text:
Institut national des sciences appliquées

The Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA; National Institute of Applied Sciences) is a French engineering university.

There are seven INSA establishments organised as a network and located in major French regional cities Lyon, Rennes, Rouen, Strasbourg, Toulouse, Valenciennes, Blois and Bourges. All INSAs share the same philosophy, at the same time preserving an individual identity based on their respective histories, origins, economic environments and on poles of excellence developed from specific competences.

The INSA network represents the largest engineer training group in France: 12% of all engineers who obtain their degree in France each year graduate from one of the INSA establishments. To date, almost 50,000 INSA engineers contribute to the social and economic fabric worldwide. The INSA are public establishments with a scientific, cultural and professional orientation. They are under the aegis of the Ministry of Higher Education and are accredited by the "Commission des Titres" to deliver engineering degrees.

Academics
About 20% of French engineering students enroll in a school directly after a high school diploma (Baccalauréat) without first attending a post-high school preparatory school (Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles or prépa), and then attend for five years of study leading to a master's degree. The Groupe INSA Grandes Écoles engineering schools are selective, and unlike French universities they do not offer open enrollment, but they do allow for direct enrollment either after high school or after graduating from a post- high school prépa. International students with a high school or bachelor's degree may also apply directly to INSA, and 27% of students are from outside of France. In 2022, annual tuition for a master's degree was: €601 for French; €1,900 for other Europeans; €5,000 for all others.

Although INSA engineering schools are selective and can be more expensive than public universities in France, Grandes Écoles typically have much smaller class sizes and student bodies, and many of their programs are taught in English. International internships, study abroad opportunities, and close ties with government and the corporate world are a hallmark of the Grandes Écoles. Many of the top ranked schools in Europe are members of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles (CGE), as are INSA engineering schools. Degrees from INSA are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and awarded by the ministry of higher education (Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur).

Prestige
All Groupe INSA engineering schools are under the supervision of the Ministry of higher education (Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur) and are Grandes Écoles, a French institution of higher education that is separate from, but parallel and connected to the main framework of the French public university system. Similar to the Ivy League in the United States, Oxbridge in the UK, and C9 League in China, Grandes Écoles are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process. Alums go on to occupy elite positions within government, administration, and corporate firms in France.

Of the engineering schools that offer direct entry after receiving a baccalaureate, INSA are considered among the most selective and the number of applications has steadily increased over the years.

Parcoursup 2020:

Campuses

 * INSA Lyon
 * INSA Rennes
 * INSA Rouen
 * INSA Strasbourg
 * INSA Toulouse
 * INSA Centre Val de Loire
 * INSA Hauts-de-France


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Barnburners and Hunkers

The Barnburners and Hunkers were the names of two opposing factions of the New York Democratic Party in the mid-19th century. The main issue dividing the two factions was that of slavery, with the Barnburners being the anti-slavery faction. While this division occurred within the context of New York politics, it reflected the national divisions in the United States in the years preceding the American Civil War.

Barnburners
The Barnburners were the radical faction. The term barnburner was derived from a folktale about a Dutch farmer who burned down his own barn in order to get rid of a rat infestation. In this case it was applied to men who were thought to be willing to destroy all banks and corporations, in order to root out their abuses.

The Barnburners opposed expanding the public debt, and were opposed to the power of large state-established corporations. They also generally came to oppose the extension of slavery. They also stood for local control by the Albany Regency, as against the Polk political machine which the new administration was trying to build up in New York. Among the prominent Barnburners were Martin Van Buren, Silas Wright and John A. Dix.

At the 1848 presidential election, the Barnburners left the Democratic Party, refusing to support presidential nominee Lewis Cass. They joined with other anti-slavery groups, predominantly the abolitionist Liberty Party and some anti-slavery Conscience Whigs from New England and the Midwest, to form the Free Soil Party. This group nominated former President Van Buren to run again for the presidency. Their vote divided Democratic strength. Zachary Taylor, the Whig nominee, was elected to office.

After the Compromise of 1850 temporarily neutralized the issue of slavery and undercut the party's no-compromise position, most Barnburners who had joined the Free Soil Party returned to the Democratic Party. In 1854, some Barnburners helped to form the Republican Party.

Hunkers
The Hunkers were the relatively pro-government faction. They opposed the Barnburners, and favored state banks, internal improvements, and minimizing the slavery issue. Among the leaders of the Hunkers were Horatio Seymour, William L. Marcy, Samuel Beardsley, Edwin Croswell, and Daniel S. Dickinson.

Following the 1848 election, the Hunkers themselves split over the question of reconciliation with the Barnburners, with the Softs, led by Marcy, favoring reconciliation, and the Hards, led by Dickinson, opposing it. This split would be exacerbated following the 1852 presidential election, when disputes over patronage led to an even broader split between Hards and Softs and helped lead to the defeat of the Soft governor, Horatio Seymour, running for re-election in 1854.

References and further reading

 * Donovan, Herbert D. The Barnburners (New York University Press, 1926)
 * Ginsberg, Judah B. "Barnburners, Free Soilers, and the New York Republican Party." New York History 57.4 (1976): 475–500. online
 * Harp, Gillis J. "The Character of Party Dialogue: Democrats and Whigs in New York State, 1844-1852." Essays in History 26 (1982). online
 * Meredith, Mamie. " 'Hards' and 'Softs' in American Politics." American Speech 5.5 (1930): 408–413. online
 * Harp, Gillis J. "The Character of Party Dialogue: Democrats and Whigs in New York State, 1844-1852." Essays in History 26 (1982). online
 * Meredith, Mamie. " 'Hards' and 'Softs' in American Politics." American Speech 5.5 (1930): 408–413. online

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barnburners and Hunkers


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M-21 (Michigan highway)

M-21 is an east–west state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan connecting the cities of Grand Rapids and Flint. The highway passes through rural farming country and several small towns along its course through the Lower Peninsula. Following the course of a handful of rivers, M-21 also connects some of the state's freeways like Interstate 96 (I-96), US Highway 127 (US 127) and I-75. The highway is used by between 1,700 and 36,000 vehicles daily.

M-21 was designated along the highway by July 1, 1919 between Ionia and Goodells near Port Huron. Changes made in the 1920s extended it on the west end to Holland and on the east end to Port Huron. M-21 was truncated at both of its current termini as two Interstate freeways were completed. I-196 functionally replaced M-21 between Holland and Grand Rapids with a portion retained under state maintenance as Old M-21, now M-121. I-69 replaced M-21 from Flint to Port Huron. A section of M-21 through Flint became M-56. That designation was decommissioned in 1984 when M-21 was returned to its former routing in Flint.

Route description
M-21 starts on Fulton Street at a junction with M-37 (East Beltline Avenue) on the east side of greater Grand Rapids. Fulton passes through residential areas on this side of town, and crosses over I-96. Continuing east, the highway passes the headquarters of Amway and crosses the Grand River near its confluence with the Thornapple River in Ada. M-21 runs long the north back of the Grand, turning southeasterly and east to Lowell. The roadway passes through downtown and over the Flat River near its confluence with the Grand. M-21 runs east of town through the southern end of the Lowell State Gaming Area and crosses into Ionia County.

The road follows Bluewater Highway along the river, passing to the north of Saranac. It turns northeasterly through lightly forested farmland passing Bertha Brock Park as it approaches the city of Ionia. In town, M-66 runs concurrently along M-21 for a few blocks in the central business district. Bluewater Highway leaves town and continues along the Grand River to Muir, and the trunkline crosses the Maple River on east side of town. M-21 follows the course of the Maple briefly before turning east through farms along the Stony Creek to Pewamo. The highway bypasses the village to the south and crosses into Clinton County near the eastern edge of town. Western Clinton County's landscape is dominated by farms, interrupted by the community of Fowler. The highway enters the county seat, St. Johns on State Street, passing through a residential section of town. In the middle of downtown, M-21 intersects 2nd Street, which carries Business US Highway 127 (Bus. US 127). East of downtown, M-21 passes back into agricultural land and under the US 127 freeway. The landscape is once again dominated by these farms through the western side of the county.

M-21 passes into the community of Ovid and over the county line into Shiawassee County. Continuing east through the county, the highway enters Owosso. The trunkline follows Main Street into downtown and crosses the Shiawassee River between junctions with M-52 and M-71 in Owosso. M-21 runs roughly parallel to the river out into the country side. The remainder of the county is the same, dominated by farmland along a straight stretch of flat highway. North of Lennon, M-21 meets M-13 at an intersection on the Shiawassee–Genesee county line. The landscape starts to transition to residential subdivisions as the roadway approaches the Flint area.

In Flint Township, M-21 follows Corunna Road and meets I-75/US 23 at exit 118. The road crosses a former branch line of the Canadian National Railway (converted into a bicycle trail) east of the interchange. Corunna Road angles to the northeast near Bradley Avenue and terminates at Court Street. The trunkline turns east and follows Court over a tributary of the Flint River near Aldrich Park. Northeast of the stream, M-21 splits along a one-way pairing of Court and 5th streets. Eastbound traffic follows 5th Street past the city and county buildings in the area. The highway passes over I-475 and terminates at the east frontage road. Traffic connecting between M-21 and I-475 must use the frontage roads to make the connection.

All of M-21, except for some segments just outside Grand Rapids and Flint, along with the highway split into two one-way streets inside Flint, is undivided surface road; none of M-21 is freeway. The section between I-75/US 23 and Saginaw Street in Flint is part of the National Highway System, a network of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility. M-21, like all state highways, is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). As part of these responsibilities, the department tracks traffic volumes along its highways. They use a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT), which is a calculation of the average traffic along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. Traffic volumes in 2009 vary from 22,756 vehicles in the Forest Hills neighborhood east of Grand Rapids to 1,719 vehicles in Pewamo daily. MDOT reported that the peak AADT was 36,053 vehicles daily near the I-75 interchange in the Flint area.

History
Before the Interstate era, M-21 extended across the entire Lower Peninsula, from the junction with US 31 in Holland near Lake Michigan east to the St. Clair River at Port Huron, and crossed into Canada where the Blue Water Bridge is currently located.

