series of large political house parties throughout the long campaign. The Tories were later to claim that Rosebery had paid for Gladstone's campaign. Rosebery later admitted to spending £50,000.

The Roseberys' house party would leave Dalmeny and tour towns and cities across Midlothian and Scotland, with Gladstone and the speakers often addressing vast crowds from the back of an American-designed Pullman car specially acquired by Rosebery for the purpose. The scenes at these meetings have been described as something between a carnival and an evangelist's revival meeting. While in the grounds of Dalmeny House itself, the public were treated to a great firework display.

Throughout all this, Gladstone was supported not only by the popular and charismatic Rosebery but also by an array of well-dressed women including Lady Rosebery and Gladstone's daughter Mary. These fashionable people – the celebrities of their day (newspapers at the time gave many column inches each day to the doings of the upper classes) – were as much a crowd-puller as the political speakers, and Rosebery's planning used that to full effect. One meeting was so packed that many were fainting: 70,000 people applied for tickets in a hall capable of holding 6,500. Lady Rosebery reported, "I had never heard Archie (Lord Rosebery) speak in public politically before, but after the first minute I felt I could never be nervous at his making a speech the audience show him great affection." [sic] However it was not just Gladstone and Rosebery the huge crowds had come to see, but also the dutifully supporting and smiling families. Lady Rosebery went on to describe how "They (the crowds) patted me on the back till my shoulders were sensitive." Thus in Rosebery's first serious involvement in politics, Disraeli was defeated and the newly elected MP for Midlothian became Prime Minister for the second time (the caretaker liberal leader Lord Hartington retired in favour of Gladstone). It was also obvious that Lady Rosebery was a very evident and valuable political electioneering asset. As the Marquess of Crewe put it "she had cut her spurs".

Gladstone's second government (1880–1885)

Her political mettle and ambitions for her husband were however to be more severely tested in Gladstone's second government following the Liberal victory. Rosebery was, as expected, offered a position in Government by Gladstone. It had been rumoured that the position of Viceroy of Ireland or a cabinet place would be proffered, but it turned out to be the job of Under Secretary of the India Office. Rosebery immediately declined the post, giving as his reason that it would appear that he was being repaid for running Gladstone's campaign (as though the Viceregal position would not). When pressed further he cited ill health—he had been suffering from scarlet fever during the Midlothian campaign and now also appeared to be suffering a minor nervous breakdown. Political leaders urged Lady Rosebery to influence him, but she defended his decision, while stressing that his deterioration in health was only temporary. She had to be careful—if it appeared her husband had declined the offer on the grounds that it was too lowly, it would give substance to the claims being made that he was conceited and petulant. Whatever the truth, and it may be Rosebery's own explanation that he "disliked hard work", Lady Rosebery continued to solicit Gladstone for a job for Rosebery within the cabinet. In August 1880, when Gladstone told her firmly that "There is nothing I can give him," she claimed she had not been seeking a cabinet post and Gladstone had misunderstood her. At the same time she was canny enough to mention that Sir William Harcourt and Sir Charles Dilke, both radicals opposed to Gladstone's policies, were "visiting them" and "thoughtful".

Lady Rosebery also began to befriend those politicians such as Lord Northbrook who empathised with her husband, while others such as Lord Granville and Lord Hartington she identified as aloof. She dismissed Lord Spencer with "I can never look on him as a great motive power, besides he does not mention Archie [Rosebery] to me." This was the same Lord Spencer who had advised the Prince and Princess of Wales against visiting the homes of wealthy Jews.

Finally her soliciting paid off and in 1881, Rosebery was offered a government position acceptable to him, that of Under Secretary at the Home Office with special responsibility for Scotland. He had sought the position feeling that Scotland was neglected by the Liberal Government who were more interested in Ireland. However, immediately upon assuming the job he began to demand a place in the cabinet. The office he sought was that of Lord Privy Seal, a position Gladstone refused on account of Rosebery's inexperience in Government. It appeared that Rosebery was showing his true colours and he was accused of behaving like a spoilt child, with doubts cast over the honourableness of his reasons for refusing the Under Secretaryship of the India Office.

