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Arvydas Sabonis

Arvydas Romas Sabonis (born 19 December 1964) is a Lithuanian former professional basketball player and businessman. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest European players of all time and one of the best big-man passers in the history of the game. Sabonis won the Euroscar six times and the Mr. Europa Award twice. He played in a variety of leagues, including the Spanish ACB League, and spent seven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Playing the center position, Sabonis won a gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics, in South Korea, for the Soviet Union, and later earned bronze medals at the 1992 Olympic Games and 1996 Olympic Games representing Lithuania. He retired from professional basketball in 2005. Sabonis was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round of the 1986 NBA draft, but he did not play his first NBA game until 1995, at the age of 30. On 20 August 2010, Sabonis was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame in recognition of his great play in international competition. On 4 April 2011, Sabonis was named to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, and he was inducted on 12 August 2011. On 24 October 2011, Sabonis was voted as the next President of the Lithuanian Basketball Federation, replacing Vladas Garastas, who had led the LBF since 1991. He resigned from the position on 2 October 2013, but he came back to it on 10 October 2013.

His son, Domantas Sabonis, plays for the NBA's Sacramento Kings.

Early life and career
Born in Kaunas, in then Lithuanian SSR, Soviet Union, Sabonis began playing basketball at age 13. By the time he was 15 years old, he was a member of the Soviet national junior team.

Sabonis was excused from mandatory service to the Soviet Army, by enrolling at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture, in his hometown.

Žalgiris
Sabonis made his professional club debut in 1981, with one of the oldest basketball teams in Lithuania, Žalgiris, in his hometown of Kaunas. With the club, he won three consecutive Soviet Premier League titles, and the 1986 FIBA Club World Cup (FIBA Intercontinental Cup).

Valladolid
In 1989, Sabonis left Žalgiris, and signed with the Spanish Liga ACB club Fórum Valladolid. During the 1991–92 season, Sabonis helped the team to reach the semifinals at the Korać Cup.

Real Madrid
In 1992, after playing with Fórum Valladolid for three seasons, Sabonis joined the Spanish club Real Madrid, and with them, he won two Spanish League titles, and a FIBA European League (EuroLeague) title, in 1994–95. With Real Madrid, during the 1994–95 Spanish League season, he averaged 22.9 points, 12.5 rebounds, 2.4 assists, 1.6 steals, and 2.3 blocked shots, in 42 games played. While in the 1994–95 FIBA European League season, he averaged 21.8 points, 11.2 rebounds, 2.6 assists, and 1.8 steals per game, in 17 games played.

Portland Trail Blazers
Sabonis was originally selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the 77th overall pick of the 1985 NBA draft. However, the selection was voided because Sabonis was under 21 at the time of the draft. The following spring, he suffered a devastating Achilles' tendon injury. Nevertheless, he was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers, with the 24th overall pick of the 1986 NBA draft. Sabonis was not allowed to play in the US by the Soviet authorities, despite LSU Tigers head coach Dale Brown's plans to have Sabonis studying and playing at Louisiana State University, thus keeping him in an amateur status. However, he did go to Portland, to rehabilitate his injury with the Blazers medical staff, in 1988, while also practicing with the team.

After the 1994–95 European season, Sabonis and Portland contacted one another about a move to the NBA. Before signing Sabonis, Portland's then-general manager, Bob Whitsitt, asked the Blazers team physician to look at Sabonis' X-rays. Illustrating the impact of Sabonis' numerous injuries, Whitsitt recalled in a 2011 interview, that when the doctor reported the results, "He said that Arvydas could qualify for a handicapped parking spot, based on the X-ray alone." Nevertheless, the Blazers signed Sabonis. He had a successful rookie campaign, averaging 14.5 points, on 55% shooting, and 8.1 rebounds per game while playing less than 24 minutes per game. Sabonis was selected to the All-Rookie First Team and was runner-up in both Rookie of the Year and Sixth Man of the Year voting. His postseason averages went up to 23.6 points and 10.2 rebounds per game. In the first playoff series of his NBA career, Portland lost to Utah in five games. Sabonis averaged 16.0 points, 10.0 rebounds, and 3.0 assists per game in 1997–98, all career-highs.

During Sabonis's first stint in Portland, the Blazers always made the playoffs (part of a 21-year streak); between 1998 and 1999, the Oregon franchise changed large parts of its roster in order to compete for the NBA Championship (after six consecutive first round losses) with center Sabonis the only player remaining in the starting five. Kenny Anderson and Isaiah Rider were traded for Damon Stoudamire and Steve Smith. In both those years, the Blazers reached the Western Conference Finals. In 1999, they were swept by the eventual champions, the San Antonio Spurs, while, the next year, the team (starting Sabonis, Smith, Stoudamire, Rasheed Wallace, and recently added Scottie Pippen) lost to the Los Angeles Lakers (at the beginning of the team's three-peat), in seven games.

The question that frequently surrounds Sabonis's NBA career revolves around how good he could have been had he played in the NBA during his prime. Sabonis was already 30 when he joined the Blazers, by which time he had already won multiple gold medals, suffered through numerous injuries, and had lost much of his mobility and athleticism. In Bill Simmons's "Book of Basketball", Sabonis the international player is idealized, while Sabonis the Blazer is described as "lumbering up and down the court in what looked to be concrete Nikes" and ranking "just behind Artis Gilmore on the Moving Like a Mummy Scale." In ESPN's David Thorpe's view, Sabonis would be the best passing big man in NBA history, and possibly a top-four center overall, had he played his entire career there. In Clyde Drexler's view, if Sabonis had been able to spend his prime in Portland, next to the plethora of other Trail Blazers' All-Stars (Drexler, Terry Porter, Buck Williams, Steve Johnson, Kevin Duckworth, and Clifford Robinson), the Trail Blazers would "have had four, five or six titles. Guaranteed. He was that good. He could pass, shoot three pointers, had a great post game, and dominated the paint." Despite his height and weight, he was "a magician in the post who played the game with a style I've never seen from a big man. He was a point guard in a center's body. And, just to be fair to Arvydas, he was better than most point guards are at distributing the ball." His age and injuries made him appear as a "big guy who looked like he couldn't make it up the court, but the same guy who made the defense look foolish with a pass that whizzed by their ear. It just goes to show you how smarts and court savvy will always age better than a guy with no brains and all athletic ability".

On 6 April 2001, Sabonis scored a season-high 32 points while making 11 of 12 field goal attempts during a 122–91 win over the Golden State Warriors. After the 2000–2001 NBA season, Sabonis refused to sign an extension with the Trail Blazers and retired from the NBA. In his own words, he "was tired mentally and physically." Instead, he returned to Europe, where he signed a one-year deal, at a nominal salary, with Žalgiris Kaunas, expecting to join the team for the most important games of the season down the stretch. However, he ended up missing that season in its entirety, resting and recovering from injuries. Sabonis rejoined the Trail Blazers for one final season, in 2002–2003.

He won the Euroscar twice while playing with the Blazers. He also became a fan favorite, and had a warm welcome back when he visited Portland in 2011, en route to being enshrined into the Naismith Hall of Fame.

Back to Žalgiris
Sabonis went back to Žalgiris to play his final season, in 2003–04. He led the team to the Top 16 stage of the EuroLeague that year, and was named the Regular Season MVP and the Top 16 MVP. He also became the team's president. Sabonis would officially retire from playing professional basketball, in 2005.

Soviet national team
In 1982, Sabonis was one of the players in the senior Soviet Union national team that toured the United States, playing against various college basketball teams.

Despite being recommended to rest, instead of playing in the 1988 Summer Olympics, the Soviets allowed Sabonis to remain a part of their national team. Sabonis led the Soviet Union to a gold medal, with a win against the 1988 edition of the United States national team, that featured future NBA All-Stars David Robinson, Mitch Richmond, and Danny Manning in the semifinals. This was the last American Olympic team that was not composed of active NBA players. The team later beat Yugoslavia in the finals.

In his career with the senior Soviet national team, Sabonis also played at the following major tournaments: the 1982 FIBA World Championship (gold medal), the 1983 EuroBasket (bronze medal), the 1985 EuroBasket (gold medal), the 1986 FIBA World Championship (silver medal), and the 1989 EuroBasket (bronze medal). He was named to the EuroBasket All-Tournament Team in 1983 and 1985, and he was named the EuroBasket MVP in 1985.

The 1985–1988 stretch of a heavy playing schedule, and lack of rest, took a significant toll on Sabonis's future health and durability. Various leg injuries were not given much time to heal, due to the Cold War climate that surrounded international competition, as well as the intense rivalry of the Žalgiris Kaunas versus CSKA Moscow games in the USSR Premier League. In a 2011 interview, Sabonis expressed an opinion, that overuse by the coaches of the Soviet national program, was a major contributing factor to his first Achilles' tendon injury, back in 1986. Another key moment for his future health, took place in 1988, when Sabonis had a surgical Achilles procedure performed in Portland, but was rushed back on the floor with the USSR Olympic team, before a full recovery. The decision to include a limping Sabonis, on the USSR roster for the 1988 Olympic Games, was protested at the time by the Portland medical staff, and was later heavily criticized. While the Soviets cleared him to play professionally in 1989, when his Soviet national teammate, Šarūnas Marčiulionis, went to North America, Sabonis postponed his travel, over feeling that he was not physically ready for the NBA. Eventually, Sabonis would develop chronic knee, ankle and groin issues, that substantially limited his mobility and explosiveness, by the mid-1990s.

Lithuanian national team
After breakup of the Soviet Union, and the independence of Lithuania, Sabonis then became a member of the senior Lithuanian national team. He represented Lithuania at the following major tournaments: the 1992 Summer Olympic Games (bronze medal), the 1995 EuroBasket (silver medal), the 1996 Summer Olympic Games (bronze medal), and the 1999 EuroBasket. He was named to the EuroBasket All-Tournament Team in 1995.

Sabonis was also awarded a silver medal at the 2013 EuroBasket tournament, due to being the Lithuanian Basketball Federation (LKF) President.

