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Kingdom of Saxony

The Kingdom of Saxony (Königreich Sachsen) was a German monarchy that existed in Central Europe between 1806 to 1918. The territory of the Kingdom comprised from the former Electorate of Saxony. A member of historical confederacies, it joined the Confederation of the Rhine after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, later joining the German Confederation after Napoleon was defeated in 1815. From 1871, it was part of the German Empire. It became a free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.

Napoleonic era and the German Confederation
Before 1806, Saxony was part of the Holy Roman Empire, a thousand-year-old entity that had become highly decentralised over the centuries. The rulers of the Electorate of Saxony of the House of Wettin had held the title of elector for several centuries. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in August 1806 following the defeat of Emperor Francis II by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, thereby rendering Saxony an independent state. Following the defeat of Saxony's ally Prussia at the Battle of Jena in October 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, subordinating itself to the First French Empire, then the dominant power in Central Europe. On 20 December 1806 Frederick Augustus III, the last elector of Saxony, became King Frederick Augustus I.

In 1807 the Treaties of Tilsit ceded the Lordship of Cottbus, formerly a collection of Prussian enclaves within Saxon Lower Lusatia, to Saxony. The treaties also established the Polish Duchy of Warsaw, which was placed in a personal union with Saxony under Frederick Augustus I.

Saxony remained within the Confederation until its dissolution in 1813 with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig. Following the battle, in which Saxony – virtually alone of all the German states – had fought alongside the French, King Frederick Augustus I was deserted by his troops, taken prisoner by the Prussians, and considered to have forfeited his throne by the allies, who put Saxony under Prussian occupation and administration. This was probably more due to the Prussian desire to annex Saxony than to any crime on Frederick Augustus's part, and the fate of Saxony would prove to be one of the main issues at the Congress of Vienna. In the end, 60% of the Kingdom, including the historically significant Wittenberg – home of the Protestant Reformation and historic core of the Electorate – as well as Lower Lusatia, most of Upper Lusatia, the Thuringian Circle and the Neustadt Circle, among other territories, was annexed by Prussia; most of the Neustadt Circle was re-ceded to Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach by Prussia. Within Prussia most of the ceded territory other than Lusatia would become part of the new Province of Saxony; the Upper Lusatian territory was attached to Silesia and the remainder, including Lower Lusatia, became part of Brandenburg. Frederick Augustus was restored to the throne in the remainder of his kingdom, which still included the major cities of Dresden and Leipzig. The kingdom also joined the German Confederation, the new organization of the German states to replace the fallen Holy Roman Empire.

Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire
During the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, Saxony sided with Austria, and the Royal Saxon Army was generally seen as the only ally to bring substantial aid to the Austrian cause, having abandoned the defence of Saxony itself to join up with the Austrian army in Bohemia. This effectiveness probably allowed Saxony to escape the fate of other north German states allied with Austria – notably the Kingdom of Hanover – which were annexed by Prussia after the war. The Austrians and French insisted as a point of honour that Saxony must be spared, and the Prussians acquiesced. Saxony nevertheless joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next year. With Prussia's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the members of the confederation were organised by Otto von Bismarck into the German Empire, with Wilhelm I as its emperor. John, as Saxony's incumbent king, had to accept the Emperor as primus inter pares, although he, like the other German princes, retained some of the prerogatives of a sovereign ruler, including the ability to enter into diplomatic relations with other states.

End of the kingdom
Wilhelm I's grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 as a result of a revolution set off in the days before Germany's defeat in World War I. King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony followed him into abdication when workers' and soldiers' councils were set up in the cities of Dresden, Chemnitz and Leipzig. Within the newly formed Weimar Republic, on 1 November 1920, the Kingdom of Saxony was reorganized into the Free State of Saxony

1831 Constitution
The 1831 Constitution of Saxony established the state as a parliamentary monarchy.

King
The king was named as head of the nation. He was required to follow the provisions of the constitution, and could not become the ruler of any other state (save by blood inheritance) without the consent of the Diet, or parliament. The crown was hereditary in the male line of the royal family through agnatic primogeniture, though provisions existed allowing a female line to inherit in the absence of qualified male heirs. Added provisions concerned the formation of a regency if the king was too young or otherwise unable to rule, as well as provisions concerning the crown prince's education.

Any acts or decrees signed or issued by the king had to be countersigned by at least one of his ministers, who thus took responsibility for them. Without the ministerial countersignature, no act of the king was to be considered valid. The king was given the right to declare any accused person innocent, or alternately to mitigate or suspend their punishment or pardon them (but not to increase penalties); such decrees did not require ministerial co-signature. He was also given supreme power over religious matters in Saxony. He appointed the president of the upper house of the Diet, together with a proxy from among three candidates suggested by that house, and appointed the president and proxy of the lower house, as well. (See below.)

The king was given sole power to promulgate laws, and to carry them into effect, and only by his consent could any proposal for a law be advanced in the Diet. He equally had authority to issue emergency decrees and even to issue non-emergency laws that he found needful or "advantageous", though such instruments required the counter-signature of at least one of his ministers, and had to be presented to the next Diet for approval. He could not, however, change the constitution itself or the electoral laws in this manner. He was permitted to veto laws passed by the Diet (though he was required to give his reasons for so doing, in each instance), or to send them back with proposed amendments for reconsideration. He was permitted to issue extraordinary decrees to obtain money for state expenditures refused by the Diet, through the Supreme Court, though such decrees could only last for one year. He was permitted to dissolve the Diet, though new elections for the lower house had to be held within six months; he was also permitted to convoke extraordinary sessions of the legislature at his discretion.

From 1697 the Electors of Saxony became Catholic in order to accept the crowns of Poland-Lithuania, of which they were kings until 1763. The royal family remained Roman Catholic, ruling over a domain that was 95% Protestant.

Ministry
The ministry was defined in the constitution as consisting of six departments, all of which were made responsible to the Diet:

 * The Chief Court of Justice;
 * The Court of Finance;
 * The Office For the Affairs of the Interior;
 * The War Office;
 * The Ecclesiastical Court;
 * The Office of Foreign Affairs.

Members of the ministry had the right to appear in either chamber of the Diet at will, and there to participate in debate, but upon a division of the house they had to withdraw.

Bill of Rights
A Bill of Rights was included in the constitution. It incorporated:

 * Protections for "liberty of person and right over his own property is without limit except that which law and justice dictates" (Section 27);
 * The right of a citizen to choose any lawful profession and to emigrate so long as no military or civil obligations attached to them (Sections 28–29);
 * The right to be paid for expropriated property and to challenge the amount of payment set by the state in court (Section 31);
 * Liberty of conscience and religion (Section 32), though freedom of religion was limited to Christian churches recognized by the state (Section 56);
 * Equality for members of state-recognized religious organizations (Section 33);
 * Equality in eligibility for government employment (Section 34);
 * A limited freedom of the press, subject to legal restrictions (Section 35);
 * The right to appeal actions of government officials either to the courts or to the Diet itself (Section 36);
 * The right to directly appeal grievances to the King himself (Section 36);
 * Freedom from arbitrary arrest and punishment save through conviction in a court of law (Section 51);
 * No person was to be confined for more than 24 hours without being informed of the reason for his arrest (Section 51);
 * The right to be free of all taxes other than those prescribed by law or title (Section 37).