M-21 was designated by July 1, 1919 on a routing from Ionia to Goodells. Along the way, it ran through Lyons and Pewamo, joining its current routing to Ovid. M-21 continued through Corunna to Lennon and Flint. There it joined its last routing between Flint and the Port Huron area. The highway was extended to Port Huron by 1924, and the west end was extended to Grand Rapids in 1925 along M-16 (later US 16). The previous routing through Owosso and Lennon was redesignated as M-71 at this time when M-21 was shifted along the current routing between the two communities. The 1926 creation of the United States Highway System led to the extension of M-21 along US 16 to Grand Rapids. From there west, M-21 replaced M-51 on Chicago Drive to Holland. The highway was moved to a new routing between Flint and Lapeer in 1929; the old route was renumbered M-21A. All in-city portions of M-21 were transferred to state control in 1931 with the passage of the Dykstra Act of 1931 (PA 131 of 1931).

A Bypass M-21 (Byp. M-21) designation was created in the Grand Rapids area in 1945. This designation ran from the corner of 28th Street and Chicago Drive along Byp. US 16 and Byp. US 131 on 28th Street. At East Beltline Avenue, Byp. US 131/Byp. M-21 turned north back to M-21. M-21A in Flint was turned over to local control in 1948, decommissioning the number. The Byp. M-21 routing was replaced by M-21 in 1953. The former routing in Grand Rapids became Bus. M-21 instead.

A bypass of Zeeland opened in 1958, rerouting M-21 around the town. The I-196 freeway opened through Grand Rapids in 1964, and M-21 was routed along the freeway between Chicago Drive in Grandville and downtown, using I-96 to complete the connection to its previous routing on Fulton Street.

The first freeway segment of M-21 on the east end was built from Wadhams to Port Huron in 1966. A freeway segment between Flint and Lapeer opened in 1971. M-21 was routed down M-13 to the new freeway where it joined the M-78 designation from M-13 east. The section of M-21 formerly between M-13 and Bus. M-54 was redesignated M-56. The M-78 designation was replaced by I-69 in 1973 after I-69 was extended north from Charlotte. The 1974 completion of I-196 meant the truncation of M-21 to end in Grand Rapids. At the time, M-21 was extended along Fulton Street to the East Beltline, and the business loop was truncated into a spur route redesignated BS I-196. The remaining segment of freeway connecting Flint with Port Huron opened in 1984 as I-69, and M-21 was shortened to Flint. M-56 was replaced by M-21 at this time as well. The former M-21 in Port Huron became BL I-69, and the remainder was turned back to local control.

M-21A
M-21A was an alternate route for M-21 near Flint. It started at an intersection between M-21 (Court Street) and US 10 (Dort Highway) and ran southward concurrently with US 10 to Lapeer Road. The highway turned eastward along Lapeer Road and out of the city of Flint. It continued to an intersection with M-15 south of Davison, where it turned northward, running concurrently with M-15 into downtown. At an intersection with M-21 at Flint Street, M-21A ended. The highway was created in 1929, and it was turned over to local control in late 1948.

Major intersections

Bypass M-21
Bypass M-21 (Byp. M-21) was a bypass route of M-21 in Kent County. It started at the intersection between M-21 (Chicago Drive) and 28th Street in Grandville. From there, it was routed eastward along 28th Street running concurrently with Byp. US 16. At the intersection with US 131 (Division Avenue) on the Wyoming–Paris township line, a Byp. US 131 started and ran concurrently eastward along 28th Street. Byp. US 16/Byp. US 131/Byp. M-21 continued along 28th Street in Paris Township to an intersection with Kalamazoo Avenue where M-37 turned off Kalamazoo and onto 28th Street. Further east, 28th Street and East Beltline Avenue intersected. At that junction, Byp. US 131/Byp. M-21 turned northward along East Beltline while M-37 turned south and Byp. US 16 continued eastward on 28th Street. Running northward in Grand Rapids Township, Byp. US 131/Byp. M-21 intersected US 16/M-50 at Cascade Road before Byp. M-21 terminated at the intersection with M-21 (Fulton Street).

During World War II, the state was building a beltline system for Grand Rapids. This highway, numbered M-114 was decommissioned by 1945 and the streets that composed it were given new designations. Byp. M-21 was routed along 28th Street from Grandville to Paris Township and along East Beltline into Grand Rapids Township. In 1953, the mainline M-21 was rerouted to replace its bypass around downtown, decommissioning the Byp. M-21 designation.

Major intersections

Business M-21
Business M-21 (Bus. M-21) was a business route of M-21 in the Grand Rapids area. It started at an interchange between Chicago Drive and I-196/M-21 in Grandville and followed Chicago Drive easterly through downtown Grandville. From there, the highway ran along industrial areas on the north side of Wyoming, running parallel to the I-196 freeway. At the intersection with Clyde Park Avenue, Bus. M-21 turned northward along Grandville Avenue and entered the city of Grand Rapids. At Franklin Street, the business route turned eastward and terminated at US 131.

In 1953, M-21 was rerouted to replace its bypass route. The former route through downtown Grand Rapids was redesignated as Bus. M-21. At the time, Bus. M-21 continued eastward along Franklin Street before turning northward on Eastern Avenue into downtown Grand Rapids. Once there, it followed Fulton Street eastward through East Grand Rapids and into Grand Rapids Township where it terminated at East Beltline Avenue. The business loop was truncated to US 131 in 1972, and then redesignated as BS I-196 in 1974.

Major intersections

M-56
M-56 was a state trunkline highway from 1971 to the mid-1980s that replaced the M-21 designation from M-13 to Flint when the M-21 (now I-69) freeway was being built. The highway started at the intersection with M-13 on the Shiawassee–Genesee county line west of Flint. From there, it followed Corunna Road eastward through rural areas of Genesee County. Today, the area is farm fields through Clayton Township, and in Flint Township it is more suburban. The highway intersected the I-75/US 10/US 23 freeway just west of Flint's city line. Once in Flint, M-56 turned northeasterly onto Court Street. At an intersection with Saginaw Street, the highway turned southeasterly and then ended at the I-69/M-21 freeway.

In 1971, M-21 was rerouted in the Flint area. After the change, it turned south along M-13 on the Shiawassee–Genesee county line to the M-78 freeway and then routed eastward to replace M-78. The former routing of M-21 on the western side of the county into downtown was redesignated M-56. When the M-21 designation was replaced with the I-69 designation in 1984, the M-56 designation was retired and M-21 was restored in its place.

Major intersections

title: M-21 (Michigan highway)


text:
Domenico da Piacenza

Domenico da Piacenza (c. 1400 – c. 1470), also known as Domenico da Ferrara, was an Italian Renaissance dancing master. He became a very popular teacher with his students – most notably Antonio Cornazzano and Guglielmo Ebreo da Pesaro – who both later became successful dance masters. At a time between 1452 and 1463, he received the Order of the Golden Spur.

Biography
Piacenza was born in Piacenza, Northern Italy in around 1400, and was the first known dancing master to have left published dance instructions. He began teaching dance in around 1440 and is believed to have taught elements of dramatic mime and elaborate dance. He taught future dance masters Antonio Cornazzano and Guglielmo Ebreo da Pesaro.

He moved from Piacenza to Ferrara during Leonello d'Este's tenure as marquis of the city between 1441 and 1450. Between 1452 and 1463 Piacenza received the Order of the Golden Spur, and is believed to have been knighted by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. In April 1455 he composed a dance for the wedding between Tristano Sforza and Niccolò III d'Este's illegitimate daughter Beatrice.

In late 1455 he choreographed dances for the wedding between Ippolita Maria Sforza and Alfonso II. In the 1450s or 1460s he published De arte saltandi et choreas ducendi about dancing and choreography, the oldest surviving European guide on dancing. It gives instructions on various dances and also outlines what is required to be a good dancer. He identified that successful dance consisted of many techniques: an understanding of musical tempos, knowledge of the prescribed steps, manners, agility, the ability to moderate one's movements, overall control of the body, and speed. Piacenza died in around 1470 in Ferrara, Northern Italy.

title: Domenico da Piacenza


text:
Category:Trans-Neptunian objects

Objects in the Solar System whose orbit lies beyond that of Neptune.

title: Category:Trans-Neptunian objects


text:
Category:Baseball venues

This category organizes places where people play baseball.

title: Category:Baseball venues


text:
Talk:Main Page/Archive 19

Intro para
Here's what was bothering me (after introducing some luddite friends to WP this week):
 * What's the diff b/t the "community portal" and the main page? not obvious on first read of lead; not obvious on first glance when clicking through to the portal (to a newbie); link name doesn't make it obvious why it's useful.
 * Non-self-descriptive leaf-level links like "sandbox" shouldn't be in the lead for the entire site. New users should go through the tutorial, or to an overview page like CP whose opening para is all about different ways to get your feet wet.  Being thrown into the sandbox not knowing what to expect is rather off-putting.
 * The lead should have a clean concise arc. one theme, 3-4 lines.  'welcome! here's our history, here's what you can do here' is stretching the bounds of a single arc, imo.

Changes: +sj+ 04:26, 2004 May 2 (UTC)
 * 1) I renamed Community Portal to how to contribute
 * 2) I linked "started" to Wikipedia Day.
 * 3) More color tweak (darker green, responding to an old comment).

