text:
British Columbia Highway 7

Highway 7, known for most of its length as the Lougheed Highway and Broadway, is an alternative route to Highway 1 through the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. Whereas the controlled-access Highway 1 follows the southern bank of the Fraser River, Highway 7 follows the northern bank.

Highway 7 was first commissioned in 1941, and originally went from Vancouver to Harrison Hot Springs, following Dewdney Trunk Road between Port Moody and Port Coquitlam. In 1953, Highway 7 was moved to its current alignment between Vancouver and Coquitlam. Its eastern end was moved south from Harrison Hot Springs to Agassiz in 1956, and then east to Ruby Creek in 1968. Since September 1972, Highway 7 has travelled to a junction with Highway 1 just north of Hope.

The name of the highway, unlike that of Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed, is pronounced. The highway is named after Nelson Seymour Lougheed, MLA for the Dewdney District and the BC Minister of Public Works (1928–1929), who ran a logging company in the area.

Route details
Highway 7's total length under the jurisdiction of the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation (MOT) is 118 km. Highway 7 is signed as far west as Granville Street on Broadway in Vancouver, all the way east through Burnaby into Coquitlam, which is under the jurisdiction of the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority (TransLink). The section under the MOT's jurisdiction begins at the westbound exit with Highway 1 near Schoolhouse Street, with a total length of 2.3 km. The highway then turns immediately northeast, meets with Highway 1 at the Cape Horn Interchange, and has an exit with United Boulevard. The highway leaves the MOT's jurisdiction 300 m after the interchange. TransLink again has jurisdiction of Highway 7 from the point east of Ottawa Street to the point east of United Boulevard.

Highway 7 falls under the MOT's jurisdiction again after Ottawa Street, crossing over the Pitt River Bridge into Pitt Meadows. 6 km southeast of the Pitt River bridge, it crosses into Maple Ridge at Maple Meadows Way, and the highway then crosses into Mission another 20 km east. 9 km of Highway 7's entry into Mission, it meets a junction with Highway 11. 8 km east of the Highway 11 junction, Highway 7 leaves Mission over the Hatzic Pump Bridge.

27 km east of the Highway's eastern exit from Mission, Highway 7 enters the Municipality of Kent. 14 km east, it reaches a junction with Highway 9 at Agassiz. 18 km northeast of the Highway 9 junction, it leaves Kent. Another 12 km northeast, Highway 7 finally reaches its eastern terminus at a junction with Highway 1 at Haig, just across the Fraser River from the main part of Hope.

History
Lougheed Highway, as it exists today is the direct successor to the Dewdney Trunk Road, which was completed around 1900. Portions of the Lougheed in fact, were a part of Dewdney Trunk Road. A subsidized ferry service across the Pitt River was instigated on September 27, 1902, and was replaced in March 1915 by the first Pitt River Bridge. In the mid-1920s, the section from Harrison Mills to Agassiz over Woodside Mountain was built, being completed by the end of the 1926/27 fiscal year. This also included a bridge over the Harrison River. Around 1929 portions of the highway which followed Nicomen Slough were relocated.

From 1928 to 1931, contractors and the Public Works Department built in sections what is now the present alignment of Lougheed Highway from the Pitt River Bridge through to Mission. The route followed the already existing powerlines in Pitt Meadows, went through Haney, continued in the vicinity of the already existing River Road, and then followed the Fraser River to Mission. Ideas for a highway connecting Haney to Mission the via the path the Lougheed takes today can be traced back at least to 1919. Around the time of the construction of today's Lougheed through Pitt Meadows and Maple Ridge, construction of what was then called the "Central Arterial Highway" started through Burnaby. The provincial government however, failed to complete the entire projected road and it wouldn't be until 1946 that the effort to build the road recommenced. The missing link in the road from what is now Lakeside Drive to Blue Mountain St. and Brunette Avenue was completed by June 1948.

On August 14, 1950, the present truss bridge that carries eastbound traffic over the Coquitlam River was officially opened by Roderick Charles MacDonald.

In September 1954, the section of Lougheed through the flats south of Maillardville and around Cape Horn was opened in a two-lane configuration. Previously, the highway followed streets that now make up both Brunette and Cape Horn Avenues.

In 1957 several bridges including the first Pitt River Bridge and the bridge at Harrison Mills were replaced. W. A. C. Bennett opened the new Pitt River and Harrison River Bridges on October 21. Around that time via the Mt. Woodside section was improved significantly. Work on the Agassiz-Haig Highway was also sought over. Around 1958, the highway was widened to four lanes from Boundary Road to North Road, entirely in Burnaby.

In the 1970s, several sections of the highway were widened from Coquitlam to Maple Ridge. In 1971 or early 1972, work to widen the highway to four lanes from Cape Horn to Pitt River Road was completed. The Agassiz-Haig section of the highway was finally opened in September 1972 after many years of construction and want. By early 1973 the segment from the Pitt River Bridge to Haney had also been widened to a four-lane standard.

From about 1953 and up until 1975, Highway 7 followed Westwood Street from today's Orchid Street intersection, over the now-gone Scott Creek bridge and along Coquitlam/Port Coquitlam border to the intersection with Barnet Highway. This portion was replaced by the Sharpe Street Extension which completed and opened on September 5, 1975.

In 1981 work to widen the North Road to Cape Horn Interchange section was completed. Work on widening of the section of highway from Haney to Albion was being done during the early to mid-eighties.

Through the 1990s, efforts were made to widen the highway from Albion to Mission. In 1991 and 1992, the section between Highway 11 and Grant Street was widened to four lanes for $4,571,000. In 1992 and 1993, the highway was widened to four lanes from the western boundary of Langley I.R. 5 to Whonnock for $12.7 million

In 1999, portions of Highway 7 and a former alignment were devolved to the municipalities of Burnaby, Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam, and Maple Ridge.

Around 2001, work to widen Lougheed highway from Brunette Avenue to Schoolhouse Street in Coquitlam to a six-lane cross section was completed. From October 2004 to about November 2005 the section from 285 Street to Mclean Street in Silverdale was widened to four lanes. In 2011, widening of the highway to four lanes from Wren street to Nelson street was completed.

From May 2018 to July 2020, work was underway to widen the portion of highway between Nelson Street and the Silverdale area in Mission. The project was completed successfully. , only one section remains to be widened to four lanes from Vancouver to Mission. This section, from 266 St. to 287 St. is, as of December 2022, under construction.

2021 floods
On November 14, 2021, the province experienced extreme rainfall events that led to debris flows and flooding. As a result, two mudslides occurred late that evening near Seabird Island on the Agassiz-Haig section of the highway, trapping nearly 100 vehicles between the two slides. The next day, Canadian military personnel used helicopters to safely transport over 300 people to Agassiz.

Major intersections
From west to east:

title: British Columbia Highway 7


text:
SMB2

SMB2 may refer to:

 * SMB 2.0 (also SMB2), a new version of the Server Message Block communication protocol included with Windows Vista
 * Super Mystère B.2 (also SMB.2), a variant of the Dassault Super Mystère French fighter-bomber
 * Super Mario Bros. 2, a 1988 Nintendo video game from the Super Mario franchise
 * Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels, the name given outside Japan to the initial 1986 Japanese exclusive version of Super Mario Bros. 2
 * Super Monkey Ball 2, a SEGA video game, which is also a sequel to Super Monkey Ball

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SMB2


text:
Terrace, British Columbia

Terrace is a city in the Skeena region of west central British Columbia, Canada. This regional hub lies east of the confluence of the Kitsumkalum River into the Skeena River. On BC Highway 16, junctions branch northward for the Nisga'a Highway (BC Highway 113) to the west and southward for the Stewart–Cassiar Highway (BC Highway 37) to the east. The locality is by road about 204 km southwest of Smithers and 144 km east of Prince Rupert. Transportation links are the Northwest Regional Airport, a passenger train, and bus services.

Geography
In the vicinity, the Skeena River includes rock outcroppings, gravel and sandbars, wetlands, sloughs, and islands. Significant regular floods have eroded the riverbanks, destroyed landings, and exposed archaeological sites. Over 25,000 years ago, the river cut through glaciers to create the benches (stepped terraces) and deposited well-drained sandy loamy soils suited for agriculture.

The surrounding ecosystem is a hybrid coastal-interior rainforest, which consists primarily of western red cedar, western hemlock, amabilis fir or "balsam" and Sitka spruce. The Hazelton Mountains are to the east, and the Kitimat Ranges of the Coast Mountains are to the west. The north–south active fault line through the Kitsumkalum-Kitimat Valley has created many hot springs in the area.

First Nations and early explorers
The Kitsumkalum and Kitselas, who have inhabited the area for about 6,000 years, traded with other villages along the Skeena. From the 1780s, European and Russian fur traders passed through. From the mid-1800s, the forestry, mining and salmon resources drew new settlers.

