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Maid Marian

Maid Marian is the heroine of the Robin Hood legend in English folklore, often taken to be his lover. She is not mentioned in the early, medieval versions of the legend, but was the subject of at least two plays by 1600. Her history and circumstances are obscure, but she commanded high respect in Robin’s circle for her courage and independence as well as her beauty and loyalty. For this reason, she is celebrated by feminist commentators as one of the early strong female characters in English literature.

History
Maid Marian (or Marion) is never mentioned in any of the earliest extant ballads of Robin Hood. She appears to have been a character in May Games festivities (held during May and early June although it could be rarely held mid June, most commonly around Whitsun) and is sometimes associated with the Queen or Lady of May or May Day. In The Quest for Robin Hood, Jim Lees suggests that Maid Marian was originally a personification of the Virgin Mary. Both a "Robin" and a "Marian" character were associated with May Day by the 15th century, but these figures were apparently part of separate traditions; the Marian of the May Games is likely derived from the French tradition of a shepherdess named Marion and her shepherd lover Robin, recorded in Adam de la Halle's Le Jeu de Robin et Marion, circa 1283. It isn't clear if there was an association of the early "outlaw" character of Robin Hood and the early "May Day" character Robin, but they did become identified, and associated with the "Marian" character, by the 16th century. Alexander Barclay, writing in c. 1500, refers to "some merry fytte of Maid Marian or else of Robin Hood". Marian remained associated with May Day celebrations even after the association of Robin Hood with May Day had again faded. The early Robin Hood is also given a "shepherdess" love interest, in Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, and Marriage (Child Ballad 149), his sweetheart is "Clorinda the Queen of the Shepherdesses". Clorinda survives in some later stories as an alias of Marian. Francis James Child notes that the early mentions of Friar Tuck (another May Games character) are in association with Marian. By the mid 16th century the May Games had become increasingly bawdy, and in one play Robin even gives Marian to Friar Tuck as a concubine: "She is a trul of trust, to serue a frier at his lust/a prycker a prauncer a terer of shetes/a wagger of ballockes when other men slepes."

The "gentrified" Robin Hood character, portrayed as a historical outlawed nobleman, emerges in the late 16th century. From this time, Maid Marian is cast in terms of a noblewoman, but her role was never entirely virginal, and she retained aspects of her "shepherdess" or "May Day" characteristics; in 1592, Thomas Nashe described the Marian of the later May Games as being played by a male actor named Martin, and there are hints in the play of Robin Hood and the Friar that the female character in these plays had become a lewd parody. Robin originally was called Ryder.

In the play, The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon by Anthony Munday, which was written in 1598, Marian appears as Robin's lawfully-wedded wife, who changes her name from Matilda when she joins him in the greenwood. She also has a cousin called Elizabeth de Staynton who is described as being the Prioress of Kirklees Priory near Brighouse in West Yorkshire. The 19th century antiquarian, Joseph Hunter, identified a Robert Hood, yeoman from Wakefield, Yorkshire, in the archives preserved in the Exchequer, whose personal story matched very closely the story of Robin in Anthony Munday's play, and this Robert Hood also married a woman named Matilda, who changed her name to Marian when she joined him in exile in Barnsdale Forest (following the Battle of Boroughbridge) in 1322, and who also had a cousin named Elizabeth de Staynton who was Prioress of Kirklees Priory. If these parallels are not coincidental, then the Marian of Robin Hood fame, whose origins may be distinct from the Marian of the May games or of Monday's play, may derive all her roots from her association with the historical Robert Hood of Wakefield.

In an Elizabethan play, Anthony Munday identified Maid Marian with the historical Matilda, daughter of Robert Fitzwalter, who had to flee England because of an attempt to assassinate King John (legendarily attributed to King John's attempts to seduce Matilda). The "Matilda" theory of Maid Marian is further discussed in In later versions of Robin Hood, Maid Marian is commonly named as "Marian Fitzwalter", only child of the Earl of Huntingdon, is the Maid Marian

In Robin Hood and Maid Marian (Child Ballad 150, perhaps dating to the 17th century), Maid Marian is "a bonny fine maid of a noble degree" said to excel both Helen and Jane Shore in beauty. Separated from her lover, she dresses as a page "and ranged the wood to find Robin Hood," who was himself disguised, so that the two begin to fight when they meet. As is often the case in these ballads, Robin Hood loses the fight to comical effect, and Marian only recognizes him when he asks for quarter. This ballad is in the "Earl of Huntington" tradition, a supposed "historical identity" of Robin Hood forwarded in the late 16th century.

20th-century pop culture adaptations of the Robin Hood legend almost invariably have featured a Maid Marian and mostly have made her a highborn woman with a rebellious or tomboy character. In 1938's The Adventures of Robin Hood, she is a courageous and loyal woman (played by Olivia de Havilland), and a ward of the court, an orphaned noblewoman under the protection of King Richard. Although always ladylike, her initial antagonism to Robin springs not from aristocratic disdain but from aversion to robbery.

In The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), she, despite being a lady-in-waiting to Eleanor of Aquitaine during the Crusades, is in reality a mischievous tomboy capable of fleeing boldly to the countryside disguised as a boy. In the Kevin Costner epic Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, she is a maternal cousin to the sovereign, while in the BBC adaption of 2006, she is the daughter of the former sheriff and was betrothed to Robin before his leaving for the Holy Land, and in his absence embarked on her own crusade against poverty in aiding the poor in a fashion similar to what Robin later achieved, becoming a skilled fighter in the process and leading the people to refer to her as 'The Night Watchman'.

Maid Marian's role as a prototypical strong female character has made her a popular focus in feminist fiction. Theresa Tomlinson's Forestwife novels (1993–2000) are told from Marian's point of view and portray her as a high-born Norman girl escaping entrapment in an arranged marriage. With the aid of her nurse, she runs away to Sherwood Forest, where she becomes acquainted with Robin Hood and his men.

Literature
There have been several books based on the fictional character:
 * Maid Marian – 1822 novel by Thomas Love Peacock
 * Maid Marian – 2004 novel by Elsa Watson
 * Lady of the Forest; novel by Jennifer Roberson
 * Lady of Sherwood; novel by Jennifer Roberson
 * The Forestwife (and its sequels, although she's only the main character in the first); young adult novel by Theresa Tomlinson.
 * The Outlaws of Sherwood, novel by Robin McKinley (depicts Marian as a crack-shot archer)
 * Maid Marian appears in a chapter of T.H. White's The Sword in the Stone, the first book in The Once and Future King. Wart (the young King Arthur) and his step brother Kay meet her and Robin when they go into the forest for an adventure and set out with the outlaws to rescue people Morgan le Fey kidnapped. When they meet her, it is quickly made apparent that Marian is strong and capable in battle and the narrator mentions that she could walk or even wiggle on her stomach like a snake faster than the boys could follow.
 * The "Robin & Marian Mysteries" by Clayton Emery, appearing in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine and elsewhere, feature the outlaw husband-wife team as amateur detectives solving bizarre murders.
 * Mentioned in The Dark Tower V: Wolves of the Calla, by Stephen King. Said to be the maid of Lady Oriza (a rice God and heroine), who helped her trick and kill the outlaw Gray Dick and then "went on to have many fanciful adventures of her own".
 * In the gender-bending play Marian, or the True Tale of Robin Hood, written by Adam Szymkowicz, it turns out that the "outlaw Robin Hood" is actually Marian in disguise, with one actress playing both parts.

Television

 * Maid Marian was played by Josée Richard in the 1953 BBC mini-series Robin Hood. (She was married to Robert Robinson).
 * Maid Marian was played first by Bernadette O'Farrell, and then by Patricia Driscoll in the 1955 series The Adventures of Robin Hood and was as adept with the bow as Robin. As Lady Marian Fitzwater, a Norman-Irish noblewoman, she rode a horse sidesaddle and when dressed in Lincoln Green with Robin in Sherwood Forest she rode astride. The Sheriff was always ready to defend her, but his replacement the Deputy Sheriff suspected she was one of Robin's band.
 * Maid Marian was featured in the 1966 animated series Rocket Robin Hood, a science fiction version of the Robin Hood story.
 * In the 1975 ABC-TV Mel Brooks parody series, When Things Were Rotten, Maid Marian was portrayed by Misty Rowe.
 * In the HTV show Robin of Sherwood (1984–86), Marian was played by Judi Trott. After meeting and falling in love with Robin (of Locksley, played by Michael Praed), she marries and lives with him and the other outlaws in Sherwood Forest. When Robin died, she was pardoned by King John. When she attended a party at the Earl of Huntington's residence, she was wooed by his son Robert of Huntingdon (played by Jason Connery). He became Robin's successor as Herne's Son and leader of the outlaws. Robert (Robin) and Marion nearly marry until she mistakenly believes him to have been killed. She then decides to become a nun for the foreseeable future, believing that is the right, and only thing worth doing.
 * Maid Marian was the lead character in Tony Robinson's 1989 BBC children's comedy Maid Marian and Her Merry Men. In the show, Marian (played by Kate Lonergan) was portrayed as the real leader of the Merry Men, whilst Robin was a vain coward who was mistakenly believed to be the leader by King John and the Sheriff of Nottingham.
 * In the 1990 Japanese anime series Robin Hood no Daibōken, Maid Marian (as Marian Lancaster) was voiced by Naoko Matsui in Japanese and Katherine Shannon in English. Sometimes referred to as Mary Anne.
 * In the animated series Young Robin Hood, Maid Marian (Voiced by Anik Matern) is Robin's sweetheart and a ward at Nottingham; she sometimes suspected of conspiring with him. She frequently wore tan tights with a green men's shirt and a headband and was depicted as the equal of any of the Merry Men.
 * In the 1991 TV film Robin Hood, she is played by Uma Thurman.
 * In the 1997 TV series The New Adventures of Robin Hood, she was played by Anna Galvin, and then by Barbara Griffin. She lives with Robin, Little John and Friar Tuck in Sherwood Forest.
 * In the 2000 film Blackadder: Back & Forth, Maid Marian is portrayed by supermodel Kate Moss.
 * In the BBC's 2006 version Robin Hood, Lucy Griffiths plays the role of Lady Marian, as opposed to Maid Marian. In this version of the tale, she is daughter of a previous Sheriff of Nottingham and the love interest of Robin. Beautiful and quick of mind, Marian is headstrong and feisty. She is involved in a love triangle, with Sir Guy of Gisbourne and Robin as her suitors.
 * Maid Marian appears in the Once Upon a Time episode "Lacey" played by Christie Laing. Maid Marian is the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham. She runs away with Robin Hood after falling in love with him. Sometime later, Marian is pregnant and falls ill, causing Robin to obtain a magic wand from Rumplestiltskin's castle to heal her. After successfully curing her, Rumplestiltskin takes Belle to witness him killing Robin for stealing from him. However, after seeing the restored Marian and realizing her pregnancy, Belle begs Rumplestiltskin not to kill him or else the child would become fatherless. Rumplestiltskin purposely misses shooting him, alarming the pair to escape the woods. In "Quite a Common Fairy," a discussion between Robin and Rumplestiltskin's son Baelfire revealed that Maid Marian has died leaving Robin and his Merry Men into taking care of their child Roland. In "Snow Drifts" and "There's No Place Like Home," Emma Swan and Killian Jones travel back in time, and when Emma discovers a woman is about to be killed by the Evil Queen, she wants to save her but Jones worries about consequences. Emma is later imprisoned with the woman but both escape and return to the present day. Only after that do they discover that the woman is Marian, and Regina is furious that her new boyfriend Robin has his wife back. Though he wants to be with Regina, Robin and his family leave town in an effort to save Marian's life from a magical illness and then reside in New York. Regina later discovers Marian was killed in the past by her half-sister Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West who has been posing as Marian ever since. Regina and Emma rush to New York and reveal the truth only to be informed by Robin that Zelena is pregnant.
 * In 2014, Maid Marian is portrayed by Sabrina Bartlett in an episode of Doctor Who called "Robot of Sherwood", with the Twelfth Doctor saving her from the Sheriff's dungeons before he learns of her identity or accepts that Robin is real.
 * Maid Marian is featured in Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood, voiced by Sarah Natochenny.