Phrasing of lead?
I don't like "learn how to contribute"--most people will think we're asking for money. I'd like to change it back to "learn how to edit", but don't want to anger anybody right after the change was made. Yours, Meelar 04:16, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I liked "learn how to edit"... Michael Snow didn't think it should link to CP.  We should agree on some phrase that describes CP better than it's (ambiguous) name, and use that to link to it.  +sj+ 04:27, 2004 May 2 (UTC)

 * How about "how to edit" and link to Welcome, newcomers? We could add a link to community portal from Welcome newcomers. Meelar 04:45, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

What I particularly disliked was that the result of the link was not very intuitive, given the text of the link ("how to edit"). See Principle of least astonishment. The Community Portal is about a lot more than just how to edit Wikipedia. "How to contribute" is better, but I still prefer the text as it was before, and I don't see why it needs to be changed. "How to edit" linking to Welcome, newcomers is even less intuitive, and besides, the first word in the paragraph already links there (and the word is "Welcome", which is completely intuitive). Sj's edit summary says Community Portal and Sandbox shouldn't be in the first paragraph on the entire site. Why is that, may I ask? --Michael Snow 04:57, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
 * CP - stylistically (shouldn't be capitalized; undefined local jargon; shouldn't have to visit the page to figure out what it's about). Sandbox - functionally (confusing for what I imagine to be "many" users -- we should do a double-blind study of how people like being thrown into it!  send them to the tutorial instead.)  +sj+

I can't answer for SJ, butyou're right, I should have looked more carefully in terms of my suggestion. Regardless, I think that the phrase "learn to edit" needs to stay--that's what we're trying to get people to do. How to edit might be better, you're right. Meelar 05:04, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * "learn how to edit" has been there the whole time, and that's exactly where it linked. --Michael Snow 05:11, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

If there is support for "contribute", which is much more descriptive of what we want--additions not just mere revisions--I recommend "learn how to contribute to articles". Centrx 02:48, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

What about "learn how to participate" ? Arvindn 15:46, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

These changes were awful. Why on Earth should a link to Wikipedia Day be on the frontpage? That is an obscure internal community event - we were trying to get away from overloading the intro text with links to everything that is pertinent. As for the sandbox link, the whole point of the sandbox is to quickly allow people to figure out how to edit pages without ruining articles, for that, it needs to be featured prominently - as a quick glance into the page history of the sandbox reveals, this works very well. The Community Portal link should use the same title as the page -- it is not a "how to edit guide", that is completely misleading. It is a link directory, a tasklist, a tip section, a list of polls and other internal community affairs etc. The greenish background color of the article categories is horrible and will haunt me in my nightmares. Instead of adding more of these layout disasters, we should work on improving your recent additions, namely the ugly list of sister projects and the obnoxious border colors. And yes, please don't be quite so bold in the future.--Eloquence* 05:19, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, Eloquence. Today's a particularly good day, I take it?  Let's get straight to the improvements then, which we agree the main page so dearly needs.
 * "Community Portal" -- nice generic name. not so descriptive that the phrase "visit our Community Portal" is quite clear... but perhaps my replacements were no better.  We're still saying "visit the CP to learn how to edit", so if that's not what the CP is for, it's a tad misleading.   And linking both 'CP' and 'learn-how-to-edit' is  confusing; which link should I follow to learn how to edit?  Of course if a user's so into Wiki that she's willing to follow 5 or 10 links before leaving the site, none of this matters and we can have multiple conflicting directions.
 * Unlinking the start is fine; I removed "January" from the 'started in' date and felt perhaps there should be a link to the specific day. Probably better with no link either.
 * The sandbox is, for many people, not intuitive. It doesn't have any instructions.  How about just leaving the CP link in?  (see current v.)  That page and 'how to edit' both link to the sandbox.
 * Please replace green with something non-gray that you like. On a test page if you like.  Perhaps switching the green and [yellow|blue], as someone else suggested a while back?  (I tried that and hated the result, but it might give you sweeter dreams.)
 * Sister projects! Try your hand at it, beholder.
 * Border colors... that notion has been on this talk page for weeks, and implemented for a while. P

lease be more descriptive about where it hurts.
 * +sj+ 06:10, 2004 May 2 (UTC)

 * 1) I have rewritten the intro. I am inclined to take the sister projects sentence out as there is already a link at the top (which you added) and a separate section on the very same page, and the intro paragraph is getting cluttered.

 * 2) The sandbox has a header. It was just removed at the time you checked. It absolutely must stay linked on the Main Page.

 * 3) I for one am inclined to remove some of the colors we currently have rather than add more. The bluish of the sister projects box is particularly annoying, the whole box should probably be integrated into the list of language links again. Colors should be used where they add meaning, not arbitrarily plastered across the page; that also applies to the borders which seem to suggest some kind of semantic highlighting which is not actually the case. Compare the current German Main Page, which uses colors much more intelligently -- a dark gray for the list of recent deaths, a red border for important community announcement, and alternating stylish white/gray boxes for most content.--Eloquence* 06:55, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

Main Page redesign
Here's a list of main page changes to address. fwiw, I don't much like the de.wikipedia.org design; the red-bordered announcement jars and I don't prefer the alternating stylish white/gray to what we had here on main... others? please chime in! +sj+
 * 1) browse by topic color
 * 2) * I liked green. grey clashes with the blue above; white would be better, if avoiding more color.
 * 3) other langs color
 * 4) * I liked yellow/very light orange; better than purple or gray. perhaps also very light brown.
 * 5) sister project boxing / color
 * 6) * I would leave it out of the boxes, with no border and normal white background.
 * 7) Lead text still long:
 * 8) "January, 2001", "now working on" -- bold words can be left out.
 * 9) Last sentence long and awkward.  Provides two links for experimenting and two links to contribute.  Bold 'you' at end?  Capitalized "Community Portal"?
 * 10) Mediawiki:wikipediasister
 * 11) * I like Eloquence's layout change. The header text could be shorter.
 * 12) ** modified. +sj+ 08:19, 2004 May 2 (UTC)

Green is a terrible background color - there is almost no professional website that uses it. Take a look at some: CNN=blue, gray and white, MSNBC=blue, gray and white, Yahoo=blue/pink and white, Google=blue and white... There are reasons for this. White is the logical default color for text - it reminds people of paper and generally doesn't have the aesthetic problems that almost any background color can cause. Blue is by all statistics the favorite color of the most people and conveys calmness and rationality. Red conveys importance, it's the logical color for announcements. Your taste in colors is very far from the mainstream.

The lead text is quite appropriate now, in my opinion. January should be mentioned as it's an FAQ by journalists (when exactly did you start?).

 * So why not link to the exact date? Or, without lengthening the lead paragraph, to /wikipedia day/?  +sj+

 * I think "January 2001" is a good compromise between too much and too little information. But this has come up many times before and gone back and forth. I really don't care much either way, but if you add a full date, hyperlink the date, don't point it elsewhere. Otherwise dynamic date conversion cannot work on it.--Eloquence* 08:26, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

Now is important because it emphasizes that we grew literally from zero articles to >250K. There aren't two links for experimenting - where do you get that?

 * Well, two links for learning to edit. "learn how to edit" ... "experiment in the sandbox" +sj+

 * One for learning the syntax, the other for trying it out. I think that makes a lot of sense. Either one alone would be much less informative.--Eloquence* 08:26, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * It only makes a lot of sense whilst WikiPedia is mainly trying to get people onloaded. Presumably eventually the point will be to provide information rather than to gather it? BozMo(talk)

Yes, the you should be bolded, that has in fact been a trademark of the intro for a very long time. But I'm willing to negotiate on that. As for the Community Portal, that's what it's called - let's use the actual page titles, please. If you want to uncapitalize it, raise the issue on the portal talk page.--Eloquence* 08:05, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see the problem with de-capitalizing community portal in the intro, regardless of whether the page's name is actually capitalized. We don't capitalize "Sandbox", nor should we. The only text that needs to be capitalized in this paragraph is what standard English usage requires you to capitalize. That would be the first word of each sentence, plus the word "English" and the proper noun "Wikipedia" (which occurs twice). --Michael Snow 20:13, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

wikisource and Wikiquote are both link to Wikiquote....
 * Confirmed. They both lead to the same place- this must be fixed ASAP.  How can there be broken links on the main page?! This is far from professional, and conveys a bad image. -Frazzydee 20:23, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Should be fixed now. -- The Anome 20:34, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

On the main page (Malayam) should be corrected to (Malayalam)
 * Done -- Arwel 12:07, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

I would like to protest the featuring of the prostitution article on the main page. I think wikipedia should be more family friendly. I realize there is a process for nominating featured articles, but I was not following the process. I also realize that it would make sense to protest to those responsible for selecting the article, but I think a public protest is more important. Ezra Wax 15:55, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't remember you protesting when we featured Congo Free State, or Trench warfare, or Assassin, or Origins of the Civil War, or Nuclear weapon. So I take it that genocide, violence, slavery and war are acceptable subjects for children and sex for money somehow isn't? And we should endorse this twisted view exactly why?--Eloquence* 16:03, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ezra may not have looked at the main page on those days. I often go a week without looking at the main page and longer still between looks at recent changes. While I happen to agree with your view on prostitution and find boxing far more offensive, it is more common for people to object to sex-related topics than violence topics. Jamesday 20:07, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Bah! Prostitution is part of human knowledge and our article on the subject is not tawdry and in fact is pretty darn good. I think I'll work on our penis article to bring it to FA status. --mav 06:27, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Better to work on a really good article on the Bush daughter breast-baring incident and put that on the front page. That should get us lots of attention.:) Jamesday 20:07, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Perhasp you could make the side bar colapsable/hideable, it is annoying to view it all the time. Another option is to have the option of making it a frame.