The Kitsumkaylum 1 reserve is immediately west of Kitsumkalum River. The Tsimshian word for Terrace is ganeexs (meaning "ladder" or "steps"), likely a reference to the stepped terraces of the surrounding landscape.

Steamboat era
The first sternwheeler to attempt the Skeena was the Union in 1865, which transported supplies for the construction of the Collins Overland Telegraph line. The Mumford, which was the replacement the next year, may have reached 2 mi upstream on the Skeena from the Kitsumkalum mouth (Terrace), but travel beyond the mouth may have been by canoe only.

Over the following decades, river traffic increased. Settlements and woodpile fuel stops developed along the riverbanks. In 1912, the only two sternwheelers remaining on the Skeena were the HBC Port Simpson and the chartered FW&S Inlander, which the Skeena segment of the railway made redundant that year.

Inaugurated in 1970, the Riverboat Days festival held each summer acknowledges this steamboat heritage.

Pioneer settlers
In 1892, Tom Thornhill was the first European settler in the area, establishing a homestead on what became Thornhill Creek and is remembered in the naming of Thornhill and the creek. Formerly, the general area was known as Little Canyon.

In 1898, George Little journeyed west from Ontario for the Klondike Gold Rush. He left the Yukon in 1905 and landed at Kitimat, from where he came north to the Skeena. That year, he pre-empted 160 acre centred around the foot of present Kalum St. Harry Frank, who had taken up the first pre-emption in the district that year, had been visiting the area since 1894. Over the following decades, the Frank Bros Dairy, immediately west of the village, became the preeminent farm.

Arriving in 1907, Edward (Ed) Eby established a settlement in the vicinity of present lower Frank St. The place was briefly called Forester before becoming Kitsumkalum. He built a small hotel and general store. The next year, the post office opened in the store. In 1912, the hotel and store at the landing closed and were demolished.

Designated a national historic site in 1996, the cemetery was established in 1909. That year, George Little began sawmilling in the area. The next year, he opened a general store and laid out the townsite on his property. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) surveyors originally intended the townsite be near Kitsumkalum, but when George offered to donate 50 acre of his land for the railway right-of-way, station, and railyard, the GTP gladly accepted. In appreciation, the GTP allowed him to name the station. The earliest newspaper mention of the Littleton station name was August 1911 and of the Terrace location name was September 1911.

George Little was the inaugural postmaster 1912–1931. Since a Lyttleton post office existed in New Brunswick, the postal authorities demanded a new name. George chose Terrace to highlight the surrounding stepped landforms.

Railway
In late October 1910, the eastward advance of the GTP rail head from Prince Rupert reached the Kitsumkalum River. In early November 1910, tracklaying passed over this completed bridge at Mile 91 and through mile 100 (Vanarsdol).

In 1911, the standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi's Type E) station building was erected. The next year, when a roadmaster riding eastward on a railway motorcycle collided with an oncoming locomotive, he was fatally flung into the Skeena.

In 1927, a falling rock about one mile east of Terrace crashed through the roof of a westbound Canadian National Railway (CN) baggage car killing an employee. In 1929, an addition to the station enlarged the waiting room and the agent accommodation.

In 1953, an earthquake created a 150 ft-wide fissure on the Terrace-Kitimat line construction, which consumed about 1000 ft of the roadbed. In late December 1954, the southward advance of the CN rail head from Terrace reached Kitimat. The next month, the first passenger train completed the journey. George Little was on board. In June 1955, a Prince Rupert–Kitimat passenger shuttle began on a trial basis, which replaced the Kitimat mixed train. The line officially opened the next month, and the Kitimat station was completed later in the year.

In April 1957, the shuttle discontinued west of Terrace. In April 1958, when passenger rail was discontinued to Kitimat, a private bus operator took over the route. In 1959, the main line divisional point transferred from Pacific. To accommodate the additional personnel, a Plan 100‐391 station building opened the next year.

In 1988, Via Rail erected a stationette.

Built around 1914 and designated a national historic site in 1982, the George Little House was moved to its present location in 2004. The next year, the renovated main floor became tourism facilities and the Via Rail waiting room, replacing the stationette.

The Terrace station serves Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train.

. At least during 1912, Kitsumkalum was an unofficial flag stop. . From April 1961, the next stop westward was Amsbury. . From April 1968, the next stop westward was Kwinitsa.

Road transport
In 1920, a Terrace–Lakelse bus service began. By the early 1920s, wagon roads extended north to Kitsumkalum Lake, south to Lakelse Lake, west to Remo, and east to Copper River. Trails existed beyond these points.

The highway grew east and west of Terrace over the following decades, the key event being the completion of the Prince Rupert–Prince George route in 1944.

By 1955, a Prince Rupert–Terrace–Smithers bus service existed. In November 1957, when Highway 25 to Kitimat officially opened, the final 5 or were unfinished. A Caterpillar D9 dragged the first vehicle over this section. In 1958, a 70 mi stretch of the Stewart–Cassiar Highway was completed, which connected the Nass Valley and Terrace. That year, Western Coach Lines inaugurated a Prince Rupert–Prince George bus service, which included a scheduled stop at Terrace. The next year, the company withdrew the service.

In 1960, when Prince Coach Lines assumed the Prince Rupert–Prince George route, only 75 mi was paved. In 1966, when Canadian Coachways bought the company, only 75 mi was still gravel.

In 1970, Greyhound Canada purchased Canadian Coachways.

Prior to ceasing all intraprovincial services in October 2018, Greyhound had eliminated the Prince Rupert–Prince George run that June. BC Bus North immediately assumed the route.

The current passenger transit providers are BC Bus North and BC Transit.

Maps

 * Resources near Terrace map. 1925.

Ferries and road bridges
Around 1907, the Braun's Island bridge was built. Prior to completion of the Kitsumkalum River rail bridge in late 1910, a ferry operator used a rope to pull a rowboat ferry at the crossing. In 1911, a road bridge was constructed.

In 1912, a bridge was built to connect Ferry Rd (now called Haugland Ave) and Ferry Island, and a ferry was installed across the main channel of the Skeena. In June 1913, high water swept away the bridge. The Thornhill–Terrace cable ferry crossed the Skeena from near the mouth of Thornhill Creek to the island. The scow was a reaction ferry, but being much slower than later reaction pontoons, it required assistance by pulling on a rope when the current was weak. That October, when a worker was attempting to clear a snag on the lower cable of the ferry, he fell and drowned. The replacement bridge built the following winter was a howe truss.

In 1918–19, a 15 ST pontoon reaction ferry was installed.

In 1921, the cable snapped sending the ferry downstream where the four people on board had a narrow escape. The badly damaged vessel appears to have been repaired.

In July 1925, the single-lane Old Skeena Bridge officially opened, and the ferry was discontinued.

In 1936, high water washed out four timber spans of the trestle approach on the south side of the bridge, which required the installation of a temporary catwalk.

The building of the adjacent railway bridge for the Kitimat branch in 1953 prompted a major reconstruction and renovation of the highway bridge. On realignment, many new spans and concrete piers were added, a new hardwood deck was installed, and the approaches changed.

The new (Dudley Little) Skeena River Bridge, costing $6.4 million, officially opened in October 1975. The two-lane roadway comprised a 780 ft bridge over the west channel, a 1100 ft embankment across Ferry Island, and a 1240 ft bridge over the main channel.

In 2001, a grated steel deck replaced the wooden one on the Old Skeena Bridge. Up to that time, the structure had been the longest one-lane, wood-decked, curved bridge in North America. In 2005, the bridge was designated a national historic site. During 2022–2023, the bridge underwent a $22.6 million rehabilitation.

Agriculture
Early settlers placed limited value on timber, believing agriculture was the future. Orchards of apples, pears, plums, cherries, and berries flourished. Various vegetables thrived, while much of the timber was burned as waste.

Terrace possesses the most favourable climatic conditions for agriculture in the Prince Rupert hinterland. The location is sufficiently close to the ocean to have the summer advantages of a marine climate offering a long frost-free period and higher night-time temperatures, yet sufficiently inland to experience relatively high day-time temperatures.

By 1920, this climate advantage had created a reputation for fine strawberries, fruit, and potatoes.

Forestry
The forest industry drove the development of Terrace. The small Lillesberg sawmill opened in 1908, burned down in 1909, and was not rebuilt. That year, George Little established a small mill in the area, which became a substantial operation in 1911, and was described as a large lumber mill in 1915. During and following World War I, numerous small sawmills came and went.

When fire destroyed the Little's mill in 1921, most of the lumber and logs were saved. The mill was immediately rebuilt. During the 1920s, Terrace was known as the "pole capital of the world". Over 50,000 poles were manufactured annually to supply many parts of North America with telephone and electric power poles. The world's tallest pole, 162 ft long, was cut in Terrace and stands in New York City.