Film

 * In the 1922 silent film version of Robin Hood, Marian was played by Enid Bennett.
 * In the 1938 film The Adventures of Robin Hood, Maid Marian was portrayed by Olivia de Havilland.
 * In the 1952 film The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men, Maid Marian is played by Joan Rice.
 * In the 1960 film Sword of Sherwood Forest, Maid Marian is played by Sarah Branch.
 * In the 1964 film Robin and the 7 Hoods, transplanting the Robin Hood legend to a 1930s Chicago gangster setting, Marian is played by Barbara Rush, and is made into an utterly opportunistic character very different from the one of the original legend.
 * In the 1967 film A Challenge for Robin Hood, Lady Marian is played by Gay Hamilton.
 * In the 1973 Disney animated version of Robin Hood, Maid Marian is an anthropomorphic vixen (female fox) voiced by Monica Evans, with Nancy Adams doing her singing voice.
 * In the 1976 film Robin and Marian, Lady Marian is played by Audrey Hepburn. After Robin (Sean Connery) is wounded in his latest battle, Marian poisons Robin and herself as she recognizes that Robin will never fully recover from his injuries, Marian recognizing that he would rather die now than live as half of what he was.
 * In the 1991 film Robin Hood, Maid Marian is played by Uma Thurman.
 * In the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Maid Marian is played by Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio. In this version, her surname is given as Dubois, a reference to the French name of Robin Hood, Robin des Bois.
 * In the 1993 film Robin Hood: Men in Tights, Maid Marian is played by Amy Yasbeck.
 * In the 2001 Disney film Princess of Thieves, Robin Hood and Maid Marian are the parents of a daughter, the eponymous 'princess' played by Keira Knightley.
 * In the 2006 film Robin Hood: Quest for the King, Maid Marian is voiced by Jo Wyatt.
 * In the 2010 Ridley Scott film Robin Hood, Lady Marion Loxley, played by Cate Blanchett, is a feisty, capable noblewoman with whom archer Robin Longstride, a.k.a. Robin Hood (Russell Crowe) falls in love whilst impersonating her deceased husband, Sir Robert Loxley.
 * In the 2012 German film Robin Hood: Ghosts of Sherwood, Marian is played by Ramona Kuen.
 * In the 2012 film Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse, Marian is played by Red from Red Hot Riding Hood and is voiced by Grey DeLisle.
 * In the 2018 film Robin Hood, Marian is portrayed by Eve Hewson.

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Brian Michael Bendis

Brian Michael Bendis (born August 18, 1967) is an American comic book writer and artist.

Starting with crime and noir comics, Bendis eventually moved to mainstream superhero work. While at Marvel Comics, Bendis worked with Bill Jemas and Mark Millar as the writer on the first book of the Ultimate Marvel imprint, Ultimate Spider-Man, which debuted in 2000. He relaunched the Avengers franchise with New Avengers in 2004, wrote the Marvel storylines "Avengers Disassembled" (2004-2005), "Secret War" (2004–2005), "House of M" (2005), "Secret Invasion" (2008), "Siege" (2010) and "Age of Ultron" (2013), and co-created the characters Riri Williams, Miles Morales, and Jessica Jones.

Bendis has won five Eisner Awards for both his creator-owned work and his work on various Marvel Comics books.

Though he has cited comic book writers such as Frank Miller and Alan Moore, Bendis' writing influences are less rooted in comics; drawing on the work of David Mamet, Richard Price, and Aaron Sorkin, whose dialogue, Bendis said, was "the best in any medium."

In addition to writing comics, Bendis has worked in television, video games and film. He has also taught courses on graphic novels at The University of Oregon and Portland State University. In 2014, Bendis wrote Words for Pictures: The Art and Business of Writing Comics and Graphic Novels, a book about comics published by Random House.

Early life
Brian Michael Bendis was born on August 18, 1967, in Cleveland, Ohio to a Jewish-American family. Bendis grew up in University Heights where, despite rebelling against a religious upbringing, he attended the Hebrew Academy of Cleveland, a private, modern Orthodox religious school for boys. He decided he wanted to be a comic book industry professional when he was 13, working on his own comics, including a Punisher versus Captain America story that he revised several times. A fan of Marvel Comics in particular, he emulated idols such as George Pérez, John Romita Sr., John Romita, Jr., Jack Kirby, Klaus Janson and Frank Miller. He later discovered crime comics by Jim Steranko and José Muñoz, which he traced back via Jim Thompson's work to the source novels of both Thompson and Dashiell Hammett, which helped cement his love for crime stories. These, in turn, led him to discover the documentary Visions of Light, which taught him the visual "rules" of film noir, an important influence on him creatively.

While in high school, he submitted a "Creative Writing assignment", a novelization of Chris Claremont's X-Men and the Starjammers story, which gained him an A+ grade for imagination and inventiveness. At 19, Bendis began attending the Cleveland Institute of Art, while working at a downtown comic book store where he eventually sold some of his early work. Between the ages of 20 and 25, he sent in a large number of submissions to comics companies, although he ultimately abandoned this approach to breaking into the industry, considering it too much of a "lottery."

Caliber Comics
Best known as a writer, Bendis started out as an artist, doing work for local magazines and newspapers, including caricature work. He worked at The Plain Dealer as an illustrator. Although he did not enjoy caricature work, it paid well and funded his interest in writing crime fiction for graphic novels. He eventually moved into both writing and illustrating his work, before he began producing work for Caliber Comics, including Spunky Todd.

Through Caliber, he met many of his longtime friends and collaborators within the comics industry, including Mike Oeming, Dave Mack and Marc Andreyko, and began the first in a series of independent noir fiction crime comics when he published two issues of Fire in 1993 and five issues of A.K.A. Goldfish in 1994 with Caliber. In 1995 he illustrated Flaxen from a script by James Hudnall, with David Mack providing inks to the story featuring former Playboy Playmate Susie Owens as mascot of the Golden Apple Comics chain [of comic shops] in Los Angeles.

Bendis's best-known early work, Jinx, starring the titular bounty hunter in a crime noir version of the Sergio Leone film The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, began publication in 1996, and ran for seven issues from Caliber.

He characterizes much of this period of his professional life in terms of working as "a graphic artist for almost twelve years", undergoing a period within that of "nine years" living as a stereotypical 'starving artist'.

Image Comics and Oni Comics
In 1996–1997, Bendis moved from Caliber to Image Comics, where Jinx and his other previous crime comics were published by Image's Shadowline arm in trade paperback. At Image, he also produced five more issues of Jinx.

Impressed with A.K.A. Goldfish, Image founder Todd McFarlane sought out Bendis, which led to his writing Sam and Twitch. Although set in the Spawn universe, Bendis approached Sam and Twitch primarily as a crime comic. He wrote Sam and Twitch for twenty issues, as well as most of the first ten issues of Hellspawn, another Spawn spin-off title. This non-creator-owned work allowed him to, in the words of Rich Kriener in The Comics Journal, "[add] the responsibility of caretaker to his resume, in that he would answer to a vested owner about developing a property as a tangible asset with the future in mind," rather than only working on his own characters under his own terms.

In 1998, Bendis co-wrote and illustrated the Eliot Ness-starring Torso with Marc Andreyko, again for Image, and in 2000 he produced three issues of the autobiographical Fortune and Glory for Oni Comics.

That same year saw the debut of the superhero police/noir detective series Powers, co-created with and drawn by Michael Avon Oeming and published by Image. Powers won major comics industry awards, including Harvey, Eisner, and Eagle Awards.

Marvel Comics
Around the time Bendis began Sam and Twitch, his friend David Mack began working for Joe Quesada's Marvel Knights imprint, which Bendis was a fan of. Based on Bendis' work on Jinx, Quesada invited him to pitch ideas for Marvel Knights, which included a planned, but ultimately unproduced, Nick Fury story.

Marvel Comics President Bill Jemas, on the recommendation of Quesada, hired Bendis to write Ultimate Spider-Man, which debuted in 2000, and was targeted at the new generation of readers. Bendis adapted the 11-page origin story of Spider-Man from 1962's Amazing Fantasy #15 into a seven issues story arc, with Peter Parker becoming the titular hero after the fifth issue, making the book a bestseller, often surpassing in sales those of the mainstream Marvel universe title, The Amazing Spider-Man. The Bendis/Bagley partnership of 111 consecutive issues made their partnership one of the longest in American comic book history, and the longest run by a Marvel creative team, beating out Stan Lee and Jack Kirby on Fantastic Four. Bendis subsequently wrote other books in the Ultimate line, including Ultimate Marvel Team-Up, which Bendis pitched to Marvel as a follow-up to Ultimate Spider-Man, as well as Ultimate Fantastic Four, Ultimate X-Men, Ultimate Origins, Ultimate Six, the first three issues of Ultimate Power, and the Ultimate Comics: Doomsday metaseries. In 2011, Bendis and artist Sara Pichelli created the Miles Morales character as the new version of the Ultimate Spider-Man. Bendis wrote every issue of Ultimate Spider-Man, including its second iteration, Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man.

