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Battle of Athens (1946)

The Battle of Athens (sometimes called the McMinn County War) was a rebellion led by citizens in Athens and Etowah, Tennessee, United States, against the local government in August 1946. The citizens, including some World War II veterans, accused the local officials of predatory policing, police brutality, political corruption, and voter intimidation.

Background
In 1936, the E. H. Crump political machine based in Memphis, which controlled much of Tennessee, extended to McMinn County with the introduction of Paul Cantrell as the Democratic candidate for sheriff. Cantrell, who came from a wealthy and influential family in nearby Etowah, tied his campaign closely to the popularity of the Roosevelt administration. Cantrell rode FDR's coattails to victory over his Republican opponent in what came to be known as the "vote grab of 1936", which delivered McMinn County to Tennessee's Crump Machine. Paul Cantrell was reelected sheriff in the 1938 and 1940 elections, and was elected to the state senate in 1942 and 1944, while his former deputy, Pat Mansfield, a transplanted Georgian, was elected sheriff those years. A state law enacted in 1941 reduced local political opposition to Crump's officials by reducing the number of voting precincts from 23 to 12 and reducing the number of justices of the peace from fourteen to seven (including four "Cantrell men"). The sheriff and his deputies were paid under a fee system whereby they received money for every person they booked, incarcerated, and released. Because of this fee system, there was extensive "fee grabbing" from tourists and travelers. Buses passing through the county were often pulled over and the passengers were randomly ticketed for drunkenness, regardless of their intoxication or lack thereof. Between 1936 and 1946, these fees amounted to almost $300,000.

Cantrell engaged in electoral fraud, both by intimidating voters who voted against him, and by allowing ineligible people to vote. The U.S. Department of Justice had investigated allegations of electoral fraud in McMinn County in 1940, 1942, and 1944, but had not taken action. Voter fraud and vote control perpetuated McMinn County's political problems. Manipulation of the poll tax and vote counting were the primary methods, but it was common for dead voters' votes to be counted in McMinn County elections. The political problems were further entrenched by economic corruption of political figures, who enabled gambling, bootlegging, and other illegal activity. Most of McMinn County's young men were off fighting World War II, allowing appointment of some ex-convicts as deputies. These deputies furthered the political machine's goals and exerted control over the citizens of the county. While the machine controlled law enforcement, its control also extended to the newspapers and schools. When asked if the local newspaper, The Daily Post Athenian, supported the GIs, veteran Bill White replied: "No, they didn't help us none." White elaborated: "Mansfield had complete control of everything, schools and everything else. You couldn't even get hired as a schoolteacher without their okay, or any other job."

During the war, two servicemen on leave were shot and killed by Cantrell supporters. The servicemen of McMinn County heard of what was going on and were anxious to return home and do something about it. According to a contemporaneous article by Theodore H. White in Harper's Magazine, one veteran, Ralph Duggan, who had served in the Pacific in the navy and became a leading lawyer postwar, "thought a lot more about McMinn County than he did about the Japs. If democracy was good enough to put on the Germans and the Japs, it was good enough for McMinn County, too!" The scene was ripe for a confrontation when McMinn County's GIs were demobilized. When they arrived home and the deputies targeted the returning GIs, one reported: "A lot of boys getting discharged [were] getting the mustering out pay. Well, deputies running around four or five at a time grapping [sic] up every GI they could find and trying to get that money off of them, they were fee grabbers, they wasn't on a salary back then."

In the August 1946 election, Paul Cantrell ran again for sheriff, while Pat Mansfield ran for the State Senate seat. Stephen Byrum, a local historian, speculates that the reason for this switch was an attempt to spread the graft. Bill White, meanwhile, claims the reason for the swap was because they thought Cantrell stood a better chance running against the GIs. The GIs were more hostile towards Sheriff Mansfield and his deputies rather than against Cantrell, whose period as sheriff had been relatively benign.

McMinn County had around 3,000 returning military veterans, constituting almost 10 percent of the county's population. Some of the returning veterans resolved to challenge Cantrell's political control by fielding their own nonpartisan candidates and working for a fraud-free election. A meeting was called in May 1946; veteran ID was required for admission. A non-partisan slate of candidates was selected.

Veteran Bill White described the veterans' motivation:

"There were several beer joints and honky-tonks around Athens; we were pretty wild; we started having trouble with the law enforcement at that time because they started making a habit of picking up GIs and fining them heavily for most anything—they were kind of making a racket out of it. After long hard years of service—most of us were hard-core veterans of World War II—we were used to drinking our liquor and our beer without being molested. When these things happened, the GIs got madder—the more GIs they arrested, the more they beat up, the madder we got ..."

The members of the GI Non-Partisan League were very careful to make their list of candidates match the electoral demographics of the county, choosing three Republicans and two Democrats. A respected and decorated veteran of the North African campaign, Knox Henry, stood as candidate for sheriff in opposition to Cantrell.

Large contributions made by local businessmen to the GIs' campaign ensured that it was well-funded, although many of McMinn County's citizens believed the machine would rig the election. The veterans capitalized on this belief with the slogan "Your Vote Will Be Counted As Cast".

Well aware of the methods of Sheriff Mansfield and his associates, the League organized a counterpoise. A "fightin' bunch" was organized by Bill White "to keep the thugs from beating up GIs and keep them from taking the election." White created his organization carefully; he later recalled: "I got out and started organizing with a bunch of GIs. Well spirits—I learned that you get the poor boys out of poor families, and the ones that was frontline warriors that's done fighting and didn't care to bust a cap on you. I learned to do that. So that's what I picked. I had thirty men and ... I took what mustering out pay I got and bought pistols. And some of them had pistols. I had thirty men organized". Sheriff Mansfield also organized for the upcoming election, hiring 200 deputies, most from neighboring counties, some from out of state, at $50 a day.

Water Works polling place
Polls for the county election opened August 1, 1946. Normally, there were about 15 patrolmen on duty for the precincts, but about 200 armed deputies were on patrol for the election, many of them from other counties and states. In Etowah, a GI poll watcher requested a ballot box to be opened and certified as empty. Although he was allowed by law to make the request, he was arrested and taken to jail. In Athens, Walter Ellis protested irregularities in the election and was also arrested and charged with what was explained to him as a "federal offense".

Around 3:00 pm, C.M. "Windy" Wise, a patrolman, prevented an elderly African American farmer, Tom Gillespie, from casting his ballot at the Athens Water Works polling place. When Gillespie and a GI poll watcher objected, Wise struck Gillespie with brass knuckles, which caused Gillespie to drop his ballot and run from the deputy. Wise then pulled his pistol and shot Gillespie in the back. Later, Wise was the only person to face charges from the events of August 1–2, 1946. He was sentenced to three years in prison, but only served one before being paroled.

Response
GIs gathered in front of L. L. Shaefer's store which was used as an office by campaign manager Jim Buttram. Buttram had telegraphed Governor McCord in Nashville and U.S. Attorney General Tom Clark asking for help in ensuring a lawful election, but received no response. When the group learned that Sheriff Mansfield had sent armed guards to all polling places, they convened at the Essankay Garage where they decided to arm themselves.

Sheriff Mansfield arrived at the Water Works and ordered the poll closed. In the commotion that followed, Wise and Karl Nell, the deputies inside the Water Works, took two poll watchers, Charles Scott and Ed Vestal, captive. By one account, Scott and Vestal jumped through a glass window and fled to the safety of the crowd while Wise followed behind. By another account there was a guns-drawn confrontation between Jim Buttram, who was accompanied by Scott's father, and Sheriff Mansfield. A third account argues that when Neal Esminger from the Daily Post-Athenian showed up to get a vote count, his arrival was a distraction that allowed Scott and Vestal to break through a door to escape. In any case, the escape was followed by gunfire which sent the crowd diving for cover.

Someone in the crowd yelled, "Let's go get our guns", causing the crowd to head for the Essankay Garage. Deputy Chief Boe Dunn took the two deputies and the ballot box to the jail. Two other deputies were dispatched to arrest Scott and Vestal. These deputies were disarmed and detained by the GIs, as were a set of reinforcements. GI advisor, Republican Election Commissioner and Republican Party Chairman, Otto Kennedy, asked Bill White what he was going to do. White said, "I don't know Otto; we might just kill them." According to White, Kennedy grew alarmed and announced "Oh Lord, oh Lord, oh Lord! No! I'm not having nothing else to do with this. Me and my brother and son-in-law is leaving here." Lones Selber in American Heritage magazine says Kennedy "left, vowing to have no part in murder." The crowd and most GIs left. The remaining GIs took the seven deputies-turned-hostages to a woods ten miles from Athens, stripped them, tied them to a tree and beat them.

Twelfth precinct polling place
At the twelfth precinct the GI poll watchers were Bob Hairrell and Leslie Doolie, a one-armed veteran of the North African theater. The polling place was commanded by Mansfield man Minus Wilburn. Wilburn tried to let a young woman, who Hairrell believed was underage, vote. She had no poll tax receipt and was not listed in the voter registration. Hairrell grabbed Wilburn's wrist when he tried to deposit the ballot in the box. Wilburn struck Hairrell on the head with a blackjack and kicked him in the face. Wilburn closed the precinct and took the GIs and ballot box across the street to the jail. Hairrell was brutally beaten and was taken to the hospital.

In response to foul language and taunts from the deputies, and the actions so far that day, Bill White, leader of the "fighting bunch", told his lieutenant Edsel Underwood to take five or six men and break into the National Guard Armory to steal weapons. The GIs took the front door keys from the caretaker and entered the building. They then armed themselves with sixty .30-06 Enfield rifles, two Thompson sub-machine guns, and ammunition. Lones Selber says White went for the guns himself. Bill White then distributed the rifles and a bandoleer of ammo to each of the 60 GIs.

Polls closing
As the polls closed, and counting began (minus the three boxes taken to the jail), the GI-backed candidates had a three-to-one lead. When the GIs heard the deputies had taken the ballot boxes to the jail, Bill White exclaimed, "Boy, they doing something. I'm glad they done that. Now all we got to do is whip on the jail."

The GIs recognized that they had broken the law, and that Cantrell would likely receive reinforcements in the morning, so the GIs felt the need to resolve the situation quickly. The deputies knew little of battle tactics, but the GIs knew them well. By taking up the second floor of a bank across the street from the jail, the GIs were able to return fire from the jail with a barrage from above.