Lady Rosebery, "conscious of her husband's supreme ability", wanted him in the cabinet and was furiously agitating her husband's discontent until Rosebery threatened to resign his Home Office position. Lady Rosebery had an angry row with Gladstone's wife, where Mrs Gladstone pointed out that if Rosebery resigned he would have nothing but horse racing to interest him, and that Lady Rosebery should be patient as her husband was young. Rosebery, accepting that a cabinet place was not going to be forthcoming, resigned from Government. Lady Rosebery, realising further appeal to the Gladstones was pointless, tried a new avenue—Lord Hartington, the immensely influential Secretary of State for War, who was already quarrelling with Gladstone over the Irish home rule problem, and whom she allegedly met by chance at Preston Railway Station. Inviting him into her carriage for the journey to London, she pleaded her husband's case for three hours to her captive listener. The Roseberys then immediately left England and their children for a long trip to America and Australia. On their return in 1885 Rosebery was appointed Lord Privy Seal, complete with the seat in the cabinet which he sought.

After 1885, and the Dilke Scandal
Gladstone resigned as Prime Minister in 1885 following a Government defeat over the Irish home rule question. The new Tory government was led by Lord Salisbury. However, as a minority administration it was not expected to last, and a swift return of the former administration was anticipated. During this period serious (if unproven) charges of plotting and ruthless ambition were about to be levelled against Lady Rosebery. Sir Charles Dilke, considered as a likely replacement for Gladstone, and thus a rival to Rosebery in government, was implicated in one of the most scandalous and ruinous divorce cases of the era. Involvement in any divorce was social suicide in the 19th century, but the facts which emerged were enough to ensure it was political suicide as well. A friend of the Roseberys, Donald Crawford, MP, sued his wife Virginia for divorce naming Dilke as co-respondent. There was little evidence and Dilke denied the charge, which could have been ultimately forgotten, if Virginia had not suddenly decided to sign a confession giving such lurid details that a great scandal was unavoidable. She claimed that not only had Dilke slept with her and taught her "French vices", but also slept with her mother and partaken in a three-in-a-bed orgy with Virginia and a maid. Dilke denied everything, but his hopes of high political office were ruined forever. Dilke claimed the whole thing was an embroidery of lies and conspiracies by his political enemies. Rumours began to circulate that the Roseberys, and Lady Rosebery in particular, were at the bottom of Dilke's misfortune.

In his futile quest to exonerate himself, and grasping at rumour, Dilke wrote to Rosebery accusing Lady Rosebery of having paid Virginia to make the confession. An outraged Rosebery denied all on his wife's behalf, while in December 1885 Lady Rosebery's only response on being told of Virginia Crawford's confessions was: "Dilke's behaviour is very astonishing in some reports, though it is not an actual surprise to me." Early the following year Gladstone was returned to power and Rosebery was appointed Foreign Secretary in Gladstone's third but brief term of office. Dilke's political career was ruined, and for years afterwards he continued to expound the Rosebery conspiracy theory. Nothing was ever proven against Lady Rosebery and no tangible evidence exists to substantiate the claim.

The impartiality demanded by Rosebery's new office forced him to sell many of his business interests, which had come by the way of the Rothschild family, to be seen to be avoiding a conflict of interest. However, his wife's ambition and part in his rise to power was not only being recognised in high places, but clearly starting to irritate. On being told that Lady Rosebery was very keen for her husband to become Foreign Secretary, Gladstone replied "She would think herself capable of being Queen of the Realm and think the place only just good enough for her." Rosebery was now on the path to political greatness, but Gladstone's government fell the same year. Lady Rosebery was not to see her husband achieve the highest political office.

Philanthropy

Like many other women of her class and era, Lady Rosebery patronised a great number of charities. Upon her inheriting her fortune, one of her first acts was to found a lifeboat station in memory of her father, in 1875, at a cost of £2,000. However, her chief causes appear to have all been connected specifically to the assistance and welfare of women. She was president of the Scottish Home Industries Association, a charity which encouraged Scottish women to work profitably from home making plaid or other items of needlework and the like. In this way women, especially widowed mothers, remained in their homes able to care for their often large families while still earning an income.