Quesada offered Bendis the writing duties on Daredevil, which he took over in 2001, writing most of the subsequent 55 issues until 2006, collaborating mostly with artist Alex Maleev. As a major Daredevil author, Bendis's name is one of the names used for boxers mentioned by a corrupt boxing manager in the 2003 Daredevil movie. Also in 2001, Bendis helped launch Marvel's non-Comics Code-approved, adult MAX imprint with Alias, featuring former superhero Jessica Jones operating as a private investigator. The series ran for 28 issues before many of the characters moved to Bendis's mainstream Marvel Universe series The Pulse. In 2004 Powers moved from Image to Marvel's creator-owned imprint Icon, where it was relaunched as Powers Vol. 2 alongside another ex-Image series, David Mack's Kabuki.

Also in 2004, Bendis oversaw the closing issues of The Avengers as part of the crossover storyline "Avengers Disassembled". This led directly to the Bendis-helmed relaunch of one version of the eponymous team in the pages of The New Avengers. Bendis's work on this storyline included the death of Avenger Hawkeye, which proved controversial. In 2005, with artist Olivier Coipel, Bendis wrote the New Avengers / X-Men crossover, "House of M", which would retroactively be considered the second act of a three-act super-event beginning with "Avengers Disassembled" and culminating in the Bendis-written 2008 storyline "Secret Invasion". Bendis also wrote the storyline "Secret War", which was published between 2004 and 2005. The series, which was not connected to the 1984 miniseries Secret Wars, served as a prelude to Secret Invasion. After Marvel's 2006 "Civil War" storyline, Bendis helmed another Avengers revival, launching Mighty Avengers with Frank Cho in 2007.

Post-"Secret Invasion", Bendis left Mighty Avengers with issue #20 and wrote Secret Invasion: Dark Reign, a one-shot that preceded another ongoing Avengers series, Dark Avengers. In 2009, Bendis and former Daredevil collaborator Maleev launched the long-delayed Spider-Woman, following up on her role in the "Secret Invasion" storyline. Spider-Woman was the first comic book to be offered simultaneously on the Internet as a "motion comic" and in comic stores in print form.

Bendis re-teamed with Olivier Coipel for the 2009 crossover series "Siege", which brought the "Dark Reign" storyline to a close, and with-it, Dark Avengers. Springboarding out of Siege, Bendis relaunched both Avengers and New Avengers as part of the "Heroic Age".

Also in 2010, Bendis launched Scarlet through Icon Comics, his first new creator-owned comic book in over a decade, re-teaming once again with Maleev. In February 2011, Icon released the all-ages graphic novel, Takio by Bendis and his Powers collaborator Mike Oeming, and in mid-2011 a maxiseries called Brilliant with artist Bagley. Bendis's other 2011 projects included a new Moon Knight series with Maleev, which concluded with issue 12. In 2012, in conjunction with Marvel Studios' feature film The Avengers, Bendis began writing a new Avengers comic, Avengers Assemble. Bendis wrote the first eight issues of Avengers Assemble, a series that premiered in March 2012 that featured a new incarnation of the Zodiac, as well as the return of the Guardians of the Galaxy, which teamed with the Avengers against Thanos.

Bendis concluded his stint on Avengers and New Avengers in 2012 with the "End Times" arc. His final issue of Avengers, released September 2012, was a "jam issue", featuring splash pages by Marvel artists including Walt Simonson, Jim Cheung, and Leinil Yu.

Following Marvel's "Marvel NOW!" relaunch of its titles, Bendis took on writing duties on All New X-Men, which saw the return of the original 1960's X-Men to the present, Uncanny X-Men, whose focus shifts to Cyclops' team of X-Men going rogue after the events of "Avengers Vs. X-Men", and Guardians of the Galaxy, picking up where his Avengers Assemble run left off.

Bendis wrote the "Age of Ultron" crossover storyline, which included an eponymous 10-issue miniseries, that was published between March and June 2013. Issue 10 saw the introduction of the Neil Gaiman character Angela into the Marvel Universe.

On July 22, 2014, Random House published Bendis's instruction book on comics, Words for Pictures: The Art and Business of Writing Comics and Graphic Novels. The day after that book's publication, CBR.com published an interview in which Bendis talked about the course on writing Graphic Novels he had taught for the past few years, initially at Portland State University, and beginning with the Fall 2013 semester, at the University of Oregon. His decision to teach came at the urging of Dark Horse Comics editor Diana Schutz. Among the works he employs as teaching guides are the works of Scott McCloud and Will Eisner.

DC Comics
In November 2017, Bendis announced via Twitter that he would be working exclusively with DC Comics. His DC debut was in Action Comics #1000 (June 2018). Ivan Reis drew the first issue of Bendis's The Man of Steel limited series, and collaborated with Bendis on the relaunched the ongoing Superman series in 2018. Bendis took over writing Action Comics following its 1,000th issue.

On December 21, 2021, Bendis announced that he was developing an adult animated Legion of Super-Heroes series for the streaming service HBO Max. The show is set to be based on his run of the comic book series and will not connect to the original animated series.

Work in other media
In addition to his primary work in comics, Bendis has produced written work in several other media, such as video games, TV and film.

Bendis was the co-executive producer and series-pilot writer for Mainframe Entertainment's 2003 animated Spider-Man show, Spider-Man: The New Animated Series that aired on MTV and YTV, which features a college-aged Peter Parker, and was written to tie-into the then-unreleased 2002 film Spider-Man. The pilot episode that Bendis wrote became the third episode aired. His dismay at being credited for something written by someone else, and the multitude of corporate and legal departments involved in the animation process soured him on the show.

Bendis was one of the writers on the Ultimate Spider-Man animated series, which debuted in 2012.

He was credited as a developer and wrote several episodes for the TV adaptation of his comic, Powers, which starred Sharlto Copley and ran on PlayStation Network for two seasons from 2015 to 2016.

Bendis's video game work includes Activision's Ultimate Spider-Man video game, which Bendis wrote. He also wrote an Avengers game, which was never released. He was also a writer of Marvel's MMO, Marvel Heroes.

His film work includes the screenplay adaptation of A.K.A. Goldfish for Miramax, and the screenplay adaptation of Jinx for Universal Pictures. In 2014, he wrote the plot of the Disney Infinity 2.0 video game.

In 2013, he was named on IGN's list of "The Best Tweeters in Comics", in part for his frequent Twitter posts highlighting the work of other creators.

Writing style
When creating characters, Bendis says that he always begins with someone he knows and builds upon that inspiration, allowing the character to eventually evolve naturally. His depiction of Aunt May in Ultimate Spider-Man, for example, strongly resembles his mother.

Personal life
Bendis met his wife Alisa in 1995 through the Cleveland chapter of the Hillel Foundation, where Alisa worked and Bendis was a staff illustrator. The two were married within a year. Alisa Bendis manages JINXWORLD, the company through which Bendis produces his creator-owned and licensed comics work. They have four children, of which three are daughters. Bendis's oldest daughter, Olivia, is his biological daughter. He and his wife adopted their two younger daughters, one of whom is African-American, and the other of whom is Ethiopian. Their names are Tabatha (adopted in June 2011) and Sabrina. Bendis mentioned in a July 2013 post on his Tumblr account that they had a newborn son, who is named London.

Awards

 * 1999 Eisner Award for Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition
 * 2001 Eisner Award for Best New Series (for Powers with Michael Avon Oeming)
 * 2002 Eisner Award for Best Writer (for Powers, Alias, Daredevil and Ultimate Spider-Man)
 * 2003 Eisner Award for Best Writer (for Powers, Alias, Daredevil and Ultimate Spider-Man)
 * 2003 Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series (for Daredevil with Alex Maleev)
 * 2000 Cleveland Press "Excellence in Journalism" Award
 * 2000 Wizard Magazine Best Writer of the Year
 * 2001 Wizard Magazine Best Writer of the Year
 * 2002 Wizard Magazine Best Writer of the Year
 * 2003 Wizard Magazine Best Writer of the Year
 * 2002 Comics Buyer's Guide Best Writer of the Year
 * 2003 Comics Buyer's Guide Best Writer of the Year
 * 2004 Comics Buyer's Guide Best Writer of the Year
 * 2005 E3's People's Choice Award for Activision's Ultimate Spider-Man
 * 2010 Inkpot Award

Nominations

 * 2001 Eisner Award for Best Limited Series (for Fortune & Glory)
 * 2001 Eisner Award for Best Humor Publication (for Fortune & Glory)
 * 2001 Eisner Award for Best Writer (for Powers, Fortune & Glory and Ultimate Spider-Man)
 * 2003 Eisner Award for Best Serialized Story (with Alex Maleev for "Out"; Daredevil #32–37)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brian Michael Bendis


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Gault Millau

Gault et Millau is a French restaurant guide. It was founded by two restaurant critics, Henri Gault and Christian Millau in 1965.

Points system
Gault Millau rates restaurants on a scale of 1 to 20, with 20 being the highest. Restaurants given below 10 points are rarely listed. The points are awarded based on the quality of the food, with comments about service, price or the atmosphere of the restaurant given separately. Based on this rating, high-ranking restaurants may display one to four toques. Gault Millau does not accept payment for listing restaurants.

Under its original authors and for many years after they left, Gault Millau never awarded a score of 20 points, under the argument that perfection is beyond the limitations of a normal human being. In 2004, two restaurants, both of chef Marc Veyrat, the Maison de Marc Veyrat (or L'Auberge de l'Eridan) in Veyrier-du-Lac near Annecy and La Ferme de Mon Père ("My Father's Farm") in Megève, received this score. In 2010 and 2011, Sergio Herman's Oud Sluis also received a score of 20/20. To some, this reflects a fall of standards in the guide after it changed from employing a permanent editorial and tasting staff to using local agents.

Differences with Michelin
There has been discussion about which guide is more important, the Michelin Guide or the Gault Millau. In the 1970s the Michelin's continued conservative support of traditional haute cuisine was challenged by the support of nouvelle cuisine by the Gault-Millau. Michelin is more popular and therefore more influential, while Gault Millau has been considered more food-focused due to the main system being based purely on the quality of the food. Gault Millau has guides for various other countries, including Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Poland.

