text:
Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority

The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area. The NFTA, as an authority, oversees a number of subsidiaries, including the NFTA Metro bus and rail system, the Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, the Niagara Falls International Airport and NFTA Small Boat Harbor. The NFTA Metro bus and rail system is a multi-modal agency, utilizing various vehicle modes (diesel bus, diesel-hybrid bus, CNG bus, light rail and cut-away van), using the brand names: NFTA Metro Bus, NFTA Metro Rail, NFTA Metrolink and NFTA PAL (Para-transit Access Line). In, the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of.

In addition, the NFTA also owns and manages a number of properties, including the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center in Downtown Buffalo (which serves as the agency's headquarters); the Niagara Falls Transportation Center on Factory Outlet Boulevard; the Portage Road Transit Center in Niagara Falls; and a number of strategically located bus loops and transit centers in the Buffalo Niagara region. Of note, many of the bus loops have been in continuous operation since the days of the International Railway Company, a predecessor to the NFTA. Agency-wide, the NFTA employs 1,500 full-time and part-time employees.

There are three business centers that operate as the NFTA organization: Surface Transportation, which handles ground transportation throughout Erie and Niagara counties, Aviation, which handles air related business at the Buffalo-Niagara International Airport and Niagara Falls International Airport and Property Risk/Management, which operates the NFTA-Boat Harbor and handles other properties that are owned and/or operated by the NFTA.

History
Before the creation of the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority, the first bus operations in Buffalo dates back to 1923 under the private operator International Bus Company. The International Railway Company (also under the same parent company of the International Traction Company) operated the vast network of streetcar routes in Erie and Niagara counties. In 1947, the proposed Niagara Frontier Rapid Transit Commission received ownership of the International Railway Company, which declared bankruptcy, and gave way to the creation of the Niagara Frontier Transit System, incorporated in 1950.

The Niagara Frontier Transit System was replaced by the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority Corp. (NFTA) in 1967, as part of New York State's efforts in the late 1960s and early 1970s at creating public agencies that would oversee the development and continuation of public transportation in a number of key urban areas of the state; other such agencies include the Rochester Genesee Regional Transportation Authority (RGRTA), the Central New York Regional Transportation Authority (Centro) and the Capital District Transportation Authority (CDTA). In 1974, the NFTA purchased the street transportation rights from a number of other agencies, starting with the Niagara Falls Municipal Transit System on September 8, D&F (Dunkirk and Fredonia) Transit on September 15, T-NT (Tonawanda-North Tonawanda) Transit on October 7, Lockport Bus Lines on March 15, 1975, and Grand Island Transit on April 20, 1975. Administrative offices and buses were housed in the former Niagara Frontier Transit Buildings at 855 Main Street (now the site of Buffalo Manufacturing Works) until 1977, at which point the offices were moved to the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center.

Governing body and executive director
The NFTA's operations are overseen by a 12-member Board of Commissioners that the executive director reports to. The members are nominated by the Governor of the State of New York, with two chosen by the Erie County Executive. Most appointments are for five-year terms, but some commissioners have been appointed partway into a term, replacing a previous commissioner.

Benefit (service) area
NFTA's Metro system serves the highly urbanized areas of Erie and Niagara counties with service throughout the day and selected suburban and rural areas of Erie and Niagara counties. The cities receiving service include Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Lockport, Lackawanna, Tonawanda and North Tonawanda. Service to less populated areas during prime ridership hours extend to Alden, Amherst, Boston, Cheektowaga, Grand Island, Hamburg, Lancaster, Elma, Evans, Orchard Park, Tonawanda (Township), East Aurora and West Seneca in Erie County; Cambria, Lewiston, Niagara, Pendleton and Wheatfield in Niagara County.

Retired fleet
The NFTA inherited a large number of General Motors New Look buses from the private carriers that were absorbed into the agency. In addition, a small fleet of Highway Products' Twin Coaches and Mack buses that were nearing the end of their life span were also added to the fleet. The first major purchase of new buses by the NFTA began in 1975 with AM General's "Metropolitan" series buses. These buses were later withdrawn from service in 1987 due to severe structural issues. To address this immediate shortage of buses, the NFTA purchased a number of recently mothballed GMC buses from the Dallas Area Rapid Transit system (DART), Flxible buses from Rochester's Regional Transit Service and General Motors New Looks from Broome County Transit (BC Transit) of Binghamton. This temporary arrangement filled most of the gap left by the removal of the AM General buses.

The next major purchase of new buses came from GMC, in their RTS-II Series. These buses were purchased between 1978 and 1983. As mentioned earlier, in 1987, due to the premature retirement of the AM General buses, the NFTA purchased a number of used, earlier series RTS series buses from Dallas' DART system. These buses provided comfortable padded seats, normally not seen on standard NFTA transit coaches. These buses operated for a number of years and were a deal to the NFTA in that the coach bodies previously did not experience earlier damage from road salt, sometimes referred to as "salt-free" miles, extending their usefulness a number of years because of the frames having a later start being introduced to corrosion from road salt.

In 1985, the NFTA purchased seven new suburban-configuration buses from Orion Bus Industries (OBI) to begin replacing the older inherited GMC buses from previously private agencies. This purchase marked the last purchase of non-lift equipped buses, and the first non-American purchase of new buses. Over the next seven years, OBI received additional orders of buses from the NFTA with purchases of two different models, the Orion I series and the Orion V, which the NFTA later purchased in 1993 as their first natural gas powered buses.

In 1992 and 1994, the NFTA purchased from two manufacturers, new to the NFTA; Motor Coach Industries, in their Classic series of transit coaches and New Flyer Industries, in their D40 series. In 1995, a third manufacturer was added, with North American Bus Industries/American Ikarus in their 416 series transit bus.

Current fleet
The NFTA operates a fleet of approximately 310 transit buses (all of which are low-floor, wheelchair-accessible and ADA compliant), 64 paratransit and Metrolink cutaway vans and 27 light rail cars, all operating up to 22 hours daily on 78 distinct routes.

The bus fleet contains buses purchased from manufacturers such as Nova Bus in their LFS transit bus (in both standard diesel and Compressed Natural Gas options) and Gillig in their Advantage transit bus (later recognized as their low floor T40 series, in standard diesel and diesel/electric hybrid options). The distribution of buses are split between three bus depots: Gisel-Wolford (also known as Babcock-William), located at 721 New Babcock Street (at Howard Street), Cold Spring (also known as Main-Michigan), located at 1581 Michigan Avenue (at Main Street)-- both on the east side of Buffalo—and Frontier (also known as Kenmore-Military), located at 1000 Military Road (at Kenmore Avenue) on the Buffalo-Kenmore border. The light rail fleet operates from the DL&W terminal on South Park Avenue behind KeyBank Center in the Cobblestone District.