By 9:00 pm, Paul Cantrell, Pat Mansfield, George Woods (Speaker of the State House of Representatives and Secretary of the McMinn County Election Commission), and about 50 deputies were in the jail, allegedly rummaging through the ballot boxes. Woods and Mansfield constituted a majority of the election commission and could therefore certify and validate the count from within the jail.

Battle
Estimates of the number of veterans besieging the jail vary from several hundred to as high as 2,000. Bill White had at least 60 under his command. White split his group with Buck Landers taking up position at the bank overlooking the jail while White took the rest to the post office.

Just as estimates of people involved vary widely, accounts of how the Battle of Athens began and its course of events diverge.

Egerton and Williams recall that when the men reached the jail, it was barricaded and manned by 55 deputies. The veterans demanded the ballot boxes but were refused. They then opened fire on the jail, initiating a battle that lasted several hours by some accounts, considerably less by others.

As Lones Selber, author of a 1985 American Heritage magazine article, wrote: "Opinion differs on exactly how the challenge was issued." White says he was the one to call it out: "Would you damn bastards bring those damn ballot boxes out here or we are going to set siege against the jail and blow it down!" Automatic weapons fire erupted, punctuated by shotgun blasts. "I fired the first shot," White claimed, "then everybody started shooting from our side." A deputy ran for the jail. "I shot him; he wheeled and fell inside of the jail."

In 2000 Bill White claimed he said "Boys, ... I'm going to tell them to bring the ballot box out of there, and if they don't we're gonna open up on them.' I hollered in there, I said, 'You damn thieve grabbers, bring them damn ballot boxes out of there.' That's just what I said. He didn't make a move down there and finally one of them said, 'By God I heard a bolt click.' Down there—one of them grabbers did, you know—they started scattering around. And I had a pistol in my belt with a shotgun. I had a shotgun and a rifle. And I pulled the pistol out and started firing down there at them. Well, when I did that, all that whole line up there started firing down there in there. A lot of them got in the jail, some of them didn't, some of them got shot laying outside. And the battle started."

Byrum wrote in 1984 that there was a volley of fire that lasted for "several hours", although gives no exact time for the end of hostilities or an account of the course of the battle. He noted that the deputies surrendered at 3:30 am.

The day after the battle, the New York Times front page reported a sheriff had been killed, and that the shooting had started with a shot through a jail window and with the demand the hostages be released. Then the Times reported the deputies refused and the siege ensued. The account followed, revealing the Times source as Lowell F. Arterburn, publisher of The Athens Post Athenian. Arterburn reported shots being fired, 2,000 persons milling around, and "at least a score of fist fights were in progress".

An attempt by deputies outside the jail to reinforce (or take refuge in) the jail was thwarted by Bill White's "fighting band". Some people in the jail managed to escape out the back door. One of the escapees was George Woods who had telephoned Birch Biggs, the boss of next door Polk County, requesting that Biggs send reinforcements to break the siege. Biggs replied "Do you think I'm crazy?"

For the veterans it was either win before morning or face a long time in jail for violating local, state, and federal laws. Rumors spread that the National Guard or state troopers were coming. White made hourly demands for surrender. The GIs attempted to bombard the jail with Molotov cocktails but were not able to throw them far enough to reach the jail. The GIs decided to resort to dynamite. At about that time an ambulance pulled up to the jail. The GIs assumed it was called to remove the wounded and held their fire. Two men jumped in, and it sped off carrying Paul Cantrell and Sheriff Mansfield to safety out of town.

Then the dynamite was deployed. Bill White said, "We'd put two or three sticks of dynamite together and tape it together and put a cap in there and a fuse. And we'd rear back and throw them. Well, we couldn't get them all the way to the jail, but we got them out to them cars. They'd blow them cars up in the air and turn them over and land them back on the top. Several cars down there were blowing up." That first bomb landed under Bob Dunn's cruiser, flipping it on its back. Bill White, commander of the "fighting bunch" knew the GLS had to do better: "I ... said, 'We're going to have to get some charges up there on that jail.' I said, 'Make a couple charges there.... We'll go down there and we'll place some charges.' So I made up a couple charges and I crawled up and put a charge on the jailhouse porch." In fact three bombs went off almost simultaneously. One destroyed Mansfield's car, one landed on the jail porch roof, and one went off against the jail wall. The bombs caused some damage to the jail and scattered debris.

As with the beginning of the battle, accounts of the end differ: American Heritage states, "In the end, the door of the jail was dynamited and breached. The barricaded deputies—some with injuries—surrendered, and the ballot boxes were recovered."

The New York Times observed in an article the night was "bloody" and that it ended after the GIs detonated three "home-made demolition charges".

End of the battle and vote counting
Byrum reported the end of the battle thusly: "By 3:30 am, the men holding the jail had been dynamited into submission, and by early morning George Woods was calling Ralph Duggan to ask if he could come to Athens and certify the election of the GI slate. Bill White reported that "when the GLS broke into the jail, they found some of the tally sheets marked by the machine had been scored fifteen to one for the Cantrell forces." When the final tally was completed, Knox Henry was elected.

During the fight at the jail, rioting had broken out in Athens, mainly targeting police cars. This continued after the ballot boxes were recovered, but subsided by morning. The mob also destroyed automobiles of the deputies, many bearing out-of-state plates. During the disorder the Mayor of Athens was on vacation and the city policemen were "nowhere to be found".

The morning of August 2 found the town quiet. Some minor acts of revenge happened, but the public mood was one of "euphoria that had not been experienced in McMinn County in a long time". Governor McCord initially moved to activate the National Guard, but quickly rescinded the order. The morning saw the GIs call a meeting. GI Non-Partisan League Treasurer Harry Johnson opened the meeting observing it was necessary because "for some reason or other, the Sheriff's force is not around." The approximately 400 persons in the court room elected a special committee headed by Methodist minister Bernie Hampton, joined by C. A. Anderson and Gobo Cartwright, both members of the Business Men's Evangelical Committee, to preserve law and order. George Woods, the escaped Secretary of the County Election Commission, sent a written missive saying: "Next Monday at 10 am I will sign an election certificate certifying that the GI ticket was elected." Later the veterans turned responsibility for maintaining order in Athens to Police Chief Herbert Walker. The GIs said they were still "holding control" of McMinn County until September 1 when Knox Henry was to be installed as sheriff.

August 2 also saw the return to McMinn County of Sheriff-elect Knox Henry, who had spent the night of August 1–2 in safe keeping in the Sweetwater jail. Sheriff Henry, a 33-year-old former Army Air Force sergeant, observed "They were going to kill me yesterday, and I had to leave town."

Nearby conflicts
In adjacent Meigs County, another use of weapons to effect electoral change occurred. On August 5, the Meigs County Election Commission certified Republican Oscar Womac as sheriff. Womac admitted to a reporter that he had ordered some associates to burn "a bunch of ballots". The ballots, he claimed, were found in the Meigs County Courthouse the previous day. It was reported in The Chattanooga Times that Sheriff J. T. Pettit claimed the Peakland ballot box was taken at gun-point by Womac and companions from the County Clerk's office the day before the ballot burning. "There was little we could do to stop him, he was armed, and the four men with him were armed", Sheriff Pettit said. In Monroe County, east of McMinn County and north of Polk County, 65-year-old county sheriff Jake Tipton was shot and killed during a dispute at the Vale precinct.

Aftermath
The recovered ballots certified the election of the five GI Non-Partisan League candidates. Among the reforms instituted was a change in the method of payment and a $5,000 salary cap for officials. In the initial momentum of victory, gambling houses in collusion with the Cantrell regime were raided and their operations demolished. Deputies of the prior administration resigned and were replaced.

The ballots, when tallied, proved a landslide for the GI Non-Partisan League. Scores of veterans were present when Speaker of the state House of Representatives and secretary of the McMinn County election commissioners George Woods was marched into the County Courthouse under the guard of ex-GIs. Speaker Woods had fled after the gun battle. League member Knox Henry received 2,175 votes against 1,270 for Sheriff Cantrell. The League also won the other races: 2,194 to 1,270 for Frank Carmichael as trustee; George Painter won the county clerk race 2,175 to 1,198; the circuit court clerk broke 2,165 to 1,197 for Charles Picket.

Bill White, leader of the "fighting bunch", was made a sheriff's deputy. "They put me in as a deputy. Because, one of the reasons they put me in as deputies was to scare them GIs. (Laughs) They wanted me to control the GIs. Which they did—they fired into them people's houses and everything else. And that was my job to get out there and keep the GIs straight. And I did. I had sixteen fights in one weekend. Fighting GIs, keeping them from shooting them people's houses and beating up people. My fists got so sore I couldn't stick them in my pocket ... If you fight them with your fists, they had respect for you. But you didn't use blackjacks or guns on them. If you did they'd gang up on you and kill you." According to deputy Bill White the fee basis for deputy pay continued for four more years. It was only the last four years he served that he was paid a salary.

In early September the fall of the county political machine was followed by the resignation of Athens' Mayor, Paul Walker, and the town's four aldermen. The resignations met with popular approval. The resignations came after a night time shotgun blast through the front of Alderman Hugh Riggs's home. Mayor Walker had previously refused a demand to resign made immediately after the gunfight by the McMinn County American Legion and VFW posts.

The "Battle of Athens" was followed by movements of veterans in other Tennessee counties promoting a statewide coalition against corrupt political machines in the upcoming November elections. Governor McCord countered an attempt to form a "Non-Partisan GI Political League" by directing the Young Democrats Clubs of Tennessee to recruit ex-GIs. There were strenuous efforts by the "Crump Organization", based in Shelby County, to counter the nascent GI organization. A convention was held in Alamo, Tennessee, with the intention of establishing a new national party. The convention was discouraged by General Evans Carlson, USMC, who argued that the GIs should work through the existing political parties.

The new GI government of Athens quickly encountered challenges including the re-emergence of old party loyalties. On January 4, 1947, four of the five leaders of the GI Non-Partisan League declared in an open letter: "We abolished one machine only to replace it with another and more powerful one in the making." The GI government in Athens eventually collapsed. Tennessee's GI political movement quickly faded and politics in the state returned to normal. The Non-Partisan GI Political League replied to enquiries by veterans elsewhere in the United States with the advice that shooting it out was not the most desirable solution to political problems.