French Chef of the Year

 * 1989 Joël Robuchon (Chef of the Century)
 * 1994 Roger Souvereyns
 * 2001 Luigi Ciciriello
 * 2002 Nicolas Le Bec
 * 2003 Michel Troisgros
 * 2004 Jean-Paul Abadie
 * 2005 Arnaud Magnier
 * 2006 Thierry Marx
 * 2007 Anne-Sophie Pic
 * 2008 Jean-Luc Rabanel
 * 2009 Léa Linster
 * 2010 William Ledeuil
 * 2011 Édouard Loubet
 * 2012 Michel Portos
 * 2013 Philippe Labbé
 * 2014 Arnaud Lallement
 * 2015 Yannick Alleno
 * 2016 Alexandre Gauthier
 * 2017 Alexandre Couillon
 * 2018 Jean Sulpice

Chef of the Century
On its 20th anniversary in 1990 Paul Bocuse (restaurant « Paul Bocuse » in Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or, near Lyon), Frédy Girardet (« Restaurant de l’Hôtel de Ville » in Crissier, Suisse), Joël Robuchon (restaurant « Jamin » in Paris) were crowned « Chef of the Century » by Gault&Millau.

title: Gault Millau


text:
User:Simoneau

I am Matthew Simoneau. I live in Roslindale in Boston, Massachusetts.

title: User:Simoneau


text:
Neutrino astronomy

Neutrino astronomy is the branch of astronomy that gathers information about astronomical objects by observing and studying neutrinos emitted by them with the help of neutrino detectors in special Earth observatories. It is an emerging field in astroparticle physics providing insights into the high-energy and non-thermal processes in the universe.

Neutrinos are nearly massless and electrically neutral or chargeless elementary particles. They are created as a result of certain types of radioactive decay, nuclear reactions such as those that take place in the Sun or high energy astrophysical phenomena, in nuclear reactors, or when cosmic rays hit atoms in the atmosphere. Neutrinos rarely interact with matter (only via the weak nuclear force), travel at nearly the speed of light in straight lines, pass through large amounts of matter without any notable absorption or without being deflected by magnetic fields. Unlike photons, neutrinos rarely scatter along their trajectory. But like photons, neutrinos are some of the most common particles in the universe. Because of this, neutrinos offer a unique opportunity to observe processes that are inaccessible to optical telescopes, such as reactions in the Sun's core. Neutrinos that are created in the Sun’s core are barely absorbed, so a large quantity of them escape from the Sun and reach the Earth. Neutrinos can also offer a very strong pointing direction compared to charged particle cosmic rays.

Neutrinos are very hard to detect due to their non-interactive nature. In order to detect neutrinos, scientists have to shield the detectors from cosmic rays, which can penetrate hundreds of meters of rock. Neutrinos, on the other hand, can go through the entire planet without being absorbed, like "ghost particles". That's why neutrino detectors are placed many hundreds of meter underground, usually at the bottom of mines. There a neutrino detection liquid such as a Chlorine-rich solution is placed; the neutrinos react with a Chlorine isotope and can create radioactive Argon. Gallium to Germanium conversion has also been used. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory built in 2010 in the south pole is the biggest neutrino detector, consisting of thousands of optical sensors buried 500 meters underneath a cubic kilometer of deep, ultra-transparent ice, detects light emitted by charged particles that are produced when a single neutrino collides with a proton or neutron inside an atom. The resulting nuclear reaction produces secondary particles traveling at high speeds that give off a blue light called Cherenkov radiation. Super-Kamiokande in Japan and ANTARES and KM3NeT in the Mediterranean are some other important neutrino detectors.

Since neutrinos interact weakly, neutrino detectors must have large target masses (often thousands of tons). The detectors also must use shielding and effective software to remove background signal. Since neutrinos are very difficult to detect, the only bodies that have been studied in this way are the sun and the supernova SN1987A, which exploded in 1987. Scientist predicted that supernova explosions would produce bursts of neutrinos, and a similar burst was actually detected from Supernova 1987A.

In the future neutrino astronomy promises to discover other aspects of the universe, including coincidental gravitational waves, gamma ray bursts, the cosmic neutrino background, origins of ultra-high-energy neutrinos, neutrino properties (such as neutrino mass hierarchy), dark matter properties, etc. It will become an integral part of multi-messenger astronomy, complementing gravitational astronomy and traditional telescopic astronomy.

History
Neutrinos were first recorded in 1956 by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in an experiment employing a nearby nuclear reactor as a neutrino source. Their discovery was acknowledged with a Nobel Prize for physics in 1995.

This was followed by the first atmospheric neutrino detection in 1965 by two groups almost simultaneously. One was led by Frederick Reines who operated a liquid scintillator - the Case-Witwatersrand-Irvine or CWI detector - in the East Rand gold mine in South Africa at an 8.8 km water depth equivalent. The other was a Bombay-Osaka-Durham collaboration that operated in the Indian Kolar Gold Field mine at an equivalent water depth of 7.5 km. Although the KGF group detected neutrino candidates two months later than Reines CWI, they were given formal priority due to publishing their findings two weeks earlier.

In 1968, Raymond Davis, Jr. and John N. Bahcall successfully detected the first solar neutrinos in the Homestake experiment. Davis, along with Japanese physicist Masatoshi Koshiba were jointly awarded half of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos (the other half went to Riccardo Giacconi for corresponding pioneering contributions which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources)."

The first generation of undersea neutrino telescope projects began with the proposal by Moisey Markov in 1960 "...to install detectors deep in a lake or a sea and to determine the location of charged particles with the help of Cherenkov radiation."

The first underwater neutrino telescope began as the DUMAND project. DUMAND stands for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector. The project began in 1976 and although it was eventually cancelled in 1995, it acted as a precursor to many of the following telescopes in the following decades.

The Baikal Neutrino Telescope is installed in the southern part of Lake Baikal in Russia. The detector is located at a depth of 1.1 km and began surveys in 1980. In 1993, it was the first to deploy three strings to reconstruct the muon trajectories as well as the first to record atmospheric neutrinos underwater.

AMANDA (Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array) used the 3 km thick ice layer at the South Pole and was located several hundred meters from the Amundsen-Scott station. Holes 60 cm in diameter were drilled with pressurized hot water in which strings with optical modules were deployed before the water refroze. The depth proved to be insufficient to be able to reconstruct the trajectory due to the scattering of light on air bubbles. A second group of 4 strings were added in 1995/96 to a depth of about 2000 m that was sufficient for track reconstruction. The AMANDA array was subsequently upgraded until January 2000 when it consisted of 19 strings with a total of 667 optical modules at a depth range between 1500 m and 2000 m. AMANDA would eventually be the predecessor to IceCube in 2005.

An example of an early neutrino detector is the Artyomovsk Scintillation Detector (ASD), located in the Soledar Salt Mine in Ukraine at a depth of more than 100 m. It was created in the Department of High Energy Leptons and Neutrino Astrophysics of the Institute of Nuclear Research of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1969 to study antineutrino fluxes from collapsing stars in the Galaxy, as well as the spectrum and interactions of muons of cosmic rays with energies up to 10 ^ 13 eV. A feature of the detector is a 100-ton scintillation tank with dimensions on the order of the length of an electromagnetic shower with an initial energy of 100 GeV.

21st century
After the decline of DUMAND the participating groups split into three branches to explore deep sea options in the Mediterranean Sea. ANTARES was anchored to the sea floor in the region off Toulon at the French Mediterranean coast. It consists of 12 strings, each carrying 25 "storeys" equipped with three optical modules, an electronic container, and calibration devices down to a maximum depth of 2475 m.

NEMO (NEutrino Mediterranean Observatory) was pursued by Italian groups to investigate the feasibility of a cubic-kilometer scale deep-sea detector. A suitable site at a depth of 3.5 km about 100 km off Capo Passero at the South-Eastern coast of Sicily has been identified. From 2007 to 2011 the first prototyping phase tested a "mini-tower" with 4 bars deployed for several weeks near Catania at a depth of 2 km. The second phase as well as plans to deploy the full-size prototype tower will be pursued in the KM3NeT framework.

The NESTOR Project was installed in 2004 to a depth of 4 km and operated for one month until a failure of the cable to shore forced it to be terminated. The data taken still successfully demonstrated the detector's functionality and provided a measurement of the atmospheric muon flux. The proof of concept will be implemented in the KM3Net framework.

The second generation of deep-sea neutrino telescope projects reach or even exceed the size originally conceived by the DUMAND pioneers. IceCube, located at the South Pole and incorporating its predecessor AMANDA, was completed in December 2010. It currently consists of 5160 digital optical modules installed on 86 strings at depths of 1450 to 2550 m in the Antarctic ice. The KM3NeT in the Mediterranean Sea and the GVD are in their preparatory/prototyping phase. IceCube instruments 1 km3 of ice. GVD is also planned to cover 1 km3 but at a much higher energy threshold. KM3NeT is planned to cover several km3 and have two components; ARCA (Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) and ORCA (Oscillations Research with Cosmics in the Abyss). Both KM3NeT and GVD have completed at least part of their construction and it is expected that these two along with IceCube will form a global neutrino observatory.

In July 2018, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory announced that they have traced an extremely-high-energy neutrino that hit their Antarctica-based research station in September 2017 back to its point of origin in the blazar TXS 0506+056 located 3.7 billion light-years away in the direction of the constellation Orion. This is the first time that a neutrino detector has been used to locate an object in space and that a source of cosmic rays has been identified.

In November 2022, the IceCube collaboration made another significant progress towards identifying the origin of cosmic rays, reporting the observation of 79 neutrinos with an energy over 1 TeV originated from the nearby galaxy M77. These findings in a well-known object are expected to help study the active nucleus of this galaxy, as well as serving as a baseline for future observations.

In June 2023, astronomers reported using a new technique to detect, for the first time, the release of neutrinos from the galactic plane of the Milky Way galaxy.

Detection methods
Neutrinos interact incredibly rarely with matter, so the vast majority of neutrinos will pass through a detector without interacting. If a neutrino does interact, it will only do so once. Therefore, to perform neutrino astronomy, large detectors must be used to obtain enough statistics. The method of neutrino detection depends on the energy and type of the neutrino. A famous example is that anti-electron neutrinos can interact with a nucleus in the detector by inverse beta decay and produce a positron and a neutron. The positron immediately will annihilate with an electron, producing two 511keV photons. The neutron will attach to another nucleus and give off a gamma with an energy of a few MeV. In general, neutrinos can interact through neutral-current and charged-current interactions. In neutral-current interactions, the neutrino interacts with a nucleus or electron and the neutrino retains its original flavor. In charged-current interactions, the neutrino is absorbed by the nucleus and produces a lepton corresponding to the neutrino's flavor (,, etc.). If the charged resultants are moving fast enough, they can create Cherenkov light.

To observe neutrino interactions, detectors use photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect individual photons. From the timing of the photons, it is possible to determine the time and place of the neutrino interaction. If the neutrino creates a muon during its interaction, then the muon will travel in a line, creating a "track" of Cherenkov photons. The data from this track can be used to reconstruct the directionality of the muon. For high-energy interactions, the neutrino and muon directions are the same, so it's possible to tell where the neutrino came from. This is pointing direction is important in extra-solar system neutrino astronomy. Along with time, position, and possibly direction, it's possible to infer the energy of the neutrino from the interactions. The number of photons emitted is related to the neutrino energy, and neutrino energy is important for measuring the fluxes from solar and geo-neutrinos.