Bus routes
Many of the routes in the City of Buffalo operate along nearly the same alignment of the previous International Railway Company's streetcar lines. After the elimination of streetcar service, many adjustments have been made in routing through Downtown Buffalo to allow better connections between routes connecting the city's east side and west side, with many of the routes operating through at least one of two of the major transfer points: the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center at the corner of North Division and Ellicott Streets and on Court Street between Niagara Square and Main Streets. The Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center is also the transfer point for inter-city bus service using Greyhound, Coach USA or Greyhound Lines of Canada. The routes follow a certain numbering schematic.

 * 1-49: Erie County routes
 * 50-57: Niagara County routes
 * 60-81: express routes
 * 90-99: special services (Buffalo Bills, Darien Lake, etc.)
 * 100-121: Buffalo Public School trips
 * 200-216: Metro Link routes

It has been normal practice for each route to be given a separate timetable, which includes a map of the route on the front, fare and pass information on the back panel and information on the times and days service is offered. Not all stops are listed in the timetables, however, but passengers can expect to see at least major transfer points and busy intersections. When boarding a bus or light rail car, the rider should note the following:
 * The front of the vehicle destination sign shows the route number, the routing letter (for routes with multiple branches) and the destination (usually a community or the major street where the trip terminates). The side of the bus will carry the route number and the route name, to assure the passenger they are boarding the correct route. On occasion, a bus may also show a second message, such as "via Expressway" or "via Thruway." The service planning department of the NFTA monitors ridership levels, historical data from previous years and looks for the most efficient way to offer services on an approximately quarterly basis. With this, timetables are generally updated four times a year: March, June, September and December. When Buffalo Public Schools are on break or summer recess, there may be decreases in the service levels to accommodate for decreased ridership. Beginning Labor Day weekend, service reverts to the normal levels.

Hublink (MetroLink)
The NFTA's original "Hublink" concept, now renamed "MetroLink," created a network of routes (numbered in the 200 and 300 series range) linking multiple transit centers together, using cutaway vans. A minimum service standard was created, where buses were to operate on a frequent schedule through the day, moving passengers across the region. Additionally, circulatory routes were to be created linking passengers with community-based services for a number of high-density areas that cannot support normal city bus transit service. Though refined from the earlier plans, some routes came to reality. Routes 200 and 201 were the first two routes; route 200 North Tonawanda-Wheatfield operating across the width of the City of North Tonawanda to get to Creekside Park and Ride lot and then Niagara Falls Boulevard to Niagara Falls International Airport and route 201 Lockport serving the City of Lockport on a circulatory route serving the Lockport Memorial Hospital, the senior citizens center and Downtown Lockport. Both routes were also scheduled to connect to conventional service routes at their end terminals or transit centers they arrive at along the route.

2010 restructuring
In the middle part of 2009, the NFTA hired Transportation Management and Design, Inc. to begin a "Transit Service Restructuring and Fare Study," that would involve some of the largest changes that the riding public has seen since March 24, 1993, when the NFTA's "New" Metro system was introduced. Some of the new proposals included reducing the number of fare zones to a single zone and creating a uniform boarding fare without additional fees for crossing particular fare zone lines, elimination of bus-to-bus transfers and modifying the pricing of cash fares, monthly and daily passes. The proposals were passed and went into effect effective September 1, 2010.

On the scheduling side, more emphasis would be taken on urban services, primarily within the City of Buffalo. Service on primary corridors, such as those serving densely patronized routes could find an increase in service levels during non-peak hours, promoting spontaneous usage. Lightly patronized routes were reduced to fit ridership statistics and allow the agency to more effectively use the buses on heavier patronized routes. In addition, weekend service was improved significantly on many city routes with Sunday service nearly tripled on certain portions of some routes. Approval of the plan was reached between TMD, Inc. and the NFTA executive board in late June 2010 and the changes were implemented with a special later autumn schedule change on October 31, 2010. The NFTA Metro service planning department adjusted the schedules leading up to the following schedule change, based on driver input, customer complaints and other sources, most notably adding services where necessary due to excessive passenger loads.

2012 restructuring
On September 26, 2011, the NFTA reported that the agency could face as much as a $15 million shortfall in funding due to cuts in funding at the state level. Facing a directive to cut into the deficit created, the NFTA considered a fare hike, in addition to a number of service cuts to routes with low usage. Four days later, on September 30, patrons of the system came back crying 'foul,' demanding retaining the present service levels and fares. The following month, the NFTA lobbied the state to return $10 million in cuts previously made.

In December 2011, the NFTA held a number of public hearings regarding a fare increase that was quickly met with hostility from the riding public. On December 7, the NFTA rejected the fare hike and focused on a severe reduction (22%) to bus service that would effective eliminate express bus services, gut bus services to Niagara County and reduce and eliminate hours and days of operation on a number of bus services. Again, public hearings were held and met with the same hostility as the fare cut proposal. On January 19, 2012, the NFTA was assured of a return of $2.9 million to reduce some of the service cuts the NFTA had planned. A final hearing brought a plan to lessen the impact of the previous number of service cuts and raise the adult fare by 25 cents, with small increases to other Metro fare plans. The board approved the plan to make the changes in late March, to take effect on April 29 (bus and rail modifications) and May 1 for fare increases. The NFTA plans to monitor many of the routes over the months following to find efficiencies in potential changes.

Bus rapid transit
In the January 24, 2013 edition of The Buffalo News, the NFTA was reported to be in the planning stages of adding what is essentially bus rapid transit to its route 5 Niagara-Kenmore corridor. Plans include transforming the corridor into an efficient limited-stop corridor that would remove a number of minutes from the time between the Downtown Buffalo area and the Riverside community near the city line. Some of the plans are said to include signal prioritization, modern electronic signage showing the time for the next due bus, creating a new transit center in Riverside that would connect a number of routes into one location, including a park-and-ride lot at the transit center and new natural-gas powered buses that would be used on the line. The success of this project would eventually open the doors to other key corridors being switched to bus rapid transit over time. In addition, the project aims to also improve the reliability and timeliness of the buses.

On December 6, 2015, NFTA Metro opened the Black Rock/Riverside Transit Hub in North Buffalo, resulting in a number of routing and schedule changes to several bus routes so that buses can take advantage of serving the new transportation hub. Years later, on December 22, 2023, the federal government awarded a $102 million grant the NFTA to design and construct a BRT line through Bailey Avenue in the East Side of Buffalo, as part of an effort to improve transportation and the quality of life in that part of the city.

Air
Although the NFTA has previously offered service into the region's airports, it has made further efforts to improve these services to passengers arriving and departing. The region's primary commercial airport, the Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, connects with NFTA-Metro services on route 24 Genesee, while the Niagara Falls International Airport serves a number of low-cost and charter airlines and is served by routes 55 Pine Avenue and 59 Niagara Falls Airport-NCCC.

Amtrak
The Buffalo-Niagara region has three Amtrak stations, two of which are located in Erie County and the third located in Niagara County. The Depew Station, located on Dick Road in the village of Depew, New York, is served weekdays only by route 46 Lancaster. Of all regional stations, this is the only station that serves the Lake Shore Limited train, to and from Chicago. The Exchange Street Station, located on Exchange Street, is a short walk from the Metro Rail and a number of other bus routes that serve Washington Street. A disadvantage of the station, however, is its limited hours, necessitating passengers to wait outside for arriving and departing trains. Of the three region's stations, this station is the only one to receive public transportation service daily. The Niagara Falls Station and Customhouse Interpretive Center, near the corner of Main Street and Depot Avenue West in Niagara Falls, is served weekdays and Saturdays only by route 50 Main-Niagara.

