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Mount Ngauruhoe

Mount Ngauruhoe (Ngāuruhoe) is a volcanic cone in New Zealand. It is the youngest vent in the Tongariro stratovolcano complex on the Central Plateau of the North Island and first erupted about 2,500 years ago. Although often regarded as a separate mountain, geologically, it is a secondary cone of Mount Tongariro.

The volcano lies between the active volcanoes of Mount Tongariro to the north and Mount Ruapehu to the south, to the west of the Rangipo Desert and 25 kilometres to the south of the southern shore of Lake Taupō.

Etymology
The local Māori traditions state that the volcano was named by Ngātoro-i-rangi, an ancestor of the local Māori iwi, Ngāti Tūwharetoa. Ngātoro-i-rangi called volcanic fire from his homeland Hawaiki, which eventually emerged at Ngauruhoe. The name given by Ngātoro-i-rangi (Ngāuruhoe) either commemorates his slave, who had died from the cold before the fire arrived, or refers to the insertions (ngā uru) of Ngātoro-i-rangi's hoe (paddle-like staff) into the ground during his summoning of the volcanic fire.

Recent activity
Ngauruhoe was New Zealand's most active volcano in the 20th century with 45 eruptions, the most recent in 1977. Fumaroles exist inside the inner crater and on the rim of the eastern, outer crater. Climbers who suffer from asthma may be affected by the strong sulphurous gases emitted from the crater.

A significant increase in earthquake activity in May 2006 prompted the alert level to be raised from zero (typical background activity, no signs of significant unrest) to one (signs of volcano unrest). Over the next two years GeoNet recorded an average of 5 to 30 earthquakes a day close to Ngauruhoe, though the maximum daily number was as high as 80.

After mid-2008, the number of volcanic earthquakes close to Ngauruhoe declined to the background level. Regular measurements of volcanic gas levels and the temperature of a summit gas vent failed to record any significant changes over the subsequent two and a half years. GNS Science accordingly reduced the alert level for Ngauruhoe to Level 0 on 2 December 2008. “The reduction in earthquake activity means that an eruption in the near future is unlikely without further earthquakes or other changes and the appropriate alert level is therefore zero”, said GNS Science Volcano Section Manager Gill Jolly.

An increase in seismic activity in March 2015 resulted in the alert level being raised to Level 1. The anomalous activity was deemed to have subsided after three weeks, and the alert level was lowered back to Level 0.

Despite these potential indicators, some geologists speculate that activity may have permanently shifted away from the mountain, as the current dormancy is by far the longest in the volcano's relatively short history, and recent eruptions from the parent Tongariro volcanic complex have all been further north.

Climbing
The mountain is usually climbed from the western side, from the Mangatepopo track. In summer the climb is difficult due to the loose tephra that gives way underfoot. In the summer of 2010 a climber was seriously injured by falling rock. In winter, snow consolidates the tephra. After rain, the snow may be covered by ice which is treacherous. Ice axes, crampons and ropes are recommended in midwinter. Between March and October the mountain is subject to sudden violent wind gusts and snow storms with the temperature dropping well below freezing.

There is also a route from the northern side which cuts across the lava flows in the Mangatepopo valley from the Mangatepopo hut. This route is far longer with no flat areas. On reaching the summit, climbers can circumnavigate the crater and descend the normal eastern route.

During the closure of the central part of the Mt. Tongariro one day walk, due to volcanic activity, climbing Mt. Ngauruhoe became a popular alternative. At Easter 2013 four climbers were injured in separate incidents. Two of the accidents were due to congestion on the normal eastern route to the crater when a climber caused loose rock to hit another climber below. All the injured had to be rescued by helicopter.

The Department of Conservation has asked trampers not to climb the mountain, out of respect for its tapu (sacred) nature.

Film appearances
In 1974, as part of a promotional campaign for his sponsor Moët & Chandon, champion skier Jean-Claude Killy was filmed skiing down the previously unskied eastern slope of the mountain. The average slope on this side of the volcano is 35 degrees, and Killy was caught on radar skiing more than 100 miles per hour. As he fell on the first run, he did the descent twice. He used helicopters to access the mountain top when the last eruption had been the day before and an eruption occurred at the end of his final run.

Mount Ngauruhoe was used as a stand-in for the fictional Mount Doom in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, achieving worldwide exposure.

Climbing history
The first recorded ascent by a European was by J. C. Bidwill in March 1839, the ascent being from the north-west. He reported that “The crater was the most terrific abyss I ever looked into or imagined … it was not possible to see above 10 yards into it from the quantity of steam which it was continually discharging”.

title: Mount Ngauruhoe


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F.I.S.T. (film)

F.I.S.T. (stylized on-screen as F•I•S•T) is a 1978 American neo-noir crime drama film produced and directed by Norman Jewison and starring Sylvester Stallone. Stallone plays a Cleveland warehouse worker who becomes involved in the labor union leadership of the fictional "Federation of Inter-State Truckers" (F.I.S.T.). The film is loosely based on the Teamsters Union and their former President Jimmy Hoffa. The screenplay was by Joe Eszterhas and Stallone, from a story by Eszterhas.

Plot
At a loading dock in Cleveland in 1937, supervisor Mr. Gant hires a new worker, Polish American Lincoln Dombrowsky. Gant tells Dombrowsky that he will only be paid for his regular shift even if he must work overtime, and that any merchandise he damages will come directly out of his pay. When Dombrowsky drops a few carts of tomatoes, his pay is docked and another worker is fired for helping him collect the fallen merchandise. Resentful of these unfair labor practices, Hungarian-American worker Johnny Kovak leads a riot. The laborers go to the office of Boss Andrews, where Kovak believes he negotiates a deal for the workers, only to find out the next day that he and his friend Abe Belkin have been fired.

Kovak and Belkin are approached by Mike Monahan, who was impressed by their leadership. He offers them positions in the Federation of Inter State Truckers (F.I.S.T.), where they will be paid according to how many members they can recruit. Kovak is given a car to use while recruiting, which also allows him to meet and soon start dating Lithuanian-American worker Anna Zarinkas. Kovak is successfully recruiting new F.I.S.T. members, which attracts attention from business owners. When Kovak turns down their offer to recruit new workers to their non-union trucking firms, the shady owners have him physically attacked. Kovak rises into a leadership role through his union recruiting, causing competition with hothead F.I.S.T. leader Max Graham.

Soon Monahan, Kovak and Belkin begin working to get the F.I.S.T. members at Consolidated Trucking covered by a labor agreement. When management refuses to deal with them, the F.I.S.T. workers strike. They set up camp outside Consolidated Trucking's gates, but are pushed out by strikebreakers and hired security. Monahan tries to ram the gates in a truck, but is shot and killed. At his funeral, Kovak decides to "get some muscle" and accepts help from Vince Doyle, a local gangster. Doyle's men attack trucks trying to make deliveries. Local mobsters and the members of F.I.S.T. join forces to storm the gates of Consolidated Trucking. The president of Consolidated Trucking finally signs a labor agreement.

Building on this success, Kovak and Belkin travel the Midwest to recruit more workers. Kovak becomes wealthier and marries Anna. A new crime figure, Babe Milano, comes on the scene and wants a piece of the action. Kovak meets Milano with Doyle and, although reluctant to involve him in his business, decides it will be best for now.

By 1957, F.I.S.T. has become a large and important union, with about two million members. When Kovak visits Max Graham at F.I.S.T. headquarters, he is displeased to see how luxurious the building and Graham's offices are. Kovak visits with Belkin, now leading F.I.S.T. business on the West Coast, who explains that Graham has made money unethically off the union. In his investigation, Kovak finds that Graham used his influence to steer union businesses and funds to shell companies owned by him or his wife, and has used violence against the wife of a trucking company owner who resisted the union.

Graham is a strong favorite to be elected F.I.S.T. president. Belkin suggests to Kovak that they turn Graham in to the authorities, but Kovak is too worried about the damage to the union from the scandal. Kovak confronts Graham with what he knows, convincing him to support Kovak's run for union president.

Now the newly elected president of F.I.S.T., Kovak is investigated by Senator Madison, who suspects Kovak of ties with the Mafia through his work with gangsters Doyle and Milano. Belkin urges Kovak to cut off Milano and make the union "clean again", but Kovak ignores his request. When Doyle later tells Kovak that Belkin plans to testify against them, Kovak insists that Belkin not be harmed.

Subpoenaed to testify before Senator Madison's committee, Kovak is told that Belkin has been killed and the senator believes Kovak is responsible. Shocked, Kovak has an emotional outburst and storms out of the hearing. He returns home to find Anna and the children are missing. He gets his pistol but is shot and killed by Milano's men. The movie ends with a shot of a bumper sticker on a truck which reads, "Where's Johnny?"

Cast
Anthony Kiedis, who became the founding lead singer of the band Red Hot Chili Peppers five years later, appeared in a small role using his stage name Cole Dammett, a tribute to the stage name Blackie Dammett used by his actor father.

Development and writing
United Artists hired Joe Eszterhas to write a screenplay about the labor movement in 1974 after executive producer Gene Corman read his articles on the subject in Rolling Stone. Eszterhas, who had never written a screenplay before, wrote a 40-page-essay on the history of labor unions in the American Midwest. Arthur B. Krim hired Norman Jewison in the position of producer-director and offered him a $4 million budget if Jewison could match it with another $4 million. He eventually failed to find another studio to co-finance the film and received a full $8.1 million budget regardless. Eszterhas originally envisioned the role of Kovak with Jack Nicholson (who would later play Jimmy Hoffa, on whom Kovak was loosely based), but Sylvester Stallone was cast instead. Sylvester Stallone rewrote Joe Eszterhas' script, saying: "Joe Eszterhas wrote a script that was nearly 400 pages and was more of a novel than a shootable screenplay. A great deal of work was done by myself, along with Norman Jewison, to hammer it into shape, but Joe had conceived a great idea." Eszterhas was reportedly paid $85,000 for the script. Stallone received $350,000 for acting and $150,000 for writing.

Filming
Most of the filming was done in Dubuque, Iowa. Dubuque was chosen firstly because the older sections of the town looked more like Cleveland of the 1930s than Cleveland did at the time, and secondly because of the absence of roof-mounted television antennas due to most of the homes having cable television. Because of the large bluffs, over-the-air television signals had problems reaching homes in the low-lying areas, so a cable system was developed in the mid-1950s, which was considerably earlier than many other municipalities.

Some locations used in filming included St. Raphael's Cathedral, Sacred Heart Church, the Fourth Street Elevator, E.J. Voggenthaler Co. and Dubuque Star Brewery. Filming was also done at the former Caradco manufacturing company in Dubuque. Portions of the Caradco building were fitted with new windows which were then purposely smashed for filming. The windows were replaced by the end of filming. Other Dubuque locations that were also visible in the finished film were the Dubuque County Courthouse and Saint Mary's Catholic Church.