Due to the rareness of neutrino interactions, it is important to maintain a low background signal. For this reason, most neutrino detectors are constructed under a rock or water overburden. This overburden shields against most cosmic rays in the atmosphere; only some of the highest-energy muons are able to penetrate to the depths of our detectors. Detectors must include ways of dealing with data from muons so as to not confuse them with neutrinos. Along with more complicated measures, if a muon track is first detected outside of the desired "fiducial" volume, the event is treated as a muon and not considered. Ignoring events outside the fiducial volume also decreases the signal from radiation outside the detector.

Despite shielding efforts, it is inevitable that some background will make it into the detector, many times in the form of radioactive impurities within the detector itself. At this point, if it is impossible to differentiate between the background and true signal, the a Monte Carlo simulation must be used to model the background. While it may be unknown if an individual event is background or signal, it is possible to detect an excess about the background, signifying existence of the desired signal.

Applications
When astronomical bodies, such as the Sun, are studied using light, only the surface of the object can be directly observed. Any light produced in the core of a star will interact with gas particles in the outer layers of the star, taking hundreds of thousands of years to make it to the surface, making it impossible to observe the core directly. Since neutrinos are also created in the cores of stars (as a result of stellar fusion), the core can be observed using neutrino astronomy. Other sources of neutrinos- such as neutrinos released by supernovae- have been detected. Several neutrino experiments have formed the Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS), where they search for an increase of neutrino flux that could signal a supernova event. There are currently goals to detect neutrinos from other sources, such as active galactic nuclei (AGN), as well as gamma-ray bursts and starburst galaxies. Neutrino astronomy may also indirectly detect dark matter.

Supernova warning
Seven neutrino experiments (Super-K, LVD, IceCube, KamLAND, Borexino, Daya Bay, and HALO) work together as the Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS). In a core collapse supernova, ninety-nine percent of the energy released will be in neutrinos. While photons can be trapped in the dense supernova for hours, neutrinos are able to escape on the order of seconds. Since neutrinos travel at roughly the speed of light, they can reach Earth before photons do. If two or more of SNEWS detectors observe a coincidence of an increased flux of neutrinos, an alert is sent to professional and amateur astronomers to be on the lookout for supernova light. By using the distance between detectors and the time difference between detections, the alert can also include directionality as to the supernova's location in the sky.

Stellar processes
The Sun, like other stars, is powered by nuclear fusion in its core. The core is incredibly large, meaning that photons produced in the core will take a long time to diffuse outward. Therefore, neutrinos are the only way that we can obtain real-time data about the nuclear processes in the Sun.

There are two main processes for stellar nuclear fusion. The first is the Proton-Proton (PP) chain, in which protons are fused together into helium, sometimes temporarily creating the heavier elements of lithium, beryllium, and boron along the way. The second is the CNO cycle, in which carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are fused with protons, and then undergo alpha decay (helium nucleus emission) to begin the cycle again. The PP chain is the primary process in the Sun, while the CNO cycle is more dominant in stars more massive than the Sun.

Each step in the process has an allowed spectra of energy for the neutrino (or a discrete energy for electron capture processes). The relative rates of the Sun's nuclear processes can be determined by observations in its flux at different energies. This would shed insight into the Sun's properties, such as metallicity, which is the composition of heavier elements.

Borexino is one of the detectors studying solar neutrinos. In 2018, they found 5σ significance for the existence of neutrinos from the fusing of two protons with an electron (pep neutrinos). In 2020, they found for the first time evidence of CNO neutrinos in the Sun. Improvements on the CNO measurement will be especially helpful in determining the Sun's metallicity.

Composition and structure of Earth
The interior of Earth contains radioactive elements such as and the decay chains of  and. These elements decay via Beta decay, which emits an anti-neutrino. The energies of these anti-neutrinos are dependent on the parent nucleus. Therefore, by detecting the anti-neutrino flux as a function of energy, we can obtain the relative compositions of these elements and set a limit on the total power output of Earth's geo-reactor. Most of our current data about the core and mantle of Earth comes from seismic data, which does not provide any information as to the nuclear composition of these layers.

Borexino has detected these geo-neutrinos through the process. The resulting positron will immediately annihilate with an electron and produce two gamma-rays each with an energy of 511keV (the rest mass of an electron). The neutron will later be captured by another nucleus, which will lead to a 2.22MeV gamma-ray as the nucleus de-excites. This process on average takes on the order of 256 microseconds. By searching for time and spatial coincidence of these gamma rays, the experimenters can be certain there was an event.

Using over 3,200 days of data, Borexino used geoneutrinos to place constraints on the composition and power output of the mantle. They found that the ratio of to  is the same as chondritic meteorites. The power output from uranium and thorium in Earth's mantle was found to be 14.2-35.7 TW with a 68% confidence interval.

Neutrino tomography also provides insight into the interior of Earth. For neutrinos with energies of a few TeV, the interaction probability becomes non-negligible when passing through Earth. The interaction probability will depend on the number of nucleons the neutrino passed along its path, which is directly related to density. If the initial flux is known (as it is in the case of atmospheric neutrinos), then detecting the final flux provides information about the interactions that occurred. The density can then be extrapolated from knowledge of these interactions. This can provide an independent check on the information obtained from seismic data. In 2018, one year worth of IceCube data was evaluated to perform neutrino tomography. The analysis studied upward going muons, which provide both the energy and directionality of the neutrinos after passing through the Earth. A model of Earth with five layers of constant density was fit to the data, and the resulting density agreed with seismic data. The values determined for the total mass of Earth, the mass of the core, and the moment of inertia all agree with the data obtained from seismic and gravitational data. With the current data, the uncertainties on these values are still large, but future data from IceCube and KM3NeT will place tighter restrictions on this data.

High-energy astrophysical events
Neutrinos can either be primary cosmic rays (astrophysical neutrinos), or be produced from cosmic ray interactions. In the latter case, the primary cosmic ray will produce pions and kaons in the atmosphere. As these hadrons decay, they produce neutrinos (called atmospheric neutrinos). At low energies, the flux of atmospheric neutrinos is many times greater than astrophysical neutrinos. At high energies, the pions and kaons have a longer lifetime (due to relativistic time dilation). The hadrons are now more likely to interact before they decay. Because of this, the astrophysical neutrino flux will dominate at high energies (~100TeV). To perform neutrino astronomy of high-energy objects, experiments rely on the highest energy neutrinos.

To perform astronomy of distant objects, a strong angular resolution is required. Neutrinos are electrically neutral and interact weakly, so they travel mostly unperturbed in straight lines. If the neutrino interacts within a detector and produces a muon, the muon will produce an observable track. At high energies, the neutrino direction and muon direction are closely correlated, so it is possible to trace back the direction of the incoming neutrino.

These high-energy neutrinos are either the primary or secondary cosmic rays produced by energetic astrophysical processes. Observing neutrinos could provide insights into these processes beyond what is observable with electromagnetic radiation. In the case of the neutrino detected from a distant blazar, multi-wavelength astronomy was used to show spatial coincidence, confirming the blazar as the source. In the future, neutrinos could be used to supplement electromagnetic and gravitational observations, leading to multi-messenger astronomy.

title: Neutrino astronomy


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Apache Indian (musician)

Steven Kapur (born 11 May 1967), known by the stage name Apache Indian, is a British singer-songwriter and reggae DJ. He had a series of hits during the 1990s. He is best known in the UK for the song "Boom Shack-A-Lak", which reached the top ten during August 1993.

Biography and career
Born into a family of Indian origins, Kapur was raised in Handsworth, Birmingham, UK, a racially mixed area with large Black and Asian communities, home of reggae bands such as Steel Pulse, and by the early 1980s he was working with local sound systems and grew dreadlocks. By the mid-1980s he had trimmed his hair and began to make a name for himself as a dancehall deejay. Apache recorded his first single in 1990, "Movie Over India", initially a white-label pressing, until it was picked up by the reggae distributor Jet Star. The single mixed ragga and bhangra sounds and was hugely popular among audiences of both genres. Two further singles followed in a similar vein, "Chok There" and "Don Raja", bringing him to the attention of the major labels, and in 1992 he signed a recording contract with Island Records.

With the collaboration of his cousins Simon & Diamond, he introduced the new hybrid sound of bhangra raggamuffin – also known as bhangramuffin – to the world with his first album No Reservations, recorded in Jamaica and produced by Simon & Diamond, Phil Chill, Robert Livingston, Bobby Digital and Sly Dunbar in 1993. It was followed by Make Way for the Indian (produced by Sly & Robbie, The Press, Mafia & Fluxy, Pandit Dineysh and Chris Lane), which featured rapper Tim Dog and spawned the hit "Boom Shack-A-Lak". By 1997 he parted ways with Island and his next album, "Real People" (produced by Harjinder Boparai) was signed and released by Warner Bros. Sweden and proved to be his most experimental album, and also featured more Indian elements than the other albums. By 2000, Apache had parted ways with Warner; he later signed to US management company Sunset Entertainment Group, which would lead later on in 2013 for Apache to collaborate on an album with hit producers Jim Beanz & Charlie Hype (both also signed to Sunset Entertainment Group).

Lyrically, Apache Indian usually sings in Jamaican Patois. He has written songs about serious topics, such as "Arranged Marriage", "Aids Warning", and "Election Crisis". as well as lighter songs such as "Boom Shack-A-Lak", "Jump Up", "Girls Dem Fiyah", and "Celebrate".

Apache Indian has recorded with Wreckx 'n' Effect, the United States chart topper Sean Paul, Maxi Priest, General Levy, Brian and Tony Gold, Frankie Paul, Shaggy, Yami Bolo, Boy George, A. R. Rahman, Bappi Lahiri, Sameera Singh, Asha Bhosle and Pras of the Fugees, Malkit Singh, and with Jazzy B on the album Dil Luteya, StereoNation, Sasi the Don, Bally Sagoo, Raghav, and Jim Beanz. He also was a playback singer for the soundtrack of Iddarammayilatho.

"Boom Shack-A-Lak" is featured in several Hollywood movies, including Dumb and Dumber and Dumb and Dumber To. It is also featured on the soundtrack for Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, along with artists such as Fatboy Slim, The B-52's, 2 Unlimited and New Radicals and the movie Threesome.

In 2018, he co-hosted the Brit Asia TV Music Awards with Preeya Kalidas.

His single "Om Namaha Shivaya" is on the Putumayo World Music compilation album, World Reggae which is a collection of reggae tracks performed by artists from around the world.

Apache Indian was nominated for a Ivor Novello Award for best contemporary song for "Arranged Marriage", and nominated for a Mercury Music Prize for his debut album No Reservations in 1993. Apache Indian was also nominated for the Central Britain Media and Arts Asian Jewel Award in 2004. Apache was presented an award at the Asian Media Awards in Manchester UK for his talk show Real Talk (featured on Brit Asia TV) in 2013 and in 2014 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award also at the Asian Media Awards. In late 2014, Apache received a lifetime achievement award from Brit Asia TV.