Brockhaus
We're about to pass 260,000 articles. Brockhaus has "about 260,000" in the current edition, and I remember reading somewhere that they're the largest by entry count. So is this a significant milestone? Worth an announcement? Arvindn 13:39, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It would be of interest to the editing community, but not so much to the audience at large, I think. Most readers of the English Wikipedia will not know or care about a German encyclopedia. So it's worth mentioning in Goings-on or Announcements, but not on the Main Page. What I would suggest instead is that we tweak our introduction to start saying that we're the world's largest encyclopedia. Then play up that angle in the next press release. --Michael Snow 16:03, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd rather see Wikipedia become the best encyclopedia. We may well be in some areas, but certainly are far from it in other areas. Size alone doesn't matter that much. I'm sure part of the contents of Wikipedia would be rejected flat out by any sensible editor of any established paper encyclopedia, just as we will do when we become serious about our printed edition. Even though I like to look in amazament at the weekly growth figures, I'm also a bit worried about all the emphasis that many Wikipedians put on number of articles, as if that is all that counts. Erik Zachte 23:25, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. We still have a large amount of crap. However, even if we take the pessimistic assumption that 25% is crap, 50% is mediocre, and 25% excellent, we have roughly 65,000 excellent articles in English alone! I hope that the category scheme will let us start sifting articles by quality soon. -- The Anome 23:33, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with you. Announcements is what I meant. In fact I'm against emphasizing our size to the general public. Erik: I'm sure most wikipedians are as concerned about quality as you are, but since its far easier to measure size people tend to make size comparisons much more often. Arvindn 06:38, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, given that the discussion was on this page, I assumed the suggestion was to announce it on the Main Page. Erik has our priorities right. Saying we're the world's largest encyclopedia is useful for publicity purposes, but it's not as meaningful as quality, which we can't measure the same way. --Michael Snow 19:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Prix Ars Electronica
Now that we have received a prestigious award (at least that is what I hear it is supposed to be), from people who are willing to put their money where their mouth is, I think it would be nice to mention this on the main page for a while. See German main page for an example. Erik Zachte 23:25, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Who is responsible for the main page?
Is everyone encouraged to edit the main page? I think it is no major news that the US went out of a meeting because Sudan got elected to the UN Commission on Human Rights. The atrocities in Sudan or at Guantanamo are worth mentioning, not someone walking out of a commission. How about "Past US diplomats criticize Bush's handling of Mideast" instead? Get-back-world-respect 02:15, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You can edit the "In the news" section at Template:Itn. Please follow the instructions carefully.--Eloquence* 02:17, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Who is responsible for the main page? Anyone who wants to be. Kingturtle 03:45, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Article of the week
Could we possibly have the current article of the week (Situs inversus) featured on the Main Page, just a minor link to it? Tom- 19:31, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That is what the Community Portal is for. --mav

Rumsfeld
...but declines to resign, demonstrating that "full responsibility" for a Sec of Defense is different from full responsibility for the soldiers. - not that I disagree, but this isn't exactly NPOV, is it? Tualha 18:34, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

But don't you think that once in a while HPOV (human point of view) should trump NPOV?

One person's "HPOV" may be completely different from another's. The early maintainers of WP decided to stick to NPOV as a sensible alternative to edit wars, flame wars, and general chaos. Having seen all too much of those alternatives, I must agree :) Tualha 21:09, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

"Stem cell research"
The item in current events says "A Chicago laboratory announces they helped chose embryos by genetic testing to yield five babies who could donate stem cells to sick siblings." The item on our main page currently says "A laboratory in Chicago announces that they helped engineer five babies for stem cell research." These are completely different things. One must be wrong. Please fix this. GrahamN 22:39, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Health science
The main page does not contain a link to Medicine, but does link to Health science. Most articles with a medical bent are not accessible in a hierarchical fashion from the Health science page. Can I suggest Medicine is added? JFW | T@lk  09:04, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You can edit this yourself at Template:Wikipediatoc... it sounds good to me. :) fabiform | talk 10:27, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Unchanged page
Why has the Main Page apparantly remained unchanged since April 21st? Is it maybe connected with the fact that I cannot be logged in on the Main Page but am automatically Logged in on every other page, even this one, Talk Main Page? ping 07:19, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It has changed. You must be seeing a cached version. Make sure you are logged in, and then try forcing a reload or clearing your cache. Hopefully you'll then see today's version. Angela. 07:42, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

ping 11:17, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * That worked a treat, thanks Angela.  I also got to see Recent Changes for the first time in two or three months.  Thanks again,

When is 2-3 UTC?
When is 2-3 UTC, when the server is being shut down? -- user:zanimum

 * See UTC to translate this into your time zone. UTC is roughly GMT.  Hope that helps.  fabiform | talk 15:27, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Front Page Observation
Today's main page has Did you know... links to Broadmoor Hospital and mental institution. The first is now peppered with redlinks (as a result of it's front page appearance, one imagines) - the nature of which will not be understood by a first time visitor ("Yikes! How have I hacked the site? I just pressed a link.").

The second, to my mind, is a pretty shoddy article in that it is riddled with implied and explicit criticism of the subject from start to finish: criticism, which, whilst valid, really needs to be explored as a discussion of the subject later in the article rather than entangled throughout.

Whilst I know something of the subject, it isn't really enough I'd feel happy tackling it. I've listed it on pages needing attention.

My point is: a little care in what is put on the front page may be called for? I would hate to think of people being made sour on such a fantastic project by ill chosen main page links. --bodnotbod 11:45, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * The reason this occurs is that it was decided that the "Did you know" content on any given day has to be new content. New content tends to appear on new pages, which tend to be more red than old ones. Your point seems to be valid though - see also MediaWiki_talk:Did you know and its archive. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 12:14, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Ive gotta disagree with you here Bod. Having "perfect" articles only on the main page leads a false impression of what wikipedia is all about. Having articles that need some work will encorage newbies to do that work. When I first pressed a red link and got to an edit box I didn't think "("Yikes! How have I hacked the site?" I thought "jesus I've never seen anything like this before, then set about creating my first article". I personally don't want newbies afraid to edit because they feel they cannot come up to the exacting standards of a perfect article.theresa knott 12:16, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * For what its worth I think that getting across the message "there is some quality here" is more of a challenge and more important than getting across "work in progress". If stuff on the top page has to be new can we put it somewhere else 48 hours ahead so people can tidy it up? --(talk)BozMo 07:33, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I almost added something here about Cap Arcona, which is referenced from the front page and had (until I fixed it) some lousy and confusing English in it (I'm still not sure I've captured the author's intent). I disagree with Theresa here - while we want to encourage contributors, we also want to encourage readers. An encyclopedia which is only used by the people who write it is a pretty pathetic object. We want people to come here because they get solid, factual, useful information. If I had come here and found that most of the articles were confusing or badly written I would not have bothered to start contributing - it was the high quality ones that made me want to contribute.

 * Incidentally, no insult to whoever wrote Cap Arcona, you did a good job (especially if English is not your first language). DJ Clayworth 14:29, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

If you don't like the articles featured in DYK, then do this: This way, everyone benefits. This was my intent when I invented DYK -- getting people to keep an eye on newly created articles. Brushing the bad ones under the carpet won't do us any good.--Eloquence* 00:46, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep an eye on Special:Newpages
 * When you see a potentially interesting article, edit it to meet your high standards
 * Then add one interesting fact from that article to Template:Did you know.

 * You guys aren't gonna like this, but the first time I clicked a red link, I thought "Yikes! How have I hacked the site?" than backed away from anything Wikipedia-related for a few months. --SMWhat 04:39, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Linked to from today's front page is User:Eloquence/Favorite Wikipedia quotes which has, as the first quote: ""ATTENTION WIKIPEDIA, THERE IS A MAJOR BUG ON YOUR SITE ALLOWING ME TO DO THIS (WRITE ON YOUR ARTICLES). I HAVE DONE NO DAMAGE BUT AM TRYING TO ALERT YOU BEFORE SOMEONE DOES"

 * Cant... stop... laughing! But really, who would actually think that Wiki is actually a bug? I'm gonna get the giggles out now. KirbyMeister 18:10, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * FWIW, DYK is very suspectible to articles with pictures. High quality articles WITHOUT pics are almost always placed below lower-quality articles WITH pics. No offense to all the articles that have been featured there that have pics. jengod 23:11, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

Featured picture
How would people feel about featuring one of the pictures on Featured pictures in the place of the featured article, on one day of the week? Would that be too confusing? Instead of just 100 pixels, we could use a centered pic of maybe 300 pix with a caption below it. I see no other place where this could be sensibly put.--Eloquence* 00:07, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * It would definitely be a good idea to draw more attention to the featured pictures. I think it's worth doing this despite potential confusion. Angela. 03:12, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * This is a very bad idea. With an article there, someone reads the blurb, decides they're interested, and goes and reads the article and maybe tidies it up a bit. With a picture, there's nothing there (directly) for someone to read or edit; no incentive to go any deeper than the main page. →Raul654 04:46, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * The current tip on the community portal was a great idea for promoting featured pictures, but I think Raul654 has a good point about the problems with doing this on the main page. If we do use this approach, I would suggest that we keep the picture at 100 pixels, and instead provide some text by saying "This picture is found in the article(s) about such-and-such " with very short summaries of an article or two where it is used. Then the featured picture could still motivate visitors to the main page to contribute to articles. --Michael Snow 21:10, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree partly, as I'd assumed the image would have some text with it anyway. However, it ought to be bigger than 100px. I think this will encourage people to go further than the main page in the same way that the featured articles do, but also encourage people to contribute photos more. They are very under-recognized at present. Angela. 22:12, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * The original suggestion was only a caption, although perhaps Eloquence had some text in mind, too. I wasn't sure how much room 300 pixels would leave for any text, other than just listing the previously featured items. Somewhat larger than normal (150-200?) would be fine, and serve the purpose. The point is that just because we've been neglecting pictures while promoting articles, I don't think we should overcompensate and completely neglect articles, even for a day, in order to promote pictures. --Michael Snow 04:16, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I set up a test main page at User:Raul654/sandbox and put a featured picture in. You can see the results for yourself. As I said earler, it doesn't really give the user someplace to go. And, another unanticipated problem - I'm no touchy-feely art major, but even I can tell that it totally throws the main page off balance. The picture tends to dominate everything else around it. →Raul654 04:27, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I agree that 300 pixels is impossible. I've reduced the picture to 200 pixels and added a little text. What do you think now? --Michael Snow 04:39, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Maybe this shouldn't be on the Main Page at all, but instead a MediaWiki block that people can put on their user pages and elsewhere to lighten things up a little. I've started an experiment at Template:Pic of the day. Let's see if anyone adopts this.--Eloquence* 04:47, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * The layout in User:Raul654/sandbox isn't ideal. It would be good to give featured images more prominence, but perhaps this isn't the best way to do it. I like the idea, but I don't see it as a substitute to having the featured images on more a highly viewed page than user pages. Angela. 06:50, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * I like the idea of a "Picture of the Day" but not the one to replace the featured article on a given day. I also believe that if Wikipedia can spare the bandwidth for such a beast than surely sister projects like Wikiquote deserve the appropriate project icon above their name. --Exigentsky 06:10, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

Typo ?
Isn't "retailiation" spelled 'retaliation' ? If so, I humbly suggest the typo be removed from the main page. Tjunier 07:26, 2004 May 12 (UTC)

Why is "by academic discipline" abbreviated to "by acad. discipline" under sorting systems? There's no gain in abbreviating academic.
 * thanks for pointing it out! It used to be a vertical list of categories, at which point there was gain from making the whole column 3 ems thinner... fixed.

