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LexisNexis

LexisNexis is an American data analytics company headquartered in New York, New York. Its products are various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information. During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically. the company had the world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information. The company is a subsidiary of RELX.

History

LexisNexis is owned by RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier).

According to Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Charles P. Bourne, LexisNexis (originally founded as LEXIS) is historically significant because it was the first of the early information services to both envision and actually bring about a future in which large populations of end users would directly interact with computer databases, rather than going through professional intermediaries like librarians. The developers of several other early information services in the 1970s harbored similar ambitions (e.g., OCLC's WorldCat), but met with financial, structural, and technological constraints and were forced to retreat to the professional intermediary model until the early 1990s.

The LexisNexis story begins in western Pennsylvania in 1956, when attorney John Horty began to explore the use of CALR technology in support of his work on comparative hospital law at the University of Pittsburgh Health Law Center. Horty was surprised to discover the extent to which the laws governing hospital administration varied from one state to another across the United States and began building a computer database to help him keep track of it all.

In 1965, Horty's work inspired the Ohio State Bar Association (OSBA) to independently develop its own CALR system, Ohio Bar Automated Research (OBAR). In 1967, the OSBA signed a contract with Data Corporation, a local defense contractor, to build OBAR based on the OSBA's written specifications. Data proceeded to implement OBAR on Data Central, an interactive full-text search system originally developed in 1964 as Recon Central to help U.S. Air Force intelligence analysts search text summaries of the contents of aerial and satellite reconnaissance photographs. (Before computer vision was invented, text summaries were manually prepared by enlisted personnel called "photo interpreters"; analysts then used those summaries as a catalog to retrieve photographs from which they could draw inferences about enemy strategy. )

In 1968, paper manufacturer Mead Corporation purchased Data Corporation for $6 million to gain control of its inkjet printing technology. Mead hired the Arthur D. Little consulting firm to study the business possibilities for the Data Central technology. Arthur D. Little dispatched a team of consultants from New York to Ohio led by H. Donald Wilson. After Mead asked for a practicing lawyer on the team, Jerome Rubin, a Harvard-trained attorney with 20 years of experience was included. The resulting study concluded that the nonlegal market was nonexistent, the legal market had potential, and OBAR needed to be rebuilt to profitably exploit that market. At the time, OBAR searches often took up to five hours to complete if more than one user was online, and its original terminals were noisy Teletypes with slow transmission rates of 10 characters per second. The original OBAR terminals were belatedly replaced with CRT text terminals in 1970. OBAR also had quality control issues; Rubin later recalled that its data was "unacceptably dirty."

In February 1970, Mead reorganized Data Corporation's Information Systems Division into a new Mead subsidiary called Mead Data Central (MDC). Wilson and Rubin, respectively, were installed as president and vice president. A year later, Mead bought out the OSBA's interests in the OBAR project, and OBAR disappears from the historical record after that point.

After Wilson was put in charge, he became reluctant to implement his own study's recommendation to abandon the OBAR/Data Central work to date and start over. In September 1971, Mead's management relegated Wilson to vice chairman of the board (i.e., a nonoperational role) and elevated Rubin to president of MDC. Rubin pushed the legacy Data Central technology back to Mead Corporation. Under a newly organized division, Mead Technical Laboratories, Data Central continued to operate as a service bureau for nonlegal applications until 1980.

Rubin then hired a new team to build an entirely new information service dedicated exclusively to legal research. He coined a new name, LEXIS, from "lex", the Latin word for law, and "IS" for "information service". After several iterations, the original functional and performance specifications were finalized by Rubin and executive vice president Bob Bennett in late summer 1972. System designer Edward Gottsman supervised the implementation of the specifications as working computer code. At the same time, Rubin and Bennett orchestrated the necessary keyboarding of the legal materials to be provided through LEXIS, and designed a business plan, marketing strategy, and training program. MDC's corporate headquarters were moved to New York City, while the data center stayed in Dayton, Ohio.

Lexis was the first information service to directly serve end users. Rubin later explained that they were trying "to crack the librarian barrier. Our goal was to get a LEXIS terminal on every lawyer's desk." To persuade American lawyers to use LEXIS (at a time when computer literacy was rare), MDC used aggressive marketing, sales, and training campaigns.

On April 2, 1973, MDC publicly launched LEXIS at a press conference in New York City, with libraries of New York and Ohio case law as well as a separate library of federal tax materials. By the end of that year, the LEXIS database had reached two billion characters in size and added the entire United States Code, as well as the United States Reports from 1938 through 1973.

By 1974, LEXIS was running on an IBM 370/155 computer in Ohio supported by a set of IBM 3330 disk storage units which could store up to about 4 billion characters. Its communications processor could handle 62 terminals simultaneously with transmission speed at 120 characters per second per user. On this platform, LEXIS was able to execute over 90% of searches within fewer than five seconds. Over 100 text terminals had been deployed to various legal offices (i.e., law firms and government agencies) and over 4,000 users had been trained.

By 1975, the LEXIS database had grown to 5 billion characters and could handle up to 200 terminals simultaneously. By 1976, the LEXIS database included case law from six states, plus various federal materials. MDC turned a profit for the first time in 1977.

In 1980, LEXIS completed its hand-keyed electronic database of all extant U.S. federal and state cases. The NEXIS service, added that same year, provided journalists with a searchable database of news articles.

In September 1981, Rubin and several of his allies (including Bennett and Gottsman) left Mead Data Central to pursue other opportunities.

When Toyota launched the Lexus line of luxury vehicles in 1989, Mead Data Central sued for trademark infringement on the grounds that consumers of upscale products (like lawyers) might confuse "Lexus" with "Lexis". A market research survey asked consumers to identify the spoken word "Lexis". Survey results showed that a nominal number of people thought of the computerized legal search system; a similarly small number thought of Toyota's luxury car division. A judge ruled against Toyota, and the company appealed the decision. Mead lost on appeal in 1989 when the Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit held that there was little chance of consumer confusion. Today, the two companies have an amicable business relationship, and in 2002 implemented a joint promotion called "Win a Lexus on Lexis!"

In 1988, Mead acquired the Michie Company, a legal publisher, from Macmillan.

In December 1994, Mead sold the LexisNexis system to Reed Elsevier for $1.5 billion. The U.S. state of Illinois subsequently audited Mead's income tax returns and charged Mead an additional $4 million in income tax and penalties for the sale of LexisNexis; Mead paid the tax under protest, then sued for a refund in an Illinois state court. On April 15, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with Mead that the Illinois courts had incorrectly applied the Court's precedents on whether Illinois could constitutionally apply its income tax to Mead, an out-of-state, Ohio-based corporation. The Court reversed and remanded so the lower courts could apply the correct test and determine whether Mead and Lexis were a "unitary" business.

In 1997, LexisNexis acquired 52 legal titles (including the Lawyers' Edition) owned by the Thomson Corporation. Thomson was required to sell the titles as a condition of acquiring competing publisher West.

In 1998, Reed Elsevier acquired Shepard's Citations and made it part of LexisNexis. Before electronic citators like Westlaw's KeyCite appeared, Shepard's was the only legal citation service which attempted to provide comprehensive coverage of American law.

In 2019, LexisNexis announced a joint venture with Knowable, a leader in contract data analytics.

In February 2020, LexisNexis transitioned its database services to the Amazon Web Services cloud architecture, and shut down its legacy mainframes and servers.

In 2020, Estates Gazette and the remaining business of Reed Business Information became part of LexisNexis.