Legislature
The Diet, or legislature was divided into two houses, which were constitutionally equal in their rights and status, and neither house was to meet without the other.

The upper chamber consisted of the following:

 * All princes of the blood who were of legal age (defined as 19, in the constitution);
 * One deputy of the Bishopric of Misnia (Meißen);
 * The proprietor of the Principality of Wildenfels;
 * One deputy representing the five Schönburg family domains;
 * One deputy from the University of Leipzig, chosen by the professors of that institution;
 * The proprietor of the Barony of Königsbrück;
 * The proprietor of the Barony of Riebersdorf;
 * The minister (Court preacher) of the Lutheran court chapel;
 * The dean of the Roman Catholic Collegiate Church of St. Peter in Budessen/Bautzen;
 * The superintendent of the town of Leipzig;
 * One deputy from the Lutheran Cathedral of Wurzen;
 * One deputy representing four other Schönburg family estates;
 * Twelve proprietors of manorial estates in the kingdom, possessed of a minimum income of at least $2000 per year from rentals, chosen for life from amongst themselves;
 * Ten more persons of the proprietary class, possessed of a minimum income of at least $4000 per year from rentals, chosen by the king for life;
 * The chief magistrate of Dresden and Leipzig;
 * Six other town magistrates chosen by the king, with the provision that the monarch should try to see that all sections of the kingdom were represented.

Members of this house held their seats so long as they remained qualified to do so under the constitution, or in certain cases until they had reached the age of sixty or participated in three sessions of the Diet.

The lower house of the Diet consisted of:

 * Twenty proprietors of manorial estates, possessed of rental income of at least $600 per year;
 * Twenty-five deputies from towns;
 * Twenty-five deputies chosen from among the peasants;
 * Five representatives of trades and factories.

A proxy was to also be chosen for each representative, who would take the representative's place, should they be incapacitated, absent, resign or be removed. Each representative was elected for nine years; however, approximately one-third were required to resign their seats every three years (the exact figures were set in the constitution, and determined by lot at the commencement of the first session of the Diet), though all were eligible for immediate re-election. The lower house was to nominate four members, of whom the king was to choose one to be president of that house, and another to be his proxy.

Members of the Diet must be at least 30 years of age; electors must be 25 years of age, not have been convicted of any offense in a court of law, not have their personal estate financially encumbered in any way, and not be under guardianship.

The Diet was required to consider any business laid before it by the king, before proceeding to any other business. Members were to vote their consciences, and were not to accept instructions from their constituents. Members were granted full freedom of speech in the chambers, but were not permitted to insult each other, the king, any member of the royal family, or the parliament. Members who violated any of these rules could be disciplined by their respective house, up to and including permanent expulsion with ineligibility for re-election. The Diet could propose the formation of new laws or changes in existing ones, but no bill could be brought forward without the king's express consent. Conversely, no new law could be enacted, without the Diet's consent.

Bills could be passed by a simple one-third-plus-one vote in both houses of the Diet; a majority vote was not necessary in either house. Any bill rejected or amended must contain a statement of why it was rejected or amended. No new taxes could be imposed without the Diet's consent, though the king was permitted to bypass this in certain instances. The parliament could impeach members of the ministry by unanimous vote of both houses; ministers so impeached were to be tried by a special court; the decision of this court was final, and even the king's right of pardon did not extend to persons convicted by it.

In the wake of the tumultuous 1848 revolutions, Saxony's Landtag extended voting rights (though still maintaining property requirements) and abolished voting taxes. In 1871, Saxony was incorporated into the German Empire and more voting rights were gradually extended. By the early 1900s, Saxony's local politics had settled into a niche in which Social Democrats, Conservatives, and National Liberals were splitting the share of votes and Landtag seats three ways. (In 1909: Social Democrats won 27% of seats, Conservatives won 31% of seats, National Liberals won 31% of seats). Voter participation was high (82% in 1909).

Judiciary
The judiciary was made independent of the civil government. The High Court of Judiciature, created in Sections 142 to 150, was also given authority to rule upon "dubious" points in the constitution; its decision was decreed to be final, and was protected from royal interference.

Administrative reorganisation
Following the adoption of the 1831 constitution, by the Order of April 6, 1835 District Directorates (Kreisdirektionen) were established. These were subsequently known as Kreishauptmannschafts. Originally there were four: In 1900 a fifth was added:
 * Kreishauptmannschaft Bautzen
 * Kreishauptmannschaft Dresden
 * Kreishauptmannschaft Leipzig
 * Kreishauptmannschaft Zwickau
 * Kreishauptmannschaft Chemnitz

Reichstag deputies 1867 to 1918
Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of Saxony entered the North German Confederation in 1866. As a consequence, the Kingdom returned Deputies to the Reichstag. After the founding of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, the deputies were returned to the Reichstag of the German Empire. Following this Saxony participated in Reichstag elections from February 1867. Zittau returned a series of Reichstag Deputies until 1919 when the existing constituencies were scrapped.

title: Kingdom of Saxony


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National Conservative Party

National Conservative Party is the name of several political parties:
 * National Conservative Party of South Africa
 * National Conservative Party (South Africa) (1954–1957)
 * National Conservative Party (Cuba)
 * Latvian National Independence Movement (1988–1990s)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: National Conservative Party


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Son of Gorbonianus

The son of Gorbonianus was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He was a son of King Gorbonianus but was never given a name in the text. He came to power in 305BC.

According to Geoffrey, he was a good and prudent king who emulated his uncle and predecessor, Elidurus. He was just and compassionate to his people and never faltered in his righteousness to them. When he died, he was succeeded by his cousin, Marganus, the son of Archgallo.

In Layamon's Brut by Layamon he is named as Lador, but rules for a short time.

title: Son of Gorbonianus


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Ralph Bunche Park

Ralph Bunche Park is a small municipal public park in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of New York City, on First Avenue between 42nd and 43rd Streets. It was named in 1979 for Ralph Bunche, the first African-American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

In 1985 the park was dedicated as the city's first Peace Park. As it covers less than a quarter of an acre (1,000 m2), it cannot accommodate major gatherings.

Location and history
The park is across First Avenue from the United Nations headquarters. (This stretch of First Avenue is also known as "United Nations Plaza".) The granite staircase in the park's northwest corner leads to 43rd Street and the Tudor City apartments. It was built and dedicated in 1948 during construction of the U.N. headquarters and has the famous quotation from Isaiah 2:4: "They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more" incised into its wall. Known as the Isaiah Wall, it was rededicated in 1975 and had the name "Isaiah" added under the final word. In 1981 the staircase was named the Sharansky Steps in honor of Soviet dissident Natan Sharansky.

In the plaza in front of the Isaiah Wall is Peace Form One, a stainless-steel obelisk 50 feet (15 m) high, erected in 1980. The sculptor, Daniel LaRue Johnson, was a personal friend of Bunche and dedicated the sculpture to Bunche when the latter won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1950.

Near the southern end of the park is a plaque, dedicated in 1990, which commemorates American civil rights leader Bayard Rustin.

Because of its proximity to the United Nations, the peace theme of the Isaiah Wall and Peace Form One, and Bunche's career as a peacemaker, the park is a popular site for demonstrations and rallies for peace and other international issues. In 1985 the park was dedicated as New York City's first Peace Park. The park covers less than a quarter of an acre (1,000 m2), however, so it cannot accommodate major gatherings.

