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Hulett

The Hulett was an ore unloader that was widely used on the Great Lakes of North America. It was unsuited to tidewater ports because it could not adjust for rising and falling tides, although one was used in New York City.

History
The Hulett was invented by George Hulett of Conneaut, Ohio, in the late 19th century; he received a patent for his invention in 1898. The first working machine was built the following year at Conneaut Harbor. It was steam powered, successful, and many more were built along the Great Lakes, especially the southern shore of Lake Erie to unload boats full of taconite from the iron mines near Lake Superior. John W. Ahlberg converted the Huletts in Conneaut to electricity in the 1920's. Substantial improvements were later made on the design by Samuel T. Wellman.

The Hulett machine revolutionised iron ore shipment on the Great Lakes. Previous methods of unloading lake freighters, involving hoists and buckets and much hand labor, cost approximately 18¢/ton. Unloading with Huletts cost only 6¢/ton. (in 1901 dollars) Unloading only took 5 to 10 hours, as opposed to days for previous methods. Lake boat designs changed to accommodate the Hulett unloader, and became much larger, doubling in length and quadrupling in capacity.

By 1913, 54 Hulett machines were in service. Two were built at Lake Superior (unloading coal) and five at Gary, Indiana, but the vast majority were along the shores of Lake Erie. The additional unloading capacity they brought helped permit a greater than doubling of the ore traffic in the 1900–1912 period. A total of approximately 75 Huletts were built. One was installed in New York City to unload garbage.

The lake's Huletts were used until about 1992, when self-unloading boats were standard on the American side of the lake. All have since been dismantled. In 1999, only six remained, the group of four at Whiskey Island in Cleveland, the oldest. Another set was used unloading barges of coal in South Chicago until 2002 and were demolished in the spring of 2010.

In spite of the Cleveland machines being on the National Register of Historic Places and designated as a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark, they were demolished in 2000 by the Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority to enable development of the underlying land. The Port Authority disassembled and retained two Huletts, to enable their reconstruction at another site, but the reconstruction has not yet happened. In March 2024 the Port Authority initially chose a demolition contractor that intended to reassemble one unloader in nearby Canton, but they chose another contractor later in the month, which expects to salvage the arms and buckets.

Operation

The electrically powered Hulett unloader rode on two parallel tracks along the docks, one near the edge and one further back, ordinarily with four railroad tracks in between. Steel towers, riding on wheeled trucks, supported girders that spanned the railroad tracks.

Along these girders ran a carriage which could move toward or away from the dock face. This in turn carried a large walking beam which could be raised or lowered; at the dock end of this was a vertical column with a large scoop bucket on the end. A parallel beam was mounted halfway down this column to keep the column vertical as it was raised or lowered. The machine's operator, stationed in the vertical beam above the bucket for maximum cargo visibility, could spin the beam at any angle. The scoop bucket was lowered into the ship's hold, closed to capture a quantity (10 tons approx.) of ore, raised, and moved back toward the dock. The workmen who operated the Hulett uploaders were known as Ore Hogs.

To reduce the required motion of the carriage, a moving receiving hopper ran between the main girders. It was moved to the front for the main bucket to discharge its load, and then moved back to dump it into a waiting railroad car, or out onto a cantilever frame at the back to dump the load onto a stockpile.

The Hulett could move along the dock to align with the holds on an ore boat. When the hold was almost empty, the Hulett could not finish the job itself. Workmen entered the hold and shoveled the remaining ore into the Hulett's bucket. In a later development, a wheeled excavator was chained to the Hulett's bucket and lowered into the hold to fill the Hulett.

title: Hulett


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Reno (disambiguation)

Reno is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada.

Reno may also refer to:

Australia

 * Reno, New South Wales - rural locality and former mining village, immediately to the north-west of Gundagai

Canada

 * Reno, Alberta, a hamlet
 * Rural Municipality of Reno No. 51, Saskatchewan

Italy

 * Reno (river), northern Italy
 * Rhine River, Reno in the Italian language

United States

 * Reno, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Reno, Illinois, an unincorporated community
 * Reno, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Reno, Kansas, an unincorporated community
 * Reno, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * Reno, Ohio, a census-designated place
 * Reno, Pennsylvania, in the Borough of Sugarcreek, Pennsylvania
 * Reno, Lamar County, Texas, a city
 * Reno, Parker County, Texas, a city
 * Reno (Washington, D.C.), a former town and neighborhood in the District of Columbia.
 * Reno County, Kansas
 * Reno Lake, a lake in Minnesota
 * Reno Township (disambiguation)
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Reno
 * Reno, Nevada
 * Fort Reno (disambiguation)

People

 * Reno (surname)
 * Reno (given name)
 * Reno (wrestler), ring name of retired professional wrestler Rick Cornell

Fictional characters

 * Reno, a member of the "Turks" in the videogame Final Fantasy VII

Arts and entertainment

 * Reno (1923 film), an American silent film
 * Reno (1930 film), an American silent film
 * Reno (1939 film), directed by John Farrow
 * "Reno" (Doug Supernaw song), 1993
 * "Reno" (Dottie West song), 1968
 * "Reno" (Bruce Springsteen song), 2005 on his album Devils & Dust

Sports

 * Reno Air Races, airplane competition
 * FC Reno, a Jamaican football team
 * Reno Open, a golf tournament in 1990 and 1991

Transportation

 * Renault, a French automaker which is sometimes pronounced as "Reno"
 * Suzuki Reno, a compact car
 * Reno Air, a passenger airline based in Reno, Nevada, which operated from 1992 to 1999
 * Reno station, a train station in Reno, Nevada
 * Reno, a Virginia & Truckee Railroad steam locomotive built in 1872

In the military

 * USS Reno (DD-303), American destroyer sunk during World War I, named after Walter E. Reno
 * USS Reno (CL-96), American cruiser, named after the city of Reno, Nevada

Other uses

 * A shortened version of the word renovation
 * Reno, an alternative name for Italian wine made from the Riesling grape
 * The TCP Reno congestion avoidance algorithm
 * Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation (RENO)
 * Reno, an OPPO phone brand
 * Reno, a Filipino food product brand commonly associated with Liver spread

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Reno (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Stock car racing

History section
Is there any history to add that isn't NASCAR specific? 2601:18B:300:5780:407:59DB:47DB:655E (talk) 20:15, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stock car racing


text:
Talk:W. B. Yeats

Fascism
In recent years, there’s been more discussion of Yeats and his favorable view towards fascism. I realize this is briefly touched upon (and buried deep) in this article, but given recent scholarship, I think more needs to be said. Viriditas (talk) 19:49, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

Stop Removing The Infobox
Literally almost every person, living or dead, real or mythological, has an infobox. What makes W.B Yeats so special where he doesn't deserve an infobox like the rest? 2601:2C7:67F:C8F0:8E2:CEFC:D4F0:11C1 (talk) 14:22, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