Legacy
Joseph C. Goulden, in his history of immediate post-war America, The Best Years 1945–1950, discussed the Battle of Athens, how it sparked political ex-GI movements in three other Tennessee counties, as well as other boss-ruled Southern states, led to a convention with representatives from several Southern states, and how it raised fears that veterans would resort to further violence. The Battle of Athens came in the mid-1940s, when there was much concern that returning GIs would be dangerously violent. Those concerns were addressed in an opinion piece by Warden Lawes, the author of Twenty Thousand Years at Sing Sing, in a New York Times opinion piece. In a newspaper column, Eleanor Roosevelt had expressed a somewhat popular opinion that GIs should be checked for violent tendencies before they were demobilized. Bill White, the leader of Athens' "fighting band", came to see her point. One of the reasons the GI League collapsed was the continuing GI-related violence in McMinn County. The Battle of Athens initially received criticism in the press. Coverage however quickly faded, and after Alan J. Gould, an executive with the Associated Press, told the Conference of State Directors of the Veterans Administration that the AP would try to suppress the use of the word "veteran" in conjunction with crime stories, the story of GI violence began to disappear.

title: Battle of Athens (1946)


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Shihad (album)

Shihad is the third studio album released by New Zealand rock band, Shihad.

Released in New Zealand in September 1996 on the Wildside Records label, it is sometimes known as "the fish album" - a reference to the fish that feature in the album's artwork.

The album was dedicated to the memory of the band's manager and friend, Gerald Dwyer, who had died earlier that year.

The album was recorded at York Street Studios, Auckland, New Zealand and produced & engineered by Malcolm Welsford. Tracks include the singles "La La Land", "A Day Away", "Home Again" and "Yr Head Is A Rock". "It's A Go" was released as a single in Europe and "Ghost From The Past" as a single in Australia. "Home Again" went on to be one of New Zealand's biggest hits of all time.

Track listing

 * 1) "Home Again" - 3:35
 * 2) "Ghost From The Past" - 2:58
 * 3) "Hate Boys" - 4:09
 * 4) "It's A Go" - 3:31
 * 5) "La La Land" - 2:30
 * 6) "Attack" - 3:08
 * 7) "Pig Bop" - 5:05
 * 8) "Leo Song" - 3:29
 * 9) "A Day Away" - 2:27
 * 10) "Yr' Head Is A Rock" - 3:53
 * 11) "Missionary" - 1:43
 * 12) "Outta Phase" - 3:29
 * 13) "Boat Song" - 4:53

Credits

 * All songs by: Shihad
 * Produced by: Shihad & Malcolm Welsford
 * Assistant Engineer: Aron Ross
 * Mixed by: Malcolm Welsford except 1 - 4, and 9 mixed by Adam Kaspar
 * Mastered by: Dave Collins

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shihad (album)


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Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine

Jean de Lorraine (9 April 1498 – c. 18 May 1550 ) was the third son of the ruling Duke of Lorraine, and a French cardinal, who was (at one time or another) archbishop of Reims (1532–1538), Lyon (1537–1539), and Narbonne (1524–1550), bishop of Metz, and Administrator of the dioceses of Toul, Verdun, Thérouanne, Luçon, Albi, Valence, Nantes and Agen (1538–1550). He was a personal friend, companion, and advisor of King Francis I of France. Jean de Lorraine was the richest prelate in the reign of Francis I, as well as the most flagrant pluralist. He is one of several cardinals known as the Cardinal de Lorraine.

Biography
Born in Bar-le-Duc, Jean was the sixth child of twelve, of René II, Duke of Lorraine and his wife Philippa of Guelders, sister of Charles, Duke of Guelders. He was a younger brother of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine and Claude, Duke of Guise. His younger brother, François, Comte de Lambesc, died in the Battle of Pavia in 1525. In 1520 his mother retired to the Convent of S. Claire du Pont-à-Mousson, where she became a professed nun.

Bishop of Metz
In 1500 baby Jean succeeded Cardinal Raymond Peraudi as Coadjutor of his uncle Henri de Vaudemont-Lorraine, Bishop of Metz. The Chapter of the Cathedral gave its consent, on 3 November 1500, and Pope Alexander VI gave his consent in 1501. The Cardinal was compensated for his trouble with the monastery of S. Mansu in Toul. The purpose of such a strange arrangement was the desire of Duke René to keep the bishopric of Metz in family hands. Bishop Henri formally resigned the See of Metz on 16 July 1505 in favor of his nephew Jean, but, due to Jean's extreme youth, Henri continued as Administrator until his own death on 20 October 1505. From that point the Cathedral Chapter, whose Dean was the Bishop of Toul, assumed responsibility for the administration of the diocese, until Jean de Lorraine became twenty in 1518, with Jean receiving one-third of the episcopal revenues. Spiritual functions were in the hands of the Bishop of Nicopolis, Conrad de Heyden, O.Cist., suffragan of Metz.

Despite his youth, on 19 October 1517, following the death of Bishop Hugh de Hazards, Jean de Lorraine was elected Bishop of Toul by the Chapter of the cathedral. He resigned the bishopric in 1524.

It is conjectured that Jean was introduced to the French Court and met King Francis for the first time at the wedding of his brother Antoine to Renée de Bourbon on 26 June 1515.

Cardinal
On 28 May 1518 Jean de Lorraine, Bishop of Metz, aged twenty, was created a Cardinal-Deacon by Pope Leo X in his seventh Consistory for the creation of cardinals. Jean was the only cardinal created on that occasion. Leo, who had been made a cardinal himself at the age of thirteen, could hardly refuse the King of France on the grounds of youth. On 7 January 1519 he was assigned the Deaconry of S. Onofrio in Trastevere, and his red hat was sent to him in France. He visited Rome in April 1521, at which time he was admitted to Consistory. He had already returned home when Leo X died on 1 December 1521, and thus he did not attend the Conclave of 27 December 1521 − 9 January 1522, which elected Cardinal Adrian Florenszoon Dedel, who took the throne name Pope Adrian VI.

In 1520 Jean de Lorraine was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, along with Cardinals Adrien Gouffier de Boissy, François Louis de Bourbon, and Amanieu d'Albret; but he played no political role. And indeed his non-political position continued to be the case throughout the 1520s.

Cardinal Jean de Lorraine was appointed Bishop of Terouanne (Morinensis) on 29 October 1521, taking possession of his church on 7 January 1522. He held the See until 1535. From 1522 his career path is that of an individual who enjoys without interruption the favor of the King, all the way to the King's death in 1547. He enjoyed the status of favorite, along with the realities of familiar and counsellor.

Archbishop of Narbonne
On 7 January 1524 Cardinal Jean was named Archbishop of Narbonne, in succession to Giulio de' Medici who had been elected Pope Clement VII. He held the church until his death.

In August 1527 the Cardinal de Lorraine was appointed by King Francis to meet and greet Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, who had come to France to negotiate with King Francis, and to escort him to the French Court. He was not yet a royal advisor or a member of the Royal Council, but was being tested and groomed. He was, after all, only twenty-nine years old. Negotiations were conducted with Wolsey by royal commissioners, leading to the Treaty of Amiens, ratified by the King on 18 August.

The treaty addressed the joint English and French reaction to the Sack of Rome (1527) in May 1527 and the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S. Angelo. But the Cardinal de Lorraine had no part in that business. The principal negotiator was the Chancellor, Antoine du Prat. He was, however, one of the four French cardinals who were present at Compiègne on 16 September and wrote, under Wolsey's leadership as Papal Legate, to the Pope, informing him that they were praying for his release from captivity and planned, if the Emperor should not accommodate them, to refuse any papal orders issued under duress. He also witnessed the investing of the Chancellor, Antoine du Prat, with the symbols of the cardinalate which had been granted him by the Pope at the request of King Francis. His growing importance is reflected in a list of precedence of 1528, in which he and the King of Navarre follow immediately after the King.

Abbeys: Cluny, Fécamp, Gorze
In 1528 he was named Abbot Commendatory of the Abbey of Cluny by King Francis I, a benefice he held until his death in 1550. The monks of Cluny had tried to reassert their old rights of election, and had chosen Jacques le Roy, Abbot of Saint-Florent, to be the new abbot of Cluny, but the King and the Pope intervened, in accordance with the Concordat of Bologna of 1516, and Le Roy was made Archbishop of Bourges instead.

On 1 August 1530, Pope Clement VII granted the Cardinal of Lorraine an indult allowing him to hold and accumulate the benefices in his diocese of Narbonne and the benefices of his abbeys.

On 26 March 1531, King Francis signed an order to his treasurer to pay his lost wagers to the Sieur de Villiers, the result of a tennis match with the Cardinal de Lorraine and others on March 1.

In 1532, Jean de Lorraine was named Abbot Commendatory of the royal abbey of Fécamp by the patronage of King Francis I. He held the Abbey during his lifetime. In 1534 Pope Paul III named Cardinal de Lorraine his Apostolic Legate in the dioceses of Metz, Toul and Verdun.

Part of his ecclesiastical preferment he gave up in favour of his nephews, as part of the strategy of establishing the family of Lorraine permanently in various benefices.

Pope Clement VII died on 25 September 1534, having lived 56 years. The Conclave of 1534 opened on 10 October 1534, and Cardinal de Lorraine was present as the leader of the French faction, which numbered between ten and twelve members. Their candidate was Cardinal François de Tournon, who had negotiated the marriage of Henri, King Francis' second son, and Catherine de' Medici. Cardinal Alessandro Farnese was supported by Cardinal Ippolito d'Este and his fellow Florentine cardinals who had been created by Clement VII. The Italians favored Agostino Trivulzio, the Protector of France before the Holy See and the holder of several French episcopal benefices, whose uncles were Marshals of France, but he realized that he could not marshal sufficient votes to be elected. He therefore threw his support behind the oldest of the cardinals, Alessandro Farnese, hoping that Farnese's reign would be a short one and that he would be in a better position at the next conclave. Farnese was elected by acclamation on 11 October, the first day of voting, and was formally elected by ballot the next morning. He chose the name Paul III, and reigned for fifteen years. Trivulzio died the year before Paul did.