The nearest New York City Subway station to the park is the Grand Central–42nd Street station, served by the. In addition, Metro-North Railroad's Grand Central Terminal is nearby.

title: Ralph Bunche Park


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Talk:Cable-stayed bridge

The biggest, or longest bridge is the one that connects Rio with Antirrio in western Greece. It is supposed to be finished today 24/5/2004 as there are only 36 meters left for the completion of the project. It will be open to the public after the Olympic Games as it has to be tested first. The bridge is cable-stayed, 2 225 meters long with four pylons. The openings are 286,560,560,560,286 meters in length. There are two approach viaducts, 392 meters on the Rio side and 239 meters on the Antirrio side. The deck is 27.5 meters wide. The foundations of the pylons go down 65 meters beneath the seabed. The seabed needed reeinforcing as it consists of clay. It can withstand impact with a tanker of 180 000 tonnes travelling at 18 knots and wind speeds of 265 kilometers per hour (winds of such speeds fall within the hurricane category)The pylons rise up to 227 meters above the seabed.

I would like to add that to the article but have insufficient data. Moreover i don´t have enough time. If anyone cares to make an inquiry i would be more than happy to help.

Jerry

Jerry, sounds like that bridge needs to be its own article. Unrelatedly, I think it might be good to split the example bridges into parallel vs. radial, but I'm not sure which is which. So far, the only radial one I know of is the Clark Bridge in Alton IL, but I don't think it has a WP entry yet. Ventura 06:00, 2004 Jul 10 (UTC)

Leonard added "but the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist the pull.". I figure we should following this by saying something like "For this reason cable-stayed bridges are often used when one or both ends of the gap to be spanned ends in an elevated causeway"? (or something like that) -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:59, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Some conventional suspension bridges also end in elevated causeway on at least one end, such as the southern end of the Golden Gate Bridge and the western end of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. In these cases, the main cables are brought down at an angle below the causeway to where it is convenient to anchor them. Leonard G. 03:23, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

An anonymous user changed two pillar bridge comparison to suspension bridge to seven piller. I generalized and clarified. Note that conventional suspension bridges are not built with more than two towers between anchorages due to potential dynamic instablity. (Are there any examples to the contrary?) Note that the four tower western span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge is actually two two-tower bridges with a massive central anchorage built on pilings into hard mud. Leonard G. 16:33, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Is there any information on the history of cable-stayed bridges? What was the first bridge built, for instance?

I have made several edits to the page, including providing a very brief history largely drawn from Walther's book (cited in the bibligraphy). I've also amended some of the terminology to reflect what is generally used in the field. If anyone has any queries or objections, please discuss them here! -- Kvetner 21:59, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Longest in world
I note a recent edit disputed the Rio-Antirio bridge's title as longest cable-stayed bridge in the world, suggesting that in fact the Sunshine Skyway Bridge is longer. This is a bit misleading - the Sunshine Skyway bridge is mostly an elevated viaduct, with only a relatively short cable-stayed section, which seems to be in no way record-breaking. The Rio-Antirio Bridge has the longest continuous length of cable-stayed deck, and the Tatara Bridge the longest single cable-stayed span. Before I try and clarify the article (to delete the claim that the Sunshine Skyway is the "world's longest cable-stayed concrete bridge"), does anyone have any other views? -- Kvetner 13:35, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Going by the links in the list of largest cable-stayed bridges Rio-Antirio has cable-stayed spans of 286 m, 560 m x 3, 286 m whereas the Millau Viaduct has cable-stayed spans of 204 m, 342 m x 6, 204 m. So which is the longest cable-stayed suspended deck? Note that the list claims Rio-Antirio is the longest. -- Paddu 23:59, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * There is reason to discuss the total length of a bridge in its article. It is harder to build a cable stay span a mile from land than when the pylons are on the river bank.  The height of the Millau span is an example of why the geography is important.  It is an impressive bridge, but its construction was an engineering marvel because it was done so high above the valley floor.  Check the Mackinac Bridge for an example of how to discuss total length versus longest (main) span. I would suggest something like this: the total length of the Sunshine Skyway makes it the longest bridge in the world with a cable-stayed main span. - SCgatorFan 00:18, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm glad someone brought up the subject of the Sunshine Skyway. I was going to question the claim on this page that the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge is the longest cable-stayed bridges in the Western Hemisphere until I read your comments since the Sunshine Skyway is more than twice as long in actual length.  But, I understand what you mean about the Sunshine Skyway being a long bridge that happens to have a cable-stayed span.  If we're talking about span length, then yes, the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge is does have the longest span in the Western Hemisphere. Maybe that should be clarified on the page stating it has the longest span in the Western Hemisphere, rather than saying it's the longest bridge? -- BucsWeb 11:42, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I read both articles again. I think that the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge is clear in saying its main span is the longest in the Western hemisphere.  But when I read the Sunshine Skyway Bridge article, I remembered that the Skyway is a concrete mainspan (i.e., there are no steel girders used in the main span).  Maybe the writer was saying that the main span is the longest concrete cable-stayed bridge.  That would be a hard claim to prove or disprove. - SCgatorFan 01:57, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * As per List of largest cable-stayed bridges, "largeness" is usually (may be, controversially) measured by the "length" of the main span. Hence if one is talking about comparing main spans, may be one should use "largest" instead of "longest".
 * BTW any comments on the Millau Viaduct being "longer" than the Rio-Antirio Bridge, for which I've been waiting for quite a while? :-) -- Paddu 09:19, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think we should use "largest" as it's never clear - "longest" or "tallest" at least have precise meanings. This page claims the Millau as the longest cable-stayed bridge, and given the spans cited on the Millau and Rio-Antirio pages, that would seem to be right. I suggest you go ahead and amend to suit. I do have a technical article at work by Michel Virlogeux, Millau's designer, which covers several large multi-span cable-stayed bridges and may be a useful reference - I'll try and remember to dig it out. -- Kvetner 21:02, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, do not use "largest." To me largest infers width and length, which is an important consideration for a long span (harder to hold up eight lanes of traffic than two for a thousand foot span). It can be an important part of the bridge article to discuss how large the bridge is.  For instance, the Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge is ten lanes wide, including two cantilevered outside of the cables.
 * Let me give the longest length a whirl. In a tabular format, these are the lengths for the three bridges in question:
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Bridge ! Longest Span ! Total Length of Cable Supported Spans ! Total Length of Bridge (includes all approach spans)
 * Sunshine Skyway Bridge
 * 367 m
 * 695 m
 * 8851 m Longest
 * Millau Viaduct
 * 342 m
 * 2460 m Longest
 * 2460 m
 * Rio-Antirio bridge
 * 560 m
 * 2,258 m
 * 2,880 m
 * }
 * So again I say it is most important to list cable-stayed bridge in order of their longest span, but it is also worthwhile to discuss in the article things like the total length, height, etc. - SCgatorFan 02:23, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the second column in that table, the longest continuous length of cable-supported spans, is actually quite important - I had a look through the Virlogeux paper and it's clear that the design of multiple cable-stayed spans presents some quite distinct challenges. When I get time I'll see if I can add some relevant information to the bridge-specific articles. -- Kvetner 08:14, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * }
 * So again I say it is most important to list cable-stayed bridge in order of their longest span, but it is also worthwhile to discuss in the article things like the total length, height, etc. - SCgatorFan 02:23, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the second column in that table, the longest continuous length of cable-supported spans, is actually quite important - I had a look through the Virlogeux paper and it's clear that the design of multiple cable-stayed spans presents some quite distinct challenges. When I get time I'll see if I can add some relevant information to the bridge-specific articles. -- Kvetner 08:14, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Exactly. I completely agree with you.  The total length of cable supported spans is quite important and should be discussed prominently in the article.  Bridges like Millau and Rio-Antirio with so many main spans are way better than the Sunshine Skyway.
 * So let me ask you this question. If all other things are equal, which of the following cable-stayed bridges would be harder to build (require greater engineering talent, be more impressive, rank higher on your list, have more risk involved in the construction, be harder to maintain, etc.): Bridge A with spans of 200 m, 4 x 400, and 200 m (2,000 m total); or Bridge B with spans of 300 m, 2 x 700 m, and 300 m (2,000 m total)? - SCgatorFan 00:09, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not a cable-stayed bridge expert (I've only designed and had built one), but of those two, I would say Bridge B - the longer main spans will be more complex to design because of concerns over wind and seismic loading during construction, while the two cantilevers haven't yet connected at the middle of the main spans. Other issues, such as non-linear effects and cable vibration, may also be greater for larger spans.
 * However, if the two bridges were Bridge C with spans of 150 m, 3 x 250 m, and 150 m (1,050 m total); and Bridge D with spans of 250 m, 550 m and 250 m (1,050 m total); the answer would be different. In this case Bridge C is more complex to design, because it has more than 3 spans. A 2-span or 3-span cable-stay bridge will always have the loads in the main spans anchored back to near the end abutments via stays in the back spans. For more spans, this isn't the case, and the bridge structure is less stiff overall.
 * This complicates the whole design considerably, and you can see the result at Ting Kau Bridge, where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise the towers; Millau Viaduct, where twin-legged towers were used; or General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A similar problem for a suspension bridge is found on San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of three suspension spans - this is another solution which can be used on cable-stays as well.
 * I guess there's scope to add some or all of the above to the cable-stayed bridge and suspension bridge articles! -- Kvetner 08:06, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The cable and suspension bridge lists probably need a sublist for bridges with multiple main spans. This list can be in order of total cable-supported length.  Bridges with multiple main spans could appear on both lists.
 * Since the following statement appears on both list pages, something needs to be done there:
 * The length of the main span is the most common way to rank (cable-stayed/suspension) bridges. If one bridge has a longer span than another it does not mean that the bridge is the longer from shore to shore or from anchorage to anchorage. However, the size of the main span does often correlate with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge.
 * There should probably need to be quidelines written for how to claim anything other than the longest main span. For instance, the Sunshine Skyway Bridge's claim could be read to be either the longest bridge (abutment to abutment, including approach spans) with a cable stayed main span OR the longest cable-stayed bridge main span copnstructed of a concrete cross section (no steel girders).  Which way would you read it?
 * BTW, the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge article says that the anchorage in the middle was put there to make the west span act like two separate suspension bridges. So it probably doesn't need anything added. - SCgatorFan 21:47, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