Under May 19th Mexico-America war - surely "ceding large tracks of land to the United States." means large "tracts" of land? Nedlowe 09:22, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Intro
As I write, the most recent edit by sj has removed the link to the sandbox, and replaced it with a link to the village pump. Is this a good idea? The VP is already losing some of its utility by virtue of its size (100-150k most of the time). Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 09:32, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * A good point. We should fix this by fixing the VP, though... it remains the first place we direct users for interactive help, once they are lucky enough to find a page that tells them where to look for it.  If the VP were quick to load and working properly, how would you feel about linking to it? +sj+ 10:32, 2004 May 13 (UTC)
 * I agree it is a "good" page, in that you will get a decent reponse there, and quickly. I suppose in that sense it is a victim of its own success, but I don't currently have any great ideas on how to improve it (some suggestions are at Wikipedia_talk:Village_pump but none of them spring out as a winner solution). Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:41, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Newcomers should be sent to the Help desk, not the Village pump. Angela. 22:09, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Angela is exactly right - the village pump explitely says it is not for new users. The help desk is where they should be going. →Raul654 22:17, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for setting me straight. I think a help desk link, rather than a sandbox link, will be more helpful for most users -- particularly those not already familiar with wiki, which are both the majority of our readers and the visitors least likely to casually become editors.  Thoughts?  +sj+ 08:21, 2004 May 22 (UTC)

 * No. I have reverted it.-Eloquence*

 * The sandbox is for experimenting, I do not really understand the change proposed here? Where is this help desk? --Exigentsky 06:14, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

Question
Why is the Nick Berg link still here, but there are no links on the prisoner abuse in Iraq (allegedly the motivation behind the killing)?

 * Nick link is gone. I think this is just a less important branch to the worldwide U.S. prisoner abuse issue.

Images on the Main Page should have captions
Well, that's what I think; even if they're tiny captions. It is not always clear which listed story they belong to and so they confuse as much as they decorate. --Tagishsimon

 * It would be useful, but they would have to be kept very short so as not to mess up the layout. Angela. 00:17, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe just something meaningful, like the person's name or something? RickK 00:21, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree. With the exception of selected anniversary, the picture should just be connected to the top item. We also have alt tags--there's just so little real estate as it is on the main page. Most of the pictures are rotated relatively quickly anyway. jengod 04:47, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * People should not have to rely on alt tags to know what an image is depicting. Many users will be unaware that the picture always relates to the top item, and even if they are that doesn't necessarily tell them what the image is actually of. One or two words in small text under each picture wouldn't do any harm in my opinion. Angela. 07:12, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * But it doesn't always relate to the top item. That's the problem.  I've been confused a couple of times by trying to figure out which item the picture referred to.  RickK 14:58, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Nutrition Values
Can we incoporate the USDA food nutrition data (100g, edible portion) into all related food pages? Maybe someone could build a bot to do it automatically. The USDA SR 16-1 database is very comprehensive and, I guess, in public domain.

http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR16-1/sr16-1.html

On Scale Models
Does Wikipedia has articles about modeling? Currently, this link goes to science models.

I think building models is an important part of human activities. It surely deserves many many articles.

 * I think the modeling page could be restructured into a disambiguation page rather than a redirect -- I'll try to tidy that up this weekend. What you're looking for is currently split up into various hobby articles:  model train, model aircraft, model rocket, model ship, model car.  See also List of hobbies.  Good luck! Catherine | talk 04:22, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

First sentence
Well its the second really. In "We are building an open-content encyclopedia in many languages." could we embolden the word encyclopedia to make what the site is stand out a bit more? -- SGBailey 22:11, 2004 May 20 (UTC)
 * I agree. Angela. 01:12, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * So, now "Welcome", "encyclopedia" and "you" are emboldened. An excellently descriptive triplet :) Fredrik 01:23, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * But please, let us claim they are bolded rather than emboldened!  - Nunh-huh 01:31, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't find the word "bolded" in a dictionary. Though the meaning is obviously obvious. Fredrik 01:34, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Boldfaced is probably in most. Emboldened is a bête noir of the Miss Thistlebottoms who prescribe proper use. -- Nunh-huh 00:09, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's a personal preference obviously but I thought it looked better without encyclopaedia being in bold face, I just think it stand out far too much as a long word, maybe if it linked to encyclopaedia and thus appeared blue it would be less attention grabbing. -- Ams80 19:06, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Suggest unjustifying tables
I browse Wikipedia in justified text mode and, on the main page, the text in tables are not displayed in the best way, because cells are not wide enough and words are not hyphenated. I suggest adding "text-align=left" in <td> style (-> <td style="text-align:left">), if it works. gbog 06:09, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

.NET programming
we want the complete knowledge and details of the software VISUAL STUDIO.NET and about .NET programming

 * We have articles about Visual Studio and .NET. Wikipedia is however an encyclopedia and not a programming reference. I suggest you look to MSDN. Please place future questions of this kind at the Help desk, as this particular page (Talk:Main Page) is about Wikipedia's Main Page and not for general questions. Fredrik 10:28, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Red Cross Logo
The logo on the main page is not that of the American Red Cross, who use just a red cross without the border. You could argue, that since it is a member of the IFRC, this logo is not completely unjustifiable, but it is misleading, could someone change it? Thanks! Mark Richards 16:05, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Apologies?
If the upgrades are a good thing, then why are we apologizing? I'm certainly not apologizing for them, and I feel a little offended (just a very little, of course) that an apology is being offered by the community (of which I consider myself a part) for something that I, for one, am not in the least sorry for. :) Anyhoo, looking forward to 1.3; kudos and much applause to the developers for all their hard work... -- Seth Ilys 21:59, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * We apologise because it is a traditional and courteous form of words for such an occasion, and because we're well brought up, polite and considerate people. NOW GET BACK TO WORK ON THOSE MAPS AND STOP CHATTERING, YOU LAZY WRETCH ;) --Tagishsimon. Oops. Inappropriate joke under the circs: yes; go and get some real life. Come back and tell us what it's like out there... - s

 * I agree; no apologies necessary. I also hate it when notices like that take up more than an inch of vertical space on a small window... so I cut the last line and shortened the rest a little.  +sj+ 23:56, 2004 May 21 (UTC)

 * Because it's polite to apologise when you know that you are going to inconvenience someone, just as it's polite to apologise when you bump into someone. It's also a technique to calm down those who are upset at not being able to do something they want to do. Corporate apologies are a pretty standard thing for such situations. Jamesday 20:18, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Why is there no "Edit this page" option for the Main Page? I see the word "indispensable" there misspelled as "indispensible." Yech. But how does one fix it? --Myles
 * The main page itself is protected, but the text you see there is mirrored from templates. →Raul654 01:38, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * The main page is protected because, if left unprotected, it would be a constant target for vandalism and newbie tests. We instead use a sort of security through obscurity to protect the main page; much of the content is, in fact, editable by anyone, because it's copied in from MediaWiki messages. So far, it's worked rather successfully in preventing vandalism. :) See Editing the main page for more details. -- Seth Ilys 02:03, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Too many links
I think there are too many links in the first sentence... I think it should either be expanded or have some of the links removed. ugen64 the powerless at school
 * I agree. What we are seeing is the gradual expansion of the number of links in the first sentence.  While a good case can be made for each of the links individually, the overall effect of too many links is to confuse the reader, and leave them thinking 'where do I go now?'.  I think we should keep the paragraph short and simple, and reduce the number of links, keeping only those that are absolutely necessary. Enchanter 14:17, May 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Are we talking about the first sentence, or the first paragraph? --Michael Snow 19:10, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Use French Main Page design?
I really, really, really like the design of the French Wikipedia's Main Page - it looks one heck of a lot cleaner and more professional than the current English one. I propose we use it for our design, probably playing with it to be more like our current Main Page though. Would make a nice change as we get the new 1.3 skin.

Any thoughts? Tom- 17:15, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've made a mock-up of the English homepage with the French design (still tweaking it though, it isn't finished!) to see what it could look like. I like it myself. Tom- 18:34, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I do like the layout, but I think the standard article font should be used, not Arial. Fredrik 18:48, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No - the most relavant information should be near the top. I love have ITN and the featured article at the top because that's what I use. →Raul654 19:00, May 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * New mock-up using standard font Tom- 20:22, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm not sure that this is a significant improvement, and I would certainly oppose significant loss of image content. What is it that you find cleaner and more professional, and what do you think are the problems with the current version? Major layout changes to the Main Page can be highly controversial, and there was significant resistance to change when the current version went up. I think we might do better to address your concerns using the current design as a starting point.

For me, the one issue that comes to mind right now is the visual imbalance between the two split boxes. That's basically a function of the amount of text being crammed into the different MediaWiki messages that go there. For example, I observe that the Selected anniversaries section has expanded considerably in size compared to the past, and I think people need to be a little more terse there. --Michael Snow 19:10, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The images could certainly be kept. The major improvements are using a smaller font (though it should not be Arial, but the default font) and moving "browse Wikipedia by topic" to the top. Anniversaries and Did you know really are less important than browsing by topic. Fredrik 19:19, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

I like the mockup a lot. I can't read French so I'm not so sure, but it looks like they use the other format on all their pages. It looks a lot cleaner. Could this be done to the English wikipedia relatively easily? It would be something to consider if we change the first page - keep the formatting consistent, and all that. -Seth Mahoney 20:51, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you're confusing the new skin with the actual layout of the Main Page. --Michael Snow 20:55, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Since we're not voting, I vote to keep the current main page format. The French main page looks too much like My Father's Encyclopedia; the word "staid" comes to mind. Denni 20:00, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Main Page/Archive 19


text:
Rectocele

In gynecology, a rectocele or posterior vaginal wall prolapse results when the rectum bulges (herniates) into the vagina. Two common causes of this defect are childbirth and hysterectomy. Rectocele also tends to occur with other forms of pelvic organ prolapse, such as enterocele, sigmoidocele and cystocele.

