text:
Talk:Mise-en-scène

Missing
The article seems to completely miss the purpose of mise en scène, and that is to convey information outside of the framework of spoken dialogue. I will include the paragraph: We see mise en scène'' used when the director wishes to give an impression of the characters or situation without vocally articulating it through the framework of spoken dialogue, and typically does not represent a reallistic setting. The common example is that of a cluttered, disorganized apartment being used to reflect the disorganization in a character's life in general, or a spartanly decorated apartment to convey a character with an "empty soul", in both cases specifically and intentionally ignoring any practicallity in the setting.'' capnmidnight 19:47, 6 January 2007 (UTC) I must strongly object to the article's first suggesting that the term is used in the legitimate theatre, and then saying it has few uses outside the cinema. Mise en scene has been used in theatre and theatre education for years, and even metaphorically in such areas as architecture and sculpture. It is the arrangement of objects in the frame of what is viewed (originally, the proscaenium in theatre, and then, by learned borrowing, the frame in film) to evoke memory and emotion.

Gone
I've removed this:

"is one of the currently-dominant theories of conveying information in the cinema. It maintains that long takes and frequent camera moves are preferred over chopping up a scene through editing."

- because as it stood it was inaccurate. It seemed to refer to Bazin's views on the integrity of compositional fields, but mise en scene wasn't the name of Bazin's "theory" per se, but rather a concept named by that "theory". It's like saying "Steam Power" was the name of the first locomotive train, IMHO. The information isn't incorrect in itself, but misplaced. If someone can find a way to rework it in a more appropriate relation to the entry as-is, that'd be great. --Chips Critic 21:51, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Term
I thought "metteur en scène" was a non-disparaging term for "director" in french. --Hfs 20:45, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * For auteurists, a metteur en scène was the oppositive of an auteur and was seen to be an uncreative hack.--JButler 12:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

The "metteur en scène" bit was inaccurate and has been removed. The French word for director (in cinema) is "réalisateur." Check any director on the French language wikipedia for confirmation. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.174.164.11 (talk) 05:14, 18 May 2013 (UTC)

Hyphens, Please
I think this term is most commonly hyphenated--a la "mise-en-scene." Perhaps the main article should be the hyphenated version and this article should redirect to it?--JButler 12:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest moving slowly on this front. You may well be right, but my initial poking around on Google suggests to me that both uses are very common.  If both hyphenated and not hyphenated are common, I'd suggest going with whatever is more "correct"...I'm not great with French, but I suspect not hyphenated is the way a French speaker would write it.  If hyphenated is really the most common usage, maybe you can track down some statistics on that front?  This looks like a tough question to answer. Jwrosenzweig 12:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's funny, but the reading cited at the end of the article — the textbook in the Intro to Film course I took last year — uses the hyphenated, non-accented form. At the very least, this should be consistent. It seems a literal French to English translation of the phrase "setting in scene" would be written as in the article, but the reappropriation of the term to its current meaning in Western film studies coincides with the addition of the hyphens and the dropping of the accent to recast it as a single term rather than a phrase. I guess it boils down to whether the article should make that distinction or not. Perhaps an additional section in the article could explain this for other puzzles minds such as ours. DDarland 06:49, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

I'd like to renew my call for hyphens in mise-en-scene. Even the external links cited here use 'em! --Jeremy Butler 12:54, 28 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd second the hyphen version. Borisblue 04:51, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'm going to add hyphens. At the very least, the article should be consistent throughout. If not, there should be an explanation addressed as to why it is not. Hendo1769 (talk) 21:27, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

The French term is mise en scène--with no hyphens. JButler gives an English-speaker's interpretation, based on similar compound noun constructions in English that usually take hyphenation. Source: Le Petit Robert (major authoritative French dictionary), Paris, 2000, p. 1589: "MISE EN SCÈNE : organisation matérielle de la représentation d'une pièce, d'un opéra (choix des décors, places, mouvements et jeu des acteurs, etc.)" See also the French version in Wikipedia.fr: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mise_en_scène BillDeeUS (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:07, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Undefined?

 * Mise en scène [mizA~sEn] has been called film criticism's "grand undefined term"......

Every film book I read has defined mise-en-scene more or less the same, the decor or visual look of a film within a single shot, owing to the set-up, which derives itself differently from cinematography. Why is it that Wikipedia fails to recognize this? Mandel 15:38, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Movie magazine in the 1960s thought of mise-en-scene as ALL aspects of visual style -- both cinematogrphy & set elements -- and its authors were known as "mise-en-scene auteurist" critics. Andrew Sarris has called mise-en-scene the "elan of the soul."  And so on... The term is "undefined" because there is such varied use of it. One might actually say it's OVER-defined! --Jeremy Butler 13:00, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Either way there is a basic definition of it that I think this article could do a better job of conveying. If you walk into any film class and the teacher asks you directly what it means and you can't say "it is an undefined term," no you have to, and can, give an answer. It's broad as it has to deal with most everything in the visual composition of a shot, but it can be defined. People come to wikipedia to fill holes in the knowledge (or expand to complexity new areas) we shouldn't have to make them wade through all of films dense pretension. It should definitely be mentioned that the term is used in broader or narrower ways by different people, but a standard prevailing definition should be given.140.232.144.129 (talk) 16:38, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

MISE-EN-SCENE Defined by Robert Kolker, Film Form and Culture
Mise-en-scène is a French term and originates in the theater. It means, literally, "put in the scene." For film, it has a broader meaning, and refers to almost everything that goes into the composition of the shot, including the composition itself: framing, movement of the camera and characters, lighting, set design and gen eral visual environment, even sound as it helps elaborate the composition. Mise-en-scène can be defined as the articulation of cinematic space, and it is precisely space that it is about. Cutting is about time; the shot is about what occurs in a defined area of space, bordered by the frame of the movie screen and determined by what the camera has been made to record. That space, the mise-en-scène, can be unique, closed off by the frame, or open, providing the illusion of more space around it. --Eyoung4 15:00, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Possible Plagiarism?
The vast majority of this article is a straight lift, word for word, of the book used in some Film Studies courses in the US and UK. Just a head's up. The article even uses the same picture example as presented in the book. I can't remember the name of the textbook but it's not the one presented under the "further reading" section.

It came with a DVD of short films displaying certain techniques and lots of in-depth analysis of the industry and techniques of film by an American professor. I'll get back on that one when the guy I l know who owns the book can confirm the title.

Anyway, this is a lift from a textbook and is definitely copyrighted, except the nerdfest at the end about comics and video games.

The book is called "Looking at Movies: An introduction to film" by Richard Barsam. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.36.125.143 (talk) 22:29, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

88.109.54.157 (talk) 02:08, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Calgary
I'm told what is said here is actually not true. Mise-en-scène has nothing to do with the expressionist style of the movie. Unless someone can cite something, all references should be removed. Vegfarandi (talk) 23:32, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

I'm not sure what the issue is with Caligari. The set design is certainly part of the expressionist aesthetic of the film. Set design is part of mise-en-scène. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mholtmeier (talk • contribs) 21:54, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Staging
See Talk:Staging (theatre, film, television). Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 09:30, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mise-en-scène


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Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll

Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll (c. 1486 – 9 October 1529) was a Scottish nobleman and soldier. He was also known as "Cailen Malloch".