Queen Victoria appointed her president of the Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute for Nurses in Scotland, the beginning of the district nurse system, which was to revolutionise health care for the rural poor and sick in Britain. She was also interested in general improvements in standards of nursing.

Like many of her Rothschild relatives she was also deeply involved with the welfare of young working-class women of the Jewish faith who inhabited the poorer areas of London, in particular Whitechapel. There she founded the Club for Jewish Working Girls. She also donated to numerous other charities connected with Jewish causes. However, within a week of her death her husband began to cancel many of these subscriptions, prompting charges of antisemitism.

Her interest in education has been one of her most obvious surviving charitable legacies. She founded schools in all the villages surrounding the Roseberys' estates. The Mentmore estate alone was serviced by three schools founded by her at Wingrave, Cheddington and Mentmore itself. Not only were the children educated at her expense by trained teachers, each was also provided with seasonal gifts of new clothes. Cheddington School remains in its original building with her cypher on its walls, while Wingrave School, which opened in 1877, survives in new premises.

Death

Lady Rosebery died of typhoid at Dalmeny in 1890. She was found to also have Bright's disease which had weakened her. It was only after her death that the doctors who had treated her disclosed to Rosebery that her kidney condition would have killed her within two years even if she had not contracted typhoid. She was buried in accordance with the rites of the Jewish faith on 25 November 1890 at Willesden Jewish Cemetery. Rosebery found this particularly hard to bear, and wrote to Queen Victoria of the pain he experienced when "another creed steps in to claim the corpse".

Rosebery as widower
There is no evidence that Lady Rosebery drove her husband to follow her own political agenda, or that of her family. For her the rewards seem to have been the pleasure of seeing a husband she undoubtedly adored in the high office of which she felt him worthy. There is no doubt that she tempered her husband's more radical views. Immediately following his wife's death Rosebery retired from politics, writing in October 1891 "The sole object of my ambition has disappeared with the death of my wife." Proof of the widespread belief in society that Lady Rosebery was the stable element of the partnership was confirmed shortly after her death, by Queen Victoria, following a then rare public speech by Rosebery, in which he supported Home Rule for Ireland. The Queen was shocked and thought the speech "almost communistic" and went on to attribute Rosebery's "shocking and disappointing" behaviour to the fact that "poor Lady Rosebery is not there to keep him back". While Queen Victoria always personally liked Rosebery, she mistrusted his politics.

The Queen had thoroughly liked Lady Rosebery and wrote Rosebery several letters of condolence, likening his loss to the untimely death of her own consort, Prince Albert. It seems that the Queen's antipathy to Jews was confined to elevating them to the peerage. This view had softened by 1885. In 1890 she accepted a luncheon invitation from Lady Rosebery's cousin Ferdinand de Rothschild and toured Waddesdon Manor albeit eating in a separate dining room to the Jewish members of the party.

Shortly after his wife's death, Rosebery left his grieving children and went alone on a tour of Spain. Following a visit to El Escorial he wrote on the sepulchral wonders of the building, but added "for the dead alone the Taj is of course supreme". On his return home he had designed for his wife a Victorian Gothic version of the Taj Mahal in miniature. For the remainder of his life he wore black and used black edged writing paper. Once, when talking with his daughter Sybil, he asked her what mourning she thought her mother would have worn had the situation been reversed. Sybil replied, "She would not have worn any, she would have died at once."

Ronald Munro Ferguson has been quoted in 1912 as saying "many things would have gone otherwise had Lady Rosebery lived. Her loss is today as great a calamity from every point of view as it was at the time of her death."

Widowhood changed Rosebery, both mentally and physically: he aged overnight, and began to refer to himself as an old man. Two years after her death, friends were still concerned that he was suicidal. Winston Churchill thought him maimed by her death, and later said of her "she was a remarkable woman on whom Rosebery leaned, she was ever a pacifying and composing element in his life which he was never able to find again because he could never give full confidence to anyone else."