Acquisitions
In 2000, LexisNexis purchased RiskWise, a St. Cloud, Minnesota company. Also in 2000, the company acquired the American legal publisher Matthew Bender from Times Mirror. In 2002, it acquired a Canadian research database company, Quicklaw. In 2002, LexisNexis acquired the Ohio legal publisher Anderson Publishing. In 2004, Reed Elsevier Group, parent company of LexisNexis, purchased Seisint, Inc, from founder Michael Brauser of Boca Raton, Florida. Seisint housed and operated the Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange (MATRIX).

In February 2008, Reed Elsevier purchased data aggregator ChoicePoint (previous NYSE ticker symbol CPS) in a cash deal for US$3.6 billion. The company was rebranded as LexisNexis Risk Solutions.

In 2013, LexisNexis, together with Reed Elsevier Properties SA, acquired publishing brands and businesses of Sheshunoff and A.S. Pratt from Thompson Media Group.

Sheshunoff Information Services, A.S. Pratt, & Alex Information (collectively, SIS), founded in 1972, is a print and electronic publishing company that provides information to financial and legal professionals in the banking industry, as well as online training and tools for financial institutions. SIS was founded in 1971 by Alex and Gabrielle Sheshunoff. The company became recognized for providing guidance and analysis to the banking industry. In 1988 Thompson Media, a division of Thomson Reuters, acquired the company. Separately, the Sheshunoffs began publishing Alex Information products.

In 1995, SIS acquired A.S. Pratt & Sons. Established in 1933, Pratt's Letter is believed to be the second oldest continuously published newsletter in the country behind Kiplinger's Washington Letter, which began publication in 1923. A.S. Pratt is a provider of regulatory law and compliance work tools for the financial services industry.

Gabrielle Sheshunoff returned in 2004 to unite the AlexInformation, Sheshunoff, and A.S. Pratt brands before it was sold to Thompson in 2008.

In November 2014, LexisNexis Risk Solutions bought Health Market Science (HMS), a supplier of data about US healthcare professionals.

In May 2022, LexisNexis acquired the behavioral biometrics technology provider, BehavioSec for an undisclosed sum.

Data breach
On March 9, 2005, LexisNexis made the theft of personal information of Seisint users public. It was originally estimated that 32,000 users were affected, but that number greatly increased to over 310,000. Affected persons were provided with free fraud insurance and credit bureau reports for a year. However, no reports of identity theft or fraud were discovered to have stemmed from the security breach. The hackers stole passwords, names, addresses, and Social Security and driver's license numbers of customers of LexisNexis's Seisint division. Seisint collects data on individuals that's used by law enforcement agencies and private companies for debt recovery, fraud detection and other services.

Commercial products
LexisNexis services are delivered via two websites that require separate paid subscriptions.

In 2000, Lexis began building a library of briefs and motions. In addition to this, Lexis also has libraries of statutes, case judgments and opinions for jurisdictions such as France, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, South Africa and the United Kingdom as well as databases of law review and legal journal articles for countries for which materials are available.

Previously, LexisNexis had a stripped-down free version (known as LexisOne) but this has been discontinued and replaced by Lexis Communities, which provides news and blogs across a variety of legal areas.

Time Matters is a LexisNexis-branded software offering. Lexis for Microsoft Office is a LexisNexis-branded software offering.

In France, the UK and Australia, LexisNexis publishes books, magazines and journals, both in hard copy and online. Titles include Taxation Magazine, Lawyers Weekly and La Semaine Juridique.

Lastly, LexisNexis focused on generative AI tool for attorneys called LexisNexis Precision that can produce memos defining key legal concepts, identify and summarize new case developments, and generate common legal documents.

LexisNexis UK
The organization that eventually became LexisNexis UK was founded in 1818 by Henry Butterworth (1786–1860). He was a pupil at King Henry VIII School, Coventry. After leaving Coventry he was apprenticed to and, for some time, worked for his uncle Joseph Butterworth, the great law bookseller of Fleet Street. In 1818, however, disagreement between them as to the terms of partnership made Henry set up on his own account at the corner of Middle Temple Gate (7 Fleet Street), where he became the well-known Queen's Law Bookseller.

Butterworths was acquired by International Publishing Corporation in 1965; IPC was acquired by the Reed Group in 1970. Heinemann Professional Publishing was merged with Butterworths Scientific in 1990 to form Butterworth-Heinemann. The Butterworths publishing business is now owned and operated in the UK by Reed Elsevier (UK) Ltd, a company in the Reed Elsevier Group. Publications continue to be produced by RELX (UK) Ltd using the "LexisNexis", "Butterworths" and "Tolley" trade marks. Such publications include Halsbury's Laws of England and the All England Law Reports, amongst others.

The Butterworths name is also used to publish works in many countries such as Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

LexisNexis also produces a range of software, services and products which are designed to support the practice of the legal profession. For example, case management systems, customer relationship management systems ("CRMs") and proofreading tools for Microsoft Office.

Other products
InterAction is a customer relationship management system designed specifically for professional services firms such as accountancy and legal firms.

Business Insight Solutions offers news and business content and market intelligence tools. It is a global provider of news and business information and market intelligence tools for professionals in risk management, corporate, political, media, and academic markets.

Illegal collection and sale of personal data
In 2022, LexisNexis Risk Solutions was sued by immigration advocates for allegedly violating Illinois law by collecting and combining extensive personal information and selling it to third parties, including federal immigration authorities. The lawsuit claimed that the company's practices posed "a grave threat to civil liberties."

Immigration-related criticism
Critics accused LexisNexis of violating individuals' privacy rights by providing addresses, phone numbers, relatives' names, and more through the data being sold to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).

In November 2019, several legal scholars and human rights activists called on LexisNexis to cease work with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement because their work directly contributes to the deportation of undocumented migrants.

Allegations of violating EU privacy legislation
LexisNexis has been accused of violating the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by collecting and storing personal data of European citizens without their explicit consent. The accusation was made by NOYB, a European privacy advocacy group, which filed a complaint with the Irish Data Protection Commission (DPC), the lead supervisory authority for LexisNexis in the European Union. NOYB alleges that LexisNexis collects personal data of European citizens through its legal research products and services, including Lexis Advance and LexisNexis® Academic. This data includes names, addresses, email addresses, and IP addresses.

NOYB also alleges that LexisNexis does not provide European citizens with an opportunity to opt out of the collection and storage of their personal data. This is a violation of the GDPR, which requires companies to obtain consent from individuals before collecting and storing their personal data.

In response to the complaint, LexisNexis has said that it is committed to complying with the GDPR and that it is currently reviewing its data collection and processing practices.

The DPC is currently investigating the complaint and has not yet issued a decision. If the DPC finds that LexisNexis has violated the GDPR, it could impose a fine of up to €20 million or 4% of the company's global annual turnover, whichever is greater.

Withdrawal from China
In March 2017, after being asked to remove some content, LexisNexis withdrew Nexis and LexisNexis Academic from China.

Violation of Daniel's Law
On March 4, 2024, two anonymous plaintiffs in New Jersey filed a class-action lawsuit against LexisNexis, stating that they violated Daniel's Law. In New Jersey, Daniel's Law includes a clause requiring that if websites have published certain personal information regarding certain government officials, and a request to take it down by an authorized party is issued, such a request must be honored. The lawsuit represents over 18,000 individuals, and alleges that not only were such requests not honored, but those who filed requests were punished by LexisNexis, who "campaign[ed] to freeze the credit reports of Plaintiffs and others", and incorrectly reported them as victims of identity theft. Furthermore, additional allegations state that LexisNexis published "comprehensive reports on other family members (including minor children as young as 13 years old)", and that as of the time of the lawsuit, none of the attempts to have LexisNexis unfreeze the credit reports have been honored.