I've edited Cable-stayed bridge, Sunshine Skyway Bridge and List of largest cable-stayed bridges to address the above. I haven't attempted a list of largest multi-span cable-stay bridges, this would take a bit more time! -- Kvetner 12:01, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I wanted to add the info. to Rio-Antirio bridge but then I noticed an older discussion at Talk:Rio-Antirio bridge on identical lines as this one, that finally seems to have settled on Rio-Antirio being "longer" than Millau. This seems to be "because there are no bearings at the piers" as an anon puts it. Any comments? -- Paddu 22:02, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I find it hard to beleive that there is no bearing at the piers. While there is may not be vertical bearing, there must be lateral (horizontal) bearing. The Alex Fraser Bridge and the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge have no vertical bearing at their towers (the maintenance travelers pass through the towers), but they have lateral bearing. - SCgatorFan 02:35, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay, this complicates things a little. Paddu is correct that there is no vertical bearing at the piers (there are horizontal connections via anti-seismic dampers). This makes the Rio-Antirio bridge the longest continuous bridge deck supported only from cable-stays. I don't think this is particularly interesting, however - whether the deck hangs only from the cables or has an extra support via bearings at the towers is not really very important, at least as far as design of the deck itself goes.
 * However, Millau remains the longest cable-stayed bridge deck. I would suggest the Rio-Antirio Bridge article is clarified and Millau specifically mentioned there. In terms of design complexity, both are similar: the Rio-Antirio bridge has the advantage of no sliding bearings at the piers, which means the piers don't have to cater for frictional forces due to the thermal movement of the deck. As a result, the pylons are designed as rigid frames. The Millau Viaduct does have connections at the piers, which means that the piers are designed for restraint forces due to thermal movement of the deck. In this cases, the pylons and piers are both designed as flexible elements to reduce these restraint forces. -- Kvetner 08:37, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * What exactly is meant by "bearing" here (and "vertical" and "lateral" bearing)? And are we talking about the cable-stay towers or piers of the approach viaduct? (The above seems to talk about the towers whereas the Rio-Antirio talk page seemed to talk about the piers at the end of the cable-stayed portion. -- Paddu 20:35, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * A bearing is a mechanical device connecting two parts of a structure. In a conventional bridge, there are bearings below the deck, resting on the abutments and piers, carrying a mixture of vertical and horizontal loads. This is also true on cable-stayed bridges - there are quite often bearings supported on a crossbeam at the pylons - this helps reduce the length that the deck has to span between points of cable support, and therefore allows the deck to be a bit more economical. A "vertical" bearing carries vertical loads i.e. the weight of the deck and any vertical loads on it (traffic and a vertical component of wind load). A "lateral" bearing carries horizontal loads which are perpendicular to the direction of traffic (typically wind loading, but can also include the effects of seismic acceleration, and centrifugal forces if the deck is curved). For my part, when I referred to "piers" I was referring to the parts of the towers that are below deck level. The piers to the approach viaducts aren't relevant to the cable-stayed spans, and those piers will certainly have vertical bearings. Does this help? -- Kvetner 22:10, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Piers, pylons and towers are often used interchangeably in describing cable-stayed bridges, so sometimes you just might need to ask. - SCgatorFan 01:59, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I would think that the lateral bearing (or support) provided by the seismic dampers on the Rio-Antirio bridge also provides a point of fixity when designing for flutter (See Galloping Gertie). A true bridge deck supported only from cable-stays of the length we are speaking about would be a nightmare to test in the wind tunnel. - SCgatorFan 01:59, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Further to the above, it is suggested in an earlier comment that Sunshine Skyway Bridge may be the longest concrete cable-stayed bridge span. In fact it's the Skarnsund Bridge in Norway, and I've amended the Skarnsund bridge article with a reference confirming this. -- Kvetner 11:42, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Or may be the author intended it to be "the longest concrete bridge that has a cable-stayed main span" (phew! :-)). -- Paddu 22:10, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Add a section to define bridge parts?
Should there be a section added to list and define parts of a cable-stayed bridge? A short list to start would be I think this would be a helpful part of the article. - SCgatorFan 03:12, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * main span,
 * side span/back span,
 * tower/pylon,
 * anchor pier (both counterweight and tension),
 * intermediate piers in the back spans,
 * stay cables (including those continuous through a saddle in the tower), and
 * anchorages.