Sir Edward Hamilton, Rosebery's closest friend, wrote:

Her judgement of a whole was singularly sound and calm; indeed there was a sort of intuitive wisdom about the advice which she would recommend or the consequences of which she would foretell. Hers was a singularly well balanced mind; her shrewdness and foresight were most certainly to lead others as well as herself to form right conclusions. Having the power of seeing through people quickly, she gauged the characters of her fellow creatures with great perspicacity and she thus knew whom to trust and of whom to beware. She had a high sense of duty and would never allow pleasure to interfere with duty.

Before their marriage and his full-time entry into politics, Rosebery's future wife had written with extraordinary foresight and ambition to him: "I work only to help you, if you are Prime Minister, let me imitate Montagu Corry."

Later life of children
Lady Rosebery's eldest son, Harry, who was less successful in politics than his father and brother, distinguished himself by becoming captain of Surrey County Cricket Club and owning two Epsom Derby-winning horses. He succeeded his father as 6th Earl of Rosebery and died in 1974. Margaret married her father's old friend and biographer the Marquess of Crewe. Such was still the fame of her parents that London traffic was brought to a standstill on her wedding day in 1899. Lady Crewe became one of the first women magistrates in Britain; she died in 1955. Lady Sybil has been summarised by one of her father's biographers: "Even more eccentric than her father, she spent much of her time living in a caravan."

Property
Of Hannah Rosebery's homes, the lease on Lansdowne House was surrendered shortly before her death, when the Roseberys purchased 38 Berkeley Square. This property was transformed into one of London's most luxurious town houses. However, Lady Rosebery did not live to see the work completed. Her son Harry sold the house in 1938, and it was demolished. A year later a bomb landed on the empty site during World War II. The Durdans was bequeathed to her daughter, Sybil, in 1929 and was sold together with its contents in 1955. Lord and Lady Rosebery's library there was given to the nation at this time. Mentmore, the grandest of the Roseberys' homes, was sold by Lady Rosebery's grandson, the 7th Earl of Rosebery, in 1977, together with the Rothschild art collection, which Lady Rosebery had not only been intensely interested in but had enlarged considerably. She personally catalogued the collection, and prophetically wrote in the preface "In time to come, when, like all collections, this will be dispersed (and I hope this will be long after my death) this book may be of value."

Her two-volume work and the collection it described remained so unknown that "Save Mentmore" (a group attempting to halt the sale of Mentmore to keep the collection within Britain ) failed largely due to widespread public ignorance of both house and collection. A few pieces of furniture and paintings were taken to Dalmeny, (the only house to remain in the family) where they are displayed today, and three pictures including Drouais's Madame de Pompadour were purchased for the National Gallery. The remainder of the collection was dispersed in a week-long sale and is now scattered across the globe. A further sale of the "Continental Library," to which she had added, was conducted in 1995 at the Aeolian Hall, London, by Sotheby's.

Town named after Hannah Primrose in Israel
Pardes Hanna (Hebrew: Hannah's [Citrus] Orchard), a local council founded in 1929 on the Sharon plain in Israel, was named after Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery.

In literature
Her qualities were portrayed in literature when Lady Rosebery was reputed to be the model for Marcella Maxwell in Mrs Humphry Ward's novel Sir George Tressady (1909). The author lived at Stocks close to Lady Rosebery's home at Mentmore.

title: Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery


text:
Billy Higgins

Billy Higgins (October 11, 1936 – May 3, 2001) was an American jazz drummer. He played mainly free jazz and hard bop.

Biography
Higgins was born in Los Angeles, California, United States. Higgins played on Ornette Coleman's first records, beginning in 1958. He then freelanced extensively with hard bop and other post-bop players, including Donald Byrd, Dexter Gordon, Grant Green, Herbie Hancock, Joe Henderson, Don Cherry, Paul Horn, Milt Jackson, Jackie McLean, Pat Metheny, Hank Mobley, Thelonious Monk, Lee Morgan, David Murray, Art Pepper, Sonny Rollins, Mal Waldron, and Cedar Walton. He was one of the house drummers for Blue Note Records and played on dozens of Blue Note albums of the 1960s. He also collaborated with composer La Monte Young and guitarist Sandy Bull.