Some filming was also done in the English city of Sheffield, Washington D.C. and Culver City Studios.

Release
The film premiered as the Gala Opening Night film at Filmex on April 13, 1978, at the Plitt Theatre in Century City and was released in 100 theaters in the United States and Canada on April 26, 1978, before expanding to 350 on June 21.

Box office
The film was a success, grossing $20,388,920 on an $8 million budget, though it was not as successful as Stallone's previous film Rocky (1976).

Critical response
F.I.S.T. received generally positive reviews from film critics. Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "F.I.S.T. is a big movie that benefits from the accumulating of small, ordinary detail than from any particular wit or inspiration of vision....Like Fiddler on the Roof, Jesus Christ Superstar and Rollerball, Mr. Jewison's last three films, F.I.S.T. is a massive, essentially shapeless film, but because it's about a terrifically interesting, complicated subject, shapeliness doesn't doesn't seem especially important. There's not a moment in it to compare with the intensity of feelings contained in such documentaries as Union Maids and Harlan County, U.S.A, yet it's encouraging to hear Hollywood talking about such things at a time when play-it-safe is virtually industry policy.” Another positive review came from TV Guide, which gave the film three stars out of four. They praised Stallone's script and acting, saying that "Stallone likes to depart himself from his muscles, it usually doesn't work. But, with F.I.S.T. it works well as he cares more about the character than anything else, something we'd like to see more of."

A negative review came from Richard Schickel of Time, who said that the film "stands for nearly $2 1/2$ hours of almost unmitigated boredom—a misfired would-be proletarian epic with Sylvester Stallone misplaying the Jimmy Hoffa part with a self-confidence that borders on the sublime."

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 67% based on 12 reviews. On Metacritic it has a 54% score.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: F.I.S.T. (film)


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Saskatchewan Government Insurance

Saskatchewan Government Insurance (SGI) is a Canadian insurance company and a Crown corporation wholly owned by the Government of Saskatchewan. SGI's operations consist of the Saskatchewan Auto Fund, the compulsory public auto insurance program for Saskatchewan, and its property and casualty insurance division sells additional automobile and property insurance products in five Canadian provinces under the trade name SGI Canada.

SGI also operates the driver licensing and motor vehicle registration system for Saskatchewan as part of its oversight of the Auto Fund. The Auto Fund is financially self-sustaining, operating on a break-even basis over time. The Saskatchewan Auto Fund does not receive money from or pay dividends to the government.

Under the SGI Canada brand, SGI sells property and casualty insurance on properties such as homes, farms, businesses and automobile insurance in five Canadian provinces. It operates as SGI Canada in Saskatchewan; SGI Canada Insurance Services Ltd. in Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario; and Coachman Insurance Company in Ontario.

History
SGI was created by the first avowedly socialist government in North America elected in 1944, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (later renamed New Democratic Party). Under Premier Tommy Douglas, the government began to involve itself in many sectors of the economy, including insurance. The rationale was put forth that Saskatchewan residents were being taken advantage of by companies owned outside the province who set rates too high. Also, at least 90 per cent of the insurance in the province was written by companies established in Eastern Canada. Thus the institution of a publicly owned insurance company was justified by the government on both philosophical and economic grounds.

Working out of the Saskatchewan Legislative Building, Michael Allore, the first president, sold the first policy – Fire Policy Number 1 – to Minister O. W. Valleau on May 1, 1945, and appointed its first broker, Oscar Sawby of Maple Creek, on May 17. By the end of 1945, SGI had 60 employees and a small network of private, independent insurance brokers located across the province selling insurance on behalf of the corporation.

The introduction of a state-run automobile insurance was controversial. For the first few years of its existence, other provinces refused to recognize SGI policies as legitimate. One result of such non-recognition was that SGI-insured drivers involved in a collision in Manitoba were either detained or required to post a bond because Manitoban authorities essentially considered them to be "uninsured" drivers.

Corporate governance
SGI and SGI CANADA are governed by The Saskatchewan Government Insurance Act, 1980, and The Automobile Accident Insurance Act, and are subject to the provisions of The Crown Corporations Act, 1993, which gives the Crown Investments Corporation, the holding company for Saskatchewan's commercial Crown corporations, the broad authority to set the direction of the corporation.

Where required by legislation or policy directive, SGI submits performance management and investment decisions for review and approval by CIC and the provincial cabinet (government). Through its chair, who is an outside director, the SGI Board of Directors is accountable to the Minister Responsible for SGI. The minister functions as a link between the corporation and CIC and cabinet, as well as the provincial legislature.

Board of directors
The board of directors is responsible for setting direction, monitoring and reporting achievement, and analyzing, evaluating and taking corrective action for the corporation. The board is responsible for the stewardship of the corporation in general terms. In meeting this responsibility, the board works with management to develop and approve the corporation's strategic plan, operating goals, annual budget and business plans. It participates in identifying business risk and overseeing the implementation of appropriate systems to achieve a balance between the risks incurred and potential returns.

The board of directors is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council. The board consists of ten external directors. Both the chair and vice-chair of the board are external directors.

Structure and functions
SGI employs approximately 2,400 people and works with a network of almost 300 independent insurance brokers and about 450 motor licence issuers in Saskatchewan, as well as numerous brokers in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Ontario.

In October 2008, SGI was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine. Later that month, SGI was named one of Saskatchewan's Top Employers, which was announced by the Saskatoon StarPhoenix and Regina Leader-Post newspapers.

SGI's head office is in downtown Regina, Saskatchewan. It also operates 20 claims centres in 13 Saskatchewan communities, has branch offices in Winnipeg, Edmonton and Toronto, and five salvage locations (auto wrecker, used parts).

title: Saskatchewan Government Insurance


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NeXTstation

NeXTstation is a high-end workstation computer developed, manufactured and sold by NeXT from 1990 until 1993. It runs the NeXTSTEP operating system.

Overview
The NeXTstation was released as a more affordable alternative to the NeXTcube at about US$4,995 or about half the price. Several models were produced, including the NeXTstation (25 MHz), NeXTstation Turbo (33 MHz), NeXTstation Color (25 MHz) and NeXTstation Turbo Color (33 MHz). In total, NeXT sold about 50,000 computers (not including sales to government organizations), making the NeXTstation a rarity today.

The NeXTstation originally shipped with a NeXT MegaPixel Display 17" monitor (with built-in speakers), keyboard, and mouse. It is nicknamed "the slab", since the pizza box form factor contrasts quite sharply with the original NeXT Computer's basic shape (otherwise known as "the cube").

The Pyro accelerator board increases the speed of a NeXTstation by replacing the standard 25 MHz processor with a 50 MHz one. There was also a very rare accelerator board known as the Nitro; between 5 and 20 are estimated to have been made. It increased the speed of a NeXTstation Turbo by replacing the standard 33 MHz processor with a 40 MHz one.

John Carmack developed the PC Game Doom on a NeXTStation Color.

After NeXT ceased manufacturing hardware in 1993, Canon Computer Systems (a subsidiary of Canon Inc.) acquired the rights to the design of and patents pertaining to the NeXTstation. They later released the Object.Station, an x86-based workstation using the NeXTstation design, in 1994. Canon had been a large stakeholder in NeXT since 1989.

Specifications

 * CPU: Motorola 68040, 25 MHz or 33 MHz (Turbo)
 * Memory: 8 MB (12 MB for NeXTstation Color, 16 MB for NeXTstation Turbo Color)
 * NeXTstation: Eight 30-pin SIMM slots (up to 32 MB)
 * NeXTstation Color: Eight 72-pin SIMM slots (up to 32 MB)
 * NeXTstation Turbo/Turbo Color: Four 72-pin SIMM slots (up to 128 MB)
 * Display resolution: 1120 × 832 px
 * Color Depth:
 * NeXTstation/Turbo (256 KB VRAM): 4 colors (black, white and two shades of gray)
 * NeXTstation Color/Turbo Color (1.5 MB VRAM): 4,096 colors (12-bit)
 * Digital signal processor: Motorola 56001 @ 25 MHz (16-bit, 44.1 kHz, stereo, 24 KB RAM, upgradable to 576 KB)
 * Speaker built into the monitor
 * Input/Output:
 * Floppy internal connector
 * SCSI internal connector
 * SCSI-2 external connector (MD50)
 * DSP port (DA-15)
 * NeXTstation/Turbo: MegaPixel Display port (DB-19)
 * NeXTstation Color/Turbo Color: Display port (13W3)
 * Proprietary NeXT Laser Printer port (DE-9)
 * Two RS-423 serial ports (Mini-DIN 8)
 * 10BASE-T and 10BASE-2 Ethernet
 * Media: 3.5 in 2.88 MB floppy disk drive
 * Storage: hard disk from 105 MB, 250 MB, 340 MB, 400 MB to 4 GB (Larger sizes may work but the OS cannot use partitions larger than 4 GB)
 * Operating System: NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP. NetBSD supports some of the NeXTstation's hardware.
 * Peripherals:
 * Modem
 * Keyboard: Full-stroke mechanical (85 keys)
 * Mouse: 2 button opto-mechanical
 * Size/Weight: 39.8 (W) × 36.5 (D) × 6.4 (H) cm / 6 kg

title: NeXTstation


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V. C. Sreejan

V. C. Sreejan is a literary critic writing in Malayalam. Born in 1951, he retired in 2007 after working as Reader in English in Government Brennen College, Thalassery. He has published eleven books in Malayalam. In 2003 he was awarded the Kerala Sahithya Akademi's C.B. Kumar Award' for his work Arthantharanyasm.