Inter-city bus
Most buses that service Downtown Buffalo operate within a couple of blocks from the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center, located at the northeast corner of Ellicott and North Division Streets. The BMTC hosts bus services operated by Greyhound, Coach USA, Coach Canada, Megabus, various Trailways franchisees and Lakefront Lines. The BMTC also houses at one of its gates, the starting point of routes 40 Grand Island and 60 Niagara Falls buses, operated by the NFTA.

Local bus
Upon the elimination of service on route 201 serving Lockport, the NFTA made arrangements to advertise alternate service operated by Rural Niagara Transit within the city of Lockport. The replaced service, with lesser trips offered, served a similar service area and would allow residents of Lockport (off the route 44 Lockport) continued service. Rural Niagara Transit operates out of its primary hub at Niagara County Community College and spreads throughout the Niagara County area with connections between buses at the college three times daily. The service in Lockport is part of slightly modified service on the NCCC-Olcott and NCCC-Middleport routes.

Cash and passes
The NFTA operates on an "exact fare" system, in which passengers are responsible for having the exact fare ready or proof-of-payment upon boarding a Metro vehicle. Drivers and operators do not make change; however, vending machines are able to make change for customers in coins. Passengers can pay boarding fares on buses in coins, tokens or bills using Genfare "Odyssey" fareboxes, while passengers using the Metro Rail light rail line pay for their boarding fares using farecard vending machines located at each station. Rail ticket vending machines at one time were able to accept credit cards for fare payment, however, this practice was discontinued. There are presently seven fare categories. Previously, transfers were allowed between immediately connecting lines for a lesser charge than full-fare (with the exception being between bus and rail and vice versa). This practice was permanently discontinued on May 1, 2012, at which point passengers are required to pay a boarding fare upon each boarding or get a pass.

College cooperative agreements
In recent years, the NFTA has aggressively pursued agreements with many local colleges and universities, using their "NFTA Unlimited Access" program. Under the program, students are offered semester passes that allow the user unrestricted travel on any Metro regularly scheduled service. Erie Community College was at the forefront of this service and originally provided students a shuttle service linking the three campuses through the City Campus. Route 80 operated for approximately two calendar years, but service was eliminated and students were given the opportunity to use alternate service on local bus routes. Later, a Metrolink shuttle service operates on a similar plan, assigned route 211 ECC Circulator, but that route has since been eliminated and replaced with ECC's own tri-campus shuttle. Buffalo State College is another large college participating in the Unlimited Access program. At the start, the NFTA had operated three circulator routes, one (assigned route 206 Buffalo State College Circulator) primarily served the college grounds, in addition to two grocery stores near the college; Tops Friendly Markets at Grant Street and Amherst Street and Wegmans on Amherst Street and two additional routes (assigned routes 207 Elmwood Circulator and 208 Grant Circulator) circulating over the same route as Route 206, with service extended over Elmwood Avenue on route 207 and Grant Street on route 208. Due to route duplication on both the 20 Elmwood and 3 Grant bus routes, routes 207 and 208 were eliminated, while route 206 was eliminated as of September 2, 2018. Other colleges and universities that are presently included in the program are:
 * Buffalo State College
 * Canisius College
 * Bryant and Stratton Business College

Light rail and rapid transit
Buffalo's first street railway began operations in 1832 with horse car routes on Pearl Street and Terrace operating to the Canada Ferry terminal. In 1860, the Buffalo Street Railway Company was established. Electric streetcars began operating in Buffalo in 1889 and the last horse car retired in 1894. In Niagara Falls, the first electric cars began in 1883, In 1902, the International Railway Company was created from the merger of the Buffalo's first street railway operator and Buffalo Street Railway Company. The trolley service ended in 1950 and would not resume until construction of the present LRT began in 1979, opening on May 20, 1985. As of February 18, 2013, there are 13 stations on the 6.4-mile (10.3-km) Metro Rail line, with five above-ground and eight underground.

Future plans for the Metro Rail
The Citizens Regional Transit Corporation (CRTC) has continuously lobbied local and state politicians to provide funding or support for extensions to the one-line system. A proposed Airport Corridor line follows the Division Street area, cutting through to the old New York Central Terminal around Jefferson Avenue, following old track bed through the CSX line between Walden and Broadway to Thruway Plaza, Walden Galleria Mall and Buffalo-Niagara International Airport. A proposed Tonawanda Corridor line follows the old Erie RR right-of-way (ROW) from LaSalle Station through to the Town and City of Tonawanda and the City of North Tonawanda. This line would have a number of branches: one operating through North Buffalo to Elmwood (known as the North Buffalo Branch) to Niagara Falls following the old New York Central Railroad's "Beeliner" service (known as the Niagara River Corridor) and to the North Campus of the university at Buffalo, using abandoned railroad right-of-ways (known as the Youngmann Branch). The extension to North Campus is currently undergoing a study by the local government, having secured funding in recent years. In addition, local officials are considering redeveloping the NFTA Rail Maintenance Yard into a multi-modal transportation center.

LRV fleet details

 * Manufacturer: Tokyu Car Corporation, Japan
 * Fleet size: 27 (one car {125} damaged in transit upon delivery in 1983, but has since been repaired)
 * Fleet No.:: 101-127
 * Length: 66 ft
 * Width: 8 ft
 * Weight: 35.5 tons
 * Normal capacity: 140 (including 51 seated)
 * Control: 4 chopper controlled Westinghouse motors (at 650 V DC)
 * Track gauge: (standard gauge)

Fleet refurbishment
Two rail cars (fleet numbers 114 and 123) were shipped to Dansville, NY in February 2010, where AnsaldoBreda Inc., a unit of AnsaldoBreda S.p.A. of Italy, has been making wholesale improvements to the cars, each receiving a top-to-bottom $1.5 million transformation and were returned to full revenue service on March 9, 2012, nearly two years behind schedule. In the nearly ten years since, 24 more cars (fleet numbers 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126 and 127) were all refurbished and have since returned to full service as of February 1, 2022. Among the items being refurbished, passengers will experience new seating, stanchions, electronic signage and new audio systems, similar to the train service at Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport. Operation-wise, the shells of the car will be placed on refurbished trucks, with new wheels, gear boxes, overhauled traction motors, new pantographs, brakes and air compression systems.

Coloring and print media
The current color scheme (navy, light-gray and gray) first appeared on the 2000 series (Nova Bus LFS) coaches in early 2000. The color scheme met with approval on most sides. According to a past Buffalo News article, the colors and logo were chosen to link the area's "water" image with the company. The force of the Niagara River and Niagara Falls contribute to the idea of the "wave" design that was chosen. With the arrival of the 6000 series GMC RTS-04 buses in 1984, the NFTA's Metro system operated its vehicles using a color scheme of yellow, orange and brown, referred to as "earth tone" or "candy corn." As of February 1, 2022, this color scheme can only be found on one Metro Rail car (fleet number 107), but it is expected that car 107 will eventually be painted in the newer livery during its mid-life overhaul being performed.