Privacy Class Action Lawsuit
On April 17, 2024, a privacy class action lawsuit was filed against LexisNexis over its use of personally identifiable information. The lawsuit was filed in behalf of residents of at least California and Illinois. The complaint claims that LexisNexis did so without plaintiffs' authorization in order to promote its Lexis Personal Records Products.

Other privacy cases
LexisNexis has been in the news for a number of data privacy issues. In 2023, the company was fined €100,000 by the French data protection authority, CNIL, for failing to properly inform individuals about how their data was being used. The CNIL found that LexisNexis had not provided clear and concise information about its data collection and processing practices, and that it had not obtained the necessary consent from individuals to use their data.

LexisNexis has also been criticized for its use of facial recognition technology. In 2022, the company was sued by a group of privacy advocates who alleged that it was illegally using facial recognition technology to scan images of people without their consent. LexisNexis has denied the allegations; the case is still pending.

The company has also been accused of collecting and storing excessive amounts of data about individuals. In 2021, a report by the Norwegian Consumer Council found that LexisNexis had collected data on millions of people, including their names, addresses, phone numbers, and social media activity. The report also found that LexisNexis was sharing this data with third-party companies without the knowledge or consent of the individuals involved.

Awards and recognition

 * In 2010 and 2011, the Human Rights Campaign recognized LexisNexis as a company that treats its lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees well.
 * Training magazine inducted LexisNexis into its "Training Top 125" list between 2007 and 2010.
 * In 2012, Nexis won the SIIA CODIE Award for Best Political Information Resource.
 * In 2013, LexisNexis SmartMeeting won the Stevie Award for sales and customer service.
 * In 2014, LexisDraft won the SIIA CODIE Award for Best Business Information Solution.
 * LexisNexis made the 2014, Spend Matters Almanac List for 50 Providers to watch for in the procurement sector.

title: LexisNexis


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Talk:New London, Connecticut

LOL Funny

 * As world research headquarters of the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, New London and Groton have given birth to many drugs, including Viagra.

This wording is almost too funny to be true. Since when do drug companies procreate? I suggest: "many well-known drugs have been developed in New London and Groton, such as Viagra and atorvastatin". JFW | T@lk  10:28, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Something is amiss with the references section
Something is amiss with the references section--looks like a bug, but I don't know where to report it if so. I tried editing the section above in case that was causing the problem, but couldn't find anything wrong there. I suggest linking to http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=new+london&_cityTown=new+london&_state=04000US09&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 if someone can fix this... Szarka 15:52, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Reference section cleaned up
Done a day or two ago, logging it here now. -- OWL | Talk 03:02, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Reworked Infobox available for review and comment.
Using the latest standard template, I have prepared a new infobox for this article. Please look it over at User_talk:OWL/Infobox_City_of_New_London  [will not be retained --OWL | Talk 08:08, 18 October 2006 (UTC)]. If there is no objection, I shall incorporate it into the article in this weekend. --OWL | Talk 02:18, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Done. --OWL | Talk 08:08, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

'Infobox City' revised for appearance

 * 1) Freed-up 'footnotes' area by moving lat.-long. 'coordinates' display to 'map-caption.'

 * 1) Revised coordinates to point to Courthouse instead of P.O.

 * 1) Amended 'elevation_ft' data from 50' to 82' per EarthTools.org.

 * 1) Tidied up Infobox display by using  to disable the expanding of external links. (I.e., the little square-and-arrow icons don't appear on external links in the Infobox anymore.)

--OWL (Talk) 06:06, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Proposal to redirect "New London" to "New London, Connecticut"
Please see discussion at Talk:New London. --Polaron | Talk 13:35, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

New Expanded Intro
Comments are expressly invited. Writer, a 3rd generation New Londoner and a new Wikipedian, intends to offer more contributions to this article. If this can be done differently or better, he'd like to know. --RalphThayer 08:23, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Move of History section
With the latest edit, the new outline for the article is:

 * (Introduction)

 * Geography
 * Demographics
 * Government

 * History
 * Prominent features
 * Notable residents

 * Literature
 * Local Music

 * See also
 * References
 * Additional Reading
 * External links

The intent in moving the History section from its place before the Geography and Demographics sections to behind them is not to understate the importance of the topic. Quite the contrary. The reader can have a better understanding of the History material if he has already been briefed on the "lay of the land" and the relatively dry though necessary descriptions of today's New London.

Also, sections about Prominent Features and Notable Residents -- most of which are historical -- will be more informative if the reader has the History story fresh in mind. New London is so rich in history that the History section should be the fulcrum and centerpiece of the article. The new location of the History section helps make it so.

Review and comment, please?

RalphThayer 01:26, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Musicians list
Unless anyone has an objection and can think of an alternate solution, I'm going to remove all of the redlinked musicians and bands, which constitutes most of the list of New London musical artists. The list does not comply with Wikipedia list standards due to its open-ended nature, and as a result of this it has become a dung hill of self-promotion and advertisement. Nothing against the bands to be removed; I've heard some of them, and some of them are pretty good, but the don't belong in this corner of Wikipedia, at least yet. So, if there are any objections, let them be known, otherwise, by the end of the week I'll clean it up. -GlamdringCookies 22:35, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1977 Topps.jpg
Image:1977 Topps.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 01:59, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

City Manager
Somebody keeps changing the City Manager section in the infobox. It's gotten to the point where I have to keep checking this article every now and then to make sure it's correct. If anybody notices the infobox listing somebody OTHER than MIKE BRONITSKY as the city manager, please change it back?

Thanks, Renee Dickens —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.234.207.136 (talk) 19:57, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

This is getting ridiculous. I'm coming back to this page every day now to find somebody has changed it to Martin Berliner. Can we lock this page for editing? The City Manager is MIKE BRONITSKY.

Thanks, Renee Dickens —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.234.207.136 (talk) 03:11, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

According to the New london government owned website the city's manager is Martin Berliner. the website is http://www.ci.new-london.ct.us/ as well as numerous articles in the New London Day online newspaper articles as recent as 1/27/08 listing Martin Berliner as the City manager.

--Avatar 06349 (talk) 16:00, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Pictures
Several of the pictures need to be uploaded to Wikipedia Commons so they are available for other Wikipedia projects. --Finn Bjørklid (talk) 23:08, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Guess I'll be spending a nice evening with CommonsHelper :) Pi.1415926535 (talk) 03:56, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Fifteen images were moved to Commons and the bot move cleaned up, two old bot moves were checked, and about 30 other New London images on Commons were recategorized. Done. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 05:45, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

List of books
Under the heading "Literature", eight books are listed. I'm not sure how this list of books relates to New London, or how it contributes to the article. Thanks. Richard Apple (talk) 20:09, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Both the Literature and Further Reading sections need to be gutted. Some of the Literature section is set in or related to New London, but it should be in prose form. The Further Reading is effectively useless - there are dozens of equally valuable books about the city - and it's basically spam at this point. Unless there are objections, I'll do the surgery soon. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 20:26, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on New London, Connecticut. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070808112910/http://www.census.gov:80/population/estimates/metro_general/List7.txt to http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List7.txt
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080314164126/http://www.sots.ct.gov:80/RegisterManual/SectionVII/townorder.htm to http://www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionVII/townorder.htm

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Economy
Article could use some information about the local economy and major employers. -- Beland (talk) 01:05, 12 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on New London, Connecticut. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/