Works

 * Chinthayile Roopakangal, (1991) is a collection of articles on the role of metaphors in philosophy, psychoanalysis and literary theory. It includes two introductory essays on Jacques Derrida.The last two essays discuss novels by O. V. Vijayan and M. T. Vasudevan Nair.
 * Pravachakante Maranam, (1993) includes an early piece on the absurd (1972), an essay on Bertolt Brecht's theatre, an introduction to Brecht's Threepenny Novel, a study of Ambikasuthan Mangad's story and an essay on the politics of deconstruction.
 * Kathayum Pratyayasastravum,(1993) contains an introduction to Western Marxist literary criticism, and an introduction to structuralism. It includes an essay on the Dhvani theory which argues that Dhvani is the same as metaphor in the broad sense of the term, an essay on the ideological underpinnings of some short stories and essays on T. Padmanabhan and Paul Zacharia.
 * Vaakkum Vaakkum, (1996) is devoted to the reading of poems by Vyloppillil Sreedhara Menon, P. Kunhiraman Nair, K. Ayyappa Panicker and Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan. The other works discussed include novels by O. V. Vijayan, V. M. Basheer and short stories by T. Padmanabhan and Zacharia.
 * Arthantaranyasam, (1999) discusses the relevance of the classical Indian concepts of Dhvani and Rasa. It begins with an analysis of the theory of metaphor and its relationship with the concepts of Freudian Unconscious and Marxian concept of ideology.It is argued that in their classical form Dhvani and Rasa are not useful in reading modern texts.Rasa is rejected as such, and the Dhvani theory is given a more prosaic interpretation along the lines suggested by Mukulabhatta. Instead of reviving these theories, these are to be destroyed and a new concept can be created out of their ruins.
 * Aadhunikotharam: Vimarsanavum Vikalanavum, (1999) is a closely argued response to some Malayalam critics and writers who maintain that Malayalam literature has already entered into its post-modern phase. With reference to the Western writers, it is argued that this claim is not true.
 * Vimarsanatmaka Siddhantam, (1999) is an expository book on the work of Frankfurt School.
 * Novel Vayanakal, (2003) reads 12 Malayalam novels without using many critical tool borrowed from the west. Part of the text itself is taken as the model for reading and interpreting it. It brings out relays of meanings across the works. It reveals a current of non-religious spirituality running through the works read.
 * Prathivadangal, (2004) is a thoroughgoing criticism of Marxian philosophical concepts.
 * Arthavadangal, (2006: Mathrubhumi Books, Kozhikode)contains essays on Death, Dhvani theory. Arthavadam, M. P. Paul and William Hudson, Appan Thampuran's Bhutarayar, Venmani Mahan's Pooraprabandham etc.
 * Rahukalam, (2007: Sign Books, Thiruvananthapuram) is a collection of essays on Joseph Muliyil's Sukumari, Medieval Malayalam poetry, Asan's Duravastha, N. Prabhakaran's Bhutabhumi, poetry of Rafeeq Ahmed and Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote
 * Adikkurippukal (2018: Logos Books, Pattambi), a collection of book reviews.

Forthcoming: Chinthayude Mayalokangal(Kairali Books, Kannur)

Awards
Sreejan was awarded the C. B. Kumar Award in 2003, and the Kerala Sahithya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism in 2006, but declined them. He also was awarded the Narendra Prasad Foundation Award for criticism in 2007.

title: V. C. Sreejan


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Adams political family

The Adams family is a political family in the United States most prominent between the late 18th century and the early 20th century. Based in eastern Massachusetts, they formed part of the Boston Brahmin community. The family traces to Henry Adams of Barton St David, Somerset, in England. Its members include U.S. presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams. The two presidents and their descendants are also descended from John Alden, who came to the United States on the Mayflower.

The Adams family is one of four families to have produced two presidents of the United States by the same surname; the others being the Bush, Roosevelt, and Harrison families.

John Adams
John Adams was born on October 30, 1735 (October 19, 1735, Old Style, Julian calendar), to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. He had two younger brothers: Peter (1738–1823) and Elihu (1741–1775). Adams was born on the family farm in Braintree, Massachusetts. His mother was from a leading medical family of present-day Brookline, Massachusetts. His father was a deacon in the Congregational Church, a farmer, a cordwainer, and a lieutenant in the militia. John Sr. served as a selectman (town councilman) and supervised the building of schools and roads. Adams often praised his father and recalled their close relationship. Adams's great-great-grandfather Henry Adams immigrated to Massachusetts from Braintree, Essex, England, around 1638.

Though raised in modest surroundings, Adams felt pressured to live up to his heritage. His family was descended from Puritans, whose strict religious doctrines had profoundly shaped New England's culture, laws, and traditions. By the time of John Adams's birth, Puritan tenets such as predestination had waned and many of their severe practices moderated, but Adams still "considered them bearers of freedom, a cause that still had a holy urgency". Adams recalled that his parents "'held every Species of Libertinage in ... Contempt and horror,' ... and painted 'pictures of disgrace, or baseness and of Ruin' that would result from licentious behavior". Adams later noted that "As a child I enjoyed perhaps the greatest of blessings that can be bestowed upon men – that of a mother who was anxious and capable to form the characters of her children."

Adams, as the eldest child, was compelled to obtain a formal education. This began at age six at a dame school for boys and girls, conducted at a teacher's home, and was centered upon The New England Primer. Shortly thereafter, Adams attended Braintree Latin School under Joseph Cleverly, where studies included Latin, rhetoric, logic, and arithmetic. Adams's early education included incidents of truancy, a dislike for his master, and a desire to become a farmer. All discussion on the matter ended with his father's command that he remain in school: "You shall comply with my desires." Deacon Adams hired a new schoolmaster named Joseph Marsh, and his son responded positively.

Members

 * Henry Adams (1583–1646) born Barton St David, Somerset, England, first of the clan who immigrated to New England, United States.

 * John Adams Sr. (1691–1761), married Susanna Boylston (1708-1797)
 * John Adams (1735–1826), second president of the United States, married Abigail Adams (née Smith) (1744–1818).
 * John Quincy Adams (1767–1848), sixth president of the United States, married English-born Louisa Adams (née Johnson) (1775–1852).
 * George Washington Adams (1801–1829), member of Massachusetts state legislature.
 * John Adams II (1803–1834), private secretary to his father.
 * Charles Francis Adams Sr. (1807–1886), U.S. Congressman and Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
 * John Quincy Adams II (1833–1894), lawyer and politician. His grandson was sociologist George C. Homans.
 * George Caspar Adams (1863–1900), prominent college athlete and football coach at Harvard University.
 * Charles Francis Adams III (1866–1954), 44th Secretary of the Navy, mayor of Quincy, Massachusetts.
 * Charles Francis Adams IV (1910–1999), first president of Raytheon.
 * Charles Francis Adams Jr. (1835–1915), brigadier-general in the Union Army during the American Civil War and president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890. His granddaughter was artist Mary Ogden Abbott.
 * John Adams (1875–1964), married Marian Morse.
 * Thomas Boylston Adams (1910–1997), executive, writer, and political candidate.
 * Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918), prominent author and political commentator, married Marian Hooper Adams (née Hooper) (1843–1885).
 * Brooks Adams (1848–1927), historian and political scientist.
 * Charles Adams (1770–1800), New York lawyer. His grandson Alexander S. Johnson was a federal judge.
 * Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832), Massachusetts legislator and judge.
 * Elihu Adams (1741–1775), younger brother of John Adams and captain in the Massachusetts Militia during the American Revolutionary War.

 * Samuel Adams (1722–1803), revolutionary, delegate to the Continental Congress and governor of Massachusetts, John Adams's second cousin.
 * Samuel A. Adams (1934–1988), historian and CIA analyst.
 * John Donley Adams (born 1973), American politician and lawyer.

Family religion
Adams was raised a Congregationalist but left the denomination as a young man. By his early 20s, he identified as a Unitarian, a Protestant denomination that had been recently formed. Adams always felt pressured to live up to his heritage. His family was descended from Puritans, whose strict religious doctrines had profoundly shaped New England's culture, laws, and traditions. By the time of his birth, the Congregationalists no longer called themselves "Puritans"; their severe practices had largely been dropped in the First Great Awakening of the 1730s. Adams praised them historically as bearers of freedom, a cause that still had a holy urgency". Adams recalled that his parents "held every Species of Libertinage in ... Contempt and horror", and detailed "pictures of disgrace, or baseness and of Ruin" resulting from any debauchery.

According to Dr. Sara Georgini, editor of The John Adams Papers: "From John Adams through his grandson Charles Francis, the Adams family creed was conventionally Unitarian. They believed in a guiding Providence. They trusted that human will empowered them to freely accept or reject God’s grace. They turned away from miracles and revelation, preferring biblical criticism and lay inquiry to broaden the mind beyond the passive reception of dogma. Acknowledging Jesus as a “master workman” and gifted moral teacher, they grew fuzzy about his divinity, opting instead to scrutinize his teachings and doctrines as they related to contemporary culture. In line with their Protestant peers, most Adamses  mistrusted the sensory emphasis and hierarchical nature of “Romish” Catholicism, but they revered Judaism as a source of lawmaking and ethics."

Family tree
The following is a selective family tree of notable members of the Adams family relative to Charles Francis Adams IV:

Harvard University and the Adams family
The Adams family had an extensive relationship with Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The following members of the family attended and graduated from Harvard:
 * John Adams, class of 1755
 * John Quincy Adams, class of 1788 and faculty member
 * Charles Adams, class of 1789
 * Thomas Boylston Adams, class of 1790
 * George Washington Adams, class of 1821
 * John Adams II, expelled with most of senior class prior to 1823 graduation, later among those designated "Bachelor of Arts as of 1823" and added to Harvard's Roll of Graduates
 * John Quincy Adams II, class of 1853
 * Charles Francis Adams Sr., class of 1825
 * Charles Francis Adams Jr., class of 1856
 * Henry Brooks Adams, class of 1858 and faculty member
 * Brooks Adams, class of 1870
 * George Caspar Adams, class of 1886, played football at Harvard and served as their head football coach for three seasons
 * Charles Francis Adams III, class of 1888
 * Roger Adams, class of 1909
 * Charles Francis Adams IV, class of 1932
 * Thomas Boylston Adams, class of 1933 (did not graduate)
 * Samuel A. Adams – class of 1955

Adams House, one of 12 residential colleges at Harvard, is named after John Adams and later members of the Adams family.

Memorials

 * Adams Memorial
 * Adams National Historical Park
 * Peacefield

Biographies

 * Abrams, Jeanne E. A View from Abroad: The Story of John and Abigail Adams in Europe (NYU Press, 2021).

title: Adams political family


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Pluster World

Pluster World (冒険遊記プラスターワールド) is a Japanese anime television series that originally aired on TV Tokyo from April 2003 to March 2004. It was produced by Nihon Ad Systems.

Story
According to legend, the peaceful Pluster World fell into chaos with the appearance of the Minusters, and in response, all of the Plusters fought alongside the humans, or, more specifically, merging with them in order to become more powerful ("plusting"), and were able to seal away the evil Minusters. The resulting peace was thought to continue forever, with the world once again returning to fruition, but the peace has been shattered again by the reappearance of the Minusters.

Beetma, a Pluster from the Kabuto Tribe, on a journey to become the most powerful Pluster, meets up with Wyburst from the Grip Tribe, as well as a Minus-Beast. Completely overmatched in battle, Beetma accidentally finds himself sent to the world of humans, where he meets an 11-year-old boy named Tohma Kaname, hoping for revenge on the Minus-Beast. Wyburst, looking for the legendary Gonggorahgong, eventually joins them on their quest to defeat the Minusters as they meet many other Plusters and journey onward.