In 1936, Little, Haugland and Kerr (LH&K) bought the George Little mill, which by 1940 was the largest employer in Terrace.

In 1943, fire completely gutted the mill. In 1948, Columbia Cellulose was granted logging rights covering 334000 acre near Terrace, where its woodlands division was established, creating a post-war development boom. The Sandes mill, which employed 100 workers at its peak, operated 1946–1968.

In 1952, the Pohle Lumber mill relocated to Terrace. In 1956, Joslyn Manufacturing and Supply Co bought LH&K but closed the Terrace mill soon after purchase. In 1959, fire consumed the Pohle sawmill, planer mill, several boxcars, and stacks of finished lumber. The 1960 rebuild was an electrically powered modern mill.

By the mid-1960s, concerns were expressed about Terrace being totally dependant upon the lumber industry. In 1969 Columbia Cellulose purchased the Pohle Lumber mill operations.

In 1981, Canadian Cellulose was renamed BC Timber. In 1984, BC Timber was renamed Westar Timber. In 1986, Skeena Cellulose, a subsidiary of Repap Industries, bought the Westar assets. In 1988, Repap opened a new $45 million sawmill on the Pohle site in Terrace, which closed in 2001. Terrace Lumber Co ran this mill intermittently during 2005–2006.

Earlier community
In 1913, a constable was stationed during the GTP construction. Designated a national historic site in 2006, some accounts indicate the former British Columbia Provincial Police (BCPP) building on the Lakelse Ave/Kalum St corner was erected in 1912. However, 1913 appears more precise. That year, Knox Presbyterian Church and St. Matthews Anglican Church were also built and a co-op store established.

A Roman Catholic Church was dedicated in 1915 but was replaced by a new building at a different location in 1917. Terrace Drugs opened next to the Terrace Hotel around 1918. The next year, a branch of the Bank of Montreal arrived.

In 1921, the legion hall was built. The next year, the liquor store opened and the co-op closed. In December 1927, Terrace was incorporated as a village.

In early 1931, fire destroyed the Agar's Garage and months later the power plant, putting the town in darkness. That year, Fred Bishop built a 100-seat theatre to show silent movies. He had been using the Oddfellows Hall since 1923. In 1933, he relocated and his theatre closed. Restored in early 1932, the electricity generating plant was again destroyed by fire late the following year. Agar's Garage was also badly damaged at this time. A lengthy delay occurred before power was restored.

During the mid-1930s to mid-1940s, Terrace had no bank after the Bank of Montreal closed. In 1938, the government liquor store and government telegraph office were destroyed by fire. The next year, heavy snow collapsed the legion hall roof.

In 1942, a military camp was constructed which would house about 3,000 soldiers during World War II. In 1943, Charlie Adam built a theatre to entertain the troops and highway workers. In 1944, the one-week Terrace Mutiny occurred at the military camp and a new co-op store opened. In 1945, fire destroyed the village power plant, and the BC Power Commission took over the electricity supply the following month.

Post-World War II community
In 1946, a surplus RCAF appliance became the first village fire truck. That year, a branch of the Royal Bank (RBC) opened. In 1949, Knox United Church burned down.

In 1950, the rebuilt Knox United Church opened. In 1954, Charlie Adam built the then Tillicum Theatre in its present location. In 1955, the civic centre (former army mess hall) was destroyed by fire. In 1958, a new civic centre was built in George Little Park. From 1958 to the late 1970s, the Tillicum Drive-in existed. In 1959, a dial telephone system replaced switchboard operators. St. Matthews Anglican Church building was relocated within town in the late 1950s and to the Gitanyow Reserve in 1971.

In 1960, the BC Hydro electricity supply switched from a local diesel plant to transmission lines from the Kemano Generating Station. In 1964, the present municipal building opened. About this time, the Anglicans bought the Dutch Reformed building when that congregation relocated. In 1965, the Knox United Church building was moved to the present site, enlarged, and dedicated the next year. At that time, Terrace had six hotels and seven motels. In 1967, the present Terrace Public Library and Museum building opened. Bill Young, who took over the movie venues that year, added a second indoor theatre in 1974. In 1968, The Terrace Shopping Centre opened on the former LH&K sawmill site.

In 1971, a blaze consumed the older section of the Terrace Hotel. Opening the next year were the new six-storey Terrace Hotel and the Terrace Arena (since renamed Terrace Sportsplex). In 1978, the Skeena Mall opened. The former Roman Catholic Church had been located in what became the parking lot.

Established in 1983, the Terrace Heritage Park Museum was designated a national historic site in 1996. Terrace incorporated as a district municipality in January 1987.

In 1993, a fire razed the 3200 block of Kalum Street destroying several historical commercial buildings.

In 1998, the co-op store closed.

Later Community
In 2003, a time capsule was buried in Heritage Park to be opened in 2078. The next year, the Walmart store opened. In 2005, the SAAN store, present in Terrace since 1979, closed. The city bought the co-op property in 2005, and demolished the shopping centre structure in 2011 and former garden centre in 2022.

In 2006, the Terrace & District Credit Union, which was founded in 1945, merged with Northern Savings. In 2007, Phase I of the Terrace Sportsplex, which included a new ice arena, was completed.

In 2010, Terrace hosted the BC Winter Games. In 2017, fire destroyed the building which housed the original Bank of Montreal branch.

In 2023, the Métis negotiated a deal to buy the former co-op property, arranging finalization in June 2024.

Education
In 1911–12, the Kitsumkalum School opened, which also served Terrace.

In 1920–21, three classrooms were added. In 1924–25, the Kitsumkalum School rose to superior school status. In 1925–26, the Kitsumkalum Superior School rose to high school status.

In 1938–39, the high and elementary schools were renamed Terrace.

The 1946 implementation of the 1945 Cameron Report into BC school financing and administration created centralized larger districts. The establishment of School District 53 (Terrace) included the dissolving of such local school boards. Later mergers created School District 82 Coast Mountains.

In 1953, Skeena Secondary School was built. In 1955, Riverside became the elementary school name. This school had been housed in former army buildings since 1948. In 1956, Uplands Elementary opened. In January 1958, 270 pupils from Riverside moved into the new eight-classroom Cassie Hall Elementary.

In November 1963, further Riverside pupils moved into the new four-classroom Clarence Michiel Elementary. In 1967, E.T. Kenney Elementary opened. In September 1968, Caledonia Senior Secondary School opened. In 1969, Parkside Elementary opened and Riverside closed.

In 2003, a completely rebuilt Skeena Middle School (previously called Skeena Junior Secondary) opened.

In 2010, E.T. Kenney closed and the students moved to Clarence Michiel (later renamed Suwilaawks). That year, a never used and vacant for years school building opened as École Mountainview.

Operating at the secondary level are Caledonia Secondary School (grades 10–12), Parkside Secondary School (alternate), and Skeena Middle School (grades 7–9).

At the elementary level (grades K–6) are Cassie Hall Elementary School, École Mountainview (French Immersion), Suwilaawks Community School, and Uplands Elementary School.

The two private schools are Veritas School (Roman Catholic) (grades K–9) (1959) and Centennial Christian School (interdenominational) (preschool–grade 12) (1969). Spring Creek Adventist School (1951) appears to have closed in the later 2010s.

Tertiary institutions are the main campus of the Coast Mountain College (1968) and a regional campus of the University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC) (2000).

Healthcare
During the railway construction, Foley, Welch and Stewart (FW&S), the GTP prime contractor, established rudimentary medical facilities to treat injured workers along the route. Dr. Seymour Traynor, who arrived in 1910, had premises on Kalum Street. After GTP construction activities moved on, he remained until 1916. During World War I, the Terrace Hotel at Kalum Street and Greig Avenue was converted into a temporary hospital, where patients from the Spanish flu epidemic were treated by volunteer nurses.

After the war, several doctors practised from a small wooden medical building near the foot of Kalum Street, which Dr. Traynor built during a brief return to Terrace in 1919. The facility became a one-bed hospital with an x-ray machine in 1927. Dr. Stanley Gordon Mills, one of the first permanent doctors, arrived around 1930. His wife, Edith, a registered nurse, partnered in the medical care. During the 1936 Skeena flood, the United Church manse was converted into a temporary hospital. During World War II, a 300-bed military hospital was erected on the bench, on property now partly occupied by Terraceview Lodge.

After the war, the buildings were used for senior care and psychiatric patients but were considered too distant for a community hospital. In 1948, a 10-bed Red Cross outpost hospital opened on Haugland Ave. In 1951, the community assumed control, and the capacity soon doubled to 20 beds. In 1961, the 40-bed Terrace and District Hospital officially opened. The next year, the facility was renamed the Mills Memorial Hospital. In 1968, beds increased and an intensive care unit and a new laboratory and X-ray department were added. In 1977, a $6.3 million expansion was undertaken.