In his career, he played on over 700 recordings, including recordings of rock and funk. He appeared as a jazz drummer in the 2001 movie, Southlander.

In 1989, Higgins cofounded a cultural center, The World Stage, in Los Angeles to encourage and promote younger jazz musicians. The center provides workshops in performance and writing, as well as concerts and recordings. Higgins also taught in the jazz studies program at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Billy Higgins died of kidney and liver failure on May 3, 2001, at a hospital in Inglewood, California.

As leader

 * 1979: Soweto (Red)
 * 1979: The Soldier (Timeless, [1981])
 * 1980: Once More (Red)
 * 1984: Mr. Billy Higgins (Evidence)
 * 1980-86: Bridgework (Contemporary)
 * 1994: ¾ for Peace (Red)
 * 1997: Billy Higgins Quintet (Evidence)
 * 2001: The Best of Summer Nights at Moca (Exodus)

With Gene Ammons and Sonny Stitt

 * God Bless Jug and Sonny (Prestige, 1973 [2001])
 * Left Bank Encores (Prestige, 1973 [2001])

With Chris Anderson

 * Blues One (DIW, 1991)

With Gary Bartz

 * Libra (Milestone, 1968)

With Paul Bley

 * Live at the Hilcrest Club 1958 (Inner City, 1958 [1976])
 * Coleman Classics Volume 1 (Improvising Artists, 1958 [1977])

With Sandy Bull

 * Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo (Vanguard, 1963)
 * Inventions (Vanguard, 1965)

With Jaki Byard

 * On the Spot! (Prestige, 1967)

With Donald Byrd

 * Royal Flush (Blue Note, 1961)
 * Free Form (Blue Note, 1962)
 * Blackjack (Blue Note, 1967)
 * Slow Drag (Blue Note, 1967)

With Joe Castro

 * Groove Funk Soul (Atlantic, 1959)

With Don Cherry

 * Brown Rice (EMI, 1975)
 * Art Deco (A&M, 1988)

With Sonny Clark

 * Leapin' and Lopin' (Blue Note, 1961)

With George Coleman

 * Amsterdam After Dark (Timeless, 1979)

With Ornette Coleman

 * Something Else!!!! (Contemporary, 1958)
 * The Shape of Jazz to Come (Atlantic, 1959)
 * Change of the Century (Atlantic, 1959)
 * The Art of the Improvisers (Atlantic, 1959)
 * To Whom Who Keeps a Record (Warner, 1959–60)
 * Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation (Atlantic, 1961)
 * Twins (Atlantic, 1961)
 * Science Fiction (Columbia, 1971)
 * Broken Shadows (Columbia, 1971–1972 [1982])
 * The Complete Science Fiction Sessions (Columbia, 1971–1972 [2000])
 * In All Languages (Caravan of Dreams, 1987)

With John Coltrane

 * Like Sonny (Roulette, 1960)

With Junior Cook

 * Somethin's Cookin' (Muse, 1981)

With Bill Cosby

 * Hello, Friend: To Ennis with Love (Verve, 1997)

With Stanley Cowell

 * Regeneration (Strata East, 1976)

With Ray Drummond

 * The Essence (DMP, 1985)

With Teddy Edwards

 * Teddy Edwards at Falcon's Lair (MetroJazz, 1958)
 * Sunset Eyes (Pacific Jazz, 1960)
 * Teddy's Ready! (Contemporary, 1960)
 * Nothin' But the Truth! (Prestige, 1966)
 * Young at Heart (Storyville, 1979) with Howard McGhee
 * Wise in Time (Storyville, 1979) with Howard McGhee
 * Mississippi Lad (Verve/Gitanes, 1991)
 * Tango in Harlem (Verve/Gitanes, 1994)

With Booker Ervin

 * Tex Book Tenor (Blue Note, 1968)

With Art Farmer

 * Homecoming (Mainstream, 1971)
 * Yesterday's Thoughts (East Wind, 1975)
 * To Duke with Love (East Wind, 1975)
 * The Summer Knows (East Wind, 1976)
 * Art Farmer Quintet at Boomers (East Wind, 1976)