Episode List

 * 1. Me + You = Plust On (オレ＋おまえ＝プラストオン)
 * 2. Legendary + Gongoragon = The Start of an Adventure (伝説＋ゴンゴラゴン＝冒険の始まり)
 * 3. Underground + Great Flood = P (Plust) Wyburst (地下＋大洪水＝Ｐ(プラスト)ワイバースト)
 * 4. Kamide + Death Demon = Deryi (神出＋鬼没＝デリィ)
 * 5. Seafloor + Treasure = Great Pirate (海底＋お宝＝大海賊)
 * 6. Darkness + Roar = Warrior of Fire (暗闇＋雄叫び＝炎の戦士)
 * 7. P (Plust) Deryi - Deryi = Harnia (Ｐ(プラスト)デリィ－デリィ＝ハーニア)
 * 8. Emergency + Research = Tankyu (緊急＋研究＝タンキュー)
 * 9. Enemy + Ally = Warrium (敵＋味方＝ウォリアム)
 * 10. Feeling + Passing = Plust Off (気持ち＋すれちがい＝プラストオフ)
 * 11. Sky + Golden Key = P (Plust) Fezard (天空＋黄金の鍵＝Ｐ(プラスト)フェザード)
 * 12. Tragedy + Hatred = P (Plust) Warrium (悲劇＋憎悪＝Ｐ(プラスト)ウォリアム)
 * 13. Discovery + Clash = Castle of Gorago (発見＋激突＝ゴラゴの城)
 * 14. Great Wish + Fulfillment = P (Plust) Maury (大願＋成就＝Ｐ(プラスト)モーリィ)
 * 15. Deep Sea + Palace = P (Plust) Mashanta (深海＋宮殿＝Ｐ(プラスト)マシャンタ)
 * 16. Circuit x Sand = P (Plust) Gingard (サーキット×砂＝Ｐ(プラスト)ギンガード)
 * 17. Infiltrate + Disguise = Guidance (潜入＋変装＝ガイダンス)
 * 18. Hope + Buddy = Unbeaten Feeling (希望＋仲間＝負けない気持ち)
 * 19. Beetma + Deryi = Really? (ビートマ＋デリィ＝本当？)
 * 20. Time + Confusion = All Set (時間＋混乱＝全員集合)
 * 21. Gem + Appearance = Tiger Storm (宝石＋出現＝トラストーム)
 * 22. Warrium x Gongoragon = Fierce Fight (ウォリアム×ゴンゴラゴン＝激闘)
 * 23. Final x Decisive Battle = Gingiragin (最終×決戦＝ギンギラギン)
 * 24. Blast + Machine = Pluster Race (爆走＋マシン＝プラスターレース)
 * 25. Victory + Friendship = Wyburst (優勝＋友情＝ワイバースト)
 * 26. Battle + Pinch = Beetma EX (バトル＋ピンチ＝ビートマＥＸ(エクス))
 * 27. Go Home + Surprising = Burning Transfer Student (帰宅＋驚がく＝燃える転校生)
 * 28. Fear + Robot = Pluster Hunt (恐怖＋ロボット＝プラスター狩り)
 * 29. Ghost Town + Duel = Badnick (ゴーストタウン＋決闘＝バドニック)
 * 30. Tankyu + Zaian = Plust Robo (タンキュー＋ザイアン＝プラストロボ)
 * 31. Rain + Whip = Monster Use (アメ＋ムチ＝怪物(モンスター)使い)
 * 32. Heart + Destruction = Gigajoules (心頭＋滅却＝ギガジュール)
 * 33. Sea + King = P (Plust) Poseihorn (海＋王様＝Ｐ(プラスト)ポセイホーン)
 * 34. Flame + Resolution = Varose (炎＋決意＝ヴァローゼ)
 * 35. Touma + Gun = Great Escape (トウマ＋ガン＝大脱出)
 * 36. Rainwhip + Airship = Great Explosion (アメドムチ＋飛行船＝大爆発)
 * 37. Zaian + Escape = Great Pursuit (ザイアン＋逃亡＝大追跡)
 * 38. Wyburst + Harnia = Great Rescue (ワイバースト＋ハーニア＝大救出)
 * 39. Rogue + Destruction = Dailand (悪党＋破滅＝ダイランド)
 * 40. Deryi + Barry = Special (デリィ＋バリー＝スペシャル)
 * 41. Darkness x Safety = Destruction (闇×セイフティ＝壊滅)
 * 42. Maury + Katchin + Great Fight (モーリィ＋カッチン＝大健闘)
 * 43. Sorrow + Flame = D (Dark) Varose (邪念＋火炎＝Ｄ(ダーク)ヴァローゼ)
 * 44. Stray + Delusion = Big Runaway (迷走＋妄想＝大暴走)
 * 45. Gun + Varose = Resurrection of Fire (ガン＋ヴァローゼ＝炎の復活)
 * 46. Baddle! + Fatal? = Great Battle!? (バッドル!＋やっとる?＝大バトル!?)
 * 47. D Mōryi + D Mōryi = D Mōryi (Ｄモーリィ＋Ｄモーリィ＝Ｄモーリィ)
 * 48. Deryi + Katchin = Outdoor Bath (デリィ＋カッチン＝露天風呂)
 * 49. Hero + Enter = Mighty V (勇者＋登場＝マイティＶ)
 * 50. Touma ÷ Beetma = ? (トウマ÷ビートマ＝？)
 * 51. Giant Statue + Power of Darkness = The End of the World (巨人像＋闇の力＝世界の終わり)
 * 52. You + I = Goodbye (Plust Off) (おまえ＋オレ＝さよなら(プラストオフ))

title: Pluster World


text:
Cruiser Mk II

The Tank, Cruiser, Mk II (A10), was a cruiser tank developed alongside the A9 cruiser tank, and was intended to be a heavier, infantry tank version of that type. In practice, it was not deemed suitable for the infantry tank role and was classified as a "heavy cruiser". It served briefly in World War II.

History and specifications
The A10 was developed by Sir John Carden of Vickers in 1934 by the adaptation of his A9 design. The A10 specification called for armour of up to 1 inch standard (the A9 was 14 mm); a speed of 10 mph) was acceptable. The two sub-turrets present on the A9 were removed, and extra armour bolted onto that already present on the front and sides of the hull, along with all faces of the turret, providing approximately twice the armour in most areas. The A10 was two tonnes heavier than the A9, but used the same 150 bhp engine, and as a consequence the tank's top speed was cut from 25 mph to 16 mph.

The turret armament consisted of a QF 2-pounder (40-mm) gun and a coaxial .303 Vickers machine gun. For the production version, there was a 7.92 mm BESA machine gun mounted in the hull in a barbette to the right of the driver. This was added to give extra firepower, but at the expense of simplicity - the Vickers and the BESA using different ammunition. The tank had a crew of five (Commander, gunner, loader, driver and hull machine gunner). There was no separation between the driver's compartment and the fighting compartments.

The prototype ("Tank, Experimental A10E1") was completed in 1936, a few months after the A9 prototype. Carden had died in an air crash in 1935 and development was slower than expected. In 1937, the A10 was dropped as an infantry support tank, but in 1938 it was decided to produce an order of 75 as an interim "heavy cruiser".

The A10 was accepted for service - initially as "Tank, Cruiser, Heavy Mk I" and then "Tank, Cruiser A10 Mk I" and finally "Tank, Cruiser Mk II". Production was ordered in July 1938. Total production was 175 vehicles, including the 30 CS versions (see below); 45 were built by Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company, 45 by Metropolitan-Cammell, 10 by Vickers. In late 1939, another order was placed with Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company, this time for a larger order of 75 vehicles. Entering service in December 1939 the tank was something of an oddity, it had been intended to sacrifice speed for armour like an Infantry tank but was still relatively poorly armoured and not effective.

Combat history
A number of Mark IIs were part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) sent to France in the early stages of the Second World War. The cross country performance was recorded as poor, but they were still used later in North Africa at the defence of Tobruk in 1941, where reliability and suspension performance in the desert conditions was praised. Sixty worn out examples were taken to Greece by the 3rd Royal Tank Regiment and, although they performed well against the German tanks, over 90% were lost due to mechanical breakdowns as opposed to enemy action (mainly lost tracks).

Variants
In total, 61 with Vickers machine guns and 99 with Besa machine guns were produced. Classified as a 'heavy cruiser', 31 were sent to France with the 1st Armoured Division, but performed poorly in the Battle of France. The tank also served in the North African Campaign until late 1941.
 * Tank, Cruiser, Mk II (A10 Mk I)

The coaxial Vickers machine guns were replaced with BESA machine guns. Armoured radio housing added.
 * Tank, Cruiser, Mk IIA (A10 Mk IA)

The CS (Close Support) version of the Mark II had a 3.7 in howitzer in the turret instead of the 2-pdr. The standard ammunition load was 40 rounds smoke, and a few HE shells.
 * Tank, Cruiser, Mk IIA CS (A10 Mk IA CS)

This weapon was derived from a World War I field howitzer, the QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer. It was not related to the 3-inch (76 mm) howitzer used in later British tanks in the Second World War, which was itself replaced by a 95 mm howitzer in the later versions of the Churchill infantry tanks and all CS versions of the Centaur and Cromwell cruiser tanks. British doctrine was that the CS tank was to provide smoke cover in advances or retreats and hence many more smoke rounds were carried than HE.

Related vehicles
The Valentine used the suspension and transmission of the A10 but with a much more heavily armoured hull and turret.

title: Cruiser Mk II


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Joseph C. Yates

Joseph Christopher Yates (November 9, 1768 –March 19, 1837) was an American lawyer, politician, statesman, and founding trustee of Union College. He served as seventh governor of New York, from January 1, 1823 – December 31, 1824.

History
Born in 1768 in Schenectady in the Province of New York in the colonial era to Colonel Christopher P. Yates and Jannetje Bradt, Yates rose during the early Federal period after the United States gained independence in the American Revolutionary War. He read the law with an established firm and passed the bar.

He served as the mayor of Schenectady (beginning in 1798), being appointed successively to twelve one-year terms. In 1805 he was elected as a state senator, in 1808 as a State Supreme Court justice, and in 1823 as the seventh governor of New York (1823–1824). Yates is the only Governor of New York to have been born in Schenectady County, which was settled in the early Dutch colonial period.

In his public life, Yates served also as a founding Trustee of Union College, established in 1795 in Schenectady. The private college became well known. Yates also served as President of the Schenectady Savings Bank. Yates was selected as a presidential elector in 1828.

His residence in Schenectady, during the period when he served as governor, survives on Front Street near the Mohawk River. It is a contributing property in the city's listed Stockade Historic District.

As Governor, Yates sat for a portrait by John Vanderlyn, an American painter famed for his portrayals of such eminent political figures as George Washington, Aaron Burr, James Monroe, George Clinton, Andrew Jackson and Zachary Taylor. The painting is owned by the City of New York.

Family
Joseph was born to Christopher "Colonel Stoeffel" Yates and his wife Jannetje Bradt in the autumn of 1768.