 * There is nothing in the infobox that cannot be conveyed in the lede. And the arbitrary assignment of him to the Victorian period is an example of how the nuance is lost. Kablammo (talk) 15:24, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Basic facts such as where he died, and at which age, could be conveyed by the lead, but are not. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 15:49, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I mean you could say that about any infobox at all. Reflecktor (talk) 13:15, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, and I do. Unfortunately, at present we have to say it for every article individually. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 14:16, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The age can be ascertained from the first line by simple arithmetic; the locale of his death can be put in, but I don't see that it is important for the lede, and is given below. Kablammo (talk) 17:58, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * To supply the facts around birth and death is standard for encyclopedias. An infobox can actually free the prose from that clutter (what country was the birth place in history when the person was born ...?), and whoever doesn't want to look there could simply not look. For others, it might be helpful, as recently discussed and accepted for Mozart and James Joyce. What to put in an infobox, besides those general facts, is a different discussion. As little as possible. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:12, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I wasn't aware of these discussions on the talk page in regards to adding an infobox prior to attempting to add one today (perhaps natively, I just assumed no one had bothered to add one), but I have to say as someone who regularly edits and creates Irish biographical articles I find it most unusual that some editors are advocating for no infobox at all when infoboxes are de facto parts of almost all individual biographical pages on Wikipedia. Gerda Arendt makes a good point in clarifying that whether or not this article should have an infobox at all, and what information should be in the infobox, are two very separate conversations. It's perfectly possible for Yeats to have an infobox that doesn't have a "period" line at all, if things like the period input are the point of contention.  CeltBrowne (talk) 04:39, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * If you (and the ip above) think boxes are "parts of almost all individual biographical pages on Wikipedia" you are just wrong. Maybe you spend your time looking at politicians or sportspeople. An indication of the problems is that the one you added is rather long, but gives no indication at all that he ever wrote a line of poetry. Amazing. Johnbod (talk) 14:17, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * but gives no indication at all that he ever wrote a line of poetry. Amazing
 * You don't have to be curt. I actually tried to use Infobox writer as the primary input with infobox officeholder added as an additional module, however infobox writer wouldn't allow a module to be added. I'm only realising now I should have used infobox person, and added both infobox writer and infobox officeholder as modules, which would have worked.
 * Once again, I wasn't aware of any previous attempts to add an infobox prior to my edit and what I added wasn't intended to be prefect, it was intended to give basic info and then for other editors to add in additional details.
 * This circles back to the point that whether or not the article should an infobox, and what goes in the infobox are two separate conversations. If an infobox is added and it's imperfect, the solution is not to remove it, but to improve it.
 * Maybe you spend your time looking at politicians or sportspeople.
 * Here are some people I'm looking at for comparison:
 * James Joyce - has Infobox writer
 * Samuel Beckett - has Infobox writer
 * Oscar Wilde - has Infobox writer
 * Seamus Heaney - has Infobox writer
 * Sally Rooney - has Infobox writer
 * Can you show me some prominent examples of Irish writer articles without infoboxes? CeltBrowne (talk) 12:04, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * What, so you can go off there & start the same? No, thanks! Are Irish writers a species apart? That you can even put forward such a proposed box (even without thinking it "prefect") shows (as usual) the infobox proposer has no interest in the subject at all, and if there were to be a box, negotiating the right contents would be like wading through truculent treacle - see Mozart. Johnbod (talk) 14:40, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Nothing in an infobox would make the rest of the article cease to exist. Why are you opposed to a section of the article that makes it easier to glean key points and basic info? Brad (talk) 23:55, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I have no idea why it keeps being reverted. An infobox is the de facto for every single person of note and helps readers gather quick information without having to read the entire article, like birth and death dates. Fellow Irish writers like Oscar Wilde and James Joyce have infoboxes like @CeltBrowne pointed out. The consensus is outdated and pointless. I think this is because some users are too stubborn to add something as mundane as an infobox. Cburt777 (talk) 14:55, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Is there really a "longstanding consensus" that there should be no infobox? Does anyone aside from @Kablammo and @Johnbod object? Do either of these two users have an actual, valid reason other than tradition? Many other writers and poets have infoboxes. In fact, the only "category" I know of that actually has a (however imperfect) consensus against infoboxes is composers. Brad (talk) 23:54, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * And artists, philosophers etc. The "de facto norm" argument so prominent here was completely exploded by the recent proposal to put this in policy, which failed miserably (I'm on holiday, you'll have to find the link yourself). Johnbod (talk) 09:22, 13 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I just checked, off the top of my head, Picasso, Monet, O'Keeffe, Sartre, Plato, and Nietzsche, and they all have infoboxes. Brad (talk) 21:14, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

D. P. Moran's assessment of Yeats
At the end of the section on Yeats' political views, there is the following sentence: 'D. P. Moran called him a minor poet and "crypto-Protestant conman.' I don't understand how this is relevant to Yeats' political views. The sentence as such only appears to express views on Yeats' literary merit, degree of religious orthodoxy and general moral character. If the idea is that a negative comment by Moran, given Moran's own political positions, is somehow diagnostic of what political position the disliked person had, this is surely too far-fetched. If Moran did say more about Yeats' politics specifically, then that is what should be quoted/retold, not just this quote. 87.126.21.225 (talk) 20:08, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

Composer Marjorie Rusche Also Set Yeats’ Text to Music
This information was removed from the article: American composer Marjorie Rusche used Yeats’ text for her song “ An Irish Airman Foresees His Death.” (reference: https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=29688) T. E. Meeks (talk) 21:19, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It seems not relevant to his biography. Perhaps create a page List of musical compositions based on works by W. B. Yeats, or a category? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:49, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * There are many poems of Yeats set to music. How do we choose them? How do we limit them? And what does the work of another artist—who set the words to music decades later—contribute to our knowledge of Yeats? I oppose any mention of them in this article. Kablammo (talk) 00:21, 17 October 2023 (UTC) Modifying my previous comment: Such information may be useful to show his legacy and influence, but should be limited to those purposes, and not devolve into a listing of such works. Kablammo (talk) 12:25, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Nor should such content be a commentary on the piece (as the text cited to this source)- that belongs elsewhere, if at all. The Waterboys have over a dozen musical adaptions of works of Yeats. Kablammo (talk) 15:53, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with Gerda and Kablammo; its a beautiful piece of music, but the claim belongs on the Rusche article, esp as the proposed citations are primary. However, am inclined to include the Waterboys, especially as "when ye go away" is very well known, and the Yeats connection has often been refereed to by critics. Ceoil (talk) 00:43, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree. Kablammo (talk) 14:45, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

Lake Isle of Innisfree
W.B. Yeats lived at Bedford park, Chiswick, London. On his way to work, he would walk past the island in the Thames known as Chiswick Eyot; and he said it reminded him of Innisfree. So indeed one of the greatest poems in the English language has its roots in Chiswick, London. Chuzzlewitty (talk) 06:01, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

 * If you have some good source(s) for your claim, you might want to raise this at The Lake Isle of Innisfree? I must say I'm a bit surprised that the poem is mentioned nowhere in this article (apart from in the W. B. Yeats template at the bottom). Martinevans123 (talk) 16:51, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thats a good point Martin...maybe additions re major works similar to on H.D. Ceoil (talk) 14:44, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Shucks. There's no escape, is there... Martinevans123 (talk) 19:13, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

 * By the way, the article for "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" says this:
 * "... is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill, in Ireland, near which Yeats spent his summers as a child. Yeats describes the inspiration for the poem coming from a "sudden" memory of his childhood while walking down Fleet Street in London in 1888. He writes, "I had still the ambition, formed in Sligo in my of living in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree, a little island in Lough Gill, and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop-window which balanced a little ball upon its jet, and began to remember lake water. From the sudden remembrance came my poem "Innisfree," my first lyric with anything in its rhythm of my own music. I had begun to loosen rhythm as an escape from rhetoric and from that emotion of the crowd that rhetoric brings, but I only understood vaguely and occasionally that I must for my special purpose use nothing but the common syntax. A couple of years later I could not have written that first line with its conventional archaism—"Arise and go"—nor the inversion of the last stanza.".."
 * So apparently no, not the Chiswick Eyot. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:16, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

 * It was been described as his "best known poem", e.g. here, here and here, etc., etc. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:01, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

W. B. Yeats died in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, not in Menton
The present article says: "He died at the Hôtel Idéal Séjour, in Menton, France, on 28 January 1939, aged 73. He was buried after a discreet and private funeral at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin." The reference cites the NY Times obituary.

1) The NY Times says: "NICE, France, Jan. 29.--The death of William Butler Yeats, famous Irish poet and playwright, occurred yesterday near Mentone. Mr. Yeats, who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1923, was 73 years old." And 'near Menton' is different than 'in Menton'. Roquebrune-Cap-Martin and Menton are two separate towns.

2) In the Roquebrune-Cap-Martin's Death Register, Yeats' death certificate states (my translation): "On January 28th, 1939 at 2:30 PM died avenue Virginie Hériot, Hôtel Idéal Beauséjour, William Butler Yeats [...]". The certificate is signed by Fernand Torthe, mayor of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.

3) There is an avenue Virginie Hériot in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin; but none in Menton.

4) The only mention of 'Menton' in Yeat's death certificate is related to the undertaker's domicile, who officially declared Yeat's death at 6 PM the same day. Billancourt (talk) 08:08, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

 * That all looks quite conclusive. Here's another source. Martinevans123 (talk) 09:59, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks, will try and clarify on this over the weeked, and also expand a bit on the epitaph, see here. Ceoil (talk) 13:41, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:W. B. Yeats


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Fish River Canyon

The Fish River Canyon (Afrikaans: Visrivier Canyon or Visrivier Kuil, Fischfluss Canyon), is located in the south of Namibia. It is the largest canyon in Africa, as well as the second most visited tourist attraction in Namibia. It features a gigantic ravine, in total about 100 mi long, up to 27 km wide and in places almost 550 meters deep.

The Fish River is the longest interior river in Namibia. It cuts deep into the plateau which today is dry, stony and sparsely covered with hardy drought-resistant plants. The river flows intermittently, usually flooding in late summer; the rest of the year it becomes a chain of long narrow pools. The hot springs resort of ǀAi-ǀAis is situated at the lower end of the Fish River Canyon.