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The population of New London could be updated. The census currently presented is from 2010 and then there is an entire section about the census in 2000. The Arts and Culture section of this article is a bit underrepresented. Most of the links are working correctly except for the "Ocean Beach" link under the Principle Communities section. Olivervail (talk) 07:35, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
 * The last census was in 2010, and Wikipedia frequently keeps info on the previous census. Also, if links and info on the article need updating, why don't you take a few minutes and update them?  Magnolia677 (talk) 10:57, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

Ocean Beach Park redirect is incorrect
In section 4.2 the Ocean Beach Park link redirects to Ocean Beach Park in San Diego CA which is obviously not the right place/page. I don't know how redirects work so I don't know how to fix it myself. I do not believe there is a page for Ocean Beach Park in CT, which is sad because I grew up across the street from it, but, maybe its just not notable enough. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.78.3.135 (talk) 19:05, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The park certainly isn't famous and probably isn't even well-known outside of New London county. I was born and raised in Western CT and never heard of it prior to now.  However, it's still a well-documented park of 50+ acres; I think that's sufficient enough to validate an article.  The real difficulty with smaller places like Ocean Beach is simply that the pool of potential authors is very small, usually limited to the handful of interested Wiki editors that live/lived in the immediate vicinity. Finding somebody that cares to write the article is the real challenge.  If you have the time and interest, then by all means, create an article for it. —Jgcoleman (talk) 04:20, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I live in the NL area and grew up going to Ocean Beach, but I don't know of any documentation that would support an article on its history. However, I did remove the incorrect link. —Dilidor (talk) 10:11, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I did a very cursory search through web results on Google and then through advanced search on Google Books. My impression is that there is useful material out there spread disparately on various websites and in some books on New London and Connecticut recreation/tourism, though probably only enough to put together a start-class article even when pooling information from 5 or 6 sources.  It would be a labor of love.  I  certainly don't have any special interest in writing it though, I was simply discussing the topic with the contributor.—Jgcoleman (talk) 13:18, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

Kelo vs New London overview is excessive
An editor of this article undoubtedly feels very strongly about the Kelo vs New London case and, admittedly, has done a very good job composing a thorough overview. However, the fact of the matter is that said overview is more than excessive for a general article on the topic of New London. This is a phenomenon on municipality articles that I've observed over the past couple years in which fairly recent local news is afforded an undue degree of importance, and an undue amount of article real estate, almost entirely by virtue of the fact that it has happened to occupy our attention in the local media at some point during Wikipedia's relatively short history. This article is supposed to contain information of general encyclopedic interest on New London, not a three-paragraph overview of one court case on one esoteric topic that took place in just the last 12 years of New London's 370-year history. By comparison, only two sentences are dedicated to everything else related to New London government. In fact, more has been written in this article on the topic of the Kelo case than almost every other topic the article addresses. Local news is valuable, but not necessarily encyclopedic (imagine if every auto accident on I-95 reported in the news was recorded on the I-95 article). When determining the encyclopedic import of local news for a Wikipedia municipality article, my rule of thumb is to address the topic as it would be written about 50 years from now. In other words, if an ordinary person is reading this article 50 years from now (at a point in time well removed from the topic as a current topic), would he or she most likely scratch their head at why such long-winded explanation is offered for a relatively narrow topic in the New London article? If so, then it should probably be significantly reduced or removed altogether. My impression is that the Kelo case really ought to be condensed into one succinct paragraph, at most, to bring it more within the scope of a general interest article. If a reader happens to be very interested in the particulars of the case, then they are free to peruse the cited reference material to gain more detailed insight. I'm posting here in the talk page to offer an opportunity for discussion before I go ahead and begin making editing a condensed version of the Kelo case. —Jgcoleman (talk) 14:37, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I concur entirely. I have done some heavy-edits in the past to neutralize bias and cut way back on the excess, but it is still far too much detail. In fact, I would suggest that the entire 3 paragraphs should be deleted and replaced with a single-sentence synopsis; as you point out, it is a small event in the city's 350+ years of history. However, please put a "see also" notice or equivalent at the top of the section which points to the Kelo v. City of New London article. —Dilidor (talk) 19:18, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Thanks for following up on this section—it is much more suited to the article now. —Dilidor (talk) 19:06, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

Kelo v New London was a landmark case before the US Supreme Court (hardly "esoteric"), and is worthy of coverage in an article about the city, regardless of whether or not the issue received sufficient local media coverage at the time. Jguttenburg (talk) 18:19, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Jguttenburg, I think you might have not noticed the date difference? This version of the article from February 2018 had a much longer (and overwrought) synopsis of the case, which diverged from what this article is about: the town. What exists today is reasonable, especially since the case has its own article. Markvs88 (talk) 12:39, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

Jordan vs New London
Is there any plan to mention the city's other major case (Second Circuit), which ruled that the city was allowed to discriminate based on intelligence when hiring police officers (commonly known as "too smart to be a cop")? See http://www.aele.org/apa/jordan-newlondon.html and https://www.cbsnews.com/news/too-smart-to-be-a-cop/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jguttenburg (talk • contribs) 16:08, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Deletion

 * Dilidor, would you please explain your consistent deletion on a cited point from a major news outlet? This was a federal case and is notable. Also, please explain the "there are errors, there are mis-spellings, there are many problems" comment you just made? I see none in the truncated text, nor is it wp:undue, though I do agree with you that the original version was far too long. Thank you, Markvs88 (talk) 16:39, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

On the contrary, the material is far too short to warrant its own subsection. I would have merged it into the previous material, but it has nothing whatever to do with the Kelo case. Frankly, I think it's an insignificant case because it had no greater ramifications and involved only one resident, whereas Kelo had immense ramifications and affected the entire community. Nevertheless, if you think that the "smart cop" case is significant, you can certainly elaborate on it. But there will need to be enough explication to flesh it out to a full subsection.

On a separate note, never call out an editor in the subject header. —Dilidor (talk) 17:25, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Too short? How does that work? First you removed the *much* longer version by Jguttenburg without putting anything into talk, then you removed my shorter re-addition, again without putting anything into talk. I agree of course that it has nothing to do with Kelo, but it doesn't have to, as it's not just one person. The judgement was awarded to the defendent: the New London local government was affirmed of its hiring practices. That's clearly relevant to the section. Remember, this was a Federal case . I disagree with your POV there, this can very easily be made into its own article.
 * Re: the heading. I am sorry about that clearly my bad and I apologize. Markvs88 (talk) 18:36, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

Reinstatement
As noted previously by Markvs88, the subject is too short to warrant its own article, but long enough to be its own subsection. I maintain that the subject is significant enough to justify inclusion in the New London article, based on it's national news coverage, which is supported by over 215M references when searching the term "Jordan v New London" in Google. In deference to Dilidor, I have shortened the article significantly, and added additional citations.

Perhaps including these significant court cases would be better placed under a different heading than "Government".