In the course of his life he married three times: the first was said to be for love: Ann, widow of James Ellice ; the second was for money, Maria, daughter of John Kane and his wife; and the last was for clout, as he required her connections to further his ambitious political career, Elizabeth De Lancey, a daughter of John De Lancey and his wife, of Westchester County, New York.

Yates had three children, all daughters: Helen Maria, the oldest, was born on September 28, 1797. She later married Colonel John K. Paige and died January 25, 1829. Anna Alida was born September 14, 1806, and married John D. Watkins, a resident of Georgia. Jane Josepha was born November 6, 1811, and married Samuel Neil of New York.

Death and legacy
Joseph C. Yates died on March 19, 1837. He was buried in a family cemetery in Schenectady County, New York. In 1889, his youngest daughter, Jane (Yates) Neil, arranged to reinter the remains of her father Joseph and those of several other Yates family members to her husband's Neil family mausoleum in the churchyard of St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Bronx County, New York. The Neil family mausoleum has no indication that Gov. Yates is interred there.

Yates County, New York and the Town of Yates are named after former Governor Yates.

title: Joseph C. Yates


text:
User:Porky~enwiki

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title: User:Porky~enwiki


text:
Lunitidal interval

The lunitidal interval measures the time lag from lunar culmination to the next high tide at a given location. It is also called the high water interval (HWI). Sometimes a term is not used for the time lag, but instead the terms age or establishment of the tide are used for the entry that is in tide tables.

Tides are known to be mainly caused by the Moon's gravity. Theoretically, peak tidal forces at a given location would concur when the Moon reaches the meridian, but a delay usually precedes high tide, depending largely on the shape of the coastline and the sea floor. Therefore, the lunitidal interval varies from place to place – from three hours over deep oceans to eight hours at New York Harbor. The lunitidal interval further varies within about 3h ± 30 minutes according to the lunar phase. (This is caused by the time interval associated with the solar tides.)

Hundreds of factors are involved in the lunitidal interval, especially near the shoreline. However, for those far away enough from the coast, the dominating consideration is the speed of gravity waves, which increases with the water's depth. It is proportional to the square root of the depth, for the extremely long gravity waves that transport the water that is following the Moon around the Earth. The oceans are about 4 km deep and would have to be at least 22 km deep for these waves to keep up with the Moon. As mentioned above, a similar time lag accompanies the solar tides, a complicating factor that varies with the lunar phases. By observing the age of leap tides, it becomes clear that the delay can actually exceed 24 hours in some locations.

The approximate lunitidal interval can be calculated if the moonrise, moonset, and high tide times are known for a location. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Moon reaches its highest point when it is southernmost in the sky. Lunar data are available from printed or online tables. Tide tables forecast the time of the next high water. The difference between these two times is the lunitidal interval. This value can be used to calibrate tide clock and wristwatches to allow for simple but crude tidal predictions.

title: Lunitidal interval


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Watterson Towers

Watterson Towers is a student residence hall at Illinois State University, and is said by the university to be one of the tallest dormitory buildings in the world at 298.5 feet. Located in Normal, Illinois, at the corner of Fell and Beaufort Streets, it was completed in 1969. The 28-story complex holds over 2,200 students and stands at 91m (298.5 feet), making it one of the tallest brutalist structures in the world. Watterson Towers was named after Arthur W. Watterson, a popular professor and chair of the ISU Geography Department, who taught at the University from 1946–1966. The building was designed by Fridstein and Fitch Architects in Chicago, and built by C. Iber and Sons Company of Peoria, Illinois.

Externally, the most noticeable feature of the building is that it consists of two separate towers. From the outside an observer sees that the two towers are connected at several points by breezeways. However, to the residents, this division into towers goes almost unnoticed, as what is far more important is the internal division of the building into houses. Watterson is composed of ten of these houses, (five in each tower), and each is considered—in terms of campus governance—to be its own residence hall. The houses used to be named after the first ten secretaries of state of the United States. As of 2020 each house is now an alphabet letter. A house at the bottom, and E house at the top.

Each "house" consists of five consecutive floors of a tower. Houses at the same level are paired both physically (in terms of access, see below) and in terms of student governance. For example, the bottom five residential floors of the South Tower and the bottom five residential floors of the North Tower comprise "[A North/South] collectively.

Within each house, most floors are divided into four "suites" consisting of six rooms each. The suites include four double occupancy rooms, a triple room, and a single occupancy room. However, on the middle (third) floor of each house, there are only two suites, as the area for the other two suites is taken up by other things, including the connecting breezeways and some study lounges.

Watterson Towers is the tallest structure in Bloomington-Normal, and can be seen when entering the twin cities from either direction.

Renovations
Watterson Towers, now more than 50 years old, experienced a complete restoration, which was completed using the houses as stages. The food court renovations were completed in 2010, and all work was completed by early 2013.

Student jumps to her death
In 1971, a 21-year old ISU student jumped to her death after prying off a mesh screen from the window of her 18th floor room. The Oak Lawn woman's death was the first fatal fall from a high rise building on ISU's campus.

Student survives fall from window
In 1987, an 18-year-old student was critically injured when she fell from an 18th floor window. The student reported that she had leaned against the interior screen to wave to a friend when the barrier gave way.

Halloween trespasser falls to her death
On Halloween weekend 2011 a 45-year-old woman attempted to climb the 28 story building by using the scaffolding (being used for renovations) on the east side of the building. Reports say she leaned back on the scaffolding and plummeted 200 feet to her death in front of hundreds of spectators. She was pronounced dead at the scene. The woman was not a student.

title: Watterson Towers


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Cairn Terrier

The Cairn Terrier is a terrier breed originating in the Scottish Highlands and recognised as one of Scotland's earliest working dogs.

The name “Cairn Terrier” was a compromise suggestion when the breed was brought to official shows in the United Kingdom in 1909, initially under the name “Short-haired Skye terrier”. This name was not accepted by the Kennel Club when faced with opposition from breeders of the Skye Terrier. The alternative name Cairn Terrier was adopted.

History
Cairn terriers originated in the Scottish Highlands and the Isle of Skye, initially grouped in the "Skye Terrier" class alongside the Scottish and West Highland White Terriers. From the early 1900s, the three were bred separately.

The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom gave the Cairn Terrier a separate register in 1912; the first year of recognition, 134 were registered, and the breed was given Championship status.

Terry was a Cairn Terrier actor who played Toto in the Wizard of Oz.

Description
The Cairn Terrier has a harsh, weather-resistant outer coat that can be black, cream, wheaten, red, sandy, gray, or brindled. Pure black, black and tan, and white are not permitted by many kennel clubs. While registration of white Cairns was once permitted, after 1917, the American Kennel Club required them to be registered as West Highland White Terriers. A notable characteristic of Cairns is that brindled Cairns frequently change colour throughout their lifetimes. It is not uncommon for a brindled Cairn to become progressively more black or silver as it ages. The Cairn is double-coated, with a soft, dense undercoat and a harsh outer coat. A well-groomed Cairn has a rough-and-ready appearance, free of artifice. The Cairn Terrier was registered into the American Kennel Club in 1903.

Cairn Terriers tend to look similar to Norwich Terriers, but with some differences (for example the shaggy fur). The outer layer of fur is shaggy, but they have a soft, downy undercoat. The ideal weight is 4.5-7.3 kg (10-16 lb), and the height 9–13 in (23–33 cm).

Health
A 2015 French study found a life expectancy of 13.42 years. A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 14 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

Some of the more common hereditary health problems found in the Cairn are:
 * Bronchoesophageal fistula
 * Cataracts
 * Corneal dystrophy
 * Craniomandibular osteopathy (lion jaw)
 * Diabetes mellitus
 * Entropion
 * Hip dysplasia
 * Hypothyroidism
 * Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy)
 * Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease
 * Lens luxation
 * Luxating patella
 * Ocular melanosis
 * Portosystemic shunt
 * Progressive retinal atrophy
 * Soft-tissue sarcoma
 * Von Willebrand disease

The breed is predisposed to atopic dermatitis.

title: Cairn Terrier


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Nathaniel Pitcher

Nathaniel Pitcher (November 30, 1777 – May 25, 1836) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the eighth governor of New York from February 11 to December 31, 1828.

Pitcher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, and raised in Sandy Hill, New York (Hudson Falls). He was educated in Sandy Hill, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and became an attorney. He became active in politics as a Democratic-Republican, and served in local offices including town supervisor and justice of the peace. He served in the New York State Assembly, as probate court judge of Washington County, and as a federal tax assessor during the War of 1812. He was also a longtime veteran of the New York Militia; he served during the War of 1812, and after the war he commanded a brigade with the rank of brigadier general.

From 1819 to 1823, Pitcher was a member of the United States House of Representatives. In 1826, he was elected Lieutenant Governor of New York. He served in 1827 and early 1828, and succeeded to the governorship after the February 1828 death of DeWitt Clinton. He served out the rest of Clinton's term, and left office after Martin Van Buren became governor in January 1829. In 1830, Pitcher was again elected to Congress, and he served one term, 1831 to 1833.

Pitcher died in Sandy Hill on May 25, 1836, and was buried at Baker Cemetery in Hudson Falls.

Early life
Pitcher was born in Litchfield on November 30, 1777. He was the son of Nathaniel Pitcher Sr. (1750–1802), a veteran of the American Revolution who led the detachment that captured Lake George's Fort George from the British in 1775. The younger Pitcher was raised and educated in Sandy Hill, New York (now Hudson Falls). He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Sandy Hill.

Early career
Pitcher entered politics as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, and he served as Kingsbury's town supervisor from 1804 to 1810. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1806 to 1807, 1815 to 1816, and 1816 to 1818.

From 1812 to 1813, Pitcher served as surrogate judge of Washington County. He was Kingsbury's town clerk in 1813 and 1814, and also served as a justice of the peace, with appointments in 1804, 1806, 1807, 1808, and 1811. During the War of 1812, Pitcher was appointed the federal revenue assessor for the 10th District of New York, which included Washington County, and was responsible for collecting taxes imposed to support the war effort.

Military career
Pitcher's father had been active in the militia, and the younger Nathaniel Pitcher followed him into military service, receiving his commission as an ensign in 1802. In 1808 he was appointed as adjutant of the regiment commanded by Micajah Pettit. Later in 1808 he was promoted to major, and appointed as inspector of the brigade commanded by Warren Ferris. In 1814, Pitcher was included in a militia detail of 13,500 soldiers that was activated for federal service during military operations on the Canada-western New York border during the War of 1812.

In 1815, Pitcher was appointed lieutenant colonel and second in command of the militia's 121st Regiment. Later in 1815, he succeeded Pettit as commander of the 17th Brigade, and was promoted to brigadier general. As a result of his military service, Pitcher was frequently referred to in public records and newspaper stories as "General Pitcher" or "Gen. Pitcher".