Although the term applies most often to this condition in females, males can also develop it. Rectoceles in men are uncommon, and associated with prostatectomy.

Signs and symptoms
Mild cases may simply produce a sense of pressure or protrusion within the vagina, and the occasional feeling that the rectum has not been completely emptied after a bowel movement. Moderate cases may involve difficulty passing stool (because the attempt to evacuate pushes the stool into the rectocele instead of out through the anus), discomfort or pain during evacuation or intercourse, constipation, and a general sensation that something is "falling down" or "falling out" within the pelvis. Severe cases may cause vaginal bleeding, intermittent fecal incontinence, or even the prolapse of the bulge through the mouth of the vagina, or rectal prolapse through the anus. Digital evacuation, or, manual pushing, on the posterior wall of the vagina helps to aid in bowel movement in a majority of cases of rectocele. Rectocele can be a cause of symptoms of obstructed defecation.

Causes
Rectoceles result from the weakening of the pelvic floor also called pelvic organ prolapse. Weakened pelvic structures occur as a result of an episiotomy during previous births, even decades later. Other causes of pelvic floor prolapse can be advanced age, multiple vaginal deliveries, and birthing trauma. Birthing trauma includes vacuum delivery, forceps delivery, and perineal tear. In addition, a history of chronic constipation and excessive straining with bowel movements are thought to play a role in rectocele. Multiple gynecological or rectal surgeries can also lead to weakening of the pelvic floor. Births that involve babies over nine pounds in weight, or rapid births can contribute to the development of rectocele.

A hysterectomy or other pelvic surgery can be a cause, as can chronic constipation and straining to pass bowel movements. It is more common in older women than in younger ones; estrogen which helps to keep the pelvic tissues elastic decreases after menopause.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a rectocele primarily occurs with a physical examination and an interview where symptoms of difficulty defecating are reported. Women often mention the need to insert a finger in the vagina or use of suppositories and/or enemas to aid in having a bowel movement. They may report that strenuous pushing to defecate causes bleeding and pain. Surveys about the impact on quality of life may be administered to aid in determining the need for treatment.

A pelvic exam and digital rectal exam are done to evaluate the amount of protrusion and anal sphincter tone. Fluoroscopic defecography (FD), evacuation proctography, or dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MR defecography, MRD) may be used to evaluate functional and anatomic conditions.

Non-surgical
Treatment depends on the severity of the problem, and may include non-surgical methods such as changes in diet (increase in fiber and water intake), pelvic floor exercises such as Kegel exercises, use of stool softeners, hormone replacement therapy for post-menopausal women and insertion of a pessary into the vagina. Vaginal pessaries can immediately relieve prolapse and prolapse-related symptoms. A high fiber diet, consisting of 25–30 grams of fiber daily, as well as increased water intake (typically 6–8 glasses daily), help to avoid constipation and straining with bowel movements, and can relieve symptoms of rectocele.

Surgical
Surgery can be done to correct rectocele when symptoms continue despite the use of non-surgical management, and are significant enough to interfere with activities of daily living.

Surgery to correct the rectocele may involve the reattachment of the muscles that previously supported the pelvic floor. Another procedure is posterior colporrhaphy, which involves suturing of vaginal tissue. Surgery may also involve insertion of a supporting mesh (that is, a patch). There are also surgical techniques directed at repairing or strengthening the rectovaginal septum, rather than simple excision or plication of vaginal skin which provides no support. Both gynecologists and colorectal surgeons can address this problem. Potential complications of surgical correction of a rectocele include bleeding, infection, dyspareunia (pain during intercourse), as well as recurrence or even worsening of the rectocele symptoms. The use of synthetic or biologic grafts has been questioned.

title: Rectocele


text:
Category:Communist parties

In modern usage, a Communist party is a political party which promotes Communism, a socio-political philosophy based on the particular interpretation of Marxism put forth by Vladimir Lenin. Many such parties formally use the term "Communist" in their official name. Communist parties first started to be widely established across the world in the early twentieth century, after the creation of the Communist International by the Russian Bolsheviks. Communist parties have held power in 21 nations, first and most notably in the Soviet Union.

title: Category:Communist parties


text:
Interstate 196

Interstate 196 (I-196) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway that runs for 80.6 mi in the US state of Michigan. It is a state trunkline highway that links Benton Harbor, South Haven, Holland, and Grand Rapids. In Kent, Ottawa, and Allegan counties, I-196 is known as the Gerald R. Ford Freeway, or simply the Ford Freeway, after President Gerald Ford, who was raised in Grand Rapids and served Michigan in the House of Representatives for 25 years. This name generally refers only to the section between Holland and Grand Rapids. I-196 changes direction; it is signed as a north–south highway from its southern terminus to the junction with US Highway 31 (US 31) just south of Holland, and as an east–west trunkline from this point to its eastern terminus at an interchange with I-96, its parent highway. There are three business routes related to the main freeway. There are two business loops (BL I-196) and one business spur (BS I-196) that serve South Haven, Holland and the Grand Rapids areas. Another business spur for Muskegon had been designated relative to the I-196 number.

The freeway numbered I-196 is the second in the state to bear the number. Originally to be numbered as part of the I-94 corridor in the state, the Benton Harbor–Grand Rapids freeway was given the I-96 number in the 1950s while another Interstate between Muskegon and Grand Rapids was numbered I-196. That I-196 was built in the late 1950s and completed in the early 1960s. The first segment of the current I-196 was opened as I-96 near Benton Harbor in 1962. Michigan officials requested a change in 1963 which reversed the two numbers, and the subsequent segments of freeway opened northward to Holland and from Grand Rapids westward under the current number. The gap between Holland and Grandville was filled in the 1970s, and a section of freeway that runs through downtown Grand Rapids was rebuilt as a wider freeway in 2010.

Route description
Like other state highways in Michigan, I-196 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). In 2011, the department's traffic surveys showed that on average, 77,500 vehicles used the highway daily between Lane Avenue and US 131 in Grand Rapids and 12,778 vehicles did so each day north of the split with US 31 near Holland. These are the highest and lowest counts along the highway, respectively. As an Interstate Highway, all of I-196 is listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. In addition, the highway has been named by the Michigan Legislature the Gerald R. Ford Freeway to honor the 38th President of the United States. The original legislation from 1974 extended that name to the full length of the freeway, but when the various memorial highway names were re-codified in 2001, the name was not applied to the Berrien County segment. From the junction with M-63 north to the split with US 31 except for the section that connects the ends of the South Haven business loop, the freeway is also a part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour (LMCT), a tourist route that follows Lake Michigan.

Benton Harbor to Holland
The freeway starts northeast of Benton Harbor at exit 34 on I-94 in Benton Charter Township in Berrien County. At the trumpet interchange, I-196 runs north from I-94 and passes to the west of the Point O'Woods Golf & Country Club. US 31 joins I-196 from the southwest and runs concurrently with I-196 as the freeway passes through farm fields in southwestern Michigan. The trunkline turns northwesterly near the Lake Michigan Hills Golf Course and crosses the Paw Paw River. Past the river, the freeway turns northeasterly and runs roughly parallel to the Lake Michigan shoreline several miles inland. At the community of Lake Michigan Beach, I-196/US 31 meets the northern terminus of M-63 at exit 7, and the LMCT joins the freeway for the first time. North of this interchange, the freeway parallels A-2, a county road that follows the Blue Star Highway, the former route of US 31.

A bit further north, I-196/US 31 crosses into Van Buren County and assumes the Gerald R. Ford Freeway name. The inland side of the freeway is forested while the lakeward side is predominantly either forest or fields. As it approaches South Haven, the freeway passes near the Palisades Nuclear Generating Station and Van Buren State Park. North of the power plant and park, the freeway turns farther inland to bypass the city of South Haven. There is an interchange on the south side of town that provides access to Business Loop I-196 (BL I-196) and M-140. The freeway crosses over M-43 without an interchange and then intersects the other end of the business loop about 2 mi later. It crosses the Black River near the Van Buren–Allegan county line.

In Allegan County, I-196/US 31 passes a pair of golf courses and continues northward through farm fields. Near the community of Glenn, A-2 crosses over the freeway and runs parallel to it on the east. They trade places again when I-196/US 31 turns northeasterly on the south side of the twin cities of Saugatuck and Douglas. The freeway crosses over a section of Kalamazoo Lake, a wider section of the Kalamazoo River that flows between the two towns. A-2 crosses back to the eastern side of the freeway north of Saugatuck, and I-196/US 31 continues north-northeasterly toward Holland.

Holland to Grand Rapids
On the south side of Holland, the two highways split apart; US 31 separates from I-196 at a partial interchange near the West Michigan Regional Airport (formerly the Tulip City Airport). At this interchange, northbound traffic may follow a left exit to continue on the BL I-196/US 31 freeway or continue along I-196 which turns more eastward; the LMCT departs I-196 at this point as well. Signage along I-196 changes after this interchange. Up to this point, it had been signed north–south, but from the US 31 split onward, the directions are now signed east–west. The freeway passes to the south side of the airport, and it crosses a rail line owned by CSX Transportation and used by Amtrak's Pere Marquette train before curving northeasterly through the interchange with M-40. The freeway crosses into Ottawa County south of the Macatawa River before meeting the other two interchanges for Holland, the second of which is the northern end of the business loop in Zeeland.