Public view points can be visited near Hobas, a camp site 70 km north of ǀAi-ǀAis. This part of the canyon is part of the ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park, while the remainder is privately owned.

Geology
The Fish River canyon consists of an upper canyon, where river erosion was inhibited by hard gneiss bedrocks, and a lower canyon formed after erosion had finally worn through the solid metamorphic rocks. Both parts have been declared a national monument in 1962.

Upstream, the river runs through horizontal dolomite strata; these metamorphic rocks forms part of the canyon. About 650 million years ago (Mya), plate movement had formed a north-south graben, or lowered area, along which the ancient Fish River could flow and eventually erode a flat plain to create today's upper canyon. Glaciation at around 300 Mya, part of the Dyka glaciation during the Karoo Ice Age, further deepened the canyon. About 60 Mya, South America and Africa separated (due to continental drift) and Africa rose significantly; the consequentially increased gradient of the Fish River enabled it to erode the lower canyon into the hard gneisses, forming the current deeply twisting, meandering system of the lower canyon. With the separation of the continent Gondwana about 120 million years ago and the uplifting of the African continent the gradient of the Fish River increased - allowing it to erode even deeper into the rock. Today the deepest point of the canyon is 549 metres deep.

The Fish River Canyon Hiking Trail
The Fish River Canyon hiking trail is one of the more popular hiking trails in Southern Africa. The immense scale and rugged terrain has drawn many visitors from all over the world to experience hiking or trail running the canyon.

Apart from the 2 kilometre descent west of Hobas and some optional short cuts, the trail generally follows 88 kilometres of the Fish River through to ǀAi-ǀAis and is usually completed within 5 days. Although there are a number of footpaths through the canyon, the trail is not fixed - leaving the hiker to decide where and how long to hike.

There are no amenities on the trail and hikers have to carry all their needs with them. Open fires are not allowed on the trail.

In times of inclement weather, some shelter in a run-down building can be found at the Causeway (-27.829°N, 17.571°W) but otherwise sleeping is outdoors.

The weather is usually mild and typical temperatures vary between 5 °C and 30 °C with little humidity. Extreme weather, such as flash floods, stormy winds and rain occasionally play havoc during the hiking season.

Permits
Due to flooding and extremely hot summer temperatures reaching 48 °C during the day and 30 °C at night, permits are only issued between 1 May and 15 September.

Prior to arriving at Hobas a hiking permit must be obtained from Namibia Wildlife Resorts for groups not smaller than 3 and not larger than 30. All hikers must be older than 12 years and a certificate of fitness, completed by a medical doctor, must be presented at the offices of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism at Hobas.

In recent years the trail has become popular, particularly during school holidays and long weekends; therefore permits should be requested well in advance. Bookings for the following year's season open 1 May.

Trailhead campgrounds
Hobas (-27.619°N, 17.715°W) houses the Ministry of Environment and Tourism offices as well as Namibia Wildlife Resorts offices and a little shop for curiosities and basic necessities. Camping underneath Camelthorn trees with ablution blocks is available for hikers who plan to overnight at Hobas.

The trail ends at ǀAi-ǀAis where a resort with hotel rooms, chalets and camping grounds can be found.

A shuttle service runs approximately every three hours between ǀAi-ǀAis and Hobas. It should be booked in advance through the offices of Namibia Wildlife Resorts at ǀAi-ǀAis.

The trail
The trail starts from the car park (-27.577°N, 17.609°W) 13 kilometres west from Hobas. The descent is steep and chains are provided to assist hikers over the first 100 meters. Thereafter the unmarked path follows a gravel trail to the river floor at the bottom (-27.588°N, 17.598°W). On the descent some misleading game trails lead to the north and should be avoided.

The trail can be divided into three notable sections:
 * The descent down to Sulphur Springs (also known as Palm Springs) will take the hiker through the narrowest section of the canyon. Layered with big boulders, rocks and deep sand, making the journey slow and laborious, hiking the descent results in an average hiking speed between 6 and 10 kilometres per day.
 * The route from Sulphur Springs to Three Sisters is mostly on firmer ground with plenty river stones and frequent river crossings. Average hiking speed is between 15 and 25 kilometres per day.
 * From Three Sisters to ǀAi-ǀAis the canyon widens out with some sections reachable in 4x4 vehicles. Average hiking speed here is between 25 and 35 kilometres per day.

Optional short cuts are available. They offer little in beauty but may be a welcome change of scenery and terrain. Popular short cuts are found at:
 * the 50 kilometer mark (-27.775°N, 17.593°W) before Three Sisters to cross over Kooigoed Ridge towards Barble Pools.
 * from Barble Pools (-27.793°N, 17.588°W) to cross via Vasbyt Nek to the German Soldier's grave.
 * Bandage pass (-27.837°N, 17.561°W) between the Causeway and Fool's Gold corner.

The river
The river flows stronger early in the season and by September usually dries up to form a chain of stagnant pools. Water is safe to drink, however the use of water purifying tablets is recommended.

River crossings are a notable feature with more than 20 crossings over the course of the trail, and crossings may become a major consideration when water levels are high.

Emergencies
There is no mobile phone reception in the canyon and only two emergency exits are available. Evacuation from the deep canyon is done via stretcher on foot or helicopter and vehicles in the later parts of the trail. Emergency exits can be found:
 * prior to Sulphur Springs at -27.65°N, 17.609°W
 * as a Jeep track at -27.819°N, 17.587°W. This leads 10 kilometres further to the main road between Ai Ais and Hobas.

Trail running in the Canyon
Documented running through the canyon started in 1990. A group of hikers in running gear attempted to complete the 5 day, 90 kilometer hiking trail in 24 hours. They achieved their goal in a time of 11hrs 42min. In August 2003 this time was lowered to 10hrs 54min. In August 2012, after a previously abandoned attempt in 2011, Ryan Sandes completed the course in 6hrs 57min.

The Fish River Canyon Ultra Marathon
Unofficial running through the canyon has subsequently evolved into the annual Fish River Canyon Ultra Marathon which held its inaugural race on 27 August 2011.

This technical marathon follows most sections of the current hiking trail, testing the athlete's capabilities to the extreme.

The route starts close to Hobas and after a short section on the rim of the canyon steeply descends 500 meters to river level. Thereafter the contestants mostly follow the river to ǀAi-ǀAis. They are allowed to plan their own routes and take short-cuts through the canyon provided they reach a number of predefined checkpoints. Shortcuts may greatly reduce the total distance of the race but may also cost the contestant dearly in effort.

Due to the remoteness of the trail, all competitors are required to be self-sufficient for the duration of the event and are expected to have adequate nutrients as well as the stipulated survival gear. Water is generally sourced from the river which is always close by.

Previous trail runners have commented on the difficulty of the terrain: "The canyon is one of the most beautiful places I have seen but at the same time is one of the harshest environments I have run in. I really battled in the canyon due to the extreme heat and terrain and running in there was one of the toughest days of my athletic career." "This canyon is not for the faint hearted and an attempt to run it should not be taken light-heartedly."

title: Fish River Canyon


text:
James Stannage

James Stannage (born Charles James M. Stannage) is an English late night talk show radio host. He presented The Late Night James Stannage Talk Show on Manchester's Key 103 until being dismissed in June 2005 after numerous warnings and a history of run-ins with regulator OFCOM. He now hosts an online radio show.

Early career
Stannage originally started out as an amateur actor and secondary school teacher.

Radio career
He first worked for Piccadilly Radio in the mid-1970s, presenting his own late-night phone-in show. Occasional guests on the show were Mike Harding and Jasper Carrott. He was renowned for his abrasive and aggressive style even then, so much so that the Bishop of Salford publicly condemned him as a bad influence.

After leaving Piccadilly Radio, he went on to work for other local radio stations such as TFM Radio during the 1980s before returning to Piccadilly 1152 in 1989. In the early days of his second stint at Piccadilly, his style was mellower than it had been before, but as time wore on became increasingly aggressive again and insulting comments to callers were stoked up as well.

The James Stannage Show
His show was in the format of a phone-in where callers could discuss anything they wanted, from sport, religion, current affairs or politics. Stannage would often argue his case severely (which were usually anti-politics and anti-religion) if he disagreed with callers. Stannage was a well known fellow around Manchester as a result of his Key 103 talk show. In many surveys, Stannage came out as the number one Manchester DJ.

Rivals
Stannage had a long-standing rivalry with Radio City talk show presenter, Pete Price. Infrequently, each would 'slag' the other off on their respective shows, and upon Stannage's sacking, Price posted on his forum a topic entitled "James Stannage Sacked"

Fines
On 24 November 2005, Emap Radio Group, owners of Key 103 received a fine of £125,000 (then a record for UK radio) after reading out comments and jokes submitted by a listener about the death of Ken Bigley (just two days after his death was confirmed) in October and November 2004.