Life
Colin Campbell was the son of Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll and Lady Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox. In 1506/07, he married Lady Jean Gordon, the eldest daughter of Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly by his first wife, Lady Jean Stewart. He succeeded as Earl of Argyll upon the death of his father on 9 September 1513.

Campbell led an army against the insurrection of various Highland chieftains; a few years later, he joined the court of King James V of Scotland. He was given the position of Lord Warden of the Marches, and in 1528, Lord Justice General of Scotland. He died on 9 October 1529, and was buried at Kilmun Parish Church on the Cowal Peninsula, west of Scotland. Colin Campbell was succeeded by his son, Archibald Campbell. The Campbell family resided at Castle Campbell, near Dollar, Clackmannanshire, Scotland.

Family
Children of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll and Lady Jean Gordon:
 * Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll (d. bt 21 August 1558 – 2 December 1558), married three times.
 * John Campbell, 1st of Lochnell (d. 13 May 1568), was killed at the Battle of Langside.
 * Lady Elizabeth Campbell (d. c. 1548), married: firstly, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, an illegitimate son of King James IV of Scotland; secondly, John Gordon, 11th Earl of Sutherland
 * Lady Agnes Campbell (b. 1526, d. 1601), married: firstly, James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg; secondly, Sir Turlough Luineach O'Neill of Tír Eoghain, Ireland.

Campbell's sister, Lady Catherine Campbell, survived a murder attempt by her husband, Lachlan Maclean of Duart, in 1527. Maclean rowed out to Lady's Rock in the Firth of Lorne one night at low tide and left his wife stranded.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll


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Nitro (Six Flags Great Adventure)

Nitro is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the Hyper Coaster model opened to the public on April 7, 2001. Since its debut, Nitro has consistently ranked high among steel coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards from Amusement Today, peaking in third place during its tenure.

History
In August 2000, land preparation of a new attraction began right behind some maintenance buildings. Several concrete footers were being poured in September. The construction was visible from the patio of the Captain Jack's restaurant. Workers continued to work in the forest and the shores of Prospertown Lake. Vertical construction began in December 2000 and the new attraction would cover 6 acres of land.

On February 1, 2001, Six Flags Great Adventure confirmed that the new attraction would be named Nitro and be a hypercoaster. The ride would be the third Bolliger & Mabillard roller coaster at the park, with the other two being Batman: The Ride and Medusa. Billed as the most explosive coaster on the planet, it would be the largest single investment in 27 years.

Nitro was completed on time, opening to the general public at the start of the 2001 season on April 7. Four days later on April 11, the park hosted a special event. Former WWE wrestler Mick Foley slid down the handle of a detonator as fireworks exploded above the queue line and one of the trains exited the station.

Layout
After leaving the station, the train makes a left U-turn and ascends a 230 ft lift hill. After cresting the top, the train drops 215 ft at a 68-degree angle, reaching a maximum speed of 80 mph. The train then ascends a 189 ft hill and dives down to the left, coasting over another large airtime hill. Afterwards, Nitro enters an element known as a hammerhead turn, a tight U-turn, which veers to the right. Traveling over another camelback hill, Nitro enters its S-curve and into the 540-degree helix. After the mid course brake run, Nitro travels over three camelback hills, followed by a final brake run before returning to the station.

Trains
Nitro operates with three open-air steel and fiberglass trains with individual lap bar restraints. Each train has nine cars with riders arranged four across in a single row for a total of 36 riders per train.

Track
The steel track is 5394 ft in length and the height of the lift is approximately 230 ft. It was manufactured by Clermont Steel Fabricators located in Batavia, Ohio.

Incidents
In the summer of 2014, on a Friday afternoon, Nitro passengers found themselves stuck part way up the first 233-foot high hill of the ride. Six Flags park officials say a power outage to the ride was to blame. No one was injured as a result of the stoppage. Ride operators climbed up, helped the passengers out of their seats, and down the stairs, NBC News reported.

On Sunday, July 11, 2021, Nitro was temporarily suspended after a complaint was made that a restraining lap bar had unfastened on one of the trains. Following this guest concern, the ride was closed for a few hours. After the three coaster trains were thoroughly inspected by Six Flags' maintenance team and the ride was found to be operating without any safety concerns regarding the lap bar situation, Nitro was reopened with the other two trains.

title: Nitro (Six Flags Great Adventure)


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Paul Bouts

Paul Bouts (1900–1999) was a Belgian phrenologist and pedagogue. Born in the province of Limburg, he was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1926.

In the pedagogic environment of the Normal School (pedagogic academy) of Tienen, Belgium, where he taught from 1924, he specialised in characterological studies and devised a new method of characterological analysis, which he called Psychognomy and which was largely based on the pseudoscience of phrenology, combined with typology and graphology. This led to his life-work, La Psychognomie, initially published in Paris by the "Librairie philosophique Alcan". It was subsequently translated in Dutch and Portuguese. The theories of Bouts were further developed in specialised institutes which were founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Chicoutimi, Québec. Bouts continued his research in the field with the paleo-anthropological work Les Grandioses Destinées Individuelle et Humaine dans la Lumière de la Caractérologie et de l'Evolution cérébro-cranienne. In this work he developed a teleological and orthogenetical view on a perfecting evolution, from the paleo-encephalical skull shapes of prehistoric man, which he considered still prevalent in criminals and, in his view, "savages".

After the Second World War, Bouts experienced serious health problems, due to overburdening. These enticed him to study a healthy lifestyle, which he described in his work Modern Hygiene of Intellectuals (published in French as Hygiène Moderne des Intellectuels, and in Dutch under the title Ik ben nooit moe, i.e. I am never tired). He underlined the importance of wholesome, healthy food and of the maintenance of respiratory capacity through exercise. The adoption of this healthy lifestyle allowed him to regain full strength and to lead a productive life until age 99.

In 1967 he established himself on the woody Middelberg hill in Rotselaar, Belgium (in Flemish Brabant, 35 km east of Brussels), where he built the St. Paul's Home, as well as a reform shop called Sol & Vita. He continued to publish a number of spiritual works, like Onze overheerlijke lotsbestemming, het Paradijs (Paradise, our marvellous destiny, in Dutch).

Paul Bouts is also keeper of several inventor's patents.

title: Paul Bouts


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Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll

Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll or Archibald "the Red" Campbell (c. 1507 – 1558), was a Scottish nobleman and politician.

Biography
Archibald Campbell was the eldest son of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll (died 1529) and Lady Jean Gordon, daughter of Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly. Immediately after succeeding as Earl of Argyll and to the offices of his father, in October 1529, he was put in command of an expedition to quell an insurrection in the southern Scottish Isles. The voluntary submission of the main chiefs resulted; and Alexander MacDonald of Dunnyveg, a prime mover in the insurrection, was able to convince King James V of Scotland that he was personally well disposed to the government. More than that, MacDonald argued that the disturbances in the Isles were chiefly because the Earls of Argyll had made use of the office of lieutenant over the Isles, for their own personal aggrandizement. Archibald was therefore summoned before the King to give an account of the duties and rental of the Isles, received by him; and, as the result of the inquiry, he was committed for a time to prison. Shortly afterwards, he was liberated, but was deprived of his offices, and they were not restored to him until after the death of King James V.