EuroLeague

 * style="text-align:left;"|1985–86
 * style="text-align:left;"|Žalgiris
 * 13 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 24.5 || —
 * style="text-align:left;"|1986–87
 * style="text-align:left;"|Žalgiris
 * 6 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 21.3 || —
 * style="text-align:left;"|1992–93
 * style="text-align:left;"|Real Madrid
 * 20 || — || 30.9 || .543 || .500 || .663 || style="background:#cfecec;"|12.0* || 1.9 || 1.2 || — || 16.5 || —
 * style="text-align:left;"|1993–94
 * style="text-align:left;"|Real Madrid
 * 15 || — || 34.3 || .577 || .350 || .723 || 11.9 || 2.9 || 1.0 || — || 17.4 || —
 * style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|1994–95†
 * style="text-align:left;"|Real Madrid
 * 17 || — || 33.8 || .572 || .545 || .783 || 11.2 || 2.6 || 1.8 || — || 21.8 || —
 * style="text-align:left;"|2003–04
 * style="text-align:left;"|Žalgiris
 * 18 || 14 || 28.3 || .560 || .366 || .696 || style="background:#cfecec;"|10.7* || 2.4 || 1.0 || style="background:#cfecec;"|1.6* || 16.7 || style="background:#cfecec;"|26.3*
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
 * 89 || — || 31.6 || .562 || .439 || .716 || 11.4 || 2.4 || 1.3 || 1.6 || 19.2 || —
 * style="text-align:left;"|2003–04
 * style="text-align:left;"|Žalgiris
 * 18 || 14 || 28.3 || .560 || .366 || .696 || style="background:#cfecec;"|10.7* || 2.4 || 1.0 || style="background:#cfecec;"|1.6* || 16.7 || style="background:#cfecec;"|26.3*
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
 * 89 || — || 31.6 || .562 || .439 || .716 || 11.4 || 2.4 || 1.3 || 1.6 || 19.2 || —

Personal life
Sabonis is married to Ingrida Mikelionytė, the first Miss Lithuania, a fashion model, and a movie actress. They have a daughter named Aušrinė, and three sons: Žygimantas, Tautvydas, and Domantas – the last two being born in the cities their father was playing, Valladolid and Portland. Once Sabonis left the NBA, the family moved to the Spanish coastal city of Málaga. Domantas was drafted 11th overall in the 2016 NBA draft and is currently a three-time NBA All-Star, and currently plays for the Sacramento Kings. Žygimantas, and Tautvydas decided to continue their careers in Europe. Both Domantas and Tautvydas played for the Lithuania national team in different levels of competition.

In September 2011, Sabonis suffered a heart attack, while playing basketball in Lithuania. Doctors said that the heart attack was not life-threatening.

According to his son, Domantas, Arvydas is a huge fan of the Boston Celtics, his favorite basketball player is Larry Bird and his favorite color is green.

Popular culture
He appeared on the Lithuanian cover of the video game NBA Live 2001.

Arvydas Sabonis's basketball career and journey to represent his native country Lithuania in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics is highlighted in the documentary film The Other Dream Team. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2012 and was distributed by Lionsgate in the U.S. and Disney internationally.

title: Arvydas Sabonis


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Russian federal subjects

Title

 * WikiProject Russian federal subjects

Scope

 * This WikiProject aims to standardize federal subjects entries of Russia. Federal subjects include republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous districts (okrugs), federal cities, and an autonomous oblast.  The pages to be generated serve to provide reference information on the federal subjects and to link to more detailed articles when necessary.

 * Status page

Parentage

 * The parent of this WikiProject is the WikiProject Countries.

Descendant Wikiprojects

 * No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

Similar WikiProjects
Similar WikiProjects are:
 * WikiProject Chinese provinces
 * WikiProject Polish Voivodships
 * WikiProject Ukrainian subdivisions

See also: WikiProject Subnational entities

Participants

 * Ezhiki
 * Nikai
 * Bart l (layout only)
 * Nightstallion
 * Charm Quark
 * Ilyushka88
 * blueorpheus

How to title the page
Currently articles exist on all 85 federal subjects of Russia. The titles of these articles are to be retained.

Where to find information
Most federal subjects have their own websites. The amount of information greatly differs though.

Structure
The article should start with a good introduction, giving the name of the federal subject in English, its name in Russian (Cyrillic), and its name in any other official language of the federal subject (in that language).

A fact sheet is to be included on the right side of the article.

The rest of the article consists of the following paragraphs. Each paragraph can include a link to a more detailed article on the subject:

 * Geography: Describe the geographical features within the federal subject (rivers, lakes, mountains, natural resources, climate).
 * Geography overview section should give information on the following items: area, borders information (border length, list of federal subjects with common border, list of bordered foreign countries, list of bordered seas/oceans/lakes), highest point, maximum N->S distance, maximum E->W distance, average elevation. Some of this information is repeated in the fact sheet (see Template).
 * Rivers section should list all of the major rivers located on the territory of the federal subject and provide a link to a more details article on federal subject's rivers (which would include descriptions of minor rivers).
 * Lakes section should list all of the major lakes located on the territory of the federal subject and provide a link to a more details article on federal subject's lakes (which would include descriptions of minor lakes).
 * Mountains section should list all of the major mountains located on the territory of the federal subject and provide a link to a more details article on federal subject's mountains (which would include descriptions of minor mountains and hills).
 * Natural resources section should list principal resources of the federal subject, each under a separate subsection.
 * Climate section should provide climate review information as well as information on the following items: average annual temperature, January temperature range/average, July temperature range/average, average annual precipitation.
 * Administrative division: provide an overview of the federal subject's administrative structure; further subsections should include a list of districts and a list of major settlements with their status (city, town, village, etc.) (Note: the status hierarchy and English terminology need to be determined; this task, however, lies beyond the scope of this project).
 * Demographics: information on population (number of people, urban/rural population, male/female population, number of females per 1,000 males, average age, households statistical information, average life expectancy). Most of the information is available from 2002 Census data.
 * History: includes descriptions of historical events related to the federal subject, even if they occurred before the establishment of the federal subject.
 * Politics: describes recent and current political situation, gives appropriate facts.
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 * Transportation should be a subsection. It will include information on the railroads/automobile roads length, etc.
 * Please, add other subsection you feel are necessary.
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 * Education: education information, list of higher institutions and universities.
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 * Miscellaneous: anything not covered in the above sections. Do not add this section if there is no misc information in the article.
 * Related articles: a list of Wikipedia articles somehow related to the federal subject.
 * External links: a list of websites related to the federal subject(not only the official website). Each link should have a note on which language the website is in.  Always give links to the English sites (or versions) first, then to Russian sites.

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URS Corporation

URS Corporation (formerly United Research Services) was an engineering, design, and construction firm and a U.S. federal government contractor. Headquartered in San Francisco, California, URS was a full-service, global organization with offices located in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia-Pacific.

URS was acquired by AECOM on October 17, 2014.

History
URS Corporation’s oldest predecessor company was founded in 1904. URS was established in 1951 and incorporated in 1957 as Broadview Research – a research group active in the area of physical and engineering sciences. In 1967, management developed a growth strategy focused on building a multidisciplinary professional services firm. In 1968, Broadview Research acquired United Research Incorporated of Cambridge, Massachusetts. During this period, the name Broadview Research was changed to United Research Services and later shortened to URS.

URS was publicly traded as nyse: URS from January 13, 1978 through its acquisition by AECOM on October 17, 2014. It was originally traded as Thortec. A major investor was Richard Blum, husband of Senator Dianne Feinstein.

As of June 2013, the firm had more than 50,000 employees worldwide, in nearly 50 countries.

Activist investor demands and sale of company
Following announcements in early February 2014 that the fiscal year 2013 revenue and earnings were below expectations, URS made some management changes. URS had acquired Flint Energy Services for $1.25 billion in February 2012, creating an oil and gas division for the company. Issues in the oil and gas division were cited for the poor financial performance in fiscal year 2013 and URS announced the resignation of senior staff from that division. By the end of February 2014, the hedge fund Jana Partners disclosed that they had acquired an activist investor ownership position in the publicly traded company, announcing an intent to engage the corporate management on board and corporate structure and to create shareholder value.

Amidst industry speculation of a corporate breakup for URS, AECOM announced on July 13, 2014 that an agreement was reached to acquire URS for about $4 billion in cash and shares with another $2 billion in assumed debt. The final acquisition was decided on October 17, 2014, and URS was officially part of AECOM as of October 20, 2014.

Mergers and acquisitions
In 1996, URS acquired Greiner Engineering for $73.5 million. Greiner Engineering had been established in 1908 by John E. Greiner. Greiner was a former bridge engineer for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and worked at one time for Gustav Lindenthal, including on the Seventh Street Bridge.

URS acquired the Denver, Colorado based civil, geotechnical and environmental engineering firm Woodward-Clyde Group in 1997 for $100 Million, bringing additional environmental capabilities and a broader international presence to the organization. When Dames & Moore Group joined in 1999 (which had recently absorbed the Australian firm Hardcastle & Richards), URS further strengthened its program and construction management expertise and added to its FORTUNE 500 client base. In February 1999, URS also acquired transport consultant Thorburn Colquhoun.

In 2002, URS acquired EG&G Technical Services, positioning the company as a leading U.S. federal services contractor.

In November 2007, URS acquired Washington Group International of Boise for $3.1B and operated it as the "Energy and Construction Division".

On June 12, 2009, URS Chief Executive Officer Martin Koffel indicated the company was still on the hunt for "transformative acquisitions". An analyst with Gabelli & Co. stated that KBR, Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, and Foster Wheeler AG may be possible takeover targets.

On September 10, 2010, URS completed its acquisition of the British engineering firm Scott Wilson Group.

On June 2, 2011, URS completed its acquisition of Apptis Holdings, Inc. for a purchase price of $260 million in cash.

URS announced its acquisition of Flint Energy Services, a provider of construction services in the oil and gas industry, based in Calgary, Alberta, on February 20, 2012.

On October 20, 2014, URS was officially acquired by AECOM.

Projects
URS provided ongoing management and operation of the 4,200-acre Kennedy Space Center complex, including its 900 mission-specific facilities, 16,000 unique NASA systems and equipment, and 600 unique U.S. Air Force systems and equipment.