 * I think it would be best as a diagram. I'd be happy to draw up a hand sketch if someone else has the technology to turn it into a computer-drawn diagram. -- Kvetner 08:39, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Sweet spot

 * "The cable-stay design is the optimum bridge for a span length between that of cantilever bridges and suspension bridges."

So, roughly, what is the range of lengths for this type of bridge? —wwoods 02:47, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The form is used for footbridges from spans of about 40m up to about 150m, although there will often be cheaper solutions at the bottom end of that range (trusses up to about 50m, and bowstring arches up to a bit more than that), and at the top end suspension footbridges start becoming more common.
 * For highway and rail bridges, they have been used at spans as low as about 75m, but start coming into their own above about 150m, where girder bridges can be very expensive. They then range up to about 1km, although there are obviously very few cable-stayed bridges with spans approaching that. It has been stated that spans up to about 1.75km are feasible (source, Rene Walther's book, p.14). -- Kvetner 11:43, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

First cable-stayed bridge
An edit on 27 June 2007 revised the history section to say that the Donzere-Mondragon (France) Bridge was the first modern cable-stayed bridge. It also added a picture. Looking at the picture, I see an extradosed bridge. The towers are short and the cables are less than 45 degrees (meaning that they impart more horizontal force than vertical support). I think that either a refernce is needed or the statement needs to be revised. Is the Donzere-Mondragon a modern cable-stayed bridge? - SCgatorFan 14:40, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll do a bit of a book search when I get a moment. It isn't mentioned in Walther's book "Cable-stayed bridges", which describes the Stromsund bridge as "the first modern steel cable stayed bridge". From that, and looking at structurae, I'd guess that the Donzere-Mondragon bridge could be the first modern concrete cable stayed bridge. I don't think the cable angle is entirely relevant - one of the features of an extradosed bridge is that essentially it's a post-tensioned bridge in which the post-tensioning cables are brought above the line of the deck (hence the term "extrados", normally referring to the top surface of an arch bridge, but here the top surface of any bridge). While this might be true of Donzere-Mondragon, it's only a subset of the cable-stayed bridge type. I'll report back once I've looked through some other sources. -- Kvetner 12:01, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've done some brief research and updated the history section accordingly. There's lots more I could add if I get time, but that will do for now. -- Kvetner 21:36, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

First US cable-stayed bridge
Scgatorfan removed my additions about the Bluff Dale, Texas, bridge being the first US cable-stayed bridge, making reference to HAER drawing #2 to support his position. I've undone his change. Without any intent to be confrontational, if it's not cable-stayed, what is it? It's not a suspension bridge formed from or hanging from a catenary rope, cable, or chain and it's clearly not a beam, cantilever, arch, or truss bridge. While the angles of the support cables are low, it doesn't have the beam/girder deck needed to make it an extradosed bridge. That could, however, have very well have been the reason the Howe trusses were added along the top of the deck, as shown in the HAER drawings, but according to the HAER notes the bridge was in service for 9 years before that was done and the original deck design was clearly not intended to have any vertical stiffness on its own. To say that it wasn't a cable-stayed bridge in its original design and during its first 9 years of service, at least, seems to be splitting hairs. I'd welcome others' thoughts on the matter. TransporterMan 17:04, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Found the ruins of a slightly older Runyon cable stayed bridge in HAER and boldly added a reference to it.TransporterMan (talk) 16:58, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Denver milennium bridge5.jpg
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BetacommandBot 06:23, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Zhivopisny Bridge
Hello, could anyone add information about that bridge to this article? It's quite an unusual structure and the highest in Europe (since it's opened today). I'm not an engineer or an architect, so I have no idea how to describe it. There are also some good photos of it here: http://russos.livejournal.com/409954.html // vh16ru talk 17:24, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Second Severn Crossing
I am removing this recent add to "Notable cable-stayed bridges" by : Second Severn Crossing in Wales, U.K, is the longest bridge in Europe over 5,000m in length connecting England and Wales and major cities of Cardiff, Capital of Wales, Bristol and London. It is not the longest bridge in Europe, nor even the longest cable-stayed span. The Severn is the longest river in the U.K., maybe there is some confusion. Anyway, if you think it is notable enough for this list, please explain. Colfer2 (talk) 05:38, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Longest Single-Pylon Cable Bridge
Ada Bridge must be included in this list, as after its completion, it will be the longest single-pylon cable bridge in the world. -- WhiteWriter speaks 16:26, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Coordinates
I've added coordinates for a few of the historic bridges which do not have their own articles. If articles are written for these bridges the coordinates should be included there, the articles linked here, and the coordinates given here removed. Regards, TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 18:59, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

Mass deletion of article content
Hello (and  who originally created the article eons ago ),

It should take a lot to suddenly decide that a large portion of an article should be removed. A lot more when the reason one gives is just "clean-up". That's it, nothing more. Over 24% of the content removed. One would hope an editor would provide the logic behind a deletion of this size. As a courtesy to other editors and reviewers, please consider using the article's Talk page to discuss massive changes to articles. Also, the section you gutted is "Notable cable-stayed bridges". "Notable" on Wikipedia is often up for debate. There was no chance for any debate as you offered no warning that you had decided to be the sole arbitrator of "notable" on this article. Remember, a lot of others took the time to create content for this article (I only added one bridge, but it's still a concern). You seem to have decided that all their efforts and reasoning is invalid. Please don't look at an IP-based-editor as a "newbie" here. Seems we've both been editing articles for almost the same number of years. But you must know that time spent here does not give one carte blanche to step around what is now pretty common protocol. Same with being a "fan" of a subject, eg. "bridges". May I suggest that you please: 1) Restore the list you cut down to so few, then, 2) Come to the talk page and justify why each bridge is being deleted from this article. Or at least comment on groups of like bridges and why you chose to delete them.

Thank you for your time and your years of contributions. — 72.234.220.38 (talk) 08:47, 10 May 2016 (UTC)
 * At the moment we have 100+ articles about cable-stayed bridges and all of them are notable. So the section "Notable cable-stayed bridges" is just very random selection (mostly from the time, when wiki has only few articles about bridges), I honestly think that we can get rid off the entire section to prevent everyone to add every bridge. --Jklamo (talk) 09:31, 10 May 2016 (UTC)
 * The first statement may very well be true. And some may have the time to look at each one of these 100+ articles about cable-stayed bridges in our encyclopedia when they wish to glean some facts about some notable ones — but one should assume others do not have the time, that is why a condensed list such as this one is most handy.  Could you please explain why the removal of a list of this type helps the majority of Wikipedia visitors and researchers?  I personally feel this sort of edit is a form of WP:BATHWATER.  If you strongly feel this list does not belong in this article, please consider starting a new article with the now deleted 24% of other editor generated content that has been thrown away.  It both helps those using our project and respects the other editor's work. Regards. — 72.234.220.38 (talk) 09:52, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