In a charter of 28 April 1542, Archibald Campbell was called "master of the king's wine cellar". Along with the Earl of Huntly and the Earl of Moray, he was named one of the Council of the Scottish Monarchy in the document which Cardinal Beaton produced as the will of King James V, and which also appointed Beaton governor of the Kingdom and guardian to the infant Mary, Queen of Scots, daughter and heir of King James. After the arrest of Beaton, on 20 January 1543, Archibald retired to his own lands to muster a force in order to maintain the struggle against James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, who had been chosen governor. Shortly afterwards, the Earls of Argyll, Huntly, Moray, and the Earl of Bothwell, supported by many of the barons and landed gentry, as well as by the bishops and abbots, assembled at Perth, vowing their determination to resist the measures of the governor. On being summoned by the governor to disperse, they did not resist; but when it became known that King Henry VIII of England had succeeded in arranging a treaty of marriage between the young queen Mary and his son, Prince Edward Tudor, the Earls of Argyll, Huntly, Bothwell, and Lennox marched from Stirling with a force of ten thousand men, and compelled the governor to surrender to their charge, the infant Queen, with whom they returned to Stirling.

In the summer of 1544, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, who had joined over to the party of King Henry VIII, plundered the Isle of Arran, and made himself master of the Isle of Bute and Rothesay Castle, with the support of eighteen ships and 800 men supplied by King Henry. As he sailed down the River Clyde, he was fired on by Archibald, who with four thousand men occupied Dunoon Castle. After a consultation with his English officers, Lennox attacked Dunoon Castle, as well as burning the nearby village and church. Sustaining great loss, Archibald was driven out of the castle. Lennox subsequently then laid waste a large part of Kintyre, but as he had not succeeded in regaining possession of his stronghold, Dumbarton Castle, Lennox retreated to his ships and sailed for England around 28 May 1544. Later, on the forfeiture of the estates of Lennox, Archibald was rewarded with the largest share. Although Lennox continued to arouse discontent in the Isles, the practical result of his actions only increased the power of the Earl of Argyll.

At the Battle of Pinkie, on 10 September 1547, the Earl of Argyll, with four thousand west Highlanders, held command of the right wing of the Scottish army. In January 1548, he advanced to Dundee to capture Broughty Castle; but English negotiators deterred him, even if he denied the rumours that he favored England and had been bought off. At the siege of Haddington, he was made "Knight of the Cockle" by King Henry II of France, at the same time as the Earls of Angus and Huntly.

Argyll wrote to Mary of Guise from Dunstaffnage Castle on 12 August 1554 after receiving her instructions to suppress rebellion in the Western Isles. He would proceed towards Mull and meet up with James McConnell and MacLaine, and Salabous, the Captain of Dunbar, had brought his soldiers.

Archibald Campbell had come under the influence of John Knox and the Scottish Reformation. On his way to Geneva in 1556, Knox stayed with him at Castle Campbell. After the agreement of the barons, in December 1557, that the reformed preachers should teach in private houses till the government should allow them to preach in public, Archibald took on the protection of John Douglas, a Carmelite friar. To induce Archibald to renounce the reformed faith, John Hamilton, Archbishop of St. Andrews, sent him a long letter, to which he wrote a detailed answer.

Archibald Campbell died between 21 August 1558 and 2 December 1558 in Dulnynn, Scotland. He was buried at Kilmun Parish Church in Cowal, Scotland. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son, also named Archibald Campbell.

Family
Archibald Campbell was married three times. He was married firstly to Lady Helen Hamilton (died in or before 1541), daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran and Janet Bethune. They had a son:
 * Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll
 * Lady Janet Campbell, who married Calvagh O'Donnell, Lord of Tyrconnell. Many popular accounts of the family of Calvagh O'Donnell (c. 1515-1566) confuse the identities of his wives and their relationships to the Earls of Argyll. Calvagh's first known wife, however, was definitely a sister of the 5th Earl, and therefore a daughter of the 4th Earl.  "Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Ireland of the Reign(s) of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth", originally published in 1860, Vol. 1, page 159. Accessed 17 Dec. 2017 here through Google Books.  This relationship is referenced in correspondence of the English government in 1555 and 1560, although the marriage could have occurred as early as the 1540s, when Manus O'Donnell, Calvagh's father, entered into an alliance with the 4th Earl.   "The Dictionary of National Biography", ed. by Leslie Stephen & Sir Sidney Lee, published 1895, page 441. Accessed 14 Dec. 2017 here through Google Books.  The only known source for her given name occurs centuries later in the O'Donnell family archives.  "Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage", published 1885, Vol. 47, page 1012. Accessed here through Google Books 14 Dec. 2017.  By 30 May 1561, Calvagh had remarried to Catherine Maclean, widow of the 4th Earl, who is frequently referred to as the Countess or former Countess of Argyll in English government correspondence.  "Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Ireland of the Reign(s) of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth", originally published 1860, Vol. 1, page 591. Accessed here through Google Books 17 Dec. 2107.

Archibald was married secondly to Lady Margaret Graham, daughter of William Graham, 3rd Earl of Menteith and Margaret Moubray, on 21 April 1541 at the Priory of Inchmahome. They had three children:
 * Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll
 * Lady Margaret Campbell (died February 1572) who married James Stewart, 1st Lord Doune at Castle Campbell in January 1563.

 * Lady Jeanette (or Janet) Campbell, who married Hector Og Maclean, 9th of Duart.
 * Lady Agnes Campbell (born c. 1538)

Archibald was married thirdly to Catherine Maclean, daughter of Hector Mor Maclean, 8th of Duart and Mary MacDonald, on 12 March 1546.

He had two other children who were illegitimate:
 * Mary Campbell, who married Sir James Stewart of Ardmaleish, son of Ninian Stewart of Ardmaleish and Elizabeth Blair.
 * Agnes Campbell (born illegitimately to Janet Gordon, daughter of Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly).

title: Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll


text:
WPP plc

WPP plc is a British multinational communications, advertising, public relations, technology, and commerce holding company headquartered in London, England. It is the world's largest advertising company, as of 2023. WPP plc owns many companies, which include advertising, public relations, media, and market research networks such as AKQA, BCW, CMI Media Group, Essence Global, Finsbury, Grey, Hill & Knowlton, Mindshare, Ogilvy, Wavemaker, and VML. It is one of the "Big Four" agency companies, alongside Publicis, The Interpublic Group of Companies, and Omnicom Group. WPP has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

On 14 April 2018, Martin Sorrell retired 33 years after founding the company. Roberto Quarta is chairman. Mark Read is the CEO.

History
The company was founded as Wire and Plastic Products plc to manufacture wire shopping baskets in 1971. In 1985 Martin Sorrell and Preston Rabl, searching for a listed company through which to build a worldwide marketing services company, bought a controlling stake.

In 1986, WPP became the parent company of Picquotware, a manufacturer of teapots and jugs, based in Northampton. In November 1987 a fire destroyed the Northampton factory, so production was restarted at Burntwood in Staffordshire. On 25 November 2004 WPP closed the Burntwood factory, and stopped manufacturing Picquotware; all assets were sold on 14 December 2004.

In the 1980s, WPP began its strategy of growth via acquisitions. In later years, WPP regularly acquired dozens of companies annually. In January 1987, the company acquired Scott Stern Associates, at the time Scotland's largest design and advertising company. In the same year (1987), the company acquired J. Walter Thompson (including JWT, Hill & Knowlton, and MRB Group) for $566m. The company was listed on the NASDAQ in 1988 (and later switched its secondary listing to the NYSE). In 1989, it acquired Ogilvy Group for $864m.