In the United Kingdom, a URS-led team was responsible for management and operation services at the Sellafield nuclear complex, including commercial operations, waste management, support services, decontamination and decommissioning, and new construction projects. Sellafield is one of the largest and most complex nuclear sites in the U.K., storing and treating nuclear waste from both the U.K.'s military and civil nuclear programs. URS lost this contract in January 2015.

URS provided comprehensive project and construction management services for the reconstruction of the UCLA Ronald Reagan Medical Center, the largest building project ever undertaken by the University of California.

URS was the contractor for the Port Washington Generating Station in Wisconsin, an 1100 MW combined-cycle power plant, which was recognized by Power Magazine as one of its top plants of 2008. URS also helped build the state-of-the-art Holcim cement manufacturing plant in Missouri, one of the largest cement manufacturing facilities in the world.

The I-35W bridge in Minneapolis collapsed in August 2007, killing 13 people and injuring 145. In 2003, URS had been retained by the Minnesota Department of Transportation to conduct a fatigue evaluation and a redundancy analysis of the bridge. Lawsuits filed in 2008 and 2009 cite the company with negligence. In 2010, these lawsuits were settled out of court without the admission of negligence or wrongdoing on the part of URS.

In November 2008, the National Transportation Safety Board determined the probable cause of the collapse of the I-35W bridge was "inadequate load capacity, due to a design error by Sverdrup & Parcel and Associates, Inc., of the gusset plates at the U10 nodes, which failed under a combination of (1) substantial increases in the weight of the bridge, which resulted from previous modifications, and (2) the traffic and concentrated construction loads on the bridge on the day of the accident." URS was not involved in the work being conducted on the bridge at the time of the collapse or in the design of the bridge.

The Martin Olav Sabo Bridge over Hiawatha Avenue in Minneapolis experienced failure of two of its longest support cables on February 20, 2012. URS Corporation was the design consultant for the bridge that was completed in 2007. These failures resulted in closures of Hiawatha Avenue and the adjacent light rail between Mall of America and downtown Minneapolis for safety precautions while support structures were put in place. Rail service was restored after four days while Hiawatha Avenue road traffic remained closed for staging of construction equipment. This failure occurred less than 18 months after URS Corporation settled out of court the lawsuits surrounding the Minneapolis I-35W bridge collapse.

URS was one of the contractors responsible for operating nuclear facilities at Los Alamos. In 2011, URS was involved in a criticality accident that nearly caused an uncontrollable nuclear reaction after mishandling plutonium. This occurred during lax safety protocols and after they replaced all of the members of the criticality safety team with URS employees.

title: URS Corporation


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Coverdell education savings account

A Coverdell education savings account (also known as an education savings account, a Coverdell ESA, a Coverdell account, or just an ESA, and formerly known as an education individual retirement account), is a tax advantaged investment account in the U.S. designed to encourage savings to cover future education expenses (elementary, secondary, or college), such as tuition, books, and uniforms (for the same year as the distribution). It is found at Section 530 of the Internal Revenue Code. Coverdell ESAs were first introduced under the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997.

The account is named for its primary champion in the United States Senate, the late Senator Paul Coverdell (R-GA).

Structure
Coverdell ESAs have two primary parties: a trust or custodian, who manages the account, and a beneficiary, who receives distributions from the account. The trust or custodian is the party that establishes and controls the funds in the ESA for the student beneficiary, who must be under the age of 18 at the time of designation. Funds within the account are not considered to be owned by the custodian nor by the beneficiary unless they are the same individual. All funds within an ESA must be distributed to the beneficiary before he or she turns 30 years old, but the custodian may name a new beneficiary of the account before such time in order the preserve the account.

Coverdell ESAs are self-directed investment accounts. Unlike bank deposit accounts, such as checking or savings accounts which are pure cash holdings and are typically insured, ESAs can contain both cash and investment securities such as stocks, bonds, real estate funds, and mutual funds. The value of these securities is not insured. This means the value of the funds in an ESA may rise and fall with the respective values of the securities held in the account. Coverdell ESAs may be opened with any investment brokerage institution who select a wide range of securities for the custodian to choose. The investment options for an ESA are therefore only limited by the choices available at that institution.

Tax-Advantaged Status
The funds contained in Coverdell ESAs are classified as tax-deferred. This means the appreciation, interest, and profits of securities within the account are not taxed as capital gains or income. Qualified distributions from an ESA are tax-free and are not considered income to the beneficiary, nor are contributions to ESAs tax-deductible. However, if the beneficiary receives an ESA distribution that exceeds his or her total qualified expenses in a given year, the excess is taxed as normal income. Any excess distribution that results from distributing the remainder of the account once the beneficiary turns 30 years old is also taxed as normal income.

Contributions
There are no restrictions on who can make qualified contributions to a Coverdell ESA, but there are limits on how much. Each ESA plan can only receive a total of $2,000 in contributions per tax year. Individuals may contribute to any number of accounts per tax year as long as each plan does not exceed the $2,000 contribution limit. Contributors with a higher modified adjusted gross income, or MAGI, of $95,000+ for single tax filers or $195,000+ for joint filers may not contribute the full $2,000 limit. Single tax filers exceeding a MAGI of $110,000 or joint filers exceeding $220,000 may not contribute to Coverdell ESAs at all.

Distributions
The beneficiary may request, or the custodian may elect, to use Coverdell ESA funds to pay for qualified educational expenses. Qualified expenses include, but are not limited to, tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, and some special needs services if required by the student. Qualifying educational institutions include all accredited primary and secondary schools, including private or religious institutions, and post-secondary institutions that are eligible to receive federal financial aid. There are no restrictions on the amount of qualified funds that may be distributed within a given year and distributions are purely voluntary.

Comparison to a 529 Plan
Coverdell ESAs have many similarities and differences to a 529 Plan, another tax-advantaged investment account aimed at helping students pay for their education. ESA's and 529s are the only two types of tax-advantaged educational accounts currently allowed by the U.S. tax code.

Effects
Since Coverdell ESAs are tax-advantaged, they impact federal tax revenues. The annual revenue lost to the IRS is small at about $100 million per year, or roughly less than 10 times less than the revenue loss generated by 529 plans. ESAs also reduce federal government expenditures since savings assets such as Coverdell accounts typically lower the amount of financial aid a student is eligible to receive. The impact of this reduction of federal student aid impacts students and their families differently. When the student is a dependent and not an owner of the account, money in both a Coverdell ESA and a 529 plan is not considered the child's (beneficiary's) money when applying for federal financial aid. The child's potential financial aid is increased compared to when the student is not a dependent and the account owner, because the expected family contribution will be 5.64% as opposed to 20%. Students belonging to higher-income households face a smaller relative impact than those coming from lower-income households, thus increasing the disparity in financial aid as a result of income.

title: Coverdell education savings account


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Aleksandr Popov (physicist)

Alexander Stepanovich Popov (sometimes spelled Popoff; Александр Степанович Попов; March 16 1859 – January 13 1906) was a Russian physicist who was one of the first people to invent a radio receiving device.

Popov's work as a teacher at a Russian naval school led him to explore high-frequency electrical phenomena. On 7 May 1895, he presented a paper on a wireless lightning detector he had built that worked via using a coherer to detect radio noise from lightning strikes. This day is celebrated today in Russia as Radio Day. In a 24 March 1896 demonstration, he transmitted radio signals 250 meters between different campus buildings in St. Petersburg. His work was based on that of another physicist, Oliver Lodge, and contemporaneous with the work of Guglielmo Marconi.

Early life
Born in the town of Krasnoturinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast, in the Urals as the son of a priest, he became interested in natural sciences when he was a child. His father wanted Alexander to join the priesthood and sent him to the Seminary School at Yekaterinburg. There he developed an interest in science and mathematics and instead of going on to Theology School in 1877 he enrolled at Saint Petersburg University, where he studied physics. After graduation with honors in 1882, he stayed on as a laboratory assistant at the university. However, the salary at the university was inadequate to support his family, and in 1883 he took a post as teacher and head of laboratory at the Russian Navy's Torpedo School in Kronstadt on Kotlin Island.

Radio wave receiver
Along with his teaching duties at the naval school, Popov pursued related areas of research. Trying to solve a problem with the failure in the electrical wire insulation on steel ships (which turned out to be a problem with electrical resonance) led him to further explore oscillations of high-requency electrical currents. His interest in this area of study (including the new field of "Hertzian" or radio waves) was intensified by his trip in 1893 to the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition in the United States, where he was able to confer with other researchers in the field.

Popov also read an 1894 article about British physicist Oliver Lodge's experiments related to the discovery of radio waves by German physicist Heinrich Hertz 6 years earlier. On 1 June 1894, after the death of Hertz, British physicist Oliver Lodge gave a memorial lecture on Hertz experiments. He set up a demonstration on the quasi optical nature of Hertzian waves (radio waves) and demonstrated their transmission at distances up to 50 meters. Lodge used a detector called a coherer, a glass tube containing metal filings between two electrodes. When received waves from an antenna were applied to the electrodes, the coherer became conductive allowing the current from a battery to pass through it, with the impulse being picked up by a mirror galvanometer. After receiving a signal, the metal filings in the coherer had to be reset by a manually operated vibrator or by the vibrations of a bell placed on the table nearby that rang every time a transmission was received. Popov set to work to design a more sensitive radio wave receiver that could be used as a lightning detector, to warn of thunderstorms by detecting the electromagnetic pulses of lightning strikes using a coherer receiver.

Operating principle

In Popov's lightning detector the coherer (C) was connected to an antenna (A), and to a separate circuit with a relay (R) and battery (V) which operated an electric bell (B). The radio noise generated by a lightning strike turned on the coherer, the current from the battery was applied to the relay, closing its contacts, which applied current to the electromagnet (E) of the bell, pulling the arm over to ring the bell. Popov added an innovative automatic reset feature of a "self tapping" coherer where the bell arm would spring back and tap the coherer, restoring it to its receptive state. The two chokes (L) in the coherer's leads prevented the radio signal across the coherer from short circuiting by passing through the DC circuit. He connected his receiver to a wire antenna (A) suspended high in the air and to a ground (earth) (G). The antenna idea may have been based on a lightning rod and was an early use of a monopole wire aerial.