Continuing past Zeeland, I-196 runs more east-northeasterly as it parallels M-121 (Chicago Drive). The freeway passes to the south side of Hudsonville and intersects A-37. About 2 mi past Hudsonville, the trunkline has an interchange with M-6, a freeway that runs along the south side of the Grand Rapids area. Just past this interchange, the freeway crosses into Kent County at the Kenowa Avenue overpass. Now in the city of Grandville, I-196 turns northward to run parallel to the county line. The freeway has an interchange for 44th Street, which provides access to the RiverTown Crossings mall and other retail and restaurant establishments in the area. At exit 69, I-196 crosses Chicago Drive and the rail line and turns northeasterly next to Jenison, an unincorporated community opposite the Kent–Ottawa county line. The Ford Freeway name is now prominently used on the freeway signage as I-196 follows a section of the Grand River. Past the interchange for M-11 (28th Street), the freeway crosses into the suburb of Wyoming.

In Wyoming, the freeway runs along the river, passing Millennium Park on the opposite banks in Walker and Hopewell Indian Mounds Park on the near banks. To the south of the freeway, the business spur for Wyoming and Grand Rapids departs to follow Chicago Drive near an industrial area. After the interchange for Market Avenue, I-196 crosses the Grand River and enters the city of Grand Rapids. The freeway meanders northward past the transmission antennas for radio stations WJRW and WYHA and around the west side of the John Ball Zoological Garden. The trunkline has an interchange with M-45 (Lake Michigan Drive) on the north side of the zoo before I-196 runs downhill turning eastward.

At the bottom of the hill, I-196 enters the urban core of Grand Rapids. The freeway runs eastward through residential neighborhoods on the city's west side as it approaches the interchange with US 131. This complex structure is adjacent to the Grand River north of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum. The carriageways for I-196 run through the interchange on different levels, with the eastbound traffic carried down near river level and the westbound lanes above the crisscrossing carriageways of US 131's freeway. I-196 crosses the river on the opposite side of the interchange and both directions return to the same level. The freeway picks up an additional lane at this point as the median is replaced by a concrete barrier.

As the freeway runs eastward, it passes the area of Grand Rapids known as the "Medical Mile", a district anchored by the Van Andel Institute, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, a campus of the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine and the Butterworth Hospital campus of Corewell Health. The Ford Freeway jogs slightly to the northeast as it crosses a line of the Grand Rapids Eastern Railroad between College and Eastern avenues. It then passes to the south of the office buildings that house the Kent County Health Department, the Sheriff's Department and the animal shelter. A little over a mile and a quarter (2.0 km) east of those offices, I-196 meets its parent highway, I-96 on the east side of the city. This interchange marks the eastern terminus of the Ford Freeway and I-196.

Previous designation
In the first tentative Interstate numbering plans, the freeways in Michigan now numbered I-96 and I-196 were supposed to be part of the I-94 corridor, and the freeway between Muskegon and Grand Rapids was to be I-94N. Later, the initial approvals by the federal government routed I-96 from Benton Harbor north to Grand Rapids and then east to Detroit, and I-196 was the spur route from Grand Rapids to Muskegon. The first segment of freeway built was a relocated section of US 16 near Coopersville and Marne. The freeway opened at the end of 1957 or in early 1958, and the first markers for I-196 were erected in 1959. The full Grand Rapids–Muskegon I-196 freeway was completed and opened to traffic in December 1962, connecting to an I-96 freeway that led east toward Lansing; the US 16 corridor was a continuous freeway with two different Interstate designations. Before the Grand Rapids–Benton Harbor segment was completed, the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD), predecessor to the modern MDOT, petitioned federal highway officials to switch the Interstate designations west of Grand Rapids. Permission for this switch was granted in 1963, and the signs were changed in January 1964. Consideration was also made to name the Grand Rapids–Benton Harbor freeway I-67. The previously completed I-196 was redesignated as an extension of I-96, and the completed freeway segments southwest of Grand Rapids were redesignated I-196; I-67 was rejected by the American Association of State Highway Officials.

Current designation
In August 1963, a section of freeway along US 31 was opened between I-94 and South Haven. This section was originally designated as part of I-96/US 31. After the designation switch later in 1963, an additional section was opened from South Haven to Holland as I-196. An additional section of freeway was opened between Grandville through downtown Grand Rapids to meet I-96 at the end of 1964. M-21 was moved to the freeway from its previous surface-street routing. The final link in the freeway was completed in November 1974 along the Holland–Grandville segment, completing I-196 for a second time. At the same time, M-21 was removed from the freeway, truncating that highway designation to end in Grand Rapids.

In 2009, access to Jenison was improved by the addition of a partial interchange with Baldwin Street. The section through downtown Grand Rapids east of the Grand River was rebuilt during 2010 in a project MDOT dubbed the "Fix on I-196". The project added a third travel lane in each direction with weave-merge lanes between interchanges and rebuilt several of the overpasses in the area. In 2016, the sections of I-196 that run concurrently with US 31 north of the M-63 interchange, except between the ends of the business loop at South Haven were designated as part of the West Michigan Pike Pure Michigan Byway.

Business routes
There are currently three business loops (BL I-196) and one business spur (BS I-196) along I-196. A BS I-196 in Muskegon was designated along what is now Bus. US 31 before the Muskegon–Grand Rapids freeway was redesignated I-96.

South Haven
Business Loop I-196 (BL I-196) is a loop that runs in South Haven for 3.572 mi. The loop begins at exit 18 on I-196/US 31 and runs due north along La Grange Street. It then turns onto Phillips Street and merges into Broadway Street. BL I-196 follows Phoenix Street eastward where the trunkline ends at exit 20 on I-196. The entire length is a part of the LMCT. A bypass of downtown was built during World War II; the former route of US 31 through downtown was designated Bus. US 31 at that time. When I-196 was built outside of South Haven in 1963, the former US 31 bypass was redesignated BL I-196. In 1972, the loop was shifted to follow the pre-war routing through downtown. In 2016, all of the business loop was designated as part of the West Michigan Pike Pure Michigan Byway.

Major intersections

Holland
Business Loop I-196 (BL I-196) is a loop that runs for 11.649 mi in Holland and Zeeland. The loop starts at a connection with I-196/US 31 at exit 44 and continues concurrently along the freeway into Holland. BL I-196/US 31 has an interchange for A-2 (Blue Star Highway) and Washington Avenue before the freeway ends in the southern reaches of Holland. The trunkline then runs as a divided highway northward, bypassing downtown Holland to the east and intersecting M-40. Northeast of downtown, BL I-196 leaves US 31 and the LMCT at an interchange to follow an expressway along the route of Chicago Drive. The loop follows this expressway through Zeeland and back out to I-196 at exit 55.

The loop was created in 1974 when I-196 was completed south of the city of Holland. From that point, the old route of M-21 inside the cities to US 31 was redesignated as a business loop of I-196 with the state taking control of Washington Avenue to the downtown area. Then from downtown looping back up to Chicago Drive, the business loop used the old M-21. Along Washington Avenue and Chicago Drive between junctions with US 31, the highway bore a concurrent Bus. US 31 designation. The concurrent trunkline inside the downtown area of Holland was transferred to the City of Holland in 2005, and BL I-196 was rerouted to follow US 31. In 2016, the section of the business loop that runs concurrently with US 31 was designated as part of the West Michigan Pike Pure Michigan Byway.

Major intersections

Wyoming
Business Spur I-196 (BS I-196) is a spur that serves the Godfrey–Lee area of Wyoming, Michigan. It starts at the partial interchange for exit 72 on I-196 and then moves onto the surface street Chicago Drive for the majority of the distance in Wyoming, running through an industrial area. After about a mile (1.6 km), the highway runs through residential areas. Upon reaching the Grand Rapids city limits, it ends at Cesar E Chavez Avenue. Its total length is 2.4 mi. It can be accessed only from eastbound I-196 on the western end.

In 1953, the state highway department completed enough of the Grand Rapids beltline to reroute M-21 to it. The former routing of M-21 was then redesignated Bus. M-21. With the completion of I-196 from Holland to Grand Rapids in 1974, the highway was truncated to run between I-196 and US 131 and renamed BS I-196. In December 2017, it was shortened further to end at the Grand Rapids city limits at the intersection between Chicago Drive and Clyde Park Avenue when the remainder of the trunkline along Grandville Avenue and Franklin Street was turned over to local control.

Major intersections

title: Interstate 196


text:
Talk:Durand Line

International border
Gotitbro how are any of these reference political? [] [] I request you to go through them once again.

Here is U.S. ambassador claim []:"The United States, as many other countries, have long recognized the Durand Line as the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan"

On the contrast there is no source which suggest that Durand line is not an international border apart from objection from Afghanistan. So please do review your opinion and if you believe it is correct then do add them back. Romanov67 (talk) 13:34, 9 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I am taking about removing the president's statement and then adding the statement of another politician. Also, there is no need to repeatedly mention that the Afghan leaders formerly accepted the line, of course they did that is why they signed the treaties which is mentioned. What you are adding is already there in the lead. I agree with the international part and have added it. Gotitbro (talk) 14:04, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

Gotitbro Thank you for adding it and I apologise for creating trouble for you. Romanov67 (talk) 14:17, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100324104825/http://www.mcci.org.pk/multan_history.asp to http://www.mcci.org.pk/multan_history.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110615031212/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~phensel/garnet-phensel/Research/iowa06.pdf to http://mailer.fsu.edu/~phensel/garnet-phensel/Research/iowa06.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130123143833/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/southasia/news/article_1293995.php/Clash_erupts_between_Afghan_Pakistani_forces_over_border_fence to http://news.monstersandcritics.com/southasia/news/article_1293995.php/Clash_erupts_between_Afghan_Pakistani_forces_over_border_fence
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131101203051/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/4721119-pakistan-suggests-curbs-to-end-smuggling-from-afghanistan to http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/4721119-pakistan-suggests-curbs-to-end-smuggling-from-afghanistan
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Indocentrism?
How is India’s claim on Pakistani Kashmir related to the Durand Line, an AfPak issue? Not everything about Pakistan involves India. The Indian Claim section doesn’t add anything of relevance and really just seems to exist to shoehorn India into a Pakistan-related article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:202:200:e82f:c052:4a83:9fbf:e00a (talk) 06:04, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Have to agree. Looks out of step with the rest of the page. Maybe include it on Gilgit-Baltistan’s page or Jammu and Kashmir’s. 2601:202:200:E82F:8D00:CE41:F02A:42A (talk) 06:41, 3 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree. It is out of place on the page, and doesn't really have any relevance to a line between Pakistan and Afghanistan. If this subject were important, it could have its own article. aaronneallucas (talk) 16:33, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Durand Line


text:
Category:Minor planets

Minor planets are objects that are substantially smaller than the major planets, but larger than meteoroids.

title: Category:Minor planets


text:
Talk:Redmond

Microsoft
I can't think of a way to phrase it, but perhaps this disambig page should mention that "Redmond" is often used to refer to Microsoft. - jredmond 04:07, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I have done the modification. Please modify if not appropriate - Galain 12:07, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Sega is not located in Redmond, but rather in the San Francisco bay area.