WPP's acquisitions continued into the 1990s, when WPP bought firms in the healthcare advertising, digital-marketing, online shopping, digital media, data management, retail and corporate consultancy, and sports-marketing industries. This included the 1999 acquisition of Lambie-Nairn. In 1998, WPP formed an alliance with Asatsu-DK Inc. of Japan.

In May 2000, WPP agreed to acquire the United States-based Young & Rubicam Group for $5.7 billion, in what was at the time the largest ever takeover in the advertising sector. The takeover made WPP the largest advertising company in the world measured by billings and revenue, overtaking Omnicom Group and Interpublic.

In the 2000s, WPP Digital was created to develop the group's digital capabilities. In October 2008, WPP acquired market research firm Taylor Nelson Sofres for £1.6 billion. During 2009 WPP reduced its workforce by around 14,000 employees, or 12.3% of its then total staff numbers, in response to the onset of the 2008–2012 global recession.

In June 2012, WPP agreed to acquire the digital advertising agency AKQA for US$540 million. In November 2015, WPP agreed to acquire a majority stake in Essence, a global digital agency.

In November 2016, WPP announced it will be acquiring PEP, LLC, a project management and procurement company that oversees shopper marketing promotions for clients, in the US.

Many of WPP's constituent agencies use Microsoft Windows, and the organisation was among those hit by the 2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine, with some staff's computer access limited to webmail only as much as ten days later.

WPP merged Burson-Marsteller with Cohn & Wolfe to become BCW (Burson Cohn & Wolfe) in February 2018.

In April 2018, Martin Sorrell retired after 33 years, following allegations of personal misconduct and misuse of company assets. Sorrell has denied the allegations. Chairman Roberto Quarta was temporarily named executive chairman. In September 2018, Mark Read, who was the global CEO of Wunderman, was named CEO.

In the late 2010s, the advertising industry faced significant challenges. Changes in the industry landscape included financial pressure on global clients, in particular fast-moving consumer goods clients, companies taking work in-house, the ability to directly advertise on tech platforms, and competition with consultancies. While WPP had previously outperformed other companies in the industry, its growth slowed starting in 2017 and its market value dropped in 2018. Critics said WPP needed to become "nimbler" and "leaner". At the time, many WPP agencies operated mostly independently and competed for accounts. In late 2018, Read said the company had grown "unwieldy with too much duplication". He instituted a plan to reposition WPP as a "creative transformation company" and make its offer simpler. Read emphasized the importance of technology and also merged several WPP agencies: J. Walter Thompson merged with Wunderman to create Wunderman Thompson and Y&R merged with VML to create VMLY&R. Within Read's first year as CEO, he trimmed WPP by selling more than 30 subsidiaries, including a majority stake in Kantar. By selling a majority stake of Kantar to Bain Capital, WPP is believed to have generated $3.1 billion to help pay down debt. Read also sold the original Wire and Plastic Products company that Sorrell had purchased to create his business empire.

The sale of 60% of the shares in Kantar was completed in December 2019. $1.9bn was used to reduce WPP's debt, and $1.2bn was returned to shareholders.

In July 2022, WPP acquired Corebiz, a Latin American ecommerce agency, for an undisclosed amount.

Operations
WPP is a large holding company involved in communications, advertising, public relations, and other businesses. It is considered the world's biggest advertising agency group. WPP focuses on communications, experience, commerce, and technology. Headquartered in London, England, WPP has approximately 130,000 employees throughout its portfolio of businesses across more than 100 countries, as of 2018.

WPP's notable advertising agency company holdings include Grey, Ogilvy, VMLY&R, and Wunderman Thompson. The XM Gravity Indonesia subsidiary company was founded in 2008.

WPP's digital company holdings include AKQA. WPP's public relations and public affairs company holdings include Hill+Knowlton Strategies, BCW (Burson Cohn & Wolfe), and Ogilvy. WPP's media investment management company holdings include GroupM, Mindshare, Wavemaker and Essence. WPP's research insight and consulting companies include Kantar. Hogarth Worldwide is a WPP-owned production company.

WPP's shopper marketing promotions company is PEP, LLC (formerly Promotion Execution Partners). WPP-owned brand consultancies include Superunion (a combination of Brand Union, Lambie-Nairn, and three other brand consulting businesses) and Landor.

Cillit Bang viral marketing controversy
In 2005 advertising agency Cohn & Wolfe (later merged into WPP) was contracted by Reckitt to operate a blog as the fictional character Barry Scott, advertising mascot for Reckitt's cleaning fluid Cillit Bang, as a viral marketing platform. In October of that year blogger Tom Coates wrote an emotional post to his own blog about his long-estranged father. Among the expressions of condolences and sympathy in the post's comment section was one from a user identifying themselves as Barry Scott, with a link back to Cohn & Wolfe's in-character blog as Barry Scott. Offended by the apparent use of his blog comments on such a personal post as a spam advertising venue, Coates traced the comment's originating IP address through addresses owned by Young & Rubicam and back to Reckitt. Reckitt initially denied responsibility for the message, but wrote Coates an apology acknowledging the message's inappropriateness, and Cohn & Wolfe issued a statement of remorse for their misuse of the "experimental" blog which they then ceased operating.

The controversy and its fallout led to further discussions among the blogger community as well as the advertising industry on the ethical issues surrounding blogs being "operated" by fictional characters for the purposes of advertising without being clearly labeled as such, and the extent to which those blogs should be allowed to participate in the greater blogosphere.

2012 shareholder revolt on executive remuneration
With a number of shareholder revolts over executive pay having already happened at other public companies' AGMs earlier in the year, the media coverage of Martin Sorrell's intended £12.93m compensation package drew increasing public attention in 2012. The result was a 59.52% shareholder vote to reject the resolution.

Taxation
It has been reported that WPP goes to great lengths to lower its own corporate tax bill. The Guardian reported that between 2003 and 2009 the company paid £27m in UK corporation tax, compared to what the newspaper "might expect" based on reports of the firm making 15% of its profit in the UK, of around £126m.

Television audience measurement
In 2012, the Indian broadcasting NDTV filed a lawsuit against Television Audience Measurement (TAM), a joint venture of the former competitors Nielsen and Kantar Media Research which for years has provided the only TV audience measurement system in India. The lawsuit alleged that viewership data were manipulated in favor of broadcasters willing to provide bribes. WPP Plc was listed among the defendants as the holding group of Kantar and IMRB.

The lawsuit was dismissed in its entirety on 4 March 2013.

Work for fossil fuel companies
WPP handles the accounts of many major oil companies. Asked by Reuters to disclose their client list, WPP refused to do so. WPP has defended its work for fossil fuel companies. Lawsuits have alleged that four of WPP's advertisement campaigns for fossil fuel companies have been misleading or entailed greenwashing.

Violating the law in Vietnam
WPP has been fined on three occasions by the Ministry of Information and Communications for advertising products on YouTube and Facebook in a manner which breached Vietnam's strict laws on cross-border advertising. The legislation is designed to combat offensive material which is intended to damage the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Government of Vietnam. WPP had committed various advertising violations, including inserting advertisements into intervals in the Chinese drama series Flight to You which depicted the disputed U-shaped line.

title: WPP plc


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Talk:Defect

Why is this page here when it does not point to any Wikipedia articles about anything called "defect"? This is not supposed to be a dictionary? Michael Hardy 21:56, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Was
How 41.114.26.249 (talk) 18:27, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Defect


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The Millennial Project

The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps by Marshall T. Savage is a book (published in 1992 and reprinted in 1994 with an introduction by Arthur C. Clarke) in the field of exploratory engineering that gives a series of concrete stages the author believes will lead to interstellar colonization. Many specific scientific and engineering details are presented, as are numerous issues involved in space colonization.