Jguttenburg (talk) 23:17, 27 March 2019 (UTC)
 * That's a vast improvement, but you need a citation to support the final sentence. I still assert that this case is interesting only for its "laugh factor", particularly its smarmy media title of "too smart to be a cop." It did not set any legal precedent, and it had no long-range ramifications whatsoever. Nonetheless, I've left it alone. —Dilidor (talk) 10:12, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

I've added the citation as requested, and appreciate you leaving the article intact. Jguttenburg (talk) 16:31, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:New London, Connecticut


text:
Talk:Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme

7 o'clock news broadcast
I'm fairly sure that the news bulletin backing Silent Night is not an "actual" news bulletin, in that it was a collection of recent news stories compiled by Simon and Garfunkel that were put together and read by an actor. I remember hearing Simon describing how they had difficulty finding an actor willing to read the script as it was fairly contentious for the time (Vietnam etc). So, the comment claiming a date of transmition is inaccurate and should be editied out really. It's a while since I've editied on Wiki, so I'll leave it for someone more competent to do. 86.149.92.6 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 12:40, 26 May 2011 (UTC).
 * The 7 O'Clock News/Silent Night article describes it as a simulated news bulletin, but doesn't supply a reference. RossPatterson (talk) 02:03, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

Scarborough fair
The intro mentions Scarborough fair having a "counter melody and text about a soldier". It should really be mentioned that this is based on Simon's song "On the Side of a Hill" which appears on his 1964 solo album The Paul Simon Songbook. 86.149.92.6 (talk) 12:43, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Instrumentation
Isn't there a sopranino recorder from 01:18 to 01:45 in "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)"? If so, why isn't this instrument mentioned in the "Personnel" section of this article? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 18:52, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme


text:
Talk:Fresh Cream

US Album
I believe the US track list should include Spoonful as the 6th and last entry on Side One.75.142.173.254 (talk) 23:37, 26 August 2014 (UTC)
 * "Spoonful" isn't on the US version.  R ad io pa th y  •talk•  01:32, 27 August 2014 (UTC)
 * There appear to have been several releases with variations in tracks of this album. Per discogs.com (viewed 2020-12-19) DCC Compact Classics had a 1996 release with Spoonful, and a couple additional tracks: Wrapping Paper, The Coffee Song.  https://www.discogs.com/Cream-Fresh-Cream/release/6231628 Donfede~enwiki (talk) 03:10, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Studios
Why two studios? Which tracks were recored at which? Martinevans123 (talk) 22:28, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Super Deluxe Edition
The 4CD Boxed Set (I believe also available on vinyl) also includes outtakes, early versions and BBC sessions; and the album and extra tracks on Blu-Ray. 70.26.53.95 (talk) 14:07, 23 April 2022 (UTC)https://superdeluxeedition.com/news/cream-fresh-cream-super-deluxe/

title: Talk:Fresh Cream


text:
Bernardino Machado

Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães, GCTE, GCL (28 March 1851, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – 29 April 1944, Porto, Portugal), was a Portuguese political figure, the third and eighth president of Portugal (1915–1917, 1925–1926).

In 1917, Sidónio Pais, who was at the head of a military junta, dissolved Congress and removed Machado, forcing him to leave the country. Later, in 1925, he returned to the presidency of the Republic and, a year later, he was again overthrown by the military revolution of 28 May 1926, which instituted the military dictatorship and paved the way for the establishment of the Estado Novo.

Early life
Bernardino Machado was born in Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil, the son of António Luís Machado Guimarães (1820–1882), 1st Baron of Joane and a nobleman of the royal household, a rich merchant raised to the nobility, and his second wife Praxedes de Sousa Guimarães. Bernardino came to Portugal in 1860, enrolled at Coimbra University in 1866, studied mathematics for three years, and graduated in philosophy in 1873. In 1872, he chose to obtain Portuguese nationality. Machado continued his studies, obtaining a doctorate in philosophy in 1876 and graduated in general agriculture and rural economy in 1883. He lectured at that institution beginning in 1877.

In Porto in January 1882 he married Elzira Dantas Gonçalves Pereira (Rio de Janeiro, 15 December 1865 – 21 April 1942), by whom he had eighteen children. One of his sons-in-law was the writer Aquilino Ribeiro, whose own son was Aquilino Ribeiro Machado, the first mayor of Lisbon after the Carnation Revolution.

Political scene
Bernardino Machado began in politics from a young age, by the leader of the Regenerator Party, Fontes Pereira de Melo. It was the members of the Regenerator Party who elected him as a deputy for the first time to the Portuguese parliament for Lamego, in the supplementary elections of 1882. In the following legislature (1884-1887) he was reelected, this time by the Coimbra circle.

In 1890 and 1894 was also elected Peer of the Realm by Coimbra University. During this period he was briefly Minister for Public Works on the Hintze Ribeiro cabinet in 1893, and created the first labour court in Portugal. Taking a special interest in public education, he was made part of the Superior Council of Public Education in 1892, and published several books on the subject.

In February 1893, Machado joined the first ministry of Hintze Ribeiro, as Minister of Public Works, Commerce and Industry, presenting his resignation in December of that same year.

Machado had an important career as leader of Freemasonry (in the Lodge of Perseverance of the Grand Orient of Portugal, with the symbolic name of "Littré"). From 1892 to 1895 he was the 7th President of the Order of the Grand Orient of Portugal, from 1895 to 1899 he was the 18th Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council attached to the Grande Oriente Lusitano and 7th Grand Master of the Grande Oriente Lusitano United and from 1929 until his death in 1944 was the 23rd Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council attached to the Lusitanian Grand Orient.

In 1903, due to his growing disbelief in monarchical values, he joined the Portuguese Republican Party. On 31 October 1903 he professed his republican faith in a conference given at the Ateneu Comercial in Lisbon, thus marking his formal adherence to the Party. Since then, he contributed much to the remodeling and organization of the Party as a political force; participated in vigorous propaganda campaigns of republican ideals and participated actively in numerous rallies. In 1904, 1905 and 1906 he was a candidate for deputy on the republican lists, always for the Lisbon constituency, however, he was not elected.

Machado was also briefly President of the Directory of the Democratic Party in 1902, and after switching to the Republican Party, was this party's President of the Directory from 1906 to 1909. He was one of the few monarchists-turned-republican who switched during the monarchy.

In the legislative elections of August 1910, he was one of the five deputies elected by Eastern Lisbon, along with António José de Almeida, Afonso Costa, Alfredo de Magalhães and Miguel Bombarda.

Once the Republic was proclaimed in 1910 he was made Minister for Foreign Affairs, and ran an unsuccessful campaign for the presidential elections of 1911. Afterwards, on 20 January 1912, he was appointed Minister of Portugal in Rio de Janeiro, assuming office in July that year. The diplomatic mission was promoted to embassy in November 1913, with Bernardino Machado being the first Portuguese ambassador to that country.

When he returned to Portugal in February 1914, the country was in a ministerial crisis with the resignation of Afonso Costa as head of government. Bernardino Machado was called to set up an extrapartisan ministry, in order to appease the heated political sentiments, foreseeing in his program a truce proposal to monarchists, trade unionists and Catholics, to whom he promised a revision of the religious segregation law. In June of that year, Bernardino Machado requested the resignation of the executive who presided, but was again called to form a government: the 7th Republican government was once again "extra-partisan", with all the ministers, except for the president, who was independent.

Machado ran again for the presidency in 1915 and was this time elected President of Portugal. In the course of his term, he received Germany's declaration of war (March 1916), and visited the Portuguese forces placed in France in the battlefields.

In 1917 the government was deposed by a military coup headed by Sidónio Pais, and Machado went into exile.

Upon Machado's return in 1919 he was elected Senator. He served as Prime Minister from 10 February to 23 May 1921. Once again, in 1925, he achieved the presidential office after President Teixeira Gomes resigned, only to be overthrown a year later (1926) by Gomes da Costa (See: 28 May 1926 coup d'état and Ditadura Nacional). The country remained under a military, then a civilian, dictatorship until 1974.

For a second time he went into exile in France, where he continued to be very critical of the Portuguese regime. The German occupation of France in 1940 forced him to seek protection in Portugal, which the government granted him with the condition that he was to be confined to his personal retreat in the northern part of Portugal. It was there in Porto that he died, aged 93, in 1944, making him the longest lived Portuguese president ever.

Personal life
He was the father-in-law of the noted writer Aquilino Ribeiro, grandfather of the politician Aquilino Ribeiro Machado and the great-grandfather of the psychologist and sexologist Júlio Machado Vaz. In 1906, Machado was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.