In 2021, Northern Health started building a 78-bed replacement for the current hospital at the northern end of the site. The new and larger Seven Sisters regional mental-health facility will increase from 20 beds to 25. Substantial completion and occupation will be 2024. However, final completion of the project will be 2026.

Culture and leisure
The McColl Playhouse (former Zion Baptist Church) has housed the Terrace Little Theatre since 1953. The REM Lee Theatre and the Pacific Northwest Music Festival have hosted regional artists since 1955.

The Kermodei Tourism Society (KTS) is the co-ordinator that promotes the development and marketing of tourism opportunities in Terrace and the surrounding region. The value of heritage visitors is especially recognized, who are drawn by both indigenous cultural heritage and historic locations within the city. The outdoor lifestyle is also emphasized.

During the summer, Terrace offers many outdoor activities, such as fishing for a wide range of freshwater fish, mountain biking, hiking, kiting and hunting in the surrounding areas. In the fall, many of Terrace's inhabitants go out to search for pine mushrooms (Tricholoma magnivelare), and pick berries. There is a variety of winter sports available in Terrace and the surrounding region including skiing and snowboarding at nearby Shames Mountain, as well as snowmobiling, ice fishing, curling, and ice skating.

In 2000, the Grand Trunk Pathway officially opened. In 2023, the western extension of the pathway was nearing completion.

Newspapers
In 1914, plans were announced for the Terrace News Letter but its launch is unclear. During 1915–1917, the Terrace Dispatch newspaper was published.

Established in early 1920, the Terrace News existed at least until 1922. The interpretation of a 1934 mention of the Terrace News is uncertain.

By the early 1940s, the Omineca Herald at Hazelton had been renamed the Omineca Herald & Terrace Times. In 1949, the name changed to the Terrace Omineca Herald and the paper moved from New Hazelton. By the early 1960s, the title was the Terrace Herald. In 1984, the paper ceased publication.

The Terrace Review published 1985–1992. In 1988, the first issue of the Terrace Standard was printed.

The Terrace Daily Online existed from about 2007 to 2012.

Joining the mainstay Terrace Standard, the Skeena Reporter was launched in 2023.

Radio

 * AM 590 – CFTK, adult contemporary
 * FM 92.1 – CFNR-FM, First Nations community / classic rock
 * FM 95.3 – CBTH-FM, CBC Radio One (repeats CFPR, Prince Rupert)
 * FM 96.9 – CBUF-FM-3, Première Chaîne (repeats CBUF-FM, Vancouver)
 * FM 103.1 – CJFW-FM, country

Television

 * Channel 3 – CFTK-TV, CTV 2 owned-and-operated station.

Notable people

 * William Anderson, (1950– ), religious leader, resident.
 * Robin Austin, (1958– ), businessman and politician, resident.
 * Ian Bagg, (1969– ), comedian, place of birth and resident.
 * Rachel Blaney, (1974– ), politician, place of birth and resident.
 * Ambur Braid, soprano, place of birth and resident.
 * Caleb Brousseau, (1988– ), para-alpine skier, place of birth and resident.
 * Roxanne Chow, (1979– ), soccer player, place of birth and resident.
 * Paul Clark (1957– ), paralympic athlete, resident.
 * Glen Cochrane, (1958– ), ice hockey player, resident.
 * Eddie Evans, (1964– ), rugby union player, resident.
 * Wade Flaherty, (1968– ), ice hockey player, place of birth and resident.
 * Alayne Fleischmann, (197?– ), lawyer, place of birth and resident.
 * Darril Fosty, (1968– ), author and journalist, place of birth.
 * Helmut Giesbrecht, (1943–2020), politician, resident.
 * Larry Guno, (1940–2005), lawyer and politician, resident and place of death.
 * Jason Haldane, (1971– ), volleyball player, resident.
 * Michelle Hendry, (1970– ), basketball player, place of birth and resident.
 * Frank Howard, (1925–2011), politician, resident.
 * Edward Tourtellotte Kenney, (1888–1974), politician, resident.
 * David Kozier, (1978– ), ice hockey player, place of birth and resident.
 * Dale Kushner, (1966– ), ice hockey player, place of birth and resident.

 * Craig Levie, (1959– ), ice hockey player, resident.
 * Dudley George Little, (1914–1972), politician, place of birth, resident, and place of death.
 * Peter Mallon, (1929–2007), religious leader, resident.
 * Bradley Mills, (1983– ), ice hockey player, place of birth.
 * Brooks McNiven, (1981– ), baseball player, place of birth.
 * Dave Parker, (1940– ), politician, resident.
 * Crystal Pite, (1970– ), choreographer, place of birth.
 * Rudy Poeschek, (1966– ), ice hockey player, resident.
 * Aaron Pritchett, (1970– ), country music singer, place of birth.
 * Joe Ruelle, (1978– ), author, place of birth.
 * Jeff Sharples, (1967– ), ice hockey player, place of birth and resident.
 * Brenda Silsbe, (1953– ), children's author, place of birth and resident.
 * George Stanley, (1934– ), poet, resident.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Terrace had a population of 12,017 living in 4,873 of its 5,200 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 11,643. With a land area of 57.33 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Ethnicity
As of the 2021 census in the Terrace census agglomeration area, the panethnic breakdown is European (68.28%), Indigenous (25.76%), South Asian (3.29%), East Asian (1.02%), Southeast Asian (1.07%), African (0.29%), Latin American (0.21%), and Middle Eastern (0.08%).

. Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an aboriginal identity.

. Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.

. Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.

. Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.

. Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

Climate
Being close to the Pacific Coast, Terrace has a continental climate (Köppen Dfb), closely bordering on an oceanic climate (Cfb) depending on the isotherm used. It has wet, cold winters (though much milder than inland places) and drier, warm summers, with an annual normal mean temperature of 6.7 C varying between average temperature in January of -3.3 C and in July 16.6 C. Average summer (June to August) temperatures are around 15.7 C, but temperatures over 32 C have been recorded in every month from May to September and a maximum of 37.3 C has been recorded.

Terrace receives an average annual rainfall of 1023.2 mm and snowfall of 327.8 cm, water equivalence of 327.8 mm; totalling 1338.2 mm of precipitation, which is enough to sustain the lush vegetation of the area. October to February are the wettest months. Predominant winds are from the west and southwest, but occasional northerners during the winter bring snow in.

title: Terrace, British Columbia


text:
Sirivennela

Sirivennela (Telugu :సిరివెన్నల) is a 1986 Indian Telugu-language romance film written and directed by K. Viswanath. The film stars Suhasini, Sarvadaman Banerjee and Moon Moon Sen. The film has music composed by K. V. Mahadevan.

The film won five Nandi Awards. The film was screened at the Asia Pacific Film Festival, the International Film Festival of India, the Moscow Film Festival and the AISFM Film Festival. The film was shot in Jaipur and Kerala. The film has Hariprasad Chaurasia's flute rendering and a cameo of drummer Sivamani. The film was dubbed in Tamil as Raaga Devathai. Lyricist Seetharama Sastry derived his stage name Sirivennela from this film.

Plot
Hari Prasad (Sarvadaman Banerjee), a blind flutist lives along with his younger sister Samyuktha "Samyu", in a village near Jaipur, which is also a tourist attraction. Though he lacks knowledge of classical music, he plays the flute melodiously. He makes a living by playing it for the tourists. One day, guide Jyothirmai (Moon Moon Sen) comes along with a bunch of tourists and listens to his flute. She understands his talent and helps him understand nature and to become a famous flautist. Years pass and Hari Prasad becomes Pandit Hari Prasad. Unknown to Jyothirmai, Hari Prasad admires her very much and dedicates all his albums to her. Meanwhile, a mute painter Subhashini (Suhasini) meets him in his village and falls for him.

Subhashini expresses her feelings through her paintings and gradually her brother understands her feelings for Hari Prasad. He approaches Hari Prasad's uncle with a marriage proposal. But at the same time Hari Prasad reveals his admiration for Jyothirmai. This shocks Jyothirmai as she previously worked as an escort to rich tourists. She tries to hint to Hari Prasad about her not so decent past, but is overwhelmed by his pure love and his disregard for her past. Though she admires him, she feels that she would taint him with her past. She tells Hari Prasad that she cannot marry him as she already is engaged to a doctor. Hari Prasad takes it well as he always wanted Jyothirmai to be happy, and arranges her wedding.

On the wedding day, Jyothirmai commits suicide and requests in her last note that her eyes should be donated to Hari Prasad. She also requests that her funeral procession should appear like a marriage procession, and that her death should be hidden from Hari Prasad. Everyone acts like they are sending her to her in-laws. Hari Prasad keeps calm through all of this, and at last goes to the graveyard to say his final goodbye to Jyothirmai. He tells shocked Samyu that it is impossible to hide her death from him. The film ends with Hari Prasad and Subhashini mourning silently in the graveyard.