With Curtis Fuller

 * Smokin' (Mainstream, 1972)

With Stan Getz

 * Cal Tjader-Stan Getz Sextet (1958, Fantasy) with Cal Tjader

With Dexter Gordon

 * Go (Blue Note, 1962)
 * A Swingin' Affair (Blue Note, 1962)
 * Clubhouse (Blue Note, 1965 – released 1979)
 * Gettin' Around (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Tangerine (Prestige, 1972 [1975])
 * Generation (Prestige, 1972)
 * Something Different (SteepleChase, 1975 [1980])
 * Bouncin' with Dex (SteepleChase, 1976)
 * The Other Side of Round Midnight (Blue Note, 1985)

With Grant Green

 * First Session (Blue Note, 1961)
 * Goin' West (Blue Note, 1962)
 * Feelin' the Spirit (Blue Note, 1962)

With Dodo Greene

 * My Hour of Need (Blue Note, 1962)

With Charlie Haden

 * Quartet West (Verve, 1986)
 * Silence (Soul Note, 1987)
 * The Private Collection (Naim, 1987-88 [2000])
 * First Song (Soul Note, 1990 [1992])

With Slide Hampton

 * Roots (Criss Cross, 1985)

With Herbie Hancock

 * Takin' Off (Blue Note, 1962)
 * Round Midnight (soundtrack) (Columbia, 1985)

With Barry Harris

 * Bull's Eye! (Prestige, 1968)

With Eddie Harris

 * The In Sound (Atlantic, 1965)
 * Mean Greens (Atlantic, 1966)
 * The Tender Storm (Atlantic, 1966)
 * Excursions (Atlantic, 1966–73)
 * How Can You Live Like That? (Atlantic, 1976)

With Johnny Hartman

 * Today (Perception, 1972)

With Jimmy Heath

 * Love and Understanding (Muse, 1973)
 * The Time and the Place (Landmark, 1974 [1994])
 * Picture of Heath (Xanadu, 1975)

With Joe Henderson

 * Mirror Mirror (MPS, 1980)

With Andrew Hill

 * Dance with Death (Blue Note, 1968 – not released until 1980)

With Christopher Hollyday

 * Christopher Hollyday (BMG, 1989)

With Richard "Groove" Holmes

 * Get Up & Get It! (Prestige, 1967)

With Paul Horn

 * Something Blue (HiFi Jazz, 1960)

With Toninho Horta

 * Once I Loved (Verve, 1992)

With Freddie Hubbard

 * Bolivia (Music Master, 1991)

With Bobby Hutcherson

 * Stick-Up (Blue Note, 1969)
 * Solo / Quartet (Contemporary, 1982)
 * Farewell Keystone (Theresa, 1982 [1988])
 * Color Schemes (Landmark, 1985 [1986])

With J. J. Johnson

 * Pinnacles (Milestone, 1980)

With Hank Jones and Dave Holland

 * The Oracle (EmArcy, 1990)

With Sam Jones

 * Seven Minds (East Wind Records, 1974)
 * Cello Again (Xanadu, 1976)
 * Something in Common (Muse, 1977)

With Clifford Jordan

 * Soul Fountain (Vortex, 1966 [1970])
 * Glass Bead Games (Strata-East, 1974)
 * Night of the Mark VII (Muse, 1975)
 * On Stage Vol. 1 (SteepleChase, 1975 [1977])
 * On Stage Vol. 2 (SteepleChase, 1975 [1978])
 * On Stage Vol. 3 (SteepleChase, 1975 [1979])
 * Firm Roots (Steeplechase, 1975)
 * The Highest Mountain (Steeplechase, 1975)

With Fred Katz

 * Fred Katz and his Jammers (Decca, 1959)

With Steve Lacy

 * Evidence (New Jazz, 1962) with Don Cherry

With Charles Lloyd

 * Acoustic Masters I (Atlantic, 1993)
 * Voice in the Night (ECM, 1999)
 * The Water Is Wide (ECM, 2000)
 * Hyperion with Higgins (ECM, 2001, released posthumously)
 * Which Way Is East (ECM, 2004, released posthumously)