Books

 * Introdução à Pedagogia, 1902
 * O Ensino, 1898
 * O Ensino Primário e Secundário, 1899
 * O Ensino Superior, 1900

title: Bernardino Machado


text:
Gerardo Machado

Gerardo Machado y Morales (28 September 1869 – 29 March 1939) was a general of the Cuban War of Independence and President of Cuba from 1925 to 1933.

Machado entered the presidency with widespread popularity and support from the major political parties. However, his support declined over time. Many people objected to his running again for re-election in 1928, as his victory violated his promise to serve for only one term. As protests and rebellions became more strident, his administration curtailed free speech and used repressive police tactics against opponents.

Ultimately, in 1933, Machado was forced to step down in favor of a provisional government headed by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada and brokered by US ambassador Sumner Welles. Machado has been described as a dictator.

Family and education
Machado was born in 1869 as the oldest child in his family, in the central province of Las Villas (now Villa Clara). He had two younger siblings, a brother named Carlos and a sister named Consuelo. He and his siblings grew up on their family's cattle farm, during a period when their father served with Cuban rebels in the Ten Years' War against Spain (1868–1878). His father attained the rank of major. The war ended without Cuba achieving independence. When he was in his early 20s, Machado engaged in growing and selling tobacco.

As a young man, he married Elvira Machado Nodal (28 October 1868 in Villa Clara – 1968). They had three daughters together: Laudelina (Nena), Ángela Elvira, and Berta.

Cuban War of Independence
In 1895 Cubans launched a War of Independence against Spain. Machado joined the rebel forces and rose to the rank of brigadier general. He was one of the youngest Cuban generals in the war. He fought in the middle provinces.

Post-war career
After the war ended, Machado turned to politics and business. In 1902, Cuba was granted full independence. Meanwhile, Machado was elected as mayor of Santa Clara. During the national administration of José Miguel Gómez (1909–1913), Machado was appointed as inspector of the armed forces and later as Secretary of the Interior.

After his return to private life, he engaged in farming and in business, investing in public utilities. With his family provided for, he returned to politics in the early 1920s.

Machado was said to be the party's war leader in Las Villas province, where he fought on the Liberal side in the "Little War of February 1917" La Chambelona (Chambelona War), with José Miguel Gómez, Alfredo Zayas, and Enrique Loynaz del Castillo. The Liberals were defeated. Calixto Enamorado fought on the Conservative side.

After initial victories for the Liberals, things turned for the worse, and yet Machado continued to fight even after the Liberals were defeated by the machine guns of Colonel Rosendo Collazo at Caicaje, once the hacienda of Santiago Saura Orraque and Juan Manuel Perez de la Cruz. Finally they could not continue and Machado surrendered on 8 March 1917.

President Mario García Menocal had definitively won the conflict. Technically there was no U.S. intervention in this war. Cuban Army officers, notably Julio Sanguilí in Santiago, and their forces regained control of the government.

In this war, against the background of the Great War raging in Europe, the Liberals were said to be pro-German. This resulted in U.S. President Woodrow Wilson adding Cuba to his worries, as he was already concerned about the Mexican civil conflict and actions of Pancho Villa on the Southern border. The Cuban war resulted in the death of Frederick Funston, a friend and ally of Menocal. President Menocal declared war on Germany 7 April 1917. John J. Pershing was reassigned to United States forces in Mexico and then Europe.

Machado was appointed as Interior Minister under José Miguel Gómez. Allied with his predecessor, the outgoing president Alfredo Zayas, and running as a Liberal Party candidate in the 1924 election, Machado defeated Mario García Menocal of the Conservative Party by an overwhelming majority; he was elected as Cuba's fifth president. He campaigned with the slogan, "Water, roads, and schools".

First term as president

Machado took office as President of Cuba on 20 May 1925, and left office on 12 August 1933. He is noted for stating that at the end of his term he would ask for the abrogation of the Platt Amendment. Elected at the time of a fall in world sugar prices, he was a Cuban industrialist and member of the political elite of the Liberal Party. Machado's first term (1925–1929) coincided with a period of prosperity. Sugar production expanded, and the United States provided a close and ready market. Machado embarked on an ambitious public works program. He determined to make Cuba the "Switzerland of the Americas."

In April, 1927, Machado visited the United States and on April 23, 1927, he met with President Calvin Coolidge. During his visit, Machado discussed with Coolidge many issues including the Platt Amendment. Whether for the sake of gaining political favour, being tactful or whatever the reason Machado firstly stated that the Platt Amendment was in fact a positive benefit to the Cuban people but he insisted on a modification of its terms as the Platt Amendment was a stigma of embarrassment among the international community insofar that it represented Cuba as lacking complete sovereignty over its affairs.

Among the public works completed during Machado's administration, there was the Carretera Central or Central Highway which ran practically the entire length of the island, from Pinar del Rio in the west to Santiago de Cuba, a distance of over 1126 km. Machado was also responsible for the construction of El Capitolio (The Capitol), the elegant home of the Cuban Congress from 1929 to 1959. The new building, designed by Raúl Otero and Eugenio Rayneri Piedra and constructed in 1926–1929 had a neoclassical design that borrowed elements from the U.S. Capitol building and the Pantheon in Paris. Its purpose was to portray the optimism, confidence and elegance of the new democracy.

Additionally, Machado oversaw the enlargement of the University of Havana, and the expansion of health facilities. Other key buildings constructed under his administration include the Hotel Nacional de Cuba, the Asturia Center (today National Museum of Fine Arts of Havana), the Bacardi Building (Havana), Lopez Serrano and the Hotel Presidente. He also sponsored a tariff reform bill in 1927 providing protection to certain Cuban industries. Despite these accomplishments, Cuba's dependence on sugar continued, and United States influence and investments increased.

In order to complete the financing of these projects, the President, ignoring his original pledge against foreign loans, entered into transactions with the Chase Bank Syndicate resulting by his second term in the increase of Cuba's public debt by $86 million.

1928 re-election
Cosme de la Torriente y Peraza, Cuban statesman and President of the League of Nations in the 1920s, said: "In 1925 General Machado succeeded Dr. Zayas as President. Despite his promise not to stand for reelection, Machado sought to have the Constitution of 1901 modified so that he could maintain himself in power. As a result, a widespread state of public disorder became almost permanent. It was under these circumstances that Machado was reelected without opposition in 1928."

According to Peraza on 9 January 1931, the following newspapers were closed upon Machado's presidential decreeː Diario de la Marina, El Mundo, El Pais, Informacion, The Havana American, La Semana, Karikato, Carteles, and Bohemia, followed by the multiple arrests of numerous newspaper editors.

His detractors claimed he became despotic and forced his way into a second term. Throughout his campaign leading to the 1924 general election, Machado stated numerous times that he did not aspire to be reelected, but only two years into his presidency he changed his mind. In 1927 Machado pushed a series of constitutional amendments to enable him to seek re-election, which he obtained in the 1928 presidential election. This act of continuismo, coupled with growing economic depression caused by a decline in sugar prices starting in 1925, its aggravation due to the crash of 1929, and political repression, led to significant political instability. Machado also faced backlash from university students after the formation of the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario in 1927. After various protests and the death of the DEU members, most notably of Rafael Trejo, Machado closed the university in 1930.