Royal Councillor
He became a regular member of the royal council in 1530. In 1536 he was entrusted with an embassy to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. He met the Emperor, who was travelling north to Genoa, at Siena on 24 April 1536. He spent three days with the Emperor explaining the concessions which Francis I was prepared to make, but Charles was prepared for war, and rejected the French overtures. After a quick trip to Rome to inform the Pope of the situation and to discover what the Pope's intentions were, Jean de Lorraine headed back north toward Bologna to try one last time to argue peace to the Emperor. The Pope, who was trying to maintain neutrality, sent legates to both sovereigns on 29 April to argue for peace, but it was without effect. The invasion of southern France by the Emperor was inevitable.

There survives a document showing that on 12 July 1536 the Cardinal de Lorraine was possessed of the dioceses of Metz, Toul and Verdun, of the Abbey of Gorze in southern Lorraine (1533–1542), and of the castellanies of Hattonchâtel, Dombasle-en-Argonne, Thilly, Mangiennes, Fresnes-en-Woevre, Dieudouard, and Sampigny. In 1537 he was granted the Abbey of Saint-Médard in Soissons, which he held for two years.

When the Dauphin Francis died at Château Tournon-sur-Rhône on 10 August 1536, the rest of the courtiers tried to delay presenting the disastrous news by telling the King that the Dauphin was increasingly ill. When Francis finally realized he was being lied to, it was the Cardinal de Lorraine who was left alone with the King by the courtiers and he had to confirm the news of the death of the King's son. The King retired to indulge his grief without witnesses, and left it to Cardinal de Lorraine to make the appropriate arrangements. In April–May 1537, Jean de Lorraine was sent as Ambassador to the Emperor and granted powers to negotiate with him. He returned to Court on 17 May. In accordance with the Concordat of Bologna of 1516, King Francis nominated Jean de Lorraine to the diocese of Lyon in 1537. He took possession of the diocese by procurator on 13 August 1537, and was immediately sent along with the Constable, Anne de Montmorency, on a diplomatic mission to the Emperor to put the final touches on a treaty of peace between France and the Empire. They returned to Narbonne on 13 January 1538, and Montmorency returned to report to the King at the end of January. In May and June the pair were at Nice, engaged in additional negotiations with the Emperor. On his return he resigned the administration of the diocese of Lyon in favor of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, who was appointed by King Francis and whose bulls were dated 29 October 1539. The Cardinal de Lorraine had been Administrator for only two years and two months.

The Cardinal de Lorraine travelled with King Francis to Aigues-Mortes for his meeting with the Emperor Charles, which took place between 14 and 17 July 1538, and was present at at least one private meeting.

On 14 August 1540 the Cardinal de Lorraine renounced all his interests in the succession to the Duchy of Lorraine in favor of his brother, for a consideration of 50,000 francs.

On 22 March 1542, King Francis signed letters ratifying the nomination of the Cardinal de Lorraine as Abbot Commendatory of the Abbey of Blanche-Couronne in Brittany (1542–1548).

A document of 11 April 1544 indicates that the Cardinal was possessed of the Abbeys of Fécamp, Saint-Ouen, Marmoutier, and the Priory of La-Charité, from which the King had ordered extraordinary cutting of old-stand trees in their forests for the purpose of building galleys. The Cardinal was instructed to deliver the timber to Rouen at his expense.

Patronage
The Cardinal was also an open-handed patron of art and learning, as the protector and friend of the humanist scholar Erasmus, the poet and translator Clément Marot, and the satirist Rabelais. It has been argued that the character of Panurge in Gargantua and Pantagruel is based on the Cardinal de Lorraine, and his residence at the Hôtel de Cluny.

In 1527, upon the recommendation and urging of Erasmus, the Cardinal de Lorraine took on Claude Chansonette (Cantiuncula) as his Chancellor.

In 1537 Benvenuto Cellini, the Florentine jeweler, sculptor, and medallist, was in Paris, and was commissioned to create several pieces for King Francis I. On one occasion, the King invited Cellini to an after-dinner gathering, at which he found himself in the company of Mme. d'Estampes, the Cardinal de Lorraine, and the King of Navarre and his wife, Marguerite, the sister of King Francis, the Dauphin and the Dauphine. Cellini produced a medal of the Cardinal de Lorraine. The reverse shows the allegorical figure Truth, holding a mirror and a compass, with the legend SIC•ITUR•AD•ASTRA ('This is the way to the stars').

In 1549 at Piacenza (not the Plaisance in the south of France ) he met the Franciscan André Thevet, one of the future chaplains of Queen Catherine de' Medici, and encouraged him (par l'autorité et faveur duquel, j'ay eu l'opportunité de faire le voyage de Ierusalem) to make his journey to the Holy Land and the Levant, which began his career as a cosmographer.

Conclave of 1549–1550
Cardinal Jean de Lorraine participated in the Conclave following the death of Pope Paul III, which began on 29 November 1549. The Cardinal de Guise, Jean de Lorraine's nephew, had been instructed (by the King, it was said) to support the Cardinal de Lorraine, then the Cardinal de Tournon, and any other French cardinals; failing those, he was to work for Salviati, Ridolfi or de Cupis. Ridolfi took himself out of the contest when he died during the Conclave. It is recorded that, on the fifteenth Scrutiny on 18 December, even before Guise's arrival, Lorraine had received five votes. Jean de Lorraine, though, did not arrive in the Conclave until 29 December, by which time alliances and antipathies had solidified. In the evening of 7/8 February 1550, Cardinal Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, aged sixty-three, was elected and chose the throne name Julius III. Julius III, was crowned on 22 February 1550, the Feast of St. Peter's Chair.

The Cardinal de Lorraine died from a stroke in Neuvy-sur-Loire on 18 May 1550, on his way back to France from Italy. He was buried in Nancy in the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers. In his Last Will and Testament, he left 30,000 livres to the poor orphans of the Three Bishoprics, Metz, Toul, and Verdun.

title: Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine


text:
Talk:Plucker

Short critic
Short critic about this topic: no word on how to pluck the Wikipedia itself.

Especially no word on "how to make Wikipedia (succesfully) portable (on a PDA or similar)" is spent anywhere were I looked. Only failures. Might be my fault not having found it.

If anybody knows a thing, give the world a hint ;-) Thanks in advance! -- Stephen D. Leedle (en.wikipedia.org@secondimpact.de)

http://projects.plkr.org/encycloplucker/ naive First Thought :

via:

http://static.wikipedia.org/wikipedia/en/q/u/i/Wikipedia%7EQuick_index_29f1.html

with Proxomitron as a web proxy server front end filter

scrape by HTTrack

the resulting downloaded tree massaged by various Grep-like apps

or:

http://www.moulinwiki.org/l/en/

moulin is   Wikipedia on one CD without images (only french for now)

converted to plucker format using :

Sunrise 0.42j

Sunrise XP v2.03a

Sunrise XP forum

Offline Wikipedia / HG2G

The Dana link.
I don't know how to do redirects. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plucker has a dead link to alphasmart dana when in reality there is information about the dana on wikipedia, just within the alphsmart article. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasmart#Dana

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Plucker. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20150317162551/http://www.plkr.org/samples to http://www.plkr.org/samples

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:52, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, provided it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. — Saxifrage ✎ 23:41, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Further information after that templated text:

This article has been cut-and-paste into Wikipedia from official Plucker websites without any release of rights by the copyright holder, twice. Plucker project websites all had clear copyright notices with no ambiguity or copyleft permissions. The copyvios appear to have been done in good faith, but in violation of Wikipedia policy and the encyclopedia's legal obligations.
 * First copyvio:
 * Original dated November 13, 2002 and archived same day: https://web.archive.org/web/20021113073010/http://www.plkr.org:80/index.plkr
 * Original article created with same text January 29, 2003: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plucker&oldid=745668
 * Second copyvio:
 * Original archived October 9, 2007: https://web.archive.org/web/20071009083933/https://www.plkr.org/
 * Matching article edits dated October 9-11, 2007: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plucker&oldid=163397276 through https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plucker&oldid=163839837
 * This set of edits also introduced File:PHP Manual in Plucker format.jpg, copied from that page, which was uploaded with the description Created by David A. Desrosiers, extracted from the projects.plkr.org site, Commons image, etc. Notably, "extracted from" is the sort of language a 3rd party might use, not likely to be how an author would describe donating their own work. It's unclear what "Commons image" was supposed to mean, but the source page has no release of copyright, and the uploader is not clearly the copyright holder. There is no grounds to believe the copyright holder did, or intended to, donate the image to Wikipedia under a compatible license. On the distant possibility that is the copyright holder David A. Desrosiers, that description doesn't qualify as a release of rights for Wikipedia's purposes, and in any case would cover only the image.

Unfortunately, all revisions between the two copyvios and between the second copyvio and present are minor alterations of the copyvio text, and can't be used by Wikipedia as an alternative article. I have investigated all archived copies of the source Plucker project sites and have found no statements releasing the text under any license then or later; rather, all pages have had explicit assertions of copyright protection. There is no reason to believe that permission could be forthcoming since the project's pages are no longer online, the project itself appears to no longer be under active development, and the copyright holder is unlikely to proactively seek out Wikipedia to grant permission to use the small amount of text at issue in the immediate future.

This falls under the G12. Unambiguous copyright infringement criterion for deletion on-sight by any admin: ... pages that contain copyrighted material with no credible assertion of public domain, fair use, or a compatible free license, where there is no non-infringing content on the page worth saving. Further, there is no page history free of copyrighted material, which requires that the page is deleted entirely so that the violations in the edit history are also no longer published by Wikipedia. Admins have temporary access to deleted edit history should it be required or requested (see WP:DELACCESS); however, requests for material deleted on copyright violation grounds is typically denied, and (as noted below) all non-copyvio material such as cites should still be available and not need to be retrieved from the history by an admin.

On the plus side, the non-creative content (list of references, infobox, external links, etc.) are substantial and can be kept, and the infobox image is appropriately licensed. A brief stub article body has been created in place of the deleted article body while keeping these (as well as the template that remains relevant), to begin building a new page free of copyrighted material. — Saxifrage ✎ 23:41, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plucker


text:
Springvale South, Victoria

Springvale South is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 24 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Greater Dandenong local government area. Springvale South recorded a population of 12,766 at the 2021 census.

History
Springvale South Post Office opened on 4 November 1926.

Population and Social Conditions
At the, Springvale South had a population of 12,768. The residents of this suburb have lower levels of migrant settlement, incomes and early school leaving than Greater Dandenong and a high proportion of Buddhist residents.