 * This needs to be an encyclopedic article on cable-stayed bridges, not the usual list of "My local bridge". If so much of the content was just such a list, then we're well rid.
 * Bridges should be listed here because they add to an encyclopedic article. Either because they illustrate some descriptive aspect, or they are individually significant (first, biggest, distinctive). Notability doesn't help us here as many notable bridges will not belong here.
 * I've restored a few of the deleted bridges, but I would agree with the broad direction of the removals. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:03, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

Thank you for the heads up (anon). I hadn't realize to what an extent this article had degenerated. It's a classic example of too many cooks spoiling the broth. I have attempted to write a real lede, and moved some stuff around. There are still far too many images, and in spite of removing one overly large example we still have many that appear to be inserted simply as they are "local favs" without any other particular notability. Serious problems remain. There was a section, in the lede no less, mentioning four types of designs. It then went on to describe two. That needs to be fixed. Then, much further down, was a variations section, which overlapped in purpose. All of this needs to be cleaned up. Maury Markowitz (talk) 12:54, 10 May 2016 (UTC)
 * So what are we considering Notable? I see Queensferry Crossing in the list right now for example. I know a few more notable. I'm just curious for future additions. Reb1981 (talk) 03:03, 13 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I re-added Queensferry because, like the Second Severn Crossing, it's a cable stayed bridge replacing an earlier 1960s catenary suspension bridge, thus illustrating the technical shift between the two forms. It is also a very well known bridge amongst the general public, this crossing being the best known in Scotland and one of the best known in the UK. Andy Dingley (talk) 08:55, 13 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I would certainly like to see an example of a cable-stayed bridge replacing another design, as this illustrates the shifting price/performance ratio better than any explanation in the body could. However, we already have an example of such, the Centennial Bridge. Is there anything else notable about these bridges? Most of the other entries do self-claim their notability, like "briefly the longest", or "first major four-span". I don't see anything declaiming the notability of either of these examples. Maury Markowitz (talk) 12:04, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi, I'm glad I was able to lure you back into take a pass at the article. It had grown a bit messy over the years.  Thanks for the big edits, looks much better. I'll ask the same question as Reb1981 though: So what are we considering Notable?  I'd certainly agree that the mass of bridges listed were not all notable.  But I certainly disagree that one user (Jklamo) can decide to remove most of them just on their opinion.  Seems what was left shows "biggest", "tallest", "longest", etc. are their criteria. So, I'll bring up my own edit as an example.  The one I added that seems to have started this:
 * I think this is relatively straightforward: if a bridge was the longest, highest, first of its type (road/rail, four-lane) then it is notable for the purposes of this article. Unique elements, like the Octavio Frias or Puente de la Unidad also become self-notable. Based on that, it seems these are the questionable entries; Centennial, Golden Horn, Queensferry, Second Severn fail to make a claim for notability. That's not to say one doesn't exist, but I don't see it here or in the main articles for them. The Centennial, however, is the only one to span continents that I can think of, but that's not really a feature of this example that wouldn't be true for the Bridge of the Americas as well, that is, it's not a feat for this type of bridge. Maury Markowitz (talk) 12:04, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Tilikum Crossing, crossing the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, United States, it is the first major bridge in the U.S. that was designed to allow access to transit vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians but not cars.

 * It's a new 1,720 ft (520 m) bridge that unlike pretty much every other larger cable-stayed around, does not allow automobile traffic. It seems to be a sign of changing times. I certainly took "note". Twemoji 1f609.svg  Or say there was a bridge, not big, tall or long, but built out of 100% renewable wood or recycled materials?  Or one paid for by donations?  Or one with a full gothic architecture? There are quite a few ways one can define notable I'd suggest. Any way to perhaps salvage more of the babies from the WP:BATHWATER? Regards. — 72.234.220.38 (talk) 09:06, 13 May 2016 (UTC)
 * There are any number of major bridges that do not allow cars (eg, Skybridge), so that doesn't seem in indicate notability on its own. The multi-traffic aspect might, but you would need to research that a bit more. Maury Markowitz (talk) 12:04, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

Ice dropping on deck of cable-stayed bridges
Seems like a section on ice dropping from cable stays ought to be included, as it is apparently a hazard with this design in relevant climates, that still gets overlooked, or at least is not satisfactorily solved: https://www.wired.com/2012/12/port-mann-bridge-ice/ ; https://www.newcivilengineer.com/world-view/bridge-brilliance-falling-ice/10009470.article 172.103.138.179 (talk)-just an interested wiki reader —Preceding undated comment added 12:32, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

Senator Roth Bridge, Delaware, USA
This is an economically vital link for Delaware, the Philadelphia metropolitan region, and the Delmarva Peninsula. Distribution of goods and people to Dover and resort areas is improved as a result of the existence of the highway with the cable-stayed bridge. At this moment the US 13 bridge over the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal is closed for repairs and the Korean War Vets highway provides a nearby practical alternative. Heff01 (talk) 07:19, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I’d argue that since this article is about a kind of bridge, that notability should not turn on what the bridge accomplishes for the area it serves. The fact that it does what you say doesn’t turn on what kind of bridge it is. It may be notable for those things, but notability isn’t inherited and every bridge is important in that way: if the bridge doesn’t do useful stuff, they wouldn’t spend the millions of dollars and go to all the trouble it takes to build it. Frankly, I can think of some exceptions to this argument (if this was the first bridge between Japan and North America, for example) but this is just a local - and temporary - effect. Regards, TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 14:28, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

Ruskky Island bridge
It is written on the "Ruskky Island" page that this is the second longest, when I click the link to this page it says longest — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:56B:DCB1:5700:9496:4FFC:F5D1:89F1 (talk) 20:45, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? Russky Bridge says "The bridge to Russky Island is the world's longest cable-stayed bridge". Meters (talk) 20:58, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

Missing bridge type.
Shouldn't under-deck cable stay bridges be included within this article? 81.103.233.247 (talk) 18:28, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Probably not, as they're too different as a structural type, but they should be mentioned here and redirected appropriately (even to a REDLINK). They operate by tension and they have a linguistic connection, but in terms of overall bridge structures they're more like a truss than any suspension bridge. Andy Dingley (talk) 19:18, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cable-stayed bridge


text:
Robert Newton

Robert Guy Newton (1 June 1905 – 25 March 1956) was an English actor. Along with Errol Flynn, Newton was one of the more popular actors among the male juvenile audience of the 1940s and early 1950s, especially with British boys. Known for his hard-living life, he was cited as a role model by the actor Oliver Reed and the Who's drummer Keith Moon.

Beginning his career in theatre in the 1920s, Newton appeared in numerous plays in the West End, including Bitter Sweet by Noël Coward. In 1939 he was Horatio in Hamlet at the Old Vic theatre opposite Laurence Olivier's Prince Hamlet. After serving in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, he had his major break on screen playing the lead in This Happy Breed (1944) and starring in Olivier's version of Henry V (1944). These appearances saw British exhibitors vote him the 10th most popular British film star of 1944.

Newton is best remembered for his portrayal of the feverish-eyed Long John Silver in the 1950 RKO-Disney British adaptation of Treasure Island, the film that became the standard for screen portrayals of historical pirates. He starred as Edward Teach (Blackbeard) in Blackbeard the Pirate in 1952 and Long John Silver again in the 1954 film of the same title, which spawned a miniseries in the mid-1950s. Born in Dorset in the West Country of England and growing up in Cornwall near Land's End, his exaggeration of his West Country accent is credited with popularising the stereotypical "pirate speech". Newton has become the "patron saint" of the annual International Talk Like a Pirate Day.