Soundtrack
Sirivennela abounds in classical music composed by K. V. Mahadevan with flute renditions by the renowned flautist Hariprasad Chaurasia. All songs were written by Seetharama Sastry. After the success of the soundtrack, he became popularly known as "Sirivennela" Seetharama Sastry. The music was released through Lahari music label.

Awards

 * rowspan="5"|Nandi Awards 1986
 * rowspan="5"|Nandi Awards 1986

 * Sirivennela Sitaramasastri (for "Vidatha Talapuna")
 * Best Lyricist
 * Won
 * S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (for "Vidatha Talapuna")
 * Best Male Playback Singer
 * Won
 * Moon Moon Sen
 * Best Supporting Actress
 * Won
 * Pandurangan
 * Best Audiographer
 * Won
 * M. V. Raghu
 * Special Jury Award
 * Won
 * }
 * M. V. Raghu
 * Special Jury Award
 * Won
 * }

title: Sirivennela


text:
User talk:FormerUser3

Here you guys can ask me questions!

title: User talk:FormerUser3


text:
Talk:Zugspitze

Untitled
Is there still a "border checkpoint" there? While I didn't go to the Zugspitze, I crossed the border from Germany to Austria. There's a few signs saying "welcome to Austria" or whatever the German equivalent is, a warning that the speed limit is 130 km/h (ah, German autobahns...), and that's about it. It's like crossing from one US state to another. --Robert Merkel 00:20, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

I'm not the one to do this but boy does this page need a change - http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1877123,00.html
 * ) 21 September

Austria and Germany are both signatories to the Schengen Agreement so there should be no border checkpoint.

The old checkpoint from before the Schengen Agreement is still there but there are no guards

I was there 1993 and 1994 and recall the stupefying crossing over narrow steel gantries well. Two things spring to mind, firstly, that the border post was unoccupied (there were probably two, but I only recall one) and secondly, that even if there were a need for a manned post down in the valley, two or three thousand metres above sea level, well over the snow line on a man made platform designed as a cable-car terminus, there is no need. Sure, you could be smuggling something... ice cream? Drugs to suppress vertigo? I'd have to guess there have always been easier crossing places on this section of the border. I recall the guard's hut as being a very small kiosk. I'm a little disappointed this page doesn't mention the nearby town of Wank,_Bavaria, a source of amusement and a distraction from the immediate drop (it's clearly marked on a map on the crossing). :)

Großes Höllental (Large Valley of Hell)
Can any of you offer any information on the Großes Höllental (Large Valley of Hell) as I would like to create a Wikipedia article on this area. I know what the Höllental (Valley of Hell) is. I am not good at German but this is what I have found: here and it has soemthing to do with Klobenwand? Thanks! FK0071a 11:17, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

"Bayerische Zugspitzbahn" nicht in anderen Sprachen verlinkt
213.52.175.218 (talk) 08:51, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
 * http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerische_Zugspitzbahn

German parameters in infobox
Does anyone else have a problem with the mountain infobox parameters being in German? It appears that when this infobox was created, the data was copy/pasted from the German page version. I wanted to make some edits to the infobox (actually addding a parameter was one of them}, but was unsure how to do it in this unfamiliar format and language. Also the infobox appears different on the visible page than any other mountain infobox I've dealt with (I've made perhaps hundreds of infobox edits).

What I would like to do is take all the existing data from the current infobox and place it the standard English Wikipedia mountain infobox template so it will be like virtually every other mountain article here. Anyone object to me doing this? --Racerx11 (talk) 03:17, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi Racer, you are welcome to do this so long as information is not lost. The reason many of these infoboxes are in German is that it speeds up the process of transferring information from de.wikipedia. The translator doesn't have to laboriously and repetitively change the infoboxes every time and can get on with his/her forte i.e. translating the article. The infobox can later be converted to Infobox Mountain at any stage by anyone familiar with infoboxes. HTH. --Bermicourt (talk) 06:44, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I understand. This was the first one I ran across. Im wondering about how many pages are like this. I do not plan to hunt them all down and change them, but just curious how many more I may run into as I move through different groups of mountains.

 * Done, maybe, on the infobox switch. I understand why one wouldn't want to go through this too often. Took me a while to get everything right. I used the regular Germany locator map instead of the more detailed previous map. Also I didn't include the fact about the mountain having its own zip code. Other than that, I think I managed to preserve all the data. Like I said, it was a fairly labor intensive edit, hopefully I didn't screw anything up too bad. --Racerx11 (talk) 01:03, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

mountain views...
I see many images already in the article so I won't add this directly. An involved editor may chose this high-res view if it fits the article better.

Cheers Saffron Blaze (talk) 04:02, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

highest mt in germany
I traveled here when i was young, was wondering if there is any connection to hitler and Zugspitze hence the hitler youth. thx — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mvdc1980 (talk • contribs) 18:29, 14 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Nazi Germany's highest mountain, at least as of Anschluss in 1938, was the Großglockner (3,798 m). I don't know that Hitler had anything to do with either the Zugspitze or the Großglockner, though. Any alpine references to that monster seem to swirl around Berchtesgaden and his Berghof. He had been holidaymaking in the Obersalzberg since the 1920s, before he was even the Führer. Berchtesgaden, by the way, is a full 150 km from the Zugspitze, and I don't think that Hitler had a heavily fortified summer house anywhere near Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Kelisi (talk) 17:21, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Zugspitze. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100406025231/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~bayerischegletscher/htf.htm to http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~bayerischegletscher/htf.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090913061650/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~bayerischegletscher/htf/htf_topo.htm to http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~bayerischegletscher/htf/htf_topo.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100406030143/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~bayerischegletscher/ssf.htm to http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~bayerischegletscher/ssf.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150425001015/http://www.zugspitzbahn.at/zugspitzbahn/de/gatterlmesse.html to http://www.zugspitzbahn.at/zugspitzbahn/de/gatterlmesse.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:30, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:52, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Above Garmisch-Partenkirchen.jpeg

Zugspitzplatt
The article's lede suggests that visitors must take a cable car ride from here to the summit. This confusion might arise from the former arrangement in which the cog railway up from Garmisch terminated at the Schneefernerhaus, whence the Zugspitzplatt (right next to the summit) could thus be reached. The Zugspitzplatt is, however, where the cog railway now terminates; the branch to the Schneefernerhaus is still there, but is now only used by research station staff (the Schneefernerhaus ceased to be a hotel and became an environmental research station in 1999). That short cableway now serves as the staff's main means of reaching the Schneefernerhaus (they have to go to the Zugspitzplatt up above first); greater numbers of staff, or heavy loads, are usually taken to the Schneefernerhaus on the cog railway. I have therefore amended the lede to reflect the current arrangement. Kelisi (talk) 16:15, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zugspitze


text:
Bavarian Alps

The Bavarian Alps (Bayerische Alpen) is a collective name for several mountain ranges of the Northern Limestone Alps within the German state of Bavaria.

Geography
The term in its wider sense refers to that part of the Eastern Alps that lies on Bavarian state territory. However, it is traditionally understood that the Bavarian Alps are only those ranges between the rivers Lech and Saalach (Altbayern). In this narrower sense, the Allgäu Alps in Swabia, which have only been part of Bavaria in more recent times, and the Berchtesgaden Alps in the east are not considered part of the Bavarian Alps.

The term is frequently used, but does not correspond to the common classification of the Eastern Alps (AVE) developed by the German, Austrian and South Tyrol Alpine Clubs. It should not be confused with the term Bavarian Prealps either. The latter only covers the Bavarian section of the Prealps between the River Loisach in the west and the River Inn in the east.

According to the Italian Partizione Delle Alpi classification, the Bavarian Alps (Alpi Bavaresi) comprise the Allgäu and Lechtal Alps as well as the adjacent Achen Lake mountains.

Early human settlement
A rising number of mega charcoal pieces dated to the Bronze Age suggests increased slash and burn activities, possibly linked to the creation of open space for pasturing. These results provide evidence of human interaction with the mountain environment, beginning in the Neolithic Age and clear evidence of mountain pasture use beginning during the Iron Age at 750 BC. Based on palynology and pedoanthracology it is, however, difficult to clearly differentiate between pasturing, hunting, and other human interactions with the environment.

Notable summits
The Bavarian Alps in their broader sense include the following parts of the mountain ranges listed − in this tabular overview sorted according to AVE roughly from west to east and with maximum heights above sea level (NN). The highest peaks and elevations shown relate to that part of the mountain group that lies in Bavaria, and not to the overall group. For example, the highest mountain of the Allgäu Alps, the high Großer Krottenkopf, lies in Tyrol and is not shown in the table.

The highest peak in the Bavarian Alps and in Germany as a whole is the Zugspitze. It lies in the western part of the Wetterstein range and has a high Alpine character with its height of as well as its two small glaciers.