Key 103 received several fines during Stannage's 20-year career on the station, formerly Piccadilly Radio. One outburst cost £15,000 and in 2001, Stannage came under fire for describing First World War soldiers as "thick and ignorant" and he was questioned by police in the same year over allegations that he made a racist remark on his show. In May 2004, he got into trouble because of his jokes in the aftermath of the death of Chinese cockle pickers in Morecambe Bay.

Ark Royal Pub/Manchester Radio
Following his sacking James Stannage worked as a bar tender at the Ark Royal Pub on Tavistock Square in Harpurhey North Manchester before moving on to be one of the first presenters on the online radio station ManchesterRadioOnline.com.

Miscellaneous
Comedian Jasper Carrott's album Jasper Carrott Live at Drury Lane features a routine about James Stannage.

Personal life
Stannage has two grown up sons, and two grandchildren. His elder son Darren Stannage is a sports journalist (currently working for Sky News Radio) while his younger son Dominic Stannage is a member of Manchester rock band Hiatus. Both Darren and Dominic also work for NK Theatre Arts at the Forum Theatre in Stockport. His best friend is Sean Gallagher.

title: James Stannage


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Robert Craufurd

Major-General Robert Craufurd (5 May 1764 – 23 January 1812) was a British officer. After a military career which took him from India to the Netherlands, in 1810 in the Napoleonic Peninsular War he was given command of the Light Division, composed of the elite foot soldiers in the army at the time, under the Duke of Wellington. Craufurd was a strict disciplinarian and somewhat prone to violent mood swings which earned him the nickname "Black Bob". He was mortally wounded storming the lesser breach in the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo on 19 January 1812 and died four days later.

Early life
Like Sir John Moore, the Craufurd family originated from Ayrshire.

Robert Craufurd was born at Newark, Ayrshire, the third son of Sir Alexander Craufurd, 1st Baronet. Alexander Craufurd lived at Newark Castle and Thirdpart, Ayrshire. They belonged to the cadet line of the Craufurds of Auchenames represented the old line of the Craufurds of Loudoun. The castle was sold by Alexander's grandfather, who was a friend of the Duke of Buccleuch, and then went to live in England in Essex. He was created a baronet in 1781. His eldest son became Sir James, the second baronet. Robert's older brother, Sir Charles Craufurd, was also a British Army soldier.

Early service
Craufurd entered the Army at the age of 15. He enlisted as an ensign with the 25th Foot in 1779, serving four years as a subaltern. By 19, he was already a company commander. He spent some time at Berlin in 1782, studying the tactics of the army of Frederick the Great and translated into English the official Prussian treatise on the Art of War. Together with his brother Charles, he attended King Frederick the Great's review of the troops at Potsdam by personal invitation.

As captain in the 75th Regiment from 1787, he first saw active service against Tippoo Sahib in India in 1790–92, while serving under Lord Cornwallis. His distinguished service was praised earning seniority in captaincies among the purchased commissions. Robert returned to England on leave to help his brother, Colonel Charles. His knowledge of German, a rare accomplishment in the British Army at the end of the eighteenth century, caused him to the given the post of military attaché at Coburg's headquarters of the Austrian army from 1794 to 1796.

In 1798 Craufurd was sent as Deputy Assistant Adjutant General on General Lake's staff to quash the Irish rebellion against General Humbert. His abilities were recognised by Generals Cornwallis and Lake, who reported well of his performance to the War Office. A year later, due to his German language skills, he was British commissioner on Suvorov's staff when Russia invaded Switzerland. At the end of 1799, Craufurd was on the staff in the Helder Expedition, led by the Duke of York.

Family life
Robert married on 7 February 1800 at St Saviour's Church, Mary Frances, daughter of Henry Holland, Esquire of Hans Place, Chelsea, and granddaughter of the landscape designer Lancelot "Capability" Brown. He was very fond of his wife, and, to the exasperation of his general officer commanding, regularly requested 'furlough' home to see his young love. At the time he often talked to family of retiring from the Army altogether. It was also at this time that he developed a correspondence with the Secretary at War, William Windham. They became firm friends. From 1801 to 1805, Craufurd (by then a lieutenant-colonel) sat in Parliament for East Retford, but in 1807 he resigned to concentrate on soldiering.

The Buenos Aires Expedition
On 30 October 1805, Craufurd was promoted to full colonel and put in command of his own regiment. He was ordered on an expedition to South America. In 1806 on the promise of another promotion to brigadier-general, he took ship to Rio de Janeiro. The British commander-in-chief, General John Whitelocke, was based at Montevideo. Craufurd's brigade consisted of two squadrons of 6th Dragoon Guards, the 5th Dragoon Guards, 36th Regiment, 45th Regiment, and 88th Regiment of Foot, and five companies of the 95th Rifles, totaling 4,200 men. The broad objective was the conquest of Chile. Craufurd departed from Falmouth docks on 12 November 1806, sailing south to the Cape of Good Hope with instructions from William Windham. General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Murray were despatched to report back to the Pitt ministry, who wanted the capture of Buenos Aires. They had already left London on 9 October.

The flotilla arrived with 8,000 men on board on 15 June 1807, when the armies were finally united at Buenos Aires. Whitelocke refused to act and was accused by Robert Craufurd of cowardice. He was supported in London by his brother Charles, who had a network of aristocratic contacts. Whitelocke would not countenance an attack on General Santiago de Liniers' army. The British advanced into the town; Craufurd wrote he wanted to attack the ramparts, but was prevented by his superior officer. The Spanish colonial forces retreated, retrenched in the streets and deployed heavy artillery. Craufurd's brigade was forced to retreat to the Convent of Saint Domingo; his brigade was surrounded by 5,000 of the enemy and forced to surrender at 4 pm. A total of 1,070 officers and men were killed or severely wounded; Craufurd and Coadjutor Edmund Pack of Royal Horse Guards were incensed. They offered to shoot the 'traitor' when they returned to Hythe: Whitelocke compounded the treason when Liniers offered to return prisoners and the 71st Regiment; he agreed and surrendered Montevideo, also promising to withdraw from the River Plate.

Writing in 1891 the biographer Alexander Craufurd states that General Craufurd, and apparently many other officers were "under the impression that Whitelocke was a traitor as well as a time and vacillating fool, but I have failed to find in the account of the court-martial any solid evidence in support of this impression".

Peninsular campaigns
In October 1808, Craufurd sailed for Corunna with Sir David Baird's contingent to reinforce the army under Sir John Moore. Moore had marched his forces by several routes to Salamanca. The two forces joined up at Mayorga on 20 December 1808. Moore was then able to reorganise the army, and Craufurd was given command of the 1st Flank Brigade, composed of the 1/43rd, 1/52nd and 2/95th. Intelligence revealed that, apart from the corps of Marshal Soult to his front, Napoleon was advancing at speed from Madrid. Moore was fearful that the army could be overwhelmed by much superior forces and their line of retreat to the sea, some 250 mi more to port evacuation, could be cut off. On 24 December he order the retreat to Corunna. Craufurd’s Brigade formed part of the rearguard under Major-General Sir Edward Paget. His regiments were heavily engaged in the earlier part of the retreat. The Commissariat was delayed, and there was no food. In freezing winter snow and fog, they marched at double-quick pace, fighting off much larger forces. On 31 December Moore ordered the army to divide. The two flank brigades of Craufurd (with 1,900 men) and Brigadier Charles Alten (with 1,700 men) were ordered along a southerly route via Orense to Vigo, while the main column continued on the Corunna Road.

On New Years Day 1809, they climbed the steep mountain passes. Men died in the snow of hunger, while others found food along the way. It became a trial of the greatest intensity, although it was only the road and the elements against which they had to battle; they were not pursued by the French. A week later at Orense they were starving, marching in rags. They reached the port on 12 January but waited for stragglers before embarking for England.

An important memoir was that from Rifleman Harris, whose eloquence was descriptive. He expressed the men's pride in the courage, despite severe discipline of the officers. Craufurd had "a severe look and a scowling eye", wrote Harris. William Napier thought the brigadier "very attentive to the men". But "willfulness and folly" was treated very severely by lashings. Unusually for so harsh a disciplinarian, Craufurd was admired and trusted by his men, and Harris had no doubt about his role in saving his command: No man but one formed of stuff like General Craufurd could have saved the brigade from perishing altogether; and if he flogged two, he saved hundreds from death by his management … He seemed an iron man; nothing daunted him – nothing turned him from his purpose. War was his very element and toil and danger seemed to call forth only an increasing determination to surmount them … I shall never forget Craufurd if I live for a hundred years I think. He was in everything a soldier.