Prior to 1984, the Niagara Frontier Transit Metro System had painted their fleet with a yellow and black scheme (during the 1970s), similar to that of the Pittsburgh Steelers' football uniform colors, the Pittsburgh Penguins' hockey uniform colors and the Pittsburgh Pirates' baseball uniform colors and maintained the red and cream color scheme used by the Niagara Frontier Transit System (1950-1960s). The International Railway Company, the predecessor to the Niagara Frontier Transportation System used either an orange and cream or forest green and vermilion scheme for their vehicles. The NFTA used a circular logo during the 1970s for the parent corporation, showing a nested combination of a bus, airplane and ship. For the NFTA Metro system, a simple typeface, similar to blippo spelled out "metro bus." Towards the end of the 1990s, a modified "M" in the same typeface, except with a "swoosh" style to the left of the letter. In 2000, the NFTA replaced its logo type with a variation of "Helvetica" in the italicized version. This style is present on all NFTA correspondence, including the NFTA Metro Bus and Rail system, the Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, the Niagara Falls International Airport and the NFTA Small Boat Harbor, among others.

Slogans

 * "Serving Buffalo Niagara"
 * "Serving the Niagara Region"(past)
 * "Let Metro Take You Where You Want to Go!" (past)
 * "The System Works" (past)
 * "You and I Go Places Together" (past)
 * "We're Going Your Way!" (past)

Timeline

 * April 1, 1974: The NFTA takeover of the Niagara Frontier Transit System, Inc. occurs.
 * October 9, 1984: Metro Rail begins service in the Downtown Central Business District, between Auditorium and Theater Stations.
 * May 18, 1985: Metro Rail officially opens for regular service between Auditorium and Amherst Street Stations. Due to construction issues at LaSalle Station, LaSalle and South Campus Stations officially open on November 10, 1986.
 * April 1, 1990: The NFTA experiences a two-day shutdown due to budgeting and funding issues with state and local governments. Prior to this closure, the NFTA distributed "red" schedules for the first time, clearly giving passengers a preview of pending service cuts to the Metro System. The most severe plan had the closure of the Metro Rail line entirely, as well as all service eliminated after 7:00pm weekdays and no service offered on Saturdays, Sundays or major holidays. Due to this alarming preview and subsequent closure, emergency funding was established by elected Erie County officials and service resumed later in the day following (Monday, April 2, 1990) without cuts to service.
 * March 24, 1993: The "New" Metro System is introduced, creating a streamlined version of the previous Metro system, increasing bus frequencies, adding a number of new routes and new destinations not previously served by bus. With this new service, a number of branches with low ridership are eliminated and the service was redirected to supplement the new service.
 * December 14, 1995: 17-year-old Cynthia Wiggins is struck by a ten-ton dump truck while crossing a seven lane roadway (Walden Avenue) across from the Walden Galleria Mall. She dies of her injuries almost three weeks later, on January 2, 1996. Her death sparks a number of lawsuits against the NFTA, the Pyramid Corporation (the owner of the mall) and many others, charging racial discrimination due to the inability of the NFTA to have their buses enter the mall. This lawsuit is eventually settled, in which the Pyramid Corporation pays $2 million and the dump truck driver pays $250,000 to Cynthia's then-four-year-old son. Effective with the December 1997 schedule changes, all NFTA buses are finally allowed to enter the Walden Galleria Mall, Boulevard Mall, McKinley Mall and Eastern Hills Mall, previously not allowed by mall management.
 * October 26, 1999: Longtime Metro Bus driver Gilbert Rogers is killed in an accident across Genesee Street at the Buffalo-Niagara International Airport. The bus Rogers was driving is reported to have collided with a tractor-trailer loaded with crushed stone shortly before 7:00 am. John R. Battle, the NFTA police chief at the time, was quoted as saying, "...it appears that the bus driver, who was turning into the airport, had the right-of-way and that the truck driver, who was traveling westbound (on Genesee) when the accident occurred, was unable to stop his vehicle at the intersection. There's a lot of momentum when you have a truck loaded with that much stone." Witnesses told police that the truck had already begun wobbling and losing some of its stones as it approached the intersection, which is controlled by a traffic light. The driver of the truck later pleaded guilty in March 2000 and was subsequently fined $1,100.00, but was spared jail time, as prosecution dismissed charges of unreasonable speed and an overweight vehicle due to the plea deal.
 * September 1, 2003: Four NFTA Metro stations are permanently renamed: South Campus Station becomes University Station; Delavan-College Station becomes Delavan/Canisius College Station; Allen-Hospital Station becomes Allen/Medical Campus Station and Auditorium Station becomes Erie Canal Harbor Station.
 * December 23, 2007: NFTA Metro introduces the newly built Niagara Falls Transportation Center in the Town of Niagara. This results in a number of routing and schedule changes to all Niagara Falls routes, so that buses can take advantage of serving the new transportation center. The building is the first new build of a transportation in more than 30 years by the NFTA. It is also built in the Town of Niagara, compared to Downtown Niagara Falls so that it is more central in Niagara County.
 * May 25, 2008: NFTA Metro implements a new bus route (#210 Airport-Niagara Falls Express) between the Greater Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, the Niagara Transit Center and Downtown Niagara Falls. Created to coincide with the start of the peak tourist season in Niagara Falls, this trip takes 50 minutes from end-to-end.
 * September 5, 2008: Reminiscent of the Cynthia Wiggins lawsuit of 1995, the NFTA is banned by the owners of the Quaker Crossing shopping complex in Orchard Park. Allegations of the ban being racially motivated were denied by the mall owners, who instead cited safety concerns for pedestrians walking in the plaza. In the interim, the NFTA began operating buses over Amanda and Amelia Lanes, roadways that bisect the plaza.
 * October 31, 2010: NFTA-Metro embarks on a sweeping change to its service network, following a multi-year study by TMI, Inc. The resulting changes included dropping zone fare charges for a uniform boarding fare regardless of the distance traveled, either removing or reducing service from low patronized areas in favor of improving service during middays and weekends. Passengers experienced these changes during a time when it normally is not adjusted, due to the scope of the changes made.
 * February 18, 2013: After 10,359 days of service, Theater Station permanently closes, reducing the number of free fare zone stations from six to the current five, with Fountain Plaza Station, located 546 feet south, now serving as the beginning (southbound) and ending (northbound) of the free fare zone.
 * June 24, 2013 – October 14, 2013: NFTA-Metro begins phase two of the "Returning Cars to Main Street" project by single tracking along the 600 block of Main Street from the tunnel entrance to Chippewa Street, just north of where Fountain Plaza Station currently stands. From June 24, 2013 – August 8, 2013, the outbound track from Allen/Medical Campus Station to Church Station is used, as the inbound track is redone. During the weekend of August 8–10, 2013, Allen/Medical Campus temporarily serves as the southern terminus of the Metro Rail as construction shuts down above-ground service. As a result, NFTA-Metro offers shuttle buses to accommodate passengers between Allen/Medical Campus Station and Erie Canal Harbor Station, with each shuttle running every 15 minutes. From August 11, 2013 – October 14, 2013, the inbound track is used, as the outbound track is redone.
 * March 30, 2014 – October 14, 2014: NFTA-Metro begins phase three of the "Returning Cars to Main Street" project by single tracking along the 500 block of Main Street from Chippewa Street to Mohawk Street, just north of where Lafayette Square Station currently stands. From March 30, 2014 – July 17, 2014, the inbound track from Allen/Medical Campus Station to Church Station is used, as the outbound track, along with Fountain Plaza Station's outbound platform, is redone. During the weekend of July 18–20, 2014, Allen/Medical Campus temporarily serves as the southern terminus of the Metro Rail as construction shuts down above-ground service. As a result, NFTA-Metro offers shuttle buses to accommodate passengers between Allen/Medical Campus Station and Erie Canal Harbor Station, with each shuttle running every 15 minutes. From July 21, 2014 – October 10, 2014, the outbound track is used, as the inbound track, along with Fountain Plaza Station's inbound platform, is redone.
 * June 10, 2015: NFTA-Metro introduces its revamped customer care information line which includes a new "Smart Traveler Stop Lookup ID" option so that passengers can check exactly what time their bus (or train) gets to a certain stop.
 * December 6, 2015: NFTA Metro introduces the newly built Black Rock/Riverside Transit Hub in North Buffalo. This results in a number of routing and schedule changes to several bus routes so that buses can take advantage of serving the new transportation hub.