By clicking on the word "List" in the various rows of the Lists column, a list other mountains in the particular range may be viewed (noting that some of them will be outside Bavaria or the Bavarian Alps). The table may be sorted by clicking on the sort symbols in the column headers.

Landscape
Like the Alps as a whole, the Bavarian Alps as part of the Northern Limestone Alps were heavily influenced by the last ice age. Cirques, lakes and typical U-shaped valleys were formed by the glaciers. Depositions by ice age rivers and glaciers left behind a gently rolling landscape in the Alpine Foreland with lakes and bogs.

Animal life in the region
Due to hunting and environmental shifts, many animals are just now being reintroduced into the habitat they once roamed. The continent's giant cat, the lynx, is one of those returnees. The lynx disappeared from the Bavarian Alps in the 19th century due to human persecution, along with predatory demands. A release project by Czech colleagues in the 1980s allowed for the lynx to have a second wind in the area, with the growth of the lynx population in the region. The gray wolf is the second giant predator and native to the Bavarian Forest. Like the lynx, the wolf was presumed extinct in the region, but due to conservation efforts and restraint on hunting in the area, they, too, are making a comeback.

Mammals such as wildcats, otters, or beavers inhabit the national park too. The region's most well-known bird is the capercaillie. The stocks of the capercaillie, which is quite rare in Germany, also decreased and nearly vanished in the Bavarian Forest during the 20th century. Although the bird was close to extinction, path regulations and sanctuaries helped to further their population growth.

The persecution of native animals in the region has been a long-time concern and issue along the Bavarian Alps. Thanks to recent strides in conservation, many of these animals are being reintroduced into this habitat through park services such as the National Forest in Bavaria.

title: Bavarian Alps


text:
Earthquake insurance

Earthquake insurance is a form of property insurance that pays the policyholder in the event of an earthquake that causes damage to the property. Most ordinary homeowners insurance policies do not cover earthquake damage.

Most earthquake insurance policies feature a high deductible, which makes this type of insurance useful if the entire home is destroyed, but not useful if the home is merely damaged. Rates depend on location and the probability of an earthquake loss. Rates may be lower for homes made of wood, which withstand earthquakes better than homes made of brick.

In the past, earthquake loss was assessed using a collection of mass inventory data and was based mostly on experts' opinions. Today it is estimated using a Damage Ratio (DR), a ratio of the earthquake damage money amount to the total value of a building. Another method is the use of HAZUS, a computerized procedure for loss estimation.

As with flood insurance or insurance on damage from a hurricane or other large-scale disasters, insurance companies must be careful when assigning this type of insurance, because an earthquake strong enough to destroy one home will probably destroy dozens of homes in the same area. If one company has written insurance policies on numerous homes in a particular city, then a devastating earthquake will quickly drain all the company's resources. Insurance companies devote much study and effort toward risk management to avoid such cases.

In the United States, insurance companies stop selling coverage for a few weeks after a sizeable earthquake has occurred. This is because damaging aftershocks can occur after the initial quake, and rarely, it may be foreshock. Although aftershocks are smaller in magnitude, they deviate from the original epicenter. If an aftershock is significantly closer to a populated area, it can cause much more damage than the initial quake. One such example is the 2011 Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand which killed 185 people following a much larger and more distant quake with no fatalities at all.

California
After the 1994 Northridge earthquake, nearly all insurance companies completely stopped writing homeowners' insurance policies altogether in the state, because under California law (the "mandatory offer law"), companies offering homeowners' insurance must also offer earthquake insurance. Eventually the legislature created a "mini policy" that could be sold by any insurer to comply with the mandatory offer law: only earthquake loss due to structural damage need be covered, with a 15% deductible. Claims on personal property losses and "loss of use" are limited. The legislature also created a quasi-public (privately funded, publicly managed) agency called the CEA California Earthquake Authority. Membership in the CEA by insurers is voluntary and member companies satisfy the mandatory offer law by selling the CEA mini policy. Premiums are paid to the insurer, and then pooled in the CEA to cover claims from homeowners with a CEA policy from member insurers. The state of California specifically states that it does not back up CEA earthquake insurance, in the event that claims from a major earthquake were to drain all CEA funds, nor will it cover claims from non-CEA insurers if they were to become insolvent due to earthquake losses.

Canada
There are 4,000 recorded earthquakes in Canada each year. Earthquake damage is not covered by a standard home insurance policy. In the next 50 years, there is a 30% chance of a significant earthquake in British Columbia.

Japan
The government of Japan created the "Japanese Earthquake Reinsurance" scheme in 1966, and the scheme has been revised several times since. Homeowners may buy earthquake insurance from an insurance company as an optional rider to a fire insurance policy. Insurers enrolled in the JER scheme who have to pay earthquake claims to homeowners share the risk among themselves and also the government, through the JER. The government pays a much larger proportion of the claims if a single earthquake causes aggregate damage of over about 1 trillion yen (about US$8.75 billion). The maximum payout in a single year to all JER insurance claim filers is 5.5 trillion yen (about US$39.4 billion); if claims exceed this amount, then the claims are pro-rated among all claimants.

New Zealand
New Zealand's Earthquake Commission (EQC) is a Government-owned Crown entity which provides primary natural disaster insurance to the owners of residential properties in New Zealand. In addition to its insurance role, EQC also undertakes research and provides training and information on disaster recovery.

EQC was established in 1945 as the Earthquake and War Damage Commission, as part of the New Zealand Government, and was originally intended to provide coverage for earthquakes as well as war damage. Coverage was eventually extended from solely earthquake and war damage to include other natural disasters such as natural landslips, volcanic eruptions, hydrothermal activity, and tsunamis, with coverage for war damage later being removed. For residential land, storm and flood damage is covered. Cover extends over fire damage caused by any of these natural disasters.

Industry
Earthquake insurers use simulations to estimate the risk of an earthquake; companies which do that work include CoreLogic, which acquired earthquake modeler Eqecat in 2013 and AIR Worldwide, which is owned by the insurance analytics firm Verisk Analytics.

title: Earthquake insurance


text:
List of duplicating processes

This is a partial list of text and image duplicating processes used in business and government from the Industrial Revolution forward. Some are mechanical and some are chemical. There is naturally some overlap with printing processes and photographic processes, but the challenge of precisely duplicating business letters, forms, contracts, and other paperwork prompted some unique solutions as well. There were many short-lived inventions along the way.

Duplicating processes
Within each type, the methods are arranged in very rough chronological order.

 * Methods of copying handwritten letters
 * Manifold stylographic writer, using early "carbonic paper"
 * Letter copying book process
 * Mechanical processes
 * Tracing to make accurate hand-drawn copies
 * Pantograph, manual device for making drawn copies without tracing, can also enlarge or reduce
 * Printmaking, which includes engraving and etching
 * Relief printing including woodcut
 * Intaglio (printmaking) or copperplate engraving
 * Planographic printing
 * Line engraving

 * Printing/Applied ink methods
 * Letterpress printing (via printing press)
 * Gelatin methods (also indirect method)
 * Hectograph
 * Collography, autocopyist
 * Chromograph, Copygraph, Polygraph
 * Flexography
 * Spirit duplicator (also Rexograph, Ditto machine, Banda machine, or Roneo)
 * Lithographic processes
 * Transfer lithography
 * Anastatic lithography
 * Autographic process
 * Offset lithography
 * Photolithography
 * Stencil-based copying methods
 * Papyrography
 * Electric pen, invented by Thomas Edison
 * Trypograph (also file plate process)
 * Cyclostyle, Neostyle
 * Stencil-based machines
 * Mimeograph (also Roneo, Gestetner)
 * Digital Duplicators (also called CopyPrinters, e.g., Riso and Gestetner)
 * Typewriter-based copying methods
 * Carbon paper
 * Blueprint typewriter ribbon
 * Carbonless copy paper
 * Photographic processes:
 * Reflex copying process (also reflectography, reflexion copying)
 * Breyertype, Playertype, Manul Process, Typon Process, Dexigraph, Linagraph
 * Daguerreotype
 * Salt print
 * Calotype (the first photo process to use a negative, from which multiple prints could be made)
 * Cyanotype
 * Photostat machine
 * Rectigraph
 * Airgraph (also V-mail)
 * Kodagraph autopositive paper
 * Kodagraph repro-negative paper
 * Diffusion transfer
 * Verifax, Copyproof
 * Photomechanical transfer (also PMT')
 * Duostat, duoprint
 * Retroflex (printing process)
 * Dual spectrum process
 * LightJet
 * Ozalid
 * Chemical processes
 * Aniline process
 * Cyanotype (used for blueprints)
 * Diazotype (also whiteprint, ammonia print, or gas print)
 * Heat-sensitivity methods
 * Thermofax (also thermography)
 * Eichner drycopy process
 * Adherography
 * Electrostatic methods
 * Electrofax
 * Xerography, Photocopying
 * Ultraviolet-sensitivity methods
 * APT process, for transferring drawings to animation cels
 * Image scanning and digital printing

title: List of duplicating processes


text: User talk:66.93.244.121

title: User talk:66.93.244.121


text:
Athen

Athen (meaning Athens in several languages, including German, Norwegian and Danish) is the name of two German merchant ships:
 * SS Athen (1893), German merchant ship lost off Portland Bill in the English Channel in 1906, and now a dive site
 * SS Athen (1936), German merchant ship that survived the attack that sank SS Cap Arcona (1927) in 1945; afterwards registered in the USSR as General Brusilow and from 1947 in Poland as Waryński.

title: Athen


text:
Metabolic theory of ecology

The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) is the ecological component of the more general Metabolic Scaling Theory and Kleiber's law. It posits that the metabolic rate of organisms is the fundamental biological rate that governs most observed patterns in ecology. MTE is part of a larger set of theory known as metabolic scaling theory that attempts to provide a unified theory for the importance of metabolism in driving pattern and process in biology from the level of cells all the way to the biosphere.