With Pat Martino

 * The Visit! (Cobblestone, 1972) also released as Footprints

With Jackie McLean

 * A Fickle Sonance (Blue Note, 1961)
 * Let Freedom Ring Blue Note, 1962)
 * Vertigo (Blue Note, 1962–63)
 * Action Action Action (Blue Note, 1964)
 * Consequence (Blue Note, 1965 [2005])
 * New and Old Gospel (Blue Note, 1967)

With Charles McPherson

 * The Quintet/Live! (Prestige, 1966)
 * Horizons (Prestige, 1968)
 * Today's Man (Mainstream, 1973)

With Pat Metheny

 * Rejoicing (ECM, 1983)

With Blue Mitchell

 * Bring It Home to Me (Blue Note, 1966)

With Red Mitchell

 * Presenting Red Mitchell (Contemporary, 1957)

With Hank Mobley

 * The Turnaround (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Dippin' (Blue Note, 1965)
 * A Caddy for Daddy (Blue Note, 1965)
 * A Slice of the Top (Blue Note, 1966 [1979])
 * Hi Voltage (Blue Note, 1967)
 * Third Season (Blue Note, 1967)
 * Far Away Lands (Blue Note, 1967)
 * Reach Out! (Blue Note, 1968)
 * Breakthrough! (Muse, 1972) with Cedar Walton
 * Straight No Filter (Blue Note, 1964-66 [1980])

With Thelonious Monk

 * Thelonious Monk at the Blackhawk (Riverside, 1960)

With Buddy Montgomery

 * Ties of Love (Landmark, 1987)
 * With Tete Montoliu
 * Secret Love (Timeless, 1977)
 * Live at the Keystone Corner (Timeless, 1979 [1981])

With Frank Morgan

 * Easy Living (Contemporary, 1985)
 * Lament (Contemporary, 1986)
 * Bebop Lives! (Contemporary, 1987)
 * Love, Lost & Found (Telarc, 1995)

With Lee Morgan

 * The Sidewinder (Blue Note, 1963)
 * Search for the New Land (Blue Note, 1964)
 * The Rumproller (Blue Note, 1965)
 * The Gigolo (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Cornbread (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Infinity (Blue Note, 1965 [1980])
 * Delightfulee (Blue Note, 1966)
 * Charisma (Blue Note, 1966)
 * The Rajah (Blue Note, 1966 [1984])
 * Sonic Boom (Blue Note, 1967 [1979])
 * The Sixth Sense (Blue Note, 1967–68)
 * The Procrastinator (Blue Note, 1967 [1978])
 * Taru (Blue Note, 1968 [1980])
 * Caramba! (Blue Note, 1968)

With Bheki Mseleku

 * Star Seeding (Polygram Records, 1995)

With David Murray

 * Live at Sweet Basil Volume 1 (Black Saint, 1984)
 * Live at Sweet Basil Volume 2 (Black Saint, 1984)

With Horace Parlan

 * Happy Frame of Mind (Blue Note, 1963)

With Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen

 * Jaywalkin' (SteepleChase, 1975)
 * Double Bass (SteepleChase, 1976) with Sam Jones

With Art Pepper

 * So in Love (Artists House, 1979)
 * Artworks (Galaxy, 1979 [1984])
 * Landscape (Galaxy, 1979)
 * Besame Mucho (JVC, 1979 [1981])
 * Straight Life (Galaxy, 1979)
 * Art 'n' Zoot (Pablo, 1981 [1995]) with Zoot Sims

With Dave Pike

 * It's Time for Dave Pike (Riverside, 1961)
 * Pike's Groove (Criss Cross Jazz, 1986) with Cedar Walton

With Jimmy Raney

 * The Influence (Xanadu, 1975)

With Sonny Red

 * Sonny Red (Mainstream, 1971)

With Freddie Redd

 * Live at the Studio Grill (Triloka, 1990)

With Joshua Redman

 * Wish (1993)

With Red Rodney

 * The Red Tornado (Muse, 1975)