The book's thesis
Savage takes a Malthusian view of the exponential growth of human population and life in general, and also recommends the exponential growth of blue-green algae for sustenance. He states that it is humanity's destiny to colonize every star in the galaxy. He draws heavily on the Fermi paradox (briefly stated as, "If there is intelligent life in space, why haven't we found it yet?") to support his position that it is humanity's burden alone to ignite the universe with the "spark of Life." In The Millennial Project, he calls for the creation of an international foundation to realize these goals. Originally known as the First Millennial Foundation (founded by Savage in 1987), the organization changed its name to the Living Universe Foundation.

The steps of the project
The "Eight Easy Steps" proposed by Savage are as follows: In the early stages of the Project, Savage recommends Spirulina algae as a primary foodstuff, supplemented by seafood mariculture from the cities of the Aquarius phase.
 * 1) Foundation – constitute an organization convened to realize these destinies.
 * 2) Aquarius – build arcologies in the tropical oceans as a first step to learning how to build ("grow" ) colonies in space using a method not unlike that used by living corals developed by Prof. Wolf Hartmut Hilbertz and applying his concept of Cybertecture. They also would generate income to fund later steps.
 * 3) Bifrost – first step in actually getting off the Earth using ground-based free-electron-laser-powered laser-propelled Waverider. Leik Myrabo, an aerospace engineering professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, demonstrated the feasibility of using ground-based lasers to propel objects into orbit in 1988.
 * 4) Asgard – build a space station in geosynchronous orbit.
 * 5) Avalon – build colonies on the Moon by doming over the craters and creating miniature ecologies.
 * 6) Elysium – start terraforming Mars to "create a living planet to sustain us" connected with Earth through Buzz Aldrin's proposed Mars Transit System, an example of Earth-Mars cycler.
 * 7) Solaria – mine asteroids to create asteroid colonies and Asgard-like stations throughout the Solar System to create a Dyson cloud.
 * 8) Galactia – colonize beyond the Solar System, expand throughout the galaxy heading to a level 3 on the Kardashev scale, a method of measuring a civilization's level of energy production and consumption.

The Living Universe Foundation, previously known as the First Millennial Foundation, is an organization that supports ocean and space colonization more or less based upon the book The Millennial Project. Space Environments Ecovillage in Bastrop, Texas, is one of the few LUF projects that have materialized so far.

Criticisms
The book has drawn some criticism in that while it is replete with details concerning OTEC construction and space colonization, it touches very little on the subject of how governments and societies will need to change to enact the Project. Defenders and the author himself maintain that one man writing one book cannot be expected to write out the entire course of human development over the next millennium, and that others more suited to the field of social psychology will be needed for the Project's completion.

title: The Millennial Project


text: Talk:Culture of Uruguay

title: Talk:Culture of Uruguay


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Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll

Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll (c. 1542– October 1584) was a Scottish nobleman and politician. He was appointed to the Lord Chancellorship of Scotland.

Biography
He was the eldest son of Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll and his second wife Margaret Graham. He was a younger half-brother of Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll. His maternal grandparents were William Graham, 3rd Earl of Menteith and Margaret Moubray.

Argyll made a progress in Lorne, Argyll, and Cowal in July 1574 holding courts and executing those convicted of "slaughter, murder, theft, or common sorcery." Around 160 people were executed by hanging. Some "women and men suspected of witchcraft and sorcery were apprehended" and kept in prison or released on caution, until further trial. Argyll also ensured churches had ministers or readers teaching the Bible in Scottish Gaelic as translated by the late John Carswell, Bishop of the Isles. He sought the resolution of feuds between Aonghus MacDonald of Kintyre and Lachlan Mor Maclean, and MacConnell Gorm, Lord of the Isles, and the Laird of Glengarry.

In May 1583, James VI granted Colin Argyll and his wife Anne Keith the lands of Lundie, Forfarshire.

Marriages and family
Argyll was first married to Joan Stewart, daughter of Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven and his second wife Janet Stewart. (Her maternal grandparents were John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl and Lady Janet Campbell. Janet was a daughter of Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll and Elizabeth Stewart. Elizabeth was a daughter of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox and Margaret Montgomerie. Margaret was a daughter of Alexander Montgomerie, 1st Lord Montgomerie and Margaret Boyd.)

He married secondly Lady Agnes Keith. She was a daughter of William Keith, 4th Earl Marischal and his wife Margaret Keith. Their first child was a stillborn son. They had three children:

 * Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll (c. 1575–1638).
 * Sir Colin Campbell of Lundie (died c. 1650).
 * Jane Campbell

He died in 1584 and was buried at Kilmun Parish Church.

He had written his will at Darnaway Castle in September 1584. His goods included 18 pieces of tapestry at Castle Campbell and three horns set in silver.

title: Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll


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Santos Benavides

Santos Benavides (November 1, 1823 – November 9, 1891) was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War. Benavides was the highest-ranking Tejano soldier in the Confederate military.

Biography
Benavides was born in Laredo, a descendant of Tomás Sánchez de la Barrera y Garza, the founder of Laredo, as well as the descendant of Captain Francisco Baez De Benavides, born in the Canary Islands and a Spanish early colonist of Northern Mexico. Benavides was elected Mayor of Laredo in 1856 and then became Webb County Judge in 1859. He was a Captain of the 33rd Texas Cavalry, also called Benavides's Regiment, until he was promoted to Colonel in November 1863.

Colonel Santos Benavides became the highest ranking Tejano officer in the Confederate Army. There are instances of him acting as a slave catcher, venturing into Mexico and retrieving runaway slaves and returning them to their masters, for which he was compensated.

On May 22, 1861, at the Battle of Carrizo (also called Battle of Zapata), Benavides engaged the local Tejano leader Juan Cortina (who had invaded Zapata County, an event usually referred as the Second Cortina War), and drove him back into Mexico. Probably his greatest contribution to the Confederacy was securing passage of Confederate cotton to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico, in 1863. Due to the Union blockade of ports along the Gulf of Mexico, shipping cotton to Mexico was one of the few ways the Confederacy was able to earn needed cash. On March 18, 1864, Major Alfred Holt led a force of about two hundred men of the Union First Texas Cavalry who were stationed near Brownsville, Texas under the command of Colonel Edmund J. Davis, who had earlier offered Benavides a Union generalship. Their mission was to destroy five thousand bales of cotton stacked at the San Agustín Plaza in Laredo. Colonel Benavides commanded 42 men and repelled three Union attacks at the Zacate Creek in what is known as the Battle of Laredo. Colonel Benavides secured passage of the 5,000 cotton bales into Mexico. In May 1865, Benavides's regiment participated in the last land battle of the Civil War, the Battle of Palmito Ranch.