Early life
Robert Guy Newton was born on 1 June 1905 in Shaftesbury, Dorset, a son of the landscape painter Algernon Newton, R.A. He lived with his family in Lamorna near Penzance, Cornwall, from 1912 to 1918. He attended St. Petroc's preparatory school in Bude, where he won a shooting competition in 1916, and then Exeter School and St. Bartholomew's School in Newbury, Berkshire.

Early career
His acting career began at the age of 16 at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1921. He appeared in many repertory shows until he went to Canada where he worked on a cattle ranch for a year.

He returned to England and performed in many plays in the West End of London, including Bitter Sweet by Noël Coward, The Letter with Gladys Cooper, and Cardboard Lover with Tallulah Bankhead. He also appeared in Private Lives on Broadway, taking over the role from his friend Laurence Olivier. From 1932 to 1934, he was the manager of the Shilling Theatre in Fulham, London. He had a small role in the film Reunion (1932).

Newton was put under contract to Alexander Korda who cast him in small roles in the cinema films Fire Over England (1937), Dark Journey (1937), Farewell Again (1937) and The Squeaker (1937). He also had a part as Cassius in the abandoned version of I, Claudius and in 21 Days (shot in 1937, released 1940). Newton was borrowed by 20th Century Fox for The Green Cockatoo (1937). Newton had a good role supporting Charles Laughton in Vessel of Wrath (1938). He had another strong part in Yellow Sands (1939) and had his first film lead in Dead Men are Dangerous (1939). He made another with Laughton, Jamaica Inn (1939), playing the romantic male lead, directed by Alfred Hitchcock. In 1939, he played Horatio to Laurence Olivier's Hamlet at the Old Vic, in a production that included Alec Guinness and Michael Redgrave. Newton kept busy as a film actor, appearing in Poison Pen (1939) and Hell's Cargo (1939).

Newton continued primarily as a supporting actor in films, appearing in Gaslight (1940), Busman's Honeymoon (1940), Bulldog Sees It Through (1940), Channel Incident (1940) and Major Barbara (1941), directed by Gabriel Pascal from the play by George Bernard Shaw. Newton got another chance as a star in Hatter's Castle (1942), opposite Deborah Kerr and James Mason. He consolidated his status by playing opposite Anna Neagle in the Amy Johnson biopic They Flew Alone (1942), playing Jim Mollison.

Military service
Newton enlisted in the Royal Navy and saw active service in the rank of an Able Seaman on board HMS Britomart (J22), which fought as an escort ship on several Russian convoys during World War II. After two and a half years in the Royal Navy he was medically discharged in 1943.

Return to acting
On resuming his film career, Newton played the lead in This Happy Breed (1944), a role played on stage by Noël Coward. Directed by David Lean, it was a huge hit. So too was the Laurence Olivier version of Henry V (1944), in which Newton played Ancient Pistol. These appearances helped British exhibitors vote him the 10th most popular British film star of 1944. During the war, he starred in the West End in No Orchids for Miss Blandish, which was a hit.

Newton had the star role in a thriller Night Boat to Dublin (1946), then had a showy cameo role in Odd Man Out (1947); this performance later was immortalised in Harold Pinter's play Old Times. He stayed in leads for Temptation Harbour (1947) and Snowbound (1948). Lean cast him as Bill Sikes in Oliver Twist (1948), a huge success critically and commercially.

Hollywood
He then made a series of films with Hollywood stars and/or financing: Kiss the Blood Off My Hands (1948), a film noir with Joan Fontaine and Burt Lancaster; Obsession (1949), a thriller directed by Edward Dmytryk, playing a cuckolded husband who exacts revenge on his wife. He played Long John Silver in Walt Disney's version of Treasure Island (1950), shot in the UK, with Bobby Driscoll and directed by Byron Haskin. Less well known is Waterfront (1950) in which Richard Burton appeared in his third film.

His final performance on stage was in the 1950 production of Gaslight with Rosamund John at the Vaudeville Theatre.

Treasure Island's success prompted Newton to return to Hollywood. He was one of several British actors in Soldiers Three (1951), an Imperial adventure tale. He returned to Britain for Tom Brown's Schooldays (1951) to play Thomas Arnold, then was cast by 20th Century Fox as Javert in their version of Les Misérables (1952). In 1951, he was voted the sixth most popular British star in Britain.

Gabriel Pascal gave him the star lead in Androcles and the Lion (1952), another Shaw adaptation. It was made by RKO who cast Newton in the title role of Blackbeard the Pirate (1952).

Fox asked him back for The Desert Rats (1953) opposite Richard Burton and James Mason, playing a drunken school teacher who discovers bravery during World War II. He was one of several names in an airplane disaster movie The High and the Mighty (1954). He was in an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents playing a tramp blackmailing a business man.

Back in Britain, Newton was given the lead in The Beachcomber (1954), a remake of Vessels of Wrath, this time in the part originally played by Charles Laughton. He again played Long John Silver in an Australian-made film, Long John Silver (1954). It was shot at Pagewood Studios, Sydney, and directed by Byron Haskin, who had directed Treasure Island. The company went on to make a 26-episode 1955 TV series, The Adventures of Long John Silver, in which Newton also starred. Earlier in 1954, he quit the film Svengali for personal reasons to be replaced by Sir Donald Wolfit which left him open to a legal action while filming in Australia in 1954.

His last screen appearance was as Inspector Fix in Around the World in 80 Days (1956) opposite David Niven, Shirley MacLaine and the Mexican star Cantinflas. It won the Academy Award for the Best Picture in 1956.

Personal life
Newton married four times and had three children: Sally Newton (born 1930), Nicholas Newton (born 1950) and Kim Newton (born 1953).

He was accused of kidnapping his son, Nicholas, when he took him to Hollywood in 1951, the year his third marriage ended. After a court battle, Newton's elder son was placed in the custody of his aunt and uncle.

He married his fourth wife, Vera Budnick, in June 1952. They had a son, Kim.

Death
Newton suffered in the latter part of his life from chronic alcoholism and died on 25 March 1956 at age 50, following a heart attack in Beverly Hills, California. His body was cremated, and there is a plaque in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles in his memory. Years later, his son Nicholas scattered his ashes into the south coast of Cornwall in Mount's Bay, near Lamorna in Cornwall, where his father had spent his childhood.