Joshua Redmond
I removed reference to a saxaphonist named Joshua Redmond. I have a strong feeling that someone meant Joshua Redman, an established jazz saxaphonist.

title: Talk:Redmond


text:
Cel shading

Cel shading or toon shading is a type of non-photorealistic rendering designed to make 3D computer graphics appear to be flat by using less shading color instead of a shade gradient or tints and shades. A cel shader is often used to mimic the style of a comic book or cartoon and/or give the render a characteristic paper-like texture. There are similar techniques that can make an image look like a sketch, an oil painting or an ink painting. The name comes from cels (short for celluloid), clear sheets of acetate which are painted on for use in traditional 2D animation.

Basic process
The cel-shading process starts with a typical 3D model. Where cel-shading differs from conventional rendering is in its non-photorealistic shading algorithm. Conventional smooth lighting values are calculated for each pixel and then quantized to a small number of discrete shades to create the characteristic "flat look", where the shadows and highlights appear as blocks of color rather than being smoothly mixed in a gradient.

Wireframe method
Black ink outlines and contour lines can be created using a variety of methods. One popular method is to first render a black outline, slightly larger than the object itself. Back-face culling is inverted and the back-facing triangles are drawn in black. To dilate the silhouette, these back-faces may be drawn in wireframe multiple times with slight changes in translation. Alternatively, back-faces may be rendered solid-filled, with their vertices translated along their vertex normals in a vertex shader. After drawing the outline, back-face culling is set back to normal to draw the shading and optional textures of the object. Finally, the image is composited via Z-buffering, as the back-faces always lie deeper in the scene than the front-faces. The result is that the object is drawn with a black outline and interior contour lines. The term "cel-shading" is popularly used to refer to the application of this "ink" outlining process in animation and games, although originally the term referred to the flat shading technique regardless of whether the outline was applied.

The Utah teapot rendered using cel shading:

 * 1) The back faces are drawn with thick lines
 * 2) The object faces are drawn using a single color
 * 3) Shading is applied

Steps 2 and 3 can be combined using multitexturing (part of texture mapping).

In video games
The Sega Dreamcast title Jet Set Radio, which was revealed at the 1999 Tokyo Game Show, drew media attention for its cel-shaded style. It used cel-shading for its characters and its vibrant visual style has had a lasting influence on the use of cel-shading in video games. Since the early 2000s, many notable video games have made use of this style, such as The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker (2002) and Ōkami (2006).

Cel shading, in contrast to other visual styles such as photorealism, is often used to lend a more artistic or fantastical element to a video game's environment. In developing Ōkami, director Hideki Kamiya described his vision for the game's graphics: "I wanted to create a game with the natural beauty of the Japanese countryside... to make a world that was glistening and beautiful." Producer Atsushi Inaba recalls in a 2004 interview that Clover Studios had "abandoned the realistic style" for Ōkami as they became inspired by traditional Japanese art.

Game studios might choose a style such as cel shading in their development for reasons beyond artistic vision. Cel shaded graphics are usually simple in visual information, which can be useful in some applications. In the case of The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, developer Satoru Takizawa states that using this style allowed to "represent the mechanisms and objects for puzzles [in The Wind Waker] in a more easy-to-understand way." Takizawa also argues that photorealistic graphics, in contrast, would have "had the adverse effect of making information difficult to represent game-wise."

Film

 * The Great Mouse Detective, a 1986 American animated film based on "Basil of Baker Street" by Eve Titus and Paul Galdone.
 * Technological Threat, a 1988 American animated short made by Brian Jennings and Bill Kroyer and was produced by Kroyer Films.
 * Oliver & Company, a 1988 American animated musical adventure film based on the Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist.
 * The Little Mermaid, a 1989 American animated musical fantasy film based on the 1837 Danish fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen.
 * DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp, a 1990 American animated adventure fantasy film based on the animated television series DuckTales.
 * Felidae, a 1994 German adult animated mystery film directed by Michael Schaack, written by Martin Kluger, Stefaan Schieder and Akif Pirinçci, and based on Pirinçci's 1989 novel of the same name.
 * Tarzan, a 1999 American animated adventure film based on the 1912 story "Tarzan of the Apes" by Edgar Rice Burroughs.
 * Help! I'm a Fish, a 2000 Danish-German-Irish traditionally animated science fantasy musical film.
 * The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (2000)
 * The Little Polar Bear, a 2001 German animated film based on Hans de Beer books.
 * Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, a 2002 American animated Western film.
 * Lilo & Stitch, a 2002 American animated science-fiction comedy-drama film.
 * Treasure Planet a 2002 American animated science-fiction adventure film.
 * Stitch! The Movie, a 2003 American direct-to-video animated science fiction comedy film
 * Brother Bear, a 2003 American animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film.
 * Hot Wheels: World Race, a 2003 animated direct-to-video film.
 * Appleseed, a 2004 Japanese animated film.
 * Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, a 2005 American direct-to-video animated science fiction comedy-drama film produced by the Australian office of Disneytoon Studios.
 * Stuart Little 3: Call of the Wild, a 2005 American animated comedy film.
 * Leroy & Stitch, a 2006 American animated science fiction comedy television film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation.
 * A Scanner Darkly, a 2006 film based on Philip K. Dick novel.
 * Chocolate, a 2008 Thai martial arts film starring Yanin "Jeeja" Vismistananda in her debut film performance. It is directed by Prachya Pinkaew, with martial arts choreography by Panna Rittikrai. It also stars Hiroshi Abe and Pongpat Wachirabunjong.
 * Paperman, a 2012 American black-and-white computer-cel animated short film.
 * Khail Girban's The Prophet, a 2014 animated film computer cel.
 * Feast, a 2014 American 2D animated romantic comedy short film.
 * The Peanuts Movie (2015)
 * Mutafukaz: Operation Blackhead, a 2017 crime short film that became the basis for the comic book for the same name produced by Run.
 * Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
 * Tom & Jerry (2021)
 * Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (2022)
 * Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023)
 * Nimona (2023)
 * Once Upon a Studio, a 2023 American live-action/animated fantasy comedy crossover short film.
 * Wish, a 2023 American animated musical film.
 * Big City Greens the Movie: Spacecation, a 2024 American animated science fiction musical comedy film directed by Anna O'Brian and based on the Disney Channel animated television series Big City Greens, created by The Houghton Brothers.
 * Coyote vs. Acme (TBA)
 * The Pink Panther directed by Jeff Fowler (Upcoming Film)

Television

 * Mighty Ducks - a 1996 American animated television series that aired on ABC and the syndicated programming block The Disney Afternoon, the last show produced by the block, in the fall of 1996. The show was loosely inspired by the live-action Mighty Ducks films and the eponymous National Hockey League team, the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, as well as the affiliate American Hockey League team, the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks. Unlike the films and the hockey teams, the show was about a team of anthropomorphic hockey-playing ducks.
 * Molly, Star-Racer - a 2001 French television pilot produced by Sparx Animation Studios
 * Spider-Man: The New Animated Series - a 2003 Canadian-American television series produced by Mainframe Studios, Marvel Enterprises, Adelaide Productions, and Sony Pictures Television
 * Boo! - a 2003 British television series produced by Tell-Tale Productions
 * Lilo & Stitch - a 2003 American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation
 * Dragon Booster - a 2004 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
 * Handy Manny - a 2006 American-Canadian children's television series produced by Nelvana
 * Z-Squad - a 2006 South Korean-Canadian magical girl television series produced by Enemes, SBS, CJ Entertainment, Daiwon C&A Holdings and Nelvana, SOVIK
 * The Land Before Time - a 2007 American animated television series, based on The Land Before Time film series created by Judy Freudberg and Tony Geiss
 * Storm Hawks - a 2007 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
 * League of Super Evil - a 2009 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
 * Slugterra a 2012 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
 * Max Steel a 2013 American-Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment, Mattel
 * Bunny Maloney - a 2009 French television series produced by MoonScoop Group, France 2, and Telegael
 * Iron Man: Armored Adventures - a 2009 French-American television series produced by Marvel Animation
 * Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 - a 2009 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment and Nelvana
 * Rated A for Awesome - a 2011 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
 * Last Week Tonight with John Oliver - a 2014 American late-night talk and news satire television series produced by HBO - Episode 7: Immigration Reform
 * Regal Academy - a 2016 Italian television series produced by Rainbow S.p.A.
 * ''Disenchantment - a 2018 American animated satirical fantasy sitcom created by Matt Groening for Netflix.
 * Star Wars Resistance - a 2018 American television series produced by Lucasfilm Animation
 * What If...? - a 2021 Marvel Studios alternate history television series set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe

title: Cel shading


text:
Category:Dungeons & Dragons

This category is for articles relating to the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Dungeons & Dragons


text:
Category:Comics

Comics are an art form using a single image or a series of static images in fixed sequence. Cartoons and comic strips are often printed in newspapers, while comic books are generally published as individual documents. Webcomics are published on the World Wide Web.

title: Category:Comics


text: User talk:65.54.97.195

title: User talk:65.54.97.195


text:
Category:Manga

The term manga in English is generally taken to refer to Japanese comics; it is also sometimes used to refer to comics from elsewhere which have been drawn in that style.

title: Category:Manga


text: User talk:68.148.85.150

title: User talk:68.148.85.150