After the war ended, he resumed his merchant and ranching activities and remained active in politics. He served three terms in the Texas State Legislature from 1879 to 1885. He died in Laredo and is buried there.

title: Santos Benavides


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Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing

The Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing, also called the Ironworkers Memorial Bridge and Second Narrows Bridge, is the second bridge constructed at the Second (east) Narrows of Burrard Inlet in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Originally named the Second Narrows Bridge, it connects Vancouver to the North Shore of Burrard Inlet, which includes the District of North Vancouver, the City of North Vancouver, and West Vancouver. It was constructed adjacent to the older Second Narrows Bridge, which is now exclusively a rail bridge. Its construction, from 1956 to 1960, was marred by a multi-death collapse on June 17, 1958. The First Narrows Bridge, better known as Lions Gate Bridge, crosses Burrard Inlet about 8 km west of the Second Narrows.

The bridge is a steel truss cantilever bridge, designed by Swan Wooster Engineering Co. Ltd. Construction began in November 1957, and the bridge was officially opened on August 25, 1960. It cost approximately $23 million to build. Tolls were charged until April 1, 1963.

The bridge is 1292 m long with a centre span of 335 m. It is part of the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1).

Collapse
On June 17, 1958, as a crane stretched from the north side of the new bridge to join the two chords of the unfinished arch, several spans collapsed. Seventy-nine workers plunged 30 m into the water. Eighteen were killed either instantly or shortly thereafter, possibly drowned by their heavy tool belts. A diver searching for bodies drowned later, bringing the total fatalities for the collapse to nineteen. In a subsequent Royal Commission inquiry, the bridge collapse was attributed to miscalculation by bridge engineers. A temporary arm, holding the fifth anchor span, was deemed too light to bear the weight.

In December 1957, a safety inspector from the British Columbia Workmen's Compensation Board had reported that the installation of a safety net under the work platforms was "impracticable" following the death of another steelworker.

Renaming
The bridge was renamed the "Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing" on June 17, 1994, to honour the eighteen workers who died in the collapse, along with one rescue diver and four other workers who also died during the construction process.

In popular culture

 * Stompin' Tom Connors paid a musical tribute to the fallen ironworkers with the song "The Bridge Came Tumbling Down" on his 1972 album My Stompin' Grounds. (This song also appears on several later compilations, one of which was performed by Les Claypool's Duo de Twang).
 * Jimmy Dean's 1962 song "Steel Men" is a ballad about the Second Narrows bridge disaster.
 * Gary Geddes' 2007 book of poetry, entitled Falsework, is based on the collapse of the bridge.


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Sir Colin Campbell, 1st Baronet, of Lundie

Sir Colin Campbell of Lundie, 1st Baronet (died c. 1650) was a Scottish noble. He was the son of Colin Campbell of Lundie, who was youngest son of Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll. Sir Colin was created a baronet in 1627.

On 26 June 1599 he married Maria Campbell of Glen Orchy, Dowager Countess of Menteith (b. about 1572 Glenorchy, Argyllshire, Scotland, d. 14 December 1618), widow of John Graham, 6th Earl of Menteith (1571–1598).

In addition to her children with Menteith, Dame Maria and Sir Colin had at least one daughter, Mary Campbell of Lundie.


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Adams Morgan

Adams Morgan is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. Adams Morgan is noted as a historic hub for counterculture and as an arts district. It is also known for its popular entertainment district and culinary scene, centered on both 18th Street and Columbia Road.

In the 21st century, Adams Morgan has been a focus of urban redevelopment and become one of Washington's most gentrifying neighborhoods. Notable local businesses include the famed live music club Madam's Organ Blues Bar and the Michelin-starred restaurant Tail Up Goat, among others. Adams Morgan has also become one of the hubs of LGBT culture in Washington, D.C.

History
When the District of Columbia was created in 1791, Robert Peter and Anthony Holmead, two prominent colonial-era landowners, held the land comprising Adams Morgan. At that time, these local tracts were north of the original planned City of Washington, and were either undeveloped or only lightly farmed. As the population of D.C. expanded, this land was divided into several estates purchased by wealthy residents, including Meridian Hill, Cliffbourne, Holt House, Oak Lawn, Henderson Castle, a part of Kalorama, and the horse farm of William Thornton.

After the American Civil War, these estates were subdivided and the area slowly grew. Once the city's overall-layout plans were finalized in the 1890s, these various subdivisions, using modern construction techniques, developed more rapidly, and the area of Adams Morgan then grew into several attractive and largely upper- and middle-class neighborhoods.

In the early 20th century, the area was home to a range of people, from the very wealthy living along 16th Street, to white-collar professionals in Lanier Heights, to blue-collar residents east of 18th Street NW. After World War II and Brown v. Board of Education, racial desegregation began. When D.C. was formally desegregated, some whites abruptly left the area, other whites stayed and worked to integrate the neighborhood, and some African Americans and Hispanics moved into the area. With cheaper housing, the area also became home to some artists and social activists.

In 1948, Charles Lazarus founded Toys "R" Us in Adams Morgan. In the early 1950s, before desegregation, the neighborhood was considered "ritzy." Pursuant to the 1954 Bolling v. Sharpe Supreme Court ruling, district schools were desegregated in 1955. The Adams-Morgan Community Council, comprising both Adams and Morgan schools and the neighborhoods they served, formed in 1958 to implement progressively this desegregation. The boundaries of the neighborhood were drawn through four existing neighborhoods—Washington Heights, Lanier Heights, Kalorama Triangle, and Meridian Hill—naming the resulting area after both schools.

In 1955, Herbert Haft founded Dart Drug in Adams Morgan.

In the late 1960s, a group of residents worked with city officials to plan and construct the Marie H. Reed Recreation Center, an elementary school and recreational complex, named after the minister and civic leader. In 1967, the Ambassador Theater opened; it closed in 1969.

After the 1968 Washington, D.C., riots, white flight continued. In the 1980s, Hazel Williams operated Hazel's, which featured live blues and jazz, and its soul food offerings made it a favorite of Dizzy Gillespie and Muhammad Ali when they were in Washington, D.C.

The January 20, 2005 counter-inaugural protest included a march through Adams Morgan.

From 2010 to 2012, the city reconstructed 18th Street NW, one of the neighborhood's main commercial corridors, with wider sidewalks, more crosswalks and bicycle arrows, resulting in a more pedestrian-friendly thoroughfare. In September 2014, the American Planning Association named Adams Morgan one of the nation's "great neighborhoods," citing its intact Victorian rowhouses, murals, international diversity, and pedestrian- and cyclist-friendly streetscape. In 2021, many local businesses attempted to disband the local business improvement district. However, they were unsuccessful.

Geography
The name Adams Morgan, once hyphenated, is derived from the names of two formerly segregated area elementary schools—the older, all-black Thomas P. Morgan Elementary School (now defunct) and the all-white John Quincy Adams Elementary School, which merged in 1955 following racial desegregation.

Adams Morgan is bounded:
 * to the south by Florida Avenue NW and the Dupont Circle neighborhood
 * to the southwest by the Duke Ellington Bridge and by Connecticut Avenue NW and Kalorama-Sheridan
 * to the north by Harvard St. and Mount Pleasant
 * to the east by 16th Street NW and Columbia Heights

Reed-Cooke is often considered to be a sub-neighborhood of Adams Morgan, consisting of the easternmost area between Columbia Road and Florida avenue, but it can also be considered to be part of the Meridian Hill neighborhood.

Demographics

Along with neighboring Mount Pleasant and Columbia Heights, Adams Morgan long has been a gateway community for immigrants. Since the 1960s, the predominant international presence in both communities has been Latino, with the majority of immigrants coming from El Salvador, Guatemala and other Central American countries. It also has attracted immigrants from Africa, Asia and the Caribbean.