On 25 May 1809, Craufurd embarked at Dover for Portugal with his brigade, consisting of the 43rd Foot, 52nd Foot and the 95th Rifles. Delayed at The Downs and Isle of Wight by bad weather, they arrived three weeks later on 18 June. Had they been on time Craufurd's force might have joined Wellington at Talavera. At Lisbon the brigade purchased packhorses, and accompanied by Capt Hew Ross' troop of Horse Artillery, they marched to join the main army. By 20 July they had reached Zarza Mayor and on 22 July were at Coria. On the 27th the Light Brigade marched to Navalmoral. Before dawn on the morning of the 28th Craufurd started his attempt to join Sir Arthur Wellesley before the French attacked him at Talavera. The march which followed is one almost unparalleled in military annals. Whilst the distance 'as the crow flies' from Navalmoral to Talavera is a little over thirty-eight miles, the actual marching distance is about forty-two miles and probably more owing to the turn and windings of the road. In the full heat of Spanish summer and in full regimental kit, the soldiers suffered from a terrible thirst. Their march was driven on by the growling of the cannon in the distance and they left only a few weakly men at Oropesa. In spite of covering about 45 miles in 26 hours, Craufurd arrived too late to participate in the battle.

In early 1810 Wellington obtained intercepted secret letters from Marshall Soult to the King of Spain of the planned attack on Ciudad Rodrigo. The bulk of the army was moved into northern Portugal. On 1 March Craufurd’s Light Brigade become The Light Division. Initially he had 2,500 men from the first battalions of the 43rd, 52nd and 95th together with a troop of horse artillery and one regiment of 500 cavalry from the 1st Hussars of the King’s German Legion. On 28 March these were augmented by 1,000 men from two battalions of Portuguese Caçadores, the 1st and 2nd. The latter of these units was afterwards changed for the 3rd, which was reckoned the most efficient corps that could be selected from Marshal Beresford's command. The cavalry force was also increased by two squadrons of the 16th Light Dragoons and, in early July, by the addition of three squadrons of the 14th Light Dragoons.

Robert Craufurd, though only a brigadier, and junior of his rank, had been chosen by Wellington to take charge of his outpost line because he was one of the very few officers then in the Peninsula in whose ability his Commander-in-Chief had perfect confidence. Only with Craufurd, Hill and Beresford, did he ever condescend to enter into explanation and state reasons. In one letter to Craufurd, Wellington writes "Nothing can be of greater advantage to me than to have the benefit of your opinions on any subject."

In 1810 Craufurd was burning to vindicate his reputation and show that the confidence which Wellington placed in him was not undeserved. He could not forget that he was four years older than Beresford, five years older than Wellington, eight years older than Hill, yet but a junior brigadier-general in charge of a division. Though senior in the date of his first commission to nearly all the officers in the Peninsular Army. Craufurd was six years junior to Picton and one year junior to Hope.

The Light Division was pushed forward to the Spanish frontier, and lay in the villages about Almeida, with its outposts pushed forward to the line of the River Águeda. From March to July 1810 Craufurd accomplished the extraordinary feat of guarding a front of 40 miles against an active enemy of six-fold force, without suffering his line to be pierced, or allowing the French to gain any information whatever of the host in his rear. He was in constant and daily touch with Ney’s corps, yet was never surprised, and never thrust back save by absolutely overwhelming strength; he never lost a detachment, never failed to detect every move of the enemy, and never sent his commander false intelligence. This was the result of system and science, not merely of vigilance and activity.

Whilst there were four bridges, there were also some fifteen fords between Ciudad Rodrigo and the mouth of the Águeda, which were practicable in dry weather for all arms, and several of them could be used even after a day or two of rain. Special report were made of the state of the fords every morning and the rapidity of its rises was particularly marked. Beacons were prepared on conspicuous height so as to communicate information as to the enemy' offensive movements. As Napier remarked in his History, seven minutes sufficed for the division to get under arms in the middle of the night, and a quarter of an hour, night or day, to bring it in order of battle to its alarm posts, with baggage loaded and assembled at a convenient distance to the rear.

The first test of the efficiency of Craufurd’s outpost system was made on the night of 19–20 March, when Ferey, commanding the brigade of Loison’s divisions which lay at San Felices, assembled his six voltigeur companies before dawn and made a dash at the old Roman bridge of Barba del Puerco. He had the good luck to bayonet the sentries at the bridge before they could fire and was halfway up the rough 230 metres ascent from the bridge to the village (today called Puerto Seguro), when Beckwith's detachment of the 95th Rifles, roused and armed in ten minutes were upon him. They drove him down the defile and chased him back across the river with the loss of two officers and forty-five men killed and wounded. Beckwith’s riflemen lost only one officer with three men killed and ten men wounded from the three companies engaged.

Craufurd's operations on the Coa and Águeda in 1810 were daring to the point of rashness; the drawing on of the French forces into what became the Combat of the Coa in particular was a rare lapse in judgement. Although Wellington censured him for his conduct, he later wrote “... I cannot accuse a man who I believe has meant well, and whose error was one of judgement, not of intention." [see Craufurd’s Life pp. 149–50]

The conduct of the renowned Light Division at Bussaco is described by Napier in one of his most vivid passages.

The winter of 1810–1811, Craufurd spent in England, and his division was commanded in the interim by another officer. He reappeared on the field of the Fuentes de Oñoro to the cheers of his men. Wellington had left the 7th Division exposed on his right flank. On 5 May 1811 Masséna launched a heavy attack on the weak British-Portuguese flank, led by Montbrun's dragoons and supported by the infantry divisions of Marchand, Mermet, and Solignac. Right away, two 7th Division battalions were roughed up by the French light cavalry. This compelled Wellington to send reinforcements to save it from annihilation. This was only achieved by the efforts of the Light Division and the British and King's German Legion cavalry who made a textbook fighting withdrawal.

Craufurd was promoted to major-general on 4 June 1811.

Death at Ciudad Rodrigo
On 19 January 1812, as he stood on the glacis of Ciudad Rodrigo, directing the stormers of the Light Division, he fell mortally wounded. His body was carried out of action by his staff officer, Lieutenant Shaw of the 43rd, and, after lingering four days, he died.

He was buried in the breach of the fortress where he had met his death, and a monument in St Paul's Cathedral commemorates Craufurd and Mackinnon, the two generals killed at the storming of Ciudad Rodrigo.

Major-General Craufurd was nicknamed 'Black Bob'. The nickname is supposed to refer to his habit of heavily cursing when losing his temper, his nature as a strict disciplinarian and even to his noticeably dark and heavy facial stubble. During the First World War, a Lord Clive class monitor was named for him, HMS General Craufurd.

title: Robert Craufurd


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Round-trip engineering

Round-trip engineering (RTE) in the context of model-driven architecture is a functionality of software development tools that synchronizes two or more related software artifacts, such as, source code, models, configuration files, documentation, etc. between each other. The need for round-trip engineering arises when the same information is present in multiple artifacts and when an inconsistency may arise in case some artifacts are updated. For example, some piece of information was added to/changed in only one artifact (source code) and, as a result, it became missing in/inconsistent with the other artifacts (in models).

Overview
Round-trip engineering is closely related to traditional software engineering disciplines: forward engineering (creating software from specifications), reverse engineering (creating specifications from existing software), and reengineering (understanding existing software and modifying it). Round-trip engineering is often wrongly defined as simply supporting both forward and reverse engineering. In fact, the key characteristic of round-trip engineering that distinguishes it from forward and reverse engineering is the ability to synchronize existing artifacts that evolved concurrently by incrementally updating each artifact to reflect changes made to the other artifacts. Furthermore, forward engineering can be seen as a special instance of RTE in which only the specification is present and reverse engineering can be seen as a special instance of RTE in which only the software is present. Many reengineering activities can also be understood as RTE when the software is updated to reflect changes made to the previously reverse engineered specification.

Types
Various books describe two types of RTE:

 * partial or uni-directional RTE: changes made to a higher level representation of a code and model are reflected in lower level, but not otherwise; the latter might be allowed, but with limitations that may not affect higher-level abstractions
 * full or bi-directional RTE: regardless of changes, both higher and lower-level code and model representations are synchronized if any of them altered

Auto synchronization
Another characteristic of round-trip engineering is automatic update of the artifacts in response to automatically detected inconsistencies. In that sense, it is different from forward- and reverse engineering which can be both manual (traditionally) and automatic (via automatic generation or analysis of the artifacts). The automatic update can be either instantaneous or on-demand. In instantaneous RTE, all related artifacts are immediately updated after each change made to one of them. In on-demand RTE, authors of the artifacts may concurrently update the artifacts (even in a distributed setting) and at some point choose to execute matching to identify inconsistencies and choose to propagate some of them and reconcile potential conflicts.