At the, Springvale South had population of 12,184. It found that 59% of residents were born overseas, similar to Greater Dandenong (60%) and substantially more than the metropolitan level of 33%. Among the 88 birthplaces of its residents were Vietnam (18%), Cambodia (12%), India (4%) and China (2%). Rates of migrant settlement are relatively low, with 4% of residents having arrived in Australia within the previous 2.5 years – little more than half the corresponding figure for Greater Dandenong, of 7%.

Languages other than English are spoken by 71% of residents – compared with 64% for Greater Dandenong. Twenty per cent of Springvale South residents have limited fluency in the use of spoken English, more than the municipal level of 14% and five times the metropolitan level, of 4%. Among the major religious faiths are Buddhism, adhered to by 38% of residents, Islam (3%) and Hinduism (2%).

Nine per cent of young adults (20–24 years) had left school before completing year 11 – lower than either the municipal average of 13% and the metropolitan level, of 10% Median individual gross incomes of $376 p.w., recorded in the Census, are among lowest in Greater Dandenong and about two-thirds (64%) of metropolitan levels.

Education
There are three public primary schools in Springvale South:
 * Athol Road Primary School
 * Spring Parks Primary School
 * Heatherhill Primary School

The two secondary schools, Heatherhill Secondary College and Coomoora Secondary College, have been merged with Springvale Secondary College and Chandler Secondary College into Keysborough Secondary College.

Religious buildings
Springvale Road south of the Springvale commercial area has a concentration of religious buildings of different faiths:
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Braeside Stake Centre
 * Spanish Seventh Day Adventist
 * Bright Moon Buddhist Society
 * Cambodian Buddhist Temple
 * New Apostolic Church
 * Khmer Buddhist Centre
 * Vietnamese Buddhist centre

Sport
Heatherton United play soccer and compete in the Victorian State League Division 2

Transport
There are four buses operated by Ventura Bus Lines that service the Springvale South vicinity.

title: Springvale South, Victoria


text:
Malcolm Welsford

Malcolm Welsford is a New Zealand Record Producer and is best known for his work with Shihad, The Feelers and Supergroove.

Early career
Welsford's professional recording career began in 1984 at a small largely unknown Studio called Frontier Studios, Wellington New Zealand. Frontier was located in the same building as Marmalade Audio and was best known for recording local Reggae bands on 1” 16 Track Tape. In 1986 he became a freelance engineer at Marmalade Studios until relocating to Auckland in 1989 where he mainly worked out of Mandrill Studios and Phil Rudd's Phil Rudd own personal Studio.

In 1992 he began construction of York Street Studios with Producer/engineer and studio owner Martin Williams & Killing Joke front man Jaz Coleman which opened to the public in 1993. In 1996 Welsford took over the old Radio New Zealand Studio building on Shortland Street which became Studio Two and housed several other private studios including Tom Bailey's studio.

Welsford relocated his production operation to Karekere Studios early 2000. Karekare, New Zealand is best known for its natural beauty, black sand beaches and isolation.

Between 1993 and 2005, Welsford contributed to the success of many international and local New Zealand artists such as ZED, Garageland, Pacifier, Shihad, Bike, The Feelers, Supergroove, The Headless Chickens, The D4, Indicator Dogs, Eight, PanAm, Eye TV, Neil and Tim Finn, Bic Runga and Killing Joke.

Welsford moved to the United States early 2005 to focus on Artist development.

Later career
Welsford developed and produced two albums with Adam Lambert who was the runner up for the 2009 American Idol series. He is the producer of Take One, Adam Lambert's current release with Coldwater Entertainment. Welsford also produced over a dozen unreleased tracks which Adam Lambert penned with Guitarist Monte Pittman.

Production/Mix Credits include Christina Perri, Adam Lambert, Shihad, Supergroove, The Feelers, Breathe, Garageland, Tadpole, Bike, Eight, Stellar*, Neil Finn, Tim Finn, The Headless Chickens, Emma Paki, The D4, ZED, and Under the Influence - 21 Years of Flying Nun Records.

Selected discography

 * ANDY GRAMMER - 'Slow'
 * CHRISTINA PERRI - 'Jar of Hearts' [ Billboard UK#4, Billboard US #11]
 * ADAM LAMBERT - Take One | [ Billboard#6 Indie, Billboard #72 Top 200]
 * NEIL FINN - One Nil (Capitol) (Charts: #1 NZ, #9 Aus, #14 UK, #29 US) Neil Finn
 * TIM FINN - Feeding the Gods
 * SHIHAD/PACIFIER (BMG/Polygram/Warners Churn (Gold), Killjoy (Gold), Shihad/Shihad (Gold), Pacifier Live (Gold)Shihad
 * TADPOLE ( EMI-Buddafinger Album, 2× Platinum Tadpole (band)
 * RUNGA/DOBBYN/FINN (Together in Concert – Sony)Together in Concert: Live
 * THE FEELERS – Warner Music, Supersystem (No.1 selling album for over 59 weeks, 5× Platinum Supersystem (album)
 * SUPERGROOVE (BMG, Traction – No.1 selling album, 6× Platinum Supergroove
 * THE HEADLESS CHICKENS (Mushroom George – No.1 selling single The Headless Chickens
 * ZED (Title track: “The Hot Chick” Soundtrack - Touchstone Pictures)
 * The D4 (Get Loose. Charted #64 on UK Charts The D4
 * LONDON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA (Rolling Stones Symphonic Album)

www.discogs.com

Awards
“The National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences is also known as the Recording Academy concur that Mr. Welsford's accomplishments are widely recognized within the United States and abroad. Since 1994 he has been the recipient of eight Grammy recognized awards as well as three gold album awards, five platinum album award and four multi-platinum album awards”.
 * 2000 Music awards – nominated best Producer.
 * 1999 Top NZ selling album by a NZ artist.
 * 1998 Top NZ selling album.
 * Awarded Producer of the Year at the 1998 New Zealand Music Awards - Pressure Man (The Feelers).
 * Awarded Producer of the Year at the 1997 New Zealand Music Awards Backspacer (Supergroove). Award shared with Karl Steven
 * Awarded Producer and Engineer of the Year at the 1995 New Zealand Music Awards Traction (Supergroove). Producer award was shared with co-producer, Karl Steven
 * Awarded Engineer of the Year, 1994 New Zealand Music Awards Churn (Shihad) 1994.
 * US Billboard Visionary Award for Outstanding Producer/Engineer

title: Malcolm Welsford


text:
Ahmad

Ahmad (أحمد) is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other English spellings of the name include Ahmed and Ahmet. It is also used as a surname.

Etymology
The word derives from the root ح م د (ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic أَحْمَدَ, from the verb حَمِدَ (ḥameda, "to thank or to praise"), non-past participle يَحْمَدُ.

Lexicology
As an Arabic name, it has its origins in a Quranic prophecy attributed to Jesus in the Quran which most Islamic scholars concede is about Muhammad. It also shares the same roots as Mahmud, Muhammad and Hamed. In its transliteration, the name has one of the highest number of spelling variations in the world.

Some Islamic traditions view the name Ahmad as another given name of Muhammad at birth by his mother, considered by Muslims to be the more esoteric name of Muhammad and central to understanding his nature. Over the centuries, some Islamic scholars have suggested the name's parallel is in the word 'Paraclete' from the Biblical text, although this view is not universal considering translations, meanings and etymology.

Traditional Islamic sources, such as Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and others contain hadith in which Muhammad personally refers to himself as Ahmad. Christian orientalists such as William Montgomery Watt, however, were able to show that the use of Ahmad as a proper name for "Muhammad" did not exist until well into the second Islamic century, previously being used only in an adjectival sense. Watt concludes that the development of the term being used as a name in reference to Muhammad came later in the context of Christian-Muslim polemics, particularly with Muslim attempts to equate Muhammad with the Biblical 'Paraclete', owing to a prophecy attributed to Jesus in the Quranic verse 61:6.

Development
Regarding Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad, the Sirat Rasul Allah, Islamic scholar Alfred Guillaume wrote:

"'Coming back to the term 'Ahmad,' Muslims have suggested that Ahmad is the translation of periklutos, celebrated or the Praised One, which is a corruption of parakletos, the Paraclete of John XIV, XV and XVI.'"

Ahmad passage
Here are two translations of the passage in question in Surat 61 verse 6:

"'And [mention] when Jesus, the son of Mary, said, 'O children of Israel, indeed I am the messenger of Allah to you confirming what came before me of the Torah and bringing good tidings of a messenger to come after me, whose name is Ahmad.' But when he came to them with clear evidences, they said, 'This is obvious magic.'

- Sahih International"

"'And when Jesus son of Mary said: O Children of Israel! Lo! I am the messenger of Allah unto you, confirming that which was (revealed) before me in the Torah, and bringing good tidings of a messenger who cometh after me, whose name is the Praised One. Yet when he hath come unto them with clear proofs, they say: This is mere magic.'

- Pickthall"

The verse in the Quran attributes a name or designation, describing or identifying who would follow Jesus. In his Farewell Discourse to his disciples, Jesus promised that he would "send the Holy Spirit" to them after his departure, in John 15:26 stating: "whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth... shall bear witness of me." John 14:17 states "[even] the Spirit of truth: whom the world cannot receive; for it beholdeth him not, neither knoweth him: ye know him; for he abideth with you, and shall be in you."

Regarding verse 61: 6 in the Quran:

"'It is not clear to whom the pronoun ‘he’ refers in the concluding sentence. Bell says ‘probably Jesus,’ but ‘sometimes taken to refer to the promised messenger who is identified with Muhammad.’ Secondly, and in consequence the intervening words, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ are grammatically superfluous. They do not help to make the pronominal reference any clearer as to who it was whose Evidences were greeted as magic. Without the clause about Ahmad the context would appear to demand that it was Jesus rather than the next ‘messenger’ who was intended. Whether we maintain the usual reading or adopt that of ‘magician’ (as read by Ibn Masud and others), the charge of sorcery generally would seem as true to the Jewish calumnies in the Fourth Gospel as to the somewhat similar charges brought against Muhammad. In any case it was the Banu Isra'il to whom both Jesus and the ‘messenger’ came, and who regarded the mission as ‘sorcery.’ Once more, if we omit the phrase, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ and regard Muhammad as still drawing lessons from previous history, the dubious passage might refer to what happened at Pentecost, and other incidents recorded in the earlier chapters of the Acts. With the absence of any claim on this passage either by Ibn Ishaq or Ibn Hisham, may we go further and suggest that the two Arabic words rendered by Dr. Bell, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ are an interpolation to be dated after the death of Muhammad.' (emphasis in original)"Contrary to the above claim that Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham did not mention Ahmad and the respective passage, there is Ibn Ishaq's work with the title Kitab al-Maghazi and Ibn Hisham who mention and connect the words Mohammad & Ahmad with the Paraclete.  Additionally it has been documented that there was an attempt to connect the respective quranic verse with the Paraclete even earlier then Ibn Ishaq. Moreover, a later interpolation of this passage to the Quran, just to serve as an ex eventu prove for the early Muslim scholars, has also been refuted in modern Islamic Studies. This is supported by the fact that the earliest as well as the later manuscripts of the Quran contain the exact passage and wording in Surah 61.