MTE is based on an interpretation of the relationships between body size, body temperature, and metabolic rate across all organisms. Small-bodied organisms tend to have higher mass-specific metabolic rates than larger-bodied organisms. Furthermore, organisms that operate at warm temperatures through endothermy or by living in warm environments tend towards higher metabolic rates than organisms that operate at colder temperatures. This pattern is consistent from the unicellular level up to the level of the largest animals and plants on the planet.

In MTE, this relationship is considered to be the primary constraint that influences biological processes (via their rates and times) at all levels of organization (from individual up to ecosystem level). MTE is a macroecological theory that aims to be universal in scope and application.

Metabolism
Metabolic pathways consist of complex networks, which are responsible for the processing of both energy and material. The metabolic rate of a heterotroph is defined as the rate of respiration in which energy is obtained by oxidation of a carbon compound. The rate of photosynthesis on the other hand, indicates the metabolic rate of an autotroph. According to MTE, both body size and temperature affect the metabolic rate of an organism. Metabolic rate scales as 3/4 power of body size, and its relationship with temperature is described by the Van’t Hoff-Arrhenius equation over the range of 0 to 40 °C.

Stoichiometry
From the ecological perspective, stoichiometry is concerned with the proportion of elements in both living organisms and their environment. In order to survive and maintain metabolism, an organism must be able to obtain crucial elements and excrete waste products. As a result, the elemental composition of an organism would be different from the exterior environment. Through metabolism, body size can affect stoichiometry. For example, small organism tend to store most of their phosphorus in rRNA due to their high metabolic rate,  whereas large organisms mostly invest this element inside the skeletal structure. Thus, concentration of elements to some extent can limit the rate of biological processes. Inside an ecosystem, the rate of flux and turn over of elements by inhabitants, combined with the influence of abiotic factors, determine the concentration of elements.

Theoretical background
Metabolic rate scales with the mass of an organism of a given species according to Kleiber's law where B is whole organism metabolic rate (in watts or other unit of power), M is organism mass (in kg), and Bo is a mass-independent normalization constant (given in a unit of power divided by a unit of mass. In this case, watts per kilogram):

 * $$B = B_oM ^ {3/4}\,$$

At increased temperatures, chemical reactions proceed faster. This relationship is described by the Boltzmann factor, where E is activation energy in electronvolts or joules, T is absolute temperature in kelvins, and k is the Boltzmann constant in eV/K or J/K:

 * $$e^{-\frac{E}{k\,T}}$$

While Bo in the previous equation is mass-independent, it is not explicitly independent of temperature. To explain the relationship between body mass and temperature, building on earlier work showing that the effects of both body mass and temperature could be combined multiplicatively in a single equation, the two equations above can be combined to produce the primary equation of the MTE, where bo is a normalization constant that is independent of body size or temperature:

 * $$B = b_oM^{3/4}e^{-\frac{E}{k\,T}}$$

According to this relationship, metabolic rate is a function of an organism's body mass and body temperature. By this equation, large organisms have higher metabolic rates (in watts) than small organisms, and organisms at high body temperatures have higher metabolic rates than those that exist at low body temperatures. However, specific metabolic rate (SMR, in watts/kg) is given by $$SMR = (B/M) = b_oM^{-1/4}e^{-\frac{E}{k\,T}}$$

Hence SMR for large organisms are lower than small organisms.

Past debate over mechanisms and the allometric exponent
Researchers have debated two main aspects of this theory, the pattern and the mechanism. Past debated have focused on the question whether metabolic rate scales to the power of $3/4$ or $2/3$w, or whether either of these can even be considered a universal exponent. In addition to debates concerning the exponent, some researchers also disagree about the underlying mechanisms generating the scaling exponent. Various authors have proposed at least eight different types of mechanisms that predict an allometric scaling exponent of either $2/3$ or $3/4$. The majority view is that while the $3/4$ exponent is indeed the mean observed exponent within and across taxa, there is intra- and interspecific variability in the exponent that can include shallower exponents such as$2/3$. Past debates on the exact value of the exponent are settled in part because the observed variability in the metabolic scaling exponent is consistent with a 'relaxed' version of metabolic scaling theory where additional selective pressures lead to a constrained set of variation around the predicted optimal $3/4$ exponent.

Much of past debate have focused on two particular types of mechanisms. One of these assumes energy or resource transport across the external surface area of three-dimensional organisms is the key factor driving the relationship between metabolic rate and body size. The surface area in question may be skin, lungs, intestines, or, in the case of unicellular organisms, cell membranes. In general, the surface area (SA) of a three dimensional object scales with its volume (V) as SA = cV$2/3$, where c is a proportionality constant. The Dynamic Energy Budget model predicts exponents that vary between $2/3$ – 1, depending on the organism's developmental stage, basic body plan and resource density. DEB is an alternative to metabolic scaling theory, developed before the MTE. DEB also provides a basis for population, community and ecosystem level processes to be studied based on energetics of the constituent organisms. In this theory, the biomass of the organism is separated into structure (what is built during growth) and reserve (a pool of polymers generated by assimilation). DEB is based on the first principles dictated by the kinetics and thermodynamics of energy and material fluxes, has a similar number of parameters per process as MTE, and the parameters have been estimated for over 3000 animal species While some of these alternative models make several testable predictions, others are less comprehensive and of these proposed models only DEB can make as many predictions with a minimal set of assumptions as metabolic scaling theory.

In contrast, the arguments for a $3/4$ scaling factor are based on resource transport network models, where the limiting resources are distributed via some optimized network to all resource consuming cells or organelles. These models are based on the assumption that metabolism is proportional to the rate at which an organism's distribution networks (such as circulatory systems in animals or xylem and phloem in plants) deliver nutrients and energy to body tissues. Larger organisms are necessarily less efficient because more resource is in transport at any one time than in smaller organisms: size of the organism and length of the network imposes an inefficiency due to size. It therefore takes somewhat longer for large organisms to distribute nutrients throughout the body and thus they have a slower mass-specific metabolic rate. An organism that is twice as large cannot metabolize twice the energy—it simply has to run more slowly because more energy and resources are wasted being in transport, rather than being processed. Nonetheless, natural selection appears to have minimized this inefficiency by favoring resource transport networks that maximize rate of delivery of resources to the end points such as cells and organelles. This selection to maximize metabolic rate and energy dissipation results in the allometric exponent that tends to D/(D+1), where D is the primary dimension of the system. A three dimensional system, such as an individual, tends to scale to the 3/4 power, whereas a two dimensional network, such as a river network in a landscape, tends to scale to the 2/3 power.

Despite past debates over the value of the exponent, the implications of metabolic scaling theory and the extensions of the theory to ecology (metabolic theory of ecology) the theory might remain true regardless of its precise numerical value.

Implications of the theory
The metabolic theory of ecology's main implication is that metabolic rate, and the influence of body size and temperature on metabolic rate, provide the fundamental constraints by which ecological processes are governed. If this holds true from the level of the individual up to ecosystem level processes, then life history attributes, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes could be explained by the relationship between metabolic rate, body size, and body temperature. While different underlying mechanisms make somewhat different predictions, the following provides an example of some of the implications of the metabolism of individuals.

Organism level
Small animals tend to grow fast, breed early, and die young. According to MTE, these patterns in life history traits are constrained by metabolism. An organism's metabolic rate determines its rate of food consumption, which in turn determines its rate of growth. This increased growth rate produces trade-offs that accelerate senescence. For example, metabolic processes produce free radicals as a by-product of energy production. These in turn cause damage at the cellular level, which promotes senescence and ultimately death. Selection favors organisms which best propagate given these constraints. As a result, smaller, shorter lived organisms tend to reproduce earlier in their life histories.