NFTA Properties Division (stations/garages/barns)
The NFTA Properties Division is charged with management of the facilities owned and operated in the NFTA organization. Properties include numerous bus loops and suburban transit centers, the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center (MTC), the Niagara Falls Transportation Center in the Town of Niagara, a number of NFTA related office buildings and bus maintenance facilities (garages).

Active depots
All buses are stored at three maintenance facilities (terminals):
 * Cold Spring Terminal (Main Street and Michigan Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14208)
 * Frontier Terminal (Kenmore Avenue and Military Road, Kenmore, NY 14217)
 * Gisel/Wolford Terminal (Babcock and William Streets, Buffalo, NY 14206)
 * South Park Terminal (South Park Avenue and Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203)

Former depots

 * Broadway Barns (Broadway and Greene Street, Buffalo, NY 14212)
 * Buffalo & 13th (Buffalo Avenue and 13th Street, Niagara Falls, NY 14303)
 * Forest (Forest Avenue and Abbotsford Place, Buffalo, NY 14213)
 * Hertel & Military (Military Road and Hertel Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14207)
 * Main & Virginia (Main and Virginia Streets, Buffalo, NY 14202)
 * Walden & Lathrop (Walden Avenue and Lathrop Street, Buffalo, NY 14211)

Transportation (Intermodal) centers
Most buses operating to the city centers operate to or near:
 * Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center (MTC): 181 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203 (built in 1977; also houses the NFTA's administration headquarters)
 * Portage Road Transit Center (PRTC): 1124 Portage Road, Niagara Falls, NY 14303
 * Niagara Falls Transportation Center (NFTC): 2250 Factory Outlet Boulevard, Niagara Falls, NY 14303 (opened December 23, 2007)

Suburban transit centers
In addition, a number of transit centers were created in suburban locations to allow passengers to transfer between other routes in a coordinated location. Suburban transit centers operate with more amenities than typical loops used on many city routes. Suburban transit centers tend to be located on properties like shopping centers, and include separate shelters for each stop, pay telephones, schedule information and possible restroom areas for drivers and agency employees.
 * Appletree Business Park off Bennett Road on south end of property
 * Athol Springs on Big Tree Road at NYS 5
 * Southgate Plaza near Citibank
 * Niagara Falls International Airport on Niagara Falls Boulevard
 * Thruway Plaza off Harlem Road on west end of plaza property
 * Tonawanda at the southwest corner of Niagara and Main Streets in the City of Tonawanda
 * Victory near South Park Avenue at Ridge Road, Buffalo/Lackawanna border

Stations with bus loops

 * Utica, 1391 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14209
 * Delavan/Canisius College (formerly Delavan-College), 1863 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14208
 * LaSalle, 3030 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214
 * University (formerly South Campus), 3383 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214

Stations without bus loops

 * Erie Canal Harbor (formerly Auditorium), 100 block of Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14202
 * Merchants Insurance @ Seneca (formerly Seneca), 200 block of Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14202
 * Church, 300 block of Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14202
 * Evans Bank @ Lafayette Square (formerly Lafayette Square), 400 block of Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14202
 * Fountain Plaza (formerly Huron), 500 block of Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14202
 * Allen-Medical Campus (formerly Allen-Hospital), 941 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14202
 * Summer-Best, 1147 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14209
 * Humboldt-Hospital, 2040 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14208
 * Amherst Street, 2666 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214

These stations utilize curbside bus boarding on surrounding streets.

Bus loops
Many loops serving as layover facilities for NFTA bus routes are properties that were originally created for the International Railway's streetcars to turn around in. The International Railway Company (IRC) was the primary predecessor to the Niagara Frontier Transit System (circa 1950) and ultimately, the NFTA (circa around 1972).

Active bus loops

 * Andrews Loop northwest corner of Genesee Street and Andrews Avenue, Buffalo/Cheektowaga border
 * Bailey/Abbott Loop northeast corner of Bailey Avenue and Abbott Road, Buffalo, NY 14220
 * Black Rock/Riverside Loop southeast corner of Niagara Street and Ontario Street, Buffalo, NY 14207 (opening December 6, 2015)
 * Wildwood Loop Seneca Street at Wildwood Place, Buffalo, NY 14210
 * Ellicott Loop bounded by North Division, South Division, Ellicott and Oak Streets, Buffalo, NY 14203
 * Fernwood Loop Clinton Street and Rossler Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14206
 * Goethe Loop southeast corner of East Lovejoy Street and Goethe Street, Buffalo, NY 14206
 * Huntley Loop Kensington Avenue near Huntley Avenue, Buffalo/Cheektowaga border
 * Jersey Left on exit from Main Street at Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14214
 * Michael Loop southeast corner of Broadway and Michael Avenue, Sloan, NY 14212
 * Orchard Loop southeast corner of Delaware Avenue and Orchard Drive, Tonawanda, NY 14217
 * Paramount Loop Colvin Boulevard and Paramount Parkway, Tonawanda, NY 14223
 * Vulcan (Baxter) Loop northeast corner of Vulcan Street and Baxter Street, Buffalo, NY 14207