Scholarship regarding the Greek translation
"Early translators knew nothing about the surmised reading of periklutos for parakletos, and its possible rendering as Ahmad …. Periklutos does not come into the picture as far as Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham are concerned. The deception is not theirs. The opportunity to introduce Ahmad was not accepted – though it is highly improbable that they were aware of it being a possible rendering of Periklutos. It would have clinched the argument to have followed the Johannine references with a Quranic quotation."

"Furthermore the Peshitta, Old Syriac, and Philoxenian versions all write the name of John in the form Yuhanan, not in the Greek form Yuhannis.. Accordingly to find a text of the Gospels from which Ibn Ishaq could have drawn his quotation we must look for a version which differs from all others in displaying these characteristics. Such a text is the Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels which will conclusively prove that the Arabic writer had a Syriac text before him which he, or his informant, skillfully manipulated to provide the reading we have in the Sira.".

"Muslim children are never called Ahmad before the year 123AH. But there are many instances prior to this date of boys called 'Muhammad.' Very rarely is the name 'Ahmad' met with in pre-Islamic time of ignorance (Jahiliya), though the name Muhammad was in common use. Later traditions that the prophet's name was Ahmad show that this had not always been obvious, though commentators assume it after about 22 (AH)."

"It has been concluded that the word Ahmad in Quran as-Saff 61:6 is to be taken not as a proper name but as an adjective... and that it was understood as a proper name only after Muhammad had been identified with the Paraclete."

"Note that by the middle of the 2nd century AH, Muslims already identified Muhammad with the Greek word "Paracletos" (Counsellor / Advocate) or the Aramaic translation "Menahhemana."

Alleged historical document regarding the topic
Text of the correspondence between `Umar II and Leo III:

"We recognize Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John as the authors of the Gospel, and yet I know that this truth, recognized by us Christians wounds you, so that you seek to find accomplices for your lie. In brief, you admit that we say that it was written by God, and brought down from the heavens, as you pretend for your Furqan, although we know that it was `Umar, Abu Turab and Salman the Persian, who composed that, even though the rumor has got round among you that God sent it down from heavens…. [God] has chosen the way of sending [the human race] Prophets, and it is for this reason that the Lord, having finished all those things that He had decided on beforehand, and having fore-announced His incarnation by way of His prophets, yet knowing that men still had need of assistance from God, promised to send the Holy Spirit, under the name of Paraclete, (Consoler), to console them in the distress and sorrow they felt at the departure of their Lord and Master. I reiterate, that it was for this cause alone that Jesus called the Holy Spirit the Paraclete, since He sought to console His disciples for His departure, and recall to them all that He had said, all that He had done before their eyes, all that they were called to propagate throughout the world by their witness. Paraclete thus signifies "consoler", while Muhammad means "to give thanks", or "to give grace", a meaning which has no connection whatever with the word Paraclete."

However the authenticity of the correspondence has been put into question by scholars.

Transliterations
Ahmad is the most elementary transliteration. It is used commonly all over the Muslim world, although primarily in the Middle East. More recently, this transliteration has become increasingly popular in the United States due to use by members of the African American community.

Ahmed is the most common variant transliteration, used especially in the context of the Ottoman Empire. This transliteration is also used throughout the Muslim world.

Ahmet is the modern Turkish transliteration. Modern Turkish uses a Latin-based alphabet, and most Arabic-derived names have standardized Turkish spellings.

The less common transliterations of Ahmad are used by Muslims outside the Middle East proper, such as in Indonesia and Russia. For Bashkirs and Tatars, the name is Әхмәт (Äxmät / Əxmət).

Achmat is the fairly standard transliteration used by South Africa's Muslim community, and its pronunciation shows evidence of the influence of Afrikaans: the  which represents ح [ħ] is pronounced as an Afrikaans  [x] (i.e. closer to the Arabic خ); and the د [d] is realised as a [t] (closer to the Arabic ت) which follows Afrikaans Final-obstruent devoicing principles.

Ahmad

 * Ahmad ibn Hanbal, (780–855) was an Arab Muslim jurist, theologian, ascetic, hadith traditionist, and founder of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence.
 * Ahmad ibn Isma'il ibn Ali al-Hashimi, was an Abbasid provincial governor who was active in the late eighth century.
 * Ahmad ibn al-Mu'tasim, was an Abbasid prince and son of Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tasim. He was also patron of Science, philosophy and Art.
 * Ahmad ibn Muhammad, (died 866) better known as Al-Musta'in was the twelfth Abbasid caliph (r. 862–866).
 * Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire
 * Ahmad Khan Yousafzai, founder of Pakhtunkhwa
 * Ahmad Shah Bahadur, Mughal Emperor
 * Sheikh Ahmad, Siamese official of Persian ancestry
 * Ahmad (rapper), West Coast hip hop performer
 * Ahmad Abbas, Saudi Arabian footballer
 * Ahmad Abdalla, Egyptian film director
 * Ahmad Adel, Egyptian footballer
 * Ahmad Ahmadi, Iranian physician
 * Ahmed Ajaj, Palestinian convicted of participating in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing
 * Ahmad Ismail Ali (1917–1974), Egyptian army officer
 * Ahmad Alaq, Khan of eastern Moghulistan
 * Ahmad Amin, Egyptian historian and writer
 * Ahmad A'zam, Uzbek writer
 * Ahmed Ibrahim Artan, Somali diplomat, author and politician
 * Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, The Somali Imam of Adal Sultanate who conquered Abyssinia
 * Ahmad Bahar, Iranian politician
 * Ahmad Balshe, Palestinian-Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer known professionally as Belly
 * Ahmad Belal, Egyptian former football player
 * Ahmad bey Javanshir, Azerbaijani historian
 * Ahmad Black, American football safety for the Florida Gators
 * Ahmad Bradshaw, American former football running back for the Indianapolis Colts
 * Ahmad Brooks, American football linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers
 * Ahmad Bunnag of Siam
 * Ahmad Bustomi, Indonesian footballer
 * Ahmad Carroll, American football free agent
 * Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesian Islamic revivalist
 * Ahmad Dhani, Indonesian musician
 * Ahmad Dukhqan, Jordanian politician
 * Ahmad Fanakati, financial officer of Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty
 * Ahmad Fuadi, Indonesian writer
 * Ahmad "Sauce" Gardner (born 2000), American football player
 * Ahmad Gooden (born 1995), American football player
 * Ahmad Hardi, Kurdish poet
 * Ahmad Hawkins, American football defensive back for the Alabama Vipers
 * Ahmad Hijazi (born 1994), Lebanese footballer
 * Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Founder of the Hanbalite school of Muslim jurisprudence
 * Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Abbasid ambassador to the Volga Bulgars
 * Ahmad ibn Tulun, founder of the Tulunid dynasty
 * Ahmad-Jabir Ahmadov, "Honored teacher" of Azerbaijan
 * Ahmad Jalloul (born 1992), Lebanese footballer
 * Ahmad Jamal, American jazz pianist
 * Ahmad Javad (1892–1937), Azerbaijani poet
 * Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer and politician
 * Ahmad Karami (1944–2020), Lebanese politician
 * Ahmad Kasravi, Iranian linguists and historian
 * Ahmad Khatib, first Masjid al-Haram Imam of Indonesian origin
 * Ahmad Maher (disambiguation), various people
 * Ahmad Majid, Mughal faujdar of Sylhet
 * Ahmad Mohammad Hasher Al Maktoum
 * Ahmed Mohamed Kismayo, Somali Journalist (1964–2017)
 * Ahmad Miller, former defensive tackle for the National Football League
 * Ahmad Mirfendereski (1918–2004), Iranian diplomat
 * Ahmad Merritt, American football free agent
 * Ahmad Muin Yaacob, Malaysian convicted murderer
 * Ahmad Murad (1943–2004), Bruneian diplomat
 * Ahmad Nafisi (1919–2004), Iranian bureaucrat and mayor of Tehran (1961–1963)
 * Ahmad Nivins, American basketball player
 * Ahmad ibn Rustah, Persian chronicler born in Isfahan, Persia
 * Ahmad Rashad, American sportscaster and former football player
 * Ahmad Al Abdullah Al Sabah (born 1952), Kuwaiti royal and politician
 * Ahmad Sa'adat, Secretary-General of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
 * Ahmad Saad, Saudi Arabian football player
 * Ahmad Said (politician), Malaysian politician
 * Ahmad Ali Sepehr, Iranian historian and politician
 * Ahmad Shah Massoud, Afghan military leader Deputy Justice on the Supreme Court of Afghanistan
 * Ahmad Yusufzai, Afghan field hockey player
 * Ahmad Shah Qajar, Last Shah of the Qajar dynastyAhmad Shah Massoud, Afghan military leader Deputy Justice on the Supreme Court of Afghanistan
 * Ahmad Shamlou, Persian poet and writer
 * Ahmad Shukeiri, first Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization
 * Ahmad Sohrab, Persian author
 * Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif, Indonesian intellectual
 * Ahmad Tajuddin, 27th Sultan of Brunei
 * Ahmad Taktouk (born 1984), Lebanese footballer
 * Ahmad Tekuder (died 1284), leader of the Mongol Ilkhanate
 * Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President of Sierra Leone
 * Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar
 * Ahmad Thomas (born 1994), American football player
 * Ahmad Treaudo, American football cornerback for the California Redwoods
 * Ahmad Yani, Indonesian Army general
 * Ahmad Zarruq, Shadhili Sufi Sheikh
 * Ahmad Yaakob, Malaysian politician; Menteri Besar of Kelantan
 * Ahmad Najib Aris, Malaysian convicted rapist and killer who was hanged for the rape and murder of Canny Ong
 * Ahmad Lawan, President of the Senate of Nigeria