Demonstrations
On 7 May 1895, Popov presented the paper "On the Relation of Metallic Powders to Electric Oscillations", which described his lightning detector, to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. Most Eastern sources regard Popov's lightning detector as the first radio receiver, and 7 May has been celebrated since 1945 in the Russian Federation as "Radio Day". However, there is no evidence Popov sent any type of message on that occasion. The first account of communication by Popov was a demonstration on 24 March 1896 at the Physical and Chemical Society, when some accounts say the Morse code message "ГЕНРИХ ГЕРЦ" ("HEINRICH HERTZ" in Russian) was received from a transmitter 250 meters away and transcribed on the blackboard by the Society president. Historian Charles Susskind in 1962 concluded that Popov did not use radio waves for actual wireless communication before mid-1896.

In 1895 Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began work on a purpose-built wireless telegraphy system based on "Hertzian" (radio) waves, developing a spark-gap transmitter and a much improved automatically reset coherer receiver. By mid-1895 Marconi had transmitted messages 1/2 mile (800 meters). He then came up with the idea grounding his transmitter as well as his receiver, and by mid-1896 he was transmitting radio messages a mile and a half (2400 meters). Popov and Marconi's early work seems to have been done without knowledge of each other's system, although reading Marconi's June 1896 patent disclosures led Popov to develop a long-range wireless telegraphy system.

His paper on his experiments: "On the relation of metallic powders to electrical oscillations", was published 15 December 1895. He did not apply for a patent for his invention. In July 1895 he installed his receiver and a siphon recorder on the roof of the Institute of Forestry building in St. Petersburg. and was able to detect thunderstorms at a range of 50 km, however he was also aware of its communication potential. His paper, read at the 7 May 1895 meeting, concluded: "I can express my hope that my apparatus will be applied for signaling at great distances by electric vibrations of high frequency, as soon as there will be invented a more powerful generator of such vibrations."

In 1896, the article depicting Popov's invention was reprinted in the 'Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society'. In March 1896, he effected transmission of radio waves between different campus buildings in St. Petersburg. In November 1897, the French entrepreneur Eugène Ducretet made a transmitter and receiver based on wireless telegraphy in his own laboratory. According to Ducretet, he built his devices using Popov's lightning detector as a model. By 1898, Ducretet was manufacturing equipment of wireless telegraphy based on Popov's instructions. At the same time Popov effected ship-to-shore communication over a distance of 6 miles in 1898 and 30 miles in 1899.

Later work
In 1900 a radio station was established under Popov's instructions on Hogland island (Suursaari) to provide two-way communication by wireless telegraphy between the Russian naval base and the crew of the battleship General-Admiral Apraksin. The battleship had run aground on Hogland island in the Gulf of Finland in November 1899. The crew of the Apraksin were not in immediate danger, but the water in the Gulf began to freeze. Due to bad weather and bureaucratic red tape, the crew of Apraksin did not arrive until January 1900 to establish a wireless station on Hogland Island. By 5 February, however, messages were being received reliably. The wireless messages were relayed to Hogland Island by a station some 25 miles away at Kymi (nowadays Kotka) on the Finnish coast. Kotka was selected as the location for the wireless relay station because it was the point closest to Hogland Island served by telegraph wires connected to Russian naval headquarters.

By the time the Apraksin was freed from the rocks by the icebreaker Yermak at the end of April, 440 official telegraph messages had been handled by the Hogland Island wireless station. Besides the rescue of the Apraksin's crew, more than 50 Finnish fishermen, who were stranded on a piece of drift ice in the Gulf of Finland, were saved by the icebreaker Yermak following distress telegrams sent by wireless telegraphy. In 1901 Alexander Popov was appointed as professor at the Electrotechnical Institute. In 1905 he was elected director of the institute.

Death
In 1905 he became seriously ill and died of a brain hemorrhage on 13 January 1906.

Radio Day
In 1945 on the 50th anniversary of Popov's experiment the old Soviet Union made 7 May a new holiday, Radio Day, the day they claim Popov invented radio. Historians note this holiday may be more due to Cold War era politics than historical evidence. Radio Day is still officially marked in Russia and Bulgaria.

Named after

 * A minor planet, 3074 Popov, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravlyova in 1979.
 * Crater Popov on the back side of the Moon.
 * A huge conference room "Alexander Stepanovich Popov" at the ITU's headquarters in Geneva was inaugurated at the ITU Telecom World 2011 by Igor Shchyogolev, Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation alongside Hamadoun Touré, Secretary General of the ITU.

Monuments

 * 1) Monument to A. S. Popov, Nizhny Novgorod, Museum of Radiophysics
 * 2) Monument to A. S. Popov, Yekaterinburg, Popov Square on Pushkin Street.
 * 3) Monument to A. S. Popov, Rostov-on-Don, Radio Frequency Center of the Southern Federal District, main entrance, 50 Budennovsky Ave., the opening took place on 7 May 2009, on Radio Day
 * 4) Monument to A. S. Popov, Krasnoturinsk
 * 5) Monument to A. S. Popov, Peterhof, Naval Institute of Radio Electronics named after A.S. Popov, main entrance
 * 6) Monument to A. S. Popov, Peterhof, Naval Institute of Radio Electronics named after A.S. Popov, entrance from the Scout boulevard
 * 7) Monument to A. S. Popov, Saint Petersburg, sculptors: V. Ya. Bogolyubov and V.V. Isaev, architect: N.V. Baranov – (1959; Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, in the square between houses 39 and 41), at the station Petrogradskaya
 * 8) Monument to A. S. Popov, Moscow, Alley of Scientists, Sparrow Hills, Moscow State University n.a. M.V. Lomonosov
 * 9) Monument to A. S. Popov, Ryazan, at the main entrance to the Ryazan State Radio Engineering University
 * 10) Monument to A. S. Popov, Kronstadt, square at the memorial museum of the inventor of radio A. S. Popov
 * 11) Monument to A. S. Popov, Perm, architects: D. Lapshin, E. Koltsova; artist I. Dymshakov; sculptor A. Matveev
 * 12) Monument to A. S. Popov, Kotka, Finland
 * 13) Monument to A. S. Popov, Dnipro, st. Stoletova
 * 14) Monument to A. S. Popov on the territory of Odessa Electrotechnical Institute of Communications named after A.S. Popov (now Odessa National Academy of # Communications named after A.S. Popov)
 * 15) Monument to A. S. Popov, Dalmatovo in the territory of school No. 2, named after the inventor.
 * 16) Monument to A. S. Popov, Omsk, the territory of “Radio Plant named after A. S. Popov", a bust.
 * 17) The obelisk, a memorial stone and a stele in honor of the implementation in 1900 by inventor A.S. Popov of the first practical radio communication session, Hogland
 * 18) Memorial stone in honor of the invention of the radio in 1895 by A. S. Popov, Kronshtadt, Toulonskaya Alley, Yachtennaya Square
 * 19) Sign 100 years of radio (1997), Sevastopol

Commemorative plaques

 * 1) In Kronstadt, Sovetskaya St., at the house 43 a memorial plaque states: “Here, in the naval assembly, in 1886–1898 the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov gave public lectures", 1995. Sculptor Sidorenko V. G. Marble, bronze.
 * 2) In Kronstadt, Makarovskaya St., there is a memorial plaque on the house states: “Here, in the former marine technical school, in 1890–1901, radio inventor A. S. Popov worked as a teacher", 1995. Sculptor Sidorenko V. G. Marble, bronze.
 * 3) In Kronstadt, Makarovskaya St., there is a memorial plaque on the house: “Here, in the former mine officer class, the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov worked. 1883–1901”, 1945. Marble.
 * 4) In Kronstadt, 1 Makarovskaya St., a gazebo in the courtyard, memorial plaque: “Here, in April–May 1895, the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov tested the world's first radio receiver”, 1945. Marble.
 * 5) In Kronstadt, Uritsky St., on the house 35 a plaque: “I, the great Russian scientist, inventor of radio Alexander Stepanovich Popov, lived here in 1895–1901.", 1945. Marble.
 * 6) In Kronstadt, Ammerman St., on the house 31 a plaque: “The great Russian scientist, inventor of radio Alexander Stepanovich Popovlived here from 1886 to 1898", 1974. Marble.
 * 7) In Saint Petersburg, Admiralteysky passage, 2. In the building of the Higher Naval Engineering School. F. E. Dzerzhinsky memorial plaque states: “The great Russian scientist, radio inventor A. S. Popov taught at the Marine Engineering School from 1890 to 1900.” Until 1977. Marble, bronze.
 * 8) In Saint Petersburg, Makarova Embankment (formerly Tuchkova Embankment) at building 22, in which A.S. Popov lived in 1901–1902, a memorial plaque was installed. Marble.
 * 9) In Saint Petersburg, Professor Popov Str., On the house 3 there is a plaque: "Inventor of the radio A. S. Popov lived, worked and died on December 31, 1905", 1925 – originally installed, 1945 – renewed. Marble.
 * 10) In Saint Petersburg, Professor Popov St., 5/3. Electrotechnical University, memorial plaque: “In this room in 1903–1905 Alexander Stepanovich Popov was a lecturer”, 1959. Arch. Ivanov A.I., Gellerstein R.I. Marble
 * 11) In Saint Petersburg, Professor Popov St., 5/3. University of Electrical Engineering, memorial plaque: “Office of the inventor of radio, Professor A. S. Popov. 1901–1905.", 1948. Marble.
 * 12) In Saint Petersburg, Professor Popov St., 5/3. Electrotechnical University, memorial plaque: “In 1905 Radio inventor Professor Alexander Stepanovich Popov was the first elected director of this institute” 1947. Arch. Smirnov N.I. Marble.
 * 13) In Saint Petersburg,  V.I., Szedovskaya line, on house 31/22, a plaque: “In this house in 1901–1902 lived the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov", 1947. Smirnov N. I. Marble.
 * 14) In Saint Petersburg, Pochtamtskaya St., 7. Central Museum of Communications named. A. S. Popov, lobby, memorial plaque: “In 1945 the Central Museum of Communications was named after A. S. Popov”, marble.
 * 15) In Saint Petersburg,  V.I., in the courtyard of Saint Petersburg State University on the building of the Russian Physics-chemical Society, Universitetskaya emb., memorial plaque: “Here on March 24 (12), 1896 A.S. Popov received the very first radiogram using the device he invented", 1961. Marble.
 * 16) With the support of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in Geneva from 5 to 9 October 2009, the World Exhibition “Telecommunication World 2009” was held (ITU Telecom World 2009). Among the events was the opening of a plaque to A. S. Popov at the world communications management center.