Later career
He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 16th and 17th Congresses (March 4, 1819 – March 3, 1823). He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention in 1821.

Pitcher was Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1827 and 1828 and became Governor of New York upon the death of Governor DeWitt Clinton. He completed Clinton's term, February 11, 1828, to December 31, 1828, and was succeeded by Martin Van Buren.

He was elected as a Jacksonian to the 22nd Congress (March 4, 1831 – March 3, 1833).

Death and burial
Pitcher died in Hudson Falls on May 25, 1836, and was buried at Baker Cemetery in Hudson Falls.

Family
Pitcher's first wife was Margaret Scott (1782–1815). Their children included sons Augustus (1808–1876), Matthew Scott (1810–1858), and Montgomery Pike (1813–1841).

On March 15, 1823, Pitcher was married to Anna B. Merritt (1791–1824) of Freedom Plains, New York. She became ill and died soon after giving birth to their son Edward Merritt (1824–1860). Edward Merritt Pitcher moved to California in the 1840s, where he was an early settler of Sacramento, and a member of Sacramento County's first board of supervisors.

Pitcher's siblings included Zina Pitcher, a prominent physician and mayor of Detroit.

Legacy
The town of Pitcher in Chenango County is named for Pitcher.

Attempts to locate portrait
Pitcher is the only Governor of New York for whom no likeness is known to exist, and attempts to locate one have proved unsuccessful. One image that is sometimes identified as a portrait of Pitcher is not his likeness, as the clothing worn by the subject and the facial hair clearly date it to the 1850s–1860s era, at least 20 years after Pitcher died.

title: Nathaniel Pitcher


text:
Artur London

Artur London (1 February 1915 – 8 November 1986) was a Czechoslovak communist politician and co-defendant in the Slánský Trial in 1952. Though he was sentenced to life in prison, he was freed in 1955; he then settled in France with his wife Lise London. In 1968 he published his memoirs in L'Aveu (The Confession), a book which resonated internationally, adapted by Costa-Gavras as the movie of the same name.

Biography
London was born in Ostrava, Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic) to a Jewish family.

London spent 1934 to 1937 in Moscow. In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, he left for Barcelona where he worked for SIM (Servicio de Información Militar), an intelligence service run by the Soviet NKVD. He moved to France after the defeat of the Republicans. In World War II, he was active in the French resistance, was arrested by the Nazis and sent to the Mauthausen concentration camp. After the war, he lived in Switzerland but soon moved with family to Prague, where he became a leading figure in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and was eventually nominated deputy minister of foreign affairs in 1948.

In 1951, he was arrested and became a co-defendant with Rudolf Slánský in the Slánský trial, one of several show trials against Eastern European communists at the time. Accused of being a Zionist, Trotskyite and Titoist, he was forced to confess and sentenced to life in prison. After the Slánský trial, London collaborated with the authorities and served as a lead witness in other construed political processes against top Czechoslovak communists, such as Eduard Goldstücker, Josef Pavel, Osvald Závodský, Gustáv Husák, Otakar Hromádko and others.

Following Joseph Stalin's death in 1953, London was released in 1955. After his rehabilitation in 1963, he moved to France with his wife, Lise London, a French communist he had met in Moscow. In 1963, London published Espagne, a book about his time in the Spanish civil war. The couple wrote the book L’Aveu (1968), an autobiographical account of his ordeal in the Prague Trials. The English translation The Confession by Alastair Hamilton appeared in 1968. (In the United Kingdom, the translation was published in 1970 under the title On Trial). While the main defendants were senior to London, he gained prominence worldwide by writing the book.

The book was the basis for the film The Confession (1970) directed by Costa-Gavras, starring Yves Montand and Simone Signoret. Chris Marker made the short film On vous parle de Prague: Le deuxième procès d'Artur London, an on-set documentary about the making of this movie. Lise later narrated the documentary A Trial in Prague, directed by Zuzana Justman (2002, 83min).

Artur London died in Paris in 1986, aged 71. Lise died there in 2012, aged 96. They are both buried in the PCF plot at Ivry Cemetery in Ivry-sur-Seine.

title: Artur London


text:
Whizzer and Chips

Whizzer and Chips was a British comics magazine that ran from 18 October 1969 to 27 October 1990, when it merged with the comic Buster. As with most comics of the time, Whizzer and Chips was dated one week ahead of the day it actually appeared on newsstands in Great Britain (the date referred to the day the comic needed to be taken off the shelves to make way for the new issue, rather than a release date). It had no relation to the earlier British comic Illustrated Chips (which ran from 1890 to 1953).

The format of Whizzer and Chips presented the comic as being divided into two separate parts — a novel idea at the time. One part was called Whizzer and the other was called Chips, with Chips existing as a separate pull-out section in the middle. The slogan "Two comics in one, double the fun!" was used. In the offices of publisher Fleetway, Whizzer and Chips was always regarded as one comic.

In common with most British comics of the time, both sections originally had some of their strips printed in semi-colour using black, white, and red (duotone), with others in plain black and white. To reinforce the distinction between the two sections, the duotone strips in Chips were later changed to black, white, and blue. Whizzer and Chips went full colour on the week of 4 May 1990.

The comic Knockout merged with Whizzer and Chips on 30 June 1973, as did Krazy in 1978, Whoopee! in 1985 and finally Scouse Mouse in 1989.

Concepts
One ongoing concept was that the two comics were fierce rivals. A guest appearance by a character from one of the comic strips in the story of one in the other magazine would be described as a "raid", and the other comic would seek its revenge with a raid of its own the following week. The first raid appeared in issue 2.

Readers were encouraged to become either a "Whizz-Kid" or a "Chip-ite", depending on which section they preferred. The leader of the Whizz-Kids was a boy called Sid and his snake Slippy, from the Sid's Snake comic strip. The leader of the Chip-ites was a boy called Shiner from the comic strip of the same name, who had aspirations to become a boxer. In the first issue of Whizzer and Chips, Sid's Snake was on the cover of Chips, for Shiner did not appear until issue 2.

Whizzer strips
Notable comic strips or characters in Whizzer throughout the comic's 21-year run included:
 * Belle Tent
 * Bobby's Ghoul
 * Champ
 * Doodle
 * Happy Families
 * Joker (from Knockout)
 * Lazy Bones
 * Me and My Shadow (from issue one – 18 October 1969 – to 26 December 1970, then rested until its return on 1 January 1972)
 * Memory Banks
 * Minnie's Mixer (from issue one until 23 June 1973 and the merger with Knockout)
 * The Mummy's Curse (from issue one until 26 December 1970)
 * Mystery Museum
 * Odd Ball
 * Sid's Snake
 * Slowcoach (from issue one until the merger with Knockout)
 * Space School — by Mike Higgs
 * Store Wars
 * Strange Hill (unrelated to the strip of the same name in The Dandy)
 * Sweet Tooth
 * Sweeny Toddler (from Whoopee!)
 * The 12½p Buytonic Boy (from Krazy; later known as Super Steve)
 * The Bumpkin Billionaires (from Whoopee!)
 * Timothy Tester (from 1 January 1972)
 * Tiny Tycoon
 * Toy Boy (from Whoopee!)
 * Whizz Wheels

Chips strips
Notable comic strips or characters in Chips throughout the comic's 21-year run included:
 * Bewitched Belinda
 * Beat Your Neighbour (from Knockout)
 * Boney
 * Bookworm (from Whoopee!)
 * Bottom Of The Class
 * Boy Boss (from Whoopee!)
 * Buffalo Bill
 * Calculator Kid (from Whoopee!)
 * Cocoa
 * Creepy Comix (from Whoopee!)
 * The Double Deckers (22 May 1971 to 13 May 1972)
 * Footsie the Clown
 * Fuss Pot (from Knockout)
 * Ginger's Tum
 * Guy Gorilla
 * Hal's Holdall
 * Harry's Haunted House
 * Junior Rotter
 * The Krazy Gang (from Krazy)
 * Loser
 * Lucky Dick
 * Ma, Pa and Baby Ba (from 20 May 1972)
 * Mustapha Million (from Whoopee!)
 * The Name Game (from 20 May 1972; charted the fictitious origins of a different name each week)
 * Phil Fitt
 * Percy's Pets (from Smash!) — by Stanley McMurtry
 * Police Dog and Cat Burglar
 * Sammy Shrink: The Smallest Boy in the World (originated in Wham!, moved to Pow!, then Knockout) — about a boy who is only two inches tall; by Dave Jenner.
 * Shiner
 * The Slimms (from Cor!!)
 * Super Dad
 * Toffee Nose (29 July 1972 to 23 June 1973)
 * Town Tarzan
 * Watford Gapp
 * Wear Em Out Wilf

Adventure stories
Adventure stories in the magazine included the following:
 * Alfie in Africa (2 January 1971 to 25 December 1971)
 * Archie's Angels (29 July 72 to 23 June 73)
 * The Castaways (from 1 January 1972)
 * Danny Drew's Dialling Man (1974/75)
 * The Perils of Paul White (1970)
 * Pursuit of the Puzzler (2 January 1971 until 29 July 1972)
 * Revenge of the Puzzler (5 August 1972 until 23 June 1973)
 * The Space Accident
 * The Spectacular Adventures of Willie Bunk (18 October 1969 to 26 December 1970)
 * Trip to Terror (from 30 June 1973; replaced the Puzzler series)
 * Who is Sandy? (2 January 1971 to 25 December 1971)
 * Wonder Car (1970 to 25 December 1971)

title: Whizzer and Chips


text:
Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)

The Battle of Megiddo (fought 15th century BC) was fought between Egyptian forces under the command of Pharaoh Thutmose III and a large rebellious coalition of Canaanite vassal states led by the king of Kadesh. It is the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. Megiddo is also the first recorded use of the composite bow and the first body count. All details of the battle come from Egyptian sources—primarily the hieroglyphic writings on the Hall of Annals in the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak, Thebes (now Luxor), by the military scribe Tjaneni.

The ancient Egyptian account gives the date of the battle as the 21st day of the first month of the third season, of Year 23 of the reign of Thutmose III. It has been claimed that this was April 16, 1457 BC, according to the Middle Chronology, although other publications place the battle in 1482 BC or 1479 BC. The Egyptians routed the Canaanite forces, which fled to safety in the city of Megiddo. Their action resulted in the lengthy siege of Megiddo.

By reestablishing Egyptian dominance in the Levant, Thutmose III began a reign in which the Egyptian Empire reached its greatest expanse.