Ahmed

 * Ahmed I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
 * Ahmed II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
 * Ahmed III, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
 * Ahmed Abdel Wahab Pasha (1889–1938), Egyptian economist
 * Ahmed Abukhater, urban and regional planner and Palestinian-American powerlifter
 * Ahmed Ahmed, Egyptian American actor and comedian
 * Ahmed Fouad Alkhatib, Palestinian American activist
 * Ahmed Arif (1927–1991), Turkish poet
 * Ahmed Ali Awan (born 1980), convicted of the racially motivated murder of Ross Parker
 * Ahmed Baduri, Eritrean diplomat
 * Ahmed Chalabi, leader of the Iraqi National Congress
 * Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, former President of Iraq
 * Ahmed Ben Bella, the first President of Algeria
 * Ahmed Galal (politician) (born 1948), Egyptian economist
 * Ahmed al-Ghamdi (1979–2001), Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 175
 * Ahmed al-Haznawi (1980–2001), Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 93
 * Ahmed Hulusi, Turkish writer and Sufi
 * Ahmed Hussein (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Ahmed Hussen, Somali-Canadian lawyer
 * Ahmed Imamovic, Bosnian film director
 * Ahmed Abu Ismail, Egyptian economist and politician
 * Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada (1929–2017), South African politician, political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist.
 * Ahmed Khadr, Egyptian-Canadian senior associate and financier of al-Qaeda
 * Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Mujaddid of 14th century of Islam
 * Ahmed Köprülü, Ottoman Grand Vizier of the Köprülü family
 * Ahmed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, United Arab Emirati politician
 * Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, United Arab Emirati businessman
 * Ahmed M. Hassan, Somali politician
 * Ahmed Marei, Egyptian basketball coach and former player
 * Ahmed Mohiuddin, Pakistani biologist
 * Ahmed Musa, Nigerian footballer
 * Ahmed Naamani (born 1979), Lebanese footballer
 * Ahmed Nadeem, cricketer
 * Ahmed bin Saif Al Nahyan, founder and chairman of Etihad Airways
 * Ahmed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Emirati businessman
 * Ahmed al-Nami (1977–2001), Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 93
 * Ahmed Nazif (born 1952), Egyptian politician
 * Ahmed Nizam, Indian cricketer
 * Ahmed Elmi Osman, Somali politician
 * Ahmed Patel, Indian politician
 * Ahmed Plummer, former NFL player
 * Ahmed Rushdi, Pakistani singer
 * Ahmed Rushdi, Egyptian politician
 * Ahmed Salim, Bangladeshi painter and murderer hanged in Singapore in 2024
 * Ahmed bin Salman Al Saud, member of the royal family of Saudi Arabia
 * Ahmed Sanjar, ruler of the Seljuk Turks
 * Ahmed Santos, Mexican newspaper columnist
 * Ahmed Al Saqr (born 1970), Lebanese footballer
 * Ahmed Şerafettin, Turkish football manager
 * Ahmed Sheikh, Palestinian journalist
 * Ahmed Talbi, Moroccan footballer
 * Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Thunayan (1889–1923), Turkish born Saudi royal
 * Ahmed Sékou Touré, African political leader and president of the Republic of Guinea
 * Ahmed Yassin, former leader of Palestinian Hamas
 * Ahmed Yesevi, leader of Sufi mysticism
 * Ahmed H. Zewail, the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry
 * Ahmed Bola Tinubu, President of Nigeria since 2023.
 * Ahmed Bola Tinubu, President of Nigeria since 2023.

Ahmet

 * Ahmet Akdilek (born 1988), Turkish cyclist
 * Ahmet Alkan, Turkish economist
 * Ahmet Almaz, Turkish journalist
 * Ahmet Bilek (1932–1971), Turkish Olympic champion
 * Ahmet Bozer (born 1960), Turkish business executive
 * Ahmet Cevdet, multiple people
 * Ahmet Cömert (1926–1990), Turkish amateur boxer, coach, referee, boxing judge and sports official
 * Ahmet Davutoğlu (born 1959), Turkish politician and political scientist
 * Ahmet Dursun (born 1978), Turkish footballer
 * Ahmet Enünlü (born 1948), Turkish bodybuilder
 * Ahmet Burak Erdoğan (born 1979), son of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
 * Ahmet Ertegun (1923–2006), Turkish American founder and president of Atlantic Records
 * Ahmet Gülhan (born 1978), Turkish wrestler
 * Ahmet Haşim (1884–1933), Turkish writer
 * Ahmet Hromadžić (1923–2003), Bosnian writer
 * Ahmet İsvan (1923–2017), Turkish politician
 * Ahmet Kaya (1957–2000), Turkish–Kurdish folk singer
 * Ahmet Mete Işıkara (1941–2013), Turkish seismologist
 * Ahmet İzzet Pasha (1864–1937), Ottoman general
 * Ahmet Kaplan (born 2002), Turkish wheelchair tennis player
 * Ahmet Kireççi (1914–1979), Turkish sports wrestler
 * Ahmet Koç, Turkish musician
 * Ahmet Köksal, (1920–1997), Turkish poet and writer
 * Ahmet Kuru (born 1982), Turkish footballer
 * Ahmet Li (born 1991), Chinese-Turkish table tennis player
 * Ahmet Öcal (born 1979), Belgian footballer
 * Ahmet Örken (born 1993), Turkish cyclist
 * Ahmet Suat Özyazıcı (1936–2023), Turkish footballer
 * Ahmet Peker (born 1989), Turkish wrestler
 * Ahmet Rasim (1864–1932), Turkish writer and politician
 * Ahmet Sağlam (born 1987), Turkish footballer
 * Ahmet Necdet Sezer (born 1941), 10th President of the Republic of Turkey
 * Ahmet Burak Solakel (born 1982), Turkish footballer
 * Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar (1901–1962), Turkish writer
 * Ahmet Tren (born 1950), Turkish wrestler
 * Ahmet Fuat Tugay, known as Hulusi Fuat Tugay (1890–1967), Turkish physician and diplomat
 * Ahmet Türk (born 1942), Turkish politician
 * Ahmet Fikri Tüzer (1878–1942), Turkish politician
 * Ahmet Uzel (1930–1998), Turkish composer
 * Ahmet Uzun, Turkish Cypriot politician
 * Ahmet Ümit (born 1960), Turkish author
 * Ahmet Üzümcü (born 1951), Turkish diplomat
 * Ahmet Vardar (1937–2010), Turkish journalist
 * Ahmet Emin Yalman (1888–1972), Turkish journalist
 * Ahmet Yıldırım (born 1974), Turkish footballer
 * Ahmet Yıldız (born 1979), Turkish scientist
 * Ahmet Zappa (born 1974), American musician, actor and novelist
 * Ahmet Zogu, King of Albania (1928–1939)

Other spellings

 * Achmad Jufriyanto, Indonesian footballer
 * Achmad Nawir, Dutch East Indies footballer
 * Achmad Saba'a, Arab-Israeli footballer
 * Achmad Soebardjo, Indonesian diplomat
 * Achmat Dangor, South African writer
 * Achmed Abdullah, Russian writer
 * Achmed Akkabi, Moroccan-Dutch presenter and actor
 * Achmed Labasanov, Russian mixed martial artist
 * Achmet (oneiromancer), Occultist
 * Ahmat Acyl, Chadian Arab insurgent leader
 * Ahmat Brahim, Chadian footballer
 * Ahmat Taboye, Chadian writer
 * Akhmed Avtorkhanov, Chechen leader
 * Akhmad Kadyrov, First President of the Chechen Republic
 * Akhmed Zakayev, Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic
 * Ahmaud Arbery, African American murder victim

Ahmad

 * Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam
 * Alimuddin Ahmad (1884–1920), Bengali activist and revolutionary
 * Ekramuddin Ahmad (1872–1940), Bengali litterateur
 * Evin Ahmad (born 1990), Swedish actress of Kurdish descent
 * Ismet Ahmad (1945–2023), Indonesian academic, bureaucrat and lecturer
 * Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad (1918–1996), Bangladeshi politician
 * Nesaruddin Ahmad (1873–1952), Bengali Islamic scholar and Pir of Sarsina
 * Feroz Ahmad (born 1938), Indian academic and historian
 * Najm Hamad Al Ahmad (born 1969), Syrian politician
 * Taha Othman Ahmad, known as Odetari (born 2000), American singer, record producer, and rapper
 * Wali Ahmad, Pakistani religious cleric and reformer

Ahmed

 * Abdel-Rahim Ahmed (1944–1991), Palestinian politician
 * Abdel Rahim Ahmed, Egyptian film director and author
 * Anis Ahmed (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905–1977), 5th President of India
 * Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed, Queen of Kumbwada
 * Nick Ahmed (born 1990), American baseball player
 * Riz Ahmed (born 1982), British actor and rapper
 * Rafiuddin Ahmed (dentist), Indian Bengali Dentist.
 * Mohammed Ahmed (businessperson), Ethiopian businessman

Other variants

 * Rosli Ahmat (1970–2002), Singaporean armed robber and murderer

Fictional characters

 * Aĥmad, from Malatily Bathhouse; Surname

title: Ahmad


text:
O Arise, All You Sons

"O Arise, All You Sons" is the national anthem of Papua New Guinea. Adopted in 1975, it was written and composed by Thomas Shacklady.

History
The National Identity Act of Papua New Guinea was formulated in 1971, motivating the country to create a national flag, a national emblem, a national pledge and a national anthem. A national flag and emblem were adopted in 1971. However, the national anthem remained undecided until independence from Australia in 1975, four years later. Although many songs were submitted to be the anthem, the National Executive Council decided a week before the country's Independence Day (10 September 1975), to adopt as the national anthem a composition that was composed by Chief Inspector Thomas Shacklady (1917–2006), a bandmaster of the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Band.

During the 2015 Pacific Games opening ceremony, the anthem was sung with the first line altered from "O arise all you sons of this land" to "O arise sons and daughters of this land". An official later stated that this was illegal and a violation of the National Identity Act.

title: O Arise, All You Sons


text:
Imperial Brands

Imperial Brands plc (formerly Imperial Tobacco Group plc) is a British multinational tobacco company headquartered in London and Bristol, England. It is the world's fourth-largest international cigarette company measured by market share after Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco and Japan Tobacco and the world's largest producer of fine-cut tobacco and tobacco papers.