Iterative approach
Round trip engineering may involve an iterative development process. After you have synchronized your model with revised code, you are still free to choose the best way to work – make further modifications to the code or make changes to your model. You can synchronize in either direction at any time and you can repeat the cycle as many times as necessary.

Software
Many commercial tools and research prototypes support this form of RTE; a 2007 book lists Rational Rose, Micro Focus Together, ESS-Model, BlueJ, and Fujaba among those capable, with Fujaba said to be capable to also identify design patterns.

Limitations
A 2005 book on Visual Studio notes for instance that a common problem in RTE tools is that the model reversed is not the same as the original one, unless the tools are aided by leaving laborious annotations in the source code. The behavioral parts of UML impose even more challenges for RTE.

Usually, UML class diagrams are supported to some degree; however, certain UML concepts, such as associations and containment do not have straightforward representations in many programming languages which limits the usability of the created code and accuracy of code analysis/reverse engineering (e.g., containment is hard to recognize in the code).

A more tractable form of round-trip engineering is implemented in the context of framework application programming interfaces (APIs), whereby a model describing the usage of a framework API by an application is synchronized with that application's code. In this setting, the API prescribes all correct ways the framework can be used in applications, which allows precise and complete detection of API usages in the code as well as creation of useful code implementing correct API usages. Two prominent RTE implementations in this category are framework-specific modeling languages and Spring Roo (Java).

Round-trip engineering is critical for maintaining consistency among multiple models and between the models and the code in Object Management Group's (OMG) Model-driven architecture. OMG proposed the QVT (query/view/transformation) standard to handle model transformations required for MDA. To date, a few implementations of the standard have been created. (Need to present practical experiences with MDA in relation to RTE).

Code generation controversy
Code generation (forward-engineering) from models means that the user abstractly models solutions, which are connoted by some model data, and then an automated tool derives from the models parts or all of the source code for the software system. In some tools, the user can provide a skeleton of the program source code, in the form of a source code template where predefined tokens are then replaced with program source code parts during the code generation process.

UML (if used for MDA) diagrams specification was criticized for lack the detail which is needed to contain the same information as is covered with the program source. Some developers even claim that "the Code is the design".

Disadvantages
There is a serious risk that the generated code will rapidly differ from the model or that the reverse-engineered model will lose its reflection on the code or a mix of these two problems as result of cycled reengineering efforts.

Regarding behavioral/dynamic part of UML for features like statechart diagram there is no equivalents in programming languages. Their translation during code-generation will result in common programming statement (.e.g if,switch,enum) being either missing or misinterpreted. If edited and imported back may result in different or incomplete model. The same goes for code snippets used for code generation stage for the pattern-implementation and user-specific logic: intermixed they may not be easily reverse-engineered back.

There is also general lack of advanced tooling for modelling that are comparable to that of modern IDEs (for testing, debugging, navigation, etc.) for general-purpose programming languages and domain-specific languages.

Examples in software engineering
Perhaps the most common form of round-trip engineering is synchronization between UML (Unified Modeling Language) models and the corresponding source code and entity–relationship diagrams in data modelling and database modelling.

Round-trip engineering based on Unified Modeling Language (UML) needs three basic tools for software development:

 * Source Code Editor;
 * UML Editor for the Attributes and Methods;
 * Visualisation of UML structure

title: Round-trip engineering


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Tennessee Tech

Tennessee Technological University (commonly referred to as Tennessee Tech) is a public research university in Cookeville, Tennessee. It was formerly known as Tennessee Polytechnic Institute, and before that as University of Dixie, the name under which it was founded as a private institution. Affiliated with the Tennessee Board of Regents, the university is governed by a board of trustees. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

As an institute of technology, Tennessee Tech places special emphasis on undergraduate education in fields related to engineering, technology, and computer science, although degrees in education, liberal arts, agriculture, nursing, and other fields of study can be pursued as well. Additionally, there are graduate and doctorate offerings in engineering, education, business, and the liberal arts. As of the 2018 fall semester, Tennessee Tech enrolls more than 10,000 students, and its campus has 87 buildings on 235 acre centered along Dixie Avenue in northern Cookeville.

Tennessee Tech athletic teams, named the Golden Eagles, compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I as a member of the Ohio Valley Conference.

History
Tennessee Tech is rooted in the University of Dixie (colloquially known as Dixie College), which was chartered in 1909 and began operations in 1912. It struggled with funding and enrollment, however, and the campus was deeded to local governments. In 1915, the state government assumed control of the campus and chartered the new school as Tennessee Polytechnic Institute. The new school included just 13 faculty members and 19 students during the 1916–17 academic year and consisted of just 18 acres of undeveloped land with one administrative building and two student dorms. Due to the rural nature of the school, students also worked in the school garden to grow and prepare their own meals. In 1929, the first class graduated with four-year bachelor's degrees. Tennessee Polytechnic Institute was elevated to university status in 1965, when its name changed to Tennessee Technological University.

Departments
Tennessee Tech has bachelor's degree programs and graduate programs as well as doctoral programs in the fields of education, engineering, and environmental sciences. TTU emphasizes a focus in STEM degrees but also provides infrastructure for traditional programs including liberal arts and nursing.
 * College of Agriculture and Human Ecology
 * College of Arts and Sciences
 * College of Business
 * College of Education
 * College of Engineering
 * College of Fine Arts
 * College of Graduate Studies
 * College of Interdisciplinary Studies
 * School of Art, Craft, & Design
 * Whitson-Hester School of Nursing

Research Centers

 * Center for Energy Systems Research (CESR) is an interdisciplinary facility dedicated to research in various problems pertaining to energy and infrastructure. The facility pursues research in "solar energy, energy storage, smart grid power systems, power electronics, wind energy, distributed power plant performance improvement, cement, concrete, bridge and structure health monitoring, flood flow modeling, advanced communications, and cyber security."
 * Center for Manufacturing Research (CMR) is a facility appropriated by the College of Engineering for the research in areas related to manufacturing. It has been designated as a Center of Excellence by the state of Tennessee.
 * Center for the Management, Utilization & Protection of Water Resources is an interdisciplinary research center that focuses its research on biodiversity, enabling technologies and tools, water security and sustainability, and the water-energy-food nexus. It has been designated as a Center of Excellence by the state of Tennessee.
 * Millard Oakley STEM Center for Teaching & Learning in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Mathematics (STEM) actively promotes and supports quality STEM outreach programs in the Upper Cumberland region and throughout the state of Tennessee. The staff at the center work with Tech faculty across several disciplines to offer standards-aligned STEM outreach programs, promote STEM-related activities, and disseminate STEM education resources.
 * Cybersecurity Education, Research, and Outreach Center (CEROC) aims to integrate university-wide existing activities and initiatives in cybersecurity education, research, and outreach. It has been designated as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education through 2021.
 * Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit (TNCFRU) works closely with the Center for the Management, Utilization, and Protection of Water Resources to "enhance graduate education in fisheries and wildlife sciences and to facilitate research between natural resource agencies and universities on topics of mutual concern."

Student life
Tennessee Tech hosts over 200 student organizations. The Panhellenic sororities at TTU include several fraternities and sororities. Student Samuel Dowlen suffered severe injuries and temporary paralysis in August of 2009, during fraterinty pranks in Phi Gamma Delta's inflatable pool. Spinal fusion surgery and months of physical rehabilitation followed. A court awarded Dowlen $7.2 Million in the court decision against the fraternity.

Athletics

The Tennessee Tech athletic program is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) and competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. The school's teams are known as the Golden Eagles, the team colors are purple and gold, and the mascot is Awesome Eagle.

Theater
The Backdoor Playhouse was founded in the 1960s. Its current theater seats 200 spectators. In the academic year 2014/15, they produced a selection of at least five plays, among them Krapp's Last Tape, The Vagina Monologues, and A Midsummer Night's Dream. The playhouse attracted news coverage in the summer of 2022, when the local Upper Cumberland Pride, the Lambda Gay-Straight Alliance, and the Tech Players staged a drag performance in the on-campus theater. A video excerpt of the performance, in which a child pays a drag performer money while the performer mouths the words "Take Me To Church," was posted on-line by child protection activist Landon Starbuck.