Apache Indian did a limited release of his album It Is What It Is in late 2013 on Universal India. The album's first single "Celebrate" was a collaboration with Canadian pop singer Raghav and producer Jim Beanz. The album was written and recorded in Philadelphia at the Sunset Entertainment Group headquarters, featuring production from Jim Beanz, Charlie Hype, TroyBoi and J.Nick.

He was awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to music and young people and performed at the closing ceremony for the 2022 Commonwealth Games in his hometown of Birmingham.

Apache Indian Music Academy
In November 2013, Apache Indian opened the Apache Indian Music Academy at South and City College, in his hometown of Handsworth.

Awards

 * Best Newcomer British Reggae Industry Awards 1990
 * UK Asian Music Awards – Best International Success 2003
 * UK Asian Music Awards – Outstanding Achievement 2005
 * UK Asian Music Awards – Lifetime Achievement Award 2011
 * Brit Asia TV Music Awards - Lifetime Achievement Award 2014

Discography
Apache Indian has sold over 11 million albums worldwide.

title: Apache Indian (musician)


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John Parrott

John Stephen Parrott (born 11 May 1964) is an English former professional snooker player and television personality. He was a familiar face on the professional snooker circuit during the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, and remained within the top 16 of the world rankings for fourteen consecutive seasons.

He reached the final of the 1989 World Championship, where he lost 3–18 to Steve Davis, the heaviest defeat in a world championship final in modern times. He won the title two years later, defeating Jimmy White in the final of the 1991 World Championship. He repeated his win against White later the same year, to take the 1991 UK Championship title, becoming only the third player to win both championships in the same calendar year (after Steve Davis and Stephen Hendry); he is still one of only six players to have achieved this feat. He spent three seasons at number 2 in the world rankings (1989–90, 1992–93, 1993–94), and he is one of several players to have achieved more than 200 competitive centuries during his career, with 221.

Early life and career
John Parrott was born on 11 May 1964 at the Oxford Street Maternity Hospital, Liverpool. He was a keen bowls player until the age of 12, but then discovered snooker. He lost in the final of the English Under-16s Championship in 1980, but won the 1981 Pontins Junior Championship. In 1982, he was Pontins Open Champion and Junior Pot Black Champion. He turned professional the following year after winning 14 tournaments in his last year as an amateur player.

Professional career
Parrott turned professional in 1983 and he made his televised debut as a professional during the 1984 Classic in which he played Alex Higgins in the last 16 of the competition in front of a packed house at Warrington near his hometown of Liverpool. He caused a stir by winning the match 5–2. He then beat Tony Knowles in the next round before losing to Steve Davis in the semi-finals. By then, bookmakers had him tipped to be the World Snooker Champion within five years (it took him seven years). He took his first ranking title in the 1989 European Open, and defended his title in 1990.

Parrott spent 14 consecutive seasons in the top 16 of the snooker world rankings, 11 of them in the top 6.

From 1984 to 2004 Parrott was ever-present at the World Championship, reaching at least the last 16 every year from 1984 to 1995, but he failed to qualify in 2005.

Following his 1991 victory he never again reached the semi-finals, but lost in the quarter-finals seven times between 1992 and 1999.

Overall, Parrott won a total of nine world ranking events, which as of November 2019 was 12th on the all-time list behind Stephen Hendry, Steve Davis, Ronnie O'Sullivan, John Higgins, Mark Williams, Jimmy White, Mark Selby, Ding Junhui, Neil Robertson, Peter Ebdon and Judd Trump. Winning both the World Championship and UK Championship in 1991 made him one of only six players to have won snooker's two most prominent ranking titles in the same year.

Parrott also reached the final of the Masters three times in four years, but lost to Stephen Hendry on each occasion.

Parrott came through the qualifying event for the World Championship a record ten times. In 2007 he reached the last 16 of the World Championship for the first time in seven years, after victories over James Leadbetter, David Gray and Steve Davis (10–9, having led 6–1 and 9–6).

A record ten of Parrott's World Championship matches went to a final-frame decider, seven of which he won. He was also the first player to conduct a "whitewash" in the Crucible World Championship final stages, when he defeated Eddie Charlton 10–0 in the first round of the 1992 tournament. For 27 years, he held the record for being the only player ever to achieve this, until Shaun Murphy defeated China's Luo Honghao 10–0 in the first round of the 2019 World Championship.

On 4 August 2009 at the qualifiers for the 2009 Shanghai Masters he lost 0–5 against Michael White.

Following his 6–10 defeat to young Chinese Zhang Anda in the 2010 World Championship Qualifiers, Parrott finished outside the top 64 in the end of season rankings and was not assured a place on the main tour for the 2010–11 season. Later Parrott announced he was to retire from the professional game.

Parrott played in the 2011 World Seniors Championship, where he lost in the semi-finals to Davis. He also participated in the preliminary qualifying rounds of the 2012 World Snooker Championship for players who were members of the WPBSA but were not on the main tour, losing 0–5 to Patrick Wallace in Round 1.

Television work
Parrott is a studio expert on snooker for BBC Sport, often in partnership with Steve Davis; he also delivers many of their playing tutorials and provides guidance for the viewers. From 1996 to 2002, he was one of the team captains on the BBC quiz show A Question of Sport, alongside footballer and pundit Ally McCoist.

He is also a follower of horse racing and was involved in the BBC's horse racing coverage as part of the presenting team.

Personal life
Parrott is an Everton supporter. He is the brother-in-law of former Everton player Duncan Ferguson.

In 1996, Parrott was honoured with an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours list, for charitable services in Merseyside.

In 2008, he launched John Parrott Cue Sports, an online retailer selling snooker and pool cues and some snooker collectables. This was re-branded John Parrott Sports in 2019.

In 2010, it was announced that Parrott was to be the Honorary Patron of the British Crown Green Bowling Association (BCGBA).

title: John Parrott


text:
Talk:Garuda

earlier comments
can anyone verify if this: http://xahlee.org/Periodic_dosage_dir/las_vegas/vegas/mandalay_gargoyle2.jpg is a depiction of Garuda? It was a gargoyle/stature at the hotel casino Mandalay Bay at Las Vegas. thanks. Xah P0lyglut 20:35, 2004 May 3 (UTC)

 * Yes it sure looks like one, especially the shape of the beak the wings, especially the structure of the feathers. Furthermore this statue is located in the so called Mandalay hotel, isn' it? Then it must be a Garuda as Mandalay is a place in Myanmar. Meursault2004 10:01, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * does Geruda sometimes are depicted with a reptilian tail? i looked at some web images and no geruda looks like it. Here's another photo photo2 also note that there are a pair of these in front of an open arch. see photo Thanks. Xah P0lyglut 14:56, 2004 May 4 (UTC)

 * Well, it is possible that this statue is a so called reinterpretation of Garuda. In other words, this statue shows similarities with another birdlike mythological creature. I'm thinking of the Mexican Quetzalcoatl. The latter is a feathered snake. Well Mexico is closer to the U.S. than Southeast-Asia. The tail of the Garuda is mostly not depicted that way. Still, the wings and the beak are Garuda like. I hope this answered your question a bit. Bye, Meursault2004 20:28, 4 May 2004 (UTC).

 * thanks for the info! Probably a new design of Geruda as you said. The fact that its in Las Vegas probably doesn't warrant 100% authenticity... :) Xah P0lyglut 07:29, 2004 May 5 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. Below I've put an image of a Garuda as depicted by a Balinese artist somewhere in the 19th century. You'll see that this Garuda has manlike features but still has no reptilian tail. Meursault2004 15:36, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

I have deleted this statement, He ate snakes until a Buddhist prince taught him the importance of asceticism; Garuda then resurrected all the snakes he had eaten. Nowhere in Hinduism is such a concept taught. user: 67.106.157.231

Is it a problem that this page seems to be mostly verbatim from the external link?
Yup, it is. I've excised the offending content. --Clay Collier 19:49, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Garuda, Rajeswari, Quetzalcoatl, Tezcatlipoca
Columnist Neil Steinberg says Garuda the Eagle and Rajeswari the Snake are sibling Hindu deities who battle each other. Is he correct? Steinberg is not always reliable. If he is, Garuda and Rajeswari would be reminiscent of Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca and the Aztec icon (now the Mexican national symbol) of the Eagle and Serpent fighting - also seen in the third Harry Potter film.) Das Baz 18:26, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Japanese form
Is it possible that the Japanese form Karura is derived from Pali Garula and not from Sanskrit Garuda? Because then it makes sense how the second /r/ in Japanese came into being. Meursault2004 11:22, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It is fair to assume that it entered Japan through South-East Asia, so your theory is plausible. Unless you can find a source, however, it would be considered original research so don't put it in the article. --Himasaram 00:39, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Garudamimus
I'm sure I remember a dinosaur named for the mythical creature. I ran a quick wiki search, and it comes up with nothing. It may have been renamed by now. But should it be mentioned? 125.238.134.69 (talk) 00:58, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It's got an i: Garudimimus. Kotengu 小天狗 (talk) 05:01, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

John Bowker citation
After being reverted, please don't just repeat your addition, but explain your reasons here. The edit summary is not a replacement for real discussion.