Imperial Brands has 30 factories worldwide and its products are sold in around 120 countries. Its brands include Davidoff, West, Golden Virginia (the world's best-selling hand rolling tobacco), Drum (the world's second-largest-selling fine-cut tobacco) and Rizla.

Imperial Brands also have expanded their product range in recent years to include alternative nicotine products, including the blu vape brand, the Pulze and iD heated tobacco system, and the Zone X and Skruf nicotine pouches.

Imperial Brands is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

Imperial Tobacco Canada, the Canadian subsidiary of British American Tobacco, has no relationship to Imperial Brands.

1901 to 2000
The Imperial Tobacco Company was created in 1901, through the amalgamation of 13 British tobacco and cigarette companies: W.D. & H.O. Wills of Bristol (the leading manufacturer of tobacco products at that time), John Player & Sons of Nottingham, and 11 other independent family businesses, which were in competition with companies from the United States by the American Tobacco Company. First W. D. & H. O. Wills of Bristol merged with Stephen Mitchell & Son of Glasgow. Subsequently, other smaller companies including Lambert & Butler, William Clarke & Son, Franklyn Davey, Edwards Ringer & Bigg, Hignett Brothers, Hignett's Tobacco, Adkins & Sons, Richmond Cavendish, D&J MacDoland and F&J Smith joined in the amalgamation. In 1904, James & Finlay Bell Ltd merged with Stephen Mitchell & Son. The Company's first chairman was William Henry Wills of the Wills Company.

In 1902, the Imperial Tobacco Company and the American Tobacco Company agreed to form a joint venture: the British-American Tobacco Company Ltd. The parent companies agreed not to trade in each other's domestic territory and to assign trademarks, export businesses, and overseas subsidiaries to the joint venture. It built the Imperial Tobacco Company Building at Mullins, South Carolina, US between 1908, and 1913. It also established its own leaf-buying organisation in the United States through its building, the Imperial Tobacco Warehouse, in Durham, North Carolina, which is now owned, and has been renovated by, Measurement Incorporated. American Tobacco sold its share in 1911, but Imperial maintained an interest in British American Tobacco until 1980. In 1973, the Imperial Tobacco Company, having become increasingly diversified by acquisition of (amongst others) restaurant chains, food services and distribution businesses, changed its name to Imperial Group while tobacco products continued to be sold by a newly formed subsidiary named Imperial Tobacco Limited.

In 1910, Imperial Tobacco formed the Imperial Tobacco Company of India.

In 1986, the company was acquired by the conglomerate Hanson Trust plc for £2.5 billion. Divestments during the period of ownership by Hanson included Courage Brewery to Elders, Golden Wonder to Dalgety, Finlays to Arunbhai J. Patel, the wholesaling arm of Sinclair & Collis to Palmer & Harvey, Imperial Hotels and Catering to Trust House Forte and Ross Frozen Foods to United Biscuits. This also led to a dispute over pension payments to employees, as seen in Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd. In 1996, following a decision to concentrate on core tobacco activities, Hanson de-merged Imperial and it was listed as an independent company on the UK stock exchange.

2000 to present
In 2003, Imperial acquired the world's then fourth-largest tobacco company, Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH of Germany: the deal added brands such as Davidoff, Peter Stuyvesant, and West to its portfolio. In 2007, Imperial Tobacco entered the United States tobacco market with its $1.9-billion acquisition of Commonwealth Brands Inc., then the fourth-largest tobacco company in the US. In February 2008, Imperial acquired the world's then fifth-largest tobacco company, Altadis, whose brands included Fortuna, Gauloises Blondes, and Gitanes. A number of factory closures were subsequently announced, including the long-running cigar factory in Bristol.

Following the Scottish Parliament's decision in January 2010, to ban the display of tobacco products in shops, as well as the availability of tobacco vending machines in public buildings with effect from autumn 2011, Imperial Tobacco attempted to challenge the change in the law on the grounds that regulations of the sale goods rested with the Houses of Parliament in Westminster. However, this case was dismissed on 30 September 2010 by Lord Bracadale in the Court of Session in Edinburgh.

In 2011, Altadis USA Inc. said it would add to its Fort Lauderdale, Florida, headquarters and move Commonwealth Brands Inc. employees from Bowling Green, Kentucky. The company's name changed to Commonwealth-Altadis Inc.

In 2013, Imperial opened a new global headquarters in Bristol.

In April 2014, Imperial announced the closure of its long-running Horizon factory in Nottingham. The factory closed in 2016, marking the end of cigarette production in England.

On 15 July 2014, Reynolds American agreed to buy Greensboro, North Carolina-based Lorillard Tobacco Company, for $27.4 billion. The deal also included the sale of the Kool, Winston, Salem, and blu eCigs brands to Imperial for $7.1 billion. In November 2014, Imperial said Commonwealth-Altadis and the Lorillard operations being acquired would be called ITG Brands LLC. The deal with Lorillard was completed on 12 June 2015, and as part of the deal, Greensboro became the location of the ITG headquarters. On 1 November 2018, ITG announced production would move from the former American Tobacco Company plant in Reidsville, North Carolina, built in 1892, and later expanded, to Greensboro by 2020. The plant made USA Gold, Sonoma, Montclair and Rave.

In February 2016, Imperial changed its name to "Imperial Brands" to distance itself from tobacco.

In 2018, a subsidiary, Imperial Brands Ventures, took a stake in Oxford Cannabinoid Technologies which is licensed by the UK government to develop cannabis-based medicines.

In November 2019, after searching for a new chairman since February, the company announced its senior independent director Thérèse Esperdy would take the role.

In July 2020, Stefan Bomhard, the former chief executive of global automotive distributor Inchcape and former president of Bacardi Europe, became chief executive of Imperial Brands.

In 2021, Imperial Brands opened an office in Hammersmith, West London. In 2021 Imperial Brands launched the Pulze and iD heated tobacco system in selected European markets. The company has also launched Zone X, an oral nicotine brand, in several European countries.

In 2022 and 2023, Imperial Brands launched blu 2.0, an upgrade to its blu vaping device, in the UK and several other countries.

Archives
The principal companies involved in setting up Imperial Tobacco were W. D. & H. O. Wills Limited and John Player & Sons of Nottingham. Bristol Archives holds extensive records of W D & H O Wills and Imperial Tobacco (Ref. 38169). Nottinghamshire Archives hold the John Player and Sons collections (main ref. DD/PL). The archives at Liverpool Central Library hold records of the Ogden Branch (Ref. 380 OGD).

Products
The company's brands include:

Cigarettes

 * All JTI
 * Bastos (cigarette)
 * Ducados
 * Dutch Masters (cigar)
 * Backwoods Smokes
 * Brandon's
 * Capstan
 * Carlton
 * Crowns
 * Davidoff
 * Embassy
 * Escort
 * Excellence
 * Fortuna
 * Gauloises
 * Gitanes
 * Horizon
 * John Player & Sons
 * John Player Best
 * Kool
 * Lambert & Butler
 * Mark Fernyhough
 * Maverick
 * Moon
 * Parker & Simpson
 * Peter Stuyvesant
 * Prima
 * R1
 * Regal
 * Richmond
 * Rodeo (in Macedonia)
 * Route 66
 * Royale
 * Salem
 * Superkings
 * USA Gold
 * West
 * Winston
 * Woodbine

Other

 * Bali Shag
 * blu (vape)
 * Drum
 * Golden Virginia
 * Players Gold Leaf
 * Pulze and iD
 * Champion Legendary
 * RizLa+
 * Tally-Ho
 * Skruf Snus
 * Van Nelle
 * White Ox
 * Zone

Operations
The Nottingham factory and the group's French factory in Nantes closed in 2016, with production moved to Eastern Europe.

Controversies
In May 2022, The Times reported that the company had lobbied politicians in Scotland. Ivan McKee, the trade minister, was the highest-ranking government official who had met with the executives from Imperial Brands: he met them twice in 2018.

title: Imperial Brands


text:
Omoikane

Omoikane (思兼 or 思金) is a Shinto Kami of wisdom and intelligence. His name means "having the wisdom and thoughtfulness of many people". A heavenly deity who is called upon to "ponder" and give good counsel in the deliberations of the heavenly deities. In the myth where Amaterasu hid in a cave, he was entrusted with the tasked of finding a way to get her out. Carpenters pray to him during the construction of pillars in a building. Usually, Japanese people pray to Omoikane for success in school and exams.

He is known by other names as Tokoyo-no-Omoikane (常世思金神) in the Kojiki (古事記); Omoikane (思兼神) in the Nihon Shoki (日本書紀); Omokane (思金神, 思兼神), Tokoyo-no-Omoikane (常世思金神), Yagokoro-omoikane (八意思兼神, 八意思金神) in the Kujiki (旧事紀 or Sendai Kuji Hongi 先代旧事本紀), or Achihiko (阿智彦).

He is the son of creator deity Takamimusubi (高御産巣日神) and the older brother of Takuhatachiji-hime (栲幡千千姫命, or commonly named in the Kojiki: 万幡豊秋津師比売命 Yorozuhatatoyo'akitsushi-hime), who is married to the deity Ame-no-Oshihomimi (天忍穂耳命). In the Kojiki Tenson kōrin myth, Omoikane is one of the kami who descends to earth.

However, in the Kujiki (旧事紀 or Sendai Kyuji Hongi 先代旧事本紀). Omoikane descends to Shinano Province (信濃国 Shinano-no-kuni, a former province that is now Nagano Prefecture) to become the ancestor of Shina-no-achihouri (信之阿智祝) and as in Chichibu Province (知々夫国, Chichibu no kuni), a former province in Saitama Prefecture. He then becomes the father of both deities, Ame-no-Uwaharu (天表春命) and Ame-no-Shitaharu (天下春命), also through this lineage becomes the patriarchal ancestor of the children of Ama-no-Koyane (天児屋命, 天児屋根命).

Shrines

 * Achi shrine, Kurashiki, Okayama prefecture
 * Chichibu shrine, Chichibu, Saitama prefecture
 * Shizu shrine, Naka, Ibaraki prefecture

title: Omoikane