Museums

 * 1) Museum of Radio named after A. S. Popova, Ekaterinburg
 * 2) House-Museum of Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Krasnoturinsk
 * 3) Memorial Museum of Radio Inventor A.S. Popov, Kronstadt
 * 4) Museum-cabinet and museum-apartment of A. S. Popov, LETI, St. Petersburg
 * 5) The postal and telecommunications museum in Saint Petersburg, the leading museum in its field in the Russian Federation, has since 1945 bore the name A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications.

Books
Books about A. S. Popov:

Golovin G.I. ("The life of wonderful people" Series, No. 141): Alexander Stepanovich Popov – 1945, 88 pp., 50

Movies
Films about A. S. Popov:

Alexander Popov (film) is a 1949 biographical film about the life and work of Alexander Stepanovich Popov.

Holidays
16 March is the birthday of A. S. Popov 7 May – Radio Day

Numismatics
In 1984, the USSR State Bank issued a jubilee coin with a face value of 1 ruble dedicated to A.S. Popov.

Philately
Many stamps have been issued depict A.S.Popov bearing the honor of him inventing radio.

Family
Some of his descendants escaped to Manchuria during the Bolshevik Revolution and eventually made their way to the United States. Among others were his cousin, Dr. Paul Popov, who became a prominent physician in San Francisco and Paul's son, Egor Popov (1913–2001), who became a UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

title: Aleksandr Popov (physicist)


text:
Chief

Chief may refer to:

Military and law enforcement

 * Chief master sergeant, the ninth, and highest, enlisted rank in the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force
 * Chief of police, the head of a police department
 * Chief of the boat, the senior enlisted sailor on a U.S. Navy submarine
 * Chief petty officer, a non-commissioned officer or equivalent in many navies
 * Chief warrant officer, a military rank

Other titles

 * Chief x officer, a corporate title in the c-suite
 * Chief of the Name, head of a family or clan
 * Chief engineer, the most senior licensed mariner of an engine department on a ship, typically a merchant ship
 * Chief mate, or Chief officer, the highest senior officer in the deck department on a merchant vessel
 * Chief of staff, the leader of a complex organization
 * Fire chief, top rank in a fire department
 * Scottish clan chief, the head of a Scottish clan
 * Tribal chief, a leader of a tribal form of government
 * Chief, IRS-CI, the head and chief executive of U.S. Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Investigation

Places

 * Chief Mountain, Montana, United States
 * Stawamus Chief or the Chief, a granite dome in British Columbia, Canada

Athletes

 * Chief Bender (1884–1954), American Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher
 * Sheldon "Chief" Bender (1919–2008) American Major League scouting director and farm system director
 * Big Chief Bonner, college football player and engineer
 * Chief Chouneau (1888–1946), American MLB pitcher and member of the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior
 * Peter Graham (fighter) (born 1975), "The Chief", Australian kickboxer, boxer and mixed martial artist
 * Elon Hogsett (1903–2001), American MLB pitcher
 * Chief Johnson (1886–1922), American MLB pitcher
 * Chief Jones (1879–1959), American professional ice hockey goaltender
 * Chief Kickingstallionsims (born 1986), American basketball player
 * Chief Meyers (1880–1971), American MLB catcher
 * Robert Parish "The Chief" (born 1953), American basketball player
 * Chief Roseman (1856–1938), American Major League Baseball player from Brooklyn
 * Alfred Michael "Chief" Venne (1879–1971), a Native American educator, athletic manager and coach
 * Chief Wilson (1883–1954), American MLB outfielder
 * Chief Youngblood (1900–1968), American MLB pitcher
 * Chief Zimmer (1860–1949), American MLB catcher

Other people with the name or nickname

 * C. Alfred "Chief" Anderson (1907–1996), American aviator known as "the Father of Black Aviation"
 * Chief Bey (1913–2004), American jazz percussionist and African folklorist
 * Éamon de Valera (1882-1975), nicknamed "The Chief", Irish republican leader
 * John Diefenbaker, known as "The Chief" (1895–1979), Canadian Prime Minister
 * Chief Keef (born 1995), stage name of American rapper and record producer Keith Farrelle Cozart

Animals

 * Chief (horse)
 * Amauris echeria or chief, a butterfly of southern Africa

Fictional characters

 * Carl "Chief" Kanisky, a character on the American television sitcom Gimme a Break
 * Chief (Battlestar Galactica) or Galen Tyrol, a character in Battlestar Galactica
 * Chief (DC Comics), the leader of the Doom Patrol
 * Chief, a character in The Fox and the Hound
 * Master Chief (Halo) or Chief, a character in Halo
 * The Chief, a character in Get Smart
 * The Chief, a character in the Carmen Sandiego franchise
 * The Chief, a character in The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show
 * The Chief, a character in T.U.F.F. Puppy

Literature

 * Chiefs (novel), a 1981 novel by Stuart Woods
 * The Chief (play), a 2003 one-man play about Art Rooney

Music

 * Chief (album), a 2011 album by Eric Church
 * Chief (band), a folk rock band from 2008 to 2011
 * Chief Records, a record label from 1957 to 1964
 * The Chief (album), a 2017 album by Jidenna

Periodicals

 * Chief (magazine), a defunct online arts and culture publication
 * The Chief (New York newspaper), a newspaper in New York City
 * The Chief (Oregon newspaper), a newspaper in northwestern Oregon, United States

Film and television

 * The Chief (film), a 1933 American comedy
 * Chiefs (miniseries), a 1983 miniseries starring Charlton Heston and Keith Carradine
 * The Chief (TV series), a 1990s British crime drama
 * The Chiefs (TV program), a Philippine television talk show
 * Chiefs, a 2002 documentary feature by Daniel Junge about the Wyoming Indian High School basketball team

Organizations and teams

 * Chiefs Esports Club, an esports organisation in Australia
 * Chiefs (rugby union), a rugby union team in New Zealand
 * Allentown Chiefs, a former minor league baseball team
 * Arellano Chiefs, the athletic team of Arellano University
 * Atlanta Chiefs, a soccer team based in Atlanta, Georgia
 * Exeter Chiefs, a rugby union team in England
 * Hartford Chiefs, a former minor league baseball franchise representing Hartford, Connecticut
 * Johnstown Chiefs, a former ice hockey team in Pennsylvania that took its name from the fictional Charlestown Chiefs from the film Slap Shot
 * Lakefield Chiefs, a Canadian Junior ice hockey team based in Lakefield, Ontario, Canada
 * Laval Chiefs, an ice hockey team in Quebec
 * Kaizer Chiefs F.C., a football club in South Africa
 * Kansas City Chiefs, an American football team in Missouri
 * Mississauga Chiefs, a former professional women's ice hockey team from Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
 * Mississauga Jr. Chiefs, a Canadian Junior women's ice hockey team based in Mississauga, Ontario
 * Motor City Chiefs, a former ice hockey organization from Dearborn Heights, Michigan
 * Paducah Chiefs, a minor league baseball team from Paducah, Kentucky
 * Peoria Chiefs, a minor league baseball affiliate in Peoria, Illinois of the Chicago Cubs
 * Six Nations Chiefs, a senior lacrosse team in Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario.
 * South City Chiefs, an American football club competing in the South Australian Gridiron Association league
 * Spokane Chiefs, a Western Hockey League ice hockey team from Spokane, Washington
 * Syracuse Chiefs, a AAA minor league baseball team in upstate New York
 * Wenatchee Chiefs, a former minor league baseball team based in Wenatchee, Washington

In fiction

 * Charlestown Chiefs, a fictional ice hockey team in Slap Shot

Transport

 * Chief (train), a named passenger train of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
 * Southwest Chief Amtrak's successor service to the Chief and Super Chief
 * Super Chief, premium passenger train of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
 * Aeronca 11 Chief, an American two-seat airplane entering production in 1945
 * Aeronca 50 Chief, an American light plane of the late 1930s
 * Pawnee Chief, an American two-seat helicopter design, first flown in 2005

United States Navy ships

 * USS Chief (AMc-67), an Accentor-class minesweeper that served from 1942 until 1945
 * USS Chief (AM-31), an Auk-class minesweeper that served from 1943 until 1955
 * USS Chief (MCM-14), an Avenger-class mine countermeasures ship commissioned in 1994

Other uses

 * Chief (heraldry), a horizontal band on a coat of arms
 * Customs Handling of Import & Export Freight (CHIEF), a UK customs computer system
 * Chief (women's network), private women's business networking organization

title: Chief


text:
Manorbier

Manorbier (Maenorbŷr ) is a village, community and parish on the south coast of Pembrokeshire, Wales. The name means the 'Manor of Pŷr'. The community includes Jameston, Lydstep and Manorbier Newton.

An electoral ward with the same name exists. It stretches inland to St Florence and at the 2011 Census, the population was 2,083. The area is served by the West Wales Line stopping at Manorbier railway station.

Manorbier is within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park and is a popular tourist attraction with Manorbier Castle, St James's Church, the sandy beach, cliffs, and part of the Wales Coast Path.

History
Fossils can be found along the stream bed, although some are of poor quality, and along the cliffs to the side of the beach the rock formations are revealed as vertical beds. The evidence of early human habitation consists of many flint microliths from the Mesolithic and Neolithic ages, housed in local museums. The cromlech known as the King's Quoit is south of Manorbier bay and beach.

Later evidence points to occupation of The Dak with the finding of a perforated mace head as well as Bronze Age burial mounds on the Ridgeway. Fortifications also seem to have been prominent including an Iron Age enclosure near Manorbier station and the site of a multivallate, meaning multiple ditches, promontory fort at Old Castle Head where there are remains of hut platforms within the ditches. A well-restored lime kiln is in Mud Lane behind the castle. To the east of Manorbier, on the side of the road to Lydstep, is an area of strip lynchets dating to early Anglo Saxon times and perhaps as early as the Bronze Age.