It may well be that Bowker is reliable as an author. The problem here is that the cited book is not about the Garuda, not even specifically about hinduism and buddhism, but about religions in general. On top of that, most of it consists of illustrations, with relatively little text. This makes it necessary that any explanations in the book are very superficial. This is even more the case for topics that are only(!) mentioned in an ephemeral picture caption, without any actual explanation. Copying such a sentence to Wikipedia is an improper use of the source. It doesn't help our readers to understand the topic, but rather confuses them. If you can find a source that actually explains the role of this "Tarksya" horse in relation to the Garuda, or their "links with the sun", etc. in a way suitable for an encyclopedia, then you're very welcome to add such material. However, your current addition doesn't satisfy those requirements, so I'm going to revert it again. --Latebird (talk) 12:06, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Garuda 1, Ace Combat 6
It should probably be mentioned in the popular culture section of this page that Garuda is the callsign for the squadron you fly with in the video game Ace Combat 6. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.253.155.135 (talk) 23:38, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Comment
It is a congenital tendency of Cultists posing as historians to depict Santana Dharmic ittihas or History as mythology. Please delete the word "mythology" from the article when referring to Hinduism. If at all anything is a myth it is the cult of self-proclaimed prophets who proclaimed non-stop communication with the MAKER but still was never informed that the Earth was almost spherical as the Hindus always knew including the precession of the equinoxes and factored it in their day to day activities (Vedic Astrology). Contrast this with the flat earth prophets who spawned jealous desert creeds, it becomes apparent which is the myth. One should of course give a "left handed" compliment to the cassocked historians from trying! As Count Louis Hamon, known better as Cheiro, stated: "People who in their ignorance disdain the wisdom of ancient races forget that the great past of India contained secrets of life and philosophy that following civilizations could not controvert, but were forced to accept. For instance, it has been demonstrated that the ancient Hindus understood the precession of the equinoxes and made the calculation that it [a complete cycle] took place once in every 25,870 years. The observation and mathematical precision necessary to establish such a theory has been the wonder and admiration of modern astronomers. They, with their modern knowledge and up-to-date instruments, are still quarreling among themselves as to whether the precession, the most important feature in astronomy, takes place every 25,870 years or every 24,500 years. The majority believe that the Hindus made no mistakes, but how they arrived at such a calculation is as great a mystery as the origin of life itself.".. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.92.61.187 (talk) 04:12, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Modern depiction of garuda cannot be a Kite
Garuda is a snake eater. There are no kites in India specialized to eat snakes. Common folklore also dimisses the kites as Garuda. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.197.53.206 (talk) 14:57, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Like I stated in my last edit summary, please provide a source for the "doubts." Please keep in mind that quoting a source that states Kites don't eat snakes is not the same as quoting one that folklore discounts the Kite. --Ghostexorcist (talk) 18:49, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Main Garuda image
The current main image for Garuda is this: Image:Garuda by Hyougushi in Delhi.jpg

Is this representation really a common representation? This figure doesn't look like a bird of any kind, contrary to everything the text says. It's a man with a moustache and wings. All of the other images in the article look much more like the representations of Garuda I have seen in the past, which almost all have a beak.

Should the image be replaced with one of the others in the article? — Sam 63.138.152.219 (talk) 18:35, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I share your oppinion. As Indonesian I always thought Garuda depiction is more like Indonesian ancient Javanese, Balinese, Khmer, Champa, and Thai common depictions: body of human, head and beak, wings, tail and claws of eagle. Indian depiction is too anthropomorphic, much like biblical "angel", simply a man with wings. However since India is the origin of Hindu mythology, they have the origin claim. How about change it to Indian painting of Vishnu and Laxmi mounting Garuda instead: File:Garuda Vishnu Laxmi.jpg

(Gunkarta (talk) 20:22, 8 September 2011 (UTC)).

unencyclopediac paragraph
''Garuda – the vehicle of the lord is a Veda Swarupa. The essence of the sama veda (the lord’s favorite) is his Atma Swarupa. The sama called Gayathri forms his eyes. Sama called tivrat is his head. The verses of Yajur Vedas is his divine names. The chandas are his hands. Dhishniya or the platform for performing yajnas are his legs. The Sama brhat and Rathantara are his wings. The sama Yajna-yajnaniyam is his wings. Thus, he is called Veda Swarupa.''

The above paragraph in the article reads as if it is translation from some scripture. This looks quite unencyclopediac. whoever added this: please explain why do you think this is the main stream understanding of Garuda in hiduism? what is the source of this text? Or at least why do think this should be in the wikipedia article? we need to remove this to make article sound more serious and informative. any thoughts on this please? Lokesh 2000 (talk) 06:59, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Ramayana
The article reveals the appearance of Garuda in the Mahabharat epic, but does not mention the very important role he plays in the Ramayan epic. According to some Ramayan versions, after being struck by the mystical bramha-astra weapons of Indrajit (Ravan's oldest and most powerful son), both Sri Ram and Lakshman fall under the "snake spell", which supposedly has no cure. The ape-man vanara army falls into despair, thinking the scion of the Raghu race to be dead, and the war to be over. Sri Hanuman, then, flies up to the netherworld to meet Garuda, and asks for his help. Garuda flies with Hanuman to the place where Sri Ram and Lakshman's body lies, eats all the snakes that asphyxiates them, sucks out the poison, and thus liberates them both from the deadly spell, bringing them back to life, and back to the war of Dharm against adharm. I humbly suggest that a mention to Garuda's participation on the Ramayan should be made, or even a whole Ramayan paragraph, since his role in the story in crucial.

Paulo. 9/15/2012.

Garuda Ethymology
The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions, by Keith Crim (Harper Collins), on the entry "Garuda", states: "whose name means 'devourer'". Anyone can confirm the ethymology, since on this page it says it means "eagle" (which may also mean "devourer")? Thanks. --Nazroon (talk) 14:44, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

 * The Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (2002) by Anna L. Dallapiccola says on page 82 that Garuda means "the Devourer." --Ghostexorcist (talk) 15:17, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

Garuda in Himalayan Bön and Buddhist traditions
In Tantric (Vajrayana) Buddhism and Bön Garuda is a very important manifestations of different Buddhas and Deities (i.e. Guru Padmasambhava or Chakrasamvara). Advanced tantric teachings ask the practitioner to visualize the Guru (or the Deity) as a Garuda. http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Garuda, http://kwling.org/bon/dieties/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guido freddi (talk • contribs) 17:20, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

Indus Valley Civilization
Garuda has been shown in indus valley civilization pottery, the features of garuda really match well with the ones shown in the pottery especially its wing pointed upwards and talons spreading outwards and wings are rounded just like a typical imagery, im not sure if any historian has tried to discuss this topic or not but i would be surprised if they haven't done this already.

indus civilization garuda looking bird

garuda looking bird indus civilization 2

the garuda iconography infact will be dated much earlier in prehistoric times as indian petroglyphs, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra also show the same style

http://www.themetrognome.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Rock-Art-at-Kudopi-5-A-bird-620x350.jpg Ratnagiri petroglyphs]

same style of wing tipped upwards shown here as well. 115.135.130.182 (talk) 16:11, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:01, 31 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Garuda wisnu kencana.jpg

Incongruent opening sentences?
The opening lines are somewhat misleading: "primarily depicted as the mount (vāhana) of the Hindu god Vishnu." Depicted in which region? Around which time-period? 1. Suparṇa is called the Divyah Śyena (celestial falcon) that brings down the Soma (ambrosia of sorts) from the divine realm. Garutmānt appears in the Atharvaveda, and later undergoes syncretization.[1] Points to ponder: is it surprising that syncretization should happen with other messenger deities (e.g. Mercury)? 2. Circa 130 BCE: the Heliodorus pillar raised by the Yavana ambassador in Besnagar is called a 'Garudadhvaja' and it's dedicated to Vāsudeva. Some decades later, the same thing is seen in Bharhut. During the Gupta Period (a dynasty which embraced the Garuda emblem) Garuda has been portrayed in anthropomorphic forms.[2] [3] As a royal solar-bird - Garuda may in fact be comparable to the Persian-Parthian 'Xvarena' or the Turkic 'Kut'. Even till the 6th century CE (in Nepal), Garutmānt was portrayed (and quite possibly venerated) as a standalone deity: sort of an all-seeing, fleet-footed go-between for the realms of gods and men. As such, Garuda's link to Visnu (via Vāsudeva, and later Krsna) is likely to due to the 'dhvaja' (war-banner / sigil) - and slowly gave way to more popular puranic stories. Adnanramin (talk) 20:02, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Garuda


text:
ASCI

ASCI or Asci may refer to:

 * Advertising Standards Council of India
 * Asci, the plural of ascus, in fungal anatomy
 * Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative
 * American Society for Clinical Investigation
 * Argus Sour Crude Index
 * Association of Christian Schools International
 * Associazione Scouts Cattolici Italiani, co-founder of Associazione Guide e Scouts Cattolici Italiani
 * Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad
 * Accountable, Support, Consult, Inform (roles in a project)

title: ASCI


text:
Talk:Gault Millau

I've written this mostly to put the context for moving the Loiseau suicide out of the Loiseau suicide. As I understand it, Gault Millau primarily challenged the Michelin guide for quality a few decades back (1970s ..) and for influence more in the 1980s and 1990s. Someone who knows this history should write more. Also about the rise of Nouvelle Cuisine to which Gault Millau is linked.

Ranking
Marc Veyrat received 20/20...

...for both his restaurants: Auberge de l'Eridan (currently La Maison de Marc Veyrat, open in the spring/summer/fall seasons) and La Ferme de mon Père (open in the winter season).

Changed countries
Made a change in the other countries examples: There is as yet no guide for the UK. There are guide for Austria and the Benelux. There is also a seperate guide for the Netherlands, but since this is also part of the benelux edition, I did not think in worthwhile to mention. -- mcdefize 2005-03-14

title: Talk:Gault Millau


text:
The Triumph of Death

The Triumph of Death is an oil panel painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder painted c. 1562. It has been in the Museo del Prado in Madrid since 1827.

Description
The painting shows a panorama of an army of skeletons wreaking havoc across a blackened, desolate landscape. Fires burn in the distance, and the sea is littered with shipwrecks.

A few leafless trees stud hills otherwise bare of vegetation. Fish lie rotting on the shores of a corpse-choked pond. Art historian James Snyder emphasizes the "scorched, barren earth, devoid of any life as far as the eye can see."

In this setting, legions of skeletons advance on the living, who either flee in terror or try in vain to fight back. In the foreground, skeletons haul a wagon full of skulls. In the upper left corner, others ring the bell that signifies the death knell of the world. People are herded into a coffin-shaped trap decorated with crosses, while skeletons on horseback kill people with a scythe. This is one of four horses ridden by skeletons that are depicted in the painting, probably alluding to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. The painting depicts people of different social backgrounds – from peasants and soldiers to nobles as well as a king and a cardinal – being taken by death indiscriminately.

A skeleton parodies human happiness by playing a hurdy-gurdy, while the wheels of his cart crush a man as if his life is of no importance. A woman has fallen in the path of the death cart. She has a slender thread which is about to be cut by the scissors in her other hand—Bruegel's interpretation of Atropos. Nearby, another woman in the path of the cart holds in her hand a spindle and distaff, classical symbols of the fragility of human life—another Bruegel interpretation of Clotho and Lachesis.

A starving dog nibbles at the face of a dead child lying still within its dead mother's embrace. Just beside her, a cardinal is helped towards his fate by a skeleton who mockingly wears the red hat, while a dying king's barrels of gold and silver coins are looted by yet another skeleton, oblivious to the fact that a skeleton is warning him with an empty hourglass that his life is about to literally run out of time. The foolish and miserly monarch's last thoughts still compel him to reach out for his useless and vain wealth, seeming unaware of the need for repentance. In the centre, an awakening religious pilgrim has his throat cut by a robber-skeleton for his money purse. Above the murder, skeleton-fishermen catch people in a net.