Since 1980, the population of the neighborhood increased marginally from 15,352 to 15,630, while average real annual household income more than doubled from $72,753 to $172,249 and the white non-Hispanic population increased from 51% to 68%.

It is also one of the centers of LGBT culture in Washington, D.C.

Economy
Adams Morgan is one of the most popular entertainment districts in Washington, known for its restaurants and bars.

Approximately 100 establishments possess liquor licenses. A moratorium on new liquor licenses has been in effect since 2000.

The Adams Morgan Partnership Business Improvement District (AMPBID) has been active in the community since 2005; its stated mission is to promote a clean, friendly and safe Adams Morgan. It sponsors local events such as summer concerts and holiday decorations, and provides information to residents.

Landmarks
The Adams Morgan farmers' market operates, weather permitting, every Saturday from June to December.

The area is home to a number of diplomatic missions, including the Embassy of the Central African Republic and the Embassy of Gabon.

Local historic landmarks include the Fuller House and Euclid Apartments.

Examples of public artwork in Adams Morgan include Carry the Rainbow on Your Shoulders, The Servant Christ, and The Mama Ayesha's Restaurant Presidential Mural.

Adams Morgan Day
Adams Morgan Day is a multicultural street celebration with live music and food and crafts booths.

Transportation
Adams Morgan is not directly served by the Washington Metro system. The station nearest to Adams Morgan, Woodley Park station, is in the Woodley Park neighborhood, but was renamed "Woodley Park–Zoo/Adams Morgan" in 1999 to reflect the station's proximity to Adams Morgan. The station was renamed "Woodley Park" with "Zoo/Adams Morgan" as a subtitle in 2011.

The southernmost parts of the neighborhood near Rock Creek Park are closer to the Dupont Circle station, while the northeastern parts of the neighborhood are closer to the Columbia Heights Station.

The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) operates a DC Circulator bus route connecting the center of Adams Morgan with both Metro stations. The area is also served by several WMATA Metrobus lines, including the 42, 43, 90, 92, 96, H1, L2, S2, and S9.

Education
The District of Columbia Public Schools is the public school system. Part of the neighborhood is assigned to Oyster-Adams K-8, part is assigned to Marie Reed Elementary and Columbia Heights Education Campus, and part is assigned to H.D. Cooke Elementary and Columbia Heights Education Campus. The entire neighborhood is assigned to Jackson-Reed High School.

Oyster Adams Bilingual School, the neighborhood K-8 school, was formed in 2007 by the merger of John Quincy Adams Elementary School in Adams Morgan and James F. Oyster Bilingual Elementary School in Woodley Park. The Adams campus serves grades 4-8 and the Oyster campus serves grades Pre-Kindergarten through 3.

The Marie Reed Elementary School, with its Learning Center, built in 1977, was extensively remodeled and reopened in 2017.

H.D. Cooke Elementary School is at 2525 17th Street; it was renovated in 2009 as an environmentally friendly green building.

Local politics
Adams Morgan is a part of Ward 1, and is in the service area of Advisory Neighborhood Commission 1C, the Adams Morgan Advisory Neighborhood Commission. The ANC covers the area between Harvard Street and Rock Creek to the north, Florida Avenue and U Street to the south, 16th Street NW to the east, and Connecticut Avenue to the west.

In popular culture
Adams Morgan is where jumbo slice pizza was popularized. Jumbo slice is an oversized New York-style pizza. It is particularly popular as a late-night meal.

The neighborhood is also where the D.C. hardcore punk rock scene became popular, eventually spreading to other parts of the country and the world.

The Madam's Organ Bar was described as a popular hangout by Playboy and Stuff, and was featured on the Wild On! travel series on E!.

Film and television
The neighborhood's competing "jumbo slice" pizza establishments were covered in an episode of the Travel Channel's Food Wars.

In the Showtime Network series Homeland Season 3, Episode 4 ("Game On"), the main character Carrie Mathison states that she lives in Adams Morgan.

Scenes from the 2010 movie How Do You Know featuring Paul Rudd and Reese Witherspoon were filmed in Adams Morgan.

In the Netflix series Taken, the neighborhood is mentioned in Season 1, Episode 8, as the location where a car bomb explodes.

In the 1993 feature film In the Line of Fire, Secret Service Agent Frank Horrigan (Clint Eastwood) lives in Adams Morgan, likely at the corner of 18th St NW and Belmont Rd NW. The film features several locations in Washington, and Adams Morgan in particular.

Notable residents

 * Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey
 * Vernon Orlando Bailey
 * William Bankhead
 * Carl Bernstein
 * Gary Condit
 * John L. DeWitt
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower
 * Mamie Eisenhower
 * Nora Ephron
 * Father's Children
 * Thomas Gore
 * Jim Graham
 * Alexander Campbell King
 * Jane Tunstall Lingo
 * Josephine Diebitsch Peary
 * Robert Peary
 * Nora Pouillon
 * Robert Maxwell Pringle
 * José Ribalta
 * Robert F. Rockwell
 * Wendell Phillips Stafford
 * Josiah Alexander Van Orsdel
 * Paul Zukerberg
 * Edgar George Brown
 * Saagar Enjeti
 * Rebecca Sugar

title: Adams Morgan


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USS Chauncey (DD-3)

The first USS Chauncey was a Bainbridge-class destroyer, also referred to as a "Torpedo-boat destroyer", in the United States Navy named for Commodore Isaac Chauncey. She was launched in 1901 and sunk in 1917.

Construction and design
Chauncey was laid down at Neafie and Levy Ship and Engine Building Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 2 December 1899 as a member of the Bainbridge class, and was launched on 26 October 1901.

Chauncey was 249 ft long overall and 244 ft at the waterline, with a beam of 23 ft and a draft of 6 ft. As the Bainbridge class was intended to be more seaworthy than the US Navy's torpedo boats, the ship had a raised forecastle instead of the "turtleback" forecastle common in European designs. Design displacement was 420 LT and 631 LT full load, although all ships of the class were overweight. Four Thornycroft boilers fed steam at 250 psi to triple expansion steam engines rated at 8000 ihp driving two shafts for a design speed of 28 kn. Four funnels were fitted. Armament consisted of two 3 in/50 caliber guns, five 6-pounder (57 mm) guns and two 18 in torpedo tubes.

Chauncey was placed in reduced commission on 20 November 1902, then placed in reserve on 2 December 1902 and received full commission on 21 February 1903. Lieutenant Stanford Elwood Moses was placed in command and Chauncey reported to the Atlantic Fleet.

Pre-World War I
Chauncey served with the Coast Squadron until 20 September 1903, when she was transferred to the Asiatic Fleet and left Key West for the Orient on 18 December. After sailing by way of the Suez Canal, she arrived at Cavite to join the force representing US interest in the Far East as it cruised in the Philippines during winters and off China during summers. Aside from the period of 3 December 1905 – 12 January 1907, when she was in reserve at Cavite, Chauncey continued this service until the entrance of America into World War I.

Sinking
The destroyer sailed from Cavite on 1 August 1917 for convoy escort duty in the eastern Atlantic, based at St. Nazaire, France. On 19 November, while about 110 mi west of Gibraltar on escort duty, Chauncey was rammed by the British merchantman SS Rose as both ships steamed in war-imposed darkness. At 03:17, Chauncey sank in 1500 fathom of water, taking to their death 21 men including her captain, Lieutenant Commander Walter E. Reno, the namesake of the Clemson-class destroyer USS Reno (DD-303), and LTJG Charles F. Wedderburn, the namesake of the Fletcher-class destroyer USS Wedderburn (DD-684). Seventy survivors were picked up by Rose, and carried to port.