The Norman knight Odo de Barri was granted the lands of Manorbier, Penally and Begelly in gratitude for his military help in conquering Pembrokeshire after 1103. The first Manorbier Castle was motte and bailey style, with the stone walls being added in the next century by later Normans.

St James's parish church dates from the 12th century and is a Grade I listed building. A large number of other buildings and structures in the parish are listed.

From 1933 to 1 September 1946, a mixed civil and military airfield was operational. During World War II it was a Royal Air Force airfield, RAF Manorbier. The site is now a firing range employed by the Royal Artillery as a testing range for high-velocity missiles.

Notable people

 * Giraldus Cambrensis (ca. 1146 – ca. 1223), also known as Gerald of Wales was a Cambro-Norman priest, historian and son of William de Barri, was born in the village and called it "the pleasantest place in Wales".

Railway
Manorbier railway station on the Pembroke Dock branch of the West Wales Line is operated by Transport for Wales Rail, who also manage the station. Trains stop here on request every two hours in each direction, westwards to Pembroke Dock and eastwards to Tenby, Whitland, Carmarthen and Swansea.

Twinning
Manorbier is twinned with Vernou-la-Celle-sur-Seine, France.

title: Manorbier


text:
Peugeot 104

The Peugeot 104 is a supermini car produced by the French company Peugeot between 1972 and 1988. It was designed by Paolo Martin was initially only sold as a four-door saloon car, with a three-door hatchback variant introduced in 1974 and a five-door hatchback version replacing the saloon in 1976. The 104 was the first model produced at the company's Mulhouse plant. It was also the first new Peugeot introduced since 1955 not to be offered in a diesel version.

Saloon (1972)
The 104 was introduced at the September 1972 Paris Motor Show. On its launch, the Peugeot 104 was offered as a compact four-door fastback. Although it had a short, sloping rear end that suggested a hatchback, there was originally a separate boot/trunk, as on a conventional saloon. Power was provided from a 954 cc Douvrin engine called the PSA X engine, an all-aluminium alloy, chain driven overhead cam, with gearbox in the sump, sharing engine oil, which was jointly developed with Renault. This transmission-in-sump arrangement was similar to that pioneered by the British Motor Corporation in the Mini. It gave good levels of economy and refinement as well as having an impressive chassis which made ride and handling excellent. The engine was mounted leaning backwards, at a 72-degree angle.

Coupé (1973)
A three-door coupé was launched on a shortened chassis at the 1973 Paris Motor Show, featuring the same 954 cc engine as the saloon. Headlights were larger and rectangular in shape, rather than square. Originally sold as the "104 Coupé", the shorter wheelbase models later received names beginning with a "Z" (e.g. ZL, ZA, ZS2). Equipment levels which begin with a "G" or an "S" were used for the longer four/five-door variants.

1976 facelift
A facelift in July 1976 saw the four-door saloon replaced with a five-door hatchback. Peugeot had been afraid that a five-door 104 would steal sales from the old-fashioned 204 Break, but with production of the 204 coming to an end in July 1976 this was no longer a concern. Rear light clusters were modified slightly with indicators that wrapped around to the sides of the car, and a 1.1-litre engine was also made available. The coupé was made available in two versions, the ZL and also the more powerful ZS with 66 PS. A modified camshaft on the 954 cc engines also retarded the valve timing in order to favour fuel economy at the price of a slight power reduction. The revised models only appeared in right-hand drive form at the end of the year. 1977 proved to be the most successful year for the 104, with 190,000 being built.

1978 facelift
The coupé gained a third (cheaper) commercial variant with only two seats, the ZA, and all coupé variants were given larger rear light clusters with integral reversing lights. Higher specification five-door models gained the larger headlights and grille introduced for the coupé. The more powerful engine from the ZS was briefly available in the five-door hatchback "Sundgau" special edition, of which 1,200 examples were built in March and April 1978. For 1979 the ZL Coupé was upgraded to a 57 PS version of the 1,124 cc engine.

1980 facelift
The 1980 facelift was minor, with model designations changing in line with other vehicles in the Peugeot line-up. However, a 1.2-litre engine was now also offered (in the SR), with the same power as the lesser 1.1.

1982 facelift
This facelift incorporated smaller headlights, a new grille and rear light clusters that included reversing lights. The amount of chrome trim was reduced and generally replaced by black plastic. At the end of summer, the ZS coupé variant was given an 80 PS 1,360 cc engine to improve its performance. The existing 72 PS version remained on sale at a lower price until the 1984 model year was introduced. The power gain was achieved by using two carburetors rather than one double-barrel unit.

1983 on
In 1983, the number of models offered was reduced to make way for the new 205 and exports to most foreign markets gradually came to an end. It remained on sale in France until the end of production in 1988. The sporting ZS remained on sale until late 1985; for the 1986 model year only the 50 PS 1,124 cc engine remained. There was a minor facelift in 1987, introducing a new grille with three body-coloured horizontal bars and anthracite bumpers - now without a chrome band. The Z, Style Z, and five-door GLS continued to be available with this engine in the home market until 1988.

ZS 2
A limited run of 1,000 sporting ZS 2s were built in 1979. They were powered by a 93 PS 1,360 cc four-cylinder engine.

Prototypes
Several prototypes based on the 104 are known to exist. Different power sources were tried out, including electric and diesel. The M18 prototype (circa 1976) was a blue 5-door estate, with rear light clusters similar to those that were used on the 504 estate. The M23 was a dark red 3-door van concept based on the saloon rather than the existing 3-door coupé. A yellow three-box saloon (pictured) is also known, as is a white pick-up truck and the "Peugette" - a roadster prototype built on the 104 ZS platform.

Citroën LN / LNA
After Peugeot assumed control of Citroën in 1975, forming the PSA Group, the 104 coupé bodywork was shared with the 602 cc two-cylinder engined Citroën LN. In 1982 this car was fitted with the more modern 652 cc engine of the Visa in 1983 to become the LNA, before production ended in 1985.

Citroën Visa
The mechanical configuration of the 104 (with longer travel suspension), was also used in the Citroën Visa, leading to the abandonment of the Citroën Prototype Y plan for the Visa, although that plan went on to be used on Romanian-built cars. The Visa, unlike the LN / LNA, had its own distinctive body style and packaging. It remained in production until 1988, the same year as the 104's demise. The Citroën C15 box van version of the Visa was in production with updated engines and transmissions until 2005.

Talbot Samba
A derivative of the 104 coupé with a slightly longer rear section, the Talbot Samba was launched in 1981, following Peugeot's acquisition of Chrysler Europe (and its Talbot marque) in 1978. A cabriolet version of the Samba was developed. Production lasted until 1986.

Market impact and replacement
The Peugeot 104 was one of the most successful European small cars of the 1970s but it was starting to show its age against more modern rivals by the turn of the 1980s. When Peugeot launched the stylish all-new 205 in 1983, the 104 was withdrawn from most European markets, including Britain. But it continued in France as a budget choice until production finally ceased in May 1988 after 16 years in which time 1,624,992 Peugeot 104s had been built. 345,849 of these were the short wheelbase Coupé versions.

As of 2019, only 12 Peugeot 104s remain taxed and on the roads in the United Kingdom with 24 on SORN.

title: Peugeot 104


text:
Choose

Choose may refer to:

 * Choice, the act of judging the merits of multiple options and selecting one of them for action
 * Combination, a mathematical function describing number of possible selections of subsets ('seven choose two')
 * Morra, a hand game sometimes referred to as Choose
 * Choose (film), a crime horror film directed by Marcus Graves
 * "Choose" (Color Me Badd song), from the 1993 album Time and Chance
 * "Choose", song by David Guetta featuring Ne-Yo and Kelly Rowland from One Love, 2009
 * "Choose", song by Stone Sour from the album Stone Sour
 * ""Choose" (Why Don't We song), from the 2018 album 8 Letters
 * "Choose", song performed by Matt Monro for the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1964

title: Choose


text: User talk:81.66.166.84

title: User talk:81.66.166.84


text:
Jacket

A jacket is a garment for the upper body, usually extending below the hips. A jacket typically has sleeves and fastens in the front or slightly on the side. A jacket is generally lighter, tighter-fitting, and less insulating than a coat, which is outerwear. Some jackets are fashionable, while others serve as protective clothing. Jackets without sleeves are vests.

Etymology
The word jacket comes from the French word jaquette. The term comes from the Middle French noun jaquet, which refers to a small or lightweight tunic. In Modern French, jaquette is synonymous with jacket. Speakers of American English sometimes informally use the words jacket and coat interchangeably. The word is cognate with Spanish jaco and Italian giacca or giacchetta, first recorded around 1350s. It is ultimately loaned from Arabic shakk (شكّ), which in turn loaned from Aramean/Assyrian and Hebrew shaḳḳ (שַׁקּ).