U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull wrote, in a telegram to the incoming U.S. Ambassador to Cuba Sumner Welles on 1 May 1933, with respect to Machado's constitutional reforms of 1927: "Under the terms of the Cuban Constitution (1901 Constitution of Cuba), as promulgated in 1902, amendments to the Constitution proposed by the Congress did not become effective until approved by a constituent assembly specifically elected for that purpose. Consequently, after the project for constitutional reform had been enacted by the Cuban Congress, elections were held for delegates to the constituent assembly and those delegates were elected a revised form of the so-called 'Crowed Electoral Code', the revisions selected, in their great majority, by members of the existing House and Senate, and in most instances the Senators and Representatives themselves served as delegates to the constituent assembly. It is obvious that the revision of the Electoral Code made possible at this time the election of delegates favorable to the proroguing of the terms of the President, of the members of the Senate and of the members of the House of Representatives, and that such delegates were by no means elected through the untrammeled vote of the Cuban people themselves. The constituent assembly so selected convened in the month of April, 1928. Under the terms of the then-existing Constitution, the duties of the constituent assembly were 'limited either to approving or rejecting the amendment voted by the co-legislative bodies.' Notwithstanding this clear provision and the clear intent thereof, the constituent assembly revised completely several of the provisions of the project submitted by the Cuban Congress. It would seem that there was a reasonable measure of doubt that the constituent assembly acted 'ultra vires'. The Supreme Court of Cuba has, however, consistently refrained from rending a decision upon this question."

Violence
Machado survived several attempts on his life. In the most famous, a violent opposition group, the ABC (abecedarios), assassinated the President of the Cuban Senate Clemente Vazquez Bello. They had constructed a tunnel to reach the Vazquez family crypt in Havana's Colón Cemetery and planted an explosive device there, anticipating that Machado would attend the funeral. The plan failed when the family decided to bury Vazquez in Santa Clara instead.

Machado has also been credited for unleashing a wave of violence against his critics. In Machado: Crimenes y Horrores de un Regimen, Carlos G. Peraza details some of Machado's alleged crimes. Peraza blames Machado for the death of numerous Cubans including Armando Andre y Alvarado (1926), Enrique Varona (1926), Claudio Bouzón –Noske Yalob (1928), Ponce de Leon y Perez Terradas (1928), Abelardo Pacheco (1930), Raoul Martin (1931), the three Freyre de Andrade brothers (1932) and most famously Rafael Trejo (30 September 1930).

There were numerous murders and assassinations committed by the police and army under Machado's administration. The extent of his involvement in these is disputed. Writing to the U.S. Secretary of State, on 5 January 1933, U.S. ambassador to Cuba, Harry Frank Guggenheim noted as follows, "Last night I personally called on the [Cuban] Secretary of State in regard to Hernandez and was assured there was no cause for apprehension in this or other cases. Hernandez or Alvarez died shortly after midnight in a hospital to which he had been brought with a bullet in his head. Ferrara [Cuban Secretary of State] this morning explained that he had ascertained last night that no person named Hernandez was under arrest. These killings of prisoners have deeply stirred public opinion and have strengthened belief that no person under arrest is safe from official vengeance."

The following day Harry Frank Guggenheim reported to the U.S. Secretary of Stateː "I saw the President [Machado] this morning. He did not attempt to disclaim Government's responsibility for recent murders of students which he characterized as a stupid mistake."

Writing to the U.S. Secretary of State, on 8 April 1933, The Chargee in Cuba, Edward Reed noted:
 * according to information obtained by the Embassy from sources believed to be reliable, there were several killings in and near Habana on the night of 6 April... the secret police arrested a young man named Carlos Manuel Fuertes outside of Payret Theatre in Habana. Fuertes is said to have been a member of the student directorate. Later in the night his body was found near the Eremita de las Catalinas on Ayesteran Street.

Regime change

In Cuba, Machado engaged in a long struggle with diverse insurgent groups, from the green shirts of the ABC to Blas Hernández to the conservative veterans of the Cuban War of Independence to the radical Antonio Guiteras group, and he clung on for several years.

In May 1933, newly appointed US ambassador Sumner Welles arrived in Cuba and initiated negotiation with the opposition groups for a government to succeed Machado's. A provisional government headed by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada (son of Cuban independence hero Carlos Manuel de Céspedes) and including members of the ABC was brokered; it took power on 13 August 1933 amidst a general strike in Havana. Welles succeeded in weakening Machado's government by extracting a series of concessions which tipped the balance of power in favor of the opposition.

The collapse of Machado's government was followed by the provisional president General Alberto Herrera y Franchi (12-13 August 1933).

The collapse of Machado's government can be traced to the beginning of negotiations between Machado's government and opposition groups with Ambassador Welles as mediator. One of the proposed solutions to the political crisis was the appointment of a vice president who would be impartial and acceptable to all parties, followed by a leave of absence for President Machado until the 1934 general election. This plan would ensure that Machado no longer had power and, most importantly, could not tamper with the 1934 general election, while still keeping within the country's constitutional framework. Eventually, as Machado resisted giving up power and the crisis escalated, the army revolted. Welles noted as follows on 12 August 1933 at 3 a.m.: "Since the abortive revolt of the first battalion of artillery yesterday afternoon there have been several threatened revolts in divers portions of the Army insisting upon the immediate resignation of President Machado." Machado left Cuba on a flight to the Bahamas on the afternoon of 12 August 1933.

Machado died of colon cancer in Miami Beach, US in 1939 and was entombed in Miami at Woodlawn Park Cemetery and Mausoleum (now Caballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum).

Memoirs and papers
Machado y Morales, Gerardo (written in 1936 published in 1957 and later) Ocho años de lucha – memorias. Ediciones Universales, Ediciones Historicas Cubanas. Miami ISBN 0-89729-328-2 ISBN 0-89729-328-2

The papers of Gerardo Machado y Morales are available for research online, at the University of Miami. Selected materials from these papers have been digitized and are available elsewhere online.

General references

 * Alba, Víctor (1968) Politics and the labor movement in Latin America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ASIN B0006BNYGK
 * Duarte Oropesa, José (1989) Historiología Cubana. Ediciones Universal Miami ISBN 84-399-2580-8
 * Carrillo, Justo 1985 Cuba 1933: Estudiantes, Yanquis y Soldados. University of Miami Iberian Studies Institute ISBN 0-935501-00-2 Transaction Publishers (January 1994) ISBN 1-56000-690-0
 * Masó, Calixto (1998) Historia de Cuba 3rd edition. Ediciones Universal, Miami. ISBN 0-89729-875-6
 * Perez, Louis A. Jr. "Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution." Third Edition. New York/Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2006
 * Perez-Stable, Marifeli (1999); The Cuban Revolution. Oxford:  Oxford University Press.
 * Riera Hernández, Mario. 1953.  Cincuenta y dos años de política:  Oriente, 1900–1952.  La Habana.
 * Riera, Mario. 1955.  Cuba política, 1899–1955.  La Habana:  Impresora Modelo, S.A.
 * Riera Hernández, Mario. 1968.  Cuba libre:  1895–1958.  Miami:  Colonial Press of Miami, Inc.
 * Riera Hernández, Mario. 1974.  Cuba repúblicana:  1899–1958.  Miami:  Editorial AIP.
 * Thomas, Hugh (1998) Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom. Da Capo Press; Updated edition (April 1998) ISBN 0-306-80827-7
 * Perez-Stable, Marifeli (1999); The Cuban Revolution.  Oxford:  Oxford University Press.
 * (Spanish)

title: Gerardo Machado


text:
Susie Päivärinta

Susanne Elisabeth "Susie" Päivärinta (also Sussie, born 10 May 1964) is a Swedish singer and artist of Finnish ancestry. She scored a number of hits in the 1980s and early 1990s with the duo Lili & Susie, with her sister Lili Päivärinta. Their most famous was their 1987 song "Oh Mama" which spent six weeks in the top five of the Swedish singles chart. They also competed at Melodifestivalen 1989 and in the Eurovision Song Contest with "Okey okey". In 1990, their song What's the Colour of Love also hit the top 5. The duo reunited in 2008 and competed at Melodifestivalen 2009 with the song Show Me Heaven, which peaked at number 6 in the Swedish singles chart. Päivärinta wrote ''C'est la vie! It's Alright!, performed by Lucia Perez, and Diamonds'', performed by Melissa, which were both featured at Eurovision Song Contest 2011. Päivärinta helped write Baby Doll by the bad Top Cats, which was selected for Melodifestivalen 2012 and reached 20 on the Swedish national radio chart.