Chauncey in literature
The novel Delilah was written by a survivor of Chauncey, Marcus Goodrich, and is a fictional account based on his experience serving aboard Chauncey as an enlisted man.

Noteworthy commanding officers

 * Ensign Joseph Rollie Defrees (26 September 1905 – 3 December 1905) (Later Rear Admiral)
 * Lieutenant Frank Jack Fletcher (18 April 1912 – 21 December 1912) (Later Admiral) - Fletcher-class destroyer named for his uncle, Medal of Honor recipient Admiral Frank F. Fletcher.

title: USS Chauncey (DD-3)


text:
User:Moquel

I am a stub :(

title: User:Moquel


text:
User:Ukuk~enwiki

Born in 1979, grew up in Lille, France, moved to Brazil in july, 2002.

Started editing wikipedia Nov 11, 2003.

Articles created

 * Motorcycles
 * Virago 535
 * Yamaha Virago
 * Virago, modified to a word definition page
 * Shadow 600
 * Shadow (motorcycle)
 * DragStar 650
 * DragStar
 * Street Fighter (motorcycle)
 * Ford Maverick
 * Purulent excretor
 * Albums of Waylander (Band)
 * Once Upon an Era
 * Dawning of a New Age
 * Reawakening Pride Once Lost
 * The Light, the Dark and the Endless Knot
 * Archive (band)
 * Ghostbusters II
 * Target panic

Significant contributions

 * Troll metal, text I added to Troll partly moved there by David Gerard
 * Troll, trolls in music
 * Waylander (Band), and their albums

fr:Utilisateur:Ukuk sv:Anv%E4ndare:Ukuk de:Benutzer:Ukuk pt:Usu%C3%A1rio:Ukuk

title: User:Ukuk~enwiki


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Second Narrows Rail Bridge

The Second Narrows Rail Bridge is a vertical-lift railway bridge that crosses the Burrard Inlet and connects Vancouver with the North Shore. The bridge's south end connects directly to the Thornton Tunnel, which connects it to the main Canadian rail network. As the name suggests, it is located at the second narrowing of the Burrard Inlet.

Background
During the Klondike Gold Rush, there were schemes to build a railway from Vancouver to the Dawson gold fields. The first stage in this would be to bridge Burrard Inlet and then build a railway north. John Hendry floated the Vancouver, Westminster, and Yukon Railway which built a line from Ladner to New Westminster and then to Vancouver via Burnaby Lake. This line was paired with the Great Northern Railway who also wanted trackage into Vancouver.

In the process, various other railroads all became involved in the bridging scheme: the Canadian Northern Railway, Milwaukee Road, and the Pacific Great Eastern Railway. The bridge itself would be owned by the Federal Government as they had control of harbours and shipping, and would lease access to the railways as they did with the rail bridge in New Westminster. One of the main reasons was that there was very little space on the south shore for wharves, thus railways wanted to develop the North Shore as the south side was occupied by another railway, the Canadian Pacific. A company was floated, the Burrard Inlet Bridge and Tunnel Company, and contracts were issued to span the tidal bore. At one point, a causeway was planned to dam the narrows and create bridges and wharves that way.

World War I intervened, as did the bankruptcy of all the interested railways. With it went dreams of the bridge and rails up Indian Arm, the Capilano valley, or via Howe Sound. However, the predecessor railways did sign contracts to build a bridge and a new Hotel Vancouver. Only after the war with huge increase in funding to improve harbours around the British Empire, partly due to problems associated with wartime shipping, did funds appear for the completion of the 1925 bridge. And so the north shore port became an amalgam of operations with Canadian National, Pacific Great Eastern and Harbour and Wharves Commission all using the bridge when it was not out of service. North Vancouver ferries operated at this time as well.

The essential wartime shipyards in North Vancouver underscored the need for reliable industrial access. Further, the expansion of Lynnterm, Wheat elevators, coal and the sulphur port in the 1960s indicated the growing use of the North Shore.

Original bridge (1925)
Northern Construction Co & J.W. Stewart Ltd built the first bridge to connect Vancouver with the North Shore over the tidal bore of the narrows. The attached vehicle deck opened to road traffic in 1925 and the main structure to trains a year later. After being hit by a number of ships and being out of service for four years, the provincial government bought the bridge in 1933 and installed a lift section of the deck.

In 1960, a new much larger and higher 6-lane Second Narrows Bridge with a 350 m span was completed alongside the original bridge, and the original bridge was converted exclusively for rail use. In 1994, the new road bridge was renamed the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing in honour of the ironworkers who died in accidents while building it. However, the new bridge is still commonly referred to as the Second Narrows Bridge.

Second bridge (1968)
In 1968, the original 1926 railbridge was replaced by CN Rail with a larger, higher lift bridge. A bridgetender activates cables and counterweights to raise the span. Unless moving a train across Burrard Inlet, the lift section is always in the up position to allow ships to go underneath.

The current bridge has a vertical clearance of 46 m at the main lift span fully raised (open position). The vertical lift section of the Second Narrows Railway Bridge provides 137 m clear navigation width between rubbing fenders. However, the Ironworkers Second Narrows road bridge has a vertical clearance of 44 m and the shipping channel where the maximum horizontal clearance available is 110 m wide.

Chronology of the bridges

 * 1902: The V. W. and Y Railway is completed to Burnaby. A bridge is planned.
 * 1910: Bridge plans by the Burrard Inlet Bridge and Tunnel Company are proposed.
 * 1912: Land speculation happens on the North Shore, subject to completion of a bridge.
 * 1914: A railway to Deep Cove and Port Moody is planned.
 * 1915: Stock market collapses; P. G. E. Railway goes bankrupt.
 * 1916: A causeway is planned; Canadian Northern goes bankrupt.
 * 1925: A smaller, lower bridge than originally envisioned is completed.
 * 1926: Trains begin using the bridge.
 * 1927: The freighter SS Eurana (1915), carrying large cargo of lumber, hits the bridge on March 10, causing almost $8,000 worth of damage.
 * 1928: Hit by freighter SS Norwich City.
 * 1930: The freighter Losmar hits the south span.
 * 1930: On September 13, the barge Pacific Gatherer becomes wedged under the bridge's fixed centre span. The tide rises, pushing the barge up under the span, knocking it off its supports. The span hangs off one side before suddenly breaking free and sinking into the depths of Burrard Inlet. Lawsuits and the bankruptcy of the Bridge company delay any attempt at repairs. The bridge remains closed for four years.
 * 1933: The bridge is sold to the provincial government and repairs begin.
 * 1934: The bridge reopens, with the bascule replaced by a centre lift span.
 * 1963: The bridge is closed to highway traffic and sold to the CNR for $1.
 * 1968: A new, larger lift bridge is built immediately to the east of the 1926 bridge.
 * 1969: The Thornton Tunnel is dug for CN trains to connect with the rail line at Willingdon.
 * 1970: The old 1926 bridge is removed, as are its cement piers.
 * 1979: In October, the Japanese freighter Japan Erica, carrying logs, collides with the bridge in a heavy fog, knocking a section of the bridge just north of the lift span into the water. The bridge is closed until March 4, 1980.

title: Second Narrows Rail Bridge