In the bottom right-hand corner, a dinner has been broken up and the diners are putting up a futile resistance. They have drawn their swords in order to fight the skeletons dressed in winding-sheets. No less hopelessly, the court jester takes refuge beneath the dinner table. The backgammon board and the playing cards have been scattered, while a skeleton thinly disguised with a mask (possibly the face of a corpse) empties away the wine flasks. Of the menu of the interrupted meal, all that can be seen are a few pallid rolls of bread and an appetiser apparently consisting of a pared human skull. Above the table are two women. The one on the left struggles in vain while being embraced by a skeleton, in a hideous parody of after-dinner amorousness. The woman on the right is horrified with the realisation of mortality when a skeleton in a hooded robe mockingly seems to bring another dish, also consisting of human bones, to the table.

In the bottom right-hand corner, a musician plays a lute while his lady sings. Both are oblivious to the fact that, behind both of them, the skeleton that plays along is grimly aware that the couple can not escape their inevitable doom. A cross sits in the centre of the painting. The painting shows aspects of everyday life in the mid-sixteenth century, when the risk of plague was very severe. Clothes are clearly depicted, as are pastimes such as playing cards and backgammon. It shows objects such as musical instruments, an early mechanical clock, scenes including a funeral service, and various methods of execution, including the breaking wheel, the gallows, burning at the stake, and the headsman about to behead a victim who has just taken wine and communion. In one scene, a human is the prey of a skeleton-hunter and his dogs.

In another scene at the left, skeletons drag victims down to be drowned in a pond. A man with a grinding stone around his neck is about to be thrown into the pond by the skeletons—an echoing of Matthew 18.6 and Luke 17.2. On the bridge just above at the right, a skeleton is about to strike a prostrate victim with a falchion.

Bruegel combines two distinct visual traditions within the panel. These represent both the native tradition of Northern woodcuts of the Dance of Death, and the Italian conception of the Triumph of Death. Classic examples of his frescoes can now be seen in the Palazzo Sclafani in Palermo and in the Camposanto Monumentale at Pisa.

Popular culture
Heavy metal band Black Sabbath released a compilation album titles Black Sabbath Greatest Hits in 1977 which used the painting as the front and back covers.

In Underworld, a 1996 novel by Don Delillo, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover becomes utterly intrigued by the painting after seeing it reproduced in torn pages of Life magazine and eventually obtains a print of it.

The painting plays a pivotal role in The Rich Man's House, 2019, the final novel by Australian writer Andrew McGahan, with its theme of inevitable mortality. The rich man of the title (called Richman) has acquired the painting from the Museo del Prado and it hangs in pride of place in his mountaintop house.

Described in detail as being displayed as a mural under 'The Theatre des Vampires' in Anne Rice's Novel "Interview With The Vampire", p. 225. Copyright 1976 Anne O'Brien Rice. Published in U.S. by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House L.L.C., in 1976.

title: The Triumph of Death


text:
Tao (disambiguation)

Tao is a metaphysical concept found in Taoism, Confucianism, and more generally in ancient Chinese philosophy.

Tao may also refer to:

Comics and video games

 * Tao, a fictional character from the comic book Wildcats
 * Tao Jun, the fictional female character from the manga and anime Shaman King
 * Tao Pai Pai, the fictional character in Dragon Ball media
 * Tao Ren, the fictional male character from the manga and anime Shaman King
 * Tao (video game), a post-industrial video game for the Famicom

Geography

 * Tao (historical region), part of the Georgian Tao-Klarjeti principalities
 * Tao, Mali, a commune in the Cercle of Koutiala, Mali
 * Tao River, a tributary of the Yellow River in Gansu Province, China
 * Ko Tao, an island in the Gulf of Thailand
 * Tao, Senegal, a village in Senegal
 * TAO, Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport, by IATA airport code

People and language

 * Tao people, also known as the Yami, a Taiwanese aboriginal peoples, native to outlying Orchid Island
 * Tao, Yami language, by ISO 639-3 code

Medicine

 * Thromboangiitis obliterans, Buerger's disease, a type of vasculitis
 * Thyroid-associated orbitopathy, an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and periorbital tissues
 * Troleandomycin, an antibiotic

Music

 * Taos, country rock band of the 1970s
 * Tao (album), an album by Rick Springfield
 * T.A.O (EP), by Z.Tao
 * Tao (musical troupe), a Japanese drum and dance ensemble
 * TAO (song), a single by Do As Infinity
 * TAO, Together as One (festival), a large rave held New Year's Eve in Los Angeles

Organisations

 * TAO, Tailored Access Operations, a cyber espionage unit within the United States National Security Agency
 * Tao Group, a software company headquartered in Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
 * TAO (collective), a radical tech organization based in Canada

People

 * Tao (surname), Chinese surname (陶, Táo)
 * Tào (surname), the Vietnamese surname based on the Chinese surname Cáo (曹)
 * Terence Tao (born 1975), Australian-American mathematician, co-recipient of the 2006 Fields Medal
 * Seqenenre Tao (reigned from 1560 or 1558–1555 BC), Egyptian ruler of Thebes who started the process of ousting the Hyksos kings from Egypt
 * Tao Geoghegan Hart (born 1995), British cyclist
 * Tao Okamoto (born 1985), Japanese model and actress
 * Tao Tsuchiya (born 1995), Japanese actress
 * Huang Zitao (黄子韬, born 1993), Chinese rapper, actor and martial artist
 * Antwuan "Tao" Simpson, American singer of Dru Hill band

Science and technology

 * Tao, Motorola Droid, an Android smartphone, by codename
 * Tao Framework, a library giving .NET and mono developers access to popular graphics and gaming libraries like OpenGL and SDL
 * TAO, Tamke-Allan Observatory, in Tennessee, United States
 * TAO (e-Testing platform), Testing Assisté par Ordinateur (Computer Based Testing), open source software
 * TAO (software), The ACE ORB, open source software
 * TAO, Ten Acre Observatory, in Oklahoma, United States
 * TAO, Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project, a project to map the tropical Pacific Ocean
 * TAO, Track At Once, an optical disc recording mode
 * TAO, tactical action officer, in the U.S. Navy, see Operations specialist (United States Navy)

title: Tao (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simpson Family Trust

 * Umm, it seems notable to me. Keep.  And why was it blanked?  Reverting...--Samuel J. Howard 20:44, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This was an unsigned listing on VfD by User:DPSimpson who has been repeatedly pageblanking the article as well. I have no evidence which can confirm the existence of the Simpson Family Trust but there is no evidence that this is a hoax, either.  If true, it appears encyclopedic. Keep if verifiable. Rossami 22:42, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if verified. If this is a hoax, it's a pretty convincing one. - Lucky 6.9 22:45, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * and a twisted one, as that would mean, Simpson is trying to get it deleted in order to get us to believe it is true and keep it.--Samuel J. Howard 22:49, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I am trying to get this deleted because this Trust doesn't go around advertising itself. We believe that good works should be done for their own worth and not for publicity. David Simpson
 * Righto, I agree that it is a good goal not to advertise one's good works. That is also the policy of Opus Dei for instance.  However, that is not the policy of an Encyclopedia, which includes things because they are notable.--Samuel J. Howard 23:04, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. While I respect Mr. Simpson's ideals, this is not advertising or promotion, just information about what the foundation is. Gwimpey 22:02, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, google suggests it's real: http://www.google.ca/search?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=%22Simpson+Family+Trust%22&btnG=Search&meta= --Krupo 23:30, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Google suggests no such thing. Those hits are for other Simpson Family Trusts. I find it difficult to believe that a billion dollar trust could hide itself so effectively. -- Cyrius|&#9998 03:27, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if verified. -- Cyrius|&#9998 00:02, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified. -- Zigger 15:39, 2004 May 6 (UTC)
 * Delete: unverified. I can't find anything on the web that has to do with a Simpson Family Trust based in Leeds, Hubert Simpson, a football stadium collapse in Yorkshire, or a connection between a Simpson Family Trust and Western Hospital in Toronto. I've posted a request for substantiation on the author's talk page. The article itself has no substantiating references. -- I did find something about stadium crowd panic in Sheffield (Yorkshire) and a stadium wall collapse in Birmingham (Midlands) . There does appear to be a Western Hospital in Toronto . Frankly this seems like something from a plausible alternate universe. I'd be happy to be proved wrong. Wile E. Heresiarch 23:50, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep . I have a feeling the football stadium collapse is a half remembered recollection by the author of the Hillsborough disaster --adamsan 21:51, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This is an argument for deleting, not keeping. Do we have any reason to believe the connection with a Simpson Family Trust is more than "half remembered" ? Wile E. Heresiarch 02:23, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I guess that is logical. Vote changed to delete unless verified. --adamsan 07:38, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
UAV ground control station

UAV ground control station (GCS) is a land- or sea-based control centre that provides the facilities for human control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or "drones"). It may also refer to a system for controlling rockets within or above the atmosphere, but this is typically described as a Mission Control Centre.

Hardware
GCS hardware refers to the complete set of ground-based hardware systems used to control the UAV. This typically includes the Human-Machine Interface, computer, telemetry, video capture card and aerials for the control, video and data links to the UAV.

Fixed Installation and Vehicle Mounted GCS
Larger military UAVs such as the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator feature what resembles a "virtual cockpit". The pilot or sensor operator sits in front of a number of screens showing the view from the UAV, a map screen and aircraft instrumentation. Control is through a conventional aircraft-style joystick and throttle, possibly with Hands on Throttle and Stick (HOTAS) functionality.

In addition, the GCS consists of satellite or long-range communication links that are mounted on the roof or on a separate vehicle, container or building.

Portable GCS
Smaller UAVs can be operated with a traditional "twin-stick" style transmitter, as used for radio controlled model aircraft. Extending this setup with a laptop or tablet computer, data and video telemetry, and aerials, creates what is effectively a Ground Control Station.

A number of suppliers offer a combined system that consists of what looks like a modified transmitter combined with what is usually a touch screen. An internal computer running the GCS software sits behind the screen, along with the video and data links.

Larger GCS units are also available that typically fit inside flight cases. As with the smaller units, they feature an internal computer running the GCS software, along with video and data links. Large single or dual screens are also fitted that can be high-brightness or treated with an anti-glare coating to increase visibility in bright sunlight. They can either be placed on the ground, on a portable table, or feature integrated folding legs.

Some portable GCS units are in the HOTAS (Hands On Throttle And Stick) layout. This layout includes a 3-Axis Joystick to control yaw, pitch and roll of the UAV. A slide or t-bar fader can increase or decrease the airspeed of the UAV.

Software
GCS software is typically run on a ground-based computer that is used for planning and flying a mission. It provides a map screen where the user can define waypoints for the flight, and see the progress of the mission. It also serves as a “virtual cockpit”, showing many of the same instruments as in manned aircraft.

title: UAV ground control station