List of jackets

 * Heated Jackets
 * Atilla, a fancy Hungarian shell-jacket or short coat, decorated with braided cord and knots
 * Ball jacket, often specified as a baseball jacket or football jacket, a casual jacket with knitted cuffs, collar, and waistband and a zippered front
 * Bed jacket, a jacket made from lightweight material designed to be worn in bed
 * Blazer, similar to but more casual than a suit jacket; single- or double-breasted of sturdy material, commonly with metal buttons.
 * Blouson, a military-style waist-length jacket.
 * Bolero, a very short jacket for everyone, originally worn by matadors
 * Bomber jacket, a blouson originally designed for US aircrews in leather or nylon.
 * Brunswick, a two-piece woman's gown of the mid-eighteenth century.
 * Caraco, a woman's jacket of the 18th century.
 * Cardigan, a sweater worn like a jacket.
 * Chef's jacket
 * Chore jacket or chore coat, a jacket made of denim or other robust cloth, with large front pockets, originally a piece of workwear
 * Dinner jacket, part of the black-tie dress code of evening formal wear. Also known as a Dinner suit and a Tuxedo.
 * Donkey jacket

 * Doublet (clothing)
 * Down jacket, a quilted jacket filled with down feathers
 * Eisenhower jacket, a waist-length, fitted, military-inspired jacket with a waistband based on the World War II British Army's Battle Dress jacket introduced by General Dwight Eisenhower
 * Field jacket, a jacket that is worn by soldiers on the battlefield or doing duties in cold weather. The field jacket came about during World War II with the US Army introducing the M-1941 and the M-1943 field jacket and issued the jacket to their troops. The most well-known and the most popular type of military field jacket that is on the market today is the M-1965 or M-65 field jacket which came into US military service in 1965.
 * Flak jacket, 20th century armoured vest
 * Fleece jacket, a casual jacket made of synthetic wool such as Polar Fleece
 * Flight jacket, also known as a bomber jacket
 * Gilet, a sleeveless jacket or vest.
 * Hacking jacket
 * Harrington jacket, a lightweight waist-length jacket
 * Hoodie, a zippered hooded sweatshirt (non zippered can be considered a sweatshirt only)
 * Jean jacket or denim jacket, a jacket falling slightly below the waist, usually of denim, with buttoned band cuffs like a shirt and a waistband that can be adjusted by means of buttons. Also called Levi's jacket (see Levi's)
 * Jerkin
 * Kilt jacket, one of several styles of traditional Scottish jacket worn with the kilt, including the Argyll jacket, the Prince Charlie jacket, and a type of tweed jacket
 * Leather jacket, also known as a motorcycle jacket
 * Letter jacket also known as a letterman or varsity jacket
 * Mackinaw jacket
 * Mess jacket or eton jacket, similar to a tailcoat but cut off just below the waist. Worn as part of mess dress and formerly as the school uniform of boys under 5'4" at Eton College until 1976 and at many other English schools, particularly choir schools
 * Motorcycle jacket, a leather jacket, usually black, worn by motorcycle riders; originally to mid-thigh, now usually to a fitted waist
 * Nehru jacket
 * Norfolk jacket
 * Parka
 * Peplum jacket, a jacket featuring a short overskirt
 * Puffer jacket or Puffa jacket, a type of padded jacket popular in the 1990s
 * Quarter Zip, or 1/4 zip, a jacket with a partial zipper extending down from the collar
 * Rain jacket, a short rain coat
 * Hardshell jacket, a wind and waterproof jacket typically made of breathable synthetic materials, lacking insulation and fabric softness
 * Reefing jacket or reefer, a type of pea coat
 * Riding jacket, part of a riding habit
 * Sailor jacket
 * Satin jacket, a type of ball jacket made of satin and popular in the 1950s
 * Smart jacket, with built-in heating elements on the chest, hands and back. It keeps the wearer warm in cold weather. It comes with special sensors to let the wearer adjust the heat output as per his convenience.
 * Smoking jacket
 * Spencer, a high-waisted jacket dating to the Regency period
 * Sport coat (US) or Sports jacket (UK), a tailored jacket, similar in cut to a suit coat but more utilitarian, originally casual wear for hunting, riding, and other outdoor sports; specific types include a shooting jacket and hacking jacket
 * Suit jacket
 * Tabard, a loose sleeveless outer garment
 * Tunic, a thigh length coat or jacket worn with a wide range of military and civilian uniforms
 * Windbreaker (N. American, Japan) or windcheater (UK)
 * Tracksuit jacket
 * Wamus, also called a "roundabout," a traditional American term for a short jacket.

title: Jacket


text:
Bercy

Bercy is a neighbourhood in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France, the city's 47th administrative neighbourhood.

History
Some of the oldest vestiges of human occupation in Paris were found on the territory of Bercy, dating from the late Neolithic (between 4000 and 3800 BC).

The name of Bercy, or Bercix, appeared for the first time in property deeds in the twelfth century. The area belonged for a time to the Montmorency family before passing to the Malons family, who had an old manor house expanded by François Le Vau into the Château de Bercy.

In the eighteenth century, a large site located along the Seine, contiguous to the Paris city limits of the time, began to be used as a warehousing area, particularly for wine. For two hundred years, the area was the thriving centre of the Paris wine trade and a place with a unique life and culture.

Bercy was formerly a commune. In 1860, when Paris annexed its suburban zone, the commune of Bercy was dissolved. The north-west portion of its territory was consolidated into Paris while the south-east portion, beyond the fortifications, was consolidated into Charenton-le-Pont.

Features
The area features a number of well-known landmarks:
 * The Ministry of the Economy and Finance building (often known simply as "Bercy"), built in the 1980s; the extremity of the building plunges into the river Seine, where two fast boats dedicated to VIP transportation are moored.
 * The Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy (POPB) is a large sports hall often used for concerts. It is now called AccorHotels Arena
 * The Parc de Bercy
 * The Cinémathèque Française, formerly the American Center, designed by Frank Gehry
 * The Cour Saint-Émilion shopping complex
 * The UGC Ciné Cité Bercy movie complex
 * The Musée des Arts Forains ("The Fairground Art Museum").

Line 14 of the Métro crosses the neighbourhood. There are two stations: Bercy and Cour Saint-Émilion.

title: Bercy


text:
Caerwent

Caerwent (Caer-went) is a village and community in Monmouthshire, Wales. It is located about five miles west of Chepstow and 11 miles east of Newport. It was founded by the Romans as the market town of Venta Silurum, an important settlement of the Brythonic Silures tribe. The modern village is built around the Roman ruins, which are some of the best-preserved in Europe. It remained prominent through the Roman era and Early Middle Ages as the site of a road crossing between several important civic centres. The community includes Llanvair Discoed. The village itself had a population of about 1,200.

Etymology
The modern name derives from Venta, an ancient British word denoting a "market", and Caer, a later Welsh word denoting a fortified settlement. The town would give its name to the post Roman successor kingdom of Gwent and it is possible that the modern name means "Fort of Gwent".

Romans writers recorded the town as Venta Silurum to distinguish it from the other tribal markets in Britain such as Venta Belgarum and Venta Icenorum.

Roman times
Caerwent was founded by the Romans in AD 75 as a market town for the defeated Silures tribe. This is confirmed by inscriptions on the "Civitas Silurum" stone, now on display in the parish church. Large sections of the Roman town walls are still in place, rising up to 5 metres high in places. Historian John Newman has described the walls as: "easily the most impressive town defence to survive from Roman Britain, and in its freedom from later rebuilding one of the most perfectly preserved in Northern Europe." In 1881, a portion of a highly intricate coloured floor mosaic or tessellated pavement, depicting different types of fish, was unearthed during excavations in the garden of a cottage.

Excavations in 1971 dated the north-west polygonal angle-tower to the mid-300s. Further excavations were carried out in 2008 by Wessex Archaeology and was featured in the Channel 4 TV programme Time Team.

Modern houses are built on top of half the site of the old Roman market place. The ruins of several Roman buildings are still visible, including the foundations of a 4th-century Roman temple with a Temenos area. The rudimentary quality of most of the houses, few of which had mosaic or hypocaust-heated floors, indicates that, although a large settlement, Caerwent did not attain the importance or sophistication of other Romano-British tribal capitals.

Early Christian times
Caerwent was a centre for the Kingdom of Gwent after the Roman occupation. The name Caerwent translates from Welsh as "fort of Gwent", and the name Gwent derives from the Roman name Venta (Silurum). The English town name of Winchester has a parallel derivation, ultimately from the combination of the Latin words Venta, in that case, Venta Belgarum, and castra.

Caerwent remained an important centre, where the road between Gloucester and Caerleon met the north–south road from Shrewsbury, via Monmouth and Trellech, to the sea at Portskewett. Excavations at Caerwent have revealed remains and everyday objects from the post-Roman period. Metalwork, including elaborate penannular brooches and fastening pins, have been dated to the 5th–7th centuries. A large number of Christian burials, some stone-lined, dating from between the 4th and 9th centuries have also been discovered, both around the town's East Gate and close to the parish church. It has been suggested that it may have been the birthplace of St. Patrick.

A monastery was established at Caerwent some time before the 10th century, and a pre-Norman cross head was discovered at the site in 1992. The Church of St Stephen and St Tathan is dedicated to Saints Stephen and Tathan, the latter name possibly having arisen through confusion with Saint Tathyw. The oldest existing part of the church dates to the 13th century.

The village appears as "Venta Siluru" and "Caer went" on the Cambriae Typus map of 1573.

Modern era
During World War II, a Royal Navy Propellant Factory was established at Caerwent, immediately north of the A48 road. Between 1967 and 1993, this was used as a storage station for the Royal Air Force and the United States Army; since that time it has been used as an army training facility and on occasion as a filming location for TV episodes such as Doctor Who "Before the Flood" and large-scale productions such as Captain America: The First Avenger.

Caerwent is now a small village, largely bypassed by the busy A48 road running between the city of Newport to the west and Chepstow to the east. The Northgate Inn closed in 2013, leaving the Coach and Horses as the only village pub. The Post Office thrives and was recently refitted. The village has a garage which has been repairing cars since 1917.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. The area and population of this ward are identical to that of the parish.

title: Caerwent


text:
Mike Lange

Mike Lange (born March 3, 1948) is a retired American sportscaster, best known for his long career as a play-by-play announcer for Pittsburgh Penguins hockey. In 2001, he received the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award for his outstanding work as an NHL broadcaster.

Career
In 1969, while attending Sacramento State University, Lange was encouraged by his friend to attend a hockey game. At the time, Lange had never attended a hockey game before.

From there, Lange worked in the penalty box at local arenas, coordinating the penalty time with the PA announcer. He eventually replaced the PA announcer after he asked for a raise and his play-by-play was broadcast over the college radio station.

Lange joined the Penguins as a radio announcer in 1974 after spending time as a commentator for the San Diego Gulls and Phoenix Roadrunners of the Western Hockey League. He left the Penguins after just one season, because the team was in bankruptcy and he had no guarantee of a job. Lange called Washington Diplomats soccer games, then returned to the Penguins for the 1976–77 season, where he became the central figure of the team's broadcast presence.

From 1976 until 2006, Lange served as the lead play-by-play announcer for the Penguins' radio and television network, never missing a broadcast. In 2001, Lange was the recipient of the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award for his outstanding work as an NHL broadcaster. On June 29, 2006, citing a desire to go in a new direction, Fox Sports Pittsburgh (now SportsNet Pittsburgh) did not exercise the option year on Lange's contract. He was replaced by his longtime radio partner, Paul Steigerwald, in a move that was extremely unpopular with fans. On taking Lange's spot Steigerwald said, "I'm not going to try to replace him. I think he's irreplaceable."