Former bus loops

 * Blanche Loop southwest corner of Elmwood Avenue and Kenmore Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14207
 * Coburg Loop southeast corner of Kenmore Avenue and Coburg Street, Buffalo, NY 14216
 * Delmar Loop Oliver Street and Ward Road, North Tonawanda, NY 14150
 * Ensminger Loop Ensminger Road, near Sheridan Parkside Drive, Tonawanda, NY 14217
 * Greenwood Loop Abbott Road at Greenwood Avenue, Lackawanna/Blasdell border
 * Highgate Loop southwest corner of Bailey Avenue at Highgate Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14215
 * Irwin Loop at corner of Niagara Falls Boulevard and Irwin Place, Amherst, NY 14228
 * Jefferson Loop Main Street and Jefferson Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14208
 * Nason Loop southwest corner of South Park Avenue and Nason Parkway near Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens, Buffalo/Lackawanna border
 * Pacific Loop Hertel Avenue near Pacific Street, Buffalo, NY 14207
 * Pine Hill Loop Genesee Street near Pine Ridge Road, Buffalo/Cheektowaga border
 * Preston Loop East Delavan Avenue near Preston Road, Buffalo, NY 14215
 * Robbins Loop on Porter Road at Robbins Drive, Niagara Falls, NY 14303
 * Seabrook Loop on Kenmore Avenue at Vulcan Street, Buffalo, NY 14207
 * Virgil Loop on Kenmore Avenue at Virgil Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14216
 * Walden/Bailey Loop southwest corner of Walden Avenue and Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14211
 * Windermere Loop southwest corner of Main Street and Kenmore Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14214

Union representation in the NFTA organization
The NFTA recognizes and negotiates with a number of unions representing various employees of the NFTA. As of 2008, there are 13 different unions that negotiate contracts with the NFTA. The largest of these, the Amalgamated Transit Union, represents the drivers of the NFTA Metro division. Their branch is known as Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 1342. Another union, the International Longshoremen's Association, represents service and maintenance workers at the Buffalo Niagara International Airport, the Niagara Falls International Airport, Port of Buffalo, Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center, Operations Center in Buffalo, Facilities Maintenance Center, and the Niagara Falls Transportation Center. Their branch is known as the International Longshoremen's Association, Local 1949. The members of the NFTA Police force are represented by the NFTA Police Benevolent Association.


text:
Threshold (band)

Threshold are an English progressive metal band formed in Surrey in the late 1980s. The guitarist and producer Karl Groom has been the band's only consistent member.

1988–1992
Threshold began their career in 1988, initially playing covers of metal groups like Ratt and Testament. As they continued playing together, they began to write their own songs, and eventually stopped playing covers altogether. Early recordings were released locally on cassette under the band name "If Not, Why?". They played their first gig at The Compasses in Egham, Surrey, with Jon Jeary on vocals and Ian Bennett on bass. In 1992, they signed their first record deal, and after adding vocalist Damian Wilson to the group alongside guitarists Karl Groom and Nick Midson, bassist Jon Jeary and drummer Tony Grinham, produced their first commercial recording, "Intervention," which was released on a Dutch progressive rock compilation album. Shortly afterwards, keyboardist Richard West joined the band, and he remains with them to this day. The band's debut album, Wounded Land, was released in 1993, taking its name and some thematic elements from Stephen R. Donaldson's novel of the same name. Wilson was unavailable to join the band for the follow-up tour, and so Glynn Morgan was recruited to replace him. He sang on the band's 1994 second recording, Psychedelicatessen, which spawned a music video for the song "Innocent," the band's first. The following year, Morgan and the band toured Europe and recorded some of their performances for the short live album, Livedelica.
 * 1993–1999

Threshold took a break before their next effort, during which time Morgan and then-drummer Jay Micciche left to form Mindfeed. Rather than finding an unknown singer to replace him, the band turned again to Damian Wilson, and together they recorded 1997's Extinct Instinct. They followed this with another tour of Europe, this time supported by Enchant. Additionally, Johanne James, the band's current drummer, played with them for the first time during this tour. Wilson was unavailable for their next album, so former Sargant Fury vocalist Andrew "Mac" McDermott, joined to record Clone and would remain with them until 2007.

2000–2005
In 2001, Threshold released Hypothetical, which saw Johanne James firmly cemented as the band's permanent drummer. Another lineup change occurred in 2003, when bassist Jon Jeary left and was replaced by Steve Anderson. Around this time the band also re-released their first three studio albums in Special Editions, with bonus tracks, a remastered sound, expanded liner notes and, in the case of Wounded Land and Psychedelicatessen, special CD-ROM content. Their newer albums, starting with Hypothetical, were released in Limited Editions, with similar bonus content. The albums Critical Mass (2002) and Subsurface (2004) followed, interspersed by the double live album and DVD Critical Energy.

2006–2011
Threshold left their longtime label, InsideOut Music, in 2006 to join Nuclear Blast Records. Guitarist Nick Midson left the band in early 2007 for unknown reasons. The band released Dead Reckoning which spawned a music video for an edit of the song "Pilot in the Sky of Dreams". The song also appeared on the 2008 movie soundtrack In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale. This marks the first occasion of a song by the band appearing in a motion picture. In July 2007 vocalist Mac left the band and original singer Damian Wilson returned as Threshold's frontman for the first time in nearly a decade for the band's tour dates which extended into 2009. Pete Morten replaced Midson as guitarist for the tour and later albums. InsideOut Music released the first official Threshold compilation in November 2007. The album The Ravages of Time is a two-disc set covering all of the band's official albums from Wounded Land to Dead Reckoning. In 2009 the band released a limited edition eight-disc singles box set, including previously unreleased b-sides and brand new re-recordings of old demo songs released in other forms before, including Smile at the Moon, (which was debuted live on the 2009 Essence of Progression Tour), Shifting Sands, Half Way Home and Fist of Tongues. On 3 August 2011, former vocalist Andrew McDermott died of kidney failure.

2012–2017
On 24 August 2012, Nuclear Blast announced the release of March of Progress. It was the first album to feature Damian Wilson on vocals since 1997. The album was followed on 19 September 2014 by the band's tenth studio album For the Journey. The following year the band released the double live album "European Journey" recorded during their November 2014 tour. In February 2017, Pete Morten left Threshold to focus on his own projects, and the following month Threshold announced that they had parted ways with Damian Wilson.

2017–present
Glynn Morgan, the band's former vocalist from 1994 to 1996 replaced Damian Wilson for the album Legends of the Shires released in September 2017. The album entered the top 20 of the national album charts in Germany and Switzerland and spawned a music video for the song "Small Dark Lines". The following year the band released the live album "Two-Zero-One-Seven" recorded during their 2017 European tour. In July 2021 Threshold announced that they were back in the studio recording their twelfth studio album, teasing that "if Legends of the Shires had a slightly darker, moodier older brother then this would be it". In July 2022, the band announced their 12th album would be titled Dividing Lines, and it was released on 18 November 2022.