Lili & Susie
She scored a number of hits with the duo Lili & Susie, a duo with her sister Lili Päivärinta, in the 1980s. Their 1987 song "Oh Mama" spent six weeks in the top five of the Swedish singles chart. They dissolved in 1993 and released a best-of compilation called The Collection 85-93 in 1994. The duo reunited in 2008 and competed in the Eurovision Song Contest with "Okey okey" in 1989 (5th place at Melodifestivalen 1989). The duo reunited in 2008 and competed again with Show Me Heaven in 2009 (4th place in Semifinal 2 of Melodifestivalen 2009, eliminated in "Andra chansen" round), which peaked at number 6 in the Swedish singles chart. Päivärinta and her sister reunited and went back on tour in 2013. In January 2014, they released a new video together as Lili & Susie.

Solo career
Päivärinta wrote two entries for the Spanish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 Destino Eurovisión: ''C'est la vie! It's Alright!, performed by Lucia Pérez, and Diamonds'', performed by Melissa. However, both were eliminated as they did not reach the top three in the jury vote. Päivärinta helped write Baby Doll by the bad Top Cats, which was selected for Melodifestivalen 2012 and reach 20 on the Swedish national radio chart. She helped write I Am Somebody by Pink Pistols, which competed in Melodifestivalen 2014 and placed 7th in the second semi-final.

Personal life
Päivärinta was born Susanne Päivärinta on May 10, 1964 in the Södermalm district of Stockholm, Sweden. She has been a strong proponent of animal rights since she was a child, and themes about animal rights are featured regularly in Päivärinta's music and videos. She has three children.

title: Susie Päivärinta


text:
User:Joli~enwiki

Labas, I am Joli from Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania.

title: User:Joli~enwiki


text:
Talk:1918

Year in topic
I think the page layout for "year in topic" in some places where it is flagged in the box as on this page 1915 is better. I seek opinions before making them all the same BozMo(talk)

November 11
Should there be a reference to the end of World War I for November 11? Kuke (talk) 09:15, 10 July 2018 (UTC) Nevermind, I scrolled past to Birthdays.

Format
[See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 13:42, 22 December 2006 (UTC)]

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 * Verteidigungsminister Helmut Schmidt.jpg

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Bias
has been removing content from this and other year articles claiming that there is consensus for "lesser" figures and events to be removed. They have not shown where this consensus was achieved but, even if this consensus does exist, it seems to be applied selectively by those who have taken ownership of these articles. A quick glance of the article shows how heavily biased it is in favour of White anglophone entries. 60% of the entries in the births section are of individuals from America, Britain, Canada, Australia or New Zealand. Many of these entries would fail the unwritten rule Deb has been using to remove non-English speaking entries from these articles - a host of local/state politicians, non-international athletes and obscure actors and military personnel. And of course virtually every single one these entries is unreferenced. English Wikipedia has many rules and policies but only non-White Anglo Saxons have to follow them. Obi2canibe (talk) 16:30, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Quite. This bias is exactly what I'm trying to correct. All you seemed to want to do was to add lots of minor Finnish politicians. If you have looked at my edits, you'll see that, as well as removing some of those, I've also removed several minor American figures so as to redress the balance. This tendency to add everyone of your own nationality that you can possibly think of is the reason that Births and Deaths sections are gradually disappearing from Year pages. Deb (talk) 19:06, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:1918


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Lili & Susie

Lili & Susie (initially Lili & Sussie) is a Swedish pop duo composed of the sisters Lili Päivärinta and Susie Päivärinta. They scored a number of hit singles in the late 1980s and early 1990s, their biggest hit being "Oh Mama" in 1987. Their 1987 song "Oh Mama" spent six weeks in the top five of the Swedish singles chart. They dissolved in 1993 and released a best-of compilation called The Collection 85-93 in 1994. The duo competed in the Swedish pre-selection to the Eurovision Song Contest 1989 with the song "Okey, okey", finishing 5th, at the final of Melodifestivalen 1989.

The duo reunited in 2008 and competed in Melodifestivalen 2009 with the song "Show Me Heaven". It placed fourth in Semi-final 2 leading to an appearance in the "Andra chansen" (second chance) round, where it was subsequently eliminated. The song later peaked at number 6 on the Swedish singles chart. The Päivärinta sisters reunited again in 2013, performing a mini-tour. In January 2014, they released a new video together as Lili & Susie.

Albums

 * Lili & Sussie (1985)
 * Dance Romance (1987)
 * Anytime (1988)
 * Let Us Dance! A Remix Retrospective (1989)
 * The Sisters (1990) - gold
 * No Sugar Added (1992)

Compilations

 * Non Stop Dancing (1990)
 * Chance to Dance (1991)
 * The Collection (1993)
 * I vågens tecken (1995)
 * Flashback #6 (1995)

Singles

 * Sommar i natt (1985)
 * Stjärnljus (1985)
 * Om du kan (1985)
 * Stay (1986)
 * Candy Love (1986)
 * Samma tid samma plats (1986)
 * Tokyo (1987)
 * Oh Mama (1987)
 * Bara du och jag (1987)
 * Enkel Resa (1988)
 * We Were Only Dancing (1988)
 * Jag drömmer om en jul hemma (White Christmas) (1988)
 * Robert & Marie (1989)
 * Okey Okey! (1989)
 * Let Us Dance Just a Little Bit More (1989)
 * Svullo (1990/Svullo + Lili & Susie)
 * What's the Colour of Love (1990) - platinum
 * Boyfriend (1990) - gold
 * Nothing Could Be Better (1990)
 * Something in Your Eyes (1991)
 * Evelyn (1991)
 * Can't Let You Go (1991)
 * Where Eagles Fly (1992)
 * Ride On My Love (1992)
 * All You Can Say Is Goodbye (1993)
 * Halfway to Heaven (1993)
 * I Believe in Good Things '93/Megamix (1993)
 * Love Never Dies (1996)
 * Hypnotized (1996)
 * Oh Mama (2000 Remix) (2000)
 * Show Me Heaven (2009)
 * Tease Me (2009)
 * Bailamor (2011)
 * Från oss till er (2011)
 * Fly, Fly Little Bird (2014)
 * Would You Be Mike (2014
 * En liten kyss av dig (2020)
 * Hela livet var ett disco (2020)
 * Drömmar (2021)

title: Lili & Susie


text:
Nguema

Nguema may refer to two different post-colonial leaders of Equatorial Guinea:

 * Francisco Macías Nguema (January 1, 1924 – September 29, 1979)
 * Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (born June 5, 1942).

The Nguema clan also includes:

Also:
 * Armengol Ondo Nguema, the younger brother of president Obiang Nguema and head of the president's Israeli trained security bodyguards
 * Teodorín Nguema Obiang, the favorite son of president Obiang Nguema.
 * Patrick Nguema Ndong (1957–2021), Franco-Gabonese journalist

 * CD Elá Nguema, a football club, from Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
 * Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, Gabonese officer and coup d'état leader

title: Nguema