Population and community level
MTE has profound implications for the interpretation of population growth and community diversity. Classically, species are thought of as being either r selected (where populations tend to grow exponentially, and are ultimately limited by extrinsic factors) or K selected (where population size is limited by density-dependence and carrying capacity). MTE explains this diversity of reproductive strategies as a consequence of the metabolic constraints of organisms. Small organisms and organisms that exist at high body temperatures tend to be r selected, which fits with the prediction that r selection is a consequence of metabolic rate. Conversely, larger and cooler bodied animals tend to be K selected. The relationship between body size and rate of population growth has been demonstrated empirically, and in fact has been shown to scale to M−1/4 across taxonomic groups. The optimal population growth rate for a species is therefore thought to be determined by the allometric constraints outlined by the MTE, rather than strictly as a life history trait that is selected for based on environmental conditions.

Regarding density, MTE predicts carrying capacity of populations to scale as M-3/4, and to exponentially decrease with increasing temperature. The fact that larger organisms reach carrying capacity sooner than smaller one is intuitive, however, temperature can also decrease carrying capacity due to the fact that in warmer environments, higher metabolic rate of organisms demands a higher rate of supply. Empirical evidence in terrestrial plants, also suggests that density scales as -3/4 power of the body size.

Observed patterns of diversity can be similarly explained by MTE. It has long been observed that there are more small species than large species. In addition, there are more species in the tropics than at higher latitudes. Classically, the latitudinal gradient in species diversity has been explained by factors such as higher productivity or reduced seasonality. In contrast, MTE explains this pattern as being driven by the kinetic constraints imposed by temperature on metabolism. The rate of molecular evolution scales with metabolic rate, such that organisms with higher metabolic rates show a higher rate of change at the molecular level. If a higher rate of molecular evolution causes increased speciation rates, then adaptation and ultimately speciation may occur more quickly in warm environments and in small bodied species, ultimately explaining observed patterns of diversity across body size and latitude.

MTE's ability to explain patterns of diversity remains controversial. For example, researchers analyzed patterns of diversity of New World coral snakes to see whether the geographical distribution of species fit within the predictions of MTE (i.e. more species in warmer areas). They found that the observed pattern of diversity could not be explained by temperature alone, and that other spatial factors such as primary productivity, topographic heterogeneity, and habitat factors better predicted the observed pattern. Extensions of metabolic theory to diversity that include eco-evolutionary theory show that an elaborated metabolic theory can account for differences in diversity gradients by including feedbacks between ecological interactions (size-dependent competition and predation) and evolutionary rates (speciation and extinction)

Ecosystem processes
At the ecosystem level, MTE explains the relationship between temperature and production of total biomass. The average production to biomass ratio of organisms is higher in small organisms than large ones. This relationship is further regulated by temperature, and the rate of production increases with temperature. As production consistently scales with body mass, MTE provides a framework to assess the relative importance of organismal size, temperature, functional traits, soil and climate on variation in rates of production within and across ecosystems. Metabolic theory shows that variation in ecosystem production is characterized by a common scaling relationship, suggesting that global change models can incorporate the mechanisms governing this relationship to improve predictions of future ecosystem function.

title: Metabolic theory of ecology


text:
Medgar Evers College

Medgar Evers College is a public college in New York City. It is a senior college of the City University of New York (CUNY), offering baccalaureate and associate degrees. It was established in 1970 in central Brooklyn. It is named after Medgar Wiley Evers, an African American civil rights leader assassinated on June 12, 1963.

The college is divided into four schools: the School of Business, the School of Professional and Community Development, the School of Liberal Arts and Education, and the School of Science, Health, and Technology. The college also operates several external programs and associated centers such as the Male Development and Empowerment Center, the Center for Women's Development, the Center for Black Literature, and the DuBois Bunche Center for Public Policy. The college is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.

Campus

The college is presently located in four buildings: 1150 Carroll Street, a four-story 152000 sqft gross building originally built as the Brooklyn Preparatory School in 1908; 1650 Bedford Avenue, a three-story 130000 sqft gross building completed in 1988; and The School of Business and Student Support Services Building, 1637 Bedford Avenue, a three-story 44950 sqft gross building. The new Academic Building houses the sciences, a new cafeteria and the Edison O. Jackson auditorium. The five-story 194000 sqft gross brick structure on the northern side of Crown Street features computer-enabled classrooms, labs, and a 500-person dining hall.

Some of the land the college is located on was originally the location of the Kings Country Penitentiary – known colloquially as the Crow Hill Penitentiary – from 1848 to 1907. When it was closed and demolished, the site became the location of Brooklyn Preparatory School, a Jesuit institution, until 1972, when the school closed. The land was then sold to CUNY.

Admissions and ethnicity
As of 2017, Medgar Evers' student ethnic diversity was 76% Black non-Hispanic, 15% Hispanic, 3% Asian or Pacific Islander, 2% non-Hispanic White, and 1% two or more races.

Graduation rate
The college's graduation rate is 11.81% within 150% of normal time, i.e., out of 1,126 candidates seeking a four-year bachelor's degree, 133 graduated within six years.

Academics
Medgar Evers College offers baccalaureate degrees and associate degrees in several disciplines. It offers a Licensed Practical Nursing (LPN) certificate program through its Nursing Department. It also offers a number of courses and certificate programs through the Continuing Education component of its School of Professional and Community Development.

School of Business
The School of Business has produced over 2,000 graduates from its programs, including attorneys, judges, CPAs, managers, and entrepreneurs. The School is accredited by the Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP) and a member of the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA). The School of Business is home to a chapter of Delta Mu Delta international honor society. The School of Business is also home to the Entrepreneurship & Experiential Learning Lab, which operates a number of programs including the International Innovators Initiative and the Virtual CEED Program (Community Entrepreneurship, Engagement, & Development) with corporate sponsor SourceFunding.org.

School of Liberal Arts and Education
The School of Liberal Arts and Education offers the largest portion of the courses that make up the college's liberal arts core curriculum. About 45 percent of the college's full-time enrollment is supported in the School of Liberal Arts & Education. The School of Liberal Arts & Education houses six academic departments: Education, Interdisciplinary Studies (IDS), English, Mass Communications, Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences (SBS), and Philosophy & Religious Studies. Two associate degrees and two bachelor's degrees are offered within the School.

School of Science, Health and Technology
The School of Science, Health and Technology consists of the Departments of Biology, Mathematics, Nursing, and Physical, Environmental and Computer Sciences. It offers degrees at both baccalaureate and associate levels.

The School of Science, Health and Technology also offers special Transfer Opportunities into Allied Health Programs at SUNY Downstate Medical Center. Students who complete a prescribed course of study at MEC are granted preferred acceptance into four SUNY Downstate Medical Center degree programs: Physician Assistant Program, Physical Therapy Program, Diagnostic Medical Imaging Program, and Occupational Therapy Program.

Academic centers
There are also many academic centers at the college, which support scholarships and services to the residents of Central Brooklyn, and the greater New York area. These include:
 * The Center for Black Literature, which holds the National Black Writers Conference
 * The Center for Teaching and Learning Excellence
 * The Center for Women's Development
 * The Male Development and Empowerment Center
 * The DuBois Bunche Center for Public Policy
 * The Center for Law and Social Justice
 * The Brooklyn International Trade Development Center
 * The Center for Diopian Inquiry and Research on Education (DIRECT Center)
 * The Entrepreneurship & Experiential Learning Lab, which houses a number of programs including the International Innovators Initiative and the Virtual CEED Program (Community Entrepreneurship, Engagement, & Development) operated in collaboration with corporate sponsor SourceFunding.org and focused on inclusive finance and supporting underserved small businesses and entrepreneurs.

Student life
The college is home to a number of student clubs and organizations, including the ADAFI student newspaper, local student chapters of the American Marketing Association and the National Association of Black Accountants, and several sororities and fraternities.

Athletics
Medgar Evers College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Cougars are a member of the City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC). Men's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, track & field and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

Notable faculty

 * Roger Green, former New York State Assemblymember, faculty member in the Department of Public Administration
 * George Irish, renowned Montserratian academic, community leader and activist
 * John Oliver Killens taught at the college before his death in 1987 and founded the National Black Writers Conference
 * Former Congressman Major Owens, faculty member in the Department of Public Administration
 * Patricia Ramsey, biologist and academic administrator
 * Betty Shabazz, wife of Malcolm X, taught at Medgar Evers College beginning in 1976 and later headed the college's Office of Institutional Advancement and Public Relations until her death in 1997. In 2003, a bust of Shabazz was created and placed on permanent display in the Bedford Building.

Alumni
The college has graduated over 12,000 alumni since its doors first opened, including:
 * Carl Andrews, former New York State senator
 * Yvette Clarke, congresswoman, member of the United States House of Representatives from New York
 * Iyanla Vanzant, author and television personality

title: Medgar Evers College