Traditions and campus lore

 * Golden Eagle: The statue now atop Derryberry Hall was stolen by three students (Tom Moran, Roy Loudermilk, and Lewis Brown) from the lawn of the burned-out Monteagle Hotel in Monteagle, Tennessee, in November 1952. The three had hoped the eagle would provide the ultimate prop for the pep rally prior to the football game against then-rival Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU). The hotel's owner, John Harton (a former state treasurer), demanded the return of the statue and initially rejected all offers to purchase it. He finally relented and sold the statue for $500 after Governor Frank G. Clement intervened. The eagle, which weighs 70 lb and has a 6 ft, was initially placed atop Jere Whitson Hall. It was moved to its current position atop Derryberry in 1961.
 * "Dammit" the dog: A former university president once said "dammit" to a dog in front of a crowd, covering by saying that was the dog's name. Dammit has his own tombstone, an operable fire hydrant, on campus opposite Derryberry Hall.
 * The "Blizzard" is a tradition which started in 1984, when students celebrated the first successful shot made by Tennessee Tech in a basketball game against MTSU by throwing showers of "Tech Squares" (toilet paper) into the air. Since MTSU moved to the Sun Belt Conference, the Blizzard is now performed against Austin Peay State University.

Significant administrative buildings
Derryberry Hall is the oldest building on campus; the presidents and provosts have traditionally had their offices there. The building is also the home to the university's main auditorium, Derryberry Auditorium. Derryberry was constructed in 1912 for the university's predecessor, Dixie College. It is named after Everett Derryberry, president of the university from 1940 to 1974. The building's iconic colonial-style clock tower is equipped has a carillon. Maya Angelou spoke there in 2012. Derryberry received a new cupola in 2021.

Henderson Hall is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, The building was designed by Benjamin F. Hunt, who worked for the noted regional architect R. H. Hunt. Constructed in 1931, the building is named in honor of James Manson Henderson, the first director of the university's School of Engineering.

Traditional halls

 * Browning Hall (BRNG) is western end of Capitol Quad. Constructed in 1966, it is named in honor of Joe L. Evins, who served in Congress from 1947 to 1977. Evins Hall shares a breezeway with Browning Hall.
 * Jobe Hall (JOBE) is a coed residence hall that is open to all majors, located on the northern side of the Pinkerton Quad. Constructed in 1969, it is named for Elsie Jobe, the university's former Dean of Women. The building's eastern end is connected to the northern end of Murphy Hall.
 * M.S. Cooper Hall (MSCP) is a coed residence hall for international students, located along the western side of the Pinkerton Quad. Constructed in 1969, it is named for Mattie Sue Cooper, a former university reference librarian. M.S. Cooper Hall shares a breezeway with Pinkerton Hall.
 * Maddux Hall (MDDX) is a coed residence hall located along the eastern side of Capitol Quad. Constructed in 1966, the building is named in honor of Jared Maddux, a former lieutenant governor of Tennessee. Maddux Hall shares a breezeway with McCord Hall.
 * McCord Hall (MCRD) is a coed residence hall located along the eastern side of Capitol Quad. Constructed in 1966, the building is named in honor of Jim Nance McCord, who served as governor of Tennessee from 1945 to 1949. It shares a breeze hall located along the south side of the Pinkerton Quad. It was constructed in 2010.
 * New Hall South (NEWS) is a coed residence hall located adjacent to New Hall North at the southern end of the Pinkerton Quad. It was constructed in 2003.

Off-campus units

 * Hyder-Burks Agricultural Pavilion is a 3.5 acre complex located about a mile west of the main campus on Highway 290 (Gainesboro Grade). Operated by the School of Agriculture, the pavilion includes a main show arena, sales arena, barn, and picnic shelter. Constructed in the mid-1990s, the pavilion is named for W. Clyde Hyder, a former animal sciences professor, and Tommy Burks, a former state senator. Hyder-Burks is also connected to Shipley Farm, in Cookeville, Tennessee, and Oakley Farm, in Livingston, Tennessee.

Faculty

 * Greg Danner, professor of music; composer
 * Michael M. Gunter, professor of political science; Fulbright lecturer, authority on the Kurds and the Middle East
 * Joseph Hermann, Emeritus Director of Bands; Past-President of the American Bandmasters Association
 * R. Winston Morris – Emeritus Professor of tuba and euphonium; innovator in the fields of tuba performance, education, and chamber music

Alumni

 * Jarrod Alonge, comedian and musician
 * Blanton Alspaugh, Grammy-winning producer
 * Rodney Atkins, Country music singer
 * Paul Bailey, Tennessee state senator
 * Jimmy Bedford, sixth master distiller at Jack Daniel's
 * Frank Buck, Former Tennessee State Representative
 * Rick Camp, professional baseball player
 * Roger K. Crouch, NASA astronaut
 * Trae Crowder, professional comedian
 * Lincoln Davis, former U.S. congressman
 * Ron Estes, U.S. congressman from Kansas
 * Anthony Fisher (born 1986), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Rich Froning Jr., four-time CrossFit Games Champion
 * Elois Grooms, former NFL player
 * Johnny H. Hayes, former TVA director and presidential campaign finance manager
 * Caleb Hemmer, Tennessee State Representative
 * Mike Hennigan, former NFL linebacker
 * Dwight Henry, former Tennessee state legislator and gubernatorial candidate
 * Jake Hoot, Country music singer and winner of The Voice (American season 17)
 * Bill Jenkins, former U.S. congressman
 * Kenneth Jernigan, advocate for the blind, former head of the National Federation of the Blind
 * Andy Landers, women's basketball coach at the University of Georgia
 * Mark H. Landes, U.S. Army major general
 * Adam Liberatore, MLB pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers
 * James A. Lindsay, author, cultural critic, and mathematician
 * Barbara McConnell, New Jersey state legislator
 * Kevin Murphy, NBA player for the Utah Jazz
 * Frank Omiyale, NFL player
 * Da'Rick Rogers, NFL player
 * John Rose, U.S. Representative for Tennessee's 6th Congressional District
 * Erik Sabel, former MLB player
 * Daron Schoenrock, college baseball coach at Memphis
 * David Simmons, Florida state senator
 * Yongduan Song, computer scientist
 * Ken Sparks, football coach at Carson-Newman College
 * Scott Stallings, professional golfer
 * Carl Stiner, former Commander in Chief of the United States Special Operations Command
 * Harry Stonecipher, former CEO of Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and Sundstrand
 * Barry A. Vann, author, lecturer
 * Lonnie Warwick, former NFL player
 * Dottie West, country singer
 * Barry Wilmore, NASA astronaut and United States Navy test pilot
 * Jim Youngblood, former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Los Angeles Rams and Washington Redskins

title: Tennessee Tech


text:
Mokume-gane

Mokume-gane (木目金) is a Japanese metalworking procedure which produces a mixed-metal laminate with distinctive layered patterns; the term is also used to refer to the resulting laminate itself. The term translates closely to 'wood grain metal' or 'wood eye metal' and describes the way metal takes on the appearance of natural wood grain. fuses several layers of differently coloured precious metals together to form a sandwich of alloys called a "billet." The billet is then manipulated in such a way that a pattern resembling wood grain emerges over its surface. Numerous ways of working create diverse patterns. Once the metal has been rolled into a sheet or bar, several techniques are used to produce a range of effects.

has been used to create many artistic objects. Though the technique was first developed for production of decorative sword fittings, the craft is today mostly used in the production of jewelry and hollowware.

Origins
First developed in 17th-century Japan, was originally used for swords. As the customary Japanese sword stopped serving as a weapon and became largely a status symbol, a demand arose for elaborate decorative handles and sheaths.

To meet this demand, Denbei Shoami (1651–1728), a master metalworker from Akita prefecture, invented the process. He initially called his product, as the technique in its simplest form resembled , a type of carved lacquerwork with alternating layers of red and black. Other historical names for it were cloud metal, wood-grain metal, and.

The early components of were relatively soft metals and alloys (gold, copper, silver,, , and ) which would form liquid phase diffusion bonds with one another without completely melting. This was useful in the traditional techniques of fusing and soldering the layers together.

Over time, the practice of faded. The katana industry dried up in the late 19th century, with the Meiji Restoration returning ruling power to the emperor, following the dissolution of the shogunate government and the end of the samurai class. The public display of swords as a sign of samurai status was outlawed. After this, the few metalsmiths who practiced along with most other sword related artisans largely transferred their skills to create other objects.

Adoption of in the West
Tiffany & Co's silver division under the direction of Edward C. Moore began to experiment with techniques around 1877, and at the Paris exposition of 1878, Tiffany's grand prize-winning display of Moore's "Japanesque" silver wares included a magnificent "Conglomerate Vase" with asymmetrical panels of. Moore and Tiffany's silver smiths continued to develop its popular techniques in preparation for the Paris exposition of 1889, where it displayed a vast array of Japanesque silver, using ever more complex alloys of,  and , along with gold and silver, to make laminates of up to twenty-four layers. Tiffany's display again won the grand prize for silver wares, and the company continued to produce its Japanesque silver with techniques up into the 20th century.