Personnel
Current members
 * Karl Groom – lead guitar, backing vocals (1988–present), keyboards (1988–1992)
 * Richard West – keyboards, backing vocals (1992–present)
 * Glynn Morgan – lead vocals (1993–1996, 2017–present), rhythm guitar (2017–present)
 * Johanne James – drums (2000–present; touring 1997)
 * Steve Anderson – bass, backing vocals (2003–present)

Former members
 * Nick Midson – rhythm guitar (1988–2006)
 * Jon Jeary – lead vocals (1988–1992; studio guest 2017), bass, acoustic guitar (1990–2003), backing vocals (1992–2003)
 * Tony Grinham – drums (1988–1993)
 * Ian Bennett – bass (1988–1989)
 * Pete Crawford – bass (1989–1990)
 * Damian Wilson – lead vocals (1992–1993, 1996–1998, 2007–2017)
 * Nick Harradence – drums (1993–1994)
 * Jay Micciche – drums (1994–1996)
 * Mark Heaney – drums (1996–2000)
 * Andrew "Mac" McDermott – lead vocals (1998–2007; died 2011)
 * Pete Morten – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2007–2017)

Compilations

 * The Ravages of Time – The Best of Threshold (2007)

Live albums

 * Livedelica (1995) – also included in Special Edition of Psychedelicatessen
 * Concert in Paris (2002)
 * Critical Energy (2004, 2CDs) – also included in Special Edition containing both 2CD and DVD versions
 * Surface to Stage (2006) – also reissued as a 2CD Expanded Edition with extra tracks in 2021.
 * European Journey (2015)
 * Two-Zero-One-Seven (2018)

DVD

 * Critical Energy (2004)

Singles

 * "Paradox"
 * "Sunseeker"
 * "Innocent"
 * "Virtual Isolation"
 * "Freaks"
 * "Light and Space"
 * "Phenomenon"
 * "Mission Profile"
 * "Pressure"
 * "Pilot in the Sky of Dreams"
 * "Supermassive Black Hole"
 * "Watchtower on the Moon" (2014)
 * "Turned to Dust" (2014)
 * "Unforgiven" (2014)
 * "Lost in Translation" (2017)
 * "Small Dark Lines" (2017)
 * "Stars and Satellites" (2017)
 * "Silenced" (2022)
 * "King Of Nothing" (2022)
 * "Complex" (2022)
 * "Haunted" (2022)

Music videos

 * Innocent (1994)
 * Fragmentation (acoustic version) (2003)
 * Pressure (2004)
 * Pilot in the Sky of Dreams (2007)
 * Staring at the Sun (2013)
 * Unforgiven (2014)
 * Small Dark Lines (2017)
 * Silenced (2022)

Remixes and rarities album

 * Decadent (1999) – remixes and radio edits
 * Wireless: Acoustic Sessions (2003) – acoustic recordings
 * Replica (2004) – alternative versions and previously unreleased songs
 * Paradox: The Singles Collection (2009) – eight CD singles box set

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Threshold (band)


text: Talk:Global System for Mobile Communications


text:
Adriaen Isenbrandt

Adriaen Isenbrandt or Adriaen Ysenbrandt (between 1480 and 1490 – July 1551) was a painter in Bruges, in the final years of Early Netherlandish painting, and the first of the Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting of the Northern Renaissance. Documentary evidence suggests he was a significant and successful artist of his period, even though no specific works by his hand are clearly documented. Art historians have conjectured that he operated a large workshop specializing in religious subjects and devotional paintings, which were executed in a conservative style in the tradition of the Early Netherlandish painting of the previous century. By his time, the new booming economy of Antwerp had made this the centre of painting in the Low Countries, but the previous centre of Bruges retained considerable prestige.

He was believed by Georges Hulin de Loo to be the same person as the anonymous Master of the Seven Sorrows of the Virgin or Pseudo-Mostaert. Other art historians doubt that any works can be reliably attributed to him, and the number of paintings attributed to him by major museums has been in decline for many decades.

Personal life

There are only a few documentary records of his life, and some mentions in literature from the artist's lifetime or soon after. Even so, there are no documents which link him as the creator of any surviving works. It is possible that he was born in Haarlem or Antwerp around 1490. It is not known where or with which painter he served his apprenticeship.

He is named for the first time in 1510, when he came to Bruges and bought his burghership. In November of the same year he became master in the local painters' Guild of St. Luke and the goldsmiths' guild of St. Elooi. He was later elected nine times as a "deacon" (in Old Dutch : vinder) and twice as the governor (in Old Dutch : gouverneur = treasurer) of the guild.

He quickly established an important workshop, probably in the Korte Vlaminckstraat in Bruges. This was close to the workshop of Gerard David, at the Vlamijncbrugghe and the former workshop of Hans Memling. Bruges, at that time, was one of the richest towns in Europe. Rich traders and merchants ordered diptychs and portraits for personal use. Isenbrandt painted mainly for private clients. However, there were some paintings that were created without any particular commission. He had enough work to even put out work to other painters in Bruges, as a legal suit from 1534 by Isenbrandt against Jan van Eyck (not the famous one) for non-delivery of paintings he had ordered, demonstrates. He was also appointed the agent in Bruges of the painter Adriaan Provoost (son of Jan Provoost), who had moved to Antwerp in 1530. Contemporary sources therefore mention Isenbrandt as a famous and well-to-do painter.

He married twice, the first time with Maria Grandeel, daughter of the painter Peter Grandeel. They had one child. After her death in 1537, he married again with Clementine de Haerne with whom he was married by 1543. This second marriage resulted in two daughters and a son. He also had an extramarital daughter with the innkeeper Katelijne van Brandenburch (who was at the same the mistress of the painter Ambrosius Benson).

When he died, at Bruges, in 1551, he was buried alongside his first wife at the cemetery of the St. Jacob church there; his children inherited no less than four houses with surrounding property.

Professional life
Along with Albert Cornelis (before 1513–1531) and Ambrosius Benson (before 1518–1550), a painter from Lombardy, he worked in the workshop of Bruges' leading painter Gerard David, while he was already a master at that time. Isenbrandt is mentioned in the book De Gandavensibus et Brugensibus eruditionis laude claris libri duo by the priest Antonius Sanderus, published in Amsterdam in 1624. This writer refers to texts of the Florentine Lodovico Guicciardini, the Schilderboeck of Karel van Mander and the (lost) notes of the Ghent jurist Dionysius Hardwijn (or Harduinus, 1530–1604). The latter, who had spent several years in Bruges about 1550, mentions Isenbrandt as a disciple of the old Gerard David, who excelled "in nudes and in portraits". He may have travelled to Genoa in 1511 together with Joachim Patinir and Gerard David. The influence of Gerard David shows clearly in the composition and the landscape background of the works attributed to Isenbrandt.

In his critical exhibition catalogue of Early Flemish Masters in Bruges in 1902, the Ghent great connoisseur of early Flemish Art and art historian Georges Hulin de Loo, came to the conclusion that Isenbrandt was actually the anonymous Master of the Seven Sorrows of the Virgin and the author of a large body of paintings previously attributed to Gerard David and Jan Mostaert by the German art historian Gustav Friedrich Waagen. He is therefore sometimes called the Pseudo-Mostaert. Even if this attribution to Isenbrandt cannot be proven without doubt, it is now generally accepted by some art historians, although many others regard Isenbrandt as a convenient label for a body of work by many different artists.