On August 4, 2006, Lange signed a contract to work on Penguins' radio broadcasts. On October 8, 2019, prior to a game against the Winnipeg Jets, Lange was presented with an autographed personalized jersey to commemorate his 45th year.

From 1985 to 1986, he also broadcast several NHL games for ESPN that did not involve the Pittsburgh Penguins. In 1986 and 1987, he also called Pittsburgh Pirates baseball games on cable television.

Lange and then-colleague Steigerwald appeared together as themselves in the 1995 movie Sudden Death, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme. In the film, Lange used many of his trademark expressions in his play-by-play commentary.

On August 9, 2021, the Pittsburgh Penguins announced that Lange would be retiring after a 46-year career with the Penguins.

Expressions
Like fellow Pittsburgh sports announcers, the late Steelers announcer Myron Cope, the late Pirates announcer Bob Prince, former Pirates announcer Lanny Frattare, and current Pirates announcer Greg Brown, Lange uses a repertoire of distinctive colorful expressions, sometimes called "Lange-isms" by his fans. While some are familiar phrases from pop culture, most are cryptic expressions of Lange's making.

KDKA-AM radio talk show host Fred Honsberger used to play a personalized clip of Lange saying, "Ladies and Gentlemen, the Honz has just left the building!" at the end of his radio show. {…Ladies and Gentlemen…Elvis!…. Has just left the building}

title: Mike Lange


text:
Ewenny

Ewenny (Ewenni) is a village and community (parish) on the River Ewenny in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.

Over the years the village has grown into the neighbouring village of Corntown to such an extent that there is no longer a clear boundary between the two. The nearest town of significant size is Bridgend, 2 mi away. Corntown is within the community.

In 1987, scenes from the Doctor Who episode Delta and the Bannermen were filmed in the village.

Ewenny Priory
The village grew around the Priory and Church. The Norman church of St. Michael was built in the 12th century by one of the Norman knights of Glamorgan, William de Londres. His son Maurice founded the adjacent Benedictine priory in 1141 when he granted the church to the abbey of St. Peter at Gloucester, together with the churches of St Brides Major, St. Michael at Colwinston and the manor at Lampha.

The priory is widely regarded as one of the finest fortified religious buildings in Britain. Over the centuries the priory has sustained some damage, but nonetheless it is still inhabited by its current owners, the Turbervill family. The priory is not open to the public but the attached Church is still in use today.

Potteries
Records show that the pottery industry has existed in the area since 1427. This is probably because the materials required for the production of pottery are readily available in this area, including a local red earthenware, glaze materials, stone to build the kilns and coal to fire the pots in the kilns. There have been fifteen potteries in the Ewenny area at one time or another, all small family concerns.

The village is home to the Ewenny Pottery, founded in 1610 and the oldest working pottery in Wales. The business is run by the descendants of the pottery's original founders, the Jenkins family. The pottery is currently run by Alun Jenkins, son of Thomas Arthur Jenkins.

The Legend of the White Lady
Close to Ewenny Priory is an area of land known as White Lady's meadow and White Lady's Lane. It is said that the area is haunted by the Y Ladi Wen or the White Lady ghost. Few details are available about the ghost, but it is generally believed that she committed some terrible misdeed in the past and now her spirit must roam the earth in penance. There is a similar legend associated with Ogmore Castle. As these two locations are within a couple of miles of each other it is likely that the legends are related, or inspired by each other.

Other Points of Interest
The nearby Coed-y-Bwl nature reserve, more locally known as the "Daffodil woods" has around a quarter of a million ‘wild’ daffodils. The reserve was established in 1971 and in 1975 received a Prince of Wales trust award. The daffodils were planted in the early 19th century by Mrs Nicholl of Merthyr Mawr.

A Roman bridge is situated near the reserve.

Governance
Ewenny has a community council which elects or co-opts eight community councillors. Until 2022 the community was part of the county ward of Llandow/Ewenny for elections to the Vale of Glamorgan Council. It was transferred to the St Brides Major ward as a result of recommendations from the Local Democracy and Boundary Commission for Wales.

Images

 * Priory interior
 * Priory Exterior
 * St. Michael's Church
 * The Village Shop
 * Ewenny River

title: Ewenny


text:
Talk:Apparatchik (fanzine)

"R" instead of "R"
This happens to be a few things that are often spelled with "R" instead of "R" for reasons realting to Russian. How many can you name?? 66.245.30.110 19:27, 25 May 2004 (UTC)
 * See the Ya page. Feel free to add other prominent cases there. Mikkalai 19:44, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apparatchik (fanzine)


text:
IFS

IFS may refer to:

Companies

 * Industrial and Financial Systems (IFS AB), a Swedish company and creator of enterprise software
 * International Film Service, a short-lived animation studio owned by Hearst Communication.

Computer Science

 * Iterated function system, a method of constructing fractals in mathematics and computer science
 * Internal field separator, a special set of characters in Unix shells
 * Interference (intensity) fluctuation spectroscopy, related to dynamic light scattering
 * Interframe spacing, a pause which may be required between network packets or network frames
 * Installable File System, a filesystem API in IBM OS/2 and Microsoft Windows NT
 * InfoPath Forms Services, a component of SharePoint Server that allows Microsoft Office InfoPath forms to be hosted in a SharePoint web site and serve and fill them using a browser-based interface

Geographical

 * Integrated Forecast System a global meteorological model developed by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
 * Irish Free State, a state in Ireland which existed in the early part of the 20th century
 * Ifs, Calvados, a commune of the département of Calvados, in the Normandie région, in France

Organisations

 * ifs University College, a UK-based, non profit making body providing financial education
 * Indian Forest Service, an All India Service with the cadre controlling authority as Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
 * Indian Foreign Service
 * Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
 * Institute for Fiscal Studies, a UK-based independent economic research institute
 * Institutt for Forsvarsstudier, the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies
 * Institut für Sozialforschung, the University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research
 * International Foundation for Science
 * International French School Singapore
 * International Futures
 * International Sumo Federation
 * Internationale Filmschule Köln, a filmschool in Cologne, Germany
 * Islamic Foundation School

Science

 * Integral field spectroscopy, a technique for astronomical observations
 * Isoflavonoid synthase, an enzyme

Technology

 * Independent Front Suspension, an early type of front-end independent suspension on many passenger vehicles
 * Initial Flight Screening, flight screening used as a prerequisite for Air Force Flight School
 * Intelligent Front-lighting System is a technology to ensure the visibility of the driver on the road ahead without blinding oncoming drivers with the partial light control capability.

Other

 * Internal Family Systems Model, a school of psychotherapy
 * International Financial Statistics, a database maintained by the International Monetary Fund
 * A retired US Navy hull classification symbol: Inshore fire support ship (IFS)

title: IFS


text:
Talk:Vorticism

Swirling
Comment from Camembert: nice edits, but I think "swirling" makes it sounds a bit... well, swirly (like Delaunay or somebody)
 * I agree- "swirling" is not ideal. I was looking for another synonym for Vortex which apparently was meant somewhat literarly by Ezra Pound. I think the idea is that your eye is supposed to wander around the canvas and be drawn in to the centre to give the impression of dynamic movement. Perhaps Vision of Ezekiel 1912 by David Bomberg is better example of a spiral/voxtex composition, although it really is a little early and too figurative. As the description stands without a vortex or swirling it could as easily apply to a 1960 Bridget Riley (on the other hand given Bomberg's Ju-Jitsu 1913 perhaps that isn't so far off the mark).

 * Well, I think you gave it a good shot, but "swirling", like I say, just struck me as too... I dunno, smooth, lyrical. I'd probably say that typical features of Vorticism are a sense of dynamism, the use of sharply angled lines, and the use of fairly flat colour; I'm not sure, to be honest, that I'd say anything like a vortex is a consistent element, but that's just me. It's hard to talk about these things - we'd be better off with some images to illustrate what we mean, I think (thanks for adding that link to the Lewis - it's a good start). --Camembert

 * Fair enough. Worse than Delaunay, Swirling could leave an impression of Van Gogh's Starry Night, so best to leave it as is for now. - Solipsist 00:04, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no opinion on swirling or any other term, because I don't really know what Vorticism is. But the language now isn't too helpful. More about the substance of the movement would be appreciated. Also, perhaps more examples would be helpful, if they are available. Cheers. Still A Student 18:23, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Notability and Lack of Definition
I'm not that sure Vorticism was that important. The current lead calls it "the only significant British movement of the early 20th century," which is patently false. Firstly, Imagism was far more significant. Secondly, the movement wasn't simply British. Also, it isn't clear just how the literary and artistic "movements" (ONE SHOW ONLY MAKES A "MOVEMENT"?!?!) are related, if at all.

I've been studying Modernism for years, and I've never heard anyone define Vorticism clearly. Sadly, wikipedia doesn't define it well here either. Vorticism involves Cubism, Futurism, and dynamism, but what the hell is Vorticism? It embraces "typographical adventurousness," but what the hell is Vorticism? The best thing in this article is the line that claims that Vorticism "tried to capture movement in an image," though that's still very vague. Someone with some expertise on this matter should help out. Josh a brewer (talk) 04:56, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Not sure what the answer is, TBH, but I'd think a good answer is that Vorticism is (or was) a violent reaction to Marinetti. :) 82.108.42.66 (talk) 12:09, 11 May 2009 (UTC)Usermaatre-Setepenre

 * I'm deleting: "It is considered to be the only significant British movement of the early 20th century". Perhaps the source given expresses that opinion, but it is too eccentric to be given such prominence. However, the topic is sufficiently notable to be included as a Wikipedia article, e.g. Frances Spalding gives it several pages in British Art Since 1900.

 * Something should be said about Christopher Nevinson's Futurist manifesto co-written with Marinetti. Marshall46 (talk) 19:58, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070522043958/http://encarta.msn.com:80/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761580283 to http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761580283

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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 * Blast2.jpg

title: Talk:Vorticism