With Sonny Rollins

 * Our Man in Jazz (RCA Victor, 1965)
 * There Will Never Be Another You (recorded 1965 released 1978)

With Charlie Rouse

 * Bossa Nova Bacchanal (Blue Note, 1965)
 * With Hilton Ruiz
 * Piano Man (SteepleChase, 1975)

With Pharoah Sanders

 * Rejoice (Theresa, 1981)

With Rob Schneiderman

 * Smooth Sailing (Reservoir, 1990)

With John Scofield

 * Works for Me (Verve, 2001)

With Shirley Scott

 * One for Me (Strata-East, 1974)

With Archie Shepp

 * Attica Blues (Impulse!, 1972)

With Sonny Simmons

 * Rumasuma (Contemporary, 1969)

With James Spaulding

 * James Spaulding Plays the Legacy of Duke Ellington (Storyville, 1977)

With Robert Stewart

 * Judgement (World Stage, 1994 / Red Records, 1997)
 * The Movement (Exodus, 2002)

With Sonny Stitt

 * Blues for Duke (Muse, 1975 [1978])

With Idrees Sulieman

 * Now Is the Time (SteepleChase, 1976)

With Ira Sullivan

 * Peace (Galaxy, 1978)
 * Multimedia (Galaxy, 1978 [1982])

With Sun Ra

 * Somewhere Else (Rounder, 1988–89)
 * Blue Delight (A&M, 1989)

With Cecil Taylor

 * Jumpin' Punkins (Candid, 1961)
 * New York City R&B (Candid, 1961)

With Lucky Thompson

 * Goodbye Yesterday (Groove Merchant, 1973)

With the Timeless All Stars

 * It's Timeless (Timeless, 1982)
 * Timeless Heart (Timeless, 1983)
 * Essence (Delos, 1986)
 * Time for the Timeless All Stars (Early Bird, 1990)

With Bobby Timmons

 * Soul Food (Prestige, 1966)
 * Got to Get It! (Milestone, 1967)

With Charles Tolliver

 * The New Wave in Jazz (Impulse!, 1965)

With Stanley Turrentine

 * More Than a Mood (MusicMasters, 1992)

With Mal Waldron

 * Up Popped the Devil (Enja, 1973)
 * One Entrance, Many Exits (Palo Alto, 1982)

With Cedar Walton

 * Cedar! (Prestige, 1967)
 * Eastern Rebellion (Timeless, 1976) with George Coleman & Sam Jones
 * The Pentagon (East Wind, 1976)
 * Eastern Rebellion 2 (Timeless, 1977) with Bob Berg & Sam Jones
 * First Set (SteepleChase, 1977 [1978])
 * Second Set (SteepleChase, 1977 [1979])
 * Third Set (SteepleChase, 1977 [1982])
 * Eastern Rebellion 3 (Timeless, 1980) with Curtis Fuller, Bob Berg & Sam Jones
 * The Maestro (Muse, 1981)
 * Among Friends (Theresa, 1982 [1989])
 * Eastern Rebellion 4 (Timeless, 1984) with Curtis Fuller, Bob Berg, Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros & David Williams
 * Cedar's Blues (Red, 1985)
 * The Trio 1 (Red, 1985)
 * The Trio 2 (Red, 1985)
 * The Trio 3 (Red, 1985)
 * Cedar Walton (Timeless, 1985)
 * Bluesville Time (Criss Cross Jazz, 1985)
 * Cedar Walton Plays (Delos, 1986)
 * As Long as There's Music (Muse, 1990 [1993])
 * Mosaic (Music Masters, 1990 [1992]) as Eastern Rebellion
 * Simple Pleasure (Music Masters, 1993) as Eastern Rebellion
 * Manhattan Afternoon (Criss Cross Jazz, 1992 [1994])
 * Just One of Those Nights: At the Village Vanguard (Music Masters, 1995) as Eastern Rebellion

With Don Wilkerson

 * The Texas Twister (1960)
 * Preach Brother! (1962)

With David Williams

 * Up Front (Timeless, 1987)

With Jack Wilson

 * Easterly Winds (Blue Note, 1967)

title: Billy Higgins