Annals of Thutmose III
During Thutmose III's first campaign in the Levant, his personal scribe, Tjaneni, kept a daily journal on parchment. In approximately his 42nd regnal year, many years after his campaigns in the Levant had ended, Thutmose III instructed his artisans to inscribe his military exploits into the walls of Amun-Re's temple at Karnak. The annals describe in lavish detail 14 campaigns led by Thutmose III in the Levant, the booty gained through his campaigning, tribute received from conquered regions, and, lastly, offerings to Amun-Re. The sequence of depictions indicate the New Kingdom's belief on the interactions of the gods with warfare: praise and offerings to the deities in exchange for their divine help in war.

Additionally, the annals show the long-lasting effects of the battle of Megiddo. After Thutmose III's victory at Megiddo and his successful campaigns in the Levant over the next 20 years, Egypt's rise to power in the international community and its evolution into an empire is evident in the annals. Depictions show international diplomacy through the giving of gifts from Babylon, the Hittite Empire, and other prominent and powerful regions during this time period.

Campaign against the kingdoms of Canaan
Pharaoh Thutmose III began a reign in which the Egyptian Empire reached its greatest expanse by reinforcing the long-standing Egyptian presence in the Levant. After waiting impatiently for the end of his regency by the Egyptian Pharaoh Hatshepsut, he immediately responded to a revolt of local rulers near Kadesh in the vicinity of modern-day Syria. As Egyptian buffer provinces in the land of the Amurru along the border with the Hittites attempted to change their vassalage, Thutmose III dealt with the threat personally. The Canaanites are thought to have been allied with the Mitanni and Amurru from the region of the two rivers between the headwaters of the Orontes and the Jordan. The driving and main force behind this revolt was the King of Kadesh. The powerful fortress of Kadesh offered protection to him and the city. The King of Megiddo, with an equally strong fortress, joined the alliance. The importance of Megiddo was its geographical location along the southwestern edge of the Jezreel Valley just beyond the Mount Carmel ridge and the Mediterranean. From this location, Megiddo controlled the Via Maris, the main trade route between Egypt and Mesopotamia.

The Egyptian inscriptions of the campaign on the Temple of Karnak come from a daily journal kept by the scribe Tjaneni during the campaign. In the Egyptian account Thutmose gathered an army of chariots and infantry numbering between ten and twenty thousand men. As the Egyptians mustered their forces, the king of Kadesh gathered many tribal chieftains from Syria, Aram and Canaan around him, estimated at between ten and fifteen thousand men, entered Megiddo and set his forces at the waters of Taanach. He expected that the Egyptians would come by way of Taanach via Dothaim, the main route from the Mediterranean lowlands into the Valley of Kishon, and from Egypt to Mesopotamia. The Egyptian army assembled at the border fortress of Tjaru (called Sele in Greek) and arrived ten days later at the loyal city of Gaza. After one day's rest, it marched north for eleven days to the city of Yehem (now Khirbet Yemmeh, south of Jatt ). Here, Thutmose sent out scouts. To continue northeast from Yehem, the army had to pass the Carmel mountain range, beyond which lay the Jezreel Valley and the city and fortress of Megiddo, where the rebel forces had gathered. There were three possible routes from Yehem to Megiddo. Both the northern route, via Zefti and Yokneam, and the southern route, by way of Taanach, were safer but longer routes. The central route, via Aruna (modern Wadi Ara), was more direct but risky; it followed a narrow ravine, and the troops could only travel single-file. If the enemy waited at the end of the ravine, the Egyptians would risk being cut down piecemeal. The army leaders pleaded with him not to take the difficult road but to take either of the safer routes. Instead, with information from the scouts, Thutmose III decided to take the direct path to Megiddo. He believed that if his generals advised him to take the easier routes, then his enemy would assume he would do so, so he decided to do the unexpected.

The King of Kadesh had left large infantry detachments guarding the two more likely paths, and virtually ignored the Aruna route. Ignoring the danger of spreading out his army in the mountains where leading elements might be subject to enemy ambush in narrow mountain passes, and his main force still far behind in Aruna, unable to come to their aid, Thutmose took the direct route through Aruna (Wadi Ara). To reduce the risk, Thutmose himself led his men through Aruna. His light infantry and the mounted bowmen known as haibrw moved in quickly to eliminate any rebel pickets, leaving the main force of chariots to follow. With the city lightly guarded by the enemy, Thutmose led a quick assault, scattered the rebels and entered the valley unopposed. Now, the Egyptian army had a clear path to Megiddo, with the main forces of the rebel army far away to the northwest and southeast.

Battle and siege

Thutmose seized the opportunity. He set up camp at the end of the day, but during the night arrayed his forces close to the enemy; the next morning, they attacked. It cannot be established if the surprised King of Kadesh had managed to fully prepare for battle. Even if he did, it did not do him much good. Though his forces were on high ground adjacent to the fortress, the Egyptian line was arranged in a concave formation, consisting of three wings, that threatened both Canaanite flanks. Both the Egyptians and the Canaanites are estimated to have had around 1,000 chariots and 10,000 infantry. The Pharaoh led the attack from the center. The combination of position and numbers, superior maneuverability of their left wing along with an early, bold attack, broke the enemy's will; their line immediately collapsed. Those near the city fled into it, closing the gates behind them.

The Egyptian soldiers fell to plundering the enemy camp. During the plunder they captured 924 chariots and 200 suits of armor. Unfortunately for the Egyptians, during this confusion, the scattered Canaanite forces, including the kings of Kadesh and Megiddo, were able to rejoin the defenders inside the city. Those inside lowered tied-together clothing to the men and chariots and pulled them up over the walls. Thus, the opportunity of a quick capture of the city following the battle was lost.

The city was besieged for seven months and the King of Kadesh escaped. Thutmose built a moat and a wooden palisade, eventually forcing its occupants to surrender. At Karnak it is recorded that the victorious army took home 340 prisoners, 2,041 mares, 191 foals, six stallions, 924 chariots, 200 suits of armor, 502 bows, 1,929 cattle, 22,500 sheep, and the royal armor, chariot and tent-poles of the King of Megiddo. The city and citizens were spared. A number of other cities in the Jezreel Valley were conquered and Egyptian authority in the area was restored.

Results
Egypt's realm was expanded by this campaign. As Paul K. Davis wrote, "By reestablishing Egyptian dominance in Canaan, Thutmose began a reign in which Egypt reached its greatest expanse as an empire." Thutmose III required from the defeated kings that they each send a son to the Egyptian court. There, they received an Egyptian education. When they returned to their homelands, they governed with Egyptian sympathies. Nevertheless, the victory at Megiddo was only the beginning of the pacification of the Levant. Only after several further campaigns, conducted almost annually, was the unrest cooled. One unanticipated result came in the form of the word Armageddon, which took its root from Megiddo's name.

General references

 * Cline, Eric H., and O'Connor, David (2006). "Thutmose III: A New Biography". University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11467-0
 * Dupuy, Trevor Nesbit (1990). The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare. DaCapo. ISBN 0-306-80384-4
 * Dupuy, Richard Ernest, and Dupuy, Trevor Nesbit (1993). The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270056-1
 * Dupuy, Richard Ernest, and Dupuy, Trevor Nesbit (1993). The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270056-1

title: Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)


text:
Talk:Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)

I have two printed works that say 1479, but twice as many online references say 1469 (tho many are WP-derived), and there are a few websites that use both 1469 and 1479 on the same page(!). Which should it be? Stan 04:33, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I have moved the page to Battle of Megiddo (15th century BCE), a. to reflect the uncertainty as to the precise dating of the event (though noting that by far the best accepted date amongst Egyptologists is currently 1457 BCE); b. to remove the BC and make it BCE "before Christian era" - far more acceptable overall Pjamescowie 18:08, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Should siege of Megiddo be merged into this? I don't think there is really enough information to warrant to separate articles, and they are part of the same event. Adam Bishop 20:32, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Geographically inconsistent account
The article says: "To continue north, they had to pass the Mount Carmel ridge. Behind it lay the city and fortress of Megiddo, where the revolting forces had gathered"

This doesn't make any sense Megiddo is south east to Mount Carmel. Is this because these locations have changed over the past 1500 years? Nevertheless the article points to specific coordinates, and those coordinates are completely against what the text says. I think this article is complete rubbish, and would be better deleted altogether. The only thing worth salvaging from this is some kind of proper reference to the historical texts it claims to be derived from.

Whitehorses2501 (talk) 10:50, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

 * - no, they haven't changed, the reference is to the ridge, and our article on Mount Carmel says:
 * The phrase "Mount Carmel" has been used in three distinct ways:[3]

 * To refer to the 39 km-long (24-mile long) mountain range, stretching as far in the southeast as Jenin.
 * To refer to the northwestern 21 km (13 mi) of the mountain range.

"\:To refer to the headland at the northwestern end of the range.

 * It's correct, and your comments about it being complete rubbish are just wrong. Our articles are meant to be built on reliable sources, and those aren't the historical texts all the time, we rely upon academic interpretations. Eric H. Cline is an expert on this subject. But feel free to add anything else specific that you think is wrong.  Doug Weller  talk 15:46, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Apologies, I was mostly wrong. The main reason for my confusion was that the referenced article for Mount Carmel points to somewhere far away to the north-west, while the article says Tel Yokneam should be at the north end of the ridge, and Taanach at the south. If I understand it correctly it sounds like Thutmose III was crossing the ridge along the line of Highway 65 (Israel).

 * {{re|Whitehorses2501)) don't worry about it. If you want a quote from Cline I can give it to you. Doug Weller  talk 10:37, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

Unstubbed
I've done my duty. Finding this a stub, I researched what I had. I found the German Wikipedia version pretty complete. I merged that with what little this article started with, added bits from my sources. Others can take it from here.

This also covers the Siege of Megiddo, what little there is. I don't think there will ever be enough for a separate article on that. I will redirect Siege of Megiddo to here.