Filmography

 * The Tremarne Case (1924)
 * Reunion (1932)
 * Fire Over England (1937) as Don Pedro
 * Dark Journey (1937) as Officer of U-boat
 * Farewell Again (1937) as Jim Carter
 * The Squeaker (1937) as Larry Graeme
 * The Green Cockatoo (1937) as Dave Connor
 * I, Claudius (1937) as Cassius, Captain of Caligula's Guard
 * Vessel of Wrath (1938) as the Controleur
 * Yellow Sands (1938) as Joe Varwell
 * Dead Men are Dangerous (1939) as Aylmer Franklyn
 * Jamaica Inn (1939) as James 'Jem' Trehearne - Sir Humphrey's Gang
 * Poison Pen (1939) as Sam Hurrin
 * Hell's Cargo (1939) as Commander Tomasou
 * 21 Days (1940) as Tolley
 * Gaslight (1940) as Vincent Ullswater
 * Busman's Honeymoon (1940) as Frank Crutchley
 * Bulldog Sees It Through (1940) as Watkins
 * Channel Incident (1940, Short) as Tanner
 * Major Barbara (1941) as Bill Walker
 * Hatter's Castle (1942) as James Brodie
 * They Flew Alone (1942) as Jim Mollison
 * A Battle for a Bottle (1942, Short)
 * This Happy Breed (1944) as Frank Gibbons
 * Henry V (1944) as Ancient Pistol
 * Night Boat to Dublin (1946) as Captain David Grant
 * Odd Man Out (1947) as Lukey
 * Temptation Harbour (1947) as Bert Mallison
 * Snowbound (1948) as Derek Engles
 * Oliver Twist (1948) as Bill Sikes
 * Kiss the Blood Off My Hands (1948) as Harry Carter
 * Obsession (1949) as Dr. Clive Riordan
 * Treasure Island (1950) as Long John Silver
 * Waterfront (1950) as Peter McCabe
 * Soldiers Three (1951) as Private Bill Sykes
 * Tom Brown's Schooldays (1951) as Dr. Thomas Arnold
 * Les Misérables (1952) as Etienne Javert
 * Androcles and the Lion (1952) as Ferrovius
 * Blackbeard the Pirate (1952) as Edward Teach / Blackbeard
 * The Desert Rats (1953) as Tom Bartlett
 * The High and the Mighty (1954) as Gustave Pardee
 * The Beachcomber (1954) as Edward 'Honorable Ted' Wilson
 * Long John Silver (1954) as Long John Silver
 * The Adventures of Long John Silver (1954, TV Series) as Long John Silver
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 1 Episode 19: "The Derelicts") as Peter J. Goodfellow
 * Around the World in 80 Days (1956) as Inspector Fix

Box-office rankings
For several years, Newton was voted by exhibitors as among the most popular British stars at the local box office:

 * 9th most popular British star in 1947
 * 5th most popular British star in 1950 (10th most popular star overall)
 * 7th most popular British star in 1951

title: Robert Newton


text:
Talk:Skylab 2

Erroneous mission name
Hi, I dont really have a clue, so I was not going to change the page, but in the table on the right it says that the mission name is Apollo 16. Can that be? BigBen212 08:01, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Fixed Theon 20:45, May 25, 2004 (UTC)

Paragraphs needing to be merged
The first and second paragraphs in the Missions highlights section contain the exact same information. They appear to be two different version of the same paragraph. There is some information original to each and the wording is different (better at times in either). I think we should take the two and merge them so as to get the optimal wording and not have the article repeat itself. I am not super good with doing this sort of thing without the result reading a bit like a bunch of re-ordered sentences but I will give it a try this evening or tomorrow if no one else gets to it, and I will leave a note here for someone to polish it off. Dalf | Talk 15:35, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. Evil Monkey∴Hello 03:31, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

Sunshade
This is my vague recollection from the news broadacsts of the time: Options were considered to fix the damaged sunshield: One was a "parasol" on a rigid frame that would be expanded in orbit and fixed to Skylab via a stem. Another was fixing a huge sheet of reflective foil over the damaged area which would be much more demanding of the spacewalking astronauts since it would have to be fixed down at several points - but would effectively restore the shielding to normal. I think another option was considered but I forget what. The one that was chosen was the sheet of foil which was successfully attached. Moving pictures of the skylab showed the foil gently undulating in the thermosphere wind. It'd be good if somebody that knows the details for sure wrote this up since it was probably the highlight of the mission. Stibbs, 6 Oct 05

skylab 1 insignia is displayed on this page
the insignia on this page clearly read "skylab i" - but seems to refer to skylab 2. (i noticed that skylab 3's insignia says "skylab ii". what is this about - more explanation would help. (unsigned comment by User:24.1.112.215 00:59, 12 January 2006)
 * Seconded - a good explanation of why Nasa now calls the first manned Skylab mission as Skylab 2, when it was clearly called Skylab I when the mission patches were done. Similarly the Skylab 3 page shows the patch for that mission with Skylab II. Nfitz 20:42, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Error in end of mission times
The infobox said:
 * Landing date:  June 22, 1973, 13:49:48 UTC
 * Undocking date: June 22, 1973, 19:48:07 UTC

So they landed almost six hours before they undocked? I don't think so... JustinTime55 (talk) 20:46, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skylab 2


text:
List of snooker tournaments

This is a list of professional and alternative format snooker tournaments. Professional snooker tournaments can take the form of ranking tournaments—which are open to players on the main tour and award ranking points based on a player's performance—and non-ranking tournaments. A non-ranking tournament may take the form of an invitational event where player participation is conditional on criteria set by the organiser or sponsor or by personal invite. Most tournaments take the form of a 'singles' event, but there are several team formats that have appeared on the calendar over the years.

In recent seasons alternative forms of snooker have proliferated on the calendar. Any event that uses the official rules of snooker but is not completely consistent with them is defined as an "alternative form of snooker", such as six-red snooker (which is played with six reds as opposed to the standard fifteen as required by the official rules), and alterations to scoring and fouling. Some tournaments have occupied the middle ground between strict adherence to the official rules and adopting an alternative format by implementing tournament rules that fully complement the official rules of the game, such as adding a shot clock or ; in such instances, a tournament rule operates in a way that the official rules of the game are still fully observed.

Ranking
This is a list of ranking professional snooker tournaments.

Non-ranking
The professional snooker tournaments listed below are non-ranking and invitational events.

Ranking
This is a list of ranking professional snooker tournaments that no longer form part of the snooker calendar.

Minor-ranking
This is a list of minor-ranking professional snooker tournaments that no longer form part of the snooker calendar.

Non-ranking
The professional snooker tournaments listed below were non-ranking and invitational events.

title: List of snooker tournaments


text:
National anthem of Mongolia

The national anthem of Mongolia, known before 1991 as the State Anthem of the Mongolian People's Republic, is the national anthem of Mongolia. It was created in 1950 with music composed by Bilegiin Damdinsüren and Luvsanjambyn Mördorj and lyrics written by Tsendiin Damdinsüren.

History
Since the early 20th century, Mongolia has had two national anthems: the first, used between 1924 and 1950, was called the "Mongol Internationale", with words by Sonombaljiryn Buyannemekh and music by Magsarjavyn Dugarjav. It is often incorrectly listed as the Mongolian-language version of "The Internationale", despite the two songs having almost nothing in common aside from similar names. "The Internationale" does have a Mongolian version, however, which should not be confused with the "Mongol Internationale".

The second anthem, by Damdinsüren and Mördorj, replaced the "Mongol Internationale" and has been in use since 1950. The lyrics were changed slightly in 1961 to include references to the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and remove references to various Soviet and Mongolian leaders; however, the original lyrics were restored in early 1991, a year prior to the end of the Mongolian People's Republic. Since 1991, most of the lyrics from 1950 are in use again, but the second verse (praising Lenin, Stalin, Sükhbaatar and Choibalsan) has been removed. On 6 July 2006, the lyrics were revised by the Mongolian Parliament to commemorate Genghis Khan.

The current constitution of Mongolia mandates that the national anthem be broadcast daily on media channels prior to the end of transmissions.

title: National anthem of Mongolia