20th-21st century development
By the mid 20th century, had fallen into heavy obscurity. Japan's movement away from traditional craftwork, paired with the great difficulty of mastering, had brought artisans to the brink of extinction. It reached a point where only scholars and collectors of metalwork were aware of the technique. It was not until the 1970s, when Hiroko Sato Pijanowski – who learned the craft from Norio Tamagawa – that the craft was reignited in the public eye, as Hiroko and her husband Eugene Pijanowski brought the craft of  back to the United States and began teaching it to their students.

Present day
Today, jewelry, flatware, hollowware, spinning tops and other artistic objects are made using.

Modern processes are highly controlled and include a compressive force on the billet. This has allowed the technique to include many nontraditional components such as titanium, platinum, iron, bronze, brass, nickel silver, and various colors of karat gold including yellow, white, sage, and rose hues as well as sterling silver. At the Santa Fe Symposium, a major annual gathering of jewelers from around the world, there have been several papers presented on new, more predictable, and more economic, methods of producing materials, along with new possibilities for laminating metals such as the use of friction-stir welding.

Liquid phase fusion (historic)
In liquid phase fusion, metal sheets were stacked and carefully heated; the solid billet of simple stripes could be forged and carved to increase the pattern's complexity. Successful lamination using this process requires a highly skilled smith with a great deal of experience. Bonding in the traditional process is achieved when some or all of the alloys in the stack are heated to the point of becoming partially molten (above solidus) this liquid alloy is what fuses the layers together. Careful heat control and skillful forging are required for this process.

Soldering (brazing)
In attempting to recreate the appearance of traditional, some artisans tried brazing layers together. The sheets were soldered using silver solder or some other brazing alloy. This technique joined the metals, but is difficult to perfect, particularly on larger sheets. Flux inclusions could be trapped or bubbles could form. Commonly, imperfections need to be cut out, and the metal re-soldered. Ultimately the brazed sheets do not display the ductility and work-ability of diffusion bonded material.

Solid-state bonding (contemporary)
The modernized process of solid-state bonding typically uses a controlled atmosphere in a temperature-controlled furnace. Mechanical aids such as a hydraulic press or torque plates (bolted clamps) are also typically used to apply compressive force on the billet during lamination. These provide for the implementation of lower temperature solid-state diffusion between the interleaved layers, thus allowing the inclusion of non-traditional materials.

Development of the pattern
After the fusion of layers, the surface of the billet is cut with chisel to expose lower layers, then flattened. This cutting and flattening process will be repeated over and over again to develop intricate patterns.

Coloring
To increase the contrast between the laminate layers, many items are colored by the application of a patina (a controlled corrosion layer) to accentuate or even totally change the colors of the metal's surface.

patination and
One example of a traditional Japanese patination for is the use of the  process, usually involving, a complex copper verdigris compound produced specifically for use as a patina. The piece to be patinated is prepared, then immersed in a boiling solution until it reaches the desired color, and each element of a compound piece may be transformed to a different color. Historically, a paste of ground daikon radish was also used to prepare the work for the patina. The paste was applied immediately before the piece is boiled in the to protect the surface against tarnish and uneven coloring.

Similar laminates
In an accidental but parallel development, Sheffield plate was developed in England. It follows a similar principal of bonded layers, without use of solder, but typically had 2–3 layers, whereas could have many more.

title: Mokume-gane


text:
Frederick Lowy

Frederick Hans Lowy, (born 1933) is a Canadian medical educator and former President and Vice-Chancellor of Concordia University.

Life and career
Born in Großpetersdorf, Austria in 1933, Lowy moved to Montreal at age 13. After graduating from Baron Byng High School, Lowy studied medicine at McGill University, graduating in 1959. While at McGill University, he assisted Donald Ewan Cameron on Human subject research as part of Cameron's Project MKULTRA research for "KUBARK" manuals. As an undergraduate, he was managing editor of the McGill Daily student newspaper. He was a psychiatric consultant at the Royal Victoria Hospital and Neurological Institute in the late 1960s.

Lowy moved to Toronto in 1974 to become psychiatrist-in-chief and director of the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry and professor at, and chair of, the University of Toronto's Department of Psychiatry, succeeding Robin C.A. Hunter. He served as dean of the Faculty of Medicine from 1980 to 1987. He was the founder and first director of the University's Centre for Bioethics (now University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics). In 1995 he returned to Montreal to become the 4th rector and vice-chancellor of Concordia University. (In 2004 the English title of the position was changed to "President and Vice-Chancellor".) He held this post until August 1, 2005.

Lowy was the first chair of Canada's Tri-Council (Medical Research Council, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council) Working Group on Ethics of Research on Human subjects (1994–1995) and vice-chair, Hospital Restructuring Committee, Metro Toronto District Health Council (1994–1995). He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, a Life Member of the Canadian and American Psychiatric Associations and the American College of Psychiatrists. He is also a member of the Canadian Medical Association and the International Psychoanalytical Association. Lowy's previous medical appointments include positions at the Cincinnati General Hospital, the Ottawa Civic Hospital and the Toronto Hospital. He has also served as a consultant to numerous research foundations and hospitals.

Lowy has lectured and published widely. His most recent publications examine ethical issues that face modern physicians and health science researchers. Lowy was a member of the Board of Directors of the Montreal Board of Trade and of Centraide (Montreal); Vice-President of the Conference of Rectors and Principals of Quebec; and a former board member of the National Ballet of Canada. Lowy has been a trustee at Ontario's Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, the Mount Sinai, St. Michael's, and Toronto Hospitals, and the Ontario Cancer Institute. He chaired an Ontario Government inquiry into the pharmaceutical industry (1988–1990) and held numerous professional editorial posts, including Editor of the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.

Lowy sits on the board of directors of Dundee Corporation, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, and Montreal's Jewish General Hospital, Canadian Centre for Architecture, and the Sauve Scholars Foundation.

In 2000 he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada. He has received honorary degrees from the University of Toronto (1998), McGill University (2001), and Concordia University (2008). Lowy is married to Mary Kay Lowy (Dr. M.K. O'Neil). He has four children, David, Eric, Adam, and Sarah, and nine grandchildren.

Lowy served as President and Vice-Chancellor of Concordia University from 1995 to 2005.

He served as Interim Executive Director of the Sauve Scholars Foundation (2007–2008) and was elected to the Board of Directors of the Sauvé_Foundation in May 2008. He is Senior Advisor to the President of the Trudeau Foundation.

On January 21, 2011 he returned to the position of President of Concordia University on an interim basis, following the controversial departure of Judith Woodsworth.

title: Frederick Lowy


text:
Staten Island (disambiguation)

Staten Island—from Dutch names meaning "Island of the States General"—is a borough of New York City in the United States.

Staten Island may also refer to:

Places

 * Staten Island, California, a riverine island northeast of Stockton in the United States
 * Isla de los Estados, also known as "Staten Island", an island off Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
 * Staten Landt, Abel Tasman's original name for New Zealand
 * Staten Island, a large phantom island placed north of Japan by Maarten Gerritszoon Vries now believed to be a garbled account of Iturup, one of the Kurils in the North Pacific

Other uses

 * Staten Island, a 2009 film by James DeMonaco
 * USCGC Staten Island (WAGB-278), a former United States Coast Guard icebreaker

title: Staten Island (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Paul Newman

incomplete
what was the outcome of the 1987 lawsuit? 100.15.117.34 (talk) 15:00, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Not sure what you are referring to, but if indeed we talk about a lawsuit whose resolution is not available, we may want to omit. Commercial disputes are common and may not be notable. Coretheapple (talk) 19:47, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The suit was actually filed in 1985 and was dismissed! I've taken it out. Thank you Mr. or Ms. IP. Coretheapple (talk) 20:28, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

wrong
his father was not the son of immigrants from hungary, because there were no hungary, it was "Kaisertum Österreich". 2003:CA:A707:E100:54E6:91BC:9DA6:22D0 (talk) 12:04, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Newman = original: Neumann
in german language there exists no Newman, but Neumann. Newman ist the english translated version of the german family name Neumann. So imo his grandfather changed his name in this english version by immigrating in USA. wiki: As of 2023 it is the 18th most common surname in Germany. 2003:CA:A707:E100:54E6:91BC:9DA6:22D0 (talk) 12:07, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paul Newman