No surviving painting can be firmly documented as by Isenbrandt. A document stating that he sent some paintings from Antwerp to Spain shows that worked for export as well as the local market, and suggests his international reputation. Two paintings usually associated with him are dated, both in 1518 :
 * Portrait of Paulus de Nigro (Groeninge Museum, Bruges) (1518)
 * The Bröhmse triptych with the Adoration by the Magi. This was his most monumental work, but it was destroyed in 1942 when the Marienkirche in Lübeck was bombed. For Max J. Friedländer, this was the key work to be used in establishing his style.

One of his first paintings (c. 1518–1521) was the "Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows, adored by the family Van de Velde", a diptych that can be seen in the Church of Our Lady in Bruges and its left panel in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.

It was common practice for major artists, such as Isenbrandt, to paint only the major parts of his paintings, such as faces and the flesh parts of his figures. His faces and flesh areas are set apart by brown pigment. The background was then filled in by assistants. The end quality of a work depended largely on the quality of the execution and the competency of the assistants, leading to an uneven quality of his works. These assistants also painted, as this was common practice in those times, many versions of the "Madonna and Child", that were then attributed to Isenbrandt, giving him the reputation of having had an enormous body of work. The exhibition in Bruges of Early Netherlandish painting in 1902 showed therefore a large collection of his works. Unlike many contemporary colleagues, he is only documented with one assistant, Cornelis van Callenberghe, who joined his workshop in 1520.

In 1520 he worked, together with Albert Cornelis and Lanceloot Blondeel, on the decorations for the Triumphal Entry of Emperor Charles V into Bruges.

His paintings are executed meticulously and with great refinement. His figures are painted in warmer tones and more lively colours, than the works of Gerard David. Especially the flaming red or the dark blue set against an idyllic background of a lush, hilly landscape with castles situated on top of a vertical rock (typical for Isenbrandt), sinuous rivers and thick-leaved trees (showing the influence of Gerard David). He not only copied the compositions of Gerard David, but also from older painters such as Jan van Eyck, Hugo van der Goes and Hans Memling. He borrowed compositions from Jan Gossaert (leading to the confusion with this painter) and drawings from Albrecht Dürer and Martin Schongauer. Such borrowing from older compositions was the order of the day and common practice. Nevertheless, the paintings of Adriaen Isenbrandt retain their individuality.

He also painted some portraits, such as the portrait of Paulus de Nigro ( Groeninge Museum, Bruges ), "Man weighing gold" (1515–1520) ( Metropolitan Museum, New York ) and "Young Man with a Rosary" ( Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California ). These portraits, even if they are stereotypical and lifeless, are executed with a soft touch and sfumato effect in the contours.

The influence of the Italian Renaissance can be seen in the detailed addition of fashionable scenery elements such as volutes, antique pillars and ram's heads, such as in his painting of the "Mass of Saint Gregory the Great" ( J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles ). and "Mary and Child" (1520–1530) ( Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam ). Through these elements he may be regarded as a precursor of the Renaissance painter Lanceloot Blondeel.

He is often compared with Ambrosius Benson (c. 1495–1550), a painter from Lombardy who emigrated to Bruges. He may have introduced the sfumato technique to Isenbrandt.

Together with Benson, Isenbrandt belongs to a generation overlapping and succeeding the generation of Gerard David and Jan Provoost.

Selected works
Many works are now in the collections of the major museums of the world, such as: No longer attributed to him by the owners:
 * Virgin and Child (Museu Nacional Machado de Castro, Coimbra, 1505–1510)
 * Virgin and Child Enthroned (Private collection) (1510s)
 * Triptych of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple (Sint-Salvator Cathedral, Bruges)
 * Triptych with St. Jerome, St. Catherine and the Magdalen (Kunsthalle, Hamburg) (1510–1520)
 * Madonna and Child with a member of the Hillensberger family (Lowe Art Museum, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida)
 * Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows (Church of Our Lady, Bruges) (c. 1518)
 * The Magdalen in a landscape (National Gallery, London) (1515–1520)
 * Portrait of Paulus de Nigro (Groeningemuseum, Bruges) (1518)
 * Virgin and Child (Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest) ) (1520s)
 * Rest during the Flight into Egypt (Alte Pinakothek, Munich)
 * Rest during the Flight into Egypt (Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Ghent) (1520–1530)
 * Rest during the Flight into Egypt (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) (1520–1530)
 * Rest during the Flight into Egypt (National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin) (1520–1530)
 * Rest during the Flight into Egypt (Koninklijke Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Antwerp) (1520–1530/40)
 * Crucifixion (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) (c. 1525)
 * Crucifixion church of Noddebo, Fredensborg, Seeland (Copenhague) (1515–1521) (follower of Isenbrandt)
 * The Madonna Nursing the Infant Christ (Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City) (ca. 1530–1535)
 * Madonna and Child with cherub musicians (San Diego Museum of Art, California) (1540)
 * Gethsemane (Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Dortmund) (1530–1540)
 * Archangel St Michael, St Andrew and St Francis of Assisi (Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest) )
 * Mass of St Gregory (Museo del Prado, Madrid)
 * The Magdalen (Museo del Prado, Madrid)
 * Triptych (Groeningemuseum, Bruges)
 * The Deposition (Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford,)
 * Virgin and Child (Fondation Bemberg Museum, Toulouse, France)
 * Saints and donors (diptych) (Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
 * St Peter and donor (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin)
 * Image of a woman (Galleria Doria Pamphili, Rome)
 * Mary and Child (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin)
 * Adoration by the Magi (Alte Pinakothek, Munich)
 * Beata Virgo inter Virgines (Alte Pinakothek, Munich) (copy after Gerard David)
 * Triptych with the Assumption of Mary (Musée de Cluny, Paris) (1520–1530 ?)
 * Donor with the saints Peter and Paul (Private collection, London)
 * Birth of Christ (Öffentliche Kunstsammlung, Kunstmuseum, Basel) (1520–1530)
 * Birth of Christ (Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp) (1530–1550)
 * Our Lady enthroned in a niche (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)
 * St Jerome (Private collection, London) (1560–1570) (by follower of Adriaen Isenbrandt or Ambrosius Benson)

 * Rest during the Flight to Egypt (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin) (1520)
 * The Entombment (National Gallery, London) (about 1550)

title: Adriaen Isenbrandt


text:
NFTA

NFTA may refer to:

 * Naphtha Explorations Limited Partnership, ticker symbol in the TA-100 Israeli stockmarket index
 * Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority, responsible for public transportation oversight of Erie and Niagara counties in the state of New York
 * Nondeterministic finite tree automaton, investigated in theoretical computer science and formal language theory, see Tree automaton
 * Northern Tasmanian Football Association (1886–1986), a former Australian rules football competition
 * Northern Tasmanian Football Association (formed 1996), an Australian rules football competition
 * Nuova ferrovia transalpina, Italian name of Switzerland's north–south rail tunnel project NRLA

title: NFTA