Chronologically, this is the first ancient battle article; only about 1500 more to go. --A D Monroe III 22:55, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You did an excellent job. But according to Hittite tablets, found in the last century, the battle might have actually have been a stalemate. The expansion of Egyptian territory might have come more from diplomacy than from battle. The accounts taken in this article are from the Egyptian side only. The truth is, the archaeological and historical evidence is too scant to determine if this was truly an Egyptian victory on the battle field, I think that should be mentioned. -- User: Diggerjohn111 17:52, 13 Apr 2007 (UTC)

 * Are there Hittitie accounts of this battle? Might you be confusing it with the Battle of Kadesh? PatGallacher (talk) 17:44, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Egyptrivia
Dupuy's Evo says Egyptian scribes (under Thutmose III) were the first to do body counts after battles ended. --Trekphiler 23:29, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Removed copyvio by Egyptos
I've reverted his edits as they were basically copyvios from http://touregypt.net/battleofmegiddo.htm and http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/megiddo.htm -- as are many of his edits on other articles.--Doug Weller (talk) 20:56, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Accuracy problems
There appears to be some very dubious original research going on with this article. This is the first I have heard of this, that Judges chapter 4 is a reference to the Battle of Megiddo fought by Thutmose III, and having a quick look over this chapter I see nothing which would support this view, or any mention of Egyptians. Do we have clear Hittite references to this battle either? PatGallacher (talk) 11:56, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Anything by Rktect anywhere should be deleted, he is/was notorious for original research here and elsewhere. I thought most of his stuff had been cleaned up but this may have been missed. I've cleaned the Judges/Sisera stuff out, it was fairly recent, now it needs improving. Dougweller (talk) 16:23, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Requested move
No consensus for move. Parsecboy (talk) 00:33, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I propose we move this article to "Battle of Megiddo" as this is clearly the best known battle fought there. This will mean moving the existing Battle of Megiddo article to "Battle of Megiddo (disambiguation)". PatGallacher (talk) 23:02, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Battle of Megiddo (1918) is the most notable to many people here in Britain, which had a large army in that battle. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:12, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * That could be an anglocentric view. PatGallacher (talk) 17:44, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * That would prove that a dab page should sit there. 76.66.202.139 (talk) 04:26, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment amongst Christians, Jews and Muslims, wouldn't Battle of Megiddo (609 BC) be more familiar? 76.66.202.139 (talk) 04:28, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * The best known use of this name may well be Armageddon (forthcoming). Make the simple name a dab page to avoid errror. since we now have four plausible candidates. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:18, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Date issues
Given the disputes which exist, I'm a bit cautious about any chronology claiming to give the exact year as far back as that. Even more surprising is the claim to an exact date. Is our knowledge of the ancient Egyptian calendar that precise that we can do this? Also, with any date prior to (I think) 1st March 101 BC you have to say if this is the proleptic Gregorian calendar or the proleptic Julian calendar. PatGallacher (talk) 15:04, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Any date prior to the invention of the Gregorian calendar may be presumed Julian (unless it deals with the unreformed Roman calendar, meaningless here). Inserting Julian is probably harmless. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:49, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Can we presume that? I am not disputing that normally applies to dates from when the Julian calendar was normally in use, but what about before then?  Proleptic Gregorian calendar says that this tends to be used for historic dates for cultures which did not use the Julian calendar.  At this time there would be an 11-day gap between the Julian and Gregorian dates, which in some places might be significant in terms of hours of daylight, weather etc., and the Gregorian date corresponds to the calendar we now use.  I don't think we can just let this stand without clarification from the relevant source. PatGallacher (talk) 19:07, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that, at least about the Mediterranean. Switching Greek or Egyptian history from Gregorian to Julian (as dates must be for Augustus's time) to Gregorian again makes no sense. It may be true (I do not know) for Mayan or Chinese dates, but not here. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:53, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * That last comment strikes me as confused, and I am genuinely confused about what it means. Actually, during Augustus's time Julian and Gregorian dates would be identical, what we are dealing with here is dates well before his time. PatGallacher (talk) 23:57, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, during Augustus's time Julian and Gregorian dates would be identical, No; they are identical during the third century. The Gregorian calendar lost one day at 300 AD, and has lost 3 days each 400 years since to the present difference of 13. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:25, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

The source gives the date of the battle as "Year 23, first month of the third season, on the twenty-first day, the day of the feast of the new moon, corresponding to the royal coronation". PatGallacher (talk) 17:14, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

A Useful Reference
Last night I saw the excellent PBS 3-hour series "Egypt's Golden Empire . New Kingdom"; it corresponds closely to what I read in the article. Kevin Langdon (talk) 19:29, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

A Useful Reference
Last night I saw the excellent PBS 3-hour series "Egypt's Golden Empire . New Kingdom"; it corresponds closely to what I read in the article. Kevin Langdon (talk) 19:30, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

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Casualty count
one of the sources for the casualty count is John Keegan's A History of Warfare (called The History of Warfare in the citation list), however in Keegan's book during the discussion of the casualty count he states that "only eighty-three of the enemy had been killed in the battle and 340 taken prisoner" in reference to the casualties of the Canaanites(page 176). Keegan's source for this is the Cambridge Ancient History volume II part 1, pages 444-451, which also breaks down the casualties as eighty three killed, 340 captured. SovietMuffin01 (talk) 22:25, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Just to expand on this a little, the other source for the casualty count is The Battle of Megiddo by Harold Hayden Nelson which also lists 83 people, not 8,300 as the death toll. SovietMuffin01 (talk) 14:11, 10 October 2023 (UTC)


text:
Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)

This Battle of Megiddo is recorded as having taken place in 609 BC, when Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt led his army to Carchemish (northern Syria) to join with his allies, the fading Neo-Assyrian Empire, against the surging Neo-Babylonian Empire. This required passing through territory controlled by the Kingdom of Judah. The Judaean king Josiah refused to let the Egyptians pass. The Judaean forces battled the Egyptians at Megiddo, resulting in Josiah's death and his kingdom becoming a vassal state of Egypt. The battle is recorded in the Hebrew Bible, the Greek 1 Esdras, and the writings of Jewish historian Josephus.

While Necho II gained control of the Kingdom of Judah, the Assyrian forces lost to the Babylonians and Medes at the Fall of Harran, after which Assyria largely ceased to exist as an independent state.

Biblical accounts
The basic story is told in 2 Kings 23:29–30 (written c. 550 BC). The Hebrew text here has been misunderstood and translated as Necho going 'against' Assyria. Cline 2000:92-93 notes that most modern translations try to improve this passage by taking into account what we now know from other historical sources, namely that Egypt and Assyria were then allies. The original text also does not mention a 'battle', yet some modern versions add the word 'battle' to the text. "In his days Pharaoh Neco king of Egypt went up to the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates. King Josiah went to meet him; and Pharaoh Neco slew him at Megiddo, when he saw him. And his servants carried him dead in a chariot from Megiddo, and brought him to Jerusalem, and buried him in his own tomb."

There is a longer account recorded later in II Chronicles 35:20–25 (written c. 350–300 BC). "After all this, when Josiah had set the temple in order, Neco king of Egypt came up to make war at Carchemish on the Euphrates, and Josiah went out to engage him. But Neco sent messengers to him, saying, 'What have we to do with each other, O King of Judah? I am not coming against you today but against the house with which I am at war, and God has ordered me to hurry. Stop for your own sake from interfering with God who is with me, so that He will not destroy you.' However, Josiah would not turn away from him, but disguised himself in order to make war with him; nor did he listen to the words of Neco from the mouth of God, but came to make war on the plain of Megiddo. The archers shot King Josiah, and the king said to his servants, 'Take me away, for I am badly wounded.' So his servants took him out of the chariot and carried him in the second chariot which he had, and brought him to Jerusalem where he died and was buried in the tombs of his fathers."

Debate over II Chronicles
Eric H. Cline explains that there is a division of opinion as to the accuracy of the above account. On one side are the scholars who believe that it is an accurate report of a surprise attack by Josiah. On the other are those who point out that it would not be the only time the Chronicler 'improved' a story. From being wounded by an arrow to his burial in Jerusalem, the story resembles perhaps too closely stories from I and II Kings about Ahab of Israel and Ahaziah of Judah, events which occurred at least two centuries before Josiah's death. Cline suggests that the Chronicler used details from these stories in Josiah's story.

Cline also suggests the possibility that there may not have been a historical battle of Megiddo involving Josiah since there is little historical attestation for it outside the Bible. For example, Josiah may have been killed by Necho in some other circumstances.

Jewish
The account in Esdras adds some minor details, with the basic difference between it and the earlier account in the Book of Chronicles being that Josiah is described only as being 'weak' at Megiddo and asks to be taken back to Jerusalem, where he dies. Cline points out that this brings the story more in line with an earlier prophecy made by the prophetess Huldah (II Kings 22:15–20).

Seven centuries after Josiah's death, Josephus also wrote an account of the events. This contains more details about Josiah's movements on the battlefield, which have been suggested come from documents now lost, but Cline suggests it is based on the biblical accounts and perhaps Josephus's own views (Cline 2000:97).

The battle is also discussed in the Talmud, where it says that Josiah did not let the Egyptians pass because of a passage in the Bible that says "A sword shall not pass through your land" (Leviticus 26:6 Taanis 22b)

Also mentioning the Battle is the Kinnah for the 9th of Av, "And Jeremiah lamented over Josiah" (Kinnah 11), which seems to give a vague picture of the battle. The Judeans held the high ground, atop the hill, where they attempted to shower the advancing Egyptians with arrows. The Judean "professional" infantry of the time seems to have been some sort of force of hand-to-hand combatants who were also equipped with bows. Egyptian chariots charging seems to have driven them back, whereupon the now-damaged Judean infantry was attacked by the Egyptian infantry. Desperately trying to maintain his men's morale, Josiah ordered his charioteer to position his chariot right behind his center. Although the Kerathites advised the King to retreat, Josiah adamantly refused. Seeing the Judean royal standard, the Egyptian archers focused on Josiah as a target, and though he was struck 300 times, only one arrow seems to have found its mark, possibly striking him under the left arm. Josiah is withdrawn from the battle, gravely wounded, and, seeing their king retreat, the Judean army loses hope as well, and a rout follows.

Greek
Finally, there is the suggestion that Herodotus records this battle and the Egyptian campaign in his writings about the pharaoh Necho, which are included in his famous Histories:

Necos, then, stopped work on the canal and turned to war; some of his triremes were constructed by the northern sea, and some in the Arabian Gulf, by the coast of the Sea of Erythrias. The windlasses for beaching the ships can still be seen. He deployed these ships as needed, while he also engaged in a pitched battle at Magdolos with the Syrians, and conquered them; and after this he took Cadytis, which is a great city of Syria. He sent the clothes he had worn in these battles to Branchidae of Miletus and dedicated them to Apollo.

Location
A view at the topography of the place around the city reveals that Megiddo is a small rise among others on a small elevated plateau close to a large level coastal plain large enough to accommodate many thousands of troops. Since it foes dominate the surrounding area, it is not an obvious target, but it is useful as a garrison and has a water source from the Kishon River. That explains why Josiah used the terrain to mask his approach as he attempted to ambush the Egyptian army that was on its way to attack the Babylonians in Mesopotamia.

Aftermath
Judah fell under the control and influence of Dynasty XXVI of Egypt. On his return from Syria and Mesopotamia, the Egyptian pharaoh Necho II captured and deposed the Judean king Jehoahaz, the son of Josiah who had just succeeded his father on the throne. Necho enforced a tribute of 100 talents of silver (about 3$3⁄4$ tons or about 3.4 metric tons) and a talent of gold (about 34 kg) upon the Judeans, and appointed Jehoahaz' older brother Eliakim as king; Necho also renamed Eliakim to Jehoiakim. Jehoahaz was taken as a captive to Egypt, where he became the first king of Judah to